Info de diabetes (que es, casusas, tipos, tratamiento, etc)

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/ency/article/0012
14.htm
Diabetes
Es una enfermedad crónica en la cual el cuerpo no puede regular la cantidad de azúcar en la sangre.

La diabetes es una enfermedad en la cual los niveles de glucosa en la sangre están por
encima de lo normal. La mayor parte de los alimentos que consumimos se transforman en
glucosa, o azúcar, que es utilizada por el cuerpo para generar energía. El páncreas, un órgano
que se encuentra cerca del estómago, produce una hormona llamada insulina para facilitar el
transporte de la glucosa a las células del organismo. Cuando se sufre de diabetes, el cuerpo
no produce suficiente insulina o no puede utilizar su propia insulina adecuadamente. Esto
causa que el azúcar se acumule en la sangre.

La diabetes puede producir complicaciones de salud graves tales como enfermedades

cardiacas, ceguera, insuficiencia renal y amputaciones de las extremidades inferiores. La
diabetes es la séptima causa principal de muerte en los Estados Unidos.

http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/spanish/basics/diabetes.html

 Diabetes tipo 1: Puede ocurrir a cualquier edad, pero se diagnostica con mayor frecuencia en
niños, adolescentes o adultos jóvenes. En esta enfermedad, el cuerpo no produce o produce poca
insulina. Esto se debe a que las células del páncreas que producen la insulina dejan de trabajar. Se
necesitan inyecciones diarias de insulina. La causa exacta se desconoce.
 Diabetes tipo 2: Es mucho más común. Generalmente se presenta en la edad adulta pero, debido
a las tasas altas de obesidad, ahora se está diagnosticando en niños y adolescentes. Algunas personas con
este tipo de diabetes no saben que padecen esta enfermedad. Con la diabetes tipo 2, el cuerpo es
resistente a la insulina y no la utiliza con la eficacia que debería.
 Hay otras causas de diabetes y algunas personas no se pueden clasificar como tipo 1 ni 2.

 El tratamiento básico para la diabetes tipo 1 es comer en forma saludable, realizar actividad
física y ponerse inyecciones de insulina. La cantidad de insulina que se aplique debe ser
 balanceada con los alimentos consumidos y las actividades cotidianas. Los niveles de glucosa en
la sangre deben ser vigilados cuidadosamente mediante pruebas frecuentes de glucosa.
 El tratamiento básico para la diabetes tipo 2 es comer en forma saludable, realizar actividad
física y hacerse pruebas de glucosa en la sangre. Además, muchas personas con diabetes tipo 2
necesitan medicamentos por vía oral, insulina o ambos, para poder controlar sus niveles de
glucosa en la sangre.
 Las personas con diabetes deben responsabilizarse de su cuidado personal diario y de controlar
los niveles de glucosa en la sangre para evitar que sean muy altos o muy bajos.
 También deben visitar a un proveedor de atención médica para que les vigile su control de la
diabetes y les enseñe a mantenerlo. Además, las personas con diabetes pueden ver a un
endocrinólogo que se especialice en la atención de la diabetes; un oftalmólogo, para los
exámenes de la vista; un podiatra, para el cuidado rutinario de sus pies, un experto en nutrición
y educadores en diabetes que les enseñen lo que deben saber para poder controlar día a día su
diabetes.

 La epidemia de diabetes está aumentando rápidamente en muchos países, y de manera

extraordinaria en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos, a pesar de que una gran proporción de
los casos de diabetes son prevenibles. La campaña de la OMS se centrará en la prevención y el
tratamiento de la diabetes.

