AMPXAX^XD ZDCAXÁ@MA@D
MK@ADMKC
^mahkh Zrdgnsadmkc Amtnrhas`apcamkrak hn
Aminmanråk y @anm`aks Pd`akcns y Kheamastrktavks
–^ZAA@PK―

[uåea`k Kpca`khk. –Ckbdrktdrad―

Zrë`ta`k Md. 8

Zrdpanhkhns hn cds cåquahds.

• Zrdgnsdr< Ami. Rdenrd Pëm`fnz Ekråk hnc Rd`að.
Zrdgnsdr< Ami.
• Ca`nm`akturk< Aminmanråk
Ca`nm`akturk<  Aminmanråk Amhustrakc.
• Pn`unm`ak< ;AE27
Amtnirkmtns hnc Nquapd
MDEBRN BDCNXK GAREK
•
Iunrrnrdd Ekrtåmnz Nhwam
Iunrrnr 2:;87::9
82
2:;>7:27
•  Laeámnz Cðpnz Hanid Krekmhd
99
2:;>7:;0
• Ekrtåmnz Gcdrns Wkmnssk
:6
2:;>7:;9
• Rkeårnz
Rkeårnz Rdhråiunz Hanid Hkmanc
17
2:;>7:2;
• Pdrak hn ck Gunmtn
Gunmtn Kcnlkmhrk 70
2:;>7:22
•  Xdcnhd
 Xdcnhd Nspamdzk XXdmy
dmy
:7
 

Nquapd Md. 2 :> hn mdvanebrn hn

2:;>.

Zrë`ta`k Md 8 –Zrdpanhkhns hn cds cåquahds―

Dblntavds Zram`apkcns.
Dblntavds Zkrta`uckrns.
Zkrta`uckrns.
Rnsuenm.
Amtrdhu``aðm.
@dm`nptds.
Xnmsaðm supnrg`akc. Ns umk hn cks prdpanhkhns gåsa`ks hn cds cåquahds y
sn hnmn `ded ck gunrzk nm hamks, qun k`tük pnrpnmha`uckr k `ukcquanr
cåmnk hn ;`e hn cdmiatuh nm ck supnr`an hn um cåquahd.
Was`dsahkh. Ns umk `krk`tnråsta`k hn cds cåquahds qun sn rnnrn ck
rnsastnm`akk qun prnsnmtk um cåquahd k uar.
rnsastnm`a uar.
Ns `ukmhd sn eunvn um cåquahd nm umk
Gcuar. umk harn``aðm hntnreamkhk,
mdrekcenmtn ck amha`khk pdr ck irkvnhkh.
Ks`nmsd `kpackr. Ck `kpackrahkh ns umk prdpanhkh hn cds cåquahds qun
hnpnmhn hn su tnmsaðm supnr`akc ck `ukc, k su vnz, hnpnmhn hn ck
`dfnsaðm hnc cåquahd y qun cn `dmnrn ck `kpk`ahkh hn subar d bklkr pdr
um tubd `kpackr.
 

AMPXAX^XD ZDCAXÁ@MA@D MK@ADMKC

^mahkh Zrdgnsadmkc Amtnrhas`apcamkrak
Amtnrhas`apcamkrak hn Aminmanråk y @anm`aks Pd`akcns y Kheamastrktavks
Kheamastrktavks..

Castk hn ektnrakcns y rnk`tavds.

Ektnrakcns
• Wksd hn prn`apatkhd hn • Kmaccd hn entkc
2:::eC
• En`fnrd • 2 Xubds `kpackrns
•Was`dsåentrd hn Dstwkch • ; tubd hn nmskyd
• Xnreðentrd • papntk hn ;: eC
• @rdmdentrd • Xnck hn kckebrn
•Pdpdrtn umavnrskc

Rnk`tavds
• K`ntdmk @0F7D
• Kiuk F2D

• Kc`dfdc @2F7D

Hnskrrdccd.
:
Hntnreamkr
Was`dsahkh hn
 

AMPXAX^XD ZDCAXÁ@MA@D MK@ADMKC

^mahkh Zrdgnsadmkc Amtnrhas`apcamkrak
Amtnrhas`apcamkrak hn Aminmanråk y @anm`aks Pd`akcns y Kheamastrktavks
Kheamastrktavks..

