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El sistema de encendido del motor se encarga primordialmente de aportar la energía que necesita
el motor de combustión para mantener los ciclos que describe por sí mismo. Por medio de un
motor eléctrico se moviliza el cigüeñal o el eje del motor.
Después de que se producen las fases que corresponden, se ejecuta el encendido de la mezcla
carburante. En el caso del motor a gasolina se producen chispas dentro de la cámara de
combustión; en los motores a diésel se envía el combustible por medio de bombas de inyección y
el encendido ocurre por compresión de la mezcla.
En un sistema de encendido básico, que usa batería, se pueden encontrar componentes como:
Llave de contacto, batería, platino, bobina, ruptor, condensador, distribuidor y bujías.
Distribuidor: Es quien distribuye la corriente hacia las bujías en el orden exigido para que
se genere la chispa.
Bujías: Se ubican dentro de los cilindros y es donde se genera finalmente la chispa que
permite la combustión de la mezcla. La chispa se produce gracias a que el encendido
aumenta el voltaje, así ocurre el salto de energía eléctrica entre ambos electrodos que
tiene la bujía. Son componentes del sistema de encendido del motor de gasolina.
Como funciona el sistema de encendido del motor de gasolina?
En el momento que se gira la llave de contacto y el motor empieza a girar, el platino va a abrirse y
cerrar por el movimiento de una leva colocada en el eje del distribuidor. Cuando el platino se
cierra, la corriente fluye a unos 4 amperes, a través del primario de la bobina. Se origina
entonces un campo electromagnético en el núcleo metálico de la bobina.
La corriente con alto voltaje sale por un cable de la bobina directo al distribuidor. Pasa por
el rotor y después se distribuye a las bujías que se ubican dentro de los cilindros, siguiendo el
orden de encendido. El voltaje alto sale del distribuidor mediante el cable de alta tensión hasta
llegar a las bujías. Entonces, entre los electrodos de la bujía se produce el salto de la chispa . En el
caso del motor diésel, se produce el calentamiento de las bujías incandescentes.
Engine ignition system Parts and operation
The engine ignition system is primarily responsible for providing the energy needed by
the combustion engine to maintain the cycles it describes for itself. By means of an electric motor,
the crankshaft or the shaft of the motor is mobilized.
After the corresponding phases are produced, the ignition of the fuel mixture is executed. In the
case of the gasoline engine, sparks are produced inside the combustion
chamber; in diesel engines the fuel is sent by means of injection pumps and the ignition occurs by
compression of the mixture.
In a basic ignition system, which uses battery, you can find components such as: Ignition key,
battery, platinum, coil, breaker, capacitor, distributor and spark plugs.
Ignition key: Allows the driver to start the car by closing an electrical ignition circuit when
turning the key. The battery powers the primary circuit and the starter motor.
Battery: It is a device that stores energy and is responsible for offering it so that the circuit
works.
Coil: It is responsible for generating high voltage current using the one that comes from
the battery and passing it to the spark plugs. Approximately 25000 volts are required for
there to be a correct ignition of the mixture.
Capacitor: Absorbs the spark in the rocker contacts, reduces the current cut-off time in the
coil and contributes to the voltage rising.
Distributor: It is the one who distributes the current to the spark plugs in the order
required for the spark to be generated.
Spark plugs: They are located inside the cylinders and it is where the spark that allows
the combustion of the mixture is finally generated. The spark is produced thanks to the
ignition increasing the voltage, thus occurs the jump of electrical energy between both
electrodes that the spark plug has. They are components of the ignition system of
the gasoline engine.
How does the ignition system of the gasoline engine work?
The moment the ignition key is turned and the motor begins to rotate, the platinum will be
opened and closed by the movement of a cam placed on the shaft of the distributor. When the
platinum is closed, the current flows at about 4 amps, through the primary of the coil. An
electromagnetic field then originates in the metal core of the coil.
When the platinum is opened by actuation by the cam, the current circulation is interrupted in the
primary of the coil. Magnetic lines cause tension in the secondary winding. Due to the loops in the
secondary winding, the tension that occurs is high.
The high-voltage current comes out through a cable of the coil direct to the distributor. It passes
through the rotor and then is distributed to the spark plugs that are located inside the cylinders,
following the order of ignition. The high voltage leaves the distributor through the high voltage
cable until it reaches the spark plugs. Then, between the electrodes of the spark plug the spark
jump occurs. In the case of the diesel engine, the heating of the incandescent spark plugs occurs.