Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Rad Cuerpo Negro en Simple
Rad Cuerpo Negro en Simple
Termodinámica y el Universo
Luis Campusano
Dpt. De Astronomía, U de Chile
Capítulo 5
Luz y Materia:
Leyendo los mensajes del Cosmos
5.1 La luz en la vida diaria
• Nuestros objetivos de aprendisaje
• Cómo experimentamos la luz?
• Cómo interactúa la luz y la materia?
Cómo experimentamos la luz?
• La sensación de calor al recibir la luz solar
nos dice que esta es una forma de energía
• Medimos el flujo de energía de la luz en
watts: 1 watt = 1 joule/s
Colores de la Luz
E = h x f = photon energy
h = 6.626 x 10-34 joule x s = photon energy
Tópico Especial: Anteojos de Sol
Polarizados
• La polarización describe la dirección en la
cual la luz está vibrando
• La reflección puede cambiar la polarización
de la luz
• Los anteojos de sol bloquean la luz que se
refleja de superficies horizontales
Qué es el espectro electromagnético?
El Espectro Electromagnético
Pensemos:
Mientras mayor la energía del fotón…?
Atom
Nucleus
Terminología Atómica
• Atomic Number = # of protons in nucleus
• Atomic Mass Number = # of protons + neutrons
• Familiar phases:
– Solid (ice)
– Liquid (water)
– Gas (water vapor)
• Ionization: Stripping of
electrons, changing atoms into
plasma
• Dissociation: Breaking of
molecules into atoms
• Evaporation: Breaking of
flexible chemical bonds, changing
liquid into solid
• Melting: Breaking of rigid
chemical bonds, changing solid
into liquid
Fases y Presión
Excited States
Ground State
• Each transition
corresponds to a
unique photon
energy, frequency,
and wavelength
Energy levels of Hydrogen
Huellas Digitales Químicas
• Downward
transitions produce
a unique pattern of
emission lines
Huellas Digitales Químicas
• Because those
atoms can absorb
photons with those
same energies,
upward transitions
produce a pattern
of absorption lines
at the same
wavelengths
Huellas Digitales Químicas
A B C D E
Pensemos:
Which letter(s) labels absorption lines?
A B C D E
Pensemos:
Which letter(s) labels the peak (greatest
intensity) of infrared light?
A B C D E
Pensemos:
Which letter(s) labels the peak (greatest
intensity) of infrared light?
A B C D E
Pensemos:
Which letter(s) labels emission lines?
A B C D E
Pensemos:
Which letter(s) labels emission lines?
A B C D E
Cómo nos dice la luz las temperaturas
de los planetas y las estrellas?
Radiación Termal
Reflected Sunlight:
Continuous spectrum of
visible light is like the
Sun s except that some
of the blue light has been
absorbed - object must
look red
Qué es este objecto?
Thermal Radiation:
Infrared spectrum peaks
at a wavelength
corresponding to a
temperature of 225 K
Qué es este objeto?
Carbon Dioxide:
Absorption lines are the
fingerprint of CO2 in the
atmosphere
Qué es este objeto?
Marte!
Qué hemos aprendido?
• What are the three basic type of spectra?
– Continuous spectrum, emission line spectrum,
absorption line spectrum
• How does light tell us what things are
made of?
– Each atom has a unique fingerprint.
– We can determine which atoms something is
made of by looking for their fingerprints in
the spectrum.
Qué hemos aprendido?
• How does light tell us the temperatures of
planets and stars?
– Nearly all large or dense objects emit a
continuous spectrum that depends on
temperature.
– The spectrum of that thermal radiation tells us
the object s temperature.
• How do we interpret an actual spectrum?
– By carefully studying the features in a
spectrum, we can learn a great deal about the
object that created it.
“The 2nd law of thermodynamics has the same degree of
truth as the statement that if you throw a tumblerful of water
into the sea, you cannot get the same tumblerful of water out
again.” (J.C.Maxwell)
Buenos deseos para su futuro!