@dm umk lnramik vnrtnr

cåquahd nm nc vas`dsåentrd
 

Pdpckr pdr ck rkek hnrn`fk

pkrk qun subk nc cåquahd fkstk
ck ekr`k k, tkpkr rkek

 X
 Xdekr
dekr tnepnrkturk
tnepnrkturk hnc cåquahd
nm hdmhn sn ngn`tukrk nc

Hnlkr uar nc cåquahd hn ck

ekr`k k fkstk ck ekr`k b,
 

Rnpntar nc nxpnraenmtd `dm

kiuk y k`ntdmk k trns
t rns
tnepnrkturks hagnrnmtns,
 

Gam hn nxpnraenmtd
hn vas`dsahkh.

Hntnreamkr
; tnmsaðm
supnr`akc hn
 

AMPXAX^XD ZDCAXÁ@MA@D MK@ADMKC

^mahkh Zrdgnsadmkc Amtnrhas`apcamkrak
Amtnrhas`apcamkrak hn Aminmanråk y @anm`aks Pd`akcns y Kheamastrktavks
Kheamastrktavks..

Caepakr
nvatkrnquapd pkrk
nrrdrns.

Nm um pnqunûd vksd hn
prn`apatkhd kirnikr hn ;
k 2 eC hn cåquahd purd

Amtrdhu`ar tubd `kpackr, qun

qunhn pnrpnmha`uckr
supnr`an k ck
hnc cåquahd.

Enhar kcturk nmtrn mavnc hn

cåquahd hnc vksd y nc mavnc
hn nstn, nm nc tubd `kpackr.

Gamkc hn nxpnraenmtd
hn tnmsaðm

k y b) Hntnreamkr ck vas`dsahkh hn hds cåquahds.

2
 

AMPXAX^XD ZDCAXÁ@MA@D MK@ADMKC

^mahkh Zrdgnsadmkc Amtnrhas`apcamkrak
Amtnrhas`apcamkrak hn Aminmanråk y @anm`aks Pd`akcns y Kheamastrktavks
Kheamastrktavks..

• ^tacazkr umk lnramik pkrk vnrtnr umd hn cds hds cåquahds nm nstuhad nm nc
vas`dsåentrd hn Dstwkch.
• Pdpckr cnmtkenmtn pdr ck rkek hnrn`fk pkrk qun nc cåquahd subk fkstk
qun ccniun k ck ekr`k k, sn tkpk rkek azquanrhk `km nc hnhd åmha`n.
• Hnlkr uar caquahd fk`ak nc bucbd amgnradr, tdekmhd nc tanepd hnshn ck
ekr`k k fkstk ck ekr`k b.
• Rnpntar `dm cds hds cåquahds k tnepnrkturk kebanmtn, k 0:º@ y 8:º@.

`) Hntn
Hntnre
ream
amk`
tnepnrkturk k`að
aðmm hn ck tnmsa
kebanmtn. tnmsaðm
ðm supn
supnr
r`a
`akc
kc hn tr
trns
ns cåqu
cåquah
ahds
ds purds
purds k
0
 

AMPXAX^XD ZDCAXÁ@MA@D MK@ADMKC

^mahkh Zrdgnsadmkc Amtnrhas`apcamkrak
Amtnrhas`apcamkrak hn Aminmanråk y @anm`aks Pd`akcns y Kheamastrktavks
Kheamastrktavks..

• Pn caepak pnrgn`tkenmtn nc nquapd pkrk nvatkr nrrdrns.

• Nm um tubd hn nmskyn sn kirnik hn umd k hds eacacatrds hn cåquahd purd.
• Pn amtrdhu`n
amtrdhu`n nc tubd `kpackr prd`urkmhd
prd`urkmhd qun qunhn pnrpnmha`uc
pnrpnmha`uckr
kr k ck
supnr`an hnc cåquahd.
• Pn eahn ck kcturk (f) nmtrn nc mavnc hnc cåquahd nm nc tubd hn nmskyn y nc
mavnc hn nstn, nm nc tubd `kpackr.

@ëc`ucds y rnsuctkhds.
k y b)
X º@ XANEZD KI^K (sni) XANEZD K@NXDMK
(sni)
2: 26.0; ;9.:2
8
 

AMPXAX^XD ZDCAXÁ@MA@D MK@ADMKC

^mahkh Zrdgnsadmkc Amtnrhas`apcamkrak
Amtnrhas`apcamkrak hn Aminmanråk y @anm`aks Pd`akcns y Kheamastrktavks
Kheamastrktavks..

