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6 del Jackson
Andrea Muñoz Hidalgo
29 de junio de 2022
Two point charges q and −q are located on the z azis at z = +a and z = −a,
respectively.
1
Usando ley de Coulomb sabemos que el potencial eléctrico será
n
1 X qi 1 q −q
Φ(⃗x) = = +
4πϵ0 i=1 |⃗x − x⃗i | 4πϵ0 |⃗r − ⃗a| |⃗r − (−⃗a)|
q 1 1
= −
4πϵ0 |⃗r − ⃗a| |⃗r − (−⃗a)|
Introduciendo (1) para cada inverso de la distancia respectivanente
∞ l l
q X X r< 4π ∗
Φ(r, θ, ϕ) = l+1
Ylm (θ, ϕ) [Ylm (0, ϕ′ ) − Ylm
∗
(π, ϕ′ )] (2)
4πϵ0 l=0 m=−1 r> 2l + 1
Sabemos que r
2l + 1
Yl0 (θ, ϕ) = Pl (cos θ)
4π
Reemplazando en (3)
∞
r "r r #
l
q X r< 4π 2l + 1 2l + 1 2l + 1
Φ(r, θ) = l+1
Pl (cos θ) Pl (cos 0) − Pl (cos π)
4πϵ0 l=0 r> 2l + 1 4π 4π 4π
∞ l ∞ l
q X r< q X r<
Pl cos θ 1 − (−1)l
= l+1
P l cos θ [P l (1) − P l (−1)] = l+1
4πϵ0 l=0 r> 4πϵ0 l=0 r>
∞ l
q X r<
Φ(r, θ) = P (cos θ)
l+1 l
2πϵ0 l odd r>
Expandiendo
∞
q X r l q r r 3
Φ(r < a, θ) = Pl (cos θ) = P1 (cos θ) + P3 (cos θ) + ...
2πϵ0 a l odd a 2πϵ0 a a a
∞
q X a l q a a 3
Φ(r > a, θ) = Pl (cos θ) = P1 (cos θ) + P3 (cos θ) + ...
2πϵ0 r l odd r 2πϵ0 r r r
2
(b) Keeping the product qa ≡ p/2 constant, take the limit of a → 0 and find
the potential for r ̸= 0. This is by definition a dipole along the z azis and its
potential.
(c) Lineas equipotenciales y campo eléctrico del dipolo (d) Campo 2D del dipolo en 3D
3
(c) Suppose now that the dipole of part b is surrounded by a grounded
spherical shell of radius b concentric with the origin. By linear superposition
find the potential everwhere inside the shell.
∞
p X
− P 1 (cos θ) = Al bl Pl (cos θ)
4πϵ0 b2 l=0
∞
p 1 X
− P 1 (cos θ) = Al Pl (cos θ) = f (cos θ)
4πϵ0 b2 bl l=0
2l + 1 1
Z
p 1
Al = − P1 (x)Pl (x)dx
2 −1 4πϵ0 b2 bl
4
Z 1
2 p 1
Al = − P1 (x)Pl (x)dx
2l + 1 4πϵ0 b2 bl −1
Referencias
[1] Muñoz, V., Rogan, J. Apuntes de un curso de Métodos de la Física Matemática II.
Departamento de Física, Universidad de Chile.
[2] Jackson, J.D. Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
Figuras