ruslan surmaniZe, qeTevan SavguliZe, maia WabaSvili

amocanaTa krebuli umaRles algebraSi

Tbilisi

2017
krebuli gankuTvnilia zust da sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebaTa fakultetis, maTematikis, fizikisa da
informatikis specialobis studentebisaTvis

recenzentebi: iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis zust da
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa fakultetis
asocirebuli profesori vaxtang lomaZe;

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis zust da
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa fakultetis
asocirebuli profesori malxaz bakuraZe.

redaqtori: profesori amur TavaZe

2
 Sinaarsi

Tavi 1. kombinatorika

$ 1.1. gadanacvleba, wyoba, jufdeba, maTi raodenobis gamosaTvleli

formulebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

$ 1.2. niutonis binomi, binomialuri koeficientis gamosaTvleli

formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Tavi 2. jgufi, rgoli, veli

$ 2.1. jgufi, rgoli, veli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Tavi 3. kompleqsuri ricxvebi

$ 3.1. kompleqsuri ricxvi, misi algebruli saxe . . . . . . . . . . 17

$ 3.2. kompleqsuri ricxvis trigonometriuli saxe, muavris

formula, Ffesvi kompleqsuri ricxvidan . . . . . . . . . . . 21

$ 3.3. n  uri rigis fesvi erTidan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

$ 3.4. zogierTi jamisa da namravlis gamoTvla kompleqsuri

ricxvebis gamoyenebiT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

$ 3.5. damatebiTi amocanebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Tavi 4. gadanacvleba da Casma

$ 4.1. gadanacvleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

$ 4.2. Casma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Tavi 5 determinanti

$ 5.1. meore da mesame rigis determinanti . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

$ 5.2. n  uri rigis determinanti, determinantis ZiriTadi

Tvisebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

3
$ 5.3. determinantis gamoTvla misi samkuTxa saxeze miyvanis xerxiT 59

$ 5.4. determinantis gamoTvla wrfivi mamravlis gamoyofis xerxiT .60

$ 5.5. determinantis gamoTvla rekurentuli damokidebulebis povnis

xerxiT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

$ 5.6. determinantis gamoTvla misi jamis saxiT warmodgenis gziT 65

$ 5.7. damatebiTi amocanebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Tavi 6. matricTa Teoriis elementebi

$ 6.1. matricTa Teoriis elementebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Tavi 7. wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemebi

$ 7.1. wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema, wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis

amoxsnis gausis meTodi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

$ 7.2. wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsnis krameris xerxi . . . 96

$ 7.3. wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis Tavsebadobis kriteriumi . . 100

$ 7.4. wrfiv erTgvarovan gantolebaTa sistema, amonaxsnTa

fundamenturi sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Tavi 8. polinomTa algebra

$ 8.1. moqmedebebi polinomebze, polinomTa udidesi saerTo gamyofi107

$ 8.2. polinomis fesvi, martivi da jeradi fesvi . . . . . . . . . 112

$ 8.3. polinomis daSla dauyvanad mamravlebad, polinomis

racionaluri fesvi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117

$ 8.4. simetriuli polinomebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Tavi 9. wrfivi sivrceebi

$ 9.1. wrfivi (veqtoruli) sivrce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

4
$ 9.2. veqtorTa wrfivad damokidebuleba, veqtoruli sivrcis
ganzomileba da bazisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

$ 9.3. wrfivi sivrcis qvesivrce, wrfivi garsi . . . . . . . . . . 135

$ 9.4. wrfivi operatori, wrfivi operatoris matrica, birTvi da

anasaxi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

$ 9.5. sakuTrivi veqtorebi da sakuTrivi mniSvnelobebi. . . . . . 151

$ 9.6. damatebiTi amocanebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Tavi 10. kvadratuli formebi

$ 10.1. kvadratuli formis miyvana kanonikur saxeze, rangi da

indeqsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160

pasuxebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

5
 Tavi 1. kombinatorika

$ 1.1. gadanacvleba, wyoba, jufdeba, maTi raodenobis

gamosaTvleli formulebi

erTi da n -elementisagan Sedgenil yovel

imave
dalagebul {a1 , a2 , a3 ,, an } simravles n _gadanacvleba
ewodeba. n ricxvs gadanacvlebis rigi ewodeba.

n rigis yvela gansxvavebul gadanacvlebaTa raodenoba

tolia: Pn  n!

n -elementiani simravlis elementebisagan Sedgenil

yovel m elementian dalagebul qvesimravles ewodeba
wyoba n -elementisa m elementad.

n -elementis m elementad yvela wyobaTa raodenoba

aRiniSneba simboloTi: Anm da gamoiTvleba formuliT:
n!
Anm  .
(n  m)!

cxadia, rom: 1. An0  1 , 2. An1  n , 3. Ann  Pn  n ! .

n -elementiani simravlis nebismierad Sedgenil yovel

m elementian qvesimravles (dalagebis gareSe) ewodeba
jufdeba n -elementisa m elementad.

n -elementis m elementad yvela jufdebaTa raodenoba

aRiniSneba simboloTi: C nm da gamoiTvleba formuliT:
n!
C nm  .
m! (n  m)!

6
cxadia, rom: 1. C n0  1 , 2. C n1  n , 3. C nm  C nn m .

1.1.1. ramden elements unda Seicavdes simravle, rom misi

elementebisagan Sedgenili yvela gadanacvlebaTa
ricxvi iyos: 1. ara umetes 1000-isa; 2. ara nakleb
500 -isa.

1.1.2. SeadgineT A simravlisagan yvela SesaZlo

gadanacvleba, Tu:

1. A  {m, n, p, q} ; 2. A  {1, 2, p, q, a} .

1.1.3. SeasruleT moqmedebebi da gamoTvaleT:

8 !6 ! (n  2)! 1 1 1 1
1. ; 2. ; 3.  ; 4.  .
12! (n  4)! n! (n  4)! (k  2)! k!

1.1.4. ramdeni sxvadasxva xerxiT SeiZleba 6 kacis arCeva

eqvs sxvadasxva Tanamdebobaze, Tu kandidatTa
raodenobaa 12 ?

1.1.5. klasSi 28 moswavlea. gamosaSveb saRamoze maT

erTmaneTs samaxsovro fotosuraTebi gaucvales.
ramdeni fotosuraTi gaicvala sul?

1.1.6. ipoveT 𝑛, Tu cnobilia, rom 𝐴2𝑛 = 210.

1.1.7. ipoveT saWadrako turnirSi monawileTa raodenoba,

Tu TiToeulma monawilem yvela danarCenTan TiTo
partia iTamaSa da sul 55 partia gaTamaSda.

1.1.8. klasis 25 moswavlidan konferenciisaTvis unda

airCion 4 delegati. ramdeni xerxiT SeiZleba amis
gakeTeba?
7
1.1.9. aCveneT Semdegi tolobis samarTlianoba:

a) C74  C73  C84 ; 5

b) C10  C106  C116 .

1.1.10. ramdeni gansxvavebuli xerxiT SeiZleba Sedges 18

moswavliani klasis moswavleTa sia?

1.1.11. ipoveT 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 cifrebisagan Sedgenili yvela

SesaZlo oTxniSna ricxvebis raodenoba, romelSic
yvela cifri erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia

1.1.12. fexburTelTa gundSi 17 moTamaSe iricxeba.

sastarto xuTeulis dayenebis ramdeni sxvadasxva
varianti arsebobs?

1.1.13. amoxseniT gantoleba Ax3  6C x2  x 2  x

.

1.1.14. cifrebisagan 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 Sedgenilia yvela

SesaZlo xuTniSna ricxvi, romelSic cifrebi ar
meordeba. ipoveT, aseTnairad miRebul ricxvebs
Soris, 5 -ianiT dawyebuli ricxvebis raodenoba

1.1.15. ramdeni gansxvavebuli bileTis Sedgena SeiZleba

10 algebruli da 6 geometriuli amocanis
gamoyenebiT, Tu TiToeul bileTSi Sedis 3
algebruli da 2 geometriuli amocana?

1.1.16. amoxseniT utoloba An21  72.

1.1.17. ramdeni sxvadasxva xerxiT SeiZleba ganvalagoT

Taroze wignebis 6 tomi?

8
$ 1.2. niutonis binomi, binomialuri koeficientis
gamosaTvleli formula

nebismieri naturaluri n ricxvisaTvis marTebulia

formula:

(a  b) n  Cn0  a n  Cn1  a n1b  Cn2  a n2 b 2    Cnm  a nm b m    Cnn  b n ,

romelsac niutonis formula (binomi) ewodeba. am

formulis marjvena mxares binomis xarisxis daSla,
xolo C nm koeficientebs _binomuri koeficientebi
ewodeba. binomuri koeficientebis raodenoba ( n  1 )-is
tolia.

binomuri xarisxis daSlis ( k  1 )-e Sesakrebi tolia

Tk  C nk  a n k b k .

boloebidan Tanabrad daSorebuli wevrebis binomuri

koeficientebi erTmaneTis tolia C nm  C nn m ; agreTve

C nk  C km  C nm  C nkmm .

1.2.1. ipoveT  x  x  binomuri daSlis mexuTe wevri.

3 2
12

 
12
1.2.2. ipoveT x  x 2 binomuri daSlis im wevris nomeri,
romelic ar Seicavs x -s.

1.2.3. ipoveT 1 0,01

1000
binomuri daSlis udidesi wevris
nomeri.

1.2.4. ipoveT (2 x 2  3 y 3 ) 6 binomuri daSlis

koeficientebis jami.
9
 Tavi 2. jgufi, rgoli, veli

$ 2.1. jgufi, rgoli, veli

R aracariel simravleze mocemulia binaruli

algebruli operacia, Tu R -is yovel dalagebul a, b 
wyvils calsaxad eTanadeba c  R elementi.

aracariel G simravles ewodeba jgufi, Tu masze

ganmartebulia erTi binaruli algebruli operacia  ,
romlisTvisac sruldeba pirobebi (aqsiomebi):

1. asociaciuroba: a  b   c  a  b  c , a, b, c  G ;

2. am operaciis mimarT neitraluri n  G elementis

arseboba: a  n  n  a  a, a  G ;

3. simetriuli elementis arseboba:

  
a  G, a  G : a  a  a  a  n .

Tu es operacia Sekrebis operaciaa, maSin jgufs

adiciurs uwodeben, n -s nulovan elements da a   a
elements a -s mopirdapires;

Tu es operacia gamravlebaa, maSin jgufs

multiplikaciuri jgufi ewodeba, xolo n -s
erTeulovani elementi da a   a 1 elements a -s
Sebrunebuli.

R aracariel simravles ewodeba rgoli, Tu masze

ganmartebulia Sekrebisa da gamravlebis binaruli
algebruli operaciebi, romlebisTvisac sruldeba
Semdegi aqsiomebi:
10
1. komutaciuroba Sekrebis mimarT: a  b  b  a, a, b  R ;

2. asociaciuroba Sekrebis mimarT:

a  b  c  a  b  c , a, b, c  R ;
3. asociaciuroba gamravlebis mimarT:
a  b  c  a  b  c , a, b, c  R ;
4. distribuciulobis aqsiomebi: a  b  c   a  b  a  c ,
a  b c  a  c  b  c, a, b, c  R ;
5. nulovani elementis
arsebobis Sesaxeb aqsioma:
  R :a  R, a      a  a ;

6. mopirdapire elementis arsebobis Sesaxeb aqsioma:

a,  a   R : a   a    a   a   ;

Tu R rgolSi damatebiT sruldeba komutaciurobis

aqsioma gamravlebis mimarT a, b  R; a  b  b  a , maSin
rgols ewodeba abeluri.

Tu R rgolSi arsebobs iseTi e elementi, rom

a  R : a  e  e  a  a , maSin rgols erTeuliani rgoli
ewodeba.

R rgolis K  R qvesimravles ewodeba misi qvergoli,

Tu K TviTonaa rgoli R -rgolSi ganmartebuli
binaruli algebruli operaciebis mimarT.

imisaTvis, rom K  R qvesimravle iyos R rgolis

qvergoli, aucilebelia da sakmarisi, rom:
a, b  K  a  b  K , ab  K .

11
aranulovan, komutaciur, erTeulian rgols, romlis
yoveli aranulovani elementi Sebrunebadia ewodeba
veli.

K velis K '  K qvesimravles ewodeba misi qveveli, Tu

K ' TviTonaa veli K - velSi ganmartebuli binaruli
algebruli operaciebis mimarT.

imisaTvis, rom K '  K qvesimravle iyos K velis

qveveli, aucilebelia da sakmarisi, rom:
a, b  K '  a  b  K ' , ab1  K ' .

rgolis aranulovan a da b elements ewodeba rgolis

nulis gamyofebi, Tu adgili aqvs tolobas a  b   .

Tu rgoli nulis gamyofTa erT wyvils mainc Seicavs

mas nulgamyofiani rgoli ewodeba, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi - unulgamyofo.

komutaciur, erTeulian, unulgamyofo rgols mTelobis

are ewodeba.

Tu M da M ' ori aracarieli simravlea da TiToeul

maTganze ganmartebulia Sekrebisa da gamravlebis
binaruli algebruli operaciebi, maSin M simravlis
M' simravleze F urTierTcalsaxa asaxvas ewodeba
izomorfizmi, Tu a, b  M elementebisaTvis adgili aqvs
tolobebs: F a  b   F a   F b  da F a  b   F a   F b  .

2.1.1. daaxasiaTeT M simravleze ganmartebuli

binaruli algebruli operacia “  ” , Tu:
a) M  N da a  b  5 a  b ;
12
 b) M  R da a  b  cos a  cos b ;
g) M  N da a  b  a  b  1 ;
d) M  Z da a  b  a 3  b 3 .

2.1.2. vTqvaT, M aracarieli simravlea, xolo X - mis

yvela qvesimravleTa simravle. daaxasiaTeT X
simravleze ganmartebuli binaruli algebruli
operacia  , Tu: a) A  B  A  B ; b) A  B  A  B ;
g) A  B  A \ B ; d) A  B   A \ B   B \ A .

2.1.3. daadgineT, qvemoT mocemuli simravleebidan

romeli warmoadgens rgols:

a) mTel ricxvTa simravle, ricxvebis Sekrebisa da

gamravlebis operaciebis mimarT;

b) luw ricxvTa simravle, ricxvebis Sekrebisa da

gamravlebis operaciebis mimarT;

g) kent ricxvTa simravle, ricxvebis Sekrebisa da

gamravlebis operaciebis mimarT;

d) n  N ricxvis jerad ricxvTa simravle,

ricxvebis Sekrebisa da gamravlebis operaciebis
mimarT;

e) Q da R simravleebi, ricxvebis Sekrebisa da

gamravlebis operaciebis mimarT.

2.1.4. aCveneT, rom M  a, b  : a, b  Z  simravle, masze

  
ganmartebuli a, b  a ' , b '  a  a ' , b  b '  da

13
 a, b  a ' , b '   a  a ' , b  b '  operaciebis
mimarT, aris
rgoli. ipoveT misi yvela nulis gamyofi.

2.1.5. aCveneT, rom erTeulian rgolSi Sekrebis

operaciis komutaciuroba rgolis danarCeni
aqsiomebidan gamomdinareobs.

2.1.6. daamtkiceT, rom sasruli, unulgamyofo,

komutaciuri rgoli, romelic Seicavs erTze met
elements, aris veli.

2.1.7. daamtkiceT, rom rgolSi ax  ay tolobidan

gamomdinareobs x  y toloba maSin, da mxolod
maSin, roca a ar aris marcxena nulis gamyofi.

2.1.8. aCveneT, rom Tu rgolSi arsebobs erTi mainc

elementi, romelic ar warmoadgens rgolis nulis
gamyofs, maSin Sekrebis komutaciuroba
gamomdinareobs rgolis danarCeni aqsiomebidan.

2.1.9. daamtkiceT, rom nebismier m -elementian rgolSi

adgili aqvs tolobas ma  a
 
aa  0 .
m

2.1.10. ipoveT M simravliT warmoqmnili idealebi:

a) M  3; 5, Z -rgolSi; b) M  4;10, Z -rgolSi;

 
g) M  x 6  1; x 4  1 , Rx -rgolSi;

d) M  x; x  1, Rx -rgolSi;

 
e) M  x 4  4x 2  7 x  2; x 3  3x 2  4 , Qx da Rx  -
rgolebSi.
14
2.1.11. aCveneT, rom M aracarieli simravlis yvela
qvesimravleTa X simravle, masze ganmartebuli
Semdegi operaciebiT: A  B   A \ B   B \ A da
A  B  A  B , A, B  X , warmoadgens erTeulian
rgols pirobiT: T 2  T .

2.1.12. daamtkiceT, rom Tu R rgolSi sruldeba piroba

X 2  X , X  R , maSin rgoli komutaciuria.
samarTliania Tu ara igive debuleba pirobiT:
X 3  X , X  R .

2.1.13. gamoarkvieT, 2.1.3.-Si mocemuli simravleebidan

romeli warmoadgens vels da romeli mTelobis
ares.

2.1.14. gamoikvlieT moduliT n naSTTa klasebis

simravlis struqtura roca:

a) n Sedgenili ricxvia; b) n martivi ricxvia.

2.1.15. ipoveT Z 8 -is, Z 18 -isa da Z 5 -is yvela qvergolebi.

2.1.16. amoxseniT gantolebebi Z11 -Si:

a) x 2  3x  7  0 ; b) x 2  2 x  3  0 ;
g) x 2  5x  1  0 ; d) x 2  3x  5  0 .

2.1.17. Semdegi gantolebebidan romels aqvs amonaxsni

Z11 -Si: a) x 2  5 ; b) x 2  7  0 ; g) x 2  a .

2.1.18. aCveneT, rom a  b3 2  c3 4 , a, b, c  Q saxis ricxvTa

simravle, ricxvebis Sekrebisa da gamravlebis
15
 binaruli algebruli operaciebis mimarT,
warmoadgens vels. ipoveT a  1  3 2  23 4
elementis Sebrunebuli.

2.1.19. aCveneT, rom rgolis Sebrunebad elementTa

simravle warmoadgens jgufs.

2.1.20. aCveneT, rom veli, Sekrebis binaruli operaciis

mimarT, warmoadgens adiciur jgufs. warmoadgens
Tu ara veli, gamravlebis operaciis mimarT,
multiplikaciur jgufs?

2.1.21. daamtkiceT, rom A  a, b  : a, b  Q, a  0 simravle

warmoadgens jgufs Semdegi operaciis mimarT:
a, ba ' , b '   aa' , ab'  b.
2.1.22. aris Tu ara mTel ricxvTa simravle jgufi:

a) ricxvTa Sekrebis operaciis mimarT;

b) ricxvTa gamravlebis operaciis mimarT;

g) ricxvTa gamoklebis operaciis mimarT.

2.1.23. aCveneT, rom jgufis qvejgufTa TanakveTa aris

jgufi.

2.1.24. daamtkiceT, rom:

a) R adiciuri jgufi izomorfulia dadebiT

namdvil ricxvTa multiplikaciuri jgufisa;

b) Q adiciuri jgufi ar aris izomorfuli

dadebiT racionalur ricxvTa multiplikaciuri
jgufisa.
16
 Tavi 3. kompleqsuri ricxvebi

$ 3.1. kompleqsuri ricxvi, misi algebruli saxe

namdvil ricxvTa dalagebul a, b wyvils

kompleqsuri ricxvi ewodeba.

a,0 saxis kompleqsuri ricxvi gaigivebulia namdvil

a ricxvTan.

kompleqsur ricxvTa simravle aRiniSneba simboloTi C .

am simravleze ganmartebulia Sekrebisa da gamravlebis
algebruli operaciebi:

a, b  c, d   a  c, b  d  ; a, b c, d   ac  bd , ad  bc .

am operaciebis mimarT C simravle warmoadgens vels.

0,1 kompleqsuri ricxvi aRiniSneba simboloTi i da

mas warmosaxviTi erTeuli ewodeba.

z  a, b kompleqsuri ricxvis algebruli formaa:

z  a  bi . a namdvil ricxvs z kompleqsuri ricxvis
namdvili nawili ewodeba da Re z simboloTi
aRiniSneba, xolo b namdvil ricxvs _ z kompleqsuri
ricxvis warmosaxviTi nawili da aRiniSneba
simboloTi_ Im z .

z  a  bi kompleqsuri ricxvis SeuRlebuli ewodeba

z  a  bi kompleqsur ricxvs.

mocemuli z1  a1  b1i da z2  a2  b2 i kompleqsuri

ricxvebisaTvis samarTliania:
17
z1  z2  ( a1  a2 )  ( b1  b2 ) i ;

z1 z2  ( a1 a2 - b1 b2 )  ( a1 b2  a2 b1 ) i ;

z1 a1a2  b2b1 b1a2  a1b2

2 
 i , z2  0.
a2  b2 a2  b2
2 2 2
z2

3.1.1. gamoTvaleT:

1. ( 2  i ) ( 5 - i )  (3  2i) (7  5i);

2. (3  i)(12  i)  (4  i)(18  3i);

(3  i )(4  3i )
3. (5  2i)(3  4i)  (2  3i)(6  5i); 4. ;
2i

(6  7i )(2  3i ) (1  2i )(7  i ) (3  i )(2  3i )

5. ; 6. ; 7. ;
3i 3  i 2
1 i

8.
(3  2i )(1  7i )
; 9. 3  i 2  2  i 2 ; 10.
2  2i 5 ;
5  2i 2  2i 7
5
1 3 
11.   i  ; 12. 3  2i 4  2  3i 4 .
 4 4 

3.1.2. gamoTvaleT:

1. 1  5i  4  5i ; 2. 1  3i 2 ; 3. (2  3i)(2  3i) :

1 1  2  3i 13  4i
4.   i 0,5  0,7i ; 5. ; 6. ;
2 3  2  3i 17  9i

18
3.1.3. amoxseniT gantolebebi namdvili x da y
mniSvnelobebisaTvis:

1. 3x  y   2 x  3 y i  4  i;
2. 2 x  7 y   3x  4 y i  11  2i;
3. 3x  7i  6 y  3xi  2  3i;

4. 4x  3 yi  3x  yi  2  4i;

5. 2  3i x  3  2i y  1  7 i;
3 4

3.1.4. gamoTvaleT:

i 88 ; i 57 ; i 68 ; i 2n , n  ; i  n , n  ;
i5  i15  i 25  i35  i 45 ; i  i 2  i 3    i n , n  4;
i 2i 4i 6 i 60 .

3.1.5. amoxseniT gantolebaTa sistemebi:

2  i z1  2  i z2  3  2i 2iz1  3  2i z2  3  8i

1. { 2. {
2  i z1  2  i z2  1  4i; 4iz1  4  3i z2  7  4i;

2  i z13iz2  2i 3z1  4  i z2  1  i

3. { 4. {
4iz1  3  4i z2  4  5i; 3  i z1  1  5i z2  3i;
3.1.6. gamoTvaleT:

3 i2 3  3i 3  2i 3i
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4.  .
i2 i2 3 1 i 2  3i  2  5i
19
3.1.7. amoxseniT gantolebebi:

1. z 2  i; 2. z 2  2  3i; 3. z 2  7  4i;
4. z 2  3  2i z  i  2  0; 5. z 2  4z  10i  7.

1 3
3.1.8. vTqvaT, z  i ; gamoTvaleT:
2 2

1. a  bz2  cz a  bz  cz 2 ; 2. a  ba  bza  bz2 ;

3. a  bz  cz 2   a  bz 2  cz  .
3 3

3.1.9. amoxseniT Semdegi gantolebebi maTi marcxena

mxareebis namdvilkoeficientebian mravalwevrTa
namravlad daSlis gziT:

1. x4  6 x3  9x2  100  0; 2. x 4  2x 2  24x  72  0;

3. x4  3x2  4  0; 4. x4  30x2  289  0.

3.1.10 daamtkiceT, rom Tu a  bi  x  yi , n  ,

n
maSin


a 2  b2  x 2  y 2 . n

3.1.11. daamtkiceT:

1. zkompleqsuri ricxvi namdvili rom iyos

aucilebeli da sakmarisia, rom Sesruldes
toloba: z  z;

2. z kompleqsuri ricxvi wminda warmosaxviTi rom

iyos aucilebeli da sakmarisia, rom Sesruldes
toloba: z   z;

20
 z  z
3. z1  z2  z1  z2 ; z1 z2  z1 z2 ;  1   1 , z2  0 .
 z2  z2

3.1.12. ra SemTxvevaSi iqneba namdvili ricxvi:

a) ori kompleqsuri ricxvis jami;
b) ori kompleqsuri ricxvis namravli.

3.1.13. aCveneT, rom:


1. z  z  2 Re z; 2. z  z  2i Im z; 3. ( z )  z;
4. z  z ; 
5. z n   z , n  ;
n
6. z z  z .
2

3.1.14. daamtkiceT, rom nebismieri namdvili

koeficientebis mqone f mravalwevrisa da
nebismieri z kompleqsuri ricxvisaTvis adgili

aqvs tolobas: f z  f z .

$ 3.2. kompleqsuri ricxvis trigonometriuli saxe,

muavris formula, fesvi kompleqsuri ricxvidan

yovel z  a, b 
kompleqsur ricxvs
Seesabameba 𝑥𝑂𝑦
sakoordinato sibrtyis
erTaderTi wertili
koordinatebiT ( a , b )
da piriqiT_ am
sibrtyis yovel
wertils Seesabameba
erTaderTi kompleqsuri ricxvi (am wertilis
21
koordinatebisagan Sedgenili dalagebuli wyvili). ase
agebul sakoordinato sibrtyes kompleqsuri sibrtye
ewodeba. 𝑂𝑥 RerZs - namdvili RerZi , xolo 𝑂𝑦 -
s_warmosaxviT RerZi ewodeba.

kompleqsur sibrtyeze aRebul yovel z  a  bi saxis

kompleqsur ricxvs Seesabameba r ,   wyvili, sadac: r
aris z kompleqsuri ricxvis Sesabamisi radius-
veqtoris sigrZe OM , mas kompleqsuri ricxvis

moduli ewodeba da aRiniSneba z -iT , xolo 

warmoadgens im kuTxis sidides, romelsac OM radius-
veqtori qmnis 𝑂𝑥 RerZis dadebiT mimarTulebasTan,
amasTan, es kuTxe gadazomilia saaTis isris
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT.  -s ewodeba z ricxvis
argumenti da aRiniSneba simboloTi Argz .

z  a  bi ricxvis moduli gamoiTvleba formuliT

z  a2  b2 .

moduli calsaxadaa gansazRvruli, xolo

argumenti_ara. amitom z kompleqsuri ricxvisaTvis
ganimarteba misi e.w. mTavari argumenti arg z _
argumentis is mniSvneloba, romelic   ,   SualedSia
moTavsebuli. z ricxvis nebismieri argumenti
gamoiTvleba Semdegi formuliT Argz  arg z  2k , k  .

kompleqsuri ricxvis mTavari argumentis gamosaTvleli

formula:

22
  b
arctg ,a  0
a

 b
arg z  arctg   , a  0, b  0
 a
 b
arctg a   , a  0, b  0


z  0,0 kompleqsur ricxvisaTvis argumenti ar

ganimarteba.

rogorc naxazidan Cans, a  r cos da b  r sin.

z  a  bi kompleqsuri ricxvis trigonometriuli

forma: z  r cos  i sin  .

z kompleqsuri ricxvi SeiZleba Caiweros e.w.

i
maCvenebliani saxiT: z  re .

kompleqsuri ricxvis axarisxebis muavris formula:

𝑧 𝑛 = |𝑧|𝑛 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 arg 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 arg 𝑧), ∀𝑛 ∊ 𝑍,

anu 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜑 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜑), ∀𝑛 ∊ 𝑍.

z kompleqsuri ricxvidan n -uri rigis fesvis amoRebis

formula:

𝑛 𝑛 arg 𝑧+2𝜋𝑘 arg 𝑧+2𝜋𝑘

√𝑧 = √|𝑧| (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛
), 𝑘 = 0,1,2, . . . , 𝑛 − 1,
𝑛 𝑛 𝜑+2𝜋𝑘 𝜑+2𝜋𝑘
anu √𝑧 = √𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 ) , 𝑘 = 0,1,2, . . . , 𝑛 − 1.

3.2.1. Semdegi kompleqsuri ricxvebi warmoadgineT

trigonometriuli saxiT:
23
 1. 1; 2.  2 ; 3. i; 4.  i; 5. 1  i; 6. 1  i;
7. 1  i ; 8.  1  i; 9. 1  i 3; 10. 3  4i; 11.  5;
3
12. 1  i 207 ; 13.  1  i 3; ; 15. 2  i 3;
14. 1  i
3
16. cos  i sin ; 17. 1  cos  i sin ; 18. cos10  i sin10 ;

3.2.2. gamoTvaleT:

1. 1  i 1000 ; 
2. 1  i 3 
150
; 3.  
3 i ;
30

48 12
 3 1 
4. 1 
2
 i  ;
2 

5. 2  2  i ;  12 1 i 3 
6. 
1  i
 ;

  
30
 3i
7.   ;
 8. cos 20  i sin 20 cos70  i sin 70 ;
 1  i 

9. cos50  i sin 50 cos70  i sin 70 ;

10.  cos 3  i sin 3  cos 2  i sin 2  cos 7  i sin 7 ;
 4 4  3 3  12 12 
11. 1  cos  i sin   , n  ; n

2 2
12. 1   n , n  , sadac   cos  i sin ;
3 3

3.2.3. gamoTvaleT:

1. cos130  i sin130 ; 3 i
 
2. ;
cos 40  i sin 40 1 i

cos140  i sin140 cos109  i sin109

3. ; 4. ;
cos50  i sin 50 cos 49  i sin 49
24
 1
3.2.4. aCveneT, rom Tu z   2 cos , maSin
z
1
zn   2 cos n , n  .
zn

3.2.5. aCveneT, rom Tu z 

1
, maSin 1  i z 3  iz 3
 .
2 4

3.2.6. SeasruleT moqmedebebi:

 
1. 1  i 3 1  i cos  i sin ;

2.
cos  i sin
; 3.
1  i 3 cos  i sin  .
cos  i sin 21  i cos  i sin  

3.2.7. daamtkiceT, rom:

1. 1  i n  2 2  cos  n  i sin  n ;

n

 4 4 

2.    n n 
3  i n  2 n  cos  i sin ;
 6 6 

 1  itg 
3.   
n
1  itgn
; 4.
1  i 3  3n

 2.
 1  itg  1  itgn 1  i 4n
3.2.8. gamosaxeT sin x -iT da cos x -iT:

1. sin 4 x; 2. cos 4 x; 3. sin 5x;

4. cos5x; 5. sin 6 x.

3.2.9. gamosaxeT tgx -iT: 1. tg 3x; 2. tg 5x; 3. tg 6x.

25
3.2.10. aCveneT, rom:

1. cos3 x 
1
3 cos x  cos3x ; 2. sin3 x  1 3sin x  sin 3x ;
4 4
3. sin 4 x  cos 4 x  4 cos 2 x  3;
1
8
4. cos5 x  cos5 x  5 cos3x  10 cos x .
1
16

3.2.11. ipoveT fesvis yvela mniSvneloba:

1. 3 1; 2. 4  4 ; 3. 6
i;

5. 3 1  i ; 6. 3 1  i  ;
6 3
4. 64;
1 i
7. 8 8 2 1  i ; 8. 3  4i ; 9. 3 ;
3i

10. 4
1 i
1 i 3
; 
11. 10 512 1  i 3 ;  12. 3 2  2i ;

27  54i 8  24i
13. 3 ; 14. 3 ; 15. 6 1.
2i 3i

3.2.12. gamosaxeT radikalebSi:

2 2 4 4
1. cos ; 2. sin ; 3. cos ; 4. sin .
3 3 5 5

3.2.13. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom

namdvilkoeficientebiani kvadratuli gantolebis
fesvebi iyos 2  3i da 1  i ? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

26
3.2.14. SeadgineT namdvilkoeficientebiani kvadratuli
gantoleba Tu cnobilia, rom misi erT-erTi
fesvis mniSvnelobaa:

3i 1 i 1 i 3
1. 1  3i 5  7i ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. .
2i 1 i 1 i

3.2.15. amoxseniT gantoleba:

1. z  1n  z  1n  0; 2. z  1n  z  1n  0;

3. z  i n  z  i n  0; 4. z  5i n  z  5i n  0;
5. z  2n  z  2n  0; 6. z  3i n  iz  3i n  0.

3.2.16. kompleqsur sibrtyeze monaxeT Semdegi

kompleqsuri ricxvebis Sesabamisi wertilebi:

1. 1  i; 2. 2  i; 3.  4  5i; 4.  7  5 i;
5. 5  0 i; 6. 0 i  9; 7. 5i; 8.  8i;
2 2
9.  1  i 3; 10.  i;
2 2

3.2.17. ipoveT kompleqsuri ricxvebi, romlebic

Seesabamebian:

1. 3-is toli gverdis mqone kvadratis wveroebs,

romlis centric koordinatTa saTaveSia da erTi
gverdi namdvili RerZis paraleluria;

2. im wesieri samkuTxedis wveroebs, romlis

centric koordinatTa saTaveSia, misi erTi
gverdi namdvili RerZis paraleluria da am
gverdis mopirdapire wvero aris warmosaxviT

27
 RerZze, amasTan am samkuTxedze Semoxazuli
wrewiris radiusia r ;

3. wesieri n  kuTxedis wveroebs, romlis

centric koordinatTa saTaveSia da erT-erTi
wvero aris 1,0  wertili.

3.2.18. rogor aris ganlagebuli kompleqsur sibrtyeze

wertilebi, romlebic Seesabamebian:

1. z1, z2 , z3 kompleqsur ricxvebs, Tu z1  z 2  z3  0

da z1  z2  z3  0 ;

2. z1, z2 , z3 , z4 kompleqsur ricxvebs, Tu

z1  z 2  z3  z4  0 da z1  z2  z3  z4  0 .

3.2.19. kompleqsur sibrtyeze aRwereT im wertilTa

simravle, romelTa Sesabamisi kompleqsuri
ricxvebisaTvis:


1. z  1; 2. r  2,  ; 3. r  4; 4. r  7;
4
  
5. r  8; 6. 4  r  7; 7. ; 8.   ;
6 4 2
3
9. 0    ; 10. Re z  0; 11. Im z  4;
2
12. 1  Re z  2; 13. Re z  Im z  2;
1 1
14. z  1  z  1  3; 15. Re  ;
z 2

28
 16. z  i  z  i  4; 17. z  2  3i  2;
18. 1  z  2  i  4; 19. z  1  z  1.

1
3.2.20. ra traeqtoria aRiwerebawertilis mier, roca
z
z gaivlis wrewirs centriT a  bi wertilSi da
radiusiT r ?

3.2.21. ra traeqtorias aRwers wertili z 2 , roca z

wertili gaivlis  1  i, 2  i, 2  2i,  1 2i
wveroebis mqone kvadratis perimetrs?

3.2.22. daamtkiceT z1  z2  z1  z2
2 2
 2 2

 2 z1  z2 . igiveoba
da gaarkvieT misi geometriuli Sinaarsi.

3.2.23. kompleqsuri sibrtyis romeli wertilebisaTvis

sruldeba toloba:

1. 2a  b  i a  2b  3;

2. a 2  4  i b  4  20.

3.2.24. kompleqsuri sibrtyis A da B wertilebi

z1  6  3i da z2  3  4i kompleqsur ricxvebs
Seesabamebian. SeadgineT AOB kuTxis biseqtrisis
gantoleba (𝑂 wertili koordinatTa saTavea).

3.2.25. paralelogramis A, B da C wveroebi z1, z2 da z3

kompleqsur ricxvebs Seesabamebian. ipoveT

29
 paralelogramis meoTxe, B wveros mopirdapire,
wveros Sesabamisi kompleqsuri ricxvi.

3.2.26. ipoveT kvadratis ori mopirdapire wveros

Sesabamisi kompleqsuri ricxvebi, Tu misi
danarCeni ori wveros Sesabamisi kompleqsuri
ricxvebia z da w.

3.2.27. wesieri n  kuTxedis ori mezobeli wveros

Sesabamisi kompleqsuri ricxvebia z1 da z 2 .
ipoveT am mravalkuTxedis danarCeni wveroebis
Sesabamisi ricxvebi.

$ 3.3. n  uri rigis fesvi erTidan

1  dan n  uri rigis  fesvi ekuTvnis l maCvenebels

l  n , Tu l aris umciresi naturaluri ricxvi,
romlisTvisac  l  1.

1  dan n  uri rigis  fesvs ewodeba pirveladi fesvi,

Tu igi ekuTvnis n  maCvenebels anu 𝑛 aris umciresi
naturaluri ricxvi, romlisTvisac  n  1.

3.3.1. gamosaxeT radikalebSi 1  dan n  uri rigis 

fesvebi, Tu:

n  2, 3, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24.