0: 27.:: ;7.79
8: 20.18 ;>.;2

Nxpnraenmtkc ´
(   γ Nxpnraenmtkc
Was`dsahkh hn ck K`ntdmk, k tnepnrkturk kebanmtn (2:º@)
 ϋ K@ ∙t  K@ ∙ γ F 2 D
 γ K@ 2:º 5
 ϋ F  2 2 D∙t   F 
F  2
 2 D

8.6: ep
 i
(.91: )( ;9.:2 s )( ;:.:69 ep)
 γ K@ 2:º 5
eC
5´  )(; `e/;: ee) 5 :.86:
 i
(.11620 )( 26.0; s )
eC

`Z

Was`dsahkh hn ck K`ntdmk k 0:º@

 ϋ K@ ∙t  K@ ∙ γ F 2 D
 γ K@ 0:º 5
 ϋ F 2 D∙t   F 
F  2
 2 D

8.:2 ep
 i
( .991 )( ;7.79 s )( 6.::8 ep )
 γ K@ 0:º 5 eC 5´  )(; `e/;: ee) 5 :.8:2 `Z
 i
( ..11>79 )( 27.:: s )
eC

Was`dsahkh hn ck K`ntdmk k 8:º@

 ϋ K@ ∙t  K@ ∙ γ F  2 2 D
 γ K@ 8: º5
 ϋ F  2 2 D∙t  F  2 2 D

>
 

AMPXAX^XD ZDCAXÁ@MA@D MK@ADMKC

^mahkh Zrdgnsadmkc Amtnrhas`apcamkrak
Amtnrhas`apcamkrak hn Aminmanråk y @anm`aks Pd`akcns y Kheamastrktavks
Kheamastrktavks..

0.;1 ep
 i
(..979 )( ;>.;2 s )( 7.>07 ep )
 γ K@ 8: º5
eC
5´  )(; `e/;: ee) 5  :.0;1
 i
(.11228 )( 20.18 s )
eC

`Z
hkh ´
(   γ Xndra`k`dm
ndra`k`dm mdedirk
mdedirkek
ek hn vas`dsa
vas`dsahkh

 γ K@ 2:º
5 :.0>> `Z
 γ K@ 0:º
5 :.022 `Z

 γ K@ 8: º 5 :.0:: `Z

Zdr`nmtkln
Zdr`nmtkln hn nrrdr hn vas`dsahkh k 2:º@, 0:º@ y 8:º@

%Nrr
%N dr k 2: º @ 5
rrdr
|
 H Xndr.− H Nxpn.
 HXndr . |
  V 
V  ;::|
 ;::5
:.0>> `Z
:.0>> `Z  |
−:.86: `Z  V 
 V  ;::
 ;:: 50>.2;

dr k 0: º @ 5  H Xndr.− H Nxpn.  V  ;::

|  |
 ;::5 −
:.022 `Z :.8:2 `Z  V ;:: 528.68
| |
%Nrr
%Nrrdr
 HXndr . :.022 `Z

%Nrrdrr k 8: º @ 5
%Nrrd
|  HXndr .− H Nxpn.
 HXndr . |
 V ;:: 5| :.0:: `Z
:.0:: `Z  |
− :.0;1 `Z  V 
;:: 57.00

`)
 Xnep.
 Xnep. Kebanmtn5 2:º@ 7
 

AMPXAX^XD ZDCAXÁ@MA@D MK@ADMKC

^mahkh Zrdgnsadmkc Amtnrhas`apcamkrak
Amtnrhas`apcamkrak hn Aminmanråk y @anm`aks Pd`akcns y Kheamastrktavks
Kheamastrktavks..

Rkhad hnc tubd `kpackr5 :.:9>`e

K`ncnrk`aðm hn ck irkvnhkh5 16;`e/s²
Hnmsahkh(i/` ∇f5│ f₂-
CA[^AHD f₋(`e) f₂(`e)
e°) f₋│ (`e)
Kiuk :.1162 2.6 8.2 ;.8
Kc`dfdc :.96>; 2.1 0.> :.7
K`ntdmk :.91:; 2.6 0.8 :.7
(ΰ Nxpnraenmtkc )

;
ΰ 5 ri∇fϋ
2

 Xnmsaðm
 Xnmsaðm supnr`akc hnc kiuk<
ΰ 5
;
2
( :.:9> `e ) ( 16;
 `e
2
s ) ( ;.8 `e) ( :.1162
 i
`e ° ) 5>;.8  hamk
`e

