Modelo Ingreso Nacional (II)

Y = C + I + G (1)
C = a + b(Y - T) (2)
T = d + tY (3)

Reordenando los terminos de las ecuaciones :

Y - C + 0T = I + G
-bY + C + bT = a
-tY + 0C + T = d

Expresando en forma matricial :

A⋅X = b

1 -1 0 Y I+G
-b 1 b ⋅ C = a
-t 0 1 T d

Resolviendo el sistema en forma compacta :

A -1 ⋅ A ⋅ X = A -1 ⋅ b
I ⋅ X = A -1 ⋅ b
X = A -1 ⋅ b

Vamos a hallar la inversa, A -1 :

1) Calculo del determinante

det (A) = 1 + 0 + bt - 0 - b + 0
det (A) = 1 + bt - b

2) Calculo de los menores y los cofactores

1 -1 0
A = -b 1 b
-t 0 1
 1 -b + bt t
M = -1 1 -t
-b b 1-b

La matriz de cofactores es la matriz de menores, pero con signo

segun la regla (-1) i+j o la matriz de signos

+ - +
- + -
+ - +

1 b - bt t
C = 1 1 t
-b -b 1 - b

La matriz adjunta es la matriz transpuesta de los cofactores

1 1 -b
Adj(A) = b - bt 1 -b
t t 1-b

1
A -1 = Adj(A)
det(A)

1 1 1 -b
-1
A = ⋅ b - bt 1 -b
1 + bt - b
t t 1-b

Vamos a hacer un cambio de variable para no dividir la Adj(A) por

la expresion (1 + bt - b)

Sea 𝛽 = 1 + bt - b

1 1 -b
𝛽 𝛽 𝛽
(b - bt) 1 -b
A -1 =
𝛽 𝛽 𝛽
t t (1 - b)
𝛽 𝛽 𝛽
 1 1 -b
𝛽 𝛽 𝛽
Y* I+G
(b - bt) 1 -b
C* = a
𝛽 𝛽 𝛽
T* d
t t (1 - b)
𝛽 𝛽 𝛽

(I + G) + a - bd
𝛽
Y*
(b - bt)(I + G) + a - bd
C* =
𝛽
T*
t(I + G) + at + (1 - b )d
𝛽

Sustituyendo 𝛽

(I + G) + a - bd
Y* 1 + bt - b
(b - bt)(I + G) + a - bd
C* =
1 + bt - b
T*
t(I + G) + at + (1 - b )d
1 + bt - b

Si hubiesemos dividido directamente por el determinante,

hubieramos tenido una expresion bastante grande

1 1 -b
1 + bt - b 1 + bt - b 1 + bt - b
b - bt 1 -b
A -1 =
1 + bt - b 1 + bt - b 1 + bt - b
t t 1-b
1 + bt - b 1 + bt - b 1 + bt - b
 1 1 -b
Y* 1 + bt - b 1 + bt - b 1 + bt - b I+G
b - bt 1 -b
C* = ⋅ a
1 + bt - b 1 + bt - b 1 + bt - b d
T*
t t 1-b
1 + bt - b 1 + bt - b 1 + bt - b

I+G a -bd
+ +
Y* 1 + bt - b 1 + bt - b 1 + bt - b
(b - bt)(I + G) a -bd
C* = + +
1 + bt - b 1 + bt - b 1 + bt - b
T*
t(I + G) at (1 - b)d
+ +
1 + bt - b 1 + bt - b 1 + bt - b

Dado que tenemos el mismo denominador, simplemente sumamos

los numeradores

(I + G) + a - bd
Y* 1 + bt - b
(b - bt)(I + G) + a - bd
C* =
1 + bt - b
T*
t(I + G) + at + (1 - b )d
1 + bt - b

Una tercera forma seria :

Y* 1
C* = Adj(A) ⋅ b
det(A)
T*

a) Multiplicamos Adj(A) ⋅ b

1 1 -b I+G 1(I + G) + a - bd
b - bt 1 -b ⋅ a = (b - bt)(I + G) + a - bd
t t 1-b d t(I + G) + at + (1 - b)d

1
b) Multiplicamos por
det(A)
 1(I + G) + a - bd
1(I + G) + a - bd 1 + bt - b
1 (b - bt)(I + G) + a - bd
⋅ (b - bt)(I + G) + a - bd =
1 + bt - b 1 + bt - b
t(I + G) + at + (1 - b)d
t(I + G) + at + (1 - b)d
1 + bt - b

1(I + G) + a - bd
Y* 1 + bt - b
(b - bt)(I + G) + a - bd
C* =
1 + bt - b
T*
t(I + G) + at + (1 - b)d
1 + bt - b

Modelo Ingreso Nacional numerico

Y = C + I + G (4)
C = a + b(Y - T) (5)
T = d + tY (6)

a = 75
75,, b = 0.70
0.70,, d = 12
12,, t = 0.4
0.4,, I = 50
50,, G = 60

Sustituyendo los valores :

Y = C + 50 + 60 (7)
C = 75 + 0.70(Y - T) (8)
T = 12 + 0.40Y (9)

Reordenando los terminos :

Y - C + 0T = + 110 (10)
- 0.70Y + C + 0.70T = 75 (11)
-0.40Y + 0C + T = 12 (12)

Expresado en forma matricial tenemos :

1 -1 0 Y 110
-0.70 1 0.70 ⋅ C = 75
-0.40 0 1 T 12
 Vamos a determinar la inversa

1) El determinante de A

det(A) = 1 + 0 + 0.28 - 0 - 0.70 - 0

det(A) = 1 + 0.28 - 0.70 = 0.58

2) Calcular los menores y los cofactores

1 -1 0
A = -0.70 1 0.70
-0.40 0 1

1 -0.42 0.40 1 0.42 0.40

M = -1 1 -0.40 , C = 1 1 0.40
-0.70 0.70 0.30 -0.70 -0.70 0.30

1 1 -0.70
Adj(A) = M' = 0.42 1 -0.70
0.40 0.40 0.30

1 1 1 -0.70 1 / 0.58 1 / 0.58 -0.70 / 0.58

-1
A = ⋅ 0.42 1 -0.70 = 0.42 / 0.58 1 / 0.58 -0.70 / 0.58
0.58
0.40 0.40 0.30 0.40 / 0.58 0.40 / 0.58 0.30 / 0.58

1.72 1.72 -1.20

-1
A = 0.72 1.72 -1.20
0.68 0.68 0.51

X = A -1 ⋅ b

Y* 1.72 1.72 -1.20 110

C* = 0.72 1.72 -1.20 ⋅ 75
T* 0.68 0.68 0.51 12

Y* 1.72(110) + 1.72(75) - 1.20(12)

C* = 0.72(110) + 1.72(75) - 1.20(12)
T* 0.68(110) + 0.68(75) + 0.51(12)
 Y* 189.20 + 129 - 14.40
C* = 79.20 + 129 - 14.40
T* 74.80 + 51.00 + 6.12

Y* 303.80
C* = 193.80
T* 131.92

Ejercicio resuelto en octave

≫A= [1 -1 0; -0.70 1 0.70; -0.4 0 1]

≫b = [110; 75; 12]
≫X = A\b

Si queremos ver los pasos correspondientes

≫d= det(A)
≫ C=inv(A)
≫ X = C*b