http://www.espectrometria.

com/espectro_electromagntico

Radio frecuencia (Para familiarizarse con la relación frecuencia – longitud de onda por
ejemplos de las comunicaciones radiales)

En radiocomunicaciones, los rangos se abrevian con sus siglas en inglés. Los rangos son:
Abreviatura
Nombre Banda ITU Frecuencias Longitud de onda
inglesa
Inferior a 3 Hz > 100.000 km
Extra baja frecuencia ELF 1 3-30 Hz 100.000–10.000 km
Super baja frecuencia SLF 2 30-300 Hz 10.000–1000 km
Ultra baja frecuencia ULF 3 300–3000 Hz 1000–100 km
Muy baja frecuencia VLF 4 3–30 kHz 100–10 km
Baja frecuencia LF 5 30–300 kHz 10–1 km
Media frecuencia MF 6 300–3000 kHz 1 km – 100 m
Alta frecuencia HF 7 3–30 MHz 100–10 m
Muy alta frecuencia VHF 8 30–300 MHz 10–1 m
Ultra alta frecuencia UHF 9 300–3000 MHz 1 m – 100 mm
Super alta frecuencia SHF 10 3-30 GHz 100-10 mm
Extra alta frecuencia EHF 11 30-300 GHz 10–1 mm
Por encima de los
< 1 mm
300 GHz

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 Frecuencias extremadamente bajas: Llamadas ELF (Extremely Low Frequencies), son

aquellas que se encuentran en el intervalo de 3 a 30 Hz. Este rango es equivalente a aquellas

frecuencias del sonido en la parte más baja (grave) del intervalo de percepción del oído

humano. Cabe destacar aquí que el oído humano percibe ondas sonoras, no

electromagnéticas, sin embargo se establece la analogía para poder hacer una mejor

comparación.

 Frecuencias super bajas: SLF (Super Low Frequencies), son aquellas que se encuentran en

el intervalo de 30 a 300 Hz. En este rango se incluyen las ondas electromagnéticas de

frecuencia equivalente a los sonidos graves que percibe el oído humano típico.

 Frecuencias ultra bajas: ULF (Ultra Low Frequencies), son aquellas en el intervalo de

300 a 3000 Hz. Este es el intervalo equivalente a la frecuencia sonora normal para la mayor

parte de la voz humana.

 Frecuencias muy bajas: VLF, Very Low Frequencies. Se pueden incluir aquí las

frecuencias de 3 a 30 kHz. El intervalo de VLF es usado típicamente en comunicaciones

gubernamentales y militares.

 Frecuencias bajas: LF, (Low Frequencies), son aquellas en el intervalo de 30 a 300 kHz.

Los principales servicios de comunicaciones que trabajan en este rango están la navegación

aeronáutica y marina.

 Frecuencias medias: MF, Medium Frequencies, están en el intervalo de 300 a 3000 kHz.

Las ondas más importantes en este rango son las de radiodifusión de AM (530 a 1605 kHz).

 Frecuencias altas: HF, High Frequencies, son aquellas contenidas en el rango de 3 a 30

MHz. A estas se les conoce también como "onda corta". Es en este intervalo que se tiene

una amplia gama de tipos de radiocomunicaciones como radiodifusión, comunicaciones

gubernamentales y militares. Las comunicaciones en banda de radioaficionados y banda

civil también ocurren en esta parte del espectro.

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 Frecuencias muy altas: VHF, Very High Frequencies, van de 30 a 300 MHz. Es un rango

popular usado para muchos servicios, como la radio móvil, comunicaciones marinas y

aeronáuticas, transmisión de radio en FM (88 a 108 MHz) y los canales de televisión del 2

al 12 [según norma CCIR (Estándar B+G Europa)]. También hay varias bandas de

radioaficionados en este rango.

 Frecuencias ultra altas: UHF, Ultra High Frequencies, abarcan de 300 a 3000 MHz,

incluye los canales de televisión de UHF, es decir, del 21 al 69 [según norma CCIR

(Estándar B+G Europa)] y se usan también en servicios móviles de comunicación en tierra,

en servicios de telefonía celular y en comunicaciones militares.

 Frecuencias super altas: SHF, Super High Frequencies, son aquellas entre 3 y 30 GHz y

son ampliamente utilizadas para comunicaciones vía satélite y radioenlaces terrestres.

Además, pretenden utilizarse en comunicaciones de alta tasa de transmisión de datos a muy

corto alcance mediante UWB. También son utilizadas con fines militares, por ejemplo en

radares basados en UWB.

