UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL DE MILAGRO

TAREA GRUPAL DE ALGEBRA LINEAL

Integrantes: Ginger Requenes Quezada

José Joaquín Reinoso Noboa

Jael Elizabeth Llerena Cordero

Maria Ines Bermudez Granados

Elizabeth Katherine Catota Vasconez

Milena Anabel Baque Pazmiño

Katherine Elizabeth Alava Saltos

Alexandra Fernanda Morán Martillo

Ricardo Eduardo León Carlo

Nivel: Tercer Nivel

Fecha de entrega:22/08/2021
16. 𝑣 = 𝑢 − 2𝑤

𝑣 = (−2,3) − 2(−3, −2)

𝑣 = (−2,3) − (−6, −4)

𝑣 = (−2 + 6, 3 + 4)

𝑣 = (4, 7)

0
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-2

-4

-6

Operaciones vectoriales: Ejercicio 24

24. 𝐸𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑧, 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 2𝑢 + 𝑣 − 𝑤 + 3𝑧 = 0

3𝑧 = 𝑤 − 𝑣 − 2𝑢

3𝑧 = (4,0, −4) − (2,2, −1) − 2(1,2,3)

3𝑧 = (4,0, −4) − (2,2, −1) − (2,4,6)

3𝑧 = (4 − 2 − 2, 0 − 2 − 4, −4 + 1 − 6)

3𝑧 = (0, −6, −9)

1
𝑧 = (0, −6, −9)
3

𝑧 = (0, −2, −3)

Escribir una combinación lineal: Ejercicio 39

39. 𝑣 = (2,1)

𝑣 = 𝛼1 𝑢 + 𝛼2 𝑤

(2,1) = 𝛼1 (1,2) + 𝛼2 (1, −1)

𝛼1 + 𝛼2 = 2

2𝛼1 − 𝛼2 = 1

1 1 2
( | )
2 −1 1
1 1 2
𝐹2 − 2𝐹1 ( | )
0 −3 −3

−3𝛼2 = −3 → 𝛼2 = 1

𝛼1 + 𝛼2 = 2 → 𝛼1 = 2 − 1 = 1

𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎:

𝑣 = 𝑢+𝑤
1. 𝑀2,2
𝑠 𝑡
𝐿𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 ( )
𝑢 𝑣
𝑦, 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑛𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑦 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑠𝑢 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎
0 0
𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 2 × 2 ( )
0 0

Describir el inverso aditivo Ejercicios 7 a 12.

2. 𝑅4
𝑥
𝑦
𝐸𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 ( 𝑧 )
𝑤
𝑦, 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑠𝑢 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜
−𝑥
−𝑦
𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ( −𝑧 )
−𝑤

3. 𝐶 (−∞, ∞)
𝐸𝑙 𝑛ú𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑗𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
𝑦, 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑠𝑢 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜
𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎: − 𝑧 = −𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖

4. 𝑀2,3
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
𝐿𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 ( )
𝑠 𝑡 𝑢
𝑦, 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑠𝑢 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜
−𝑝 −𝑞 −𝑟
𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑒 2 × 3 ( )
−𝑠 −𝑡 −𝑢

5. 𝑀1,4
𝐿𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 (𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑)
𝑦, 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑠𝑢 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜

𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑒 1 × 4 (−𝑎 −𝑏 −𝑐 −𝑑)

6. 𝑃3
𝐸𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 3 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑

𝑦, 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑠𝑢 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜

𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 − 𝑎𝑥 3 − 𝑏𝑥 2 − 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑑
 7. 𝑀2,2
𝑠 𝑡
𝐿𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 ( )
𝑢 𝑣

𝑦, 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑛𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑦 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑠𝑢 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎

−𝑠 −𝑡
𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 2 × 2 ( )
−𝑢 −𝑣

Pruebas para un espacio vectorial: ejercicios 13, 14, 17, 21, 23 y 25

8. 𝑀4,6 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑡á𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟

𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑠í 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛

𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑡á𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟, 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 10 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑠

9. 𝑀1,1 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑡á𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟

𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑠í 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛

𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑡á𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟, 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 10 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑠

17. 𝐸𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑎𝑥, 𝑎 ≠

0, 𝑐𝑢𝑦𝑎𝑠 𝑔𝑟á𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑡á𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟

𝐿𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑢𝑦𝑎𝑠 𝑔𝑟á𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑛

𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑡á𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥.

𝑁𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎

∃ → ∈ 𝑉, ∀ 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 𝑣 + 0𝑣 = 𝑣
0

𝑎𝑥 + 0𝑣 = 𝑎𝑥

0𝑣 = 0 → 𝑆𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑙 0 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎

∴ 𝐸𝑙 0 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜, 𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜. 𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑠𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑧ó𝑛, 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜

𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙.
 21. 𝐸𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 𝜖 𝑅}

𝑁𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟

∀𝛼 ∈ 𝑅, ∀ 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 𝛼∙𝑣 ∈𝑉
𝑥 𝛼𝑥
𝛼 ∙ (𝑦) = (𝛼𝑦)

𝛼𝑥 ≥ 0
→ 𝑁𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝛼 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑦 𝑠𝑖 𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑔ú𝑛

𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑎 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛 𝑛ú𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜, 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑖ó𝑛.

∴ 𝐸𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙

23. 𝐸𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 {(𝑥, 𝑥): 𝑥 𝜖 𝑅} 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑡á𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟

𝐸𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑡á𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟

𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑖 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙

∴ 𝐸𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙

𝑎 𝑏)
25. 𝐸𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 2 × 2 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 (
𝑐 0
𝐸𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑠, 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎

𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑡á𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟.

∴ 𝐸𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙

36.
𝐸𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑧 𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑡á𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑦 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑅3 ,

𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑒

𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑐𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
a) ( 1 ) + ( 2 ) = (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) 𝑐 ∙ (𝑦) = (𝑐𝑦)
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑧 0
𝐶𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑅3 𝑠í 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠

10 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝐸. 𝑉.

𝑥1 𝑥2 0 𝑥 𝑐𝑥
b) (𝑦1 ) + (𝑦2 ) = (0) 𝑐 ∙ (𝑦) = (𝑐𝑦)
𝑧1 𝑧2 0 𝑧 𝑐𝑧
𝑁𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠

∃ → ∈ 𝑉, ∀ 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 𝑣 + 0𝑣 = 𝑣
0

𝑝
0𝑣 = (𝑞 )
𝑟
𝑎 𝑝 𝑎
(𝑏 ) + (𝑞 ) = (𝑏)
𝑐 𝑟 𝑐
0 𝑎
(0) = (𝑏) → 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
0 𝑐

∴ 𝑁𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