Universidad Tecnológica de México

PROGRAMAS DE INGENIERÍA
METODOS NUMERICOS
 1. Para la siguiente función obtén la derivada por cada uno de los métodos mencionados y
calcula el error relativo para formula en el punto x=1

( )
2
3 x −1
f ( x )= 2
x +3

a. Método analítico

d n
Aplicando ( v ) =n v n−1 dv
dx dx

y '=2
( 3xx−1
+3 )
2
dx ( x +3 )
d 3 x−1
2

Aplicando ()
d u v u' −uv '
dx v
=
v
2

d 3 x−1 ( x +3 ) ( 3 )− (3 x−1 ) ( 2 x )
( )
2
=
dx x2 +3 (x 2 +3)2

d 3 x−1 3 x + 9−( 6 x −2 x )
( )
2 2
=
dx x2 +3 ( x 2 +3)2

dx ( x +3 )
2 2 2
d 3 x−1 3 x + 9−6 x +1 x −3 x + 9+2 x
2
= = 2 2 2 2
(x +3) (x +3)
Sustituyendo y simplificando

( )( )
2
3 x−1 −3 x +9+2 x
y '=2 2 2 2
x +3 ( x +3)

2 ( 3 x −1 ) (−3 x 2 +9+2 x )
y '= 2 3
(x + 3)
Para x = 1

2 ( 3(1)−1 ) (−3(1)2 +9+2(1) )

y '=
((1)2+3)3
32 1
y'= =
64 2
 b. Diferencia progresiva (adelante). Considera x 0=1 y h0=0.1

f ( x 0+ h )−f ( x 0 )
f ' ( x ) ≈ p' ( x ) =
h

( )( )
2 2
3 ( 1.1 )−1 3 ( 1 )−1
−
' ' f ( 1+0.1 )−f ( 1 ) ( 1.1 )2+ 3 ( 1 )2+3
f ( 1 ) ≈ p ( 1 )= =
0.1 0.1

( ) ( )
2 2
3 ( 1.1 )−1 3 ( 1 ) −1
−
' '
(1.1 )2 +3 ( 1 )2 +3
f ( 1 ) ≈ p ( 1 )=
0.1

( ) ()
2 2
2.3 2
−
' ' 4.21 4 0.29−0.25 0.04
f ( 1 ) ≈ p ( 1 )= = = =0.4
0.1 0.1 0.1

Error relativo =>

Ep=
|p− ⏞p|=|0.5−0.4|∗100=20 %
| p| |0.5|
c. Diferencia regresiva (atrás) Considera x 0=1 y h0=0.1

' '
f ( x 0 )−f ( x 0 −h )
f ( x ) ≈ p ( x)=
h

( ) ( )
2 2
3 ( 1 )−1 3 ( 0.9 )−1
−
' ' f ( 1 )−f (1−0.1 ) ( 1 )2 +3 ( 0.9 )2 +3
f ( 1 ) ≈ p ( 1 )= =
0.1 0.1

( ) ( )
2
3 ( 1 )−1 1.7 2
−
' '
(1 )2 +3 3.81
f ( 1 ) ≈ p ( 1 )=
0.1

() ( )
2 2
2 2.3
−
' ' 4 4.21 0.25−0.19 −0.06
f ( 1 ) ≈ p ( 1 )= = = =0.6
0.1 0.1 0.1

Error relativo =>

Ep=
|p− ⏞p|=|0.5−0.6|∗100=20 %
| p| |0.5|
 d. Diferencia centrada (centro) Considera x 0=1 y h0=0.1

' '
f ( x 0+ h )−f ( x 0−h )
f ( x ) ≈ p ( x) =
2h
f (1+ 0.1 )−f ( 1−0.1 ) f (1.1 )−f ( 0.9 )
f ' ( x ) ≈ p' ( x ) = =
2 ( 0.1 ) 0.2

( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 ( 1.1 ) −1 3 ( 0.9 ) −1 2.3
2
1.7
2
2
− 2 −
' '
( 1.1 ) +3 ( 0.9 ) +3 4.21 3.81
f ( x ) ≈ p ( x) = =
0.2 0.2

( ) ( )
2 2
2.3 1.7
−
' ' 4.21 3.81 ( 0.54 )2−( 0.44 )2 0.29−0.19
f ( x )≈ p ( x)= = =
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.29−0.19 0.1
f ' ( x ) ≈ p' ( x ) = = =0.5
0.2 0.2