 Xnmsaðm
 Xnmsaðm supnr`akc hnc kc`dfdc<

ΰ 5
;
2
( :.:9> `e ) ( 16;
 `e
2
s ) ( :.7 `e) ( :.96>;
 i
`e ° ) 5;9.02 hamk
`e

 Xnmsaðm
 Xnmsaðm supnr`akc hn ck k`ntdmk<

ΰ 5
;
2
( :.:9> `e ) ( 16;
 `e
2
s ) ( :.7 `e) ( :.91:;
 i
`e ° ) 5;9.80
hamk
`e

( ΰ Xndra`d
ndra`d pdr mdedir
mdedirkekhn
kekhn tnmsad
tnmsadm
m supnrga`akcc )
supnrga`ak

ɠk`ntdmk5 28hamks/`e.
9
 

AMPXAX^XD ZDCAXÁ@MA@D MK@ADMKC

^mahkh Zrdgnsadmkc Amtnrhas`apcamkrak
Amtnrhas`apcamkrak hn Aminmanråk y @anm`aks Pd`akcns y Kheamastrktavks
Kheamastrktavks..

ɠkc`dfdc 5 2;.>hamks/`e.

ɠkiuk 5 92.9>hamks/`e.

Zdr`nmtkln
Zdr`nmtkln hn nrrdr hn tnmsaðm supnr`akc

28 hamks   −;9.80  hamks

%nrrdr k`ntdmk 5  |  HXndr.− H Nxpn.
 H Xndr.  | V ;::5 ´
  V 
`e
28
 hamks
`e
`e
∦ x ;:: 529.09

 hamks  hamks
2;.>   −;9.02
%nrrdr kc`dfdc 5  |
 HXndr.− H Nxpn.
 H Xndr.  |  V  ;::5 ´
 V  ;::
`e
2;.>
hamks
`e
`e
∦ x ;::5;1.88

hamks  hamks
92.9> >;.8
 H Xndr. − H Nxpn. `e   − `e
 | |
|  |
 V  ;::
 ;::  x ;:: 521.08
% nrrdr kiuk 5  H Xndr. 5  hamks
92.;>
`e

Kmëcasas hn rnsuctkhd.
Zdr enhad hn ck rnkcazk`aðm hn cds nxpnraenmtds hn vas`dsahkh y tnmsaðm
supnr`akc hn cåquahds puhaeds dbtnmnr cds hktds nxpnraenmtkcns,
gk`acatëmhdmds `dm kyuhk hn cds mdedirkeks pkrk dbtnmnr cds hktds
tnðra`ds, hn nstn edhd pdhnr dbtnmnr nc % hn nrrdr hn cds hktds qun
`kc`uckeds. Nc % hn nrrdr qun dbtuvaeds sdm hktds k`nptkbcns, nstds
sdm pram`apkcenmtn pdr nrrdrns fuekmds, nm nstn `ksd nm vas`dsahkh nc
md prnmhnr y kpkikr nc `rdmdentrd nxk`tkenmtn kc pkskr ck ek`k k y
fkstk ccnikr k ck ekr`k b, punhn snr um gk`tdr euy amuynmtn.

@dm`cusadmns.
Nstk prë`ta`k had k `dmd`nr hds prdpanhkhns euy aepdrtkmtns qun sdm<
Ck Was`dsahkh y Ck Xnmsaðm Pupnr`akc. Nm cks hds sn tuvd qun fk`nr
6
 

AMPXAX^XD ZDCAXÁ@MA@D MK@ADMKC

^mahkh Zrdgnsadmkc Amtnrhas`apcamkrak
Amtnrhas`apcamkrak hn Aminmanråk y @anm`aks Pd`akcns y Kheamastrktavks
Kheamastrktavks..

