Contenido

Paralelismo ................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Producto punto o escalar y, norma............................................................................................................................. 4
Ángulo entre vectores ................................................................................................................................................ 8
Vectores unitarios ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
Proyecciones ortogonales ......................................................................................................................................... 11
Producto vectorial .................................................................................................................................................... 12
Triple producto escalar ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Dependencia e independencia lineal ........................................................................................................................ 14
Puntos colineales y puntos coplanares ..................................................................................................................... 15
La recta ..................................................................................................................................................................... 15
El plano ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Distancia de un punto a un plano ............................................................................................................................. 21
Distancia entre planos paralelos ............................................................................................................................... 22
Distancia de un punto a una recta ............................................................................................................................ 23
Distancia entre rectas paralelas ................................................................................................................................ 24
Distancia de un plano a una recta paralela ............................................................................................................... 25
Distancia entre rectas NO paralelas .......................................................................................................................... 26
Ejercicios

Paralelismo
1. ¿𝑢 = (2,3)||𝑣 = (−4,6) ?
−2(2,3) = (−4, −6)
1
(−4,6) = (−2,3)
2
No
1 1
𝑢 = 𝑘𝑣 → (2,3) = 𝑘(−4,6) → (2,3) = (−4𝑘, 6𝑘) → 2 = −4𝑘, 3 = 6𝑘 → 𝑘 = − = 𝑘 = no
2 2
𝑣 = 𝑘𝑢 → (−4,6) = 𝑘(2,3) → (−4,6) = (2𝑘, 3𝑘) → −4 = 2𝑘, 6 = 3𝑘 → 𝑘 = −2 = 𝑘 = 2 no
No son paralelos
2. 𝑢 = (3, −2,4); 𝑣 = (12, −8,15); ¿ 𝑢||𝑣?
𝑢 = 𝑘𝑣
3 = 12𝑘 1 1 4
(3, −2,4) = 𝑘(12, −8,15) → (3, −2,4) = (12𝑘, −8𝑘, 15𝑘) → {−2 = −8𝑘 → 𝑘 = = = no
4 4 15
4 = 15𝑘
𝑣 = 𝑘𝑢
12 = 3𝑘 15
(12, −8,15) = 𝑘(3, −2,4) → (12, −8,15) = (3𝑘, −2𝑘, 4𝑘) → {−8 = −2𝑘 → 𝑘 = 4 = 4 = no
4
15 = 4𝑘
∴ 𝑢, 𝑣 no son paralelos
3. 𝑢 = (0,0,0); 𝑣 = (2,4,6); ¿ 𝑢||𝑣?
0 = 2𝑘
𝑢 = 𝑘𝑣 → (0,0,0) = 𝑘(2,4,6) → (0,0,0) = (2𝑘, 4𝑘, 6𝑘) → {0 = 4𝑘 → 𝑘 = 0 = 0 = 0
0 = 6𝑘
𝑢 = 0𝑣
∴ 𝑢||𝑣
4. 𝑢 = (3,0,4); 𝑣 = (12,0,16); ¿ 𝑢||𝑣?
𝑢||𝑣 sí

5. 𝑣 = (5, −6, 𝑥); 𝑤 = (𝑦, 2, −1)

Calcular 𝑥, 𝑦 sabiendo que 𝑣||𝑤
Solución.
5 −6 𝑥 5
= = → 𝑥 = 3; 𝑦 = −
𝑦 2 −1 3

Otra forma:
5
𝑘𝑦 = 5 𝑦=−
𝑣 = 𝑘𝑤 → (5, −6, 𝑥) = 𝑘(𝑦, 2, −1) → (5, −6, 𝑥) = (𝑘𝑦, 2𝑘, −𝑘) → {2𝑘 = −6 → { 3
𝑘 = −3
−𝑘 = 𝑥
𝑥=3
5
∴ 𝑥 = 3; 𝑦 = −
3
6. (0,0)||(𝑎, 𝑏)? ?
(0,0) = 𝑘(𝑎, 𝑏) → 0 = 𝑘𝑎, 0 = 𝑘𝑏 → 𝑘 = 0 es una sol.
Sí son paralelos
Producto punto o escalar y, norma
7. Demostrar la propiedad 𝑢 ⋅ (𝑣 + 𝑤) = 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 + 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑤

Prueba. Sean 𝑢 = (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ); 𝑣 = (𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 ); 𝑤 = (𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 )

Lado izquierdo:

𝑢 ⋅ (𝑣 + 𝑤) = (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ) ⋅ ((𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 ) + (𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 )) = (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ) ⋅ (𝑣1 + 𝑤1 , 𝑣2 + 𝑤2 , 𝑣3 + 𝑤3 )

= 𝑢1 (𝑣1 + 𝑤1 ) + 𝑢2 (𝑣2 + 𝑤2 ) + 𝑢3 (𝑣3 + 𝑤3 ) = 𝑢1 𝑣1 + 𝑢1 𝑤1 + 𝑢2 𝑣2 + 𝑢2 𝑤2 + 𝑢3 𝑣3 + 𝑢3 𝑤3

Lado derecho:

𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 + 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑤 = (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ) ⋅ (𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 ) + (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ) ⋅ (𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 )

= 𝑢1 𝑣1 + 𝑢2 𝑣2 + 𝑢3 𝑣3 + 𝑢1 𝑤1 + 𝑢2 𝑤2 + 𝑢3 𝑤3
Queda comprobado que los lados de la ecuación son iguales.

8. Suponga que 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 = 12; 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑤 = 25. Calcular 𝑢 ⋅ (𝑣 + 𝑤).

Solución. 𝑢 ⋅ (𝑣 + 𝑤) = 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 + 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑤 = 12 + 25 = 37

9. Suponga que 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 > 0; 𝑤 ⋅ 𝑢 > 0, ¿Qué tipo de ángulo forman los vectores 𝑢 y (𝑣 + 𝑤)?

Solución. 𝑢 ⋅ (𝑣 + 𝑤) = 𝑢
⏟ ⋅ 𝑣 + 𝑢⏟
⋅𝑤 >0
>0 >0

Luego, el ángulo preguntado es agudo.

10. 𝑢 = (2,5,1), 𝑣 = (−3,4,1)

𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 = (2,5,1) ⋅ (−3,4,1) = 2(−3) + 5(4) + 1(1) = −6 + 20 + 1 = 15 > 0 → ángulo entre los vectores
es agudo
11. 𝑢 = (2,5,1), 𝑣 = (−3, −4,1)
𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 = (2,5,1) ⋅ (−3, −4,1) = −6 − 20 + 1 = −25 < 0 → ángulo obtuso
12. 𝑢 = (3,4, −2) ⊥ 𝑣 = (4, −3,0)
𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 = (3,4, −2) ⋅ (4, −3,0) = 12 + (−12) + 0 = 0 → 𝑢 ⊥ 𝑣

13. 𝑣 = (4, −3,0)