http://www.who.int/diabetes/country-profiles/arg_es.pdf?ua=1
(DIABETES EN ARGENTINA)- imagen de estadística en Argentina
CARGA MUNDIAL Según las estimaciones, 422 millones de adultos en todo el mundo
tenían diabetes en 2014, frente a los 108 millones de 1980. La prevalencia mundial
(normalizada por edades) de la diabetes casi se ha duplicado desde ese año, pues ha pasado
del 4,7% al 8,5% en la población adulta. Ello supone también un incremento en los factores
de riesgo conexos, como el sobrepeso o la obesidad. En la última década, la prevalencia de
la diabetes ha aumentado más deprisa en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos que en los
de ingresos altos. En 2012, la diabetes provocó 1,5 millones de muertes. Un nivel de
glucosa en la sangre superior al deseable provocó otros 2,2 millones de muertes, al
incrementar los riesgos de enfermedades cardiovasculares y de otro tipo. Un 43% de estos
3,7 millones de muertes ocurren en personas con menos de 70 años. El porcentaje de
muertes atribuibles a una glucemia elevada o la diabetes en menores de 70 años de edad es
superior en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos que en los de ingresos altos. Puesto que
se requieren sofisticadas pruebas de laboratorio para distinguir entre la diabetes de tipo 1
(que exige inyecciones de insulina para la supervivencia del paciente) y la diabetes de tipo
2 (en la que el organismo no puede utilizar adecuadamente la insulina que produce), no se
dispone de estimaciones mundiales separadas sobre la prevalencia de la diabetes de tipo 1 y
de tipo 2. La mayoría de las personas afectadas tienen diabetes de tipo 2, que solía ser
exclusiva de adultos, pero que ahora también se da en niños.
Controlar los niveles de glucemia es la clave para llevar una vida sana y reducir el riesgo de
complicaciones derivadas de la diabetes.
El objetivo principal del tratamiento de la diabetes es controlar los niveles de glucemia. Al
mejorar el nivel de los niveles de glucemia, aumenta sus posibilidades de vivir una vida
sana y sin complicaciones.
Terapia de insulina
Si tiene diabetes tipo 1, necesitará administrarse insulina porque su cuerpo no produce esta
importante hormona. Si tiene diabetes tipo 2, puede que algún día deba administrarse
insulina. Hay muchos métodos para ello, incluyendo el vial y jeringa tradicionales, los
bolígrafos o plumas de insulina y el más avanzado tecnológicamente: la bomba de insulina.
Vial y jeringa
El método convencional de administración de insulina requiere inyectar manualmente la
insulina al menos una vez al día. Tradicionalmente, la insulina se extraería de un vial y se
inyectaría en la capa subcutánea de la piel con una jeringa desechable.
Bolígrafo de insulina
Los sistemas de bolígrafo (también llamado pluma) consisten en un cartucho con insulina
que se coloca en un bolígrafo con una aguja desechable en la punta, lo que permite una
dosificación más precisa de la insulina.
Bombas de insulina
Las bombas de insulina son dispositivos del tamaño de un móvil que administran insulina a
través de un tubo pequeño colocado bajo la piel. Los estudios1 demuestran que la terapia
con bomba de insulina puede lograr un control mejor de la glucosa que los regímenes
convencionales de múltiples inyecciones de insulina diarias para personas con diabetes tipo
1.
Diabetes tipo 2
El primer paso para tratar la diabetes tipo 2 es establecer una dieta sana y un régimen de
ejercicio. Si esto es insuficiente para controlar la afección, se puede prescribir medicación
oral o insulina.
Monitores continuos de glucosa
Los monitores continuos de glucosa son dispositivos pequeños
y portátiles que miden los niveles de glucemia y proporcionan
información de tendencias de glucosa de manera continua con
actualizaciones cada 5 minutos. Esta información puede ayudar
a mejorar el tratamiento de la diabetes y a reducir el riesgo
de complicaciones relacionadas con la diabetes.

UN POCO DE HISTORIA:
Descubrimiento de la insulina
 En 1921, los científicos Canadienses Fredrick G. Banting, Charles H. Best, J.J.R.
Macleod e insulina descubierta Collip de James B. Encontraron la insulina para ser una
pequeña proteína que baja el azúcar de sangre. Extrajeron la insulina de los islotes de
los páncreas animales. Los investigadores dieron las derechas de patente a la
Universidad de Toronto de modo que los diabéticos por todo el mundo pudieran utilizar
las ventajas de la insulina.

En 1923 el Banting y Macleod fueron concedidos el Premio Nobel. El Banting era un

dígito binario infeliz sobre la división del premio con Macleod y anunciado que él
compartiría el suyo con Mejor. Macleod compartió el suyo con Collip.

http://www.news-medical.net/health/Insulin-Discovery-
(Spanish).aspx
FREE STYLE LIBRE

¿Por qué elegir el Sistema Flash de monitorización de glucosa FreeStyle Libre?