Error relativo =>

Ep=
|p− ⏞p|=|0.5−0.5|∗100=0 %
| p| |0.5|

e. Método de los 3 puntos Considera h1 =0.1 y h2 =0.2

( )
2
3 x −1
f ( x )= 2
x +3

' h1 +h 2 h2 h1
f ( x 0 ) ≈−f ( x 0 ) −f ( x 0+ h1 ) −f ( x0 + h2 )
h1 h2 h 1 ( h 1−h2 ) h2 ( h2−h1 )

' 1.1+ 1.2 1.2 1.1

f ( 1 ) ≈−f (1 ) −f ( 1+ 0.1 ) −f ( 1+0.2 )
1.1 ( 1.2 ) 1.1 (1.1−1.2 ) 1.2 ( 1.2−1.1 )
' 2.3 1.2 1.1
f ( 1 ) ≈−f (1 ) −f ( 1.1 ) −f ( 0.2 )
1.32 −0.11 0.12

( )
2
3 ( 1 )−1
f (1)= =0.25
( 1 )2 +3
 ( )
2
3 ( 1.1 )−1
f ( 1.1 ) = =0.29
( 1.1 )2 +3

( )
2
3 ( 1.2 )−1
f ( 1.2 ) = =0.34
( 1.2 )2 +3

'
f ( 1 ) ≈−( 0.25 )( 1.74 )−( 0.29 ) (−10.90)− ( 0.34 ) ( 9.16 )

f ' ( 1 )=−0.38

Error relativo =>

Ep=
|p− ⏞p|=|0.5+0.38|∗100=38 %
| p| |0.5|
f. Método de los 5 puntos ℎ1 = 0.1

'
f ( x 0−2h )−8 f ( x 0 −h ) +8 f ( x 0+ h )−f ( x 0 +2 h)
f ( x )≈
12h

' f ( 1−2(0.1) )−8 f (1−0.1 ) +8 f ( 1+0.1 )−f (0.1+(2)0.1)

f ( 1) ≈
12(0.1)
0.14−1.52+2.32−0
f ' ( 1) ≈
1.2
'
f ( 1 ) ≈ 0.78

Error relativo =>

Ep=
|p− ⏞p|=|0.5−0.78|∗100=56 %
| p| |0.5|
2. Al medir f en una serie de puntos x, se han obtenido los siguientes valores:

0 1 xi2 3
0 1 fi8 27
Aproxima por método de 3 puntos la derivada cuando x=1

' h1 +h 2 h2 h1
f ( x 0 ) ≈−f ( x 0 ) −f ( x 0+ h1 ) −f ( x0 + h2 )
h1 h2 h 1 ( h 1−h2 ) h2 ( h2−h1 )

' 1+ 0 0 1
f ( 1 ) ≈−f (1 ) −f ( 1+1 ) −f (1+ 0 )
1(0) 1 (1−0 ) 0 ( 0−1 )

f ' ( 1) ≈ 0
 ' 1+2 2 1
f ( 1 ) ≈−f (1 ) −f ( 1+1 ) −f ( 1+ 2 )
1(2) 1 ( 1−2 ) 2 ( 2−1 )
3 2 1
f ' ( 1 ) ≈−f (1 ) −f ( 2 ) −f ( 3 )
2 −1 2 ( 1)

f ' ( 1 ) ≈3.16
Referencias:

Jazmin Lopez Leon

1 Derivadas analítica

[Video]. YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h39u39nX2bg&ab_channel=JazminLopezLeon

Jazmin Lopez Leon

3 Diferencias progresivas

[Video]. YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NIuVKLGjG4&ab_channel=JazminLopezLeon

Jazmin Lopez Leon

4 Diferencia regresiva

[Video]. YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PO5OOUELN7Q&ab_channel=JazminLopezLeon

Jazmin Lopez Leon

4 Diferencia central

[Video]. YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MfOsnpuLMKM&ab_channel=JazminLopezLeon

Jazmin Lopez Leon

6 Diferencia de tres puntos

[Video]. YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NLunlNtxc0&ab_channel=JazminLopezLeon

Jazmin Lopez Leon

5 derivada de cinco pasos

[Video]. YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CuJO2yjH4w&ab_channel=JazminLopezLeon