‖𝑣 ‖ = |𝑣 | = √42 + (−3)2 + 02 = √25 = 5
14. 𝑢 = (3,4, −2)
|𝑢| = ‖𝑢‖ = √32 + 42 + (−2)2 = √29 = 5.39
15. 𝑢 = (3,4, −2), 𝑣 = (2,5,1), 𝑤 = (2,3, −2)
𝑢 ⋅ (𝑣 + 𝑤) = 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 + 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑤
(3,4, −2) ⋅ ((2,5,1) + (2,3, −2)) = (3,4, −2) ⋅ (2,5,1) + (3,4, −2) ⋅ (2,3, −2)
(3,4, −2) ⋅ (4,8, −1) = (6 + 20 − 2) + (6 + 12 + 4)
12 + 32 + 2 = 24 + 22
46 = 46
16. 𝑢 = (1,2,4); 𝑣 = (2,3,5); 𝑤 = (−2,8, −1)
𝑢 ⋅ (𝑣 + 𝑤) = (1,2,4) ⋅ ((2,3,5) + (−2,8, −1)) = (1,2,4) ⋅ (0,11,4) = 0 + 22 + 16 = 38
Por otra parte:
𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 + 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑤 = (1,2,4) ⋅ (2,3,5) + (1,2,4) ⋅ (−2,8, −1) = 2 + 6 + 20 − 2 + 16 − 4 = 38
Verifica la igualdad:
𝑢 ⋅ (𝑣 + 𝑤) = 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 + 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑤
17. (4,12, −18) ⋅ (2,3, −1)
→ (2(2,6, −9)) ⋅ (2,3, −1) = (2,6, −9) ⋅ (2(2,3, −1)) = 2((2,6, −9) ⋅ (2,3, −1))
(4,12, −18) ⋅ (2,3, −1) = (2,6, −9) ⋅ (4,6, −2) = 2(4 + 18 + 9)
8 + 36 + 18 = 8 + 36 + 18 = 2(31)
62 = 62 = 62
18. 𝑢 = (2,3,4); 𝑣 = (−2,3,5); 𝜆 = 3
(𝜆𝑢) ⋅ 𝑣 = (3(2,3,4)) ⋅ (−2,3,5) = (6,9,12) ⋅ (−2,3,5) = −12 + 27 + 60 = 75
𝑢 ⋅ (𝜆𝑣) = (2,3,4) ⋅ (3(−2,3,5)) = (2,3,4) ⋅ (−6,9,15) = −12 + 27 + 60 = 75
𝜆(𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣) = 3((2,3,4) ⋅ (−2,3,5)) = 3(−4 + 9 + 20) = 3(25) = 75
Queda verificado que:
(𝜆𝑢) ⋅ 𝑣 = 𝑢 ⋅ (𝜆𝑣) = 𝜆(𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣)
19. (4 ⋅ 108 , 5 ⋅ 109 , −2 ⋅ 1010 ) ⋅ (36,12,6) = (108 (4,50, −200)) ⋅ (6(6,2,1))
= 108 ⋅ 6 (4,50, −200) ⋅ (6,2,1) = 108 ⋅ 6(24 + 100 − 200)
= 108 ⋅ 6 ⋅ (−76) = −456 ⋅ 108 = −4.56 ⋅ 1010
20. Sean 𝑢 = (3,2, −5); 𝑤 = (−2, −5,0). Si (𝜆𝑢) ⋅ (𝜆𝑤) = −18, calcular 𝜆.
(𝜆𝑢) ⋅ (𝜆𝑤) = −18 → 𝜆2 (𝑢 ⋅ 𝑤) = −18 → 𝜆2 ((3,2, −5) ⋅ (−2, −5,0)) = −18 → 𝜆2 (−6 − 10 + 0) = −18
18 3√2
𝜆2 (−16) = −18 → 𝜆2 = →𝜆=± ✔
16 4
21. Si 𝑢 ⋅ (2𝑣) = 12, hallar (3𝑢) ⋅ 𝑣.
𝑢 ⋅ (2𝑣) = 12
2(𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣) = 12
𝑢⋅𝑣 =6
Ahora lo que se pide:
(3𝑢) ⋅ 𝑣
3(𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣)
3(6)
18✔

22. ‖(4 ⋅ 108 , 5 ⋅ 109 , −2 ⋅ 1010 )‖ = ‖2 ⋅ 108 (2,25, −100)‖ = 2 ⋅ 108 ‖(2,25, −100)‖
= 2 ⋅ 108 √22 + 252 + 1002 = 2 ⋅ 108 √10629 = 2 ⋅ 108 ⋅ 103.097 = 2.06 194 ⋅ 1010
23. ‖3(2,3, −1)‖ = |3| ⋅ ‖(2,3, −1)‖
Primero: ‖3(2,3, −1)‖ = ‖(6,9, −3)‖ = √62 + 92 + (−3)2 = √126 = 3√14
Segundo: |3| ⋅ ‖(2,3, −1)‖ = 3 ⋅ √22 + 32 + (−1)2 = 3√14
Queda verificada la igualdad:
‖𝜆𝑢‖ = |𝜆| ⋅ ‖𝑢‖
1
24. Si ‖ 𝑢‖ = 4. Calcular ‖𝑢‖2 .
2
1
‖ 𝑢‖ = 4
2
1
| | ⋅ ‖𝑢‖ = 4
2
1
⋅ ‖𝑢‖ = 4
2
‖𝑢‖ = 8
‖𝑢‖2 = 64✔
1 1 15 1 1 1 1 7
25. ‖( , , − )‖ = ‖ (4,2, −15)‖ = ⋅ ‖(4,2, −15)‖ = ⋅ √42 + 22 + 152 = ⋅ 7√5 = √5
4 8 16 16 16 16 16 16
26. 𝑢 = (2,3,1); 𝑣 = (1,2,4)
‖𝑢 + 𝑣 ‖ = ‖(2,3,1) + (1,2,4)‖ = ‖(3,5,5)‖ = √32 + 52 + 52 = √59 = 7.29

‖𝑢‖ + ‖𝑣 ‖ = ‖(2,3,1)‖ + ‖(1,2,4)‖ = √22 + 32 + 12 + √12 + 22 + 42 = √14 + √21 = 8.32

Queda verificado que:
‖𝑢 + 𝑣 ‖ ≤ ‖𝑢‖ + ‖𝑣 ‖
27. 𝑢 = (2,3,1); 𝑣 = (1,2,4)
|𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 | = |2 + 6 + 4| = 12
‖𝑢‖ ⋅ ‖𝑣 ‖ = √14 ⋅ √21 = √14 ⋅ 21 = 7√6 = 17.15
Se verifica que:
|𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 | ≤ ‖𝑢‖ ⋅ ‖𝑣 ‖
28. 𝑢 = (−1, −2,2)
‖𝑢‖ = √1 + 4 + 4 = 3
|𝑢1 | = |−1| = 1 ≤ 3 = ‖𝑢‖
|𝑢2 | = |−2| = 2 ≤ 3 = ‖𝑢‖
|𝑢3 | = |2| = 2 ≤ 3 = ‖𝑢‖
Queda verificado que:
|𝑢𝑖 | ≤ ‖𝑢‖; 𝑖 = 1,2,3; 𝑢 = (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 )

29. ‖(−𝑡, 2𝑡, −2𝑡)‖ = 7; 𝑡 =?

‖(−𝑡, 2𝑡, −2𝑡)‖ = 7 → ‖𝑡(−1,2, −2)‖ = 7
7 7
|𝑡| ⋅ ‖(−1,2, −2)‖ = 7 → |𝑡|√(−1)2 + 22 + 22 = 7 → 3|𝑡| = 7 → |𝑡| = →𝑡=±
3 3
30. Desigualdad del triángulo. Demostrar que:
‖𝑢 + 𝑣 ‖ ≤ ‖𝑢‖ + ‖𝑣‖

Demostración.

i) Si 𝑢 no es paralelo a 𝑣:

Por la desigualdad que existe en todo triángulo:

‖𝑢 + 𝑣 ‖ < ‖𝑢‖ + ‖𝑣‖

ii) Si 𝑢||𝑣 con 𝑢 = 𝑘𝑣 y 𝑘 > 0:

En este caso es cierto que:

‖𝑢 + 𝑣 ‖ = ‖𝑢‖ + ‖𝑣‖

iii) Si 𝑢 = 0 entonces ‖𝑢 + 𝑣 ‖ = ‖0 + 𝑣 ‖ = ‖𝑣 ‖ = 0 + ‖𝑣 ‖ = ‖0‖ + ‖𝑣 ‖ = ‖𝑢‖ + ‖𝑣 ‖

iv) Si 𝑢||𝑣 con 𝑢 = −𝑘𝑣 y 𝑘 > 0:

La desigualdad ‖𝑢 + 𝑣 ‖ ≤ ‖𝑢‖ + ‖𝑣‖

Es equivalente a: ‖𝑢 + 𝑣 ‖2 ≤ (‖𝑢‖ + ‖𝑣 ‖)2

Equivalente a: ‖𝑢‖2 + 2𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 + ‖𝑣 ‖2 ≤ ‖𝑢‖2 + 2‖𝑢‖ ⋅ ‖𝑣 ‖ + ‖𝑣 ‖2

Equivalente a: 2𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 ≤ 2‖𝑢‖ ⋅ ‖𝑣 ‖

Equivalente a: 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 ≤ ‖𝑢‖ ⋅ ‖𝑣 ‖

Reemplazando 𝑢 = −𝑘𝑣:

(−𝑘𝑣) ⋅ 𝑣 ≤ ‖−𝑘𝑣 ‖ ⋅ ‖𝑣 ‖
−𝑘(𝑣 ⋅ 𝑣) ≤ 𝑘‖𝑣 ‖ ⋅ ‖𝑣 ‖

−𝑘‖𝑣 ‖2 ≤ 𝑘‖𝑣 ‖2
 Esta última desigualdad es cierta ya que 𝑘 > 0.

En todo caso se verifica: ‖𝑢 + 𝑣 ‖ ≤ ‖𝑢‖ + ‖𝑣‖

31. Si 𝑢 = (2,3, −2); 𝑣 = (4,5, −7)

Solución. ‖𝑢 + 𝑣 ‖ = ‖(6,8, −9)‖ = √36 + 64 + 81 = √181 = 13.45

‖𝑢‖ + ‖𝑣 ‖ = √4 + 9 + 4 + √16 + 25 + 49 = 13.61

13.45 = ‖𝑢 + 𝑣 ‖ < ‖𝑢‖ + ‖𝑣 ‖ = 13.61

32. Si 𝑢 = (2,3, −2); 𝑣 = (4,5, −7)

Desigualdad de Cauchy-Schwarz:

|𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 | ≤ ‖𝑢‖ ⋅ ‖𝑣‖

|(2,3, −2) ⋅ (4,5, −7)| ≤ ‖(2,3, −2)‖ ⋅ ‖(4,5, −7)‖

|8 + 15 + 14| ≤ √4 + 9 + 4 ⋅ √16 + 25 + 49

|37| ≤ √17 ⋅ √90

37 ≤ 39.11
Está verificado.
Ángulo entre vectores
33. Probar la identidad:

𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 = ‖𝑢‖ ⋅ ‖𝑣 ‖ cos 𝜃
Donde 𝜃 es el ángulo entre los vectores 𝑢 y 𝑣.

Demostración.

i) Primero supongamos que 𝑢 y 𝑣 no son paralelos,

Ley de los cosenos:

‖𝑢 − 𝑣 ‖2 = ‖𝑢‖2 + ‖𝑣 ‖2 − 2‖𝑢‖‖𝑣 ‖ cos 𝜃

(𝑢 − 𝑣) ⋅ (𝑢 − 𝑣) = ‖𝑢‖2 + ‖𝑣 ‖2 − 2‖𝑢‖‖𝑣 ‖ cos 𝜃

𝑢 ⋅ 𝑢 − 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 − 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑢 + 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑣 = ‖𝑢‖2 + ‖𝑣 ‖2 − 2‖𝑢‖‖𝑣 ‖ cos 𝜃

‖𝑢‖2 − 2𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 + ‖𝑣 ‖2 = ‖𝑢‖2 + ‖𝑣 ‖2 − 2‖𝑢‖‖𝑣 ‖ cos 𝜃

−2𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 = −2‖𝑢‖‖𝑣 ‖ cos 𝜃

𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 = ‖𝑢‖‖𝑣 ‖ cos 𝜃
Queda demostrado para este caso.

ii) Supongamos que 𝑢 = 𝑘𝑣 con 𝑘 > 0, en este caso el ángulo es de 0°, entonces:

𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 = ‖𝑢‖‖𝑣 ‖ cos 𝜃
(𝑘𝑣) ⋅ 𝑣 = ‖𝑘𝑣 ‖‖𝑣 ‖ cos 0°

𝑘(𝑣 ⋅ 𝑣) = 𝑘‖𝑣 ‖ ⋅ ‖𝑣 ‖ ⋅ 1

𝑘‖𝑣 ‖2 = 𝑘‖𝑣 ‖2 ✔
Se verifica.

iii) Supongamos que 𝑢 = −𝑘𝑣 con 𝑘 > 0, en este caso el ángulo es de 180°, entonces:

𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 = ‖𝑢‖‖𝑣 ‖ cos 𝜃
(−𝑘𝑣) ⋅ 𝑣 = ‖−𝑘𝑣 ‖‖𝑣 ‖ cos 180°

−𝑘(𝑣 ⋅ 𝑣) = 𝑘‖𝑣 ‖ ⋅ ‖𝑣 ‖ ⋅ (−1)

−𝑘‖𝑣 ‖2 = −𝑘‖𝑣 ‖2 ✔
Se verifica.

Por lo tanto, queda demostrado que

𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 = ‖𝑢‖‖𝑣 ‖ cos 𝜃

Nota. ‖𝑤 ‖2 = 𝑤 ⋅ 𝑤
34. 𝑢 = (3,4, −2), 𝑣 = (2,5,1), ∠(𝑢, 𝑣) =?
𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 = ‖𝑢‖ ⋅ ‖𝑣 ‖ cos 𝜃
(3,4, −2) ⋅ (2,5,1) = ‖(3,4, −2)‖ ⋅ ‖(2,5,1)‖ cos 𝜃

6 + 20 − 2 = √9 + 16 + 4 ⋅ √4 + 25 + 1 cos 𝜃

24 = √29√30 cos 𝜃
24 24
cos 𝜃 = → 𝜃 = cos −1 = 35.54∘
√29√30 √29√30
35. 𝑢 = (3,4, −2); 𝑣 = (2, −5,1).
(3,4, −2) ⋅ (2, −5,1) = 6 − 20 − 2 = −16 < 0 → ángulo obtuso
𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 = ‖𝑢‖ ⋅ ‖𝑣 ‖ cos 𝜃
6 − 20 − 2 = √9 + 16 + 4 ⋅ √4 + 25 + 1 cos 𝜃
−16 = √29√30 cos 𝜃
−16
𝜃 = cos −1 = 122.85°
√29 ⋅ 30
Vectores unitarios
36. Vector unitario v es tal que ‖𝑣 ‖ = 1
𝑣 es versor
𝑤
𝑤≠0→𝑣= es unitario en la misma dirección y sentido de 𝑤
‖𝑤‖
𝑤
𝑣= − es unitario en la misma dirección y sentido opuesto de 𝑤
‖𝑤‖
37. Ejercicio. Sean los vectores 𝑢 y 𝑣 = (3,4), 𝑢 es unitario, el ángulo entre los vectores es 60°. Determinar 𝑢
Solución.
𝑢 ⋅ (3,4) = ‖⏟𝑢‖ ⋅ ‖(3,4)‖ cos 60°
1
1
𝑢 ⋅ (3,4) = 1 ⋅ √9 + 16 ⋅
2
5
𝑢 ⋅ (3,4) =
2
Sea 𝑢 = (𝑥, 𝑦):
5
(𝑥, 𝑦) ⋅ (3,4) =
2
5
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = … (1)
2
𝑢 es unitario:
‖𝑢‖ = 1
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 1 … (2)
2

Resolviendo las ecuaciones (1) y (2):

