Carbohidratos

Bioquímica Descriptiva
 Introducción
¿Que es un carbohidrato?

Se producen en la fotosíntesis.
Las plantas verdes contienen clorofila que
capta de la luz solar la energía necesaria para
realizar el proceso:

6 CO2 + H2O

C6(H2O)6 + 6 O2
 CLASIFICACION

Por grupo Aldosas

funcional Cetosas
C3 tri (osa) (cetosa)
Tamaño de la C4 tetr
cadena C5 pent
C6 hex

Monosacáridos: Estructura simple

Por tamaño: Oligosacáridos: 2 a 10 unidades de
azúcar
Polisacáridos: mas de 10 unidades
Monosacáridos
•Entre 3 y 6 C
•Unidos a –H y –OH
•Solubles en H2O
Asimetría molecular: moléculas quirales y no quirales.
 Monosacáridos Estructura

Aldosas
Tres carbonos: Aldotriosas

CHO CHO

H C OH HO C H

CH2 OH CH2 OH

D (+) L (-) currentpoint 192837465

Gliceraldéhido
 Monosacáridos Estructura
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Enantiómeros Enantiómeros
CHO CHO CHO CHO

H C OH HO C H HO C H H C OH

H C OH HO C H H C OH HO C H

CH2 OH CH2 OH currentpoint CH 2 OH

192837465 CH2 OH currentpoint 192837465
D-eritrosa L-eritrosa D-treosa L-treosa

DIASTEROISOMEROS
 Monosacáridos Estructura
Aldosas

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H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH

H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH

CH2 OH currentpoint 192837465

CH2OH currentpoint 192837465
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Seis carbonos: Aldohexosas

D-xilosa D-lixosa
C HO
CH O C HO
C HO

H C OH
HO C H OH HO C H
H C

H C OH HO H
H C OH C
HO C H

HO C H
HO C H HO C H
HO C H

H C OH
H C OH H C OH
H C OH

C H 2OH
currentpoint 192837465
currentpoint 192837465 currentpoint 192837465
C H OH
C H OH currentpoint 192837465
C H OH 2
2
2

D-gulosa D-idosa D-galactosa D-talosa

 Monosacáridos Estructura
Cetosas
Tres carbonos: Cetotriosa

CH2 OH
C O
CH2 OH
Dihidroxiacetona
 Monosacáridos Estructura
Cetosas
Cuatro carbonos: Cetotetrosas
CH2 OH CH2 OH
C O C O
H C OH HO C H
CH2 OH CH2 OH

D-eritrulosa L-eritrulosa
 Monosacáridos Estructura
Cetosas
Cinco carbonos: Cetopentosas
CH2OH CH2OH
C O C O
H C OH HO C H
H C OH H C OH
CH2OH CH2OH
D-ribulosa D-xilulosa
 Monosacáridos Estructura
Cetosas
seis carbonos: Cetohexosas

CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

C O C O C O C O
H C OH HO C H H C OH HO C H
H C OH H C OH HO C H HO C H
H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

D-psicosa D-fructosa D-Sorbosa D-tagatosa

D-ribulosa D-xilulosa
Fructofuranosa Glucopiranosa
 Monosacáridos Estructura
70 end
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Seis carbonos: Aldohexosas

D-ribosa D-arabinosa
CHO CHO CHO CHO

H C OH HO C H H C OH HO C H

H C OH H C OH HO C H HO C H

H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH

H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH

CH2 OH currentpoint 192837465

CH2OH currentpoint 192837465
CH2 OH currentpoint 192837465
CH2 OH currentpoint 192837465
D-alosa D-altrosa D-glucosa D-manosa
Mutarrotasas
 Monosacáridos Estructura
Estructura cíclica
CH2OH
O HO CH 2OH
H H OH
O
OH H H HO
HO
HO OH
H OH

Estructura en proyección de
Haworth Conformación silla
Aminoazúcares
OLIGOSACARIDOS

• Formación de disacáridos por reacción entre monosacaridos

Homodisacarido
Enlace glicosidico
Ejemplos de disacáridos
Sacarosa, se conoce como azúcar de
remolacha, azúcar de caña, azúcar de mesa
o simplemente azúcar.
Lactosa, se conoce como azúcar de leche porque se encuentra en una
cantidad de aprox. 5% en la leche de los mamíferos.
 Maltosa, es el carbohidrato que se obtiene (en los animales) por hidrólisis
enzimática del almidón. En la elaboración de cerveza, se libera maltosa a partir
de la malta. Se puede obtener mediante la hidrólisis de almidón y glucogeno.
Polisacáridos

Son los carbohidratos más

abundantes que existen en la
naturaleza. Sirven como
sustancias alimenticias de
reserva y como componentes
estructurales de las células.
Almidón

• Es la fuente más importante en la dieta

humana.

• Se encuentran casi en todos los vegetales,

particularmente en las semillas, donde sirve
como almacén de carbohidratos.

• El almidón es una mezcla de dos polímeros, la

amilosa y la amilopectina.
Glucógeno
• O almidón animal, es el carbohidrato de reserva de los
animales.

• Tiene ramificaciones cada 10 o 12 subunidades de glucosa.

• Prácticamente todas las células de los mamíferos contienen

algo de glucógeno con el propósito de almacenar
carbohidratos.

En épocas de ayuno o durante los periodos de hibernación, los

animales recurren a estas reservas de glucógeno para obtener
la glucosa necesaria a fin de mantener el estado adecuado del
balance metabólico.
Acetil gluocosamina Xilulosa
GLUCOPROTEÍNAS