 Frecuencias extremadamente altas: EHF, Extrematedly High Frequencies, se extienden

de 30 a 300 GHz. Los equipos usados para transmitir y recibir estas señales son más

complejos y costosos, por lo que no están muy difundidos aún.

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UNMSM Análisis Instrumental M Rivera F
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod3.html

You may click on any of the types of radiation for more detail about its particular type of
interaction with matter. The different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum have very different
effects upon interaction with matter. Starting with low frequency radio waves, the human body
is quite transparent. (You can listen to your portable radio inside your home since the waves
pass freely through the walls of your house and even through the person beside you!) As you
move upward through microwaves and infrared to visible light, you absorb more and more
strongly. In the lower ultraviolet range, all the uv from the sun is absorbed in a thin outer layer
of your skin. As you move further up into the x-ray region of the spectrum, you become
transparent again, because most of the mechanisms for absorption are gone. You then absorb
only a small fraction of the radiation, but that absorption involves the more violent ionization
events. Each portion of the electromagnetic spectrum has quantum energies appropriate for the
excitation of certain types of physical processes. The energy levels for all physical processes at
the atomic and molecular levels are quantized, and if there are no available quantized energy
levels with spacings which match the quantum energy of the incident radiation, then the
material will be transparent to that radiation, and it will pass through. If electromagnetic energy
is absorbed, but cannot eject electrons from the atoms of the material, then it is classified
as non-ionizing radiation, and will typically just heat the material.

Microwave Interactions

The quantum energy of microwave photons is in the range 0.00001 to 0.001 eV which is in the
range of energies separating the quantum states of molecular rotation and torsion. The
interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules
and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Conductors will strongly absorb
microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat

UNMSM Análisis Instrumental M Rivera F

the material. Most matter, including the human body, is largely transparent to microwaves. High
intensity microwaves, as in a microwave oven where they pass back and forth through the food
millions of times, will heat the material by producing molecular rotations and torsions. Since the
quantum energies are a million times lower than those of x-rays, they cannot produce ionization
and the characteristic types of radiation damage associated with ionizing radiation.

Infrared Interactions

The quantum energy of infrared photons is in the range 0.001 to 1.7 eV which is in the range of
energies separating the quantum states of molecular vibrations. Infrared is absorbed more
strongly than microwaves, but less strongly than visible light. The result of infrared absorption
is heating of the tissue since it increases molecular vibrational activity. Infrared radiation does
penetrate the skin further than visible light and can thus be used for photographic imaging of
subcutaneous blood vessels.

Visible Light Interactions

The primary mechanism for the absorption of visible light photons is the elevation of electrons
to higher energy levels. There are many available states, so visible light is absorbed strongly.
With a strong light source, red light can be transmitted through the hand or a fold of skin,
showing that the red end of the spectrum is not absorbed as strongly as the violet end.

While exposure to visible light causes heating, it does not cause ionization with its risks. You
may be heated by the sun through a car windshield, but you will not be sunburned - that is an
effect of the higher frequency uv part of sunlight which is blocked by the glass of the
windshield.

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 Ultraviolet Interactions

The near ultraviolet is absorbed very strongly in the surface layer of the skin by electron
transitions. As you go to higher energies, the ionization energies for many molecules are
reached and the more dangerous photoionization processes take place. Sunburn is primarily an
effect of uv, and ionization produces the risk of skin cancer.

The ozone layer in the upper atmosphere is important for human health because it absorbs most
of the harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun before it reaches the surface. The higher
frequencies in the ultraviolet are ionizing radiation and can produce harmful physiological
effects ranging from sunburn to skin cancer.

Health concerns for UV exposure are mostly for the range 290-330 nm in wavelength, the range
called UVB. According to Scotto, et al, the most effective biological wavelength for producing
skin burns is 297 nm. Their research indicates that the biological effects increase logarithmically
within the UVB range, with 330 nm being only 0.1% as effective as 297 nm for biological
effects. So it is clearly important to control exposure to UVB.

Since the quantum energies of x-ray photons are much too high to be absorbed in electron
transitions between states for most atoms, they can interact with an electron only by
knocking it completely out of the atom. That is, all x-rays are classified as ionizing
radiation. This can occur by giving all of the energy to an electron (photoionization) or by
giving part of the energy to the electron and the remainder to a lower energy photon
(Compton scattering). At sufficiently high energies, the x-ray photon can create
an electron positron pair.

UNMSM Análisis Instrumental M Rivera F

UNMSM Análisis Instrumental M Rivera F