3 2√3 2 3√3 3 2√3 2 3√3

∴𝑢=( − , + );( + , − )
10 5 5 10 10 5 5 10
38. Si los vectores de la figura satisfacen |𝑢| = |𝑣 | = 1 y 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤 = 0, ¿qué es |𝑤|?

|𝑤 |2 = 𝑤 ⋅ 𝑤 = (−𝑢 − 𝑣) ⋅ (−𝑢 − 𝑣) = (−𝑢 − 𝑣) ⋅ (−𝑢) + (−𝑢 − 𝑣) ⋅ (−𝑣)

= (−𝑢) ⋅ (−𝑢) + (−𝑣) ⋅ (−𝑢) + (−𝑢) ⋅ (−𝑣) + (−𝑣) ⋅ (−𝑣)
= 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑢 + 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑢 + 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 + 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑣 = |𝑢|2 + 2𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 + |𝑣 |2 = ⋯
Proyecciones ortogonales
𝑤 =? , 𝑣 ≠ 0
𝑤 = 𝛼𝑣
𝑤⋅𝑣
𝑤 ⋅ 𝑣 = 𝛼𝑣 ⋅ 𝑣 → 𝛼 =
𝑣 ⋅𝑣
𝑤⋅𝑣
𝑤= 𝑣
𝑣⋅𝑣
𝑤⋅𝑣
Proy𝑣 𝑢 = 𝑣 … (1)
𝑣⋅𝑣
Del gráfico se tiene: (𝑢 − 𝑤) ⊥ 𝑣, entonces:

(𝑢 − 𝑤) ⋅ 𝑣 = 0 → 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 − 𝑤 ⋅ 𝑣 = 0
𝑤⋅𝑣 = 𝑢⋅𝑣
Reemplazando en (1):

𝑢⋅𝑣
Proy𝑣 𝑢 = 𝑣
𝑣 ⋅𝑣
Producto vectorial
39. 𝑢 = (3,4, −2), 𝑣 = (2,5,1)
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
4 −2 3 −2 3 4
𝑢 × 𝑣 = |3 4 −2| = | |𝑖 − | |𝑗 +| |𝑘
5 1 2 1 2 5
2 5 1
= 14𝑖 − 7𝑗 + 7𝑘 = (14, −7,7)
3 2 4(1) − (−2)(5) 14
𝑢 × 𝑣 = ( 4 ) × (5) = (−[3(1) − (−2)(2)]) = (−7)
−2 1 3(5) − 4(2) 7
(𝑢
𝑢 ⋅ × 𝑣) = (3,4, −2) ⋅ (14, −7,7) = 42 − 28 − 14 = 0 → 𝑢 ⊥ 𝑢 × 𝑣
𝑣 ⋅ (𝑢 × 𝑣) = (2,5,1) ⋅ (14, −7,7) = 28 − 35 + 7 = 0 → 𝑣 ⊥ 𝑢 × 𝑣
‖𝑢 × 𝑣 ‖ = ‖(14, −7,7)‖ = √142 + (−7)2 + 72 = 7√6 = 17.15 unidades 2 área paralelogramo 𝑢𝑣
−14
𝑣 × 𝑢 = ( 7 ) = −𝑢 × 𝑣
−7

40. 𝑢 × (3𝑢 − 4𝑣) = 𝑢 × (3𝑢) + 𝑢 × (−4𝑣) = 0 − 4𝑢 × 𝑣 = −4𝑢 × 𝑣

41. 𝑢 = (7,1, −2); 𝑣 = (−14, −2,4)
7 −14 0
𝑢 × 𝑣 = ( 1 ) × ( −2 ) = (0) → 𝑢||𝑣
−2 4 0
𝑢 y 𝑣 son linealmente dependientes (paralelos)
42. 𝑢 = (3,4, −2), 𝑣 = (2,5,1), ∠(𝑢, 𝑣) =?

Como 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 = (3,4, −2) ⋅ (2,5,1) = 24 > 0 → ángulo agudo

‖𝑢 × 𝑣‖ = ‖𝑢‖‖𝑣 ‖ sin 𝜃
3 2 3 2
‖( 4 ) × (5)‖ = ‖( 4 )‖ ‖(5)‖ sin 𝜃
−2 1 −2 1
14 3 2
‖(−7)‖ = ‖( 4 )‖ ‖(5)‖ sin 𝜃
7 −2 1
2 3 2
7 ‖(−1)‖ = ‖( 4 )‖ ‖(5)‖ sin 𝜃
1 −2 1
7√6 = √29√30 sin 𝜃

7√6
sin 𝜃 =
√29√30
7
𝜃 = sin−1
√145
→ 𝜃 = 35.54° es ángulo agudo ✔
43. 𝑢 = (3,4, −2); 𝑣 = (2, −5,1).
Como 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 = −16 < 0 → ángulo obtuso
|𝑢 × 𝑣| = |𝑢| ⋅ |𝑣 | sin 𝜃
3 2 3 2
|( 4 ) × (−5)| = |( 4 )| ⋅ |(−5)| sin 𝜃
−2 1 −2 1
4 − 10
|(−[3 + 4])| = √9 + 16 + 4 ⋅ √4 + 25 + 1 sin 𝜃
−15 − 8
√62 + 72 + 232 = √29 ⋅ √30 sin 𝜃
 614
sin 𝜃 = √ = 0.84
29 ⋅ 30
sin 𝜃 = 0.84
𝜃= sin−1 0.84
= (en la calculadora 57.14°)
𝜃 = 180∘ − 57.14∘ = 122.86∘ ✔
44. (𝑗 − 𝑘) × (𝑘 − 𝑖) = (𝑗 − 𝑘) × 𝑘 + (𝑗 − 𝑘) × (−𝑖) = 𝑗 × 𝑘 + (−𝑘) × 𝑘 + 𝑗 × (−𝑖) + (−𝑘) × (−𝑖)
𝑗 × 𝑘 − 𝑘 × 𝑘 − 𝑗 × 𝑖 + 𝑘 × 𝑖 = 𝑖 − 0 − (−𝑘) + 𝑗 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘
45. Si 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0. Demostrar que 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 𝑏 × 𝑐.
Demostración.

(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) × 𝑏 = 0 × 𝑏

𝑎×𝑏+⏟
𝑏×𝑏+𝑐×𝑏 =0
0

𝑎×𝑏+𝑐×𝑏 = 0

𝑎 × 𝑏 = −𝑐 × 𝑏
𝑎×𝑏 = 𝑏×𝑐
𝑣3 ×𝑣1
46. 𝑘3 = . Demostrar que 𝑘3 es perpendicular a 𝑣1
𝑣1 ⋅(𝑣2 ×𝑣3 )
Demostración.
𝑣3 × 𝑣1 1
𝑘3 ⋅ 𝑣1 = ⋅ 𝑣1 = (𝑣
⏟ × 𝑣1 ) ⋅ 𝑣1 = 0 → 𝑘3 ⊥ 𝑣1
𝑣1 ⋅ (𝑣2 × 𝑣3 ) 𝑣1 ⋅ (𝑣2 × 𝑣3 ) 3
0
47. 𝑣 = 5𝑗 = (0,5,0)
|𝑢| = 3, 𝑢 gira sobre el plano 𝑥𝑦
|𝑢 × 𝑣 | valores extremos =?

