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Actas del I Congreso Internacional

de la Asociación Ibérica de Estudios de Traducción e Interpretación

Traducción automática
versus traducción humana: tipología de errores

Esperanza ALARCÓN NAVÍO


Universidad de Granada

Como citar este artículo:

ALARCÓN NAVÍO, Esperanza (2003) «Traducción automática versus traducción


humana: tipología de errores», en MUÑOZ MARTÍN, Ricardo [ed.] I AIETI. Actas del I
Congreso Internacional de la Asociación Ibérica de Estudios de Traducción e
Interpretación. Granada 12-14 de Febrero de 2003. Granada: AIETI. Vol. n.º 2, pp.
721-738. ISBN 84-933360-0-9. Versión electrónica disponible en la web de la
AIETI:
<http://www.aieti.eu/pubs/actas/I/AIETI_1_EAN_Traduccion.pdf>.


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