3.3.2. ipoveT 1  dan n  uri rigis yvela fesvis jami da

namravli.
30
3.3.3. aCveneT, rom:

2k 2k
1. n 1   0 , 1 ,  2  n 1, sadac  k  cos  i sin ;
n n

2.  k  1 , k  0,1,2 n  1;
k

 , k  l  n
3.  k  l   k l , k , l  0,1n  1.
 k l  n , k  l  n

3.3.4. ipoveT 1  dan n  uri rigis yvela pirveladi

fesvi, Tu: n  2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8,12,16, 24

3.3.5. romel maCvenebels miekuTvneba 1 -dan n -uri rigis

TiToeuli fesvi, Tu: n  15; n  20.

3.3.6. ipoveT 1  yvela is fesvi, romelic miekuTvneba

600

maCvenebels 6.

2i
3.3.7. aris Tu ara 1  dan romelime rigis fesvi
2i
ricxvi.

3.3.8. aCveneT, rom 1  dan n  uri rigis  fesvi

pirveladia maSin, da mxolod maSin, roca
 ,  2 ,  3  n 1,  n  1 ricxvebi wyvil-wyvilad
gansxvavebulia.

3.3.9. aCveneT, rom Tu 1  dan n  uri rigis  fesvi

ekuTvnis l maCvenebels, maSin 𝑙 yofs 𝑛-s.

31
3.3.10. ipoveT 1  dan n  uri rigis yvela fesvis k  uri
xarisxebis jami.

n 1
3.3.11. ipoveT 
k 0
k
, sadac  aris 1  dan 2n  rigis

pirveladi fesvi.

3.3.12. aCveneT, rom:

1. 1  dan n  uri rigisa da 1  dan m  uri rigis

fesvTa namravli aris 1  dan nm  rigis fesvi;

2. 1  dan n  uri rigis pirveladi fesvisa da

1  dan m  uri rigis pirveladi fesvis namravli
aris 1  dan nm rigis pirveladi fesvi, Tu
n, m  1.

$ 3.4. zogierTi jamisa da namravlis gamoTvla

kompleqsuri ricxvebis gamoyenebiT

3.4.1. gamoTvaleT jami:

1. 1  Cn  Cn  Cn  ; 2. 1  Cn  Cn  ;
2 4 6 1 2

3. Cn  Cn  Cn  Cn  ; 4. 1  Cn  Cn  ;
1 3 5 7 4 8

1 1 1
5. Cn  Cn  Cn  ; 6. Cn1  Cn 3  Cn 5  Cn 7  ;
1 5 9

3 9 27

7. 1  2  3 2    n n 1, sadac  aris 1  dan

n  uri rigis fesvi.
32
3.4.2. daamtkiceT, rom:

1 n 
1. 1  Cn 3  Cn 6     2n  2 cos ;
3 3 
1
2. Cn1  Cn4  Cn7     2n  2 cos
n  2 ;

3 3 

1
3. Cn2  Cn5  Cn8     2n  2 cos
n  4 .

3 3 

3.4.3. vTqvaT,  aris 1  dan n  uri rigis fesvi.

gamoTvaleT Semdegi jami:

n n
1.  k 2 k 1;
k 1
2. k 
k 1
3 k 1
.

3.4.4. daamtkiceT, rom:

n 1 n
cos x cos x
1. cos x  cos 2 x    cos nx  2 2 , x  2k , k  ;
x
sin
2

n n 1
sin x sin x
2. sin x  sin 2 x    sin nx  2 2 , x  2k , k  ;
x
sin
2

 3 5 7 9 1
3. cos  cos  cos  cos  cos  ;
11 11 11 11 11 2

4. cos 2  cos 4  cos 6  cos 8  cos10   1 ;

11 11 11 11 11 2

33
 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 (2𝑛−1)𝜋
5. cos 𝑛 + cos 𝑛
+ cos 𝑛
+ ⋯ + cos 𝑛
= 0;

6. sin   sin 3  sin 5    sin 2n  1   0.

n n n n

3.4.5. aCveneT, rom:

n
 k  x
2 n 1
1
1.   x
k 1
2
 2 x cos  1 
2n  1  x 1
;

n 1
 2 k  x 1
2n
2.   x  2 x cos
k 1  n
 1  2
 x 1
;

n 1
k n n
k 2n  1
3.  sin 2n  2
k 1
n 1
; 4.  sin 2n  1 
k 1 2n
.

$ 3.5. damatebiTi amocanebi

3.5.1. aCveneT, rom:

1. 1  i 8n  24 n , n  ;
2. 1  i 4 n   1n 22 n , n  .

3.5.2. daamtkiceT: 1. z1  z2  z1  z2 ;
2. z1  z2  z1  z2 ;

3. z1  z2  z1  z2  z1 da z2 ricxvebis Sesabamisi
radius-veqtorebi TanamimarTulia;

4. z1  z2  z1  z2  z1 da z2 ricxvebis Sesabamisi
radius-veqtorebi sawinaaRmdegod mimarTulia.

34
3.5.3. daamtkiceT Semdegi utolobis samarTlianoba:
z1  z2  z1  z2  min  z1 , z2  arg z1  arg z2 ,

ra SemTxvevaSi eqneba adgili tolobas?

3.5.4. aCveneT, rom:

n
2
 
1. cos nx    1k Cn2 k cosn  2 k x sin2 k x;
k o
 n 1 
 2 
 
2. sin nx    1 C
k 0
k 2 k 1
n cosn  2 k 1 x sin2 k 1 x.

3.5.5. aCveneT, rom Tu n z  z1 , z2 ,, zn , maSin

n

z  z1, z2 ,, zn . 
3.5.6. daamtkiceT Semdegi tolobebis samarTlianoba:

1. n
z1n z2  z1 n z2 ; 2. n
 z1n z2   z1 n z2 ;

3. n z simravlisa da n
 z simravlis gaerTianeba
2n
aris z 2 simravle.
𝑚𝑛 𝑛
3.5.7. WeSmaritia Tu ara Semdegi toloba: √𝑧 𝑚 = √𝑧,
𝑚 > 1?

3.5.8. daamtkiceT, rom:

1. 1  dan n  uri rigis fesvebis Gn simravle

gamravlebis operaciis mimarT, n  uri rigis
ciklur jgufs warmoadgens;
35
 2. yoveli n  uri rigis G cikluri jgufi
izomorfulia Gn -is.

3.5.9. aCveneT, rom,  aris 1  dan n  uri rigis

pirveladi fesvi, Tu  aris 1  dan n  uri rigis
pirveladi fesvi.

3.5.10. daamtkiceT, rom Tu m, n   1 , maSin  aris 1  dan

nm  rigis pirveladi fesvi maSin, da mxolod
maSin, roca  warmoadgens 1  dan n  uri rigis
pirveladi fesvisa da 1  dan m  uri rigis
pirveladi fesvis namravls.

3.5.11. ganvixiloT eileris  n  funqcia. daamtkiceT,

rom:

1. 1  dan n  uri rigis pirveladi fesvebis

raodenoba  n   is tolia;

2. Tu m, n   1 , maSin  mn    m  n ;

3.   p   p  1, Tu p  martivi ricxvia;

4.   pn   pn  pn 1, Tu p  martivi ricxvia;

5. Tu n  p1k p2k  plk , sadac p1, p2 ,, pl 

1 2 l

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli martivi ricxvebia,

l
pk  1
maSin  n   n  .
k 1 pk

36
3.5.12. daamtkiceT, rom 1  dan n  uri rigis  k fesvis
n
maCvenebeli l gamoiTvleba formuliT: l  .
n,k 
3.5.13. ipoveT 1  dan n  uri rigis  fesvis maCvenebeli,
Tu cnobilia, rom  k
miekuTvneba l  maCvenebels.

3.5.14.  n   aRniSnavs 1  dan n  uri rigis yvela

pirveladi fesvis jams. aCveneT, rom:

1.  1  1;
2.   p   1, sadac p  martivi ricxvia;

3.   p   0,
k
sadac p  martivi ricxvia da k  1;

4.  nm   n  m, Tu n, m   1.

3.5.15. daamtkiceT, rom:

m 1
1. 22 m cos2 m x  2 C2i m cos 2m  i x  C2mm ;
i 0

m
2. 22 m cos2 m 1 x   C2i m 1 cos2m  2i  1x;
i 0

m 1
3. 22 m sin 2 m x  2  1 C2i m cos 2m  i x  C2mm ;
mi

i 0

m
4. 22 m sin 2 m 1 x    1 C2i m 1 sin2m  2i  1x;
mi

i 0

37
 5. sin mx  2 cos x m 1  Cm1  2 2 cos x m 3  Cm2 3 2 cos x m 5  .
sin x

3.5.16. gamoTvaleT jami:

1. 1  a cos x  a2 cos 2x    an cos nx;

2. cos x  Cn1 cos 2 x    Cnn cosn  1x;

3. sin x  Cn1 sin 2 x    Cnn sinn  1x;

4. sin x  2 sin 2x  3sin 3x    n sin nx;

5. cos x  2 cos 2x  3cos3x    n cos nx;

6. sin2 x  sin2 3x    sin2 2n  1x;

3.5.17. aCveneT, rom:

1. cos  x cos     x cos  x cos   

2
cos  2     x n cos  n     ;
1  2 x cos   x 2

2. sin  x sin     x sin  x sin   

2
sin  2     x n sin  n     ;
1  2 x sin   x 2

3.5.18. kompleqsur sibrtyeze gamosaxeT simravle yvela

im wertilebisa, romelTa Sesabamisi z
kompleqsuri ricxvebi akmayofileben pirobas:
z  z1
  , sadac   0.
z  z2

3.5.19. daamtkiceT, rom wilad-wrfiv asaxvas

az  b
 , ad  bc  1 namdvili wrfe gadahyavs
cz  d
wrfeSi maSin da mxolod maSin, roca a, b, c, d  R.

38
3.5.20. daamtkiceT, rom yvela im wilad-wrfiv asaxvas,
romelsac zeda naxevarsibrtye gadahyavs
erTeulovan Ria wreSi, cenrtiT koordinatTa
saTaveSi, aqvs saxe:

z b
a , sadac a  1, Im b  0.
z b
3.5.21. daamtkiceT, rom yvela im wilad-wrfiv asaxvas,
romelsac erTeulovani Ria wre, cenrtiT
koordinatTa saTaveSi, gadahyavs Tavis TavSi aqvs
saxe:

z b
a , sadac a  1, b  1.
1  zb

3.5.22. gamoarkvieT   z n , n  2 asaxvis geometriuli

Sinaarsi.

Tavi 4. gadanacvleba da Casma

$ 4.1. gadanacvleba

n -rigis 1, 2, 3,, n gadanacvlebas ewodeba mTavari, Tu

masSi elementebi dalagebulia nomerTa zrdis mixedviT.

a1 , a2 , a3 ,, an gadanacvlebis ak da am elementebi

adgenen inversias (uwesrigobas), Tu ak  am da k  m .

gadanacvlebas ewodeba luwi gadanacvleba, Tu is

inversiaTa luw raodenobas Seicavs. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, mas ewodeba kenti gadanacvleba.
39
mTavari gadanacvleba luwia.

gadanacvlebis nebismieri ori elementisaTvis

adgilebis urTierTSecvlas transpozicia ewodeba.

gadanacvlebaSi yoveli ori elementis transpozicia

cvlis mis luw-kentovnebas (wyviladobas).

yvela SesaZlo n -rigis gadanacvlebebs Soris naxevari

luwi da naxevari kenti gadanacvlebaa.

4.1.1. ipoveT inversiaTa ricxvi Semdeg gadanacvlebaSi:

1. 2, 3, 5, 4,1 ; 2. 6, 3,1, 2, 5, 4 ; 3. 1, 9, 6, 3, 2, 5, 4, 7, 8 ;
4. 7, 5, 6, 4,1, 3, 2 ; 5. 1, 3, 5, 7,, 2n  1, 2, 4, 6, 8,, 2n ;
6. 2, 4, 6, 8,, 2n,1, 3, 5, 7,, 2n  1 .

4.1.2. ipoveT inversiaTa ricxvi gadanacvlebaSi da

daadgineT n -is ra mniSvnelobisTvisaa luwi an
kenti:

1. 1, 4, 7,, 3n  2, 2, 5, 8,, 3n  1, 3, 6, 9,, 3n ;

2. 3, 6, 9,, 3n, 2, 5, 8,, 3n  1,1, 4, 7,, 3n  2 ;

3. 2, 5, 8,, 3n  1, 3, 6, 9,, 3n, 1, 4, 7,, 3n  2 ;

4. 2, 5, 8,, 3n  1, 1, 4, 7,, 3n  2, 3, 6, 9,, 3n ;

5. 1, 5, 9,, 4n  3, 2, 6,10,, 4n  2, 3, 7,11,, 4n  1, 4, 8,12,, 4n ;

4.1.3. romel gadanacvlebaSi qmnian 1, 2, 3,, n ricxvebi

inversiaTa udides raodenobas? ipoveT es
raodenoba.

40
4.1.4. ipoveT inversiaTa raodenoba, romelsac qmnis
ricxvi 1 , Tu is gadanacvlebis k -ur adgilze
dgas.

4.1.5. ipoveT inversiaTa raodenoba, romelsac qmnis

ricxvi n , Tu is mTavari gadanacvlebis k -ur
adgilze dgas.

$ 4.2. Casma

A  {1, 2, 3,, n} dalagebuli simravlis yoveli

 (i)  ai , 1  i  n , urTierTcalsaxa asaxvas Tavis Tavze,
n -uri xarisxis Casma ewodeba da Caiwereba Semdegi
 1 2 3 n 
saxiT:   , sadac, 1  ai  n da ai  a j , i  j .
 a1 a 2 a3  a n 

Casmas ewodeba luwi, Tu misi zeda striqonis

Sesabamisi gadanacvleba mTavaria, xolo qveda
striqonis Sesabamisi gadanacvleba _luwi.

Casmas ewodeba kenti, Tu misi zeda striqonis

Sesabamisi gadanacvleba mTavaria, xolo qveda
striqonis Sesabamisi gadanacvleba _kenti.

n -uri xarisxis f da g gadanacvlebaTa f  g namravli

(kompozicia) ewodeba gadanacvlebas, romelic miiReba
maTi Tanmimdevruli Sesrulebis gziT, anu:

( f  g )(i)  f ( g (i)) .

n -uri xarisxis yvela gadanacvlebaTa simravle,

gamravlebis operaciis mimarT, warmoadgens jgufs,

41
romelsac simetriuli jgufi ewodeba da S n -iT
aRiniSneba.

4.2.1. ipoveT Semdegi Casmis Sebrunebuli Casma:

 1 2 3 4 5  1 2 3 4 5
1.   2.  
 4 5 3 2 1  2 1 3 5 4

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7  1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3.   4.   ;
 4 5 2 7 1 3 6  4 2 1 5 7 6 3

4.2.2. ipoveT Semdeg CasmaTa namravli:

1 2 3 4  1 2 3 4 
1.      ;
4 1 3 2  3 2 4 1 

1 2 3 4 5  1 2 3 4 5
2.      ;
2 4 5 13  5 3 4 1 2

1 2 3 4 5  1 2 3 4 5
3.      ;
3 5 1 2 4  3 4 1 5 2
2 3
1 2 3 4   1 2 3 4 5
4.   ; 5.   .
 2 4 5 1   3 4 5 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 
4.2.3. ipoveT A , sadac A=  .
100

 3 5 4 1 7 10 2 6 9 8 

42
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 
4.2.4. ipoveT A150 , sadacA=  .
 3 5 4 6 9 7 1 10 8 2 

 1 2 3 4 5
4.2.5. ipoveT A B da B  A , Tu A    da
 3 2 5 1 4
 1 2 3 4 5
B   .
 2 5 4 1 3

1 2 3 4 
4.2.6. ipoveT A 1  B da B  A 1 , Tu A    da
2 3 4 1 
1 2 3 4 
B   .
2 1 4 3 

4.2.7. amoxseniT gantoleba

1 2 3 4 5 6  1 2 3 4 5 6
1.    X    ;
 6 4 3 2 1 5   3 2 1 4 5 6 

1 2 3 4  1 2 3 4 
2. X      .
 4 3 2 1   1 2 4 3 

4.2.8. ipoveT X Casma AXB  C tolobidan, sadac

1 2 3 4 5 6 7  1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A   , B   
3 2 1 6 5 4 
da
7  3 1 2 7 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
C   .
5 1 3 6 4 7 2 

43
 Tavi 5. determinanti

$ 5.1. meore da mesame rigis determinanti

meore rigis determinanti mis mTavar da aramTavar

diagonalebze mdgomi elementebis namravlebis sxvaobis
a11 a12
tolia:   a11a 22  a 21a12 .
a 21 a 22

mesame rigis determinanti tolia:

a11 a12 a13

  a 21 a 22 a 23  a11a 22 a33  a12 a 23 a31  a13 a 21a32  a13 a 22 a31  a12 a 21a33  a11a 23 a32
a31 a32 a33

5.1.1. gamoTvaleT

2 1 4 5 17 12
1. ; 2. ; 3. ;
3 2 7 8 14  11

257 325 a b ab ac
4. ; 5. ; 6. ;
 211 302 c d bd cd

cos sin  cos sin 

7. ; 8. ;
 sin  cos sin  cos 

a log a b loga b
loga b 1
9. ; 10. 1 ;
1 logb a logb a
b

44
 cos  i sin  1 a  bi c  di
11. ; 12. ;
1 cos  i sin  c  di a  bi
tg 1 x 1 1
13. ; 14. .
 1 tg x 3
x  x 1
3

5.1.2. gamoTvaleT

1 2 3 2 1 5 4 1 7
1. 3 4 5 ; 2. 3 2 1 ; 3. 2 3 5 ;
6 7 8 7 1 8 1 3 6

2 2 3 a b c b c d
4. 3 3 2 ; 5. c a b ; 6. 0 a 0 ;
1 4 4 b c a 0 l 0

sin  cos 1 1 0 1 i
7. sin  cos  1 ; 8. 0 1 1 i ;
sin  cos 1 1 i  i 1 i

1 𝜀 𝜀2 1 1 1
√3 1 1 √3
9. | 𝜀 𝜀2 1|,𝜀 = − 2
+2 𝑖 10. |1 𝜀 𝜀2| , 𝜀 = − 2 + 2 𝑖 ;
𝜀2 1 𝜀 1 𝜀2 𝜀

3 sin 2   cos2  1 a 1 b 1 c
11. 3 sin  2
cos  2
; 12. a b c .
3 sin  2
cos  2
a2 b2 c2

45
$ 5.2. n  uri rigis determinanti, determinantis
ZiriTadi Tvisebebi

 a11 a12 a13  a1n 

 
 a 21 a 22 a 23  a 2 n 
n  uri A
 
rigis kvadratuli
 
a  
 n1 a n2 a n3 a nn 

matricis determinanti ewodeba 𝑛! wevris jams, sadac

TiToeuli Sesakrebi warmoadgens n  elementis
namravls; Tanamamravlad yoveli striqonidan da
yoveli svetidan aRebulia mxolod erTi elementi.
TiToeuli Sesakrebis niSani aris “+” an “ “, imis
mixedviT, Tu rogoria am wevris meore indeqsebisagan
Sedgenili k1 , k2 ,, kn  gadanacvlebis luw-kentovneba,
rodesac pirveli indeqsebi adgendnen 1,2,3,, n  mTavar
gadanacvlebas. A matricis determinanti aRiniSneba
simboloTi: A an det  A .

A  1 
k1 ,k2 ,,kn
I k1 , k 2 ,k n 
a1k1 a2 k2 ankn .

ZiriTadi Tvisebebi:

1. transponirebul matricTa deteminantebi tolia;

2. Tu determinantis romelime striqonis (svetis)

TiToeuli elementi nulis tolia, maSin determinanti
nulis tolia;

3. determinantis romelime ori striqonis (svetis)

transpoziciis Sedegad determinanti niSans icvlis;

46
4. Tu determinantis romelime striqonis (svetis) yvela
elements aqvs saerTo mamravli, maSin es mamravli
gadis determinantis niSnis gareT;

5. Tu determinantis romelime ori striqoni (sveti)

erTmaneTis proporciulia, maSin determinanti nulis
tolia;

6. Tu determinantis romelime striqonis (svetis)

TiToeuli elementi warmoadgens ori Sesakrebis ( n 
Sesakrebis) jams, maSin aseTi determinanti tolia ori
determinantis ( n  Sesakrebis) jamisa, romelTagan
pirvelSi mocemul striqonSi dgas pirveli Sesakrebebi,
xolo meoreSi_meore Sesakrebebi (da ase Semdeg n  uri
Sesakrebi);

7. Tu determinantis romelime striqons (svets) emateba

sxva nebismieri striqonis (svetis) proporciuli
striqoni (sveti), Sedegad determinantis mniSvneloba ar
icvleba.

determinantis gaSla i  uri striqonis mixedviT:

A  ai1 Ai1  ai 2 Ai 2    ain Ain , 1  i  n.

sadac Aij   1
i j
M ij da M i j warmoadgens ai j elementis
Sesabamis minors.

5.2.1. gamoarkvieT, qvemoT moyvanili namravlebidan

romeli Sedis Sesabamisi rigis determinantis
gaSlaSi da ra niSniT:

47
 1. a13 a22 a31a46 a55 a64 ; 2. a31a13 a52 a45 a24 ;
3. a43 a21a35 a12 a54 ; 4. a61a23 a45 a36 a12 a54 ;
5. a34 a21a46 a17 a73 a54 a62 ; 6. a33 a16 a72 a27 a55 a61a44 ;
7. a27 a36 a51a74 a25 a43 a62 ; 8. a12 a23 an1,n an1 ;
9. a12 a23 a34  an1,n akk ,1  k  n ; 10. a11a 2 n a3,n 1  a n, 2 ;
11. a12 a21a34 a43  a2 n1, 2 n a2 n, 2 n1 ;
12. a13 a22 a31a46 a55 a64 a3n2,3n a3n1,3n1a3n,3n2 .

5.2.2. i da k ricxvebis mniSvnelobebi ise SearCieT, rom

a47a63a1i a55a7 k a24a31 namravli, Sesabamisi rigis
determinantis gaSlaSi, Sediodes dadebiTi niSniT.

5.2.3. i , j da k ricxvebis mniSvnelobebi ise SearCieT,

rom a51ai 6 a1 j a35a44a6 k namravli, Sesabamisi rigis
determinantis gaSlaSi, Sediodes uaryofiTi
niSniT.

5.2.4. i da k ricxvebis mniSvnelobebi ise SearCieT,

rom a62ai 5a33ak 4a46a21 namravli, Sesabamisi rigis
determinantis gaSlaSi, Sediodes uaryofiTi
niSniT.

5.2.5. ipoveT meoTxe rigis determinantis gaSlis yvela

is wevri, romelic:

1. Tanamamravlad Seicavs a32 elements da aqvs

dadebiTi niSani;

2. Tanamamravlad Seicavs a21 elements da aqvs

uaryofiTi niSani.
48
5.2.6. ra niSniT Sedis n  uri rigis determinantis
gaSlaSi:

1. mTavari diagonalis elementebis namravli;

2. aramTavari diagonalis elementebis namravli.

5.2.7. ipoveT determinantis is wevrebi, romlebic

Seicaven: x 4 -s; x3  s:

x 1 2 3 2x 1 3 5
x x 1 2 2 3x 1 2
1). ; 2). .
1 2 x 3 4 1 x 3
x 1 2 2x x 1 2 4x

5.2.8. ipoveT n -uri rigis determinantis elementi,

romelic a i j elementis simetriulia, aramTavari
diagonalis mimarT.

5.2.9. rogor Seicvleba n -uri rigis determinantis

mniSvneloba, svetebis Sebrunebuli
TanmimdevrobiT Cavweris Sedegad.

5.2.10. rogor Seicvleba n -uri rigis determinantis

mniSvneloba, Tu mis yovel elements SevcvliT
aramTavari diagonalis mimarT simetriuli
elementiT.

5.2.11. rogor Seicvleba n -uri rigis determinantis

mniSvneloba, TiToeuli elementis sapirispiro
niSniT Caweris Sedegad.

49
5.2.12. ricxvebidan 185, 518 da 851 TiToeuli 37 -ze
1 8 5
iyofa. aCveneT, rom determinanti: 5 1 8 iyofa
8 5 1
37  ze.

5.2.13. ricxvebidan 20604, 53227, 25755, 20927 da 289

TiToeuli 17  is jeradia. aCveneT, rom
2 0 6 0 4
5 3 2 2 7
determinanti: 2 5 7 5 5 iyofa 17  ze.
2 0 9 2 7
0 0 2 8 9

5.2.14. ricxvebidan 24026, 40262, 2624, 26240 da 62402

TiToeuli 41  is jeradia,

2 4 0 2 6
4 0 2 6 2
aCveneT, rom determinanti: 0 2 6 2 4 iyofa
2 6 2 4 0
6 2 4 0 2
41  ze.

5.2.15. gamoiyeneT determinantis ganmarteba da

gamoTvaleT:

50
 a11 0 0  0 0  0 0 0
a21 a22 0  0 0  0 a2, n 1 a2 n
1. a31 a32 a33  0 ; 2. 0  a3, n  2 a3, n 1 a3n ;
 
an1 an 2 an3  0 an1  an, n  2 an, n 1 ann
a11 a12 a13 a14 a15 1 0 0  0
a21 a22 a23 a24 a25 0 2 0  0
3. a31 a32 0 0 0 ; 4. 0 0 3  0 ;
a41 a42 0 0 0 
a51 a52 0 0 0 0 0 0  n
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 a a  a
0 0 0  01 0 0 2 a  a
5. 0 0 0  1 0 0 ; 6. 0 0 3  a .
 
1 0 0  0 0 0 0 0 0  a

5.2.16. daamtkiceT:

     
cos sin cos
2 2 2
     
1. cos sin cos 
1
sin     sin     sin    ;
2 2 2 2
     
cos sin cos
2 2 2

sin2 𝛼 sin𝛼 ∙ cos𝛼 cos2 𝛼

2. |sin2 𝛽 sin𝛽 ∙ cos𝛽 cos 2 𝛽 | =
sin2 𝛾 sin𝛾 ∙ cos𝛾 cos 2 𝛾

= sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) ∙ cos𝛼cos𝛽 + sin(𝛽 − 𝛾) ∙ cos𝛽cos𝛾 + sin(𝛾 − 𝛼) ∙ cos𝛾cos𝛼

51
 a  b2 c2 c2
3. a2 b  c 2 a2  2abca  b  c  ;
3

b2 b2 c  a 2

1 1
1
ax a y
4.
1 1
1 
a  b a  c b  c x  y  ;
b x b y a  x b  x c  x a  y b  y c  y 
1 1
1
cx c y

 
a 2  1  a 2 cos ab1  cos  ac1  cos 
5. ba1  cos  
b  1  b cos
2 2
 bc1  cos   cos2  ,
ca 1  cos  cb1  cos  
c  1  c cos
2 2

Tu a 2  b2  c 2  1 .

5.2.17. laplasis Teoremis gamoyenebiT, gamoTvaleT:

1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
1. ; 2. ;
1 1 11 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

1 1 1  2 5 2 2 2
1 3 1 3 2 5 2 2
3. ; 4. ;
1 1 4 3 2 2 5 2
 3 1  8  13 2 2 2 5

52
 3 3 2 5 7 3 2 6
2 5 4 6 8 9 4 9
5. ; 6. ;
5 5 8 7 7 2 7 3
4 4 5 6 5 3 3 4

4 4 1 0 1 8
2 3 7 5 2 3 27 44 40 55
3 2 5 7 3 2 20 64 21 40
7. ; 8. ;
1 2 2 1 1 2 13  20  13 24
1 7 6 6 5 7 46 45  55 84
2 1 1 2 2 1

35 59 71 52 30 20 15 12
42 70 77 54 20 15 12 15
9. ; 10. ;
43 68 72 52 15 12 15 20
29 49 65 50 12 15 20 30

3 6 5 6 4 4 1 1 1 1
5 9 7 8 6 1 4 1 1 1
11. 6 12 13 9 7 ; 12. 1 1  4 1 1 ;
4 6 6 5 4 1 1 1 4 1
2 5 4 5 3 1 1 1 1 4

24 11 13 17 19
2 3 5 3
51 13 32 40 46
6 21 10  2 3
13. 61 11 14 50 56 ; 14. ;
10 2 15 5 6
62 20 7 13 52
80 24 45 57 70 2 2 6 10 15
53
 5 6 0 0 0
1 5 6 0 0
15. 0 1 5 6 0 ;
0 0 1 5 6
0 0 0 1 5

5.2.18. gamoTvaleT:

a b c d
x y x y
b a d c
1. y x y x ; 2. ;
c d a b
x y x y
d c b a
2 1 4 3 5 1 2 3 4 5
3 4 0 5 0 0 6 0 4 1
3. 3 4 5 2 1 ; 4. 2 4 1 3 5 ;
1 5 2 4 3 1 3 5 2 4
4 6 0 7 0 0 5 0 3 2
1 x x2 x3 2 1 3 5
x 3
x 2
x 1 4 0 2 4
5. ; 6. ;
1 2x 3x 2 4 x3 0 0 2 1
4 x3 3x 2 2 x 1 0 0 4 0

2 1 1 3 4 x 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 5 1 x 1 1 0
7. 3 1 1 4 1 ; 8. 1 0 x 1 0 1 ;
1 0 0 0 7 0 1 1 x 1
5 2 3 6 1 0 1 1 0 x

54
 1 1 0 0
x1 x2 cos sin 
9. ;
y1 y2 cos  sin 
z1 z2 cos sin 
cos sin  cos sin 
cos 2 sin 2 2 cos 2 2 sin 2
10. ;
cos3 sin 3 3 cos3 3 sin 3
cos 4 sin 4 4 cos 4 4 sin 4
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 5 6 1 2 3 0 0
11. 1 1 1 0 0 ; 12. 0 1 1 1 1 ;
x1 x2 x3 0 0 0 x1 x 2 x3 x4
x12 x22 x32 0 0 0 x12 x 22 x32 x 42

5 0 0 0 0 4
5 9 2 4 5
0 5 0 0 4 0
2 3 4 3 3
0 0 5 4 0 0
13.  5  7 2 4  2 ; 14. ;
0 0 4 5 0 0
4 5 8 6 8
0 4 0 0 5 0
6 5 3 3 7
4 0 0 0 0 5

0 0  0 a1
a11 a12  a1n
0 0  a2 b2
0 a22  a2 n
15. ; 16.  ;

0 a n 1  bn 1 bn 1
0 0 ann
a n bn  bn bn

55
 a11 a12 a13  a1, 2 n  2 a1, 2 n 1 a1, 2 n
0 a22 a23  a2, 2 n  2 a2, 2 n 1 0
0 0 a33  a3, 2 n  2 0 0
17.  ;
0 0 a2 n  2,3  a2 n  2, 2 n  2 0 0
0 a2 n 1, 2 a2 n 1,3  a2 n 1, 2 n  2 0 0
a2 n ,1 a2 n , 2 a2 n ,3  a2 n , 2 n  2 a2 n , 2 n 1 a2 n , 2 n

a11 1 a12 1  a1n 1

1 0 1 0 1 0
a 21 x1 a 22 x 2  a2n xn
x1 0 x2 0  xn 0
2 2
18. a31 x 1 a32 x 2  a3n x n2 .
2 2 2
x 1 0 x 2 0  x n 0

a n1 x1n 1 a n 2 x 2n 1  a nn x nn 1
x1n 1 0 x 2n 1 0  x nn 1 0

5.2.19. daamtkiceT, rom:

a b c d
b a d c
1.
c d a b
2
 a 2  b2  c 2  d 2 ;  
d c b a

56
 0 1 1 a
1 0 1 b
2.  a 2  b 2  c 2  2ab  bc  ac  2d ;
1 1 0 c
a b c d

1 1 1 1 x
1 1 1 1 y
 
3. 1 1  1 1 z  4 x 2  y 2  z 2  u 2  2xy  xz  xu  yz  yu  zu  ;
1 1 1 1 u
x y z u 0

4. A , B , C da D  Ti aRniSnulia mesame rigis

determinantebi, romlebic miiRebian
 a1 b1 c1 d1 
 
 a2 b2 c2 d 2  matricisagan, Sesabamisad pirveli,
a b c d 
 3 3 3 3
meore, mesame da meoTxe svetebis amoSlis
Sedegad. daamtkiceT, rom:

a1 b1 c1 d1 0 0
a 2 b2 c 2 d 2 0 0
a3 b3 c3 d 3 0 0
 AD  BC .
0 0 a1 b1 c1 d1
0 0 a 2 b2 c 2 d 2
0 0 a3 b3 c3 d 3

5.2.20. gaSaleT:

57
 1 1 1 a
2 2 1 b
1. I svetis mixedviT;
3 2 1 c
1 2 3 d

a 1 1 1
b 0 1 1
2. I svetis mixedviT;
c 1 0 1
d 1 1 0

1 2 1  2
2 1  2 1
3. III striqonis mixedviT;
a b c d
 2 1 1 2

1 3 4 1
4 2 3 2
4. III striqonis mixedviT;
a b c d
2 1 4 3
5 a 2 1
4 b 4 3
5. II svetis mixedviT.
2 c 3 2
4 d 54

5.2.21. gamoTvaleT n  uri rigis A  (a i j ) matricis

determinanti, Tu:
1. a i j  min i, j  ; 2. a i j  max i, j  ; 3. a i j  i  j .

58
$ 5.3. determinantis gamoTvla misi samkuTxa saxeze
miyvanis xerxiT

determinantis Tvisebebis gamoyenebiT, zogierTi tipis

determinanti e. w. samkuTxa saxeze daiyvaneba - roca
misi mTavari (an damxmare) diagonalis qvemoT (an zemoT)
mdgomi yvela elementi nulis tolia.

“samkuTxa” determinantis mniSvneloba tolia

diagonalze mdgomi elementebis namravlisa, saTanado
niSniT.

5.3.1. daiyvaneT samkuTxa saxeze da gamoTvaleT:

1 1 1 1 a1 x x  x
1 0 11 x a2 x  x
1. 1 1 0  1 ; 2. x x a3  x ;
 
1 1 1 0 x x x  an
1 2 3 n 1 n n n
1 0 3  n n 2 n n
3.  1  2 0  n ; 4. n n 3  n ;
 
1  2  3  0 n n nn
1 1 1  1 n
1 2 3  n  2 n 1 n
1 1 1 n 1
2 3 4  n 1 n n
1 1 1 1 1
5. 3 4 5  n n n ; 6. ;


1  n 1 1 1
n n n n n n
n 1 1 1 1
59
 3 2 2 2 1  1 1 1
2 3 22 a1  a1 a1  b1 a1
7. 2 2 3  2 ; 8. a2  a2  b2 a2 a2 ;
 
2 2 23 an  bn  an an an
a0 a1 a2  an x1 a12 a13  a1n
x x 0 0 x1 x1 a23  a2 n
9. 0  x x  0 ; 10. x1 x2 x3  a3n ;
 
0 0 0 x x1 x2 x3  xn
a1 a2 a3  an a b b b
 x1 x2 0  0 b a bb
11. 0  x2 x3  0 ; 12. b b a  b ;
 
0 0 0  xn b b ba
1 x x2 x3  x n
a11 1 x x 2  x n 1
13. a21 a22 1 x  xn2 .

an1 an 2 an3 an 4  1

$ 5.4. determinantis gamoTvla wrfivi mamravlis

gamoyofis xerxiT

determinanti SesaZloa ganxilul iqnas, rogorc

mravalwevri masSi monawile erTi, an ramdenime,
cvladis mimarT. zogjer determinanti iyofa ramdenime

60
mamravlze erTdroulad da e. i. maT namravlzec (im
SemTxvevaSi roca es mamravlebi Tanamartivebi arian).
aseT dros determinantis gamoTvla mniSvnelovnad
martivdeba.

5.4.1. wrfiv mamravlTa gamoyofis gziT, gamoTvaleT:

0 x y z 1 1 2 3
x 0 z y 1 2 x 2 2
3
1. ; 2. ;
y z 0 x 2 3 1 5
z y x 0 2 3 1 9  x2

x a b c 1 x 1 1 1
a x c b 1 1 x 1 1
3. ; 4. ;
b c x a 1 1 1 z 1
c b a x 1 1 1 1 z
1 1 1  1 a0 a1 a2  an
1 2 x 1  1 a0 x a2  an
5. 1 1 3  x  1 ; 6. a0 a1 x  an ;
 
1 1 1  n 1 x a0 a1 a2  x

1 2 3  n 1 x1 x12  x1n 1
1 x 1 3  n 1 x2 x22  x2n 1
7. 1 2 x  1  n ; 8. 1 x3 x32  x3n 1 
 
1 2 3  x 1 1 xn xn2  xnn 1
vandermondis determinanti.

61
$ 5.5. determinantis gamoTvla rekurentuli
damokidebulebis povnis xerxiT

zogierTi saxis determinantisTvis SesaZlebelia

rekurentuli damokidebulebis povna, rac
mniSvnelovnad amartivebs determinantis gamoTvlis
process.

rekurentuli damokidebulebis erTi kerZo SemTxveva:

Dn  pDn1  qDn2 , n  2 , sadac p da q raime
ricxvebia. p  0 , q  0 da q  0 , p  0 SemTxvevebSi
determinantis gamoTvla trivialuria.

vTqvaT, p  0 , q  0.  da  ki 𝑥 2 − 𝑝𝑥 − 𝑞 = 0
gantolebis fesvebia, maSin:

a). roca   
D2  D1 D  D1
Dn  C1 n  C2  n ; C1  , C2   2 ;
         
b). roca   
D2  D1
Dn   n n  1C1  C2  ;
D1
C1  , C2  .
 2


sadac, D2  iT da D1  iT meore da pirveli rigis

determinantebia aRniSnuli ( Di  warmoadgens
Tavdapirveli determinantis bolo 𝑛 − 𝑖 − raodenobis
striqonisa da 𝑛 − 𝑖 − raodenobis svetis amoSlis
Sedegad miRebul determinants).