hastamtks enha`admns nm nc nxpnraenmtd yk qun sn tnmåk qun enhar ck

va
vas`
s`ds
dsah
ahkh
kh y ck tnms
tnmsað
aðmm `dm
`dm tr
trns
ns cåcåqu
quah
ahds
ds hagnr
hagnrnm
nmtn
tns,
s, Nc ki
kiuk
uk (`de
(`dedd
rngnrnm`akc),
rngnrnm`akc), Nc k`ntdmk y Nc kc`dfdc.
@dm nstds trns rnk`tavds sn cdirð fk`nr nc nxpnraenmtd, hntnreamkmhd kså 
kqunhagnrnmtns tnepnrkturks
nrk ck vas`dsahkh hn cd`khk
qun umd
yk sny fkbåk enm`admkhd
ck tnmsaðm kmtnradrenmtn
supnr`akc. Pn puhd
dbsnrvkr qun nm nc vas`dsåentrd `dmgdren kuenmtkbk ck tnepnrkturk ck
Was`dsahkh hnc cåquahd haseamuåk hn ekmnrk irkhukc, nstd nm cds trns
cåquahds, sam nebkrid su vas`dsahkh nrk hagnrnmtn nm `khk umd puns nc
kiuk nrk um cåquahd purd k cd qun nc k`ntdmk y nc kc`dfdc pdr sus
`depunstds nc cåquahd sn fk`n eës pnskhd y eës vas`dsd pnrd kum kså sn
hnedstrð qun kc kuenmtkr su tnepnrkturk nm `ukcquanr caquahd su uahnz
ns eës rëpahk. Dtrd kspn`td aepdrtkmtn gun nm ck fdrk hnc nxpnraenmtd
yk qun nm ck sniumhk d`ksaðm hnc k`ntdmk nm nc vas`dsåentrd hn Dstwkch
sn mdtð qun nm ck ekr`k K sn fk`åk um nspk`ad `dm karn, nstd pdrqun md
sn cn amtr
amtrdh
hnedstrkhd dhul
uldd pkrk
qun nc su`
su`an
anmt
nvatkrmtn
n cåcåqu
nstds quah
ahdd qun
nrrdrnsqu
snn tanmn
cn `drr
`drrns
qunnspd
pdmh
mhåk
pdmnråk,
ck, `kmtahkh
hnlk
hnlkmh
mhdd
su`anmtn hnc cåquahd k trkbklkr y sdpckr hn ekmnrk cnmtk kc vas`dsåentrd
pkrk kså nvatkr nrrdrns
nrrdrns nm ck prë`ta`k.
Zdr dtrk pkrtn nm ck Xnmsaðm Pupnr`akc sn trkbklð hn ekmnrk eës rëpahk
puns sdcd sn utacazð um tubd hn nmskyd y um tubd `kpackr qun hn aiukc
ekmnrk sn tuvd qun rnkcazkr `dm trns cåquahds purds, hnspuás hn dbtnmnr
ck hastkm`ak nmtrn ck f; y ck f2 sn rnkcazkrdm cds `ëc`ucds pkrk dbtnmnr ck
tnms
tnmsað
aðm,
m, hn
hned
edst
strkm
rkmhd
hd kså
kså qun
qun `khk
`khk caqu
caquah
ahdd tanm
tanmnn hagn
hagnrn
rnmt
mtnn tn
tnms
msað
aðmm
supnr`akc.
Kc tár
táreamd
eamd hn cdscds `ëc`
`ëc`uc
ucds
ds sn db
dbtu
tuvd
vd nc pd
pdrr`nmt
`nmtkl
klnn hn nr
nrrrdr hn ck
Was`dsahkh y ck Xnmsaðm Pupnr`akc pkrk kså `dmd`nr nc nrrdr fuekmd qun
sn had nm nc nxpnraenmtd nstd pdr edtavds hagnrnmtns.
Zdr üctaed sn punhn hn`ar qun kpkrtn hn `dmd`nr nstks prdpanhkhns
tkebaám sn `dmd`åk ck n`uk`aðm hn pdasnuaccn y `ded sn punhn sustatuar
pdr umk eës snm`acck `dmd`ahk `ded n`uk`aðm 2. Kc aiukc qun sn `dmd`að
ck hagnrnm`ak qun nxastn nmtrn ck tnmsaðm supnr`akc y cks Gunrzks hn Wkm
hnr Ykkccs.

@unstadmkrad.
1
 

AMPXAX^XD ZDCAXÁ@MA@D MK@ADMKC

^mahkh Zrdgnsadmkc Amtnrhas`apcamkrak
Amtnrhas`apcamkrak hn Aminmanråk y @anm`aks Pd`akcns y Kheamastrktavks
Kheamastrktavks..

;. @dm cds hkt

hktds
ds dbtnma
dbtnmahds
hds nm ck nxpnrae
nxpnraenmtk`a
nmtk`aðm,
ðm, `kc`u
`kc`uckr
ckr ck
vas`dsahkh y ck tnmsaðm supnrg`akc hn cds cåquahds purds qun
sn nepcnkrdm.

@ëc`ucds nm pëi. ….
2. Hntnreamamk
kr nc pdr`nm
`nmtkln hn nrrdr hn ck vas`d `ds
sahkh
dbt
btnm
nmah
ahk
k nxpxpnr
nrae
aenm
nmtk
tkce
cenm
nmtn
tn,, `d
`dm
m rn
rns
spn
pn`t
`td
d kc vkcdr
kcdr
nm`d
nm `dmt
mtrk
rkhd
hd us
uskm
kmhd
hd nc mdmded
edirirke
kekk hn vas`
vas`ds
dsah
ahkh
kh pk
pkrk
rk
cåquahds purds.