Solución
|𝑢 × 𝑣 | = |𝑢| ⋅ |𝑣 | sin 𝜃
= 3 ⋅ 5 sin 𝜃
= 15 sin 𝜃
0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 → 0 ≤ sin 𝜃 ≤ 1
0 ≤ |𝑢 × 𝑣 | ≤ 15

Triple producto escalar

48. 𝑢 = (3,4, −2), 𝑣 = (2,5,1); 𝑤 = (−4,6,2)
3 2 4(1) − (−2)(5) 14
𝑢 × 𝑣 = ( 4 ) × (5) = (−[3(1) − (−2)(2)]) = (−7)
−2 1 3(5) − 4(2) 7
14 −4
[𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤] = (𝑢 × 𝑣) ⋅ 𝑤 = (−7) ⋅ ( 6 ) = −56 − 42 + 14 = −84
7 2
El volumen del paralelepípedo de aristas 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 es 84 unidades3
Dependencia e independencia lineal
49. ¿Son los vectores 𝑢 = (2,4) y 𝑣 = (−1, −2) linealmente dependientes?
𝑢||𝑣 →sí
Otra forma:
𝛼𝑢 + 𝛽𝑣 = ⃗0
𝛼(2,4) + 𝛽(−1, −2) = ⃗0
(2𝛼, 4𝛼) + (−𝛽, −2𝛽) = (0,0)
(2𝛼 − 𝛽, 4𝛼 − 2𝛽) = (0,0)
2𝛼 − 𝛽 = 0 2𝛼 − 𝛽 = 0
{ →{ → 2𝛼 − 𝛽 = 0 tiene infinitas soluciones; α libre y β ligada; β = 2𝛼, 𝛼 ∈ ℝ
4𝛼 − 2𝛽 = 0 0=0
5
Una no nula 𝛽 = −5, 𝛼 = −
2
Esto es 𝑢 y 𝑣 son linealmente dependientes (LD)
2 −1 0
Otra forma: 𝑢 × 𝑣 = (4) × (−2) = (0) → 𝑢 y 𝑣 LD
0 0 0
50. 𝑢 = (2,3), 𝑣 = (3,5) ¿son linealmente dependientes (LD)?
𝑢 ∦ 𝑣 → no son 𝐿𝐷, son linealmente independientes
Otra forma:
𝛼𝑢 + 𝛽𝑣 = 0 ⃗
𝛼(2,3) + 𝛽(3,5) = (0,0)
(2𝛼, 3𝛼) + (3𝛽, 5𝛽) = (0,0)
(2𝛼 + 3𝛽, 3𝛼 + 5𝛽) = (0,0)
2𝛼 + 3𝛽 = 0 … (1)
{
3𝛼 + 5𝛽 = 0 … (2)
(1) ∗ 3: 6𝛼 + 9𝛽 = 0 … (3)
(2) ∗ (−2): −6𝛼 − 10𝛽 = 0 … (4)
(3) + (4) : − 𝛽 = 0 → 𝛽 = 0 → 2𝛼 + 3(0) = 0 → 𝛼 = 0
Solución única 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 0 → 𝑢 y 𝑣 no son LD, son linealmente independientes
51. 𝑢 = (2,3,1), 𝑣 = (3,5,2)
Plantear:
𝜆1 𝑢 + 𝜆2 𝑣 = (0,0,0)
𝜆1 (2,3,1) + 𝜆2 (3,5,2) = (0,0,0)
(2𝜆1 + 3𝜆2 , 3𝜆1 + 5𝜆2 , 𝜆1 + 2𝜆2 ) = (0,0,0)
2𝜆1 + 3𝜆2 = 0 𝜆1 + 2𝜆2 = 0 𝜆1 + 2𝜆2 = 0 𝜆1 + 2(0) = 0
𝜆 =0
→{ 13𝜆 + 5𝜆 2 = 0 →{ 13𝜆 + 5𝜆 2 = 0 →{ −𝜆 2 = 0 →{ 𝜆2 = 0 →{ 1
𝜆2 = 0
𝜆1 + 2𝜆2 = 0 2𝜆1 + 3𝜆2 = 0 −𝜆2 = 0 𝜆2 = 0
∴ 𝑢, 𝑣 son linealmente independientes.
52. ¿𝑢 = (1, −6, −3), 𝑣 = (11,5, −1), 𝑤 = (32,21,0) son LD?
1 11 32 1 21
[𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤] = 𝑢 ⋅ (𝑣 × 𝑤) = (−6) ⋅ (( 5 ) × (21)) = (−6) ⋅ (−32) = 21 + 192 − 213 = 0 → sí, son LD
−3 −1 0 −3 71

Otra forma:
𝛼𝑢 + 𝛽𝑣 + 𝛾𝑤 = 0 ⃗
𝛼(1, −6, −3) + 𝛽(11,5, −1) + 𝛾(32,21,0) = (0,0,0)
(𝛼 + 11𝛽 + 32𝛾, −6𝛼 + 5𝛽 + 21𝛾, −3𝛼 − 𝛽) = (0,0,0)
𝛼 + 11𝛽 + 32𝛾 = 0 … (1)
{−6𝛼 + 5𝛽 + 21𝛾 = 0 … (2)
−3𝛼 − 𝛽 = 0 … (3)
(1) ∗ −21: −21𝛼 − 231𝛽 − 672𝛾 = 0 … (4)
(2) ∗ 32: −192𝛼 + 160𝛽 + 672𝛾 = 0 … (5)
(4) + (5): −213𝛼 − 71𝛽 = 0 ÷ (−71) → 3𝛼 + 𝛽 = 0 … (6)
Combinar (3) y (6):
 −3𝛼 − 𝛽 = 0
{ → −3𝛼 − 𝛽 = 0 tiene infinitas soluciones → 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 son LD
3𝛼 + 𝛽 = 0

De esto resulta que uno de los vectores es combinación lineal de los otros dos:
Una solución no nula es 𝛼 = 1, 𝛽 = −3, 𝛾 = 1
1 + 11(−3) + 32𝛾 = 0 → 𝛾 = 1
1𝑢 − 3𝑣 + 1𝑤 = ⃗0 → 𝑤 = −1𝑢 + 3𝑣

Puntos colineales y puntos coplanares

53. Determinar si los puntos 𝐴 = (2,3,5); 𝐵 = (−2,4,6); 𝐶 = (4, −2,0) son colineales.
−4 2 0 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ( 1 ) × (−5) = (−18) ≠ (0)
𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐶
1 −5 … 0
∴ 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 no son colineales

54. Determinar si los puntos 𝐴 = (1,1,7); 𝐵 = (0,0,6); 𝐶 = (0, −3,0); 𝐷 = (6,0,0) son coplanares.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝐴𝐶
[𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 ] = [(−1, −1, −1), (−1, −4, −7), (5, −1, −7)]

= ((−1, −1, −1) × (−1, −4, −7)) ⋅ (5, −1, −7) = (3, −6,3) ⋅ (5, −1, −7) = 15 + 6 + (−21) = 0

∴ 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 son coplanares.

La recta
55. Hallar la ecuación de la recta que pasa por el punto (2,3, −1) y sigue la dirección 𝑣 = (2,1, −4)
Solución
Ec. vectorial:
𝑃 = 𝑃0 + 𝜆𝑣, 𝜆 ∈ ℝ
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2,3, −1) + 𝜆(2,1, −4), 𝜆 ∈ ℝ✔
𝑥 = 2 + 2𝜆
Ecuaciones paramétricas: { 𝑦 = 3 + 𝜆 , 𝜆 ∈ ℝ ✔
𝑧 = −1 − 4𝜆
𝑥−2 𝑦−3 𝑧+1 𝑥−2 𝑦−3 𝑧+1
Ecuaciones simétricas: 𝜆 = = = → = = ✔
2 1 −4 2 1 −4
En particular para el ejemplo:
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2,3, −1) + 1(2,1, −4) = (4,4, −5) = 𝑃1 , 𝜆 = 1
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2,3, −1) − 2(2,1, −4) = (−2,1,7) = 𝑃2 , 𝜆 = −2