62
5.5.1. daadgineT rekurentuli damokidebuleba da
gamoTvaleT:

2 1 00 3 2 00 7 5 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 1 3 2 0 2 7 5 0 0
1. 0 1 2  0 ; 2. 0 1 3  0 ; 3. 0 2 7 5 0 ;
  
0 0 02 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 7

5 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0
4 5 2 0 0 0 0 3 4 3 0 0 0 0
0 1 3 2 00 0 0 2 5 3 00 0
4. 0 0 1 3 2  0 0 ; 5. 0 0 2 5 3  0 0 ;
 
0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 3
0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 5
3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0     0 0
0
0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 1  
 0 0
6. 0 0 1 3 1  0 0 0 ; 7. 0 1      0 ;
 
0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0  
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3
0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1  1
1 a1 0  0
1 2 22 23  2n
8. 1 3 32 33  3n ;
9. 1 0 a2  0 ;
 
1 n  1 n  1 n  13  n  1n 1 0 0  an
2

63
 1 0 0 0 0 1
an a  1n  a  n 
n

1 a1 0 0  0 0
a n 1 a  1n 1
 a  n 
n 1

1 1 a2 0  0 0
10.  ; 11. ;
1 0 1 a3 0 0
a a 1  a  n

1 1  1
1 0 0 0  1 an

1 1 a0 a1 a 2  an
x1  1  xn  1  y1 x1 0 0
12. x  x1
2
1  x  xn
2
n ; 13. 0  y2 x2  0 ;
 
n1 n2 n1 n2
x1 x 1 x n x
n
0 0 0  xn

a1b1 a1b2 a1b3  a1bn

1  x1 1  x12  1  x1n
a1b2 a2b2 a2b3  a2bn
1  x2 1  x22  1  x2n
14. ; 15. a1b3 a2b3 a3b3  a3bn ;


1  xn 1  xn2  1  xnn
a1bn a2bn a3bn  anbn

5 3 0 0 0 0
2 5 3 0 0 0
16. 0 2 5 3  0 0 .

0 0 0 0 2 5

64
$ 5.6. determinantis gamoTvla misi jamis saxiT
warmodgenis gziT

zogierT SemTxvevaSi determinantis gamoTvla

mniSvnelovnad martivdeba, Tu determinanti
warmodgenilia ori an meti, determinantis jamis saxiT.

x1 a2  an
a1 x2  an
5.6.1. gamoTvaleT: 1. ;

a1 a 2  x n
x1 a1b2 a1b3  a1bn
a1  b1 a1  b2  a1  bn
a 2 b1 x 2 a 2 b3  a 2 bn
a 2  b1 a 2  b2  a 2  bn
2. ; 3. a3 b1 a3 b2 x 3  a 3 bn ;


a n  bn a n  b2  a n  bn
a n b1 a n b2 a n b3  x n

x  a1 a2 a3  a n 0 1 1 11 1
x1 a1 0 0  0 0
a1 x  a2 a3  a n
x2 x2 a2 0  0 0
4. a1 a2 x  a3  a n ; 5. .
x3 x3 x3 a3  0 0


a1 a2 a3  x  a n
xn xn xn xn  xn an

5.6.2. gamoTvaleT:

2 2 2  2
2 4 6  2n
2 3 2  2  2 0 6  2n
1. 2 2 4  2 ; 2.  2  4 0  2n ;
 
2 2 2  n 1 2 4 6  0

65
 a a  a a 1 1 3 5  2n  1
a a  a 2 a 1 2 5  2n  1
a a  3 a a 4. 1 3 4  2n  1 ;
3. ;

 
a n  a a a
1 3 5  2n  2
a a  a a a

3 2 0 0 1 2 2  2
1 3 2 0 2 1 2  2
5. 0 1 3  0 ; 6. 2 2  1  2 ;
 
0 0 03 2 2 2  1

x a a a a
0 1 1 1 1
a x a  a a
1 0 x  xa
a a x  a a
7.  ; 8. ;

1 x x 0 a
a a a  x a
1 x x  x0
a a a  a x

  0 0 0 1 x2 x 0 0 0
0   0 0
x 1 x x  0 0
2

9.  ; 10. ;

0 0 0 
0 0 0  x 1 x2
0 0 0 0

66
 x y 0 0 0 a0  1 0 0 0 0
0 x y0 0 a1 x 1 00 0
0 0 x0 0 a2 0 x 1  0 0
11. ; 12. ;
 
0 0 0x y a n 1 0 0 0  x  1
y 0 00 x an 0 0 00 x

n!a0 n  1!a1 n  2!a 2  a n

n x 0 0
13. 0  n  1 x  0 ;

0 0 0 x

1 2 3  n 1 n n 1 0 0 0 0
1 x 0  0 0 n 1 x 1 0  0 0
0 1 x  0 0 n  2 0 x 1  0 0
14. ; 15. ;
 
0 0 0 x 0 2 0 0 0 x  1
0 0 0  1 x 1 0 0 0 0 x

a1 0  0 b1
a0 1 1  1
0 a2  b2 0 1 a1 y  0
16.  ; 17. 1 0 a2  0 ;
0 b2 n 1  a 2 n 1 0 
b2 n 0  0 a2n 1 0 0  an

1   2   n1 a 0 0 0 b
0 a 0b 0
 n1 1    n2
0 0 a0 0 rigis;
18.  n2  n1 1   n3 ; 19. , 2n 


0 b 0 a 0
 2 3  1
b 0 00 a
67
 1 2 3  n 1 n 1 a1 a2  an
1 1 1  1 1 n 1 a1  b1 a 2  a n
20. 1 1 1 1 n 1 ; 21. 1 a1 a 2  b2  a n ;
 
1 1 n 1  1 1 1 a1 a 2  a n  bn

1 2 2  2
1 2 3  n
2 2 2  2 2 3 4  1
22. 2 2 3  2 ; 23. 3 4 5  2 ;
 
2 2 2 n n 1 2  n 1

a a  h a  2h  a  n  1h
a a 0  0
24. ;

0 0 0  a

a1  a 2 0 0  0 0
x 0  0 cn
0 a 2  a3 0  0 0
 1 x  0 c n 1
0 0 a3  a 4  0 0
25. ; 26.  .

0 0  x c2
0 0 0 0  a n 1  a n
0 0   1 x  c1
1 1 1 1 1 1  an

5.6.3. gamoTvaleT determinanti:

1  b1 b2 0 0  0 a1 a2 a3 a4  an 1 an
 1 1  b2 b3 0  0 1 2 1 0  0 0
1. 0 1 1  b3 b4  0 ; 0 1 2 1  0 0
2. ;
 
0 0 0 0  1  bn 0 0 0 0  2 1
0 0 0 0  1 2

68
 x 1 0  0 c a 0 0 0
1 x 1  0 b c a 0 0
3. 0 1 x  0 ; 0 b c 0 0
4. ;
 
0 0 0 c a
0 0 0  x
0 0 0 b c
x a a  a
2 cos x 1 0 0 0 a x a  a
1 2 cos x 1  0 0
5. ; 6. a a x  a ;


0 0 0  1 2 cos x
a a a  x
x a1 a2  an 1  a1 1 1  1
a1 x a2  an 1 1  a2 1  1
7. ;
 8. 1 1 1  a3  1 ;
a1 a2 a3  x 
1 1 1  1  an
a a  h a  2h  a  n  2h a  n  1h
a  n  1h a a  h  a  n  3h a  n  2h
9. ;

ah a  2h a  3h  a  n  1h a

1  2a1 a1  a2  a1  an x  a1 2 a 22  a 2n
a2  a1 1  2a2  a2  an a12 x  a2 2  an2
10. ; 11. ;
 
an  a1 an  a2  1  2an
 x  an 
2
a 21 a 22

a b bb b
x  a1 2 a1a2  a1an
c a bb b
12.
a1a2 x  a2 2  a2 an
; c c ab b
 13. ;

 x  an 
2
a1an a2 an c c c a b
c c cc a

69
 a1 x x  x
y a2 x  x
14. .

y y y  an

5.6.4. gamoTvaleT:

1 2 3  n 1 n
2 2 2 2 1
1 3 3  n 1 n
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 5  n 1 n
1. ; 2 2 3 2 2
 2. ;

1 2 3  2n  3 n 2 n 1  2 2 2
1 2 3  n  1 2n  1 n 2 2 2 2

0 1 1 1
n 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 n 1 1
3. 1 1 0  1 ; 4. 1 1 n  1 ;
 
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 n

x a1 a2  an 1 1 a0  1 0 0 0 0
a1 x a2  an 1 1 a1 x 1 0 0 0
a1 a2 x  an 1 1 a2 0 x  1 0 0
5. ; 6. ;
 
a1 a2 a3  x 1 an 1 0 0 0 x  1
a1 a2 a3  an 1 x an 0 0 0 0 x

1 x x 2 x3  x n 1 1 0 0 0 0
2 n 1
a11 1 x x  x 1 1 1 0 0 0
7. a21 a22 1 x  xn2 ; 8. 0 1 1 1  0 0 ;
 
an1 an 2 an3 an 4  1 0 0 0 0 1 1

70
 1 2 0 0 0 9 5 0 0 0 0
1 3 2 0 0 4 9 5 0 0 0
9. 0 1 3 2  0 ; 10. 0 4 9 5  0 0 ;
 
0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 4 9

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0  0 0
11. 0 1 0 1  0 0 ; 12. 0  1 0 1  0 0 ;
 
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0  1 0

a 1 0 0 0 0 a 1 0 0 0 0
1 a 1 0 0 0 1 a 1 0  0 0
13. 0 1 a 1  0 0 ; 14. 0  1 a 1  0 0 ;
 
0 0 0 0 1 a 0 0 0 0  1 a

2 1 0 a a a a a
0 0 0 0
x x2 b 0 a a a a
12
1 0 0 0 16. b b 0 a  a a ;
x2
x
15. 0 1
2 1
0 0 ; 
x x2

b b b b b 0
2
0 0 0 0 1
x

0 1 1 1 1
1 a1 x x  x
1 y a2 x  x
17. .
1 y y a3  x

1 y y y  an
71
5.6.5. ipoveT:

a0 b b b  b
a 1 0 0 0
a a1 0 0  0
ax a 1 0 0
1. a 0 a2 0  0 ; 2. ax2 ax a  1  0 ;
 
a 0 0 0  an axn axn 1 axn  2 axn  3  a

0 1 1  1 a1
1 2 3 4 5 n
1 0 1  1 a2 1 1 2 3 4 n  1
1 1 0  1 a3 1 x 1 2 3 n  2
3. ; 4. ;
 1 x x 1 2 n3
1 1 1  0 an 
b1 b2 b3  bn 0 1 x x x x 1

1 2 3 4 n 1 1 1  1
x 1 2 3 n  1 1 C 1
2 C 1
3  Cn1
5. x x 1 2 n  2 ; 6. 1 C32 C42  Cn2 ;
 
x x x x 1 1 Cnn1 Cnn11  C2nn12

1 1 0 0 0 1 C22 0  0
2 3
1 C21 C22 0 0 1 C 3 C 3  0
2 3
7. 1 C31 C32 C33  0 ; 1 C 4 C 4  0
8. ;
 
1 Cn2 Cn3  Cnn
1 Cn1 Cn2 Cn3  Cnn1
1 Cn21 Cn31  Cnn1

72
 1 Cn1 Cn2  Cnm 1 Cn1 Cn2  Cnn
1 Cn1 1 Cn21  Cnm1 1 Cn1 1 Cn21  Cnn1
9. ; 10. 1 Cn1  2 Cn2 2  Cnn 2 ;


1 Cn1  m Cn2 m  Cnm m
1 C21n C22n  C2nn

Cnm m Cnm m 1  Cnm 2 m 1 0 0 0 1

1
1 C 0 0 x
Cnm m 1 Cnm m  2  Cnm 2 m 1 1
11. ; 12. 1 C1 C22  0 x2 ;
 2


Cnm 2 m Cnm 2 m 1  Cnm 3m
1 Cn1 Cn2  Cnn 1 x n

1 0 0 0 0 x0 a 1 a a a
1
1 C 1 0 0 0 x1 a a2 a  a
1 C21 C22 0  0 x2 14. a a a3  a ;
13. 1 2 3
;
1 C 3 C 3 C 0
3 x3 
 a a a an
1 Cn1 Cn2 Cn3  Cnn 1 xn

a 1 a a a a 1 a a a
1 a ax a a
a a a a
2
16. a a a  x2  a ;
1
15. a a a  a ; 
3
 a a a  a  xn
1
a a a a 
n

73
 1 1 1
1 
2 3 n
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 
 x1  a1 x1  a2 x1  an
2 3 4 n 1
1 1 1 1 18.  .
17.  ;
3 4 5 n2 1 1 1

 xn  a1 xn  a2 xn  a n
1 1 1 1

n n  1 n  2 2n  1

5.6.6. gamoTvaleT:

1 1 1  1
1 1
C x1 C x2 C1x3  C1x n
1. ;

Cxn11 Cxn21 Cxn31  Cxnn1

1 1  1
f1 x1  f1 x2   f1 xn 
2. f 2 x1  f 2 x2   f 2 xn  , f k x   x k  a1k x k 1    akk ;

f n 1 x1  f n 1 x2   f n 1 xn 

1 x x2  x n 1
1 x x2  x n 1

0 1 C21 x  Cn1 1 x n  2 1 2x 3x 2  nxn 1

0 0 1  Cn1  2 x n  3 1 22 x 32 x 2  n 2 x n 1
 
k 1 k 1 2 k 1 n 1
3. 0 0 0  Cnk11 x n  k ; 4. 1 2 x 3 x  n x ;
2 n 1
1 y y2  y n 1 1 y1 y1  y1
0 1 C21 y  Cn1 1 y n  2 1 y2 y22  y n2 1
 
n  k 1
 y nnk1
k
0 0 0  C n 1 y 1 yn  k yn2 k

74
 1 cos0 cos 20  cosn  10 sinn  10 sin n0  sin 0
1 cos1 cos 21  cosn  11 sinn  11 sin n1  sin 1
5. ; 6. .
 
1 cos n 1 cos 2 n 1  cosn  1 n 1 sinn  1 n sin n n 1  sin  n

$ 5.7. damatebiTi amocanebi

5.7.1. daamtkiceT toloba:

cos 1 0 0 0 0
1 2 cos 1 0 0 0
1. 0 1 2 cos 1  0 0  cos n ;

0 0 0 0  1 2 cos

2 cos 1 0 0 0 0
1 2 cos 1 0 0 0
sin n
2. 0 1 2 cos 1  0 0  .
sin 

0 0 0 0  1 2 cos

5.7.2. Semdegi ori determinantis gamravlebis gziT

x1 x2 x3 x4 y1 y2 y3 y4
x2  x1  x4 x3 y2  y1  y4 y3
x3 x4  x1  x2 y3 y4  y1  y2
x4  x3 x2  x1 y4  y3 y2  y1

daamtkiceT eileris igiveoba:

x 2
1
 
 x22  x32  x42 y12  y22  y32  y42  x1 y1  x2 y2  x3 y3  x4 y4  
2

75
 + x1 y2  x2 y1  x3 y4  x4 y3    x1 y3  x2 y4  x3 y1  x4 y2  
2 2

+ x1 y4  x2 y4  x3 y2  x4 y1 2 .

5.7.3. matricTa gadamravlebis gziT, daamtkiceT

igiveoba:

a 3
 
 b3  c3  3abc a13  b13  c13  3a1b1c1  A3  B3  C3  3ABC ,

sadac, A  aa1  bb1  cc1 , B  ac1  bb1  ca1 , C  ab1  ba1  cc1 .

5.7.4. gamoTvaleT  A , Tu   5 2 , A  3  aris mexuTe

rigis determinanti.

5.7.5. ipoveT yvela   kompleqsuri ricxvi, rom n  uri

rigis A gadaugvarebeli matricisaTvis adgili
hqondes tolobas:  A  A .

5.7.6. daamtkiceT, rom Tu n  uri rigis determinantis

romelime k  raodenoba striqonisa da l 
raodenoba svetis gadakveTaSi dgas nulebi,
k  l  n , maSin aseTi determinanti nulis tolia.

A B
5.7.7. daamtkiceT:  A C.
O C

5.7.8. samarTliania Tu ara toloba: A B  B A , Tu

AB  B A .

5.7.9. fibonaCis mimdevroba ewodeba naturalur ricxvTa

mimdevrobas, romelic mocemulia Semdegi
rekurentuli formuliT an  an  2  an 1 , a1  1, a2  2 .

76
 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0  0 0
daamtkiceT, rom a n  0  1 1 1  0 0 .

0 0 0 0  1 1

5.7.10. ra maqsimaluri mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes

mesame rigis determinants, romlis elementebia:

1. 0 an 1 ; 2. 1 an  1 .

5.7.11. daadgineT, ramdeni k  uri rigis minoris Sedgena

SeiZleba n  uri rigis determinantis
elementebisagan.

5.7.12. daamtkiceT, rom Tu determinantis romelime

striqonis (svetis) yvela elementi erTis tolia,
maSin am determinantis yvela elementis
algebrul damatebaTa jami TviT am
determinantis tolia.

5.7.13. gamoTvaleT:

 2 3
cos cos cos  1
n n n
1 cos

cos
2
 cos
n  1
n n n
cos
n  1  1 cos

 cos
n  2 .
n n n

2 3 4 
cos cos cos  cos
n n n n

77
5.7.14. daamtkiceT, rom Tu n  uri rigis A , B , C da D
determinantebisaTvis sruldeba C DT  D CT ,
AB
maSin:  A DT  B C T .
CD

5.7.15. daamtkiceT, rom Tu n  uri rigis determinantis

TiToeul elements gavamravlebT erTsa da imave
𝑘 ricxvze, maSin determinantis mniSvneloba
Seicvleba 𝑘 𝑛 -jer.

5.7.16. vTqvaT, A warmoadgens  determinantis i -uri

da j  uri striqonebisa da k  uri da l  uri
svetebis amoSlis Sedegad miRebul n  2  rigis
minors, i  j , k  l . daamtkiceT, rom:
Aik Ail
  1
i  j  k l
A.
Ajk Ajl

1 cos cos 
5.7.17. aCveneT, rom: cos 1 cos  0 , Tu
cos  cos 1
     0.

5.7.18. daamtkiceT, rom Tu A , B , C da D kvadratuli

matricebia, amasTan C an D gadaugvarebeli da
AB
C D  D C , maSin:  ADBC.
CD

78
 1 1 1 1  1
1   2
 3
  n 1
5.7.19. gamoTvaleT: 1 2 4 6   2n 1 sadac
3 n 1
,
1   
3
  6 9


1  n 1  2n 1  3n 1   n 1
2

2 2
  cos  i sin .
n n

cE A
5.7.20. gamoTvaleT determinanti, sadac E 
A cE
a 1 0 0 0
1 a 1 0 0
erTeulovani matricaa da A  0 1 a 1 0 .

0 0 0 0 a

Tavi 6. matricTa Teoriis elementebi

$ 6.1.matricTa Teoriis elementebi

m cali striqonisa da n cali svetis mqone

 a11 a12  a1n 
 
 a 21 a 22  a 2 n 
A

cxrils, elementebiT raime K
 
 a a a 
 m1 m 2 mn 

79
velidan, m n ganzomilebis marTkuTxovani matrica
ewodeba.

 
matrica Caiwereba A  a ij m n
saxiT. 𝑎𝑖𝑗 -s (𝑖 = 1,2, … 𝑚; 𝑗 =
1,2, … 𝑛 ) matricis elementebs uwodeben. Tu mn
matricas ewodeba kvadratuli.

1  n zomis matricas striqoni matrica, xolo m 1

zomisas- sveti matrica ewodeba.

kvadratul matricaSi a11 , a22 ,, ann elementebi adgenen

e. w. mTavar diagonals, xolo a1n , a2,n1 ,, an1 elementebi
–aramTavar diagonals.

1 0  0 
 
0 2  0 
A
 
diagonaluri matrica ewodeba saxis
 
0 0  
 n 

kvadratul matricas.

Tu diagonalur matricaSi 1   2     n  1 - mas

erTeulovani matrica ewodeba da E -Ti aRiniSneba.

matricas, romlis yoveli elementi velis nulovani

elementia, nulovani ewodeba da O simboloTi
0 0  0 
 
0 0  0 
aRiniSneba: O   .

 
0 0  0 
 

80
A  a ij mn matricis mopirdapire ewodeba matricas
 A   aij mn . matricas ewodeba samkuTxovani, Tu mas

 a11 a12 a13  a1n 

 
 0 a 22 a 23  a 2 n 
aqvs saxe: A   0 0 a33  a3n  .
 
 
 
 0 0 0  a nn 

erTnairi ganzomilebis ori A  a ij mn da B  bij mn

matricis jami ewodeba iseT C  cij   mn
matricas, rom
cij  aij  bij .

A matricisa da   K skalaris namravli ewodeba

   a11   a12    a1n 
 
   a 21   a 22    a 2 n 
matrics   A  
 
.
 
   a   a   a 
 m1 m2 mn 

Tu mocemulia A  a i j ml da B  bi j l n iseTi ori

matrica, rom pirvel maTganSi svetebis raodenoba
meore matricaSi striqonebis raodenobis tolia, maSin
ganimarteba matricTa A B namravli, rogorc iseTi
C  cij mn matrica, rom:

l
cij   aik  bkj , i  1, m , j  1, n (koSi-bines formula).
k 1

81
Tvisebebi:  ,   K -sTvis

1. a) A  B  B  A ; b) 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶) = (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶 ;
g) A  O  O  A  A .

2. a) 1 A  A ; b) 0  A  O ; g)     A       A ;
d)      A    A    A ; e)    A  B     A    B ;

3. a)  A  B   C  A  B  C  ; b)   A  B     A  B  ;
g) A  B  C  A  C  B  C ; d) C  A  B   C  A  C  B .

A  a ij mn matricaSi striqonebisa da svetebis

adgilebis SecvliT, miiReba matrica, romelsac A
matricis transponirebuli matrica ewodeba, aRiniSneba
AT simboloTi: AT  aij nm da aqvs Semdegi Tvisebebi:

1. A  T T
 A; 2.  A  B T  AT  B T ; 3.   AT    AT ;
4.  A  B T  B T  AT .

Tu A 0
,
 
A  aij nn kvadratul matricas ewodeba
gadagvarebuli, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi- gadaugvarebeli.

1
A kvadratuli matricis Sebrunebuli ewodeba A
matricas, romlisTvisac sruldeba toloba:
A  A 1  A 1  A  E .

imisaTvis, rom A kvadratul matricas gaaCndes

Sebrunebuli aucilebeli da sakmarisia, rom is iyos
gadaugvarebeli.

82
Sebrunebuli matrica gamoiTvleba formuliT:

A  Aij nn aris

1
A 1   A , sadac A matricis
A
mikavSirebuli matrica, romlis Ai j elementi A -s
transponirebuli matricis ai j elementis algebruli
damatebaa.

kvadratuli matricis raime k raodenobis striqonisa

da k raodenobis svetis gadakveTaze mdgomi
elementebisagan Sedgenil determinants mocemuli
matricis k -uri rigis minori ewodeba.

matricis rangia r  N , Tu arsebobs am matricis erTi

mainc r rigis aranulovani minori da misi yvela r  1
rigis minori nulis tolia.

Semdegi operaciebidan TiToeuls matricis

elementaruli gardaqmna ewodeba:

1) matricis nebismieri ori striqonisaTvis

(svetisaTvis) adgilebis Secvla;

2) matricis romelime striqonis (svetis) TiToeuli

elementis gamravleba K velis aranulovan elementze;

3) matricis romelime striqonis (svetis) elementebze

sxva striqonis (svetis) Sesabamisi elementebis mimateba.

matricis elementaruli gardaqmnebi mis rangs ar

cvlis.

83
6.1.1. ipoveT A  B , A B da B  A , Tuki isini arseboben:

 4 2 3  1  3 2
   
a) A   4  5 2  , B   3  4 1 ;
 2 3 1  2  5 2
   
 2 3 
 
1 0 
b) A  1,  2, 5, 3, B ;
2 4 
 
 1 5 
 

 4 
 
g) A  1, 0, 5, B    2 ;
 3 
 

 a1 0  0   b1 0  0 
   
 0 a2  0   0 b2  0 
d) A   , B
   
;
   
0 0  a  0 0  b 
 n  n 

 A1 0   B 0 
e) A   , B   1  , sadac Ai da Bi ,
 0 A2  0 B 2

i  1, 2 -erTi da igive rigis matricebia.

6.1.2. gamoTvaleT:

 0 0
n

  2 2  4  3  
n n

a)   , n  2 ; b)   ; g)  1  0  ;
  2 2  5  4  0 1 
 

84
 n
 3 0 0
 
d)  1 3 0  .
 0 0  5
 

6.1.3. dawereT yvela meore rigis matrica, romlis

kvadratic erTeulovani matricis tolia.

6.1.4. ipoveT f  A , Tu:

 2 1
a) f x   x 2  8x  10 da A    ;
 3  1

 1 2
b) f x   2 x 3  5x 2  3x  7 da A    ;
  2 1

 0 1 0 0
 
 0 0 1 0
g) f x  x  5x  4x  x  6 da A  
6 4 2
;
0 0 0 1
 
 0 
 0 0 0

 A1 0 
d) f x   a0 x n  a1 x n 1    a n 1 x  a n da A   ,
 0 A2 
sadac A1 da A2 nebismierad aRebuli kvadratuli
matricebia.

6.1.5. daadgineT pirobebi, romelTa Sesrulebis

SemTxvevaSi samarTliania Semdegi toloba:
a)  A  B 2  A2  2 AB  B 2 ;

85
 b)  A  B A  B  A2  B 2 ;
g) An  B n   A  BAn1  An2 B    AB n2  B n1  .

6.1.6. ipoveT A matricTan gadanacvlebadi yvela

matrica:

 0 0 0 0
 
 1 0  1 0 0 0
a) A    ; b) A   ;
 1 1 0 1 0 0
 
 0 
 0 0 1
1 0  0 
 
0 2  0 
g) A   , i   j , i  j .
 
 
0 0   
 n

6.1.7. rogor Seicvleba A B namravli, Tu:

a) A matricis i -ur da j -ur striqonebs adgilebs

SevucvliT;

b) A matricis i -ur striqons davumatebT amave

matricis j -ur striqons, gamravlebuls  -
skalarze;

g) B matricis i -ur da j -ur svetebs adgilebs

SevucvliT;

d) B matricis i -ur svets davumatebT amave

matricis j -ur svets, gamravlebuls  -skalarze.

86
6.1.8. dawereT yvela meore rigis matrica, romlis
kvadratic nulovani matricis tolia.

6.1.9. amoxseniT matriculi gantoleba:

 1 2 3 5  3  2  1 2
a)    X    ; b) X       ;
 3 4 5 9  5  4  5 6

 1 1  1  1 2 3 n 
   
 0 1  1  0 1 2 n  1 
g)  0 0  1   X   0 0 1 n  2  .
   
     
 0 0 0 1  0 0 0 1 
   
1
6.1.10. rogor Seicvleba A , Tu:

a) A matricis i -ur da j -ur striqonebs adgilebs

SevucvliT;

b) A matricis i -ur striqons davumatebT amave

matricis j -ur striqons gamravlebuls  -
skalarze.

6.1.11. daamtkiceT, rom mTelelementebian matricas maSin,

da mxolod maSin, gaaCnia mTelelementebiani
Sebrunebuli matrica, roca misi determinanti
tolia  1 .

6.1.12. aCveneT, rom A  X  0 matricul gantolebas,

sadac A kvadratuli matricaa, gaaCnia

87
 aranulovani amonaxsni maSin, da mxolod maSin,
roca A  0 .

 Ek U 
6.1.13. ipoveT A 1 , Tu A    , sadac E k da El
 0 E l 

Sesabamisi rigis erTeulovani matricebia, xolo

U warmoadgens k  l rigis matricas.

6.1.14. aCveneT:

a) gadaugvarebeli, simetriuli matricis

Sebrunebuli agreTve simetriuli matricaa;

b) gadaugvarebeli, iribsimetriuli matricis

Sebrunebuli agreTve iribsimetriuli matricaa.

6.1.15. aCveneT, rom ori simetriuli matricis namravli

simetriulia maSin, da mxolod maSin, roca
mocemuli matricebi gadanacvlebadia.

6.1.16. aCveneT, rom ori iribsimetriuli matricis

namravli iribsimetriulia maSin, da mxolod
maSin, roca mocemuli matricebi gadanacvlebadia.

6.1.17. gamoTvaleT Semdegi matricis rangi:

 1 04
 4  5  0 0 7  
     2 0 0
a)  1 2  ; b)  0 0 0  ; g)  ;
 3 2  0 3 0 1 33 
     
 2 5 1 


88
 0 1 10 0
 1  2 3 0 7  
  11 0 0 0
  2 4 6 1 0
d)   ; e)  1 0 1 0 0 .
3 9 1 4 7  
  0 0 10 1
  5 12 8 2 1 
  1 0 01 1 


6.1.18.  da  parametris namdvil mniSvnelobebze

damokidebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gamoTvaleT
Semdegi matricis rangi:

 1 2 1 1   1 1 3 1 
   
a)  4 1 3 0 ; b)  1  2  4 5 ;
 5 1  1 1     1 7  4 
   
 3  4 1   1 1 0 10 3 
   
 1 1 4     2 1 
g)  1  1 3  ; d)    1  2 3 1 ;

 1 2 1 4       3 2  1
  
 0 2 0   6 3 1 2 
   
e)  1 0 v)  1 2 1 1 ;
0 ;
   5 1  1 1 
 0 0  4 
2
 
  4 1 
 3 

 1 0 0 0
 
 0  1 0 0
z)  0 0  0 0 .
 
0 0 0 3 1
0 2 
 0 0 6

6.1.19. daamtkiceT, rom matricTa namravlis rangi

Tanamamravli matricebis rangebs ar aRemateba.

89
6.1.20. daamtkiceT, rom matricTa jamis rangi Sesakrebi
matricebis rangebis jams ar aRemateba.

6.1.21. daamtkiceT, rom namdvilelementebiani da toli

raodenoba striqonebis mqone A da B
 A AB 
matricebisaTvis: r    r  A  r B  , sadac
 2 A  5B 
r  X  -iT X -matricis rangia aRniSnuli.

6.1.22. daamtkiceT, rom toli rangebis mqone,

kvadratuli A da B matricebisaTvis:
 A AB 
r    r  A  r  B  .
2
 B BB 

6.1.23. daamtkiceT, rom matricisaTvis erTi axali

striqonis (svetis) miwera matricis rangs an ar
cvlis an mis mniSvnelobas erTiT zrdis.

Tavi 7. wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemebi

$ 7.1. wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema, sistemis amoxsnis

gausis meTodi

x1 , x2 ,, xn ucnobebis mimarT wrfiv gantolebaTa

sistemas aqvs saxe:
90
 a11 x1  a12 x 2    a1n x n  b1
a x  a x    a x  b
 21 1 22 2 2n n 2
 ,
             
a m1 x1  a m 2 x 2    a m n x n  bm


sadac ai j , bi ( i  1, 2 ,, m ; j  1, 2 ,, n) sidideebi K

velis elementebia. ai j -elementebs ucnobebis
koeficientebi, xolo bi -s _Tavisufali wevrebi
ewodebaT.

n -ucnobian wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis amonaxsni

ewodeba K velis elementTa (c1 , c2 ,, cn ) dalagebul
n -euls, romelsac aqvs Tviseba, rom sistemaSi x1 -is
nacvlad c1 -is, x 2 -is nacvlad c2 -is da a.S x n -is
nacvlad cn -is CasmiT sistemis TiToeuli gantoleba,
K velis WeSmarit tolobad iqceva.

wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemebs ewodebaT tolfasi

sistemebi, Tu maTi amonaxsnTa simravleebi tolia.

Tu sistemas gaaCnia amonaxsni, mas Tavsebadi ewodeba.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi – araTavsebadi.

wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis elementaruli

gardaqmnebia:

(1) Tu sistemis nebismieri gantolebis orive mxare

mravldeba K velis raime aranulovan elementze;

91
(2) Tu sitemis i -ur, 1  i  m , gantolebas emateba amave
sistemis j -uri, 1 j  m gantoleba, winaswar
gamravlebuli K velis raime aranulovan elementze.

sistemis elementaruli gardaqmnebi mis tolfasobas ar

cvlis.

wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsnis gausis meTodi:

zogadobis SeuzRudavad, igulixsmeba, rom a11  0 (amis
miRweva yovelTvisaa SesaZlebeli). sistemis i -uri
gantolebidan ( 1 i  m dawyebuli meore
𝑎𝑖1
gantolebidan), pirveli gantolebis (gamravlebuli -
𝑎11
ze) saSualebiT gamoiricxeba pirveli ucnobi, Sedegad
gantolebaTa sistema miiRebs saxes:
a11 x1  a12 x 2  a13 x3    a1n x n  b1
 a ' 22 x 2  a '13 x3    a ' 2 n x n  b' 2

 . Semdeg etapze,
 
 a ' m 2 x 2  a ' m 3 x3    a ' mn x n  b' m
sistemis i -uri gantolebidan ( 2 < 𝑖 ≤ 𝑚 dawyebuli
mesame gantolebidan), meore gantolebis
′
𝑎𝑖2
(gamravlebuli ′
𝑎22
-ze) saSualebiT gamoiricxeba meore
ucnobi sxva gantolebebidan da a. S. es procesi
garkveuli sasruli nabijis Semdeg dasruldeba da
Tavdapirveli gantolebaTa sistema miiRebs saxes:

92
a11 x1  a12 x 2  a13 x3    a1n x n  b1
 a' 22 x 2  a'13 x3    a' 2 n x n  b' 2

 . ganixileba
             
 br r x r    br n x n  c r

ori SemTxveva:

(1) Tu r  n , maSin sistema miiRebs e.w. “samkuTxovan”

saxes da misi ukanaskneli gantoleba iqneba
bnn xn  cn , bnn  0 , romelsac erTaderTi amonaxsni aqvs
da Sesabamisad wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemas aqvs
erTaderTi amonaxsni.

(2) Tu r  n , maSin sistema miiRebs e.w. “trapeciis”

saxes. aseT SemTxvevaSi xr 1 , xr 2 ,, xn ucnobebis
(damoukidebeli cvladebi) yoveli mniSvnelobebisaTvis
miiReba x1 , x 2 ,, x r ucnobebis Sesabamisi mniSvnelobebi
da wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemas uamravi (usasrulod
bevri) amonaxsni aqvs.

Tu elementaruli gardaqmnebis Sedegad sistemis

romelime gantolebis yvela koeficienti nulovani
elementia, xolo Tavisufali wevri aranulovani, aseT
SemTxvevaSi sistemas amonaxsni ara aqvs.

7.1.1. amoxseniT wrfiv gantolebaTa sitemebi gausis

meTodiT:

2 x  3 y  z  0  2 x  3 y  z  1 2 x  5 y  z  1
  
1.  x  2 y  4 z  9 ; 2.  x  2 y  4 z  9 ; 3.  x  y  z  2 ;
 y z 2  x  12 y  14 z  1  x  13 y  5 z  4
  

93
 2 x1  x 2  x3  x 4  3  x1  2 x 2  x3  3x 4  4 x5  2
3x  4 x  x  x  2 2 x  x  3 x  2 x  x  4
 1  1 2 3 4 5
4. 
2 3 4
; 5.  ;
 x1  3 x 2  x 3  x 4 4  x1  4 x 2  2 x3  5 x 4  3 x5  6
5 x1  3 x 2  6 x3  3 x 4  5  x1  15x 2  6 x3  19 x 4  9 x5  2

3 x1  x 2  x3  2 x 4  3 x5  4
2 x  3 x  2 x  x  4 x  5 5 x1  3x 2  5 x3  12x 4  10
 1 
6. 
2 3 4 5
; 7. 2 x1  2 x 2  3x3  5 x 4  4 ;
 1x  2 x  3 x  4 x  x 5 3 x  7 x  9x  4x  2
 1
2 3 4
 x1  2 x 2  3 x3  3 x 4  7 x5  1 2 3 4

 9 x1  6 x2  7 x3  10x4  3  9 x1  10x 2  3x3  7 x 4  7

 
8.  6 x1  4 x2  2 x3  3x4  2 ; 9.  4 x1  7 x 2  x3  3x 4  5 ;
 3x  2 x  11x  15x  1  7 x  5x  4 x  6 x  3
 1 2 3 4  1 2 3 4

3 x1  2 x 2  5 x3  x 4  3 4 x1  3 x 2  x3  5 x 4  7  0
2 x  3 x  x  5 x  3  x  2 x  2 x  3x  3  0
 1  1 2 3 4
10. 
2 3 4
; 11.  ;
 1x  2 x 2  4 x 4  3  3 x1  x 2  2 x 3 1  0
 x1  x 2  4 x3  9 x 4  22 2 x1  3 x 2  2 x3  8 x 4  7  0

2 x1  2 x 2  x4  3  0  x1  x 2  6 x3  4 x 4  6
2 x  3 x  x  3 x  6  0 3 x  x  6 x  4 x  2
 1  1 2 3 4
12. 
2 3 4
; 13.  ;
3
 1 x  4 x 2  x 3  2 x 4 0 2
 1 x  3 x 2  9 x 3  2 x4  6
 x1  3 x 2  x3  x 4 20 3 x1  2 x 2  3 x3  8 x 4  7

2 x1  7 x 2  3x3  x 4  5 2 x1  3 x 2  x3  x 4  1
 x  3x  5 x  2 x  3 8 x  12 x  9 x  8 x  3
 1  1 2 3 4
14. 
2 3 4
; 15.  ;
x
 1  5 x 2  9 x 3  8 x 4 1
4
 1 x  6 x 2  3 x 3  2 x 4 3
5 x1  18x 2  4 x3  5 x 4  12 2 x1  3 x 2  9 x3  7 x 4  3

4 x1  3 x 2  2 x3  x 4  8 2 x1  x 2  x3  x 4  3
3 x  2 x  x  3 x  7 4 x  2 x  2 x  3 x  2
 1 2 3 4  1 2 3 4
16.  ; 17. 
2
 1 x  x 2  5 x 4  6 2
 1 x  x 2  5 x 3  6 x 4 1
5 x1  3 x 2  x3  8 x 4  1 2 x1  x 2  3 x3  4 x 4  5
.