Zdr`nmtkln
Zdr`nmtkln hn nrrdr nm pëi. …..
0. Hntnr
Hntnreamkr
eamkr nc pdr`
pdr`nmtkln
nmtkln hn nrr
nrrdr
dr hn ck tnmsaðm supnrg`
supnrg`akc
akc
dbt
btnm
nmah
ahk
k nxp
xpnr
nrae
aenm
nmtk
tkce
cenm
nmtn
tn,, `d
`dmm rn
rnsspn
pn`t
`td
d kc vkcdr
kcdr
rnpdrtkhd.

Zdr`nmtkln
Zdr`nmtkln hn nrrdr nm pëi. ….
8. Hntnr
Hntnreamkr
eamkr hds eát
eátdhds
dhds pkr
pkrkk hntnream
hntnreamnn ck vas`dsah
vas`dsahkh,
kh,
am`cuynmhd cks n`uk`admns rnspn`tavks.

Nstn eátdhd, sn usk umk sustkm`ak `dmd`ahk y nstuhakhk prdgumhkenmtn,

pkrk pdhnr uskrck `ðed bksn hn `depkrk`aðm.
Nm nstn `ksd, sn usk kc kiuk, pkrk pdhnrck `depkrkr.
;.  º5 ∙∙ 2 2∙ 2

Nm nstk n`uk`aðm,
sustkm`ak, üma`kenmtn
pkrk pdhnr sn utacazk
hntnreamkr ck hnmsahkh y tanepd hn ástk
ha`fk vas`dsahkh.
2.  5 ∙
>.Hns`rabar hds eátdhds pkrk hntnreamkr ck tnmsaðm
supnrg`akc

• Eátdhd bkskhd sdbrn ck enha`aðm hn umk unrzk

ENXDHD HN CK ZCK@K (Yfacfncey ;670)

Pn utacazk umk pck`k hn indentråk rn`tkmiuckr pnrgn`tkenmtn `dmd`ahk
susp
suspnm
nmhahahk
hk vnrt
vnrta`
a`kc
kcen
enmt
mtnn k umk
umk bkck
bkckmz
mzkk hn pr
prn`
n`as
asað
aðm.
m. (Gai
(Gaiur
urkk ;)
;:
 

AMPXAX^XD ZDCAXÁ@MA@D MK@ADMKC

^mahkh Zrdgnsadmkc Amtnrhas`apcamkrak
Amtnrhas`apcamkrak hn Aminmanråk y @anm`aks Pd`akcns y Kheamastrktavks
Kheamastrktavks..

Nc ckhd amgnradr hn ck pck`k sn pdmn nm `dmtk`td (fdrazdmtkcenmtn) `dm ck

supnr`an hnc cåquahd pkrk qun sn edln (2). Cunid sn nlnr`n umk gunrzk
vnrta`kc sdbrn ck pck`k pkrk cnvkmtkrck. Ck pck`k sn cnvkmtk pd`d k pd`d,
y hn `khk ckhd sn gdrek umk amtnrgk`n `urvk (0)? sn cnvkmtk ck pck`k
fkstk qun sn prdhuz`k nc krrkmqun (8).

Gai. ;

Nm ck pdsa`aðm lustd kmtns hnc krrkmqun (`ksd 0) sn punhn `kc`uckr nc

nquacabrad hn gunrzks nmtrn cks gunrzks hn tnmsaðm qun sn kpca`km hn pkrtn
y dtrk hn ck pck`k (pdr nsd nc gk`tdr 2) y ck gunrzk hn cnvkmtkeanmtd G
(Gai. 2).

  Gai. 2

^sukcenmtn ck pck`k ns hn pcktamd cnvnenmtn ruidsd, hn tkc gdrek qun nc

ëmiucd hn `dmtk`td snk cd eës pnqunûd pdsabcn, y sn punhk supdmnr
aiukc k `nrd. Ck bkckmzk ns nm inmnrkc umk bkckmzk hn tdrsaðm qun nc
usukrad ekmapuck `dm umk pkckm`k. Nm `anrtds edhncds (kutdeëta`ds) ns
um edtdr qun ksniurk nc cnvkmtkeanmtd, y um sastnek rniastrkhdr qun
edmatdrnk ck gunrzk.
Nstn
Nstn kpkrk
kpkrktd
td ns euy
euy vnrsë
vnrsëta
tac,c, nm pkrta
pkrta`u
`uck
ckrr pkr
pkrkk enha
enharr tn
tnms
msad
admn
mnss
supnr`akcns hn sdcu`admns
- 0: hamk/`e (sdcu`admns hn k`udsks, nm nc rkmid 9: hamk/`e (kiuk purk)
hntnrinmtns)?
;;
 

AMPXAX^XD ZDCAXÁ@MA@D MK@ADMKC

^mahkh Zrdgnsadmkc Amtnrhas`apcamkrak
Amtnrhas`apcamkrak hn Aminmanråk y @anm`aks Pd`akcns y Kheamastrktavks
Kheamastrktavks..

Nc eátdhd hn ck pck`k hn Yacfncey sn punhn uskr tkebaám pkrk cks

amtnrgk`ns cåquahd-cåquahd, nm `uyd `ksd fky qun prd`nhnr hn ck gdrek
saiuanmtn. Zraenrd sn vanrtn nm nc rn`apanmtn nc cåquahd enmds hnmsd y sn
fumhn amtnirkcenmtn ck pck`k nm nstn cåquahd. Pn eahn nmtdm`ns ck gunrzk
mn`nskrak pkrk nquacabrkr nc sastnek G; (nstk gunrzk tdek nm `unmtk nc
nepuln hn Krquåenhns sdbrn ck pck`k fumhahk nm ck gksn enmds hnmsk).
Cunid sn caepak y sn sn`k ck pck`k. Pn vanrtn nmtdm`ns nc cåquahd eës
hnmsd nm um sniumhd rn`apanmtn y sn bklk ck pck`k fkstk nstkbcn`nr nc
`dmtk`td. Cunid sn sk`k ck pck`k fkstk umk pdsa`aðm cnvnenmtn eës bklk
qun nc krrkmqu
krrkmqun.n. Cun
Cunid
id sn vanrtn
vanrtn `uahkhd
`uahkhdsken
skenmtnmtn nc cåquah
cåquahdd enmds
enmds
hnmsd fkstk rn`ubrar ck tdtkcahkh hn ck pck`k. Gamkcenmtn sn prd`nhn k
cnvkmtkr ck pck`k fkstk prdhu`arsn nc krrkmqun, cd `ukc d`urrn `dm umk
gunrzk G2. Ck gunrzk mntk rnqunrahk G2-G; pnreatn `kc`uckr ck tnmsaðm
`ded nm nc `ksd kmtnradr.

Dbvakenmtn qun nc eátdhd aepca`k qun ck pck`k hn pcktamd nstá eës

edlkhk pdr nc cåquahd eës hnmsd qun pdr nc cåquahd enmds hnmsd. Pa ck
gksn eës hnmsk ns hn tapd k`udsd, y ck gksn enmds hnmsk ns hn tapd
k`natn, nc ëmiucd hn `dmtk`td ns pdr cd inmnrkc : y sn punhn ksuear `ds
ζ5;.
 
• Eátdhd bkskhd sdbrn umk enhahk hn prnsaðm

KP@NMPD @KZACKR
Pa sn `dcd`k hnmtrd hn um cåquahd k um tubd `kpackr `uyd ektnrakc ns
edlkbcn pdr nc cåquahd, sn dbsnrvk qun nc cåquahd ks`anmhn nm nc tubd. Nm
ck pdsa`aðm hn nquacabrad, sn punhn ns`rabar havnrsks n`uk`admns pkrk hkr
`unmtk hn ck cny hn ck fahrdstëta`k y hn ck cny hn Ckpck`n (Gai.
(Gai. ;)

;2
 

AMPXAX^XD ZDCAXÁ@MA@D MK@ADMKC

^mahkh Zrdgnsadmkc Amtnrhas`apcamkrak
Amtnrhas`apcamkrak hn Aminmanråk y @anm`aks Pd`akcns y Kheamastrktavks
Kheamastrktavks..

- Nmtrn nc pumtd K y nc pumtd B, kebds nm nc cåquahd y k eased mavnc

 ∇Z5:. - Nmtrn nc pumtd B y nc pumtd
@ hn pkrtn y dtrk hn umk amtnrgksn pckmk (`urvkturk `nrd d rkhad hn
`urvkturk R ammatd), ∇Z5:.
- Nmtrn nc pumtd @ y nc pumtd N satukhds kebds hnmtrd hn um iks hn
hnmsahkh hnsprn`akbcn, ∇Z 5 ϋ i f 5 : (pdrqun ϋ 5 :)
- Nmtrn nc pumtd H y nc pumtd N satukhd hn pkrtn y dtrk hn umk amtnrgk`n
`urvk, ck n`uk`aðm hn Ckpck`n amha`k
ZN - ZH 5 ∇Z 5 ₣ 2ΰ r
Hdmhn r ns nc rkhad hn `urvkturk hn ck amtnrgk`n, yk qun sn supdmn hn um
ckhd qun pdr snr pnqunûd nc rkhad, nc enmas`d ns nsgára`d, y qun hn dtrd
ckhd nc ëmiucd hn `dmtk`td ns `nrd.
Zdr ck cny hn ck fahrdstëta`k
ZH 5 ZK - ϋ i f
@debamkmhd nstks n`uk`admns sn dbtanmn<
ϋ i f 5 ₣ 2ΰ r

Zdr cd qun nc ks`nmsd `kpackr f nstë rnck`admkhd `dm ck tnmsaðm amtnrgk`akc

ΰ.

 γ ₋  ϋ ₋ ψ ₋
7. Hnhu`ar ck n`uk`aðm 5
 γ ₊  ϋ ₊ ψ   ₊₊  utacazkmhd ck n`uk`aðm hn

pdasnuaccn

 N`uk`adm hn pdasnuaccn

;0
 

AMPXAX^XD ZDCAXÁ@MA@D MK@ADMKC

^mahkh Zrdgnsadmkc Amtnrhas`apcamkrak
Amtnrhas`apcamkrak hn Aminmanråk y @anm`aks Pd`akcns y Kheamastrktavks
Kheamastrktavks..

hv ϊr ⁸ ( Z ₋ − Z ₂)
5
ht  6 γC

Hdmhn

hv 5 vdcuenm hnc caquahd qun `ar`uck nm ck umahkh hn tanepd (t)

r 5 rkhad hnc tubd `acåmhra`d

C 5 cdmiatuh

   γ  5 vas`dsahkh

 N`uk`aðm 2
 γ ₋  ϋ ₋ ψ ₋
5
 γ ₊  ϋ ₊ ψ  ₊
 ₊

Hdmhn
 γ ₋  5 vas`dsahkh hnc caquahd hns`dmd`ahd
 γ ₊  5 vas`dsahkh hnc kiuk

Rnsuctk hagå`ac hntnreamkr r y C hn ck n`uk`aðm hn pdasnuaccn yk qun sn

fk`n umk `depkrk`aðm nmtrn nc cåquahd hn vas`dsahkh hns`dmd`ahk  γ ₋  y
nc kiuk (`ded caquahd hn rngnrnm`ak)  γ ₊  
r  γ ₋
5
 C  γ ₊

 Q sn skbn qun ck hagnrnm`ak hn prnsadmns

prnsadmns nxtrneks
nxtrneks ns aiukc k ck hnmsahkh
∇ Z5 ϋ

Zdr cd tkmtd<
;8
 

AMPXAX^XD ZDCAXÁ@MA@D MK@ADMKC

^mahkh Zrdgnsadmkc Amtnrhas`apcamkrak
Amtnrhas`apcamkrak hn Aminmanråk y @anm`aks Pd`akcns y Kheamastrktavks
Kheamastrktavks..

Ck n`uk`aðm qunhk hn ekmnrk eës snm`acck hn dbtnmnr cds hktds qun ns

ck n`uk`aðm 2
 γ ₋  ϋ ₋ ψ ₋
5
 γ ₊  ϋ ₊ ψ  ₊
 ₊

9. Nx
Nxpca
pca`k
`krr ck rn
rnck
ck`að
`aðm
m nm
nmtr
trn
n ck tn
tnms
msað
aðm
m su
supnr
pnrg`
g`ak
akcc y ck
cks
s
unrzks hn Wkm hnr Ykkccs.

@dmsastn pram`apkcenmtn nm cks gunrzks hn ktrk``aðm amtnredcn`uckr qun

sn prnsnmtkm nm ck tnmsaðm supnr`akc.

Nstks gunrzks hn Wkm hnr Ykkccs, nxastnm gunrzks qun sn ktrknm, cks
`dmd`neds `ded amtnredcn`uckrns, nstks sn prnsnmtkm nm ks`nmhnr pdr
enhad hnc tubd `kpackr, nstd sn hnbn k qun cks edcá`ucks qun sn
nm`unmtrkm ktrës hn cks praenrks cks nepulkm fkstk kc`kmzkr k umk
kcturk hntnreamkhk.
Babcadirkgåk.

;>