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The best known commentator on the origin and consequences of multinationals is John Kenneth
Galbraith, who since 1967 has proclaimed that the rise to primacy of these types of companies
since World War II has profound economic, social and political implications.
él postula que las multinacionales superan el problema del riesgo, central a las empresas
tradicionales, lo que logran principalmente con las ventajas que poseen, por un lado, al estar
en posición de obtener contratos de largo plazo en el área tanto de compraventa (incluidos
con sindicatos) como de relaciones con países y, por el otro, al expandir sus actividades al
sector financiero.
he postulates that multinationals overcome the problem of risk central to traditional companies,
which they achieve mainly through the advantages they possess, on the one hand, by being in a
position to obtain long-term contracts in the area of both purchasing and sales (including with
trade unions) and relations with countries and, on the other hand, by expanding their activities
into the financial sector.
As a consequence of the above, free competition, as conceived in the classical conceptions, ceases
to exist and is transformed into a situation that is, perhaps, of imperfect competition.
Clasificación[editar]
Según su estructura[editar]
De acuerdo a su estructura, las empresas multinacionales pueden ser clasificadas en:
Classification[edit]
• Horizontally integrated corporations: They have production bases in different countries but
produce the same or very similar product. (Examples McDonald's, United Fruit Company, BHP
Billiton and Mercadona).
• Ethnocentric: with a strong centralization in the company's country of origin and a fairly simple
foreign structure. All important decisions are made at the parent company.
• Geocentric: Decentralization is maximized, so that each subsidiary develops its own policy.
Defensores
Los seguidores de este tipo de compañías argumentan que el establecimiento de estas en un
país determinado contribuye con la ocupación de personas del país en el cual se establecen;
es decir, generan empleo para muchos trabajadores de este lugar.
Advocates
Supporters of this type of company argue that the establishment of such companies in a given
country contributes to the employment of people from the country in which they are established;
that is, they generate employment for many workers from that place.
Crítica
Los críticos de las compañías multinacionales, por su parte, argumentan que estas compañías
se convierten en explotadoras y agresivas en su política en los países en los que se
encuentran, pues a menudo se ubican en países en los cuales los salarios de los trabajadores
son bajos y sus derechos laborales son mínimos, lo que hace que los costos de los productos
sean menores.
Critique.
Critics of multinational companies, meanwhile, argue that these companies become
exploitative and aggressive in their policies in the countries in which they are located, as they
often locate in countries where workers' wages are low and their labor rights are minimal,
resulting in lower product costs.