94
7.1.2. amoxseniT wrfiv gantolebaTa sitemebi gausis
meTodiT. ipoveT raime kerZo amonaxsni:

12x1  9 x2  3x3  10x4  13  6 x1  9 x2  3x3  2 x4  4

 
1. 4 x1  3x2  x3  2 x4  3 ; 2.  2 x1  3x2  5 x3  4 x4  2 ;
8 x  6 x  2 x  5 x  7  4 x  6 x  4 x  3x  3
 1 2 3 4  1 2 3 4

8 x1  6 x 2  5 x3  2 x 4  21
3x  3x  2 x  x  10 2 x1  5 x 2  8 x3  8
 1 4 x  3 x  9 x  9
 1
2 3 4
2 3
3. 4 x1  2 x 2  3x3  x 4  8 ; 4. 
 2 x  3 x  5 x 3  7
3x  3x  x  x  15 1 2

 1 2 3 4  x1  8 x 2  7 x3  12
7 x1  4 x 2  5 x3  2 x 4  18
.

7.1.3. amoxseniT gantolebaTa sistemebi gausis meTodis

gamoyenebiT:

6 x1  4 x 2  5 x3  2 x 4  3 x5  1  2 x1  (1  i) x2  3i x3  b1
3 x  2 x  2 x  x  7 2. 
 1 2 3 4  2 x1  (1  i) x2  (1  3i ) x3  b2 ;
1.  ;
9 x1  6 x 2  x3  3 x 4  2 x5  2  x3  b3

3 x1  2 x 2  4 x3  x 4  2 x5  3

ax1  x 2  x3  x 4  1  x1  3 x 2  2 x3  0
 x  ax  x  x  1 2 x  x  3 x  0
 1 2 3 4  1 2 3
3.  ; 4.  ;
 1x  x 2  ax3  x 4 1 3
 1 x  5 x 2  4 x3  0
 x1  x 2  x3  ax4  1  x1  17 x 2  4 x3  0

 x1  x 2  3 x3  1
 x1  2 x 2  x3  x 4  1 2 x  x  2 x  1
  1
5.  x1  2 x 2  x3  x 4  1 ; 6. 
2 3

x  2 x  x  5x  5  x1  x 2  x3  3
 1 2 3 4
 x1  2 x 2  3 x3  1 .

95
$ 7.2. wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsnis krameris
xerxi

n ucnobian n wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis

a11 x1  a12 x 2    a1n x n  b1
a x  a x    a x  b
 21 1 22 2 2n n 2

 
a n1 x1  a n 2 x 2    a n n x n  bn


ucnobebis koeficientebisagan Sedgenil

a11 a12  a1n
a 21 a 22  a 2 n
 determinants ewodeba sistemis

a n1 a n 2  a nn
mTavari determinanti.

Tu   0 , maSin n ucnobian n wrfiv gantolebaTa

sistemas aqvs erTaderTi amonaxsni da is Semdegi
1  
formulebiT moicema: x1  , x2  2 , , xn  n ,
  

a11 a12  a1,i 1 b1  a1n

a 21 a 22  a 2,i 1 b2  a 2 n
sadac, i  , i  1, 2,  , n .

a n1 a n 2  a n ,i 1 bn  a n n

Tu TiToeuli Tavisufali wevri nulis tolia

bi  0, i  1, 2,  , n , maSin wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemas
ewodeba erTgvarovani.

96
erTgvarovan sistemas gaaCnia mxolod nulovani
amonaxsni roca   0 .

7.2.1. amoxseniT gantolebaTa sistema krameris xerxiT:

2 x1  x2  x3  4  x1  x 2  2 x3  1
 
1. 3x1  4 x2  2 x3  11 ; 2. 2 x1  x 2  2 x3  4 ;
3x  2 x  4 x  11 4 x  x  4 x  2
 1 2 3  1 2 3

3x1  2 x2  x3  5  x1  2 x 2  4 x3  31
 
3. 2 x1  3x2  x3  1 ; 4. 5 x1  x 2  2 x3  29 ;
2 x  x  3x  11 3x  x  x  10
 1 2 3  1 2 3

 x1  x 2  2 x3  3x 4  1  x1  2 x 2  3 x3  2 x 4  6
3 x  x  x  2 x  4 2 x  x  2 x  3 x  8
 1 2 3 4  1 2 3 4
5.  ; 6.  ;
 2 x 1  3 x 2  x 3  x 4  6  3 x1  2 x 2  x 3  2 x 4  4
 x1  2 x 2  3x3  x 4  4 2 x1  3 x 2  2 x3  x 4  8

 x1  2 x 2  3 x3  4 x 4  5  x 2  3 x3  4 x 4  5
2 x  x  2 x  3 x  1 x
 1 2 3 4  1  2 x3  3 x 4  4
7.  ; 8. 
3 x1  2 x 2  x3  2 x 4  1 3 x1  2 x 2  5 x 4  12
4 x1  3 x 2  2 x3  x 4  5 4 x1  3 x 2  5 x3 5
.

7.2.2. amoxseniT sistemebi krameris xerxis gamoyenebiT:

2 x1  x 2  3 x3  2 x 4  4
3 x  3 x  3 x  2 x  6
2 x  5 y  1  1 2 3 4
1.  ; 2.  ;
ax  5 y  2a  5 3
 1 x  x 2  x 3  2 x 4  6
3 x1  x 2  3 x3  x 4  6

97
  x1  x 2  x3  x 4 0
 x1  x 2  x3  x 4  0 
 x  2 x  3x  4 x  0  x 2  x3  x 4  x5 0
 1 2 3 4
3.  ; 4.  x1  2 x 2  3x3 2 ;
 x  3 x  6 x  10 x4  0
1 2 3
 x 2  2 x3  3 x 4  2
 x1  4 x 2  10 x3  20x 4  0 
 x3  2 x 4  3 x5  2

 x1  2 x 2  3x3  4 x 4  x5  1 2 x1  2 x 2  x3  x 4  4
2 x  x  3 x  4 x  2 x  8 4 x  3 x  x  2 x  6
 1 2 3 4 5
 1 2 3 4
5. 3x1  x 2  x3  2 x 4  x5  3 ; 6.  ;
8
 1 x  5 x  3 x  4 x 4  12
4 x  3x  4 x  2 x  2 x  2 2 3

 1 2 3 4 5 3 x1  3 x 2  2 x3  2 x 4  6
 x1  x 2  x3  2 x 4  3x5  3

2 x1  3x 2  11x3  5 x 4  2 3 x1  4 x 2  x3  2 x 4  3  0
x  x  5x  2 x  1 3 x  5 x  3 x  5 x  6  0
 1 2 3 4  1
7.  ; 8. 
2 3 4
;
2
 1 x  x 2  3 x 3  2 x 4  3 6 x1  8 x 2  x3  5 x 4  8  0
 x1  x 2  3x3  4 x 4  3 3 x1  5 x 2  3 x3  7 x 4  8  0

7 x1  9 x 2  4 x3  2 x 4  2  0
2 x  2 x  x  x  6  0
 1 2 3 4
9. 
5
 1 x  6 x 2  3 x 3  2 x4  3  0
2 x1  3x 2  x3  x 4  0
.

7.2.3. amoxseniT gantolebaTa sistema, Tu cnobilia, rom

 x1 x 22 x33  2

x1 , x2 , x3 dadebiTi ricxvebia:  x12 x 23 x34  4 .
 2
 x1 x 2 x3  2

7.2.4. ipoveT k parametris yvela is namdvili

mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac sistemas gaaCnia
aranulovani amonaxsni:

98
 kx1  x 2  x3  x 4  0 kx1  x 2  x3  0
 x  (1  k ) x  x  x  0 
 1  x1  kx2  x3  0
; 2.
2 3 4
1. 
 x1  x 2  (2  k ) x3  x 4  0  x  x  kx  0
2 x1  2 x 2  (3  k ) x3  2 x 4  0  1 2 3
.

7.2.5. ipoveT k1 , k 2 , k 3 , k 4 parametrebis yvela is namdvili

mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac sistemas gaaCnia
 x1  x 2  x3  x 4  0
k x  k x  k x  k x  0
aranulovani amonaxsni:  1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 .
 2
k
 1 1x  k 2
x
2 2  k 2
x
3 3  k 2
x
4 4  0
k 3 x  k 3 x  k 3 x  k 3 x  0
 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

7.2.6. amoxseniT gantolebaTa sistema  5 velis mimarT:

x  2z  1 2 x  3 y  4 z  3
 
1.  y  2 z  2 ; 2.  x  4 y  z  0
2 x  z  1 x  y  z  0
  .

7.2.7. amoxseniT gantolebaTa sistema  7 velis mimarT:

3x  y  2 z  1

 x  2 y  3z  1 .
4 x  3 y  2 z  1


7.2.8. amoxseniT gantolebaTa sistema:

 x 2  x3    x n  0
x  x3    x n  1
 1
 .
 
 x1  x 2    x n 1  n  1

99
$ 7.3. wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis Tavsebadobis
kriteriumi

a11 x1  a12 x 2    a1n x n  b1

a x  a x    a x  b
 21 1 22 2 2n n 2
wrfiv gantolebaTa 
             
a m1 x1  a m 2 x 2    a m n x n  bm

sistemis koeficientebisagan Sedgenil matricebs:
 a11 a12  a1n   a11 a12  a1n b1 
   
 a 21 a 22  a 2 n   a 21 a 22  a 2 n b2 
A  da B 
     
 a m1 a m 2  a m n   a m1 a m 2  a m n bm 
   
ewodeba Sesabamisad, sistemis matrica ( A ) da sistemis
gafarToebuli matrica ( B ).

imisaTvis, rom wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema iyos

Tavsebadi aucilebeli da sakmarisia, rom sistemis
matricisa da gafarToebuli matricis rangebi iyos
toli: rank A  rank B  r .

Tu r  n , maSin sistemas gaaCnia erTaderTi amonaxsni;

Tu r  n , maSin sistemas gaaCnia uamravi amonaxsni.

7.3.1. gamoikvlieT sistemis Tavsebadobis sakiTxi da

amoxseniT:

2 x1  x 2  3 x3  3 2 x1  x 2  x3  x 4  1
3 x  x  5 x  0 3 x  2 x  2 x  3 x  2
 1 2 3  1
1.  ; 2. 
2 3 4
;
4
 1 x  x 2  x 3 3  5 x1  x 2  x 3  2 x 4  1
 x1  3x 2  13x3  6 2 x1  x 2  x3  3 x 4  4
100
  x1  2 x 2  3 x3  4 x 4  4 2 x1  x 2  x3  x 4  x5  1
 x 2  x3  x 4  3 x  x  x  x  2x  0
  1 2 3 4 5
3.  ; 4.  ;
 x1  3 x 2  3x4  1 3
 1 x  3 x 2  3 x 3  3 x 4  4 x5  2
  7 x 2  3 x3  x 4  3 4 x1  5 x 2  5 x3  5 x 4  7 x5  3

3 x1  x 2  2 x3  x 4  x5  1  x1  3x 2  5 x3  4 x 4 1
2 x  x  7 x  3 x  5 x  2  x  3x  2 x  2 x  x  1
 1 2 3 4 5  1 2 3 4 5
5.  ; 6.  x1  2 x 2  x3  x 4  x5  3 ;
 x1  3 x 2  2 x3  5 x 4  7 x5  3 x  4x  x  x  x  3
3 x1  2 x 2  7 x3  5 x 4  8 x5  3  1 2 3 4 5

 x1  2 x 2  x3  x 4  x5  1

 x1  2 x 2  3x3  x 4  1
 x1  2 x 2  3x3  4 x 4  2 x5  2 3x  2 x  x  x  1
x  2x  x 
 1 2 3 x5  3  1 2 3 4

7.  x1  x 2  2 x3  3x 4  10 ; 8. 2 x1  3x 2  x3  x 4  1
 2 x  2 x  2 x  x  1
x 2  x3  x 4  2 x5  5  1
 2 3 4

2 x1  3x 2  x3  x 4  4 x5  1 5 x1  5 x 2  2 x3 2
.

7.3.2. gamoikvlieT sistemis Tavsebadobis sakiTxi da

amoxseniT:

2 x1  7 x2  3x3  x4  6 2 x1  3x 2  5 x3  7 x 4  1
 
1. 3x1  5 x2  2 x3  2 x4  4 ; 2. 4 x1  6 x 2  2 x3  3x 4  2 ;
9 x  4 x  x  7 x  2 2 x  3x  11x  15x  1
 1 2 3 4  1 2 3 4

3x1  4 x 2  x3  2 x 4  3 3x1  5 x2  2 x3  4 x 4  2
 
3. 6 x1  8 x 2  2 x3  5 x 4  7 ; 4. 7 x1  4 x2  x3  3x 4  5 ;
9 x  12x  3x  10x  13 5 x  7 x  4 x  6 x  3
 1 2 3 4  1 2 3 4

3x1  2 x 2  2 x3  2 x 4  2 8 x1  6 x 2  5 x3  2 x 4  21
2 x  3 x  2 x  5 x  3 3x  3x  2 x  x  10
 1 2 3 4  1 2 3 4

5. 9 x1  x 2  4 x3  5 x 4  1 ; 6. 4 x1  2 x 2  3x3  x 4  8 ;
2 x  2 x  3 x  4 x  5 3x  5 x  x  x  15
 1 2 3 4
 1 2 3 4

7 x1  x 2  6 x3  x 4  7 7 x1  4 x 2  5 x3  2 x 4  18

101
 2 x1  3x 2  x3  2 x 4  4
4 x  3 x  x  x  5  x1  2 x 2  x3  x 4  x5  0
 1 2 3 4 2 x  x  x  2 x  3 x  0
7. 5 x1  11x 2  3x3  2 x 4  2 ; 8.  1 2 3 4 5

2 x  5 x  x  x  1 3x1  2 x 2  x3  x 4  2 x5  0
 1 2 3 4 2 x1  5 x 2  x3  2 x 4  2 x5  0
 x1  7 x 2  x3  2 x 4  7
.

7.3.3. gamoikvlieT sistemis Tavsebadobis sakiTxi. ipoveT

sistemis zogadi da raime kerZo amonaxsni:

3 x1  4 x 2  5 x3  7 x 4  0
6 x1  4 x 2  5 x3  2 x 4  3 x5  1 2 x  3 x  3 x  2 x  0
3 x  2 x  4 x  x  2 x  3  1
 1 
2 3 4
; 2. ;
2 3 4 5
1. 
3 x  2 x  2 x  x  7  4 x  11 x  13 x  16 x4  0
 1 2 3 4 1 2 3
9 x1  6 x 2  x3  3 x 4  2 x5  2 7 x1  2 x 2  x3  3 x 4  0

 x1  x 2  3 x 4  x5  0  x1  x 2  2 x3  x 4  1
x  x  2x  x 0 3x  3x  4 x  3 x  1
 1 2 3 4  1 2 3 4
3.  ; 4. 
4 x1  2 x 2  6 x3  3 x 4  4 x5  0  3 x 1  3 x 2  8 x 3  3 x 4 5
2 x1  4 x 2  2 x3  4 x 4  7 x5  0  x1  x 2  6 x3  x 4  5
.

ay  bx  c
7.3.4. cnobilia, rom  sistemas aqvs
cx  az  b
bz  cy  a

erTaderTi amonaxsni. daamtkiceT, rom a  b  c  0 .
ipoveT sistemis amonaxsni.

7.3.5. ipoveT  parametris yvela is mniSvneloba,

2 x1  x2  x3  x 4  1
romlisTvisac  wrfiv
 x1  2 x2  x3  4 x 4  2
 x  7 x  4 x  11x  
 1 2 3 4

gantolebaTa sistema Tavsebadia.

102
7.3.6. gamoarkvieT  parametris ra mniSvnelobebisaTvis
aris sistema Tavsebadi, ipoveT sistemis amonaxsni:

3x1  (2   ) x 2  x3  

1. x1  (  1) x2  x3  2 ;
(4  3) x  (2  1) x  (  4) x  2  3
 1 2 3

x1  x 2  x3  x 4  1
(  1) x  (  2) x  2 x  2 x  4
 1 2 3 4
2.  ;

 2 x   x 3  1
 x1  x 2  x3  x 4  1

x1  x2  x3  0 x1  x2  x3  1
 
3.  x1  x2  x3  0 ; 4.  x1  x2  x3  
 x  x  x  0 
 1  x1  x2  x3   .
2
2 3

7.3.7. gamoarkvieT aris Tu ara Tavsebadi wrfiv

gantolebaTa sistema da Tavsebadobis SemTxvevaSi
amoxseniT:

ax  y  z  4 ax  by  z  1
 
1.  x  by  z  3 ; 2.  x  aby  z  b ;
 x  2by  z  4  x  by  az  1
 

(  3) x  y  2 z   x  y  (  1) z  
 
3.  x  (  1) y  z  2 ; 4. x  y  (  1) z   ;
3(  1) x  y  (  3) z  5 (  1) x  y  (2  3) z  1
 

ax  by  2 z  1
 .
5. ax  (2b  1) y  3z  1
ax  by  (b  3) z  2b  1


103
7.3.8. daamtkiceT, rom Tu namdvilkoeficientebian wrfiv
gantolebaTa sistemas aqvs kompleqsuri amonaxsni,
maSin mas aqvs namdvili amonaxsnic.

7.3.9. amoxseniT wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema  3 da  5

x  2z  1

velebis mimarT:  y  2z  2 .
2 x  z  1


7.3.10. amoxseniT wrfiv gantolebaTa sistema  5 da  7

3x  y  2 z  1

velebis mimarT:  x  2 y  3z  1 .
4 x  3 y  2 z  1


7.3.11. amoxseniT matriculi gantoleba:

 21 11
1.        ;
 21 11
11 11 11
2.          
11 11 11 .

104
$ 7.4. wrfiv erTgvarovan gantolebaTa sistema,
amonaxsnTa fundamenturi sistema

a11 x1  a12 x 2    a1n x n  0


wrfiv erTgvarovan gantolebaTa a 21 x1  a 22 x2    a 2 n x n  0

 
a m1 x1  a m 2 x 2    a m n x n  0

sistema yovelTvis Tavsebadia, radgan mas nulovani
amonaxsni yovelTvis aqvs.

wrfiv erTgarovan gantolebaTa sistemis amonaxsnebi

adgenen wrfiv sivrces. am sivrcis nebismier baziss
ewodeba amonaxsnTa fundamenturi sistema.

amonaxsnTa sivrcis ganzomilebaa n  r , sadac r

_sistemis matricis rangia. amonaxsnTa fundamenturi
sistema Sedgeba n  r amonaxsnisagan.

7.4.1. ipoveT gantolebaTa sistemis zogadi amonaxsni da

aageT amonaxsnTa fundamenturi sistema:

 x1  2 x 2  4 x3  3 x 4  0
3x  5 x  6 x  4 x  0 2 x1  4 x 2  5 x3  3 x4  0
 1 
1. 
2 3 4
; 2. 3x1  6 x2  4 x3  2 x 4  0 ;
4
 1 x  5 x 2  2 x 3  3 x 4  0 4 x  8 x  17 x  11x  0
3x1  8 x 2  2 x3  19x 4  0  1 2 3 4

3x1  2 x 2  x3  3 x 4  5 x5  0 3 x1  5 x 2  2 x3  0
6 x  4 x  3 x  5 x  7 x  0 4 x  7 x  5 x  0
 1 2 3 4 5  1 2 3
3.  ; 4.  ;
9
 1 x  6 x 2  5 x 3  7 x 4  9 x 5  0 x
 1  x 2  4 x 3  0
3x1  2 x 2  4 x 4  8 x5  0 2 x1  9 x 2  6 x3  0

105
  x1  x3  0
6 x1  2 x 2  2 x3  5 x 4  7 x5  0 x  x  0
9 x  3 x  4 x  8 x  9 x  0  2 4
 1 2 3 4 5  x1  x3  x5  0
5.  ; 6.  ;
    5  0
 x 2  x 4  x 6  0
6
 1 x 2 x 2 6 x 3 7 x 4 x
3 x1  x 2  4 x3  4 x 4  x5  0  x 3  x 5  0

 x 4  x6  0
 x1  x3  x5  0
x  x  x  0 5 x1  6 x 2  2 x3  7 x 4  4 x5  0
 2 2 x  3 x  x  4 x  2 x  0
4 6
 1 2 3 4 5
7.  x1  x 2  x5  x6  0 ; 8. 
7
 1 x  9 x  3 x  5 x  6 x5  0
x  x  x  0 2 3 4

 2 3 6 5 x1  9 x 2  3 x3  x 4  6 x5  0
 x1  x 4  x5  0
.

7.4.2. aageT wrfiv erTgvarovan gantolebaTa sistemis

amonaxsnTa fundamenturi sistema:

 x1  2 x 2  x3  x 4  x5  0
 x1  x 2  x3  0  x  3x  2 x  3x  4 x  0
1.  ;  1 2 3 4 5
2.  ;
2 x1  x 2  x3  0 2
 1 x  5 x 2  x 3  2 x 4  2 x 5  0
4 x1  4 x 2  x5  0

3 x1  2 x 2  2 x3  2 x 4  2 x5  0  x1  x 2  x3  x 4  0
3 x  2 x  3 x  x  x  0 x  x  x  2x  0
 1  1 2 3 4
3. 
2 3 4 5
; 4.  ;
6 x  4 x  3 x  5 x  7 x5  0  1x  x  7 x  11 x4  0
 1 2 3 4 2 3

6 x1  4 x 2  5 x3  3 x 4  x5  0
 x1  x 2  9 x3  14x 4  0

 x1  x 2  x3  2 x 4  0
5.  ; 6. x1  x2  x3  x4  0
2 x1  x 2  2 x3  x 4  0

7.4.3. daamtkiceT, rom Tu namdvilkoeficientian wrfiv

erTgvarovan gantolebaTa sistemas gaaCnia
aranulovani kompleqsuri amonaxsni, maSin mas
aranulovani namdvili amonaxsnic aqvs.
106
7.4.4. SeadgineT namdvilkoeficientebiani wrfiv
gantolebaTa sistema, romlis amonaxsnTa
fundamentur sistemas aqvs saxe:

(4, 5, 1, 0) (1, 0, 0, 2, 1)
1.  ; 
2. (0, 1, 0, 3, 2)
(3, 2, 0, 1) (0, 0,1,  1,  2) .


Tavi 8. polinomTa algebra

$ 8.1. moqmedebebi polinomebze. polinomTa udidesi

saerTo gamyofi

𝐾 velis mimarT n -uri xarisxis polinomi

(mravalwevri) ewodeba gamosaxulebas:
n
f ( x)  a 0 x n  a1 x n 1  a 2 x n  2    a n 1 x  a n   ai x n i , sadac
i 0

ai  K ( i  0, 2 ,, n ) sidideebs polinomis koeficientebi

ewodebaT. a0  0 - polinomis ufrosi koeficientia da
a0 x - polinomis ufrosi wevri. n  deg f ( x) naturalur
n

ricxvs polinomis xarisxs uwodeben.

n s
mocemuli ori f ( x )   a i x n i da g ( x)   bi x s i
i 0 i 0

polinomisaTvis ganimarteba:

k  max(n , s )
polinomTa jami f ( x)  g ( x)  
i 0
ci x k i , sadac

ci  ai  bi Tu i  min(n, s) da ci  ai an ci  bi Tu
i  min(n, s) ;

107
 n s
polinomTa namravli f ( x)  g ( x)   d j x n s  j , sadac
j 0
n s
dj  a b .
i l  j
i l.

ase ganmartebuli Sekrebisa da gamravlebis operaciebis

mimarT K[x] polinomTa simravle komutaciuri rgolia.

Teorema polinomTa gayofadobis Sesaxeb: Tu f (x) da

g (x) polinomebia K[x] -dan da g ( x)  0 , maSin arsebobs
erTaderTi wyvili q(x) da r (x) polinomebisa, rom
f ( x)  g ( x) q( x)  r ( x) , sadac r ( x)  0 an deg r ( x)  deg g ( x) .
q(x) -s ewodeba ganayofi, xolo r (x) -s naSTi. Tu
r ( x)  0 , maSin amboben, rom g (x) polinomi yofs f (x)
polinoms da weren g ( x) | f ( x) . am SemTxvevaSi, g (x) -s
f (x) -is gamyofi, xolo f (x) -s g (x) -is jeradi ewodeba.

g (x) -s ewodeba f1 ( x), f 2 ( x),, f k ( x) polinomebis saerTo

gamyofi, Tu g ( x) | f1 ( x), g ( x) | f 2 ( x), , g ( x) | f k ( x) .

f1 ( x), f 2 ( x),, f k ( x) polinomebis d (x) saerTo gamyofs,

romelic maT nebismier saerTo gamyofze iyofa, udidesi
saerTo gamyofi ewodeba. is, rom d (x) aris f (x) da
g (x) polinomebis udidesi saerTo gamyofi, ase
Caiwereba ( f ( x), g ( x))  d ( x) . or polinoms ewodeba
Tanamartivi, Tu maTi udidesi saerTo gamyofi nulovani
xarisxis aranulovani polinomia ( f ( x), g ( x))  1 .
Tu g (x) polinomi f (x) polinoms ar yofs, maSin maTi

108
udidesi saerTo gamyofi f (x) da g (x)
polinomebisaTvis evklides algoriTmis ukanaskneli
aranulovani naSTis tolia, ufrosi koeficientiT erTi.

8.1.1. R[x] rgolSi, Semdegi polinomebisaTvis, ipoveT

ganayofi da naSTi
1. f ( x)  2 x 4  3x 3  4 x 2  5 x  6 da g ( x)  x 2  3x  1 ,
2. f ( x)  x 3  3x 2  x  1 da g ( x)  3x 2  2 x  1 ,
3. f ( x)  x 4  4 x 3  5 x 2  x  1 da g ( x)  x 2  2 x  3 ,
4. f ( x)  5x 4  x 2  6 da g ( x)  x 2  3x  2 ,
5. f ( x)  2 x 2  3x  1 da g ( x)  x 3  4
.

8.1.2. a, p da q sidideebis ra mniSvnelobebisaTvis yofs

g ( x)  x 2  ax  1 mravalwevri f (x) mravalwevrs:

1. f ( x)  x 4  q , 2. f ( x)  x 4  21x  q ,
3. f ( x)  x 4  px  q , 4. f ( x)  x 4  7 x 2  q .

8.1.3. p da q sidideebis ra mniSvnelobebisaTvis iyofa

f (x) mravalwevri g (x) mravalwevrze?

1. f ( x)  x 3  px  q , g ( x)  x 2  mx  1 ,
2. f ( x)  x 4  px 2  q, g ( x)  x 2  mx  1 .

8.1.4.  3 [ x] ,  5 [ x] da Q [x] rgolebSi, Semdegi

polinomebisaTvis, ipoveT ganayofi da naSTi
1. f ( x)  x 5  x 2  x  1 da g ( x)  x 3  2 x  1 ,
2. f ( x)  2 x 4  x 2  2 x da g ( x)  x 2  2 .

109
8.1.5. Semdegi polinomebisaTvis ipoveT udidesi saerTo
gamyofi

1. f ( x)  x 4  x 3  3x 2  4 x  1 da g ( x)  x 3  x 2  x  1 ,

2. f ( x)  x 5  x 4  x 3  2 x  1 da g ( x)  3x 4  2 x 3  x 2  2 x  2 ,

3. f ( x)  x 6  x 5  x 4  3x 2  2 x  6 da g ( x)  x 5  3x 2  2 x  2 ,

4. f ( x)  x 6  7 x 4  8x 3  7 x  7 da g ( x)  3x 5  7 x 3  3x 2  7 ,

5. f ( x)  x 5  2 x 4  x 3  7 x 2  12x  10 da g ( x)  3x 4  6 x 3  5x 2  2 x  2 ,

6. f ( x)  x 6  2 x 4  4 x 3  3x 2  8 x  5 da g ( x)  x 5  x 2  x  1 ,

7. f ( x)  x 5  x 4  x 3  3x 2  3x  1 da g ( x)  x 4  2 x 3  x 2  2 x  1 ,

8. f ( x)  x 4  4 x 3  1 da g ( x)  x 3  3x 2  1 ,

9. f ( x)  x 4  2 x 3  2 x  2 da g ( x)  x 3  3x  2 .

8.1.6. evklides algoriTmis gamoyenebiT, ipoveT u(x) da

v(x) polinomebi, rom Sesruldes toloba
f ( x) u( x)  g ( x) v( x)  d ( x) , sadac d ( x)  ( f ( x), g ( x))

1. f ( x)  x 4  2 x 3  x 2  4 x  2 da g ( x)  x 4  x 3  x 2  2 x  2 ,
2. f ( x)  x 5  3x 4  x 3  x 2  3x  1 da g ( x)  x 4  2 x 3  x  2 ,
3. f ( x)  4 x 4  2 x 3  16x 2  5 x  9 da g ( x)  2 x 3  x 2  5x  4 ,
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 7 + 6𝑥 6 − 3𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 4 + 14𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4
da 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 6 − 3𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 2,

110
 5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 5 + 11𝑥 4 − 27𝑥 3 + 37𝑥 2 − 35𝑥 + 35
da 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 − 20𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 25,
6. f ( x)  3x 5  5x 4  16x 3  6 x 2  5 x  6 da g ( x)  3x 4  4 x 3  x 2  x  2 .

8.1.7. evklides algoriTmis gamoyenebiT, ipoveT u(x) da

v(x) polinomebi, rom Sesruldes toloba:
f ( x) u( x)  g ( x) v( x)  1

1. f ( x)  3x 3  2 x 2  x  2 da g ( x)  x 2  x  1 ,
2. f ( x)  x 4  x 3  4 x 2  4 x  1 da g ( x)  x 2  x  1 ,
3. f ( x)  x 5  5x 4  2 x 3  12x 2  2 x  12 da g ( x)  x 3  5x 2  3x  17 ,
4. f ( x)  2 x 4  3x 3  3x 2  5x  2 da g ( x)  2 x 3  x 2  x  1 ,
5. f ( x)  3x 4  5x 3  4 x 2  2 x  1 da g ( x)  3x 3  2 x 2  x  1 .

8.1.8. ipoveT u(x) da v(x) polinomebis udidesi saerTo

gamyofi, Tu cnobilia, rom
f ( x) u( x)  g ( x) v( x)  d ( x) , sadac d ( x)  ( f ( x), g ( x)) .

8.1.9. ipoveT f (x) da g (x) polinomebis udidesi saerTo

gamyofi  2 [ x] rgolSi

1. f ( x)  x 5  x 4  1 da g ( x)  x 4  x 2  1 ,
2. f ( x)  x 5  x 3  x  1 da g ( x)  x 4  1 ,
3. f ( x)  x 5  x  1 da g ( x)  x 4  x 3  1 ,
4. f ( x)  x 5  x 3  x da g ( x)  x 4  x  1 .

111
$ 8.2. polinomis fesvi. martivi da jeradi fesvi

n
ganvixiloT polinomi f ( x)   a k x n  k  K [ x] . bezus
k 0

Teoremis ZaliT, f (x) polinomis ( x  x0 ) orwevrze

gayofis Sedegad miRebuli naSTi r aris f ( x0 ) -is toli.
maSasadame, adgili aqvs tolobas f ( x)  ( x  x0 ) q( x)  f ( x0 ) .
ganayofis anu q(x) polinomis koeficientebisa da
f ( x0 ) mniSvnelobis povna SesaZlebelia horneris
sqemis gamoyenebiT:

a 0 a1 a 2 . . . a n 1 a n

x0 b0 b1 b2 . . . bn1 r

sadac, b0  a0 , b1  x0 b0  a1 , . . . , bk  x0 bk 1  ak , . . .
bn1  x0 bn2  an1 sidideebi q(x) polinomis
koeficientebia, xolo r  x0 bn1  an  f ( x0 ) .

f (x) polinomis fesvi ewodeba K velis (an misi

gafarToebis) iseT c elements, romlisTvisac f (c)  0 .
cxadia, rom x0 aris f (x) polinomis fesvi maSin, da
mxolod maSin, roca ( x  x0 ) | f ( x) .

x0 -s ewodeba f (x) polinomis k -jeradi fesvi Tu k

aris udidesi naturaluri ricxvi, romlisTvisac
( x  x 0 ) | f ( x) .
k
aseT SemTxvevaSi ( x  x0 ) aris f (x)

112
polinomis k -jeradi dauyvanadi mamravli. Tu k  1 ,
maSin x0 fesvs martivi fesvi ewodeba.

f (x) polinomis warmoebuli f ' ( x) -iT aRiniSneba da is

tolia:

f ' ( x)  n a0 x n1  (n  1)a1 x n2  (n  2)a2 x n3    2an2 x  an1 .

Tu x0 aris f (x) polinomis k -jeradi fesvi, maSin is

f ' ( x) polinomisaTvis (𝑘 − 1) -jeradi fesvi iqneba.

vTqvaT, x0 , x1 ,, xn  K velis gansxvavebuli

elementebia da y0 , y1 ,, yn  K velis nebismieri
elementebia. arsebobs K[x] rgolis erTaderTi n -uri
xarisxis f (x) polinomi, rom f ( xi )  yi (i  0,1,, n) . am
Tvisebis lagranJis sainterpolacio polinoms aqvs
Semdegi saxe:

n
( x  x0 )( x  x1 ) ( x  xi 1 )( x  xi 1 ) ( x  xn )
f ( x)   y i .
i 0 ( xi  x0 )( xi  x1 ) ( xi  xi 1 )( xi  xi 1 ) ( xi  xn )

8.2.1. horneris sqemis gamoyenebiT, ipoveT q(x) ganayofi

da r naSTi

1. f ( x)  x 4  2x 3  4x 2  6x  8 , g ( x)  x  1 ,
2. f ( x)  2x 5  5x 3  8x, g ( x)  x  3 ,
3. f ( x)  4x 3  x 2 , g ( x)  x  1  i ,
4. f ( x)  x 3  x 2  x , g ( x)  x  1  2i .

113
8.2.2. horneris sqemis gamoyenebiT ipoveT f ( x0 ) , Tu

1. f ( x)  x 4  3x 3  6 x 2  10x  16 , x0  4 ,
2. f ( x)  5 x 4  7 x 3  8 x 2  3x  7 , x0  3 ,
3. f ( x)  2 x 5  2 x 4  3x 3  4 x 2  6 x  5 , x0  0,5 ,
4. f ( x)  x 5  (1  2 i) x 4  (1  3 i) x 2  7 , x0  2  i ,
5. f ( x)  x 5  (1  2 i) x 4  (3  i) x 2  7 , x0  1  2 i .

8.2.3. horneris sqemis gamoyenebiT f (x) polinomi

warmoadgineT ( x  x0 ) sxvaobis xarisxebis saxiT:

1. f ( x)  x 4  2 x 3  3x 2  4 x  1, x0  1 ,
2. f ( x)  x 5 , x0  1 ,
3. f ( x)  x 4  8 x 3  24x 2  50x  90 , x0  2 ,
4. f ( x)  x  2 i x  (1  i) x  3x  7  i ,
4 3 2
x0  i ,
5. f ( x)  x  (3  8 i) x  (21  18 i) x  (33  20 i) x  7  18 i ,
4 3 2
x0  1  2 i

8.2.4. horneris sqemis gamoyenebiT f ( x  3) polinomi

warmoadgineT x -is xarisxebad, Tu f ( x)  x 4  x 3  1 .