 CómodoUn pequeño sensor recoge y almacena los valores de glucosa día y

noche
 DiscretoObtenga los valores de glucosa con un rápido escaneo de 1-segundo.
Permite escanear el sensor a través de la ropa 3

 SencilloNadar, ducharse, hacer ejercicio... puede utilizar el sistema FreeStyle

Libre mientras se ducha, nada, toma un baño y hace ejercicio 4

 Fácil de usarCon cada escaneo obtiene su valor actual de glucosa, los valores
de las últimas 8 horas y una flecha que le indica hacia dónde se dirige su glucosa.
  Tamaño pequeño (35 mm x 5 mm)Discreto, cómodo de llevar bajo la ropa 7

 Llévelo en el cuerpo durante 14 díasSolo es necesario aplicar un sensor nuevo

cada 2 semanas
 No requiere calibracióncon pinchazos en los dedos
FALTAN VER MECANISMO DE CÓMO FUNCIONA, Y FOTOS( LAS
PICS LAS BUSCAMOS A LO ULTIMO) -
http://www.freestylelibre.es/

PARCHE
FALTA TRADUCIR ESTO- MAÑANA LO HAGO
Smart insulin patch could replace painful
injections for diabetes
A joint effort between diabetes doctors and biomedical engineers could revolutionize how
people with diabetes keep their blood sugar levels in check.
 click to enlargeThe smart insulin

patch could be placed anywhere on the body to detect increases in blood sugar and then secrete doses of insulin
when needed. (Courtesy of Zhen Gu, PhD)

click to enlargeZhen Gu, PhD

Media contact: Mark Derewicz, 919-923-0959, mark.derewicz@unch.unc.edu

June 2015
CHAPEL HILL, NC – Painful insulin injections could become a thing of the past for the
millions of Americans who suffer from diabetes, thanks to a new invention from
researchers at the University of North Carolina and NC State, who have created a “smart
insulin patch” that can detect increases in blood sugar levels and secrete doses of insulin
into the bloodstream whenever needed.

The patch – a thin square no bigger than a penny – is covered with more than one hundred
tiny needles, each about the size of an eyelash. These “microneedles” are packed with
microscopic storage units for insulin and glucose-sensing enzymes that rapidly release their
cargo when blood sugar levels get too high.

The study, which is published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,

found that the new, painless patch could lower blood glucose in a mouse model of type 1
diabetes for up to nine hours. More pre-clinical tests and subsequent clinical trials in
humans will be required before the patch can be administered to patients, but the approach
shows great promise.
“We have designed a patch for diabetes that works fast, is easy to use, and is made from
nontoxic, biocompatible materials,” said co-senior author Zhen Gu, PhD, a professor in the
Joint UNC/NC State Department of Biomedical Engineering. Gu also holds appointments
in the UNC School of Medicine, the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, and the UNC
Diabetes Care Center. “The whole system can be personalized to account for a diabetic’s
weight and sensitivity to insulin,” he added, “so we could make the smart patch even
smarter.”

Diabetes affects more than 387 million people worldwide, and that number is expected to
grow to 592 million by the year 2035. Patients with type 1 and advanced type 2 diabetes try
to keep their blood sugar levels under control with regular finger pricks and repeated
insulin shots, a process that is painful and imprecise. John Buse, MD, PhD, co-senior
author of the PNAS paper and the director of the UNC Diabetes Care Center, said,
“Injecting the wrong amount of medication can lead to significant complications like
blindness and limb amputations, or even more disastrous consequences such as diabetic
comas and death.”
Researchers have tried to remove the potential for human error by creating “closed-loop
systems” that directly connect the devices that track blood sugar and administer insulin.
However, these approaches involve mechanical sensors and pumps, with needle-tipped
catheters that have to be stuck under the skin and replaced every few days.
 An up-close fluorescent image of the microneedle patch with insulin tagged in green. (Courtesy of
Zhen Gu, PhD)

Instead of inventing another completely manmade system, Gu and his colleagues chose to
emulate the body’s natural insulin generators known as beta cells. These versatile cells act
both as factories and warehouses, making and storing insulin in tiny sacs called vesicles.
They also behave like alarm call centers, sensing increases in blood sugar levels and
signaling the release of insulin into the bloodstream.

“We constructed artificial vesicles to perform these same functions by using two materials
that could easily be found in nature,” said PNAS first author Jiching Yu, a PhD student in
Gu’s lab.