56. Ec. vectorial: (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2,3, −1) + 𝜆(0,1, −4), 𝜆 ∈ ℝ

𝑥=2
Ecs. paramétricas: { 𝑦 = 3 + 𝜆 ; 𝜆 ∈ ℝ
𝑧 = −1 − 4𝜆
𝑦−3 𝑧+1
Ecs. simétricas: 𝜆 = = ; 𝑥=2
1 −4
57. Ec. vectorial: (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2,3, −1) + 𝜆(0,1,0), 𝜆 ∈ ℝ
𝑥=2
Ec. paramétrica: {𝑦 = 3 + 𝜆 ; 𝜆 ∈ ℝ
𝑧 = −1
Ecuaciones simétricas: 𝑦 = 3 + 𝜆, 𝜆 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑧 = −1
58. Si la recta tiene por ecuaciones simétricas:
𝑥−4 𝑦+1 𝑧−2
= =
−2 3 1
Hallar la ec. vectorial
Solución.
Un punto de la recta es: 𝑃0 (4, −1,2)
Vector director: 𝑣 = (−2,3,1)
Ec. vectorial es: (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (4, −1,2) + 𝜆(−2,3,1); 𝜆 ∈ ℝ
59. Si la recta tiene por ecuaciones:
5𝑥 − 4 −𝑦 + 1
= =𝑧−2
−2 3
Hallar la ec. vectorial de la recta.
Solución.
Llevamos a la forma estándar de las ecs. simétricas:
4
𝑥−
5 =𝑦−1 =𝑧−2
2 −3 1
−
5
4
Un punto de la recta es: 𝑃0 ( , 1,2)
5
2
Vector director: 𝑣 = (− , −3,1)
5
4 2
Ec. vectorial es: (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ( , 1,2) + 𝜆 (− , −3,1) ; 𝜆 ∈ ℝ✔
5 5
Otra forma de resolver:
Si 𝑧 = 0:
5𝑥 − 4 −𝑦 + 1
= = 0−2
−2 3
5𝑥 − 4 −𝑦 + 1 8 8
→ = −2; = −2 → 𝑥 = ; 𝑦 = 7 ⟹ 𝑃1 = ( , 7,0)
−2 3 5 5
Si 𝑧 = 2:
5𝑥 − 4 −𝑦 + 1
= = 2−2
−2 3
5𝑥 − 4 −𝑦 + 1 4 4
→ = 0; = 0 → 𝑥 = ; 𝑦 = 1 ⟹ 𝑃2 = ( , 1,2)
−2 3 5 5
4
La dirección de la recta es 𝑣 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃1 𝑃2 = 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = (− , −6,2)
5
La ec. vectorial de la recta es:
𝑃 = 𝑃1 + 𝜆𝑣
8 4
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ( , 7,0) + 𝜆 (− , −6,2) ; 𝜆 ∈ ℝ
5 5

60. Hallar la ec. vectorial de la recta

2𝑥 − 3 −𝑦 + 1
= ;𝑧 = 3
2 1
Solución:
2𝑥 − 3 ÷ 2 −𝑦 + 1 (−1)
⋅ = ⋅ ;𝑧 = 3
2 ÷2 1 (−1)
3
𝑥−
2 = 𝑦 − 1 ; 𝑧 = 3 + 𝜆0
1 −1

3
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ( , 1,3) + 𝜆(1, −1,0); 𝜆 ∈ ℝ
2
Otra forma:
2𝑥 − 3 −𝑦 + 1
= ;𝑧 = 3
2 1
 Hallar dos soluciones del sistema de ecuaciones:
2𝑥−3 3 3
Sea 𝑦 = 1 → = 0 → 𝑥 = , 𝑧 = 3 ⟹ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ( , 1,3) = 𝐴
2 2 2
2𝑥−3 5 5
Sea 𝑦 = 0 → =1→𝑥= ,𝑧 = 3 ⟹ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ( , 0,3) =𝐵
2 2 2
Ec. de la recta vectorial:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐴 + 𝜆 𝐴𝐵
3
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ( , 1,3) + 𝜆(1, −1,0); 𝜆 ∈ ℝ
2
61. Hallar las ecuaciones simétricas de la recta 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1

Solución.

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1
{ →{
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 =1 −3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0
Variables ligadas: 𝑥, 𝑦

Variable libre: 𝑧 (parámetro)

2 5
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑡 = 1 𝑥 + 2 (− 𝑡) + 3𝑡 = 1 𝑥 =1− 𝑡
3 3
{ −3𝑦 − 2𝑡 = 0 → 2 → 2 , 𝑡 ∈ ℝ éstas son las ecs. paramétricas de la recta
𝑧=𝑡 𝑦=− 𝑡 𝑦=− 𝑡
3 3
{ 𝑧=𝑡 { 𝑧=𝑡
5 2
(Ec. vectorial: (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1,0,0) + 𝑡 (− , − , 1) ; 𝑡 ∈ ℝ)
3 3

𝑥−1 𝑦−0 𝑧−0

Ecs. Simétricas son: 𝑡 = 5 = 2 = ✔
−3 −3 1

Otra forma:
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1
{ →{
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 =1 −3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0
Sea 𝑧 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 → 𝐴(1,0,0) ∈ Recta

Sea 𝑧 = 3, 𝑦 = −2, 𝑥 = −4 → 𝐵(−4, −2,3) ∈ Recta

Vector director: 𝑣 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵 − 𝐴 = (−4, −2,3) − (1,0,0) = (−5, −2,3)

Ec. vectorial: 𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝜆 𝑣 → (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1,0,0) + 𝜆(−5, −2,3); 𝜆 ∈ ℝ

Ecs. paramétricas:
𝑥 = 1 − 5𝜆
{𝑦 = 0 − 2𝜆 ; 𝜆 ∈ ℝ
𝑧 = 0 + 3𝜆
𝑥−1 𝑦−0 𝑧−0
Ecs. simétricas: = =
−5 −2 3
 𝑃0 (1,0,0); 𝑣 = (−5, −2,3)
𝑥−𝑥0 𝑦−𝑦0 𝑧−𝑧0
Forma estándar de la ec. simétrica es: = = ; 𝑃0 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ); 𝑣 = (𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 )
𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣3

Otra forma
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1
{ →{
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 =1 −3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0
Sea 𝑧 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 → 𝐴(1,0,0) ∈ Recta

𝑣 = (1,2,3) × (1, −1,1) = (5,2, −3)

Ec. vectorial de la recta 𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝜆𝑣 → (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1,0,0) + 𝜆(5,2, −3); 𝜆 ∈ ℝ
𝑥 = 1 + 5𝜆
Ecuaciones paramétricas: { 𝑦 = 2𝜆 , 𝜆 ∈ ℝ
𝑧 = −3𝜆
𝑥−1 𝑦 𝑧
Ecuaciones simétricas: 𝜆 = = =
5 2 −3

𝑎 + 2𝑏 − 3𝑐 + 4𝑓 = 0
62. { 2𝑏 + 3𝑑 = 1 ; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ligadas; 𝑑 y 𝑓 libres
𝑐 − 4𝑑 + 𝑓 = 2
El plano
(𝑃 − 𝑃0 ) ⋅ 𝑛 = 0 ecuación escalar o cartesiana
𝑃 = 𝑃0 + 𝜆𝑢 + 𝛼𝑣; 𝜆, 𝛼 ∈ ℝ ecuación vectorial
63. Hallar la ec. del plano paralelo a los vectores 𝑢 = (3,4,2); 𝑣 = (−2,1,0) y que contiene al punto 𝑃0 =
(3,2, −1)
Solución. Ec. vectorial:
𝑃 = 𝑃0 + 𝜆𝑢 + 𝛼𝑣; 𝜆, 𝛼 ∈ ℝ
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (3,2, −1) + 𝜆(3,4,2) + 𝛼(−2,1,0)✔

64. Hallar la ec. del plano que pasa por el punto 𝑃0 (3,4,6) y es normal (perpendicular) al vector 𝑛 = (4,2,1)
Solución.

Ec. escalar del plano:

(𝑃 − 𝑃0 ) ⋅ 𝑛 = 0
((𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) − (3,4,6)) ⋅ (4,2,1) = 0
(𝑥 − 3, 𝑦 − 4, 𝑧 − 6) ⋅ (4,2,1) = 0
4(𝑥 − 3) + 2(𝑦 − 4) + 1(𝑧 − 6) = 0
4𝑥 − 12 + 2𝑦 − 8 + 𝑧 − 6 = 0
4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 26 = 0✔
65. Hallar la ec. del plano que contiene la recta 𝑥 = 1 + 1𝑡, 𝑦 = 2 − 1𝑡, 𝑧 = 4 − 3𝑡, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ y es paralelo al plano
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
Solución. De la recta 𝐴(1,2,4); 𝑣 = (1, −1, −3)
Del plano dato 𝑛 = (5,2,1)

Ec. escalar:
(𝑃 − 𝐴) ⋅ 𝑛0 = 0
((𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) − (1,2,4)) ⋅ (5,2,1) = 0
(𝑥 − 1, 𝑦 − 2, 𝑧 − 4) ⋅ (5,2,1) = 0
5(𝑥 − 1) + 2(𝑦 − 2) + 1(𝑧 − 4) = 0
5𝑥 − 5 + 2𝑦 − 4 + 𝑧 − 4 = 0
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 13 = 0✔
Para graficar en 3 dimensiones (si no pasa por el
origen):
Hallar las intersecciones con los ejes coordenados:
(0,0,13); (0,6.5,0); (2.6,0,0)
66. Hallar la ecuación del plano que pasa por los tres puntos 𝐴(1,2,4); 𝐵(−3,4,5); 𝐶(2,3,1)

Solución

Primera forma. Ecuación escalar del plano.

𝐴(1,2,4); 𝐵(−3,4,5); 𝐶(2,3,1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵 − 𝐴 = (−4,2,1);
𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐶 − 𝐴 = (1,1, −3)
𝐴𝐶
−4 1 −7 7
𝑛 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ( 2 ) × ( 1 ) = (−11) ↪ 𝑛 = (11)
𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐶
1 −3 −6 6
Ec. escalar del plano es:
(𝑃 − 𝐴) ⋅ 𝑛 = 0
(𝑥 − 1, 𝑦 − 2, 𝑧 − 4) ⋅ (7,11,6) = 0
7(𝑥 − 1) + 11(𝑦 − 2) + 6(𝑧 − 4) = 0
Ecuación del plano: 7𝑥 + 11𝑦 + 6𝑧 − 53 = 0✔
Segunda forma. Ecuación vectorial del plano.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝛼𝐴𝐶
𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝜆𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1,2,4) + 𝜆(−4,2,1) + 𝛼(1,1, −3); 𝜆, 𝛼 ∈ ℝ

67. Hallar la ecuación del plano que pasa por el punto 𝑄(1,2,3) y contiene a la recta

𝑥 = 3𝑡; 𝑦 = 1 + 1𝑡; 𝑧 = 2 − 1𝑡, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ

Solución. A partir de la ecuaciones paramétricas de la recta:

𝑥 = 0 + 3𝑡; 𝑦 = 1 + 1𝑡; 𝑧 = 2 − 1𝑡 → 𝑃0 (0,1,2); 𝑣 = (3,1, −1)

𝑢 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃0 𝑄 = 𝑄 − 𝑃0 = (1,2,3) − (0,1,2) = (1,1,1)
1 3 −2
𝑛 = 𝑢 × 𝑣 = (1) × ( 1 ) = ( 4 ) ÷ (−2)
1 −1 −2
1
↪ 𝑛 = (−2)
1
Ec. escalar:
(𝑃 − 𝑄) ⋅ 𝑛 = 0
((𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) − (1,2,3)) ⋅ (1, −2,1) = 0
(𝑥 − 1, 𝑦 − 2, 𝑧 − 3) ⋅ (1, −2,1) = 0
1(𝑥 − 1) − 2(𝑦 − 2) + 1(𝑧 − 3) = 0
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0✔
Distancia de un punto a un plano

68. Hallar la distancia del punto 𝑃0 (1,2,4) al plano que contiene a las rectas
𝐿 : (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1 + 4𝑡, 3,5 − 𝑡), 𝑡 ∈ ℝ
{ 1
𝐿2 : (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (−2 + 3𝑡, 4 − 𝑡, 5𝑡), 𝑡 ∈ ℝ
Solución.

Primero hallemos la ecuación escalar del plano (en 𝐿1 : (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1 + 4𝑡, 3 + 0𝑡, 5 − 1𝑡), 𝑡 ∈ ℝ
su forma general) para luego resolver en la forma: De 𝐿1 : 𝑃1 (1,3,5); 𝑣1 = (4,0, −1)
𝐿2 : (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (−2 + 3𝑡, 4 − 1𝑡, 0 + 5𝑡), 𝑡 ∈ ℝ
𝑃2 (−2,4,0); 𝑣2 = (3, −1,5)
𝑛 = 𝑣1 × 𝑣2 = (4,0, −1) × (3, −1,5)
𝑛 = (−1, −23, −4)
Ec. escalar del plano:
(𝑃 − 𝑃1 ) ⋅ 𝑛 = 0
((𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) − (1,3,5)) ⋅ (−1, −23, −4) = 0
(𝑥 − 1, 𝑦 − 3, 𝑧 − 5) ⋅ (−1, −23, −4) = 0
−(𝑥 − 1) − 23(𝑦 − 3) − 4(𝑧 − 5) = 0
−𝑥 − 23𝑦 − 4𝑧 + 1 + 69 + 20 = 0
𝑥 + 23𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 90 = 0
La distancia pedida es:
|1𝑥0 + 23𝑦0 + 4𝑧0 − 90|
𝑑(𝑃0 , plano) =
√12 + 232 + 42
|1(1) + 23(2) + 4(4) − 90| | − 27|
= =
√12 + 232 + 42 √546
27
𝑑(𝑃0 , plano) = = 1.15 unidades de longitud
√546
Distancia entre planos paralelos

69. Verifica si los planos son paralelos y halla la distancia entre ellos

𝜋1 : 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 6𝑧 − 14 = 0
𝜋2 : 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 6𝑧 + 7 = 0
Solución. 𝑛1 = (2, −3, −6) || 𝑛2 = (2, −3, −6) → planos paralelos

Consigamos un punto del primer plano: 𝑃1

Utilizar la fórmula:
|2𝑥1 − 3𝑦1 − 6𝑧1 + 7|
𝑑(𝑃1 , 𝜋2 ) =
√22 + (−3)2 + (−6)2
Distancia de un punto a una recta

3−𝑥 𝑦+4
70. Hallar la distancia del punto 𝐴 = (2,3, −1) a la recta de ecuación 𝐿: = ;𝑧 =3
−2 2

Solución

𝑣 ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃0
𝑢 = Proy𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃0 = 2 𝑣
||𝑣 ||
(2,2,0) ⋅ (1, −7,4) −12
𝑢= 2 (2,2,0) = (2,2,0)
||(2,2,0)|| 8
3
𝑢 = − (2,2,0) = (−3, −3,0)
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = 𝐴𝑃0 − 𝑢 = (1, −7,4) − (−3, −3,0) = (4, −4,4)
𝑥−3 𝑦+4
= ; 𝑧 = 3 + 0𝑡 𝑑(𝐴, 𝐿) = ‖𝑑 ‖ = ‖(4, −4,4)‖ = 4‖(1, −1,1)‖ = 4√3
2 2
𝑥 − 𝑥0 𝑦 − 𝑦0 𝑑(𝐴, 𝐿) = 6.93 unidades
= ; 𝑧 = 𝑧0 + 𝑣3 𝑡
𝑣1 𝑣2
→ 𝑃0 = (3, −4,3); 𝑣 = (2,2,0);
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃0 = 𝑃0 − 𝐴 = (1, −7,4)
Distancia entre rectas paralelas

71. Hallar la distancia entre las rectas 𝐿1 : (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1,2, −1) + 𝑡(3,4,5); 𝐿2 = (0,2,4) + 𝑡(6,8,10)

Solución.