8.2.5. ipoveT f (x) -isa da misi warmoebulis mniSvnelobebi

x0 wertilSi, Tu

1. f ( x)  x 5  4 x 3  6 x 2  8 x  10 , x0  2 ,
2. f ( x)  x 4  3 i x 3  4 x 2  5 i x  1, x0  1  2 i .

8.2.6. horneris sqemis gamoyenebiT f (x) polinomisaTvis

daadgineT x0 fesvis jeradoba:
114
 1. f ( x)  x 5  5 x 4  7 x 3  2 x 2  4 x  8 , x0  2 ,
2. f ( x)  x 5  7 x 4  16x 3  8x 2  16x  16 , x0  2 ,
3. f ( x)  x  6 x  10x  6 x  9 ,
4 3 2
x0  3 .

8.2.7. ipoveT a parametris mniSvneloba, Tu cnobilia,

rom x  1 aris f ( x)  x 5  ax 2  ax  1 polinomis
fesvi, jeradobiT aranakleb ori.

8.2.8. daadgineT A da B parametrebis mniSvnelobebi, Tu

cnobilia, rom Ax 4  Bx 3  1 mravalwevri iyofa
( x  1) 2 -ze.

8.2.9. ipoveT f (x) polinomis jeradi fesvebi

1. f ( x)  x 6  6x 4  4x 3  9x 2  12x  4 ,
2. f ( x)  x 5  10x 3  20x 2  15x  4 ,
3. f ( x)  x 6  15x 4  8x 3  51x 2  72x  27 ,
4. f ( x)  x 5  6x 4  16x 3  24x 2  20x  8 ,
5. f ( x)  x 6  2x 5  x 4  2x 3  5x 2  4 x  4 ,
6. f ( x)  x 7  3x 6  5x 5  7 x 4  7 x 3  5x 2  3x  1 .

8.2.10. a paramertis ra mniSvnelobebisaTvis iqneba x  1

jeradi fesvi f (x) polinomisaTvis da rogoria
misi jeradoba?

1. f ( x)  x 3  ax 2  3x  1 , 2. f ( x)  2x 3  x 2  ax  3 ,
3. f ( x)  3x 4  6x 3  ax 2  2x  1 .

115
8.2.11. ipoveT  (x) mravalwevri, romelsac aqvs igive
fesvebi, rac f (x) polinoms, magram ara aqvT
jeradi fesvebi. daSaleT f (x) mravalwevri
dauyvanadi mamravlebis namravlad, C
kompleqsuri velis mimarT:

1. f ( x)  x 6  2x 5  9x 4  4x 3  31x 2  30x  9 ,
2. f ( x)  x 6  2x 5  x 4  4x 3  x 2  2x  1 ,
3. f ( x)  x 6  4x 5  7 x 4  8x 3  7 x 2  4x  1 ,
4. f ( x)  x 5  8x 4  25x 3  38x 2  28x  8 .

x x2 xn
8.2.12. aCveneT, rom f ( x)  1    polinoms
1! 2! n!
jeradi fesvebi ara aqvs.

8.2.13. lagranJis sainterpolacio formulis

gamoyenebiT, SeadgineT umciresi xarisxis
polinomi Semdegi cxrilis gamoyenebiT:

1.

x 1 2 34
f (x) 214 3
2.

x 1 i 1  i
f (x) 1 2 3 4

3.

x 1 2 3 4
f (x) 1 1  3 1
116
 4.

x  2 1 0 1 2
f (x) 13 1 1 1 13

8.2.14. ipoveT a parametris yvela is mniSvneloba,

romlisTvisac x 3  21x  a polinomis erTi fesvi
orjer metia meoreze.

8.2.15. ipoveT a parametris yvela is mniSvneloba,

romlisTvisac x 3  12x 2  a polinomis ori
fesvis jami mesame fesvis tolia.

8.2.16. SeadgineT umciresi xarisxis polinomi, romlis

a) (𝑥 − 1)-ze gayofisas naSTia 5, xolo (𝑥 − 2)-ze

gayofisas naSTia 3.

b) (𝑥 − 1)2 -ze gayofisas naSTia 2𝑥, xolo (𝑥 − 2)2 -

ze gayofisas naSTia 5.

$ 8.3. polinomis daSla dauyvanad mamravlebad.

polinomis racionaluri fesvi

mudmivisagan gansxvavebul f ( x)  K[ x] polinoms ewodeba

dayvanadi K velis mimarT, Tu K[x] rgolSi arsebobs
mudmivisagan gansxvavebuli iseTi f1 ( x) da f 2 ( x)
polinomebi, rom f ( x)  f 1 ( x)  f 2 ( x) . winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi f (x) polinoms ewodeba K velis mimarT
dauyvanadi polinomi.

117
nebismieri f ( x)  K[ x] polinomi K velis mimarT
iSleba dauyvanad polinomTa namravlad.

n -uri xarisxis yoveli f ( x )  K [ x] polinomisaTvis

arsebobs K velis iseTi gafarToeba, romelic Seicavs
f (x) polinomis x1 , x2 , x3 , , xn _yvela fesvs. K velis
am gafarToebis mimarT 𝑓(𝑥) polinomi iSleba wrfiv
mamravlebad: f ( x)  a0 ( x  x1 )(x  x2 )( x  xn ) , sadac a0  0
aris f (x) polinomis ufrosi koeficienti.

kompleqsur ricxvTa velis mimarT mxolod pirveli

xarisxis polinomia dauyvanadi. namdvil ricxvTa velis
mimarT dauyvanadia pirveli xarisxis polinomebi da
meore xarisxis is polinomebi, romelTa diskriminanti
uaryofiTia da mxolod isini.

8.3.1. daSaleT f (x) polinomi dauyvanad mamravlebad,

namdvili da kompleqsuri velebis mimarT:

1. f ( x)  x 3  8 , 2. f ( x)  x 3  8 , 3. f ( x)  x 4  16 ,
4. f ( x)  x 4  16 , 5. f ( x)  x 6  27 , 6. f ( x)  x 6  27 ,
7. f ( x)  x 3  6x 2  11x  6 , 8. f ( x)  x 4  4 ,
9. f ( x)  x 4  10x 2  1 , 10. f ( x)  x 4  4 x 3  4 x 2  1 ,
11. f ( x)  x 8  6x 4  9 , 12. f ( x)  x 2n  2x n  2 ,
13. f ( x)  x 2n  x n  1 , 14. f ( x)  x 2n  1 ,
15. f ( x)  x 2n1  1 , 16. f ( x)  x 4  ax 2  1,  2  a  2

118
8.3.2. mocemuli fesvebis mixedviT, SeadgineT namdvil da
kompleqsur koeficientebiani, umciresi xarisxis
polinomebi:

1. 1  orjeradi fesvi, i da  1  martivi fesvebi ,

2. 1  2 i  samjeradi fesvi ,
3. i  orjeradi fesvi, 1 i  martivi fesvi ,
4.  1  i da  2  i  orjeradi fesvebi ,
5. 1, i da 1  martivi fesvebi .

8.3.3. ipoveT f (x) da g (x) polinomebis udidesi saerTo

gamyofi:

1. f ( x)  ( x  1) 3 ( x  2) 2 ( x  3)(x  4), g ( x)  ( x  1) 2 ( x  2)(x  5) ,

2. f ( x)  ( x  1)(x 2  1)(x 3  1)(x 4  1), g ( x)  ( x  1)(x 2  1)(x 3  1)(x 4  1) ,
3. f ( x)  ( x 3  1)(x 2  2x  1), g ( x)  ( x 2  1) 3 .

8.3.4. ipoveT f (x) da f ' ( x) polinomebis udidesi

saerTo gamyofi

1. f ( x)  ( x  1) 3 ( x  1) 2 ( x  3) ,
2. f ( x)  ( x  1)(x 2  1)(x 3  1)(x 4  1) .

8.3.5. daamtkiceT, rom Tu ukveci racionaluri p / q

ricxvi f ( x)  a0 x n  a1 x n1    a n mTel
koeficientebiani polinomis fesvia, maSin:
1. q yofs a 0 -s; 2. p yofs a n -s;
3. nebismieri m   mTeli ricxvisTvis, p  mq
yofs f (m) -s. kerZod, p  q yofs f (1) -s da p  q
yofs f (1) -s.

119
8.3.6. ipoveT Semdegi polinomis racionaluri fesvebi:

1. f ( x)  x 3  6x 2  15x  14 ,
2. f ( x)  x 4  2x 3  8x 2  13x  24 ,
3. f ( x)  x 5  7 x 3  12x 2  6x  36 ,
4. f ( x)  x 5  2x 4  4x 3  4x 2  5x  6 ,
5. f ( x)  x 4  2x 3  13x 2  38x  24 ,
6. f ( x)  2x 3  3x 2  6x  4 ,
7. f ( x)  4x 4  7 x 2  5x  1 ,
8. f ( x)  x 4  4x 3  2x 2  12x  9 ,
9. f ( x)  x 5  x 4  6x 3  14x 2  11x  3 ,
10. f ( x)  x 6  6x 5  11x 4  x 3  18x 2  20x  8 ,
11. f ( x)  3x 4  4 x 3  2 x 2  4 x  1,
12. f ( x)  2x 4  10x 3  3x 2  14x  1 .

8.3.7. ipoveT f (x) polinomis mTeli fesvebi:

1. f ( x)  3x 4  5x 3  x 2  x  2 ,
2. f ( x)  2x 5  7 x 4  3x 3  11x 2  16x  12 ,
3. f ( x)  3x 6  5x 4  10x 3  8x 2  x  2 ,
4. f ( x)  6x 4  x 3  2x 2  4x  1 .

8.3.8. daamtkiceT, rom mTelkoeficientebian f (x)

polinoms mTeli fesvebi ar gaaCnia, Tu:
1. f (0) da f (1) kenti ricxvebia;
2. f (m) da f (m  1) kenti ricxvebia, raime mTeli
m ricxvisaTvis.

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8.3.9. daamtkiceT, rom f (x) polinomi dauyvanadia
racionalur ricxvTa velis mimarT:

1. f ( x)  x 4  8x 3  12x 2  6x  2 ,
2. f ( x)  x 5  12x 3  36x  12 ,
3. f ( x)  x 4  x 3  2x  1 .

x p 1
8.3.10. daamtkiceT, rom  p  wriuli polinomi,
x 1
sadac p martivi ricxvia, racionalur ricxvTa
velis mimarT dauyvanadia.

8.3.11. SeadgineT dauyvanad polinomTa cxrili  2 velis

mimarT, meore xarisxis CaTvliT.

8.3.12. SeadgineT dauyvanad polinomTa cxrili  3

velis mimarT, meore xarisxis CaTvliT.

$ 8.4. simetriuli polinomebi

K velis mimarT n -ucnobian f ( x1 , x2 ,, xn ) polinoms

ewodeba simetriuli Tu is ar icvleba ucnobTa
nebismieri gadanacvlebis dros (Tu 𝑥𝑖 ucnobis nacvlad
CavsvavT 𝑥𝑗 ucnobs da 𝑥𝑗 -s nacvlad - 𝑥𝑖 -s ).

n -ucnobian simetriul polinomebs:

121
  1  x1  x 2    x n
 2  x1 x 2    x1 x n    x n 1 x n
 3  x1 x 2 x3    x n  2 x n 1 x n

 n  x1 x 2 x3  x n 1 x n

elementaruli simetriuli polinomebi ewodeba.

ZiriTad Teorema simetriuli polinomebis Sesaxeb:

x1 , x2 ,, xn ucnobebis nebismieri f ( x1 , x2 ,, xn )
simetriuli polinomi yovelTvis gamoisaxeba, K velis
mimarT,  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,, n elementaruli simetriuli
polinomebis mravalwevrad, amasTan es warmodgena
erTaderTia:

f ( x1 , x2 ,, xn )  ( 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,, n ) .

8.4.1. warmoadgineT elementaruli simetriuli

polinomebis polinomad:

1. x13  x23  x33  3 x1 x2 x3 ,

2. x12 x2  x1 x22  x12 x3  x1 x32  x22 x3  x2 x32 ,
3. x14  x24  x34  2 x12 x22  2 x22 x32  2 x12 x32 ,
4. x15 x22  x12 x25  x15 x32  x12 x35  x25 x32  x22 x35 ,
5. ( x1  x2 ) ( x1  x3 ) ( x2  x3 ) ,
6. ( x12  x22 ) ( x12  x32 ) ( x22  x32 ) ,
7. (2x1  x2  x3 ) (2x2  x1  x3 )(2x3  x1  x2 ) ,
8. ( x1  x2 ) 2 ( x1  x3 ) 2 ( x2  x3 ) 2 .

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8.4.2. warmoadgineT elementaruli simetriuli
polinomebis polinomad Semdegi monogenuri
polinomebi:

1. x12   , 2. x13   , 3. x12 x2 x3  ,

4. x12 x22  , 5. x13 x2   , 6. x14   ,
7. x12 x22 x3   , 8. x13 x2 x3   , 9. x13 x22   ,
10. x14 x2   , 11. x15  , 12. x12 x22 x3 x4   ,
13. x12 x22 x32   , 14. x13 x2 x3 x4   .

8.4.3. gamosaxeT elementarul simetriul polinomTa

saSualebiT:

x1 x2 x3 x2 x3 x1
1.      ,
x2 x3 x1 x1 x2 x3
( x1  x 2 ) 2 ( x 2  x3 ) 2 ( x1  x3 ) 2
2.   .
x1  x 2 x 2  x3 x1  x3

8.4.4. gamoTvaleT x 3  2 x  3  0 gantolebis fesvebis

kvadratebis jami.

8.4.5. ipoveT x13 x2  x1 x23  x23 x3  x2 x33  x33 x1  x3 x13

simetriuli polinomis mniSvneloba, Tu x1 , x2 , x3
ricxvebi x 3  x 2  4 x  1  0 gantolebis fesvebia.

8.4.6. ipoveT x 4  x 3  2 x 2  3x  1  0 gantolebis

x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 fesvebisagan Sedgenili x13 x2 x3  
monogenuri simetriuli polinomis mniSvneloba.

123
8.4.7. ipoveT 3x 3  5x 2  1  0 gantolebis x1 , x2 , x3
fesvebisagan Sedgenili x14 x2   monogenuri
simetriuli polinomis mniSvneloba.

8.4.8. ipoveT 3x 4  2 x 3  2 x 2  x  1  0 gantolebis

x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 fesvebisagan Sedgenili x13 x23  
monogenuri simetriuli polinomis mniSvneloba.

8.4.9. ipoveT 5x 3  6 x 2  7 x  8  0 gantolebis fesvebis:

1. kubebis jami;
2. meoTxe xarisxebis jami.

8.4.10. gamosaxeT a04 ( x1  x2 ) 2 ( x1  x3 ) 2 ( x2  x3 ) 2 simetriuli

polinomi a0 x 3  a1 x 2  a2 x  a3  0 gantolebis
koeficientebis saSualebiT, Tu x1 , x2 , x3
mocemuli gantolebis fesvebia.

Tavi 9. wrfivi sivrceebi

$ 9.1. wrfivi (veqtoruli) sivrce

vTqvaT K  raime velia, xolo V  aracarieli

simravle. V simravle, romlis elementebsac veqtorebi
ewodeba, warmoadgens veqtorul sivrces, Tu masze
gansazRvrulia veqtorTa Sekrebisa da K velis
elementze (skalarze) maTi gamravlebis operaciebi,
romlebisTvisac sruldeba Semdegi pirobebi:

124
 1. V abeluri jgufia Sekrebis operaciis mimarT;
2. 1a  a, a V ;
3.    a  a  a,  ,   K ; a V ;
4.  a  b   a  b,   K ; a, b V ;
5.  a   a ,  ,   K ; a V ;
9.1.1. namdvil ricxvTa velze Sekrebisa da gamravlebis
operaciebis mimarT aris Tu ara wrfivi sivrce
Semdegi simravle:

1. N  naturalur ricxvTa simravle;

2. Z  mTel ricxvTa simravle:
3. Q  racionalur ricxvTa simravle;
4. R  namdvil ricxvTa simravle;
5. C  kompleqsur ricxvTa simravle;
6. R  dadebiT namdvil ricxvTa simravle.

9.1.2. aris Tu ara wrfivi sivrce namdvil ricxvTa

velze, Sekrebisa da gamravlebis operaciebis
mimarT Tavisufal veqtorTa Semdegi simravle:

1. L1  mocemul wrfis paralelur veqtorTa

simravle;
2. M  mocemul sibrtyis paralelur veqtorTa
simravle;
3. V 3  sivrcis yvela veqtorTa simravle;
4. P  mocemul wrfis araparalelur veqtorTa
simravle.

125
9.1.3. SeamowmeT, aris Tu ara wrfivi sivrce Semdegi
simravle: A  x, y  : x, y  R Tu operaciebi
Semdegnairadaa ganmartebuli:

1. x1, y1   x2 , y2   x1  x2 , y1  y2 ;

2.  x, y   x, y .

9.1.4. qvemoT CamoTvlili simravleebidan, namdvil

ricxvTa velis mimarT, romeli warmoadgens wrfiv
sivrces (matricTa Sekrebisa da maTi skalarze
gamravlebis operaciebis mimarT):

1. yvela matricTa simravle;

2. Rnm  yvela marTkuTxa matricTa simravle;
3. R22  yvela meore rigis kvadratul matricTa
simravle;
4. Rn1  yvela n  1 rigis matricTa simravle;
5. C22  yvela meore rigis kvadratul matricTa
simravle, C  velis mimarT;

 0 a  
6.   : a, b, c  R   simravle;
 b c  
1 a  
7.   : a, b, c  R   simravle;
 b c  

 a b  
8.   : a, b  R   simravle.
  b a  

9.1.5. namdvil ricxvTa simravleze gansazRvrul

funqciaTa simravleze ganmartebulia operaciebi:
126
 f  g x   f x   g x  da f x   f x  ,   R.
gaarkvieT, Semdegi simravleebidan romeli
warmoadgens, R  velis mimarT, wrfiv sivrces:

1. Cn  simravle namdvilkoeficientebiani f  x 
polinomebisa, romlebisTvisac deg f x   0 ,

2. Rn   simravle n  uri xarisxis mqone

namdvilkoeficientebiani polinomebisa,

3.  yvela im px  mravalwevrTa simravle,

romelTaTvisac:

a) 𝑝(0) = 1, b) 𝑝(0) = 0, g) 2𝑝(0) − 3𝑝(1) = 0, d)

p1  p2    pk   0.

4. Ca ,b   a, b  -ze yvela uwyvet funqciaTa simravle,

5. C a ,b   a, b  -ze yvela wyvetil funqciaTa

simravle,

6. Cak,b   a, b  -ze yvela k -jer uwyvetad

diferencirebad funqciaTa simravle,

7. J a ,b   a, b  -ze yvela integrebad funqciaTa

simravle,

8. a1x1  a2 x2    an xn  b  saxis
namdvilkoeficientebian n  cvladian funqciaTa
simravle.

127
9.1.6. vTqvaT A  sasruli simravlea da am simravlis
yvela qvesimravleTa T  A  simravleze
ganmartebulia Sekrebisa da Z 2  velis elementze
gamravlebis operaciebi:
X  Y   X  Y  X  Y  , X , Y  T  A da
1 X  X , 0 X   ; aCveneT, rom am operaciebis
mimarT T  A  simravle warmoadgens wrfiv sivrces
Z 2  velis mimarT.

9.1.7. vTqvaT C  velis mimarT V veqtorul sivrceSi

ganmartebulia veqtoris kompleqsur ricxvze
gamravlebis operacia:   x   x . aCveneT, rom V -
Si ganmartebuli Sekrebisa da  operaciebis
mimarT V -veqtoruli sivrcea.

$ 9.2. veqtorTa wrfivad damokidebuleba, veqtoruli

sivrcis ganzomileba da bazisi

vTqvaT, V aris K velis mimarT wrfivi sivrce.

veqtorTa a1, a2 ,, ak V sistemis wrfivi kombinacia
k
ewodeba  a
i 1
i i  saxis jams, sadac 1, 2 ,, k  K 
nebismierad aRebuli skalarebia.

veqtorTa a1, a2 ,, ak sistemas ewodeba wrfivad

damokidebuli, Tu moiZebneba 1, 2 ,, k skalarebis
mniSvnelobebis iseTi erToblioba, romelTagan erTi
mainc aranulovania da adgili aqvs tolobas:
128
 k

 a
i 1
i i  0 . winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, veqtorTa sistemas

wrfivad damoukidebeli ewodeba.

V wrfivi sivrcis ganzomileba n  is tolia, Tu V

sivrceSi moiZebneba erTi mainc wrfivad damoukidebel
veqtorTa sistema, romlis veqtorTa raodenobac n  is
tolia, da yvela (𝑛 + 1) − raodenobis veqtorisgan
Sedgenili sistema wrfivad damokidebulia.

V sivrcis ganzomilebas dimV  iT aRniSnaven, n

ganzomilebian sivrces V n  iT.

V n  wrfivisivrcis yovel n raodenobis wrfivad

damoukidebel veqtorTa sistemas am sivrcis bazisi
ewodeba.

Tu a V n  raime veqtoria da e1 , e2 ,, en am sivrcis

raime bazisi, maSin arsebobs skalarebis erTaderTi
n
1 , 2 ,, n  K erToblioba, rom a    i ei .
i 1

a  veqtoris warmodgenas bazisis veqtorebis wrfivi

kombinaciis saxiT ewodeba a veqtoris gaSla aRebul
bazisSi, xolo 1 ,  2 ,,  n koeficientebs a  veqtoris
koordinatebi aRebul bazisSi.

9.2.1. aCveneT, rom mocemul veqtorTa sistema wrfivad

damokidebulia da moZebneT   s toli misi
aratrivialuri wrfivi kombinacia:

129
 1. a1  1,2,5, a2  5,3,1, a3   15,2,21;
2. a1  2  5i, a2  1  i, a3  6  29i;
1 2 3  215   3 6  5 
3. A1   , A2   , A3   ;
 0 11   2 0 4   8 5  11
4. 1  t 2  5,  2  t 2  4t  3,  3  t 2  16t  13;
5. 1  sin 2 t ,  2  cos2 t ,  3  t;
6. 1  sin 2 t ,  2  cos2 t ,  3  t ,  4  5,  5  e t .

9.2.2. aCveneT, rom veqtorTa Semdegi sistemebi wrfivad

damoukidebelia:

1. a1  5,3,1, a2  1,1,1, a3  1,4,2;

2. a1  a, b,3, a 2  2, a  b,1, a  6, b 

9
;
2
3. 1  t 2  4t  3,  2  5t  4,  3  t 2  t  1;
1 0  0 1  0 0  0 0
4. A11   , A12   , A21   , A22   ;
0 0  0 0  1 0   0 1
5. a1  3  7i, a 2  4  3i;
6. 1  sin t ,  2  cos t;
7. 1  1,  2  sin t, 3  cost;
8. 1  1,  2  sin t ,  3  sin 2 t , ,  n  sin 2 t;
9. 1  1,  2  cos t ,  3  cos2 t ,,  n  cos2 t;
10. 1  sin t ,  2  sin 2t ,, n  sin nt;
11. 1  1,  2  cost, 3  cos 2t,,  n  cos nt.

9.2.3. aCveneT, rom a da b veqtorebisa da  da 

skalarebisaTvis:

130
 1.a  0 maSin, da mxolod maSin, roca   0 an
a  ;

2.a  b  a  b maSin, da mxolod maSin, roca

   an a  b.

9.2.4. daadgineT:

1. veqtorTa a1 ,a2  sistemis wrfivad

damoukideblobidan   s ra mniSvnelobebisaTvis
gamomdinareobs a1  a2 , a1  a2 veqtorTa sistemis
wrfivad damoukidebloba;

2. veqtorTa a1, a2 ,, an sistemis wrfivad

damoukideblobidan gamomdinareobs Tu ara
a1  a2 , a2  a3 ,, an 1  an sistemis wrfivad
damoukidebloba.

9.2.5. gaarkvieT veqtorTa (funqciaTa) Semdegi sistemebis

wrfivad damoukideblobis sakiTxi, ipoveT maTi
trivialuri wrfivi kombinaciebi (Tu ki aseTi
kombinacia arsebobs):

1.1  t  7, 2  2t  7; 2.1  3t  7,  2  7t  9;
3.1  t 2  t  3,2  3t 2  1,3  4t  5;
4.1  2t ,2  3t ,3  6t ; 5.1  et ,2  e 2t ,3  e3t ;
6.1  t 2 ,  2  t 3 ; 7.1  sin t ,2  sint  2,3  sint  5;
8.1  1,2  arctgt,3  arcctgt.

131
9.2.6. kompleqsur ricxvTa C simravlis, rogorc
namdvil ricxvTa velis mimarT wrfivi sivrcis,
e1  1  2i, e2  2  i bazisSi ipoveT x  5  4i
veqtoris koordinatebi.

 a b   1 0 
9.2.7. V    : a, b, c  R  wrfivi sivrcis e1   ,
  b c    0 1
 0 1 0 0
e2   , e3    bazisSi, ipoveT Semdegi
 1 0 0 1 
veqtorebis koordinatebi:

 3 4  2 5
1. a   ; 2. b   .
 4 1   4 2


9.2.8. ipoveT V     sin2 t   cos 2t :  ,  ,   R  wrfivi
sivrcis e1  1 , e2  cos 2t bazisSi Semdegi
veqtorebis koordinatebi:

5 3
1. 1   3 sin 2 t  cos 2t , 2.  2  5  sin 2t.
2 2

9.2.9. aCveneT, rom ei  veqtorebi qmnian Sesabamisi

ganzomilebis sivrcis baziss da ipoveT masSi a
veqtoris koordinatebi:

1. e1  1,1,1, e2  1,1,2, e3  1,2,3, a  6,9,14;

2. e1  2,1,3, e2  3,2,5, e3  1,1,1, a  6,2,7;
3. e1  1,2,1,2, e2  2,3,0,1, e3  1,2,1,4, e4  1,3,1,0,
a  7,14,1,2.

132
9.2.10. ipoveT   a0  a1t  a2t 2    ant n mravalwevris
koordinatebi Semdeg bazisSi: 1. 1, t , t 2 ,, t n ;
2. 1, t   , t    ,, t    .
2 n

9.2.11. aCveneT, rom ei da f j veqtorTa sistemebi

warmoadgenen Sesabamisi ganzomilebis wrfivi
sivrceebis bazisebs. warmoadgineT erTi sistemis
veqtorebi meore sistemis veqtorebis saSualebiT:

1. e1  1,2,1, e2  2,3,3, e3  3,8,2,

f1  3,5,8, f 2  5,14,18, f3  1,9,2;

2. e1  1,2,1, e2  2,3,3, e3  3,7,1,

f1  3,1,4, f 2  5,2,1, f3  1,1,6;

3. e1  1,1,1,1, e2  1,2,1,1, e3  1,1,2,1, e4  1,3,2,3,

f1  1,0,3,3, f 2   2,3,5,4, f3  2,2,5,4, f 4   2,3,4,4.

9.2.12. SeamowmeT, warmoqmnian Tu ara ei  veqtorebi R

3

sivrcis baziss da ipoveT masSi a  3,7,13

veqtoris koordinatebi:

1. e1  1,0,0, e2  0,1,0, e3  0,0,1;

2. e1  1,0,0, e2  1,1,0, e3  1,1,1;
3. e1  1,1,1, e2  1,2,3, e3  1,4,9.

9.2.13. SeamowmeT, deg f  4 xarisxis mqone

namdvilkoeficientebian mravalwevrTa sivrceSi
warmoqmnian Tu ara baziss mravalwevrTa
mocemuli sistemebi da ipoveT
133
   5x4  4x3  3x2  2x  1 polinomis koordinatebi
am bazisSi:

1. 1, x, x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ;
2. 1  x, x, x 2  x, x 3 , x 4  x;
3. 1  x 4 , x  x 4 , x 2  x 4 , x 3  x 4 , x 4 ;
4. 1, x  1, x  1 , x  1 , x  1 .
2 3 4

9.2.14. ipoveT   R yvela is mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac

a veqtori gamoisaxeba Semdegi veqtorebis
wrfivi kombinaciis saxiT:

1. a1  2,3,5, a2  3,7,8, a3  1,6,1, a  7,2,  ;

2. a1  4,4,3, a2  7,2,1, a3  4,1,6, a  5,9,  ;
3. a1  3,2,5, a2  2,4,7, a3  5,6,  , a  1,3,5;
4. a1  3,2,6, a2  7,3,9, a3  5,1,3, a  ,2,5.

9.2.15. ipoveT V wrfivi sivrcis ganzomileba da bazisi,

Tu is Semdeg veqtorebzea moWimuli:

1. a1  1,2,1,2, a2  2,1,2,1, a3  0,3,0,3, a4  1,1,1,1.

9.2.16. veqtorTa Semdegi sistemebi SeavseT Sesabamisi

ganzomilebebis sivrceTa bazisebamde:

1. a1  1,2,1, a 2  2,4,3;
2. a1  2,3,1,1, a 2  2,4,1,0;
3. a1  1,2,0,0, a 2  1,2,3,0;
4. a1  2,1,0,3, a 2  4,2,0,6;
5. 1  t 2 ,  2  t 2  t 4 ;
134
 6. 1  t 2  t  1, 2  2t 3  1;
1 2 3  1 0 1  2 2 4   4 4 8
7. a1   , a 2   , a3   , a 4   ;
0 1 2  2 1 0  2 2 3   4 4 5
1 2  1  1 
8. a1   , a 2   .
1 1  0 1 

9.2.17. ipoveT R 4 sivrcis ori sxvadasxva sabaziso

veqtorTa sistema, romelTac gaaCniaT saerTo
veqtorebi a1  1,1,0,0 da a2  0,0,1,1 .

$ 9.3. wrfivi sivrcis qvesivrce. wrfivi garsi.

K velis mimarT V wrfivi sivrcis raime W V

qvesimravles ewodeba misi qvesivrce, Tu W TviTonaa
wrfivi sivrce V  Si gansazRvruli operaciebis
mimarT.

vTqvaT, a1 , a2 ,, ak V n wrfivad damoukidebel

veqtorTa sistemaa K velis mimarT aRebuli wrfivi
sivrcisa, amasTan k  n . mocemuli sistemis veqtorTa
yvela SesaZlo wrfivi kombinaciebis simravle
 k

V  a : a   i ai , i  K , i  1, k 
k
warmoadgens wrfiv
 i 1 
k
sivrces V n  Si ganmartebuli operaciebis mimarT. V 
s ewodeba a1, a2 ,, ak veqtorebis wrfivi garsi. is V n
k k
sivrcis qvesivrcea da dimV  k. amasTan V  umciresi
135
ganzomilebis iseTi qvesivrcea V n  Si, romelic
a1, a2 ,, ak -veqtorebs Seicavs.

9.3.1. gamoarkvieT, aris Tu ara mocemul veqtorTa

erToblioba Sesabamisi veqtoruli sivrcis
qvesivrce:

1. sibrtyis yvela im veqtorTa erToblioba,

romlebic saTaveSi arian modebulebi da romelTa
boloebi mocemul wrfeze Zevs;

2. sibrtyis yvela im veqtorTa erToblioba,

romelTa boloebic pirvel sakoordinato
meoTxedSia;

3. Rn  is veqtorebi, romelTa koordinatebic

mTeli ricxvebia;

4. Rn  is veqtorebi, romelTa koordinatebic

akmayofileben pirobas: x1  x2    xn  0;

5. R n  is veqtorebi, romlebic warmoadgenen

aRebuli a1, a2 ,, ak veqtorebis wrfiv kombinacias;

6. R n  is veqtorebi, romelTa koordinatebic

mocemuli wrfiv erTgvarovan gantolebaTa
sistemis amonaxsnebia.

9.3.2. daadgineT, qvemoT CamoTvlili simravleebidan,

romeli warmoadgens R  velis mimarT Sesabamisi
wrfivi sivrcis qvesivrces, ipoveT misi, rogorc
qvesivrcis, ganzomileba da romelime bazisi:
136
 1. mocemuli sibrtyis orTogonalur Tavisufal
veqtorTa simravle;

2. mocemuli sibrtyis paralelur Tavisufal

veqtorTa simravle;

3. mocemuli wrfis orTogonalur Tavisufal

veqtorTa simravle;

4. mocemuli sibrtyis paralelur Tavisufal

veqtorTa simravle;

 a b  
5.   : a, b  R  -simravle;
  b a  
1 a 
6.   : a, b, c  R  -simravle;
 b c 

 0 a  
7.   : a, b, c  C  -simravle;
 b c  
   i   
8.   :  ,  ,   R  -simravle;
  0 

 
9. a  b sin2 t  c cos2 t : a, b, c  R -simravle;

 
10. a  b sin t  c sin2 t : a, b, c  R -simravle.

9.3.3. aCveneT, rom veqtorTa Semdegi erToblioba qmnis

R n  is qvesivrces. ipoveT misi ganzomileba da
raime bazisi:

137
 1. veqtorebi, romelTa pirveli da bolo
koordinatebi tolia;

2. veqtorebi, romelTa luw adgilebze mdgomi

koordinatebi nulis tolia;

3. veqtorebi, romelTa luw adgilebze mdgomi

koordinatebi tolia;

4.  ,  , ,  , saxis veqtorebi;

5. mocemuli erTgvarovani wrfiv gantolebaTa

sistemis amonaxsnebi-veqtorebi.

9.3.4. gamoarkvieT, n  uri rigis matricTa Semdegi

simravleebidan, romeli warmoadgens K velis
mimarT Sesabamisi wrfivi sivrcis qvesivrces.
ipoveT misi ganzomileba da raime bazisi:

1. simetriul matricTa simravle;

2. iribsimetriul matricTa simravle;
3. gadaugvarebel matricTa simravle;
4. gadagvarebul matricTa simravle.

9.3.5. ipoveT Semdegi veqtorebis wrfivi garsis, rogorc

Sesabamisi wrfivi sivrcis, ganzomileba da raime
bazisi:

1. a1  1,1,1,0, a2  1,1,0,1, a3  2,0,1,1;

2. a1  1,1,1,1,1, a2  1,1,0,0,3, a3  3,1,1,1,7, a4  0,2,1,1,2.

9.3.6. gamoarkvieT, qvemoT CamoTvlili simravleebidan,

romeli warmoadgens, kompleqsur ricxvTa velis

138
 mimarT, Sesabamisi wrfivi sivrcis qvesivrces.
ipoveT misi ganzomileba da raime bazisi:

1. R  namdvil ricxvTa veli;

2.  2  i  :   R -simravle;
 0 a  
3.   : a, b, c  R  -simravle;
 b c  
 1 a  
4.   : a, b, c  R  -simravle;
 b c  
    i  
5.   :  ,  ,  ,   R  -simravle;
 i i  
6.    i,0,   i  :  ,  ,  ,   R -simravle;
7.    i,1,   i  :  ,  ,  ,   R -simravle.

9.3.7. gaarkvieT, Semdegi simravleebidan romeli

warmoadgens n  uri xarisxis,
namdvilkoeficientebian mravalwevrTa sivrcis
qvesivrces:

1. mravalwevrebi, romelTac gaaCniaT mocemuli

  R  namdvili fesvi;

2. mravalwevrebi, romelTac gaaCniaT mocemuli

 C  kompleqsuri fesvi;

3. mravalwevrebi, romelTac gaaCniaT mocemuli

1,2 ,, k  R  namdvili fesvebi;

4. mravalwevrebi, romelTac gaaCniaT mocemuli

  R  namdvili martivi fesvi.

139
9.3.8. ipoveT Semdegi veqtorebis wrfivi garsis
ganzomileba da raime bazisi:

1. a1  1,0,0,1, a2  2,1,1,0, a3  1,1,1,1, a4  1,2,3,4, a5  0,1,2,3;

2. a1  1,1,1,1,0, a2  1,1,1,1,1, a3  2,2,0,0,1,
𝑎4 = (1,1,5,5,2), 𝑎5 = (1, −1, −1,0,0);
3. 1  t  t ,  2  t  3t 4  t ,  3  t 6  2t 4  t ,  4  t 6  4t 4  2t;
6 4 6

1 2 3  1  1 0  3 3 6  1 5 6 
4. a1   , a 2   , a3   , a 4   ;
1 1 1  2 1 1  4 3 3  0 1 1 
5. a1  1,1,1,2, a2  2,0,1,1, a3  4,2,3,5, a4  0,2,1,3.

9.3.9. ipoveT ai da b j veqtorebis J a1 , a2 ,, a p  da

J b1 , b2 ,, bq   wrfivi garsebis jamisa da
TanakveTis, rogorc Sesabamisi wrfivi sivrcis
qvesivrcis, ganzomileba da raime bazisi:

1. a1  1,2,0,1, a 2  1,1,1,0, b1  1,0,1,0, b2  1,3,0,1;

2. 𝑎1 = (1,1,1,1), 𝑎2 = (1, −1,1, −1), 𝑎3 = (1,3,1,3),
𝑏1 = (1,2,0,2), 𝑏2 = (1,2,1,2), 𝑏3 = (3,1,3,1);

3. 𝑎1 = (2, −1,0, −2), 𝑎2 = (3, −2,1,0), 𝑎3 = (1, −1,1, −1),

𝑏1 = (3, −1, −1,0), 𝑏2 = (0, −1,2,3), 𝑏3 = (5, −2, −1,0);

4. a1  1,1,0,0, a2  0,1,1,0, a3  0,0,1,1,

b1  1,0,1,0, b2  0,2,1,1 b3  1,2,1,2;

5. 𝑎1 = (1,1,1,1), 𝑎2 = (1,1, −1, −1), 𝑎3 = (1, −1,1, −1),

𝑏1 = (1, −1, −1,1), 𝑏2 = (2, −2,0,0), 𝑏3 = (3, −1,1,1).

9.3.10. ipoveT ai da b j veqtorebis wrfivi garsebis

jamisa da TanakveTis ganzomileba da raime
bazisi:
140
 1. a1  1,2,1, a2  1,1,1, a3  1,3,3,
b1  2,3,1, b2  1,2,2 b3  1,1,3;

2. a1  1,2,1,2, a2  2,3,1,0, a3  1,2,2,3,

b1  1,1,1,1, b2  1,0,1,1 b3  1,3,0,4.

9.3.11. vTqvaT, L1 da L2 sasrulganzomilebiani V 

wrfivi sivrcis qvesivrceebia, aCveneT, rom:

1. Tu L1  L2 , maSin dim L1  dim L2 , amasTan

toloba miiRweva mxolod maSin, roca L1  L2 ;

2. Tu dimL1  L2   1  dimL1  L2  , maSin jami:

L1  L2  a  b : a  L1 , b  L2  daemTxveva erT-erT
qvesivrces, xolo TanakveTa
L1  L2  a : a  L1 & a  L2 - meore qvesivrces;

3. Tu dim L1  dim L2  dim V , maSin L1  L2   .

9.3.12. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom namdvil ricxvTa velis

mimarT wrfivi sivrcis qvesivrce mxolod
sasruli raodenoba veqtorebisagan Sedgebodes?


9.3.13. vTqvaT L1  J a1 , a2 ,, a p   
da L2  J b1 , b2 ,, bq 
wrfivi garsebia, aCveneT, rom
L1  L2  J a1 , a2 ,, a p   J b1 , b2 ,, bq  aseve wrfivi
garsia.

9.3.14. gamoarkvieT aris Tu ara, elementebiT K 

velidan, kvadratul matricTa M nn  wrfivi

141
 sivrcis ori L1 da L2 qvesivrcis jami da
TanakveTa M nn  is qvesivrce, Tu:

1. L1  simetriul matricTa qvesivrcea, xolo

L2  zemo samkuTxa matricTa qvesivrce;

2. L1  simetriul, xolo L2  iribsimetriul

matricTa qvesivrceebia da char K  0 .

9.3.15. L  1  1,3,0,1  2 3,5,1,2  3 2,2,1,3 : 1, 2 , 3  R

qvesivrcisaTvis ipoveT ori sxvadasxva
damatebiTi qvesivrce.

$ 9.4. wrfivi operatori, wrfivi operatoris matrica,

birTvi da anasaxi

Tu ei , i  1, n 1, da f j , j  1, n 2  warmoadgenen, K  velis

mimarT, V n wrfivi sivrcis raime or baziss, maSin
cxadia, rom adgili aqvs tolobebs:

n n
f i    ki ek , i  1, n da ek    ik f i , i  1, n , sadac
k 1 i 1

 ij , ij  K .

matricas A   ij  ewodeba (1) bazisidan (2) bazisze

gadasvlis matrica, xolo B   ij   piriqiT 2  dan
1  ze gadasvlis matrica.

142
K velis mimarT mocemuli V da W wrfivi
sivrceebisaTvis, A : V  W asaxvas ewodeba wrfivi
operatori V  dan W  Si, Tu Sesrulebulia Semdegi
pirobebi:

1. Aa  b   Aa   Ab  ; 2. Aa   Aa  , a, b V ,   K .

im SemTxvevaSi, roca V  W wrfiv operators sivrcis

gardaqmnas uwodeben.

mocemuli A :V  W wrfivi operatorisaTvis cxadia,

e , i  1, n. matricas   ij  ewodeba A

n
rom Aei    ki k
k 1

wrfivi operatoris matrica, ei , i  1, n bazisSi. Tu

  ij  aris imave A operatoris matrica (2) bazisSi,
maSin adgili aqvs tolobas   C 1C , sadac C
warmoadgens (1) -dan (2) -e bazisze gadasvlis matricas.

A :V  W operatori gansazRvravs qvesivrceebs:

KerA  a  V : Aa   0 da 𝐽𝑚𝐴 = {𝐴(𝑎) ∊ 𝑊 ∶ 𝑎 ∊ 𝑉}.
pirvel maTgans ewodeba A operatoris birTvi, xolo
meores_ A operatoris anasaxi. maT ganzomilebebs,
Sesabamisad, rangi da defeqti ewodebaT.
sasrulganzomilebiani wrfivi sivrcis rangisa da
defeqtis jami am sivrcis ganzomilebis tolia.

9.4.1. gamoarkvieT, qvemoT moyvanili asaxvebidan romeli

warmoadgens Tavisufal veqtorTa sivrceze wrfiv
operators, ipoveT maTi matricebi standartul
i, j, k bazisSi:

143
 1. Ax   0; 2. Ax   2 x; 3. Ax   x  i;
4. Ax   x, a x, sadac a mocemuli veqtoria;
5. Ax   a, b x, sadac a da b mocemuli
veqtorebia;
6. Ax   x, a, sadac a  2i  j  3k ;
7. Ax   2 x1i  x1  x2  j  k ; 8. Ax   x 21i  x2 j  x3 k ;
9. Ax   x1i; 10. Ax   x1i  x2 j;
11. Ax   a, sadac a mocemuli veqtoria;
12. Ax   a  x, sadac a mocemuli veqtoria.

9.4.2. SeamowmeT, qvemoT moyvanili asaxvebidan romeli

warmoadgens wrfiv operators, SeadgineT misi
matrica raime bazisSi:

1.Ax  x2  x3 ,2x1  x3 ,3x1  x2  x3 ;

2. Ax  x1, x2  1, x3  2;
 
3. Ax   2 x1  x2 , x1  x3 , x32 ; 4. Ax  x1  x2  x3 , x3 , x2 ,
sadac x1, x2 , x3  warmoadgenen x veqtoris
koordinatebs raime bazisSi.

9.4.3. SeadgineT A wrfivi operatoris matrica:

1. Ax  x1 , x1  2x2 , x1  3x3 , sadac x1, x2 , x3 aris

i, j, k bazisSi x  R3 veqtoris koordinatebi;

2. A aris  kuTxiT mobruneba, nebismierad aRebul

orTonormirebul bazisSi;

144
 2
3. A aris R 3 sivrcis kuTxiT mobruneba im
3
wrfis garSemo, romlis gantolebasac i, j , k
bazisSi aqvs saxe x1  x2  x3 ;

4. A warmoadgens R 3 sivrcis proeqcias e2

veqtoris Sesabamis sakoordinato RerZze, e1,e3
veqtorebiT gansazRvruli sibrtyis
paralelurad, sivrcis 𝑒1 , 𝑒2 , 𝑒3 bazisSi;

5. Ax  X t - sadac 𝑋 icvleba, namdvil ricxvTa

velis mimarT, organzomilebian matricTa
simravleze;

6. Ax   AXB - sadac X icvleba, namdvil

ricxvTa velis mimarT, organzomilebian
matricTa simravleze, xolo A da B mocemuli
matricebia;

7. Ax   AX  XB - sadac X icvleba, namdvil

ricxvTa velis mimarT, organzomilebian
matricTa simravleze, xolo A da B mocemuli
matricebia;

9.4.4. gamoarkvieT, arsebobs Tu ara wrfivi operatori,

romelsac, Sesabamisad, erTmaneTSi gadahyavs
erTi da imave e1 ,e2 bazisSi mocemuli a1 ,a2 da
b1 ,b2 veqtorebi:
1. a1  e1  2e2 , a 2  3e1  e2 , b1  6e1  9e2 , b2  11e1  8e2 ;

145
 2. a1  e1  2e2 , a 2  2e1  4e2 , b1  2e1  e2 , b2  e1  e2 ;
3. a1  e1  2e2 , a2  2e1  4e2 , b1  2e1  e2 , b2  4e1  2e2 .

9.4.5. aCveneT, rom arsebobs R 3 sivrcis erTaderTi

wrfivi gardaqmna, romelsac, Sesabamisad,
erTmaneTSi gadahyavs erTi da imave bazisSi
mocemuli a1, a2 , a3 da b1, b2 , b3 veqtorebi:

1. a1  2,3,5, a2  0,1,2, a3  1,0,0,

b1  1,1,1, b2  1,1,1, b3  2,1,2;

2. a1  2,0,3, a2  4,1,5, a3  3,1,2,

b1  1,2,1, b2  4,5,2, b3  1,1,1.

3
9.4.6. arsebobs Tu ara R sivrcis wrfivi gardaqmna,
romelsac,Sesabamisad, erTmaneTSi gadahyavs erTi
da imave bazisSi mocemuli a1, a2 , a3 da b1, b2 , b3
veqtorebi, SeadgineT am garadaqmnis matrica imave
bazisSi:

a1  1,2,0, a2  1,1,1, a3  2,3,1,

b1  1,1,1, b2  1,1,0, b3  1,0,0.

9.4.7. SeadgineT A  wrfivi operatoris matrica bazisSi

a1  2e1  e2 , a2  e1  2e2 , Tu e1 ,e2 bazisSi mis
 2  1
matricas aqvs saxe:   .
 3 4 

9.4.8. SeadgineT A  wrfivi operatoris matrica bazisSi

a1  2e1  3e2  e3 , a2  3e1  4e2  e3 , a3  e1  2e2  2e3 ,
146
 Tu e1 , e2 , e3 bazisSi mis matricas aqvs saxe:
15  11 5 
 
 20  15 8  .
8  7 6 
 

9.4.9. SeadgineT A  wrfivi operatoris matrica

b1  2,3, b2  0,1 bazisSi, Tu a1  1,2, a2  1,1
0 1 
bazisSi mis matricas aqvs saxe:  .
1 2 

9.4.10. SeadgineT A  wrfivi operatoris matrica

bazisSi b1  1,2,1, b2  3,1,2 , b3  2,1,2, Tu
a1  8,6,7, a2   16,7,13, a3  9,3,7 bazisSi mis
 1  18 15 
 
matricas aqvs saxe:   1  22 15  .
 1  25 22 
 

9.4.11. A  wrfivi operatoris matricas e1 , e2 , e3 bazisSi

0 1 2 3
 
5 4 0  1
aqvs saxe:  ,
3 2 0 3
 
6 1  1 7 

ra saxe eqneba imave operatoris matricas
bazisSi:

1. e2 , e1 , e3 , e4 ;
2. e1 , e1  e2 , e1  e2  e3 , e1  e2  e3  e4 .

147
9.4.12. n  2  xarisxis, namdvilkoeficientebian
polinomTa sivrceze gansazRvruli wrfivi
 0 0 1
 
operatoris matricas aqvs saxe:  0 1 0  ,
 1 0 0
 
SeadgineT am operatoris matrica bazisSi:

1. 1  t  t 2 ,2  1  2t  t 2 ,3  1  3t  t 2 ;

2. 1  3t 2  2t ,2  5t 2  3t  1,3  7t 2  5t  3;
3. 1  3t 2  2t  1,2  t 2  3t  2,3  2t 2  t  3.

9.4.13. SeadgineT A  B wrfivi operatoris matrica

bazisSi b1 , b2 , Tu a1  1,2, a2  2,3 bazisSi
3 5 
A  operatoris matricaa:   , xolo
 4 3
b1  3,1, b2  4,2 bazisSi B  operatoris
4 6 
matricaa:   .
 6 9

9.4.14. SeadgineT  AB a   ABa  wrfivi operatoris

matrica e1  1,0, e2  0,1 bazisSi, Tu
a1   3,7, a2  1,2 bazisSi A  operatoris
 2  1
matricaa:   , xolo b1  6,7 , b2   5,6
5 3 
1 3 
bazisSi B  operatorisa:   .
2 7

148
9.4.15. aCveneT, rom nebismier wrfiv operators veqtorTa
yoveli wrfivad damoukidebeli sistema wrfivad
damoukidebel sistemaSi gadahyavs.

9.4.16. aCveneT, rom V n sivrcis yovel a1, a2 ,, an 

wrfivad damoukidebel da b1, b2 ,, bn 
nebismierad aRebul veqtorTa sistemebisaTvis,
arsebobs erTaderTi wrfivi operatori A , rom
Aai   bi , i  1, n.

9.4.17. SeamowmeT, rom V wrfivi sivrcis L1 daDA L2

qvesivrceebisaTvis adgili aqvs tolobebs:

1. AL1  L2   AL1   AL2 ;

2. AL1  L2   AL1   AL2 .

9.4.18. mocemuli wrfivi operatorebisaTvis ipoveT

birTvi da anasaxi:

1. Ax   a, sadac a mocemuli veqtoria;

2. Ax   x  a, sadac a mocemuli veqtoria;
3. Ax   x, sadac  mocemuli skalaria;
4. Ax   x, a b, sadac a da b mocemuli
veqtorebia;
5. Ax   a, x x, sadac a mocemuli veqtoria;
6. Ax  x1  2, x2  5, x3 , sadac x  x1, x2 , x3 ;
 
7. Ax   x1  3x3 , x23 , x1  x3 , sadac x  x1, x2 , x3 ;
8. Ax  x1 , x2 , x1  x2  x3 .

149
9.4.19. ipoveT rangi da defeqti, aageT birTvisa da
anasaxis bazisebi R 3 sivrcis Semdegi wrfivi
operatorebisaTvis (aq 𝑥 = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 )):

1. Ax  x1  x2  x3 , x1  x2  x3 , x1  x2  x3 ,
2. Ax  2x1  x2  x3 , x1  2x2  x3 , x1  x2  2x3 ,
3. Ax   x1  x2  x3 , x1  x2  x3 , x1  x2  x3 ,

9.4.20. V sivrceze gansazRvruli wrfivi operatorisTvis

aageT birTvisa da anasaxis bazisebi, Tu
cnobilia, rom garkveul bazisSi mis matrics
aqvs saxe:

011
1 1  1 2   
1.  ; 2.  ; 3. 1 1 1 ;
1 2  3 6  1 4 5
 
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
   
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
4. ; 5. .
2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
   
1 1  1 1 
 0 0  2 2

9.4.21. aCveneT, rom wrfivi sivrcis yoveli qvesivrce

warmoadgens:
1. garkveuli wrfivi operatoris birTvs;
2. garkveuli wrfivi operatoris anasaxs.

150
9.4.22. aCveneT, rom Tu A wrfivi operatoria V
sivrcis raime L, L  V , qvesivrceze, maSin
arsebobs V -ze gansazRvruli usasrulod bevri
wrfivi operatori, romlis SezRudvac L  ze
daemTxveva A operators.

$ 9.5. sakuTrivi veqtorebi da sakuTrivi mniSvnelobebi

vTqvaT, A aris, K velis mimarT, V wrfivi sivrcis

gardaqmna.   K skalars ewodeba A operatoris
sakuTrivi mniSvneloba, Tu arsebobs iseTi aranulovani
x veqtori, romlisTvisac Ax   x , aseT SemTxvevaSi
x veqtors A operatoris sakuTrivi veqtori ewodeba.

vTqvaT V sivrcis raime e1, e2 ,, en bazisSi A

operatoris matricaa A  aij . 
det  A  E  mravalwevrs A operatoris maxasiaTebeli
polinomi ewodeba.

A operatoris maxasiaTebeli polinomis fesvebi, da

mxolod isini, warmoadgenen am operatoris sakuTriv
mniSvnelobebs. Tu   0 aris A operatoris raime
sakuTrivi mniSvneloba, maSin am mniSvnelobis
Sesabamisi sakuTrivi x veqtoris koordinatebi
warmoadgens 0 E  AX  0 wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis
amonaxsns.

151
9.5.1. ipoveT im wrfivi operatoris sakuTrivi
mniSvnelobebi da sakuTrivi veqtorebi, romelsac:
1.Q ; 2. R ; 3. C velis mimarT wrfivi sivrcis
garkveul bazisSi aqvs Semdegi matrica:

 1  1 1
1  2  3  2 0 1  
1.   ; 2.   ; 3.   ; 4.  1 1  1  ;
 2  3 4 1  1 0   2 1 0
 
 1  2  1  2 1 2
   
5.   1 1 1; 6.  1 0 2 ;
 1 0  1   2 1 1 
  
 2 1 0  3  2 1 
   
7.  1 3  1  ; 8.  3  4  3  .
 1 2 3   2  4 0
   

9.5.2. ipoveT im wrfivi operatoris sakuTrivi

mniSvnelobebi da sakuTrivi veqtorebi, romelsac
Z p , ( p martivi ricxvia) velis mimarT mocemuli
wrfivi sivrcis garkveul bazisSi aqvs Semdegi
matrica:

1 1   1 2
1.   , p  2,3 ; 2.   , p  3,5 ;
1 1   2 1

1 0 1 0
 1 1 1  
  1 1 0 1
3.  1 1 1  , p  2,3 ; 4.  , p  2,3.
 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
   
0 1 
 1 1

152
9.5.3. aCveneT, rom wrfivi gardaqmnis sakuTriv veqtorTa
sistema, romelic gansxvavebul sakuTriv
mniSvnelobebs Seesabameba, wrfivad
damoukidebelia.

9.5.4. daamtkiceT, rom:

1. wrfivi operatoris birTvs miekuTvnebian am
operatoris nulovani sakuTrivi mniSvnelobis
Sesabamisi sakuTrivi veqtorebi, da mxolod isini;

2. wrfivi operatoris aranulovani sakuTrivi

mniSvnelobis Sesabamisi sakuTrivi veqtorebi am
operatoris anasaxs miekuTvnebian.

9.5.5. daamtkiceT, rom wrfivi operatoris raime

aranulovan skalarze gamravlebis Sedegad am
operatoris sakuTriv veqtorTa simravle ar
icvleba da TiToeuli sakuTrivi mniSvneloba
gamravldeba am skalarze.

9.5.6. daamtkiceT, rom gadaugvarebel A wrfiv

1
operatorsa da A operators erTi da igive
sakuTriv veqtorTa simravle aqvT. moZebneT
kavSiri maT sakuTriv mniSvnelobebs Soris.

 
9.5.7. daamtkiceT, rom Tu A , A2  AA , operatoris
2

sakuTrivi mniSvnelobaa 2 , maSin A wrfivi

operatoris sakuTrivi mniSvneloba iqneba  -sa da
   -s Soris erT-erTi.

9.5.8. vTqvaT aranulovani  da  skalarebi A wrfivi

operatoris a da b sakuTrivi veqtorebis

153
 Sesabamisi sakuTrivi mniSvnelobebia. daadgineT,
aris Tu ara a  b veqtori sakuTrivi A -sTvis.

9.5.9. daamtkiceT, rom nebismieri n  uri rigis

mravalwevri, romlis ufrosi wevris koeficientia
 1n ,
warmoadgens garkveuli matricis
maxasiaTebel polinoms.

9.5.10. daamtkiceT, rom erTnairi rigis A da B

kvadratuli matricebisaTvis, AB da BA
matricebs erTi da igive maxasiaTebeli polinomi
aqvT.

9.5.11. vTqvaT, 1, 2 ,, n aris R  velis mimarT

gansazRvruli V n wrfivi sivrcis A wrfivi
operatoris sakuTrivi mniSvnelobebi. ipoveT A -s
sakuTrivi mniSvnelobebi, Tu mas ganvixilavT
rogorc R  velis mimarT Sesabamisi V 2n sivrcis
wrfiv operators.

9.5.12. daamtkiceT, rom A wrfivi operatoris 

sakuTrivi mniSvnelobis Sesabamis wrfivad
damoukidebel sakuTriv veqtorTa raodenoba ar
aRemateba   s (rogorc maxasiaTebeli
polinomis fesvis) jeradobas.

9.5.13. ipoveT 𝐴 ∙ 𝐴𝑇 matricis sakuTrivi mniSvnelobebi,

Tu 𝐴 = (𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 ).

154
$ 9.6. damatebiTi amocanebi.

9.6.1. ra raodenobis elementisagan Sedgeba q

elementiani sasruli velis mimarT agebuli n
sigrZis mqone striqonebis mier Sedgenili wrfivi
sivrce.

9.6.2. daamtkiceT, rom wertilovani Sekrebisa da

skalarze gamravlebis operaciebis mimarT,
X  1,2,3,, n simravlidan K  velSi yvela
asaxvaTa simravle aris n  ganzomilebiani wrfivi
sivrce K  velis mimarT.

9.6.3. daamtkiceT, rom F x1, x2 ,, xn  : 0  deg F  k-

polinomTa simravle, Sekrebisa da K  velidan
skalarze gamravlebis operaciebis mimarT, aris
wrfivi sivrce K  velis mimarT. ipoveT misi
ganzomileba.

9.6.4. daamtkiceT, rom F x1, x2 ,, xn  : 0  deg F  k -

polinomTa simravle, Sekrebisa da K  velidan
skalarze gamravlebis operaciebis mimarT, aris
wrfivi sivrce K  velis mimarT. ipoveT misi
ganzomileba.

9.6.5. aCveneT, rom C -kompleqsur ricxvTa velis mimarT

yoveli VC wrfivi sivrce warmoadgens VR wrfiv
sivrces R -velis mimarT, imave operaciebiT.
daadgineT kavSiri maT ganzomilebebs Soris.

155
9.6.6. daadgineT, q elementiani sasruli velis mimarT
agebul n ganzomilebian wrfivi sivrceSi,
gansxvavebuli bazisebis raodenoba.

9.6.7. SeamowmeT, aris Tu ara wrfivi sivrce


W  v1 , v2 ,, vk  : vi  V n , i  1, k  simravle Semdegi
operaciebis mimarT:

1. v1 , v2 ,, vk   u1 , u 2 ,, uk   v1  u1 , v2  u2 ,, vk  u k  da

2.  v1 , v2 ,, vk   v1 , v2 ,, vk , sadac V n aris K
velis mimarT wrfivi sivrce. ipoveT W  s
ganzomileba.

9.6.8. aCveneT, rom i  R ; i   j , i  j ricxvebisaTvis

funqciaTa Semdegi sistemebi wrfivad
damoukidebelia:
1. e 1t , e 2t ,, e nt ; 2. t 1 , t 2 ,, t n .

9.6.9. aCveneT, rom Tu veqtorTa a1, a2 ,, an sistema

wrfivad damoukidebelia, xolo a1, a2 ,, an , a
sistema_wrfivad damokidebuli, maSin a veqtori
wrfivad gamoisaxeba a1, a2 ,, an sistemis
veqtorebiT.

9.6.10. vTqvaT, M n  wrfivi sivrcea erTi cvladis yvela

im polinomisa (koeficientebiT R velidan)
romelTa xarisxi ar aRemateba n  1  s. aCveneT,
rom Tu L  M n im polinomTa simravlea, romelTa
fesvicaa   R ricxvi, maSin L aris M n  is
qvesivrce, ipoveT dim L.
156
9.6.11. romeli qvesivrceebis pirdapir jams warmoadgens
Tavisufal veqtorTa wrfivi sivrce.

9.6.12. aCveneT, rom M n  sivrceSi (ix. 9.6.10.):

1. luwi xarisxis mravalwevrebis L1 da kenti

xarisxis mravalwevrebis L2 qvesimravleebi misi
qvesivrceebia;

2. adgili aqvs tolobas: L1  L2  M n .

9.6.13. daamtkiceT, rom yoveli L1  R n qvesivrcisaTvis

arsebobs iseTi L2  Rn , rom L1  L2  Rn .

9.6.14. vTqvaT, L, L1 da L2 warmoadgenen R  is

n

qvesivrceebs. daamtkiceT, rom L maSin, da

mxolod maSin, warmoidgineba L1 -sa da L2 -is
pirdapiri jamis saxiT, roca sruldeba Semdegi
pirobebi:

1. 𝐿1 ⊆ 𝐿 da 𝐿2 ⊆ 𝐿

2. nebismieri x  L veqtorisaTvis
x  x1  x2 , x1  L1 , x2  L2 , amasTan es gamosaxva
erTaderTia.

 n

9.6.15. daamtkiceT, rom L1  1 , 2 ,, n  :  i  0 da
 i 1 
L2  1, 2 ,, n  : 1  2    n ,
qvesivrceebisaTvis L1  L2  Rn , ipoveT

157
 i 
 
ei   0,0,0, 1 ,0,,0   R n veqtoris proeqcia:
 
1. L1  ze L2  is paralelurad;
2. L2  ze L1  is paralelurad.

9.6.16. rogor Seicvleba erTi bazisidan meore bazisze

gadasvlis martica, Tu:

1. pirveli bazisis nebismier or veqtors

adgilebs SevucvliT;

2. meore bazisis nebismier or veqtors adgilebs

SevucvliT;

3. orive bazisSi veqtorebs Sebrunebuli

TanmimdevrobiT CavwerT.

n
9.6.17. daamtkiceT, rom R sivrcis nebismieri ori A da
B wrfivi gardaqmnisaTvis:

1. rang A  B   rangA  rangB; 2. def  A  B   defA  defB.

9.6.18. vTqvaT, V  L1  L2 , sadac V  wrfivi sivrcea.

daamtkiceT, rom A x   a1 , sadac
x  a1  a2 ; a1  L1 , a2  L2  wrfivi operatoria ( A
operators uwodeben V sivrcis proeqtirebas L1
qvesivrceze, L2 qvesivrcis paralelurad). ipoveT
A operatoris matrica bazisSi, romelic L1 da
L2 qvesivrceebis bazisebis gaerTianebiT miiReba.
daamtkiceT, rom A2  A.

158
9.6.19. daamtkiceT, rom erTganzomilebiani wrfivi
sivrcis nebismier wrfiv operators aqvs saxe:
Ax   x, sadac   K  raime skalaria.

9.6.20. aageT A wrfivi operatoris matricis zogadi saxe

bazisSi, romlis pirveli k  raodenoba veqtori
qmnis:

1. ker A  qvesivrcis baziss;

2. Im A  qvesivrcis baziss.

9.6.21. ipoveT n ganzomilebiani V wrfivi sivrcis yvela

wrfivi operatorebis L A wrfivi sivrcis
ganzomileba, aageT misi raime bazisi.

9.6.22. gamoarkvieT, arsebobs Tu ara R  velis mimarT

kentganzomilebiani wrfivi sivrcis wrfivi
operatori, romelsac sakuTrivi veqtorebi ar
gaaCnia.

9.6.23. vTqvaT 1 , 2 ,, n aris A matricis maxasiaTebeli

polinomis fesvebi. ipoveT matricTa M n R  -
sivrcis Semdegi wrfivi operatorebis sakuTrivi
mniSvnelobebi: 1. Ax  AX t A; 2. Ax  AXA1.

9.6.24. daamtkiceT, rom raime bazisSi wrfivi operatoris

matricas diagonaluri saxe rom hqondes
aucilebeli da sakmarisia, rom es bazisi am
operatoris sakuTrivi veqtorebisagan
Sedgebodes.

159
 Tavi 10. kvadratuli formebi

$ 10.1. kvadratuli formis miyvana kanonikur saxeze,

rangi da indeqsi

erTgvarovan, n ucnobian, kvadratul f polinoms,

koeficientebiT K velidan, ewodeba kvadratuli forma
n n
K velis mimarT: f   a ij xi x j , sadac ai j  a j i .
i 1 j 1

yovel kvadratul formas Seesabameba

A  (ai j ) n  n , ai j  K , matrici, romelsac kvadratuli
formis matrici ewodeba.

A matricis rangs kvadratuli formis rangi ewodeba da

r -iT aRiniSneba.

f kvadratuli forma SeiZleba Caiweros matriculad:

 x1 
 
f    A   , sadac      erT svetiani matricia.
t

 x 
 n

kvadratul formas ewodeba gadaugvarebeli, Tu misi

matricaa gadaugvarebeli.

or kvadratul formas ewodeba eqvivalenturi, Tu

arsebobs ucnobTa namdvili, wrfivi, gadaugvarebeli
gardaqmna, romelic erT maTgans meoreSi gadaiyvans.

Tu f kvadratuli formis koeficientebi ai j  0, i  j ,

maSin is miiRebs saxes: f  a11 x12  a22 x22    ann xn2
romelsac kvadratuli formis kanonikuri saxe ewodeba.
160
nebismieri kvadratuli forma, ucnobTa garkveuli
wrfivi gardaqmnis gamoyenebiT, miiyvaneba kanonikur
saxeze.

namdvilkoeficientebiani kvadratuli formis kanonikur

saxeSi dadebiT koeficientTa raodenobas kvadratuli
formis indeqsi ewodeba da i -iT aRiniSneba.

nebismieri namdvili kvadratuli formisaTvis

n  r i  0.

namdvili kvadratuli formis indeqsi invariantulia

ucnobTa namdvili, wrfivi, gadaugvarebeli gardaqmnebis
mimarT.

kvadratuli formis kanonikur saxes ewodeba

normaluri saxe namdvil ricxvTa velis mimarT, Tu
ai i   1 anu f  x12  x22    xi2  xi21    xr2 .

kompleqsur ricxvTa velis mimarT normaluri saxe

iqneba: f  x12  x22    xr2 .

imisaTvis, rom R velis mimarT, ori namdvili

kvadratuli forma iyos eqvivalenturi, aucilebelia
da sakmarisi, rom maT hqondeT erTi da igive rangebi da
indeqsebi.

aucilebeli da sakmarisi piroba, rom

namdvilkoeficientebiani f kvadratuli forma iyos:

(a) dadebiTad gansazRvruli, nr i 0 ,

aris
(b) naxevrad dadebiTad gansazRvruli, aris n  r  i  0 ,
(g) ganusazRvreli, aris nr i 0 ,

161
(d) uaryofiTad gansazRvruli, nr i 0 , aris
(e) naxevrad uaryofiTad gansazRvruli, aris n  r  i  0

silvestris Teorema: imisaTvis, rom namdvili

kvadratuli forma iyos dadebiTad gansazRvruli,
aucilebelia da sakmarisi, rom misi yvela mTavari
minori iyos dadebiTi.

nebismieri kvadratuli formisaTvis arsebobs ucnobTa

namdvili orTogonaluri gardaqmna, romliTac is
kanonikur saxeze miiyvaneba.

10.1.1. ucnobTa wrfivi gadaugvarebeli gardaqmnebis

gamoyenebiT, kvadratuli forma miiyvaneT
kanonikur saxeze:

1. x12  2 x1 x2  2 x22  4 x2 x3  5 x32 ,

2. x12  4 x22  x32  4 x1 x2  2 x1 x3 , 3. x1 x2  x2 x3  x1 x3 ,
4. 2 x12  x22  4 x1 x2  4 x2 x3 ,
5. x12  2 x22  3x32  4 x1 x2  4 x2 x3 ,
6. 3x12  4 x22  5x32  4 x1 x2  4 x2 x3 ,
7. 2 x12  5 x22  5 x32  4 x1 x2  4 x1 x3  8x2 x3 ,
8. x12  2 x22  2 x32  4 x1 x2  4 x1 x3  8 x2 x3 ,
9. 5 x12  6 x22  4 x32  4 x1 x2  4 x1 x3 ,
10. 3x12  6 x22  3x32  4 x1 x2  8 x1 x3  4 x2 x3 ,
11. 7 x12  5 x22  3x32  8 x1 x2  8 x2 x3 ,
12. x12  x1 x2  x3 x4 , 13. 2 x1 x2  2 x3 x4 .

162
10.1.2. kvadratuli forma miiyvaneT normalur saxeze R
da C velebis mimarT:

1. 2 x12  5x22  8x32  2 x1 x2  6 x1 x3  12x2 x3 ,

2. x12  x22  x32  4 x1 x2  4 x1 x3  4 x2 x3 ,
3. x12  5x22  x32  6 x1 x2  4 x2 x3 ,
4. x12  3x22  2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  6 x2 x3 , 5. x1 x2  x1 x3  x2 x3 ,
6. x1 x2  x2 x3  x3 x4  x1 x4 .

10.1.3. f da g kvadratuli formebisaTvis, aageT

ucnobTa wrfivi gardaqmna, romelic erT maTgans
miiyvans meoreze:

1. f  x12  2x1 x2  2x22 g  4 z12  z 22 ,

2. f  x12  2x1 x2  2x22 g  10 y12  2 y1 y2  y22 .

10.1.4. gamoarkvieT, CamoTvlilTagan romeli kvadratuli

formebi arian eqvivalenturebi: a) R -is mimarT;
b) C -s mimarT:

1. f1  x12  x2 x3 , f 2  y1 y 2  y32 , f 3  z1 z 2  z 32 ,

2. f1  x12  4 x22  x32  4 x1 x2  2 x1 x3 ,

f 2  y12  2 y 22  y32  4 y1 y 2  2 y1 y3  4 y 2 y3 ,
f 3  4 z12  z 22  z 32  4 z1 z 2  4 z1 z 3  18z 2 z 3

10.1.5. aCveneT, rom n -ucnobian kvadratul formaTa

simravle SeiZleba daiyos eqvivalentobis

163
 klasebad. daadgineT am klasebis raodenoba R da
C velis mimarT.

10.1.6. ipoveT  parametris yvela is mniSvneloba,

romlisTvisac kvadratuli forma dadebiTadaa
gansazRvruli:

1. 5x12  x22   x32  4 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  2 x2 x3 ,

2. 2 x12  x22  3x32  2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3 ,
3. x12  x22  5x32  2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  4 x2 x3 ,
4. 2 x12  x22  4 x32  (2  1) x1 x2  2 x2 x3 ,
5. x22  x32  4 x1 x2  2 x1 x3 ,
6. x12  x22  x32  2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  2 x2 x3 ,
7. x12  x22  x32  4 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  2 x2 x3 ,
8. x12  5x22  (2  1) x32  4 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  4 x2 x3 .

10.1.7. daamtkiceT, rom Tu A simetriuli matricis

Sesabamisi kvadratuli forma dadebiTadaa
1
gansazRvruli, maSin A matricis Sesabamisi
kvadratuli formac dadebiTadaa gansazRvruli.

10.1.8. daamtkiceT, rom f kvadratuli forma

uaryofiTadaa gansazRvruli maSin, da mxolod
maSin, roca ( f ) kvadratuli forma dadebiTadaa
gansazRvruli.

10.1.9. ipoveT  parametris yvela is mniSvneloba,

romlisTvisac kvadratuli forma uaryofiTadaa
gansazRvruli:

164
 1.  x12  x22  4 x1 x2  4 x1 x3  2 x2 x3 ,
2.  x12  x22  3x32  2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  4 x2 x3 ,
3.  x12   x22  (  3) x32  2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  2 x2 x3 ,
4.  2 x12  8x22  3x32  2 x1 x2  4 x1 x3  2 x2 x3 .

10.1.10. ipoveT kanonikuri saxe, romelzec miiyvaneba f

kvadratuli forma orTogonaluri gardaqmniT:

1. f  3x22  3x32  4 x1 x2  4 x1 x3  2 x2 x3 ,
2. f  7 x12  7 x22  7 x32  2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  2 x2 x3 ,
3. f  x12  2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  2 x2 x3 ,
4. f  3x12  3x22  x32  6 x1 x3  4 x2 x3 .

10.1.11. aageT orTogonaluri gardaqmna, romliTac

mocemuli kvadratuli forma kanonikur saxeze
miiyvaneba da CawereT es kanonikuri saxe:

1. 5x12  8x22  4x1 x2 , 2. 4x12  x22  4x1 x2 , 3. 2 x1 x2 ,

4. 6 x12  5x22  7 x32  4 x1 x2  4 x1 x3 , 5. x12  2 x2 x3 ,
6. x12  x22  4 x32  2 x1 x2  4 x1 x3  4 x2 x3 ,
7. x12  4 x22  x32  4 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  4 x2 x3 ,
8. 2x1 x2  2x3 x4 .

10.1.12. daamtkiceT, rom yoveli namdvili, simetriuli A

matricisaTvis arsebobs Q orTogonaluri
matrica da B namdvili, diagonaluri matrica,
1
rom A  Q  B Q .

165
10.1.13. mocemuli A matricisaTvis, ipoveT
orTogonaluri Q matrica da diagonaluri B
matrica, rom Sesruldes toloba A  Q 1  B  Q
Tu:

 3 2 0   2 2 2
   
1. A  2 4  2  , 2. A  2 5 4  .
 0 2 5   2  4 5 
  

10.1.14. kvadratul formaTa Semdegi wyvilisaTvis ipoveT

ucnobTa wrfivi, gadaugvarebeli gardaqmna,
romelic erT maTgans normalur saxeze, xolo
meores kanonikur saxeze miiyvans. am formaTagan
erTi dadebiTadaa gansazRvruli:

1. f   4x1 x2 , g  x12  4x22  2x1 x2 ,

2. f  x12  26x22  10x1 x2 , g  x12  56x22  16x1 x2 .