The first material was hyaluronic acid or HA, a natural substance that is an ingredient of
many cosmetics. The second was 2-nitroimidazole or NI, an organic compound commonly
used in diagnostics. The researchers connected the two to create a new molecule, with one
end that was water-loving or hydrophilic and one that was water-fearing or hydrophobic. A
mixture of these molecules self-assembled into a vesicle, much like the coalescing of oil
droplets in water, with the hydrophobic ends pointing inward and the hydrophilic ends
pointing outward.

The result was millions of bubble-like structures, each 100 times smaller than the width of a
human hair. Into each of these vesicles, the researchers inserted a core of solid insulin and
enzymes specially designed to sense glucose.
In lab experiments, when blood sugar levels increased, the excess glucose crowded into the
artificial vesicles. The enzymes then converted the glucose into gluconic acid, consuming
oxygen all the while. The resulting lack of oxygen or “hypoxia” made the hydrophobic NI
molecules turn hydrophilic, causing the vesicles to rapidly fall apart and send insulin into
the bloodstream.

Once the researchers designed these “intelligent insulin nanoparticles,” they had to figure
out a way to administer them to patients with diabetes. Rather than rely on the large needles
or catheters that had beleaguered previous approaches, they decided to incorporate these
balls of sugar-sensing, insulin-releasing material into an array of tiny needles.

A scanning electronic microscopy image of the smart insulin patch. (Courtesy of Zhen Gu, PhD)

Gu created these “microneedles” using the same hyaluronic acid that was a chief ingredient
of the nanoparticles, only in a more rigid form so the tiny needles were stiff enough to
pierce the skin. They arranged more than one hundred of these microneedles on a thin
silicon strip to create what looks like a tiny, painless version of a bed of nails. When this
patch was placed onto the skin, the microneedles penetrated the surface, tapping into the
blood flowing through the capillaries just below.

The researchers tested the ability of this approach to control blood sugar levels in a mouse
model of type 1 diabetes. They gave one set of mice a standard injection of insulin and
measured the blood glucose levels, which dropped down to normal but then they quickly
climbed back into the hyperglycemic range. In contrast, when the researchers treated
another set of mice with the microneedle patch, they saw that blood glucose levels were
brought under control within thirty minutes and stayed that way for several hours.

In addition, the researchers found that they could tune the patch to alter blood glucose
levels only within a certain range by varying the dose of enzyme contained within each of
the microneedles. They also found that the patch did not pose the hazards that insulin
injections do. Injections can send blood sugar plummeting to dangerously low levels when
administered too frequently.

“The hard part of diabetes care is not the insulin shots, or the blood sugar checks, or the diet
but the fact that you have to do them all several times a day every day for the rest of your
life, said Buse, the director of the North Carolina Translational and Clinical Sciences (NC
TraCS) Institute and past president of the American Diabetes Association. “If we can get
these patches to work in people, it will be a game changer.”

Because mice are less sensitive to insulin than humans, the researchers think that the blood
sugar-stabilizing effects of the patch could last even longer when given to actual patients.
Their eventual goal, Gu said, is to develop a smart insulin patch that patients would only
have to change every few days.

http://news.unchealthcare.org/news/2015/june/smart-insulin-
patch-could-replace-painful-injections-for-diabetes

Microagujas: un filamento hueco cargado con una sustancia (una

microaguja, vaya) que penetra sin romper una cantidad notable de
tejido. Esto mejora la penetración de la aguja y de la sustancia. Y todo sin
provocar dolor. No provoca dolor precisamente porque al ser tan pequeñas
no son capaces de generar un daño masivo en el tejido, alertando nuestros
sistemas de defensa (que producen dolor como aviso). Por el contrario, las
microagujas inyectan su sustancia y, luego, se degradan en nuestro cuerpo,
sin tan si quiera una marca de su paso.
http://www.sciencealert.com/this-new-insulin-patch-could-
soon-replace-injections-for-diabetics
The patch has been tested in mouse models and so far, looks very
promising. According to the paper published in the Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, it was able to regulate the insulin levels of
diabetic mice for nine hours straight. And obviously mice are useless at
monitoring their blood-sugar levels the way human diabetics have to right
now, which shows just how hands-off this new system is. 
This doesn’t just mean the patch will be a hell of a lot more convenient for
its users than the injection system, it will also be far safer. As one of the
team, John Buse, points out in the press release, getting your dosage
wrong could lead to some of the worst outcomes you could imagine:
"Injecting the wrong amount of medication can lead to significant
complications like blindness and limb amputations, or even more
disastrous consequences such as diabetic comas and death."