𝑃1 (1,2, −1); 𝑣1 = (3,4,5); 𝑃2 (0,2,4); 𝑣2 = (6,8,10) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑃1 𝑃2 = (0,2,4) − (1,2, −1) = (−1,0,5)
→ 𝑣1 ||𝑣2 → rectas paralelas 𝑢 = Proy𝑣2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃1 𝑃2 = Proy(6,8,10) (−1,0,5)
(6,8,10) ⋅ (−1,0,5) 11
𝑢= 2
(6,8,10) = (6,8,10)
‖(6,8,10)‖ 50
33 44 55
𝑢=( , , )
25 25 25
33 44 55
𝑑=𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 𝑃2 − 𝑢 = (−1,0,5) − ( , , )
25 25 25
58 44 70 2
𝑑 = (− , − , ) = (−29, −22,35)
25 25 25 25
2 2
𝑑(𝐿1 , 𝐿2 ) = ‖(−29, −22,35)‖ = √2550
25 25
2
𝑑(𝐿1 , 𝐿2 ) = √102 = 4.04 unidades
5
Distancia de un plano a una recta paralela
Distancia entre rectas NO paralelas

𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 2
72. Hallar la distancia entre las rectas 𝐿1 : (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1,2, −1) + 𝑡(3,4,5), 𝑡 ∈ ℝ; 𝐿2 : {
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 1
Solución.

𝑣1 ∦ 𝑣2 → 𝐿1 ∦ 𝐿2
𝑛 = 𝑣1 × 𝑣2 = (3,4,5) × (1, −2, −1)
𝑛 = (6,8, −10) ↪ 𝑛 = (3,4, −5)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑃 1 𝑃2 ⋅ 𝑛|
𝑑=
||𝑛||
4 3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃1 𝑃2 = 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = ( , , 0) − (1,2, −1)
5 5
1 7
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃1 𝑃2 = (− , − , 1)
5 5
1 7
|(− , − , 1) ⋅ (3,4, −5)|
5 5
𝑑=
‖(3,4, −5)‖
56
56 28√2
𝑃1 = (1,2, −1); 𝑣1 = (3,4,5) 𝑑= 5 = =
5√2 25√2 25
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 2 … (Ec1) 𝑑 = 1.58 unidades
𝑃2 : {
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 1 … (Ec2)
(Ec2): (Ec2) − 2(Ec1)
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 2 4 3
→{ → 𝑃2 = ( , , 0)
−5𝑦 + 10𝑧 = −3 5 5
𝑣2 = (1,2, −3) × (2, −1,4)
𝑣2 = (5, −10, −5) ↪ 𝑣2 = (1, −2, −1)
73. Ejemplo. Hallar un punto que se encuentra a 10 unidades del punto (2,1, −3) sobre la recta

(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2,1, −3) + 𝑡(3,4, −12).

Solución.

(3,4, −12)
𝑃 = (2,1, −3) + 10
‖(3,4, −12)‖
(3,4, −12)
𝑃 = (2,1, −3) + 10
√169
10
𝑃 = (2,1, −3) + (3,4, −12)
13
30 40 120 56 53 159
𝑃 = (2,1, −3) + ( , , − ) = ( , ,− )
13 13 13 13 13 13
30 40 120 4 27 81
𝑄 = (2,1, −3) − ( , , − ) = (− , − , )
13 13 13 13 13 13
 74. Ejemplo. Encima del plano 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2 = 0 se construye un cuadrado, dos vértices opuestos son
(−1,0,1) y (0,0,2). Encontrar los otros dos vértices

Solución.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶 − 𝐵 = (1,0,1)
Sea 𝐴(1, −1,1) ∈ plano, 𝑛 = (1,2, −1) 1 1 1 1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐷 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵𝐶 = ( , 0, ) → ‖𝐵𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ‖ = ‖(1,0,1)‖ = √2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 3
𝐷 = 𝐵 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵𝐷 = (−1,0,1) + ( , 0, ) = (− , 0, )
2 2 2 2
Se observa que ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐷𝑄 ⊥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵𝐶 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝑄 ⊥ 𝑛, entonces:
1 1 −2 −1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 × 𝑛 = (0) × ( 2 ) = ( 2 ) → ( 1 ) ∥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐷𝑄
1 −1 2 1
1 (−1,1,1) √2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = √2
𝐷𝑄 = (−1,1,1)
2 ‖(−1,1,1)‖ 2√3
√2 √2 √2 √6 √6 √6
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝑄 = (− , , ) = (− , , )
2√3 2√3 2√3 6 6 6
1 3 √6 √6 √6
𝑄 = 𝐷 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐷𝑄 = (− , 0, ) + (− , , )
2 2 6 6 6
1 √6 √6 3 √6
𝑄 = (− − , , + )
2 6 6 2 6
1 3 √6 √6 √6
𝑃 = 𝐷 − 𝐷𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (− , 0, ) − (− , , )
2 2 6 6 6
1 √6 √6 3 √6
𝑃 = (− + ,− , − )
2 6 6 2 6
 75. Ejemplo. Hallar la ecuación del plano que dista 7 unidades del plano 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 3 = 0

Solución.

𝑛 (2, −1,2)
𝑄 =𝐴+7 = (0, −3,0) + 7
‖𝑛‖ ‖(2, −1,2)‖
(2, −1,2)
𝑄 = (0, −3,0) + 7
3
14 7 14 14 16 14
𝑄 = (0, −3,0) + ( , − , ) = ( , − , )
3 3 3 3 3 3
Ec. del plano de arriba:
((𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) − 𝑄) ⋅ 𝑛 = 0
14 16 14
(𝑥 − ,𝑦 + , 𝑧 − ) ⋅ (2, −1,2) = 0
3 3 3
14 16 14
2 (𝑥 − ) − (𝑦 + ) + 2 (𝑧 − ) = 0
3 3 3
28 16 28
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − − − =0
3 3 3
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 24 = 0
𝑛
𝑅 =𝐴−7
‖𝑛‖
14 7 14
𝑅 = (0, −3,0) − ( , − , )
3 3 3
14 2 14
𝑅 = (− , − , − )
3 3 3
Ec. del plano de abajo:
((𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) − 𝑅) ⋅ 𝑛 = 0
14 2 14
(𝑥 + , 𝑦 + , 𝑧 + ) ⋅ (2, −1,2) = 0
3 3 3
14 2 14
2 (𝑥 + ) − (𝑦 + ) + 2 (𝑧 + ) = 0
3 3 3
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 18 = 0

Otra forma:
𝑃0 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ); 𝜋: 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷 = 0
|𝐴𝑥0 + 𝐵𝑦0 + 𝐶𝑧0 + 𝐷|
𝑑(𝑃0 , 𝜋) =
√𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 𝐶 2

𝜋: 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 3 = 0
|2𝑥0 − 𝑦0 + 2𝑧0 − 3|
𝑑(𝑄(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ), 𝜋) =
√22 + 1 + 22
|2𝑥0 − 𝑦0 + 2𝑧0 − 3|
7=
3
21 = |2𝑥0 − 𝑦0 + 2𝑧0 − 3|
±21 = 2𝑥0 − 𝑦0 + 2𝑧0 − 3
Reemplazando (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) con (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧):
±21 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 3
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 3 ∓ 21 = 0
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 24 = 0
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 18 = 0