10.1.15. meore rigis zedapirTa gantolebebi miiyvaneT

kanonikur saxeze:

1. x22  2 x32  4 x1 x2  4 x2 x3  4 x1  2 x2  5  0 ,
2. ( x1  1)(x2  1)(x3  1)  x1 x2 x3  0 ,
3. x12  3x22  3x32  2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  2 x2 x3  4 x1  5x2  5x3  13  0 ,
4. x12  x22  x32  2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  2 x2 x3  2 x1  0 ,
5.  x22  4 x1 x2  0 ,
6. x1 x4  x2 x3  x1  x2  x3  x4  0 .

166
10.1.16. ipoveT f kvadratuli formis rangi da
signatura, Tu is ( f ) kvadratuli formis
eqvivalenturia.

10.1.17. daamtkiceT, rom f kvadratuli forma

uaryofiTadaa gansazRvruli maSin, da mxolod
maSin, roca misi matricis D1 , D2 , , Dn mTavari
minorebis mimdevroba niSanmonacvle mimdevrobaa
da D1  0 .

167
pasuxebi:

თავი 1.

1.1.1 1. n  6 , 2. n  6 ; 1.1.7. n  11; 1.1.17. 6! ;

1.2.1. 495  x 6

თავი 2.

2.1.1. a) operacia komutaciuri da asociaciuria, gaaCnia

neitraluri elementi n  1. simetriuli elementi mxolod
n  1 elements gaaCnia;
b) operacia komutaciuri da asociaciuria, mas ar gaaCnia
neitraluri elementi;

g) operacia komutaciuri da asociaciuria, gaaCnia

neitraluri elementi n  1. yoveli elementi Tavisi Tavis
simetriulia;

d) operacia komutaciuri da asociaciuria, gaaCnia

neitraluri elementi n  0 . yoveli a elementis
simetriulia  a .

2.1.2. a) operacia komutaciuri da asociaciuria, gaaCnia

neitraluri elementi n   . simetriuli elementi mxolod
n   elements gaaCnia;
b) operacia komutaciuri da asociaciuria, gaaCnia
neitraluri elementi n  X . simetriuli elementi mxolod
n  X elements gaaCnia ;
g) operacia arakomutaciuri da araasociaciuria, ar gaaCnia
neitraluri elementi; d) operacia komutaciuri da
asociaciuria, gaaCnia neitraluri elementi n   . yoveli
elementi Tavisi Tavis simetriulia. 2.1.3. a), b), d), e) –
168
SemTxvevebSi simravle rgolia. 2.1.5. miTiTeba: gaSaleT
e  ex  y  namravli distribuciulobis gamoyenebiT.
2.1.10. a)  
Z ; b) 2  ; g) x 2  1 ; d) Rx  ; e) x  1 . 2.1.13. a)
mTelobis are; e) veli. 2.1.15. Z 8 -is qvergolebia 1 , 2 , 4
da 0 ; Z 18 -is qvergolebia 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 9 da 0 ; Z 5 -
is qvergolebia 1 da 0 . 2.1.16. a) 1 da 7 ; b)  ; g) 2 da 7 ;
d) x1  x 2  4 . 2.1.17. a) x  4 ; b) x  2 ; g) x 3  a  0 mod11.
2.1.18. a 1  5  9 3 2  1 3 4 .
43 43 43

თავი 3.

3.1.1. 1. 22  3i; 2.  38  3i; 3.  20  18i; 4. 7  5i;

5. 10,3  2,1i; 6. 3  1 i; 7. 3  3i; 8. 123  61 i; 9. 5  2i;
2 2 29 29
10.  1  1 i; 11. 1  3 i; 12. 240i. 3.1.2. 1.  29  15i;
16 16 64 64
2. 10  6i; 3. 7; 4. 29 11
 i; 5.  5  12 i; 6. 1  1 i.
60 60 13 13 2 2

3.1.3. 1 .  , ;
13 11
2.  , ; 3.  4, ; 4. 2,2; 5.   55 , 9 .
30 29 7
7 7  13 13   3  156 26 

3.1.4. 1; i; 1;  1 ;  1 i n ; i ;
n n 1  i i n  1 ;  1. 3.1.5. 1.  i ,4  5i ;
2 4 
2.   7  78 i, 142  47 i ; 3.   167  313 i, 116  5 i ;
 106 53 53 53   221 221 221 221 

4. 
5 11 11 3 
 i,  i . 3.1.6. 1.  3; 2.  11  4 3
i; 3. 3  3 i;
 32 32 32 32  13 13 2 2

4. 361  76 i. 3.1.7. 1. 2 , 2 1  i ; 2.  2 3  4  2 3  4 i;
377 377 2 2 2 2
169
3.  2 65  14  2 65  14 i; 4. 6  2 73  6 4  2 73  6
 ;
2 2 4 4

5. 4  2 109  6  2 109  6 i.
2 2

3.1.8. 1. a2  b2  c2  ab  ac  bc; 2. a3  b3 ;

3. a3  b3  c3   3a2b  a2c  ab2  b2c  ac2  bc2   12abc.

3.1.9. 1 . 1  2i,4  2i, x2  2 x  3x2  8x  20; 2. 2  i 2 ,2  2i,

x 2
  
 4x  6 x2  4x  12 ; 3.  7  1 i , x 2  7 x  2 x 2  7 x  2 ;  
 2 2 

4.  4  i, x2  8x  17x2  8x  17.

3.1.12. z1  a1  b1i, z2  a2  b2i ricxvebisaTvis: z1  z2  R, Tu

b1  b2  0; z1 z2  R, Tu a1b2  a2b1  0. 3.2.1. 1. cos0  i sin 0 ;
2. 2cos  i sin  ; 3. cos   i sin  ; 4. cos 3  i sin 3 ;
2 2 2 2
5.   
2  cos  i sin ;
 
6. 2  cos    i sin    ;
 4 4   4  4 
 3 3       
7. 2  cos  i sin ; 8.  2  cos   i sin  ; 9. 2 cos    i sin   ;
 4 4   4 4   3  3 

10. 5 cos arctg 4  i sin arctg 4 ; 11. 5cos  i sin  ; 12. 2  cos   i sin  ;
 3 3  4 4
13. 2 cos 2 2  14. 2 3   15. 2    
 i sin ;  cos  i sin ; 2  3  cos  i sin ;
 3 3  3  6 6  12 12 
16. cos    i sin  ; 17. 2 cos   cos   i sin  ;
2 2 2

18. 2 cos 35  i sin

35  19. cos 2  i sin 2 . 3.2.2.
; 1. 250 ; 2. 2150 ;
 18 18 

 
24

3.  230 ; 4. 2  3 ; 5.  212 2  3 ; 6.  26 ; 7. 215 i; 8. i; 
6

170
9. 1  1  i 3 ; 10. 1; 11. 2n cosn   cos n  i sin
n 
;
2 2 2 2 

12. cos n  i sin n . 3.2.3. 1.  cos10  i sin10 ; 2. 3 1


3 1
i;
3 3 2 2

3. i; 4. 
3
5
 
cos10  i sin10 . 3.2.4. jer aCveneT, rom

z  cos  i sin. 3.2.6. 1. 2 2  cos 17     i sin 17    ;

 
  12   12 

2. cos2  i sin 2; 3. 2  cos 2     i sin 2   

 .
 12  
2   12  
3.2.8. 1. 4 cos3 x sin x  4 cos x sin3 x; 2. cos x  6 cos x sin x  sin4 x;
4

3. 5 cos4 x sin x  10cos2 x sin3 x  sin5 x;

4. cos5 x  10cos3 x sin2 x  5 cos x sin4 x;
5. 6 cos5 x sin x  20cos3 x sin3 x  6 cos x sin5 x.

1. 3tgx  tg x ; 2. 5tgx  102tg x  tg4 x ;

3 3 5
3.2.9.
1  3tgx 1  10tg x  5tg x

3. 23tgx 2 10tg x 4 3tg x6 . 3.2.11. 1. 1, 1  3 i ; 2. 1  i,1  i;

3 5

1  15tg x  15tg x  tg x 2 2  

3. cos k  i sin k , k  0,1,2,3,4,5; 4. 26 1;

 3 3 

5.  1 6 2  2 3  i 2 3 , 1 3 4 i  1, 1 6 2  2  3  i 2  3 ;

2   2 6  

6. 1  i,
1
 1
 
 
 1  3  i  1  3 ,  1  3  i  1  3 ;  
 2 2 

7.  2  cos 8k  1   i sin 8k  1  , k  0,1,,7; 8. 2  i,2  i;

  32 32  

171
9.  6 1  cos 24k  19   i sin 24k  19  , k  0,1,2;
 2 36 36  

 1  24k  13 24k  13  
10.  8  cos   i sin  , k  0,1,2,3;
 2 48 48  

11.  cos 6k  1   i sin 6k  1  , k  0,1,2,,9;

 30 30  

12.  2  2  3  i 2  3 , 2  2  3  i 2  3 ,1  i ;

 2   2   

   
 
13.   3  i ; 14.  3  i,2i ; 15.  1, 1  i 3 , 1  i 3 .
3
2   2 2 

3.2.12. 1. 5 1
; 2. 10  2 5 . 3.2.13.ara. 3.2.14. 1. x2  52x  760  0;
4 4
2. x  2 x  2  0; 3. x 2  1  0; 4. x 2 
2
 
3  1 x  2  0.
3.2.17. 1.  3  3 i; 2. 3i, 3 1  i . 3.2.18. 1. wesieri samkuTxedis
2 2 2
wveroebi, centriT koordinatTa sistemis saTaveSi; 2. rombis
wveroebi, centriT koordinatTa sistemis saTaveSi.
3.2.19. 8. kuTxe; 13. x  y  1 wrfeebs Soris moTavsebuli
sibrtyis nawili z  x  iy ; 14. elifsi 4𝑥 2
9
+
4𝑦 2
5
= 1;
2 2
15. {𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ∶ (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2 , < 1} 16. x  y  1  elifsiT
3 4
SemosazRvruli sibrtyis nawili; 19. warmosaxviTi RerZis
marcxena Ria naxevarsibrtye. 3.2.23. 1 .  1 2i da 2  i
wertilebze gamavali wrfis wertilebisaTvis;
2. y   x2  20, y  4  parabolis wertilebisaTvis.
 
.3.2.24. y  2  5 x. 3.2.25. z4  z1  z2  z3. 3.2.26. z  w  i z  w .
2 2
172
3.2.27. zk  z0  z1  z0  k , k  1,2,, n , sadac  k  cos 2k  i sin 2k
n n
da z0 
1
z1  z2   ictg z2  z1   warmoadgens mravalkuTxedis
2

centrs. 3.3.1.  1; 1, 1  i 3 ; 

  1 1
 
 1, 1  i 3 , 1  i 3 ;   
 2 2   2 2 

 1,i,
2   1

1  i , 2 1  i ;  i, 1  i 3 ,
1
   12 
3  i , 

3  i ;
 2 2   2 2 
 
 1,i,
2
1  i , 2 1  i , 1  2  2  i 2  2 , 1  2  2  i 2  2 ;
 2 2 2  2 
 1
2
 1
2
   
1
 1,i,  1  i 3 ,  3  i , 
4
 
6  2  i 6  2 ,  2
2

1  i , 1 
4
  
6  2  i 6  2 . 
 

3.3.2. 1 .  1 ;
n
2. 0, Tu n  1. SeniSvna: 1  isa da 1  sagan
gansxvavebuli Tanamamravlebi daaajgufeT urTierT

Sebrunebul wyvilebad. 3.3.4.  1;  1  1  i 3 ;  i; 1  is

2 

garda yvela fesvi; 1  

 1  i 3 ; 
2
 

1  i ;  1  3  i ;  
2   2  2 
 1  1 
  2  2  i 2  2 ,  2  2  i 2  2 ;
 2  2 
1
  
1
  
  6  2  i 6  2 ,  6  2  i 6  2 .

  
 4 4 
1 i 3 1  i 3 3.3.7.ara. SeniSvna: es ricxvi
3.3.6.  100  da  500  .
2 2
warmoadgineT trigonometriuli saxiT da aCveneT, rom mas,
rogorc C  multiplikaciuri jgufis elements gaaCnia
usasrulo rigi. 3.3.10. n, roca 𝑛|𝑘 da 0  sxva SemTxvevaSi.

173
 n
. 3.4.1. 1. 2 2 cos n ; 2. 2 n ; 3. 2 2 sin ;
n n
2
3.3.11.
1  2 4
n2
n2 n
4. 2 2 2
cos ; (SeniSvna: gamoiyeneT punqti 1. da Semdegi
4
n2
n n
n
tolobebi:  C nk  2 n ;
k 0
  1k C nk
k 0
 0 ); 5. 2n  2  2 2
sin
4
;

1 n
n
6. 2 3 n 2
sin ; 7. jami tolia:  n , roca   1 (saZiebeli
6 1 
nn  1
jami gaaamravleT 1     ze) da , roca   1.
2
 nn  12n  1 1 2
,  1 n n  1 ,   1
2

3.4.3. 1.  6 
2.  4
 2 ;  3
 n   1  2n ,   1
.
 n 1     3nn  11     6n ,   1
2

 1   2  1   3
3.4.5. 1 . tolobis marjvena mxaris mricxveli daSaleT
2n
2k 2k
namravlad  x   , sadac 
k 1
k k  cos
n
 i sin
n
. x   k da

x   n  k  x   k Tanamamravlebi gaamravleT; 3. SekveceT

toloba x 2
1  ze da miRebuli gamosaxuleba CawereT
x  1  sTvis. 3.5.3. gamoarkvieT min z1 , z2  arg z1  arg z2 sididis
geometriuli azri. toloba miiRweva maSin, roca arg z1  arg z2
an roca mocemul ricxvTagan erT-erTi nulis tolia.
3.5.6.ganmartebiT zA  za : a  A. 3.5.7.arasworia: tolobis
marjvena da marcxena mxares mdgomi simravleebi sxvadasxva
raodenoba elementebisagan Sedgebian. 3.5.9.  da  erTnairi
rigis mqone elementebia. 3.5.13. Tu   is maCvenebelia m,
m e.i. m  l m,k .
maSin k s maCvenebeli iqneba l  ,
m,k 
3.5.15. 1.,2.,3.,4.  SeniSvna: Tu z  cos x  i sin x, maSin
174
 2m
 z  z 1 
cos x  
2m
 ; 5. radganac sink  1x  sink  1x  2 cos x sin kx,
 2 
amitom adgili aqvs tolobas: Ak 1  tAk  Ak 1, sadac Ak  sin kx
sin x
da t  2 cos x. gamoiyeneT induqciis meTodi k  s mimarT.
3.5.16. 6. SeniSvna: sin 2 x 
1 cos 2 x
 . 3.5.18.   1 wrfe, romelic
2 2
z1 , z2 boloebis mqone monakveTis Suawertilze, mis
marTobulad, gadis;   1  wrewiri, romlis diametris
z1  z2
boloebia z1  z2 da wertilebi.
1  1 

თავი 4.

4.1.1. 1. 5 ; 2. 8 ; 3. 13 ; 4. 18 ; 5. n(n  1) / 2 ; 6. n(n  1) / 2 ;

4.1.2. 1. 3n(n  1) / 2 inversia. gadanacvleba luwia n  4k da
n  4k  1_sTvis; kentia n  4k  2 da n  4k  3 _Tvis, sadac
k nebismieri arauaryofiTi mTeli ricxvia; 2. 3n(n  1) / 2
inversia. gadanacvleba luwia n  4k da n  4k  3 _Tvis;
kentia n  4k  1 da n  4k  2 _Tvis, sadac k nebismieri
arauaryofiTi mTeli ricxvia; 3. n(3n  1) / 2 inversia.
gadanacvleba luwia n  4k da n  4k  1_Tvis da kentia
n  4k  2 da n  4k  3 _Tvis, sadac k nebismieri
arauaryofiTi mTeli ricxvia; 4. n(3n  1) / 2 inversia.
gadanacvleba luwia n  4k da n  4k  3 _Tvis da kentia
n  4k  1 da n  4k  2 _Tvis, sadac k nebismieri
arauaryofiTi mTeli ricxvia; 5. 3n(3n  1) inversia.
gadanacvleba, nebismieri n _Tvis, luwia;
4.1.3. gadanacvlebaSi n, n  1, n  2,, 3, 2,1 . inversiaTa
raodenoba tolia C n  n(n  1) / 2 ; 4.1.4. k  1 ; 4.1.5. n  k
2

175
  1 2 3 4 5  1 2 3 4 5  1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4.2.1. 1.   ; 2.   ; 3.   ;

 4 2 1 5 3  2 1 3 5 4  5 3 6 1 2 7 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 
 ; 2. 
1 2 3 4 5
4. 
3  ; 4.2.2. 1.   ;
 2 7 1 4 6 5 1 3 4 2   3 1 2 5 4
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4   1 2 3 4 5
3.   ; 4.   ; 5.   ; 4.2.3. A ;
1
 2 3 4 5 3 4 1 2   2 3 4 5 1
 1 2 3 4 5
4.2.4. E igivuri Casma; 4.2.5. A  B    da
 4 5 3 2 1
 1 2 3 4 5
 ; 4.2.6. A 1  B  
1 2 3 4 
B  A    da
 2 4 1 3 5  3 2 1 4 
1 2 3 4   1 2 3 4 5 6  ; 2.  1 2 3 4  ;
B  A 1    ; 4.2.7. 1.    
1 4 3 2   5 4 1 2 6 3  4 3 1 2 
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4.2.8. X  
 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 
 

თავი 5.

5.1.1.1. 1; 2. 4; 3.355; 4. 77614; 5. ad  bc;

6. 0; 7. 1; 8. cos   ; 9. 0; 10. 0; 11. 0; 12. a 2  b2  c 2  d 2 ;
1
13. ; 14.0. 5.1.2. 1. 0; 2.  42; 3. 28; 4.15; 5. a 3  b 3  c 3  3abc; 6. 0;
cos2 
7. sin     sin     sin    8. 2; 9.  2i; 10.  3 3i;
11. 3sin   sin     sin   sin     sin   sin   ;
12. aba  b   cbc  b   aca  c   2abca  b . 5.2.1. 1 . ”+”; 2. ”−“;
3. ”−“; 4. ”+”; 5. ar Sedis; 6. ”−“; 7. ar Sedis; 8.  1n 1; 9. ar
n 1 n  2 
Sedis; 10. 1 2  1n ;
12. 1 . 5.2.2. i  6, k  2. ;
; 11.
3n

5.2.3. i  2, k  2, j  3. ; .2.4. i  5, k  1.
5.2.5. 1. a11a24 a32 a43 , a13 a21a32 a44 , a14 a23 a32 a41 ;

176
 n  n 1
2. a12 a21a33 a44 , a14 a21a32 a43 , a13 a21a34 a42 . 5.2.6. 1. ”+”; 2. 1 2 ;
5.2.7. 1.  8x3 da 2x4 ; 2.  25x3 da 24x 4 . ; 5.2.8. an j 1,ni 1 . ;
n  n 1
5.2.9. determinanti gamravldeba  1 2  ze.; 5.2.10. ar
Seicvleba. 5.2.11. determinanti gamravldeba  1n  ze.
n  n 1
5.2.15. 1. a11a22 ann ; 2.  1 2 a1n a2,n1  an1 ; 3. 0; 4.n!.
n  n 1
5. 1 2 ; 6.n!. .5.2.17. 1.8;2.  3;3.  153;4.297;5.90;6.150;7.  336;

8.1;9.10;11.  2639; 12.5;13.0;14.100;15.9 30  9 20;

16.665;17.394. 5.2.18. 1.  2x3  y3 ;2.a  b2  c  d 2 a  b2  c  d 2 ;
3.  4; 4.195; 5.x 2 x 2  1 ;6.  5;7.  1;8.x3  1x 2  x  1;
4

9.x2  x1 sin      y2  y 1 sin     z2  z1 sin   ;

10. SemoviRoT aRniSvna z  cos  i sin ;
11.x12 x3  x2   x22 x1  x3   x32 x2  x1 ;
12.x4  x3 x3  x2 x4  x2   2x3  x1 x4  x1 ;
n n 1
13.81;14.729;15.a11a22 ann ; 16. 1 2 a1a2 an ;

17. akk a2 n  k 1, 2 n  k 1  ak , 2 n  k 1a2 n  k 1, k ; 18. 1

n

 x  x  .
n 2
i k
k 1 n  i  k 1
5.2.20. 1.4a  c  d ;2.2a  b  c  d ;3.  5a  b  c  d ; 4.8a  15b  12c  19d ;
5.2a  8b  c  5d . 5.2.21. 1.1;2. 1n 1 n;3. 1n 1 n  12n  2.

n
1 n 1 
5.3.1. 1.  1 ; 2. x a n  x  
n 1
, pirveli striqoni
k 1  x k 1 a n  1 
gamoakeliT yvela danarCens, k  uri striqonidan
determinantis niSnis gareT gaitaneT ak  x, yoveli
k  sTvis da pirvel svets daumateT yvela danarCeni sveti;

177
3. n!; 4.  1
n1
n!, bolo striqoni gamoakeliT yovel
n  n 1 n  n 1
danarCen striqons; 5.  1 2 ; 6.  1 2 n  1n1 ; pirvel
svets daumateT yvela danarCeni sveti; 7. 2n  1;
n n 1
b1b2 bn ;9.a1  a2    an x n ; 10. x1  x k  a k 1,k , bolo
n
8.  1 2
k 2

striqonidan dawyebuli, yovel striqons gamoakeliT misi

n n
ak
wina striqoni; 11.  xk 
k 1 k 1 x k
, yoveli i  saTvis,

determinantis i  uri svetidan misi niSnis gareT gaitaneT

xi  uri da yovel svets daumateT yvela danarCeni sveti;
n
12. a  n  1ba  b  ; 13.
n 1
 1  a x .
k 1
kk
5.5.1.

5 n1  2 n1
1. n  1; 2. 2 n1  1; 3. ; 4. 9  2 n1 ; 5. 52 n1  43n1 ; 6. 2 n1  1;
3
 n1   n1 n n n
1
7. ; 8.  k!; 9.   a k  ;
  k 1 k 1 k 1 a k
n
10.  k!; 11. a1 a 2  a n  a1 a 2  a n 1  a1 a 2  a n  2     1 a1   1 ;
n 1 n

k 0

12.  x
n i  k 1
i  x k ;

13. a0 x1 x2  xn  a1 y1 x2 x3  xn  a2 y1 y2 x3  xn    an y1 y2  yn ;
 n

14. 2 x1 x 2  x n   x k  1  xi  x k , pirvel svetad daamateT
 k 1  ni  k 1
erTianebisagan Sedgenili sveti da pirvel striqonad
1,0,0,,0 -striqoni. Yyvela danarCen svets gamoakeliT
pirveli sveti. Mmarcxena zeda kuTxeSi mdgomi erTiani
warmoadgineT 2  1 sxvaobis saxiT da aseTnairad miRebuli
determinanti warmoadgineT ori determinantis sxvaobis
saxiT (pirveli striqonis Sesabamisad);

178
 n 1
15. a1bn  a k 1bk  a k bk 1 , gamoiyeneT rekurentuli toloba
k 1

bn
Dn  an bn1  an1bn Dn1 ; 16.3n1  2 n1. ;
bn1
n
 n
5.6.1. 1.  x k  a k 1   a k

 ;
k 1  k 1 x k  a k 
2. Dn  0, n  2; D1  a1  b1 , D2  a1  a2 b1  b2  ;
  n
4. x n  x n 1  a k . yvela elementi,
n n
ab
3.  x k  a k bk 1   k k ;
k 1  k 1 x k  k 1

garda mTavar diagonalze mdgomi elementebisa, warmoadgineT

n
saxiT ai  0  ai ; 1. a k  x k   a1 a 2  a n . marcxena zeda kuTxeSi
k 1

mdgomi elementi warmoadgineT saxiT 0  1  1 da determinanti

pirveli striqonis mixedviT warmoadgineT ori determinantis
jamad. 5.6.2.
n  n 1 n
1. 2n  1!; 2. 2n ! 2 n n!; 3.  1 a k  a ; 4.  1 ; 5.1;
n 1
2
k 1

6.  1 2n  33 ; 7.  1 n  1x

n 1 n 1 n 1 n2
;
 
n
8.
1
x  a n  x  a n ; 9.  n   1n1  n ; 10.  x 2 k ; 11. x n   1n1 y n .
2 k 0
n 1
gaSaleT pirveli svetis mixedviT; 12.a0 x  a1 x    an .
n

gaSaleT pirveli svetis mixedviT; 13. n!a0 x  a1 x n n 1


   an ;
x n 1  1 n  1 nx n xn 1 n
14.  ; 15.  . 16.  a k a 2nk 1  bk b2nk 1 ;
x  12 x  1 x  1 x  12 k 1

 1 
17.  a k  a0   ; 18. 1   n  ; 19. a 2  b 2  ;
n n
n 1 n

k 1  k 1 a k 

n  n 1 n  1n n 1
20.  1 2 ; 21. b1b2 bn ; 22.  2n  2!;
2

179
23.  1
n  n 1 n  1n n1 ; na n1
2 24. 2a  n  1h;
2 2
n
 1  n
25.  a k 1   ; 26. x n  c1 x n1    cn1 x  cn .
k 1  k 1 a k 

5.6.3. 1. 1  b1  b1b2 _ b1b2 b3     1 b1b2  bn ;

n

2..na1  n  1a2    2an1  an ; 3. x n  Cn11 x n2  Cn22 x n4  ;

sinn  1x
4. c n  Cn11c n2 ab  C n22 c n4 a 2 b 2  ; 5. ;
sin x
 n
 n
6. x  n  1a x  a  ; 7.  x   a k  x  a k ;
n 1

 k 1  k 1
 
; 9.  nhn 1 a  n  1 h. yovel striqons
n n
1
8.  a k 1  
k 1  k 1 a k   2 
gamoakeliT misi momdevno striqoni da Semdeg meore
striqons daumateT yvela momdevno striqoni;

10. 1  a1    a n   n ai2    a n2 ;
2

n
 n
a k2 
11. x n 1  x  2a k  x   ;
k 1  k 1 x  2a k 

 a k2  ca  b   ba  c 
n n n n
12. x n 1  x  2a k  x   ; 13. ;
k 1  k 1 x  2a k  cb
 n n

 x a k  y   y a k  x  n2 n2
14.  k 1 k 1  . 5.6.4. 1.n  1!; 2. 1 2 2n  2!;
x y
n
3.  1 n  1; 4. 2n  1n  1 ; 5.   x  a k ;
n 1 n 1

k 1
n
6. a0 x n  a1 x n1    an ; 7.  1  a kk x ;
k 1

180
 C n11  3C n31  9C n51  27C n71  
8. ; 9.1;
2n

   
n
n 1 n 1
10. 5  4 ; 11.   1 2 , n  2l
; 12. 1   1 ;
1 n

0 , n  2l  1 2

13. a n  C n11 a n  2  C n2 2 a n  4     1 C nk k a n  2 k  , gamoiyeneT

k

rekurentuli damokidebulebis xerxi da toloba

Cnm  Cnm 1  Cnm11; 14. a n  Cn11a n2  Cn22 a n4    Cnkk a n2k  ;
n 1 a n 1  b n 1
15. ; 16.  1n 1
ab . determinantis marjvena
xn a b
qveda kuTxis elementisaTvis gamoiyeneT warmodgena 0  a  a ,
gaSaleT determinanti ori determinantis jamad da
gamoiyeneT rekurentuli damokidebulebis xerxi;
 n
ak  y 
n

 k a  x   
17.  k 1 k 1 . 5.6.5.
x y
a n
 n n n
; 2. aa  x n ; 3.  1n  a k  bk   1n n  1 a k bk ;
1
1. aba1 a 2  a n  0  
 ab a
k 1 k  k 1 k 1 k 1

4.  1 x n2 ; 5.  1
n n
x  1
n

 x n ; 6. yovel svets gamoakeliT
misi wina sveti, yovel striqons gamoakeliT misi wina
k 1
striqoni da gamoiyeneT toloba Cn  Cn  k  Cn 1 ; 7. yovel
k k

striqons gamoakeliT misi wina striqoni;

8. yovel striqons gamoakeliT misi wina striqoni, gaSaleT

pirveli svetis mixedviT , miRebuli determinanti
warmoadgineT ori determinantis jamad da aCveneT, rom D
Dn  Dn 1  1; 9. 1, yovel striqons gamoakeliT misi wina
striqoni; yovel striqons, dawyebuli meoredan, gamoakeliT
misi momdevno striqoni.; 10. yovel svets, dawyebuli
meoredan, gamoakeliT misi wina sveti; 11. yovel svets,
dawyebuli mesamedan, gamoakeliT misi wina sveti da a. S.

181
miRebul determinantSi igive procesi CaatareT
striqonebisaTvis; 12.  x  1
n
_yovel striqons gamoakeliT
misi wina striqoni da aCveneT, rom Dn  x  1Dn 1;
13. x n  C n1 x n 1  C n2 x n  2  C n3 x n 3     1 x0 13. yovel
n

striqons gamoakeliT misi wina striqoni da vaCvenoT, rom

Dn 1 x0 , x1,, xn   Dn x1  x0 , x2  x1,, xn  xn 1  , xolo Semdeg
 n
a
gamoiyeneT maTematikuri induqciis meTodi; 14. n!1   ;
 k 1 k 
1  nn  1 
n  n 1
 x n 1  1 
15. 1  a ; 16. x 2 1  a n ;
n!  2   x x  1 

17.
1!2!3! n  1!
3
_yovel striqons gamoakeliT pirveli
n!n  1! 2n  1!
striqoni da Semdeg yovel svets gamoakeliT pirveli sveti;
 xi  xk ak  ai 
18. 1i  k  n n .
  xi  a k 
i , k 1

5.6.6. 1. 1
 xi  xk ; 2.  xi  xk ; 3.  y  x k nk  ;
1!2!n  1! i  k ik
k  k 1 n  k  n 1 n  2 
4. 1! 2!  k  1! x   yi  x ;  cos  cos k ;
2 k
2
5. 2 i
i 1 ik
n  n 1 n
6. 2 2
 sin   cos
k 0
k
i k
i  cos k ; 5.7.1. 1. gaiTvaliswineT

1 n 2
toloba cos n    1 Cnk k 2 cos 
k n n  2k
da gamoiyeneT
2 k 0 nk
n  is mimarT maTematikuri induqciis meTodi;
n 1 2 
 Cnk k 1 2 cos 
n  2 k 1
2. gaiTvaliswineT toloba sin n  sin
k 0

182
da gamoiyeneT n  is mimarT maTematikuri induqciis meTodi;
5.7.2. TiToeuli determinanti aiyvaneT kvadratSi.
a b c a1 b1 c1
5.7.3. gamoTvaleT determinantTa namravli: c1 a1 b1 .
c a b
b c a b1 c1 a1
2k 2k
5.7.4. 6. ; 5.7.5.   cos
 i sin , sadac n  matricis rigia
n n
da k  0,1,2,, n  1. 5.7.8. samarTliania; 5.7.9. rekurentuli
kavSiria Dn  Dn 1  Dn  2 . 5.7.10. 1. 2; _aCveneT, rom
determinantis elementebi erTdroulad ar SeiZleba iyos
erTis toli; ganixileT determinanti, romlis mTavari
diagonalis elementebia nulebi, xolo yvela sxva elementi
erTiani; 2. 4 _mTavar diagonalze aris 1  ebi, xolo

yvela danarCeni elementi erTis tolia; 5.7.11. C n   ; 5.7.13.

k 2

   k  k    k sadac  
2n  2  cosn  1. SeniSvna: cos  ,   cos  i sin . ;
 n  n 2 n n
gamoiyeneT is faqti, rom a  Tvis

 a     a
n 1
2k n
 1 ,  n  1. 5.7.15. Tavdapirvelad aCveneT, rom
k 0

a11  x  a1n  x a11  a1n

    x Aij , miRebuli tolobaSi
an1  x  ann  x
i, j
an1  ann
monawile orive determinantSi _pirveli striqoni
gamoakeliT yvela danarCens da CasviT 𝑥 = 1 mniSvneloba ;
5.7.17. aRniSneT:   2  3 ,   3  1,   1  2 . ;
A B 1
5.7.18. ganixileT namravli . C D an namravli
C D 0 C
 n 13n  2  n
A B D 0 2 2
. . ; 5.7.19. i n . gaamravleT
C D  C D 1
183
determinanti Tavis Tavze da gaiTvaliswineT, rom
 k 1 n k. miiReba:

n 0 0 0 0
n n
0 0 0 0 n
D  i Cn1 n 2 . e.i. D  n 2 .
2
saidanac
D 2  0 0 0  n 0   1 n1 n n ,
C2


0 n 0  0 0
D  s argumentis sapovnelad, D gamoTvaleT rogorc
1,  ,  2 ,,  n 1 ricxvebis vandermondis determinanti.

5.7.20. c  a  n
 Cn1 1 c  a 
n2
 Cn2 2 c  a 
n4

c  a  n
 Cn1 1 c  a 
n2
 Cn2 2 c  a 
n4

  . gamoiyeneT toloba
cE A
 c 2 E  A2  cE  A cE  A .
A cE

თავი 6.

 5 1 5  3 5 1
 
6.1.1. a) A  B   7  9 3  , A  B   1  1 1  ,
 
 0  2 3   4 8  1
   

 16  35 16    12 23  1
   
A  B    7  2 7  , B  A    6 29 2  ; b) jami, sxvaoba da
 9  11 1    16 35  2 
   
B  A namravli ar arsebobs, A  B  13 8 ;

 4 0 20 
 
g) jami da sxvaoba ar arsebobs, A  B  19 , B  A   2 0 10  ;
 3 0 15
 

184
  a1  b1 0  0   a1  b1 0  0 
   
d) A  B   0 a 2  b2  0 ,  0 a 2  b2  0  ;
  A  B  B  A   
   
 0 0  a n  bn   0   
  0 a n bn 

 A1  B1 0  A B 0 
e) A  B    , A  B   1 1  . 6.1.2. a) 0 ;
 0 A2  B 2  0 A2  B 2

 1 0  4  3
b)   , Tu n  2k da   , Tu n  2k  1;
 0 1  5  4
 n 0 0   3n 0 0 
   
g)  nn 1 n 0  ;d)  n3 n 1 3 n 0  .6.1.3.  E ;
 2 n2   
 Cn 
 nn 1 n   0
 0  5 n 
 a b 2  1 7    11  18  ;
 , a  1  bc . 6.1.4. a)   ; b)  

 c a   21 22   18  11
 6 1 0 0 
   f  A1  0 
g)  0 6  1 0  ; d)   . 6.1.5. roca A  B  B  A ;
 0 0 6 0  0 f  A2 
 
 0 0 0 6
 
 a 0 0 0
 a 0  
6.1.6. a)   ; b)  b a 0 0  ; g) yvela diagonaluri
 c a  c b a 0
 
 d c b a
 
matrica. 6.1.7.a) i -uri da j -uri striqonebi adgilebs
gacvlian; b) A B matricis i -uri striqoni Seikribeba j -uri
~
striqonis elementebis  -ze namravlebTan ( cik  cik    c jk );
g) ix. wina SemTxveva.

185
  a b 2   1  1  3  2
6.1.8.  , a  bc . 6.1.9. a)   ; b)   ;
 c  a  2 3  5  4
 1 1 1 1 
 
 0 1 1 1 
1
g)  0 0 1 1  . 6.1.10. a) A -Si adgilebs Seicvlian i -uri
 
 
 0 0 0  1 

da j -uri striqonebi; b) j -ur svets gamoakldeba i -uri sveti

 Ek  U 
gamravlebuli  -ze. A 1  
6.1.13.  . 6.1.17. a) r  2 ;
 0 El 
b) r  2 ; g) r  3 ; d) r  4 ; e) r  5 . 6.1.18. a) r  4 , Tu
  3 da r  3 , Tu   3 ; b) r  4,   R ; g) Tu
1
  1,   , maSin r  2 ; Tu   1 da  nebismieria, maSin
2
1
r  3 ; Tu   da  nebismieria, maSin r  3 ; d) r  3 ,
2
roca   0 da   1 an roca   0 ,   1 da   5 ; r  2 ,
roca   0 da   1 an roca   0 ,   1 an   0 ,   5 ;
e) r  1 , roca   2 ; r  2 , roca   2 da r  3 , roca
  2 ; v) r  4 , roca   3 da r  3 , roca   3 ;
z) r  3 , roca   0 da r  4 , roca   0 .

თავი 7.

2. (13 / 3,  13 / 3,  10 / 3) ,
7.1.1. 1. (1, 0, 2) ,
3. (1  4c / 3, c,  1  7c / 3), c  R , 4. (1, 0,  1, 2) , 5.  ,
6. (1  (47x4  38x5 ) / 32, 1  (7 x4  6x5 ) / 4, (21x4  30x5 ) / 32, x4 , x5 ), x4 , x5  R ,
7. ( x1 , x2 , ( x1  9 x2  2) / 11, (5 x1  x2  10) / 11), x1 , x2  R ,
8. (2 x2 / 3  x4 / 24  1 / 3, x2 ,  11x4 / 8, x4 ), x2 , x4  R , 9.  ,
186
10. (1, 3,  2, 2) , 11. (2,1,  3,1) , 12. (2,1, 4, 3) ,
13. (0, 2,1/ 3,  3 / 2) ,
14. ( 6  26x3  17x4 ,  1  7 x3  5x4 , x3 , x4 ), x3 , x4  R ,
15. (( 6  15x2  x4 ) / 10, x2 , (1  4 x4 ) / 5), x2 , x4  R , 16.  , 17. 

7.1.2. 1. ( x1 , x 2 , 1  4 x1  3x2 , 1), x1 , x2  R ,

2. ( x1 , x2 , 6  10x1  15x2 ,  7  12x1  18x2 ), x1 , x2  R ,
3. (3, 0,  5,11) , 4. (3, 2,1) . 7.1.3.
1. ( x1 , x2 , 13,19  3x1  2 x2 ,  34), x1 , x2  R ,
2. ((1  i) x2 / 2  b1 / 2  3i b3 / 2, x2 , b3 ), x2 , b1 , b3  R ,
3. Tu a  3, maSin  ;
Tu a  1 da a  3, maSin (1 /(a  3),1 /(a  3), 1 /(a  3), 1 /(a  3) ) ;
Tu a  1 , maSin (1  x2  x3  x4 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) ,
4. (11x3 / 7,  x3 / 7, x3 ) , 5. ( x1 , x2 , 2 x2  x1 ,1) , 6.  , 7.2.1. 1. (3,1,1) ,
2. (1, 2, 1) , 3. (2,  2, 3) , 4. (3, 4, 5) , 5. (1,  1, 0, 1) ,
6. (1, 2,  1,  2) , 7. (2, 2,  3, 3) , 8. (1, 2, 1,  1) .
7.2.2. 1. Tu a  2, (2,  1) , 2. (2, 0, 0, 0) , 3. (0, 0, 0, 0) , 4. (1,  1,1,  1,1) ,
5. (2, 0,  2,  2,1) , 6. (1, 1,  1,  1) , 7. (2, 0,1,  1) , 8. (2,  2,1,  1) ,
9. (0,4;1,2; 3,4; 1) 7.2.3. (1, 4,1 / 2) . 7.2.4., 2. k  2; 0 .
7.2.5. k i  k j , i  j , romelime 1. k  1; 0; 1 i, j  1, 2, 3, 4 -Tvis;

7.2.6. 1. (2, 3, 2) , 2. (1, 0, 4) ; 7.2.7. (2, 6, 5) ; 7.2.8. xi  n / 2  i  1

7.3.1. 1. (1, 2,1) , 2.  , 3. (8, 3  x 4 , 6  2 x 4 , x 4 ) ,
4. ((1  x5 ) / 3, (1  3x3  3x4  5x5 ) / 3, x3 , x4 , x5 ) , 5.  ,
6. ( x5 ) / 2,  1  x5 / 2, 0,  1  x5 / 2, x5 ) , 7.  ,
8. ((1  5 x4 ) / 6, (1  7 x4 ) / 6, (1  5 x4 ) / 6, x4 )

187
7.3.2. 1. (( x3  9x4  2) / 11, (5x3  x4  10) / 11, x3 , x4 ) ,
2. ( x1 , x2 , 22x1  33x2  11,  16x1  24x2  8) ,
3. ( x1 , x2 , 1  3x1  4 x2 , 1) , 4.  ,
5. ((6  8 x4 ) / 7, (1  13x4 ) / 7, (15  6 x4 ) / 7, x4 ) ,
6. (3, 0,  5, 11) , 7.  ,
8. ((4x4  7 x5 ) / 8, (4x4  5x5 ) / 8, (4x4  5x5 ) / 8, x4 , x5 ) ;

7.3.3. 1. ( x1 , x2 ,13, 19  3x1  2 x 2 ,  34) ,

2. ((3x3  13x4 ) / 17, (19x3  20x4 ) / 17, x3 , x4 ) ,
3. (7 x5 / 6  x3 , 5x5 / 6  x3 , x3 , x5 / 3, x5 ) , 4. ( x1 , 1  x1  x4 , 1, x4 ) ;

b2  c2  a2 a2  c2  b2 a2  b2  c2
7.3.4. x  , y ,z ;
2bc 2ac 2ab
7.3.5.   5 7.3.6. 1. Tu   0 an   1, maSin ;
Tu   2 (  1)  0 , maSin ((3  32  15  9) / ,
(3  12  9) / , (43  32  12  9) / 4) ; 2. Tu   0 , maSin ;
Tu   1, maSin (4  x4 , 2, 3, x4 ); Tu  (  1)  0, maSin (0, 2 / , 3 / , (  5) /  )
3. Tu   1, maSin ( x2  x3 , x2 , x3 );
Tu   2, maSin ( x1, x1, x1 ); Tu (  2)(  1)  0, maSin (0, 0, 0)
4. Tu   1, maSin (1  x2  x3 , x2 , x3 );
Tu   2, maSin ; Tu (  2)(  1)  0 ,
maSin (( 1) /(  2),1/(  2), (  1)2 /(  2)) ;
7.3.7. 1. Tu a  1 da b  1/2, maSin x  2  z, y  2; Tu 𝑏(𝑎 − 1) ≠ 0,
2𝑏−1 1 2𝑎𝑏−4𝑏+1
maSin 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑧 = , sxva SemTxvevaSi  . 2. Tu
𝑎𝑏−𝑏 𝑎𝑏−𝑏
𝑎 = −2 da 𝑏 = −2, maSin 𝑥 = 𝑧 = 1 − 2𝑦; Tu 𝑎 = 1 da 𝑏 = 1, maSin
𝑎−𝑏
𝑥 = 1 − 𝑦 − 𝑧; Tu 𝑏(𝑎 − 1)(𝑎 + 2) ≠ 0, maSin 𝑥 = 𝑧 = , 𝑦=
(𝑎−1)(𝑎+2)
𝑎𝑏+𝑏−2
, sxva SemTxvevaSi  .
(𝑎𝑏−𝑏)(𝑎+2)

188
3. Tu   1, maSin x  2  z, y  7  2 z; Tu   0 , maSin ; Tu 𝜆 ≠ 0 da
𝜆2 +4𝜆−15 𝜆2 +𝜆+15 −4𝜆2 +𝜆−15
𝜆 ≠ 1, maSin 𝑥 = , 𝑦= , 𝑧= .
𝜆2 𝜆2 𝜆2
4. Tu   0 , maSin x  1, y  z  0; Tu   0 , maSin x  1   , y   , z  0
5. Tu 𝑏 = 1, maSin 𝑧 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑎𝑥; Tu 𝑎 = 0 da 𝑏 = 5, maSin 𝑦 =
1 4 5−𝑏
− 3 , 𝑧 = 3, 𝑥𝜖𝑅; Tu 𝑎 ≠ 0 da 𝑏 ≠ ±1, MmaSin 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑏+𝑎 , 𝑦 =
2 2𝑏−2
− 𝑏+1, 𝑧 = , sxva SemTxvevaSi  . 7.3.8. misi namdvili
𝑏+1
amonaxsnia kompleqsuri amonaxsnis namdvili nawilebi 7.3.9.
 3 -is mimarT  , xolo  5 -is mimarT (2, 3, 2) ; 7.3.10.  5 -is
mimarT  , xolo  7 -is mimarT (2, 6, 5) ; 7.3.11.
 x1 x2  , 2.    x y , sadac x  y  z  t  1 7.4.1.
1.      z t 
 1  2 x1 1  2 x 2   
1. zogadi amonaxsni: (8x3  7 x4 ,  6x3  5x4 , x3 , x4 ) ; fund.
sistema: (8,  6, 1, 0), (7, 5, 0, 1) , 2. zogadi amonaxsni:
( x1 , x2 ,  5 x1 / 2  5 x2 , 7 x1 / 2  7 x2 ) ; fund. sistema:
(1, 0,  5 / 2, 7 / 2), (0, 1, 5, 7) , 3. zogadi amonaxsni:
( x1 , x2 , x3 , (9x1  6x2  8x3 ) / 4, (3x1  2x2  4x3 ) / 4) ; fund.
sistema: (1, 0, 0,  9 / 4, 3 / 4), (0, 1, 0,  3 / 2, 1 / 2), (0, 0,1,  2, 1)
4. sistemas mxolod nulovani amonaxsni aqvs 5. zogadi
amonaxsni: ( x1 , x2 , x3 , (9x1  3x2  10x3 ) / 11, (3x1  x2  4x3 ) / 11) ;
fund.sistema: (1, 0, 0,  9 / 11,  3 / 11), (0, 1, 0, 3 / 11, 1/ 11), (0, 0,1,  10 / 11, 4 / 11)
6. sistemas mxolod nulovani amonaxsni aqvs 7. zogadi
amonaxsni: ( x4  x5 , x4  x6 , x4 , x4 , x5 , x6 ) ; fund. sistema:
(1, 1,1, 1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0), (0,  1, 0, 0, 0,1) 8. zogadi
amonaxsni: (0, ( x3  2x5 ) / 3, x3 , 0, x5 ) ; fund. sistema:
(0, 1/ 3,1, 0, 0), (0,  2 / 3, 0, 0, 1) 7.4.2. 1. (0, 1, 1) ,
2. (1, 0, 0, 5, 4) , (0,1,  1,  7,  4) ,
3. (2,  3, 0, 0, 0) , (0,  2,1,1, 0), (0,  4, 3, 0,1) , 4. (1, 0,  3, 2) , (0,1,  3, 2) ,

189
5. (1,  4, 3, 0) , (1,  1, 0, 1) , 6. (1,1, 0, 0) , (1, 0,1, 0), (1, 0, 0, 1)
 x1  4 x3  3x 4  0
7.4.4. 1. magaliTad,  ,
 x 2  5 x3  2 x 4  0
2 x1  3x2  x3  x 4  0
2. magaliTad, 
 x1  2 x 2  2 x3  x5  0

თავი 8.

8.1.1. 1.q( x)  2x 2  3x  11, r ( x)  25x  5 ,

2. q( x)  (3x  7) / 9, r ( x)  (26x  2) / 9 ,
3. q( x)  x 2  2x  4, r ( x)  3x  11,
4. q( x)  5x 2  15x  34, r ( x)  72x  62 ,
5. q( x)  0, r ( x)  2x 2  3x  1 ; 8.1.2. 1. a  0, q  1,
2. a  3, q  8 , 3. p  a 2  2a, q  a 2  1 ,
4. a  3, q  1; a  0, q  8 ; 8.1.3. 1. q  m, p  m 2  1 ,
2. Tu m  0, maSin q  p  1; Tu m  0, maSin p  2  m 2 , q  1 ;
8.1.4. 1. 𝑍3 –Si 𝑟(𝑥) = 0, 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2; 𝑍5 -Si da 𝑄[𝑥]-Si 𝑟(𝑥) =
2
3𝑥 − 3, 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 ,
2.  3  Si r ( x)  2 x  1, q( x)  2 x 2  2;  5  Si r ( x)  2 x, q( x)  2 x 2 ;
Q[ x]  Si r ( x)  2x  10, q( x)  2x 2  5 ; 8.1.5. 1. x  1 , 2. x 2  1
3. x 3  x 2  2 , 4. x 3  1 , 5. x 2  2 x  2 , 6. x 3  x  1 , 7. x 2  x  1
8. 1 , 9. 1 ; 8.1.6. 1. ( x  1) f ( x)  ( x  2) g ( x)  x 2  2 ,
2.  f ( x)  ( x  1) g ( x)  x 3  1,
 x 1 2x 2  2x  3
3. f ( x)  g ( x)  x  1 ,
3 3
4. ( x 2  1) f ( x)  ( x 3  2x 2  x  1) g ( x)  x 3  2 ,
5. ( x  3) f ( x)  ( x 2  4x  4) g ( x)  x 2  5

190
6. ( x 2  x  1) f ( x)  ( x 3  2x 2  5x  4) g ( x)  3x  2
8.1.7. 1. u( x)  x, v( x)  3x 2  x  1,
2. u( x)   x  1, v( x)  x 3  x 2  3x  2 ,
3. u( x)  ( x 2  3) / 2, v( x)  ( x 4  2x 2  2) / 2 ,
4. u( x)  (2x 2  3x) / 6, v( x)  (2x 3  5x 2  6) / 6 ,
5. u( x)  3x 2  x  1, v( x)  3x 3  2x 2  x  2 ; 8.1.8. 1. 1 ;
8.1.9. 1. x 2  x  1 , 2. x  1 , 3. 1 , 4. 1 8.2.1. 1. q( x)  x 3  x 2  3x  3, r  5 ,
2. q( x)  2x 4  6x 3  13x 2  39x  109, r  327 ,
3. q( x)  4x 2  (3  4 i) x  (1  7 i), r  8  6 i ,
4. q( x)  x 2  2 i x  5  2 i, r  9  8 i 8.2.2. 1. 136 , 2. 286 ,
3. 151/ 16 , 4.  1  44 i , 5. 5  22 i
8.2.3. 1. ( x  1) 4  2( x  1) 3  3( x  1) 2  4( x  1)  1 ,
2. ( x  1) 5  5( x  1) 4  10( x  1) 3  10( x  1) 2  5( x  1)  1 ,
3. ( x  2) 4  18( x  2)  38 ,
4. ( x  i) 4  2 i ( x  i) 3  (1  i)(x  i) 2  5( x  i)  7  5 i ,
5. ( x  1  2 i) 4  ( x  1  2 i) 3  2( x  1  2 i)  1 ; 8.2.4. daSaleT
f (x) mravalwevri ( x  3) -is xarisxebad
f ( x)  ( x  3) 4  11( x  3) 3  45( x  3) 2  81( x  3)  54 , maSin
f ( x  3)  x 4  11x 3  45x 2  81x  54 ; 8.2.5.
1. f (2)  18, f ' (2)  48, f ' ' (2)  124, f ' ' ' (2)  216, f ( IV ) (2)  240, f (V ) (2)  120
2. f (1  2 i)  12  2 i, f ' (1  2 i)  16  8 i, f ' ' (1  2 i)  8  30 i
f ' ' ' (1  2 i)  24  30 i, f ( IV ) (1  2 i)  24 ; 8.2.6. 1. k  3 ,
2. k  4 , 3. k  2 ; 8.2.7. a  5 8.2.8. A  3, B  4 ;
8.2.9. 1. ( x  1) 4 ( x  2) 2 , 2. ( x  1) 4 ( x  4) , 3. ( x  1) 3 ( x  3) 2 ( x  3) ,
4. ( x  2)(x 2  2x  2) , 5. ( x 3  x 2  x  2) 2 , 6. ( x 2  1) 2 ( x  1) 3 ;

191
8.2.10. 1. a  3, k  3 , 2. a  4, k  2 , 3. a  4, k  2 ;
8.2.11. 1.  ( x)  ( x  1)(x  3), f ( x)  ( x  1) 4 ( x  3) 2 ,
2.  ( x)  x 2  1, f ( x)  ( x  1) 4 ( x  1) 2 ,
2.  ( x)  ( x  1)(x 2  1), f ( x)  ( x  1) 4 ( x  i)(x  i) ,
4.  ( x)  ( x  1)(x  2), f ( x)  ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) 3 ;
x x n 1 xn
8.2.12. f ' ( x)  1    f ( x)  . maSasadame, Tu
1! (n  1) ! n!
f ( x0 )  f ' ( x0 )  0 , maSin x0  0 , magram x0  0 ar warmoadgens
f (x) polinomis fesvs; 8.2.13. isargebleT lagranJis
sainterpolacio formuliT 8.2.14.  18 3 ; 8.2.15.  216 ; 8.2.16.
3 2
a) −2𝑥 + 7, b) −4𝑥 + 17𝑥 − 20𝑥 + 9.

8.3.1. 1. ( x  2)( x  2 x  4), ( x  2)( x  1  i 3 )( x  1  i 3 ) ,

2

2. ( x  2)( x 2  2 x  4), ( x  2)( x  1  i 3 )( x  1  i 3 ) ,

3. ( x  2) ( x  2)(x 2  4), ( x  2)(x  2)(x  2 i )(x  2 i ) ,
4. (𝑥 2 − 2√2𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 2 + 2√2𝑥 + 4), (𝑥 − √2 − 𝑖√2)(𝑥 − √2 + 𝑖√2)(𝑥 +
√2 − 𝑖√2)(𝑥 + √2 + 𝑖√2)
5. ( x  3 )( x  3 )( x 2  3x  3)( x 2  3x  3), (𝑥 − √3)(𝑥 + √3)
√3 3𝑖 √3 3𝑖 √3 3𝑖 √3 3𝑖
(𝑥 − 2
− 2 ) (𝑥 + 2
− 2 ) (𝑥 − 2
+ 2 ) (𝑥 + 2
+ 2 ),
6. ( x 2  3)(x 2  3x  3)(x 2  3x  3), (𝑥 − 𝑖√3)(𝑥 + 𝑖√3)
3 𝑖√3 3 𝑖 √3 3 𝑖 √3 3 𝑖√3
(𝑥 − − ) (𝑥 + − ) (𝑥 − + ) (𝑥 + + ),
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
7. ( x  1) ( x  2)(x  3) ,
8. ( x 2  2x  2)(x 2  2x  2), ( x  1  i )(x  1  i )(x  1  i )(x  1  i )
9. ( x  3  2 )( x  3  2 )( x  3  2 )( x  3  2 ) ,
√2+1 √2−1 √2+1 √2−1 √2+1
10. (𝑥 + 1 − √ − 𝑖√ ) (𝑥 + 1 − √ + 𝑖√ ) (𝑥 + 1 + √ +
2 2 2 2 2

192
 √2−1 √2+1 √2−1
𝑖√ ) (𝑥 + 1 + √ − 𝑖√ )
2 2 2

11. ( x  4 3 ) 2 ( x  4 3 ) 2 ( x 2  3 ) 2 , ( x  4 3 ) 2 ( x  4 3 ) 2 ( x  i 3 ) 2 ( x  i 3 ) 2 ,
n 1 n 1
8k  1 8k  1 8k  1
12. 
k 0
(x 2
 2 2 n 2 x cos
4n
  n 2 ), 
k 0
( x  (cos
4n
  i sin
4n
 )) ,
n 1 n 1
3k  1 3k  1 3k  1
13. 
k 0
(x 2
 2 x cos
3n
2  1), 
k 0
( x  (cos
3n
2  i sin
3n
2 ))

n 1 2 n 1
k k k
14. ( x 2  1)  ( x 2  2 x cos  1),  ( x  (cos i sin )) ,
k 0 n k 0 n n

2 k 2 k 2 k
n 2n
15. ( x  1)  ( x 2  2 x cos  1),  ( x  (cos  i sin )) ,
k 1 2n  1 k 0 2n  1 2n  1

16. ( x  x a  2  1)( x 2  x a  2  1) ; 8.3.3. 1. ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) ,

2

2. ( x  1) 2 ( x 2  1) , 3. ( x  1) 3 8.3.4. 1. ( x  1) 2 ( x  1) ,
2. ( x  1) 3 ( x  1) ; 8.3.5. gamoiyeneT Casma x  p / q da
gaamravleT q n -ze; 8.3.6. 1. x1  2 , 2. x1  3 , 3. x1  2, x2  3
4. x1  1, x2  2, x3  3 , 5. x1  1, x2  2, x3  3, x4  4 ,
6. x1  1 / 2 , 7. x1  x2  1 / 2 , 8. x1  x2  1, x3  x4  3 ,
9. x1  3, x2  x3  x4  x5  1 , 10. x1  x2  x3  2 , 11. x1  1
12. x1  1; 8.3.7. 1.  2 , 2.  2,  2 , 3. 2 ,
4. ara aqvs mTeli fesvebi ; 8.3.8. Tu f (0) da f (1) kenti
ricxvebia, maSin an kentia e.i. a0  a1    an1 luwia.
amgvarad, f (x) polinoms ar SeiZleba hqondes arc luwi
fesvi da arc kenti fesvi; 8.3.11. 𝑥, 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 1,
𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 1, 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1.
8.3.12. 𝑥, 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 3 +
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1,
𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 ; 8.4.1. 1.  13  3 1 2 , 2.  1 2  3 3 ,
3.  14  4 12  2  8 1 3 ,
193
4.  13 22  2 14  3  3 1 23  6  12  2 3  3 22  3  7 1 32 ,
5.  1 2   3 , 7. 2 1  9  1 2  27 3 ,
3

8.  12 22  4 13  3  4 23  18  1 2 3  27 32 ; 8.4.2. 1.  12  2 2 ,

2.  13  3 1 2  3 3 , 3.  1 3  4 4 , 4.  22  2 1  3  2 4 ,
5.  12 2   1 3  2 22  4 4 , 6.  14  4 12  2  2 22  4 1 3  4 4 ,
7.  2 3  3 1 4  5 5 , 8.  12 3  2 2  3   1  4  5 5 ,
9.  1 22  2 12 3   2  3  5 1  4  5 5 ,
10.  13 2  3 1 22   12 3  5  2 3   1 4  5 5 ,
11.  15  5 13 2  5 1 22  5 12  3  5 2 3  5 1 4  5 5 ,
12.  2 4  4 1 5  9 6 , 13.  32  2 2 4  2 1 5  2 6 ,
14.  12 4  2 2 4   1 5  6 6 ; 8.4.3. 1.  1 2  3 3 ,
3
2( 12 2  3 1 3  2 22 )
2. ; 8.4.4.  4 ; 8.4.5.  35 ; 8.4.6. 16
 1 2   3

თავი 9.

4.,5.  aris; 9.1.2. 1.,2.,3.  aris; 4.  ar

9.1.1. 1.,2.,3.,6.  ar aris;
aris; 9.1.3.ar aris; 9.1.4. 1.,7.  ar aris; 2.,3.,4.,5.,6.,8.  aris;
9.1.5. 3. b., c., d ., 4.,6.,7.,8. _aris; 2.,3.a.  ar aris;
9.2.1. 1. 5a1  4a2  a3   ; 2. 3a1  4a2  a3   ; 3. 5 A1  4 A2  A3  0;
4. 51  42  3  0; 5. 1  2  3  0;
6. 31  32  03  4  05  0. 9.2.4. 1.   1; 2.  nebismieri
kenti ricxvia; 9.2.5. 2. 41  32  0;
7. cos 7 sin t  cos5 sint  2  sin 2 cost  5  0; 9.2.6. 1,2 ;
9.2.7. 1. a 3,4,2, 2. b V ; 9.2.8. 1  4,0, 2  V ; 9.2.9. 1. 1,2,3,
2. 1,1,1, 3. 0,2,1,2; 9.2.10. 1. a1, a2 ,, an ,
194
  
2.    ,  ,   ,,  n   ; 9.2.11.
1 1
 2! n! 
1. x1  27x1  72x2  43x3 , x2  9x1  20x2  9x3 , x3  4x1  12x2  8x3 ;
2. x1  27x1  71x2  41x3 , x2  9x1  20x2  9x3 , x3  4x1  12x2  8x3 ;
3. x1  2x1  x3  x4 , x2  3x1  x2  2x3  x4 , x3  x1  2x2  2x3  x4 ;
x4  x1  x2  x3  x4 ; 9.2.12. 1. 3,7,13, 2.  4,6,13, 3. 1,1,1;
9.2.13. 1. 1,2,3,4,5; 2. 1,7,3,4,5; 3. 1,2,3,4,3; 4. 3,12,21,16,5;
9.2.14. 1.   15; 2.  nebismieria; 3.   12; 4. ar arsebobs;
9.2.15. dimV  3; a1 , a2 , a4 ; 9.2.16. 1. a1, a2 , a3  1,0,0;
2. a1, a2 , a3  1,0,0,0, a4  0,1,0,0; 3. a1, a2 , a3  1,0,0,0, a4  0,0,0,1;
4. SeuZlebelia; 5. 1 ,2 ,3  1,4  t ,5  t 3 ; 6. 1,2 ,3  1,4  t;
1 0   0 1
7. SeuZlebelia; 8. a1 , a2 , a3   , a4   ;
0 0  0 0
9.2.17. a1, a2 , a3  1,0,0,0, a4  0,0,1,0 da a1, a2 , a3  0,1,0,0, a4  0,0,0,1;
9.3.1. 1. Tu wrfe gadis koordinatTa sistemis saTaveze;
4.,5.,6.  Tu Sesabamisi gantolebaTa sistema erTgvarovania;
9.3.2. 1. dimV  1, e    am sibrtyis orTogonaluri veqtoria;
2. dimV  2, e1 , e2  mocemuli sibrtyis paraleluri da
arakolinearuli veqtorebia; 3. dimV  2, e1 , e2  mocemuli
wrfis marTobuli da arakolinearuli veqtorebia;
4. dimV  1, e   -mocemuli wrfis paraleluri veqtoria;
1 0  0 1
5. dim V  2, e1   , e2   ;
01  1 0
0 0  0 1 0 0
7. dim V  6, e1   , e2   , e3   ,
1 0  0 0  0 1
0 i  0 0 0 0
e4   , e5   , e6   ;
 0 0 i 0  0 i 

195
 1 0  i 0  0 1
8. dim V  3, e1   , e2   , e3   ;
 0 0  0 0 1 0 
9. dimV  2, e1  1, e2  sin2 t;
10. dimV  3, e1  1, e2  sin t , e3  sin 2 t;
i 
 
9.3.3. 1. dim V  n  1, ei   0,0,0,1, 0,,0 , i  1, n  1;
 
 n  1
2. dim V   , e1  0,0,,0, e2  0,0,1,,0, e3  0,0,0,0,1,,0 ;
 2 
 n  1
3. dim V  1   , n  1,
 2 
e  1,1,,1, e1  0,0,,0, e2  0,0,1,,0, e3  0,0,0,0,1,,0 ;
4. dim V  2, n  1, e1  1,0,1,,0, e2  0,10,1, ,,0; 5. baziss
warmoadgens amonaxsnTa fundamenturi sistema.
nn  1
9.3.4. 1. dim V  , eij  e ji , 1  i  j  n;
2
nn  1
2. dim V  , a). eij  e ji , 1  i  j  n, charK  2;
2
b). eij  e ji , 1  i  j  n, charK  2;
9.3.5. 1. dim V  2, e1  1,0,1,1, e2  0,1,1,1;
2. dimV  3, e1  1,1,2,0,0, e2  1,1,0,2,0, e3  2,1,0,0,1. ;
0 1   0 0  0 0
9.3.6. e1  
3. dim V  3, , e2   , e3   ;
 0 0 1 0   0 1
6. dim V  2, e1  1,0,0, e2  0,0,1. 9.3.7. 1.,2.,3.  aris, 4. 
araris. 9.3.8. 1. dim V  3, a1 , a2 , a4 ; 2. dimV  3, a1, a2 , a5 ;
3. dimV  3, 1,2 ,3; 4. dim V  2, a1 , a2 ; 5. dimV  2, a3 , a4 .
9.3.9. 1. dimL1  L2   3, a1 , a2 , b1 ; dim L1  L2   1, a1 ;
2. dimL1  L2   3, a1 , a2 , b1; dimL1  L2   2, a1 , a2 ;

196
3. dimL1  L2   4, a1, a2 , a3 , b1; dimL1  L2   2, a1 , a2 ;
4. dimL1  L2   4, a1, a2 , a3 , b1; dimL1  L2   2, a1 , a2 ;
5. dimL1  L2   4, a1, a2 , a3 , b1; dimL1  L2   2, a1 , a2 ;
9.3.10. 1 . a1 , a2 , b1 jamis bazisia, xolo a1 TanakveTis;
2. a1, a2 , a3 , b1 jamis bazisia, xolo b1,b3 TanakveTis;
9.3.11. 2.,3.  isargebleT formuliT dim L1  dim L2 
dimL1  L2   dimL1  L2 . 9.3.12 .ara, Tu is aranulovania.
9.3.14. 1. L1  L2  M nn , L1  L2 diagonaluri matricTa
qvesivrcea; 2. L1  L2  M nn , L1  L2  0. 9.3.15. dim L  2,
damatebiT qvesivrceebad SeiZleba ganixiloT
L1  1 1,0,0,0   2 0,1,0,0 : 1 , 2  R da
 0 0 0  2 0 0
   
L2  1 6,0,1,0   2 0,0,0,1 : 1 ,  2  R. 9.4.1. 1.  0 0 0 ; 2.  0 2 0 ;
0 0 0  0 0 2 
   
 a, b  0 0   0 3 1 1 0 0 
     
5.  0 a, b 0 ; 6.   3 0 2 ; 9.  0 1 0   proeqcia OX
 0 a, b  1 2 0   0 0 0 
 0
1 0 0 
 
RerZze, YOZ sibrtyis paralelurad; 10.  0 1 0   proeqcia
 0 0 0
 
OZ RerZze, XOY sibrtyis paralelurad; 11. a  0, ix. 1.;
12. a  0, ix. 1.; 3.,4.,7.,8.  SemTxvevebSi _pasuxi uaryofiTia;
 0 1 1 1  1 1 
9.4.2. 1.  2 0 1 ; 4.  0 0 1; 2. , 3.  SemTxvevebSi pasuxi
   
3 1 1   0 1 0
   
uaryofiTia;

197
 1 0 0  0 0 1 0 0 0
     
.9.4.3. 1. 1 2 0 ; 2.  cos  sin  ; 3. 1 0 0 ; 4.  0 1 0 ;
 
 0 1 3   sin  cos   0 1 0 0 0 0 
     
 a1b1 a1b3 a 2 b1 a 2 b3 
1 0 0 0   
   a b a b a 2 b2 a 2 b4 
 0 0 1 0  6. 1 2 1 4
a b a b a b ; A  aij , B  bij ;
5. 
0 1 0 0
; a 4 b3 
   3 1 3 3 4 1 
 0 0 0 1 a b a b a b a 4 b4 
   3 2 3 4 4 2
 a1  b1 b3 a2 0 
 
 b2 a1  b4 0 a2   4 1
9.4.4. 1.  ; 2.  ar arsebobs;
 1 5 
7.  ;
a3 0 a 4  b1 b3  
 
 0  
 a 3 b 2 a 4 b4

 11 5 
 2    2 
   2  11 6   3 3
3.  2 ,  ,   R; 9.4.5.  
1. 1  7 4 ; 2.   4 13 10 
  1   2 1 0   .
      3 3
 2   5 5
 2   
 3 3

 2  11 6  8 11  0 0 0 
  
9.4.6. 1  7 4 . 5  9.4.8.  0 2 0 . 9.4.9. 
 2  1
  1 0 .
9.4.7.  5  
  .
 2 1 0  9 22     
    0 0 3
5 5 
4 5 0 1  5 8 6 2
1 2 2    
9.4.10.  3  1  9.4.11. 1 0 2 3 
 2 . ; 2.
2 4 4 0
 1.   .
 2 1 3 2 1 5
1 
2 3 0 3
    
1 6  1 7   6 13
   7 6
   1 2 2
 1 0 1   
1 0 0    3 3 3
9.4.12. 1.   5 
 15 13   2 2 1
 1 0 ; 2.   4 ; 3.   .
 4 
 0 0  
4 2
  3 3 3
 9 9   2 1 2
 3    
 4 2  3 3 3
198
  44 44 
9.4.13.   9.4.14. 1. 109 93 . 9.4.17. 1 . WeSmaritia; 2. mcdaria.
  59  25 .  34 29 
   
 2 
9.4.18. 1. 0,V ; 2. V , 0; 3. V , 0  roca   0; 0,V  roca
  0; 4.b, at  roca a   , b   ; 0,V  roca a   an
b   ; 5. V , 0; 8. V , 0. 9.4.19. 1. dim Im A  1, e1  1,1,1;
dim ker A  2, e1  1,1,0, e2  1,0,1;
2. dim Im A  2, e1  2,1,1, e2   1,2,1; dim ker A  1, e1  1,1,1;
3.dim Im A  3; dim ker A  0; 9.4.20. 1. ker A  0, Im A  V ;
2. ker A  s bazisia e1   2,1 da Im A  s bazisia e1  1,3;
3. ker A  0, Im A  V ; 4. ker A  s bazisia e1  0,1,0,0, e2  0,0,1,0
da Im A  s bazisia e1  1,0,2,1, e2  0,0,1,1; 5. ker A  s bazisia
e1   1,0,0,1, e2  0,1,1,0 da Im A  s bazisia
e1  1,0,1,1, e2  0,1,1,2. 9.4.21.SeniSvna: qvesivrcis e1, e2 ,, ek
bazisi SeavseT sivrcis e1, e2 ,, en bazisamde da ganixileT
proeqciebi J e1, e2 ,, ek  da J e1, e2 ,, en  wrfiv garsebze.
9.4.22.SeniSvna: qvesivrcis bazisi SeavseT sivrcis bazisamde.
9.5.1. 1.Q : 1  2  1, a   , ,0    Q;
R : 1  2  1, a   , ,0    R; C : 1  2  1, a   , ,0    C;
2.Q  ze da R  ze ara qvs; C : 1  1  2i,  ,  i ,0    C da
2  1  2i,  ,  i ,0    C;
3.Q : 1  1, a   , ; 2  1, a   , ,0    Q;
R : 1  1, a   , ; 2  1, a   , ,0    R;
C : 1  1, a   , ; 2  1, a   , ,0    C.
4.Q : 1  1, a   , , ; 2  2, a   ,0, ; 3  1, a   ,3 ,5 ,0    Q;
R : 1  1, a   , , ; 2  2, a   ,0, ; 3  1, a   ,3 ,5 ,0    R;
C : 1  1, a   , , ; 2  2, a   ,0, ; 3  1, a   ,3 ,5 ,0    C;
5.Q : 1  0, a   ,0, ; 2  2, a  3 ,2 , ; 3  1, a  0, ,2 ,0    Q;

199
R : 1  0, a   ,0, ; 2  2, a  3 ,2 , ; 3  1, a  0, ,2 ,0    R;
C : 1  0, a   ,0,  ; 2  2, a  3 ,2 ,  ; 3  1, a  0,  ,2 ,0   C;
6.Q : 1  1, a  0,2 , ,0    Q; R : 1  1, a  0,2 , ,0    R;
C : 1  1, a  0,2 , ; 2  i, a    i ,  i , ; 3  i, a    i ,  i , ,0    C;
7.Q : 1  2, a   ,0, ,0    Q; R : 1  2, a   ,0, ,0    R;
C : 1  2, a   ,0, ; 2  3  i, a   ,  i ,2  i ; 3  3  i, a   ,  i ,2  i ,0    C;
8.Q : 1  2  2, a  2   , ,  , 2   2  0; 3  5, a   ,3 ,2 , ,   Q;
R : 1  2  2, a  2   , ,  , 2   2  0; 3  5, a   ,3 ,2 , ,   R;
C : 1  2  2, a  2   , ,  ,     0; 3  5, a   ,3 ,2 , ,   C.
2 2

9.5.2. 1. Z 2 : 1  2  0, a  1,1;
Z3 : 1  0, a1  1,2, a2  2,1; 2  2, a1  1,1, a2  2,2; 2. Z3 :
Z5 : 1  0, a  3 , ; 2  2, a  2 , ,  Z5 ;
3. Z2 : 1  2  0, a1  1,0,1, a2  1,1,0, a3  0,1,1; 3  1, a  1,1,1;
Z3 : 1  2  3  0, a1  1,0,1, a2  1,1,0, a3  2,1,1, a4  2,0,2,
a5  2,2,0, a6  1,2,2, a7  0,1,2, a8  0,2,1;
4. Z2 : 1  2  3  4  0, a1  0,1,0,1, a2  1,1,1,0, a3  1,0,1,1;
Z3 : 1  2  0, a1  0,2,0,1, a2  0,1,0,2,
3  4  2, a1  0,1,0,1, a2  0,2,0,2. 9.5.6. Tu  aris A
operatoris sakuTrivi mniSvneloba, maSin  iqneba A
1 1

operatoris sakuTrivi mniSvneloba. 9.5.7.SeniSvna: ganixileT

A2  2 E 2 ; 9.5.8.ar iqneba; 9.5.9.SeniSvna: ganixileT matrica
  an 1  an  2   a1  a0 
 
 1 0  0 0 
 0 . 9.5.11. 1 , 2 ,, n , 1 , 2 ,, n .
1  0 0
 
  
 
 0 0  1 0 
A operatoris matrica im bazisSi, romlis
9.5.12. ganixileT
veqtorebad aRebulia   s Sesabamisi wrfivad
damoukidebeli sakuTrivi veqtorebi.

200
9.5.13. 𝜆 = 𝑎12 + 𝑎22 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛2 . 9.6.1. q n . 9.6.3. Cnnk1 1. 9.6.4. Cnn k ,
yi
SeniSvna: aRniSneT: xi  , (ix. 9.6.3.). 9.6.5. 2n.
y n 1
     
9.6.6. qn  1 qn  q qn  q2  qn  qn 1 . 9.6.7. dim W  nk; f1  e1 ,0,0,,0,
f 2  e2 ,0,0,,0, … , 𝑓𝑛 = (𝑒𝑛 , 0,0, … ,0) f n 1  0, e1,0,,0,
, f 2n  0, en ,0,,0, , f nk  0,0,0,, en .
9.6.8.gaixseneT vandermondis determinanti. 9.6.10. dim L  n.
3
9.6.11.Tavisufal veqtorTa V wrfivi sivrce warmoadgineT
mocemuli sami arakomplanaruli veqtoris paralelur
erTganzomilebian qvesivrceTa pirdapir jamad. 9.6.15. 1. ei 
veqtoris proeqciis i  uri koordinatia n  1 , xolo yvela
n
danarCeni