The system inside the patch was built to mimic the body’s own insulin
generators, known as beta cells. These highly specialised cells are
responsible for both producing and storing insulin in little sac-like
structures called vesicles. "We constructed artificial vesicles to perform
these same functions by using two materials that could easily be found in
nature," said one of the team, Jiching Yu. 

These materials, hyaluronic acid and 2-nitroimidazole, were combined to

make a new type of molecule, one end of which loves water - hydrophilic -
and the other is repelled by it - hydrophobic. When great numbers of
these molecules are mixed together, they automatically assemble into a
vesicle structure, with the hydrophobic ends pointing inward and the
hydrophilic ends pointing outward. The researchers inserted insulin and
glucose-sensing enzymes into these vesticles. 

When tested in the lab, the patch kicked into gear at the sign of increased
blood sugar levels, and the excess glucose moved its way into the
already-packed vesicles. The glucose was then converted into gluconic
acid by the enzymes within, and the resulting lack of oxygen turned the
hydrophobic 2-nitroimidazole molecules hydrophilic, which destroyed the
structure of the vesticles and released the insulin. Genius. 

"The hard part of diabetes care is not the insulin shots, or the blood sugar
checks, or the diet, but the fact that you have to do them all several times
a day every day for the rest of your life", said Buse. "If we can get these
patches to work in people, it will be a game changer."

The next step will be to get the patch into clinical trials so it can hit the
market, and to improve the technology so it will last several days, rather
than several hours. We can’t wait.

VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNwVvcXLiWc

FUTURO
-ademas de implementación de estos
productos y mejoras de los mismos ,
lanzamiento al mercado,etc
-http://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-
have-created-insulin-producing-cells-that-
could-replace-injections?
utm_source=Article&utm_medium=Website
&utm_campaign=InArticleReadMore
CELULAS PRODUCEN INSULINA PARA DEJAR
DE INYECTARSE
Australian scientists from the University of Technology, Sydney (UTS),
have created a line of insulin-producing cells that could eliminate the
need for Type 1 diabetics to inject themselves with insulin. 
The development on its own is pretty impressive, but the cells, which are
derived from liver cells, are now on their way to being incorporated to a
world-first bio-artificial pancreas after being licensed by US biotechnology
company PharmaCyte Biotech last October.

PharmaCyte Biotech has already acquired something called the Cell-in-a-

Box® system, which is basically a tiny cellulose-based ‘capsule’ that can
house artificial cells and integrate them into a human body. This platform
can be used to develop treatments for any disease where cells aren’t
releasing the molecules they’re supposed to, but after acquiring the
license to the insulin-producing cells, it's clear that PharmaCyte Biotech
has set their sites on targeting Type 1 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes or juvenile-onset diabetes is an autoimmune disease that

occurs when a person’s immune system attacks their pancreas’s islet
cells and prevents it from properly regulating the body’s blood glucose
levels by releasing insulin.

The new cell line, called “Melligen” cells, is derived from human liver cells,
which have been genetically modified to take over the role of the
pancreas's insulin-producing islet cells. 

"When a foetus develops, the liver and the pancreas form from the same
endodermal origin," explained Ann Simpson from UTS:Science, who has
been developing the cells over the past 20 years, in a press
release. Which means that they should have the potential to do the same
things as one another.

Early lab trials have shown that the genetically modified Melligen cells are
able to release insulin in direct response to the amount of glucose in their
surroundings - something that could help type 1 diabetics to live without
daily injections and regulate their blood sugar levels naturally.
"My team and I are excited by the prospect of working with PharmaCyte
Biotech to eliminate daily injections for insulin-dependent diabetic
patients,” said Simpson in the release.

The next step for the company is for PharmaCyte Biotech to embed
clusters of the Melligen cells into the Cell-in-a-Box® capsule, which is
around the size of a pin head.

These artificial pancreases will then be transplanted into animals to test

whether they can effectively integrate into the body and regulate insulin
levels. After that, they can begin testing the technology in humans.

Several other groups are now working on artificial pancreases that

use sensors under the skin, or even temporary tattoos to monitor blood
glucose levels. But these systems all require a pump to control the
amount of insulin required in response to these levels, rather than
biologically sensitive cells.

It’s pretty exciting to see all the ground-breaking work on diabetes and
insulin-producing cells finally be commercialised into a product that could
directly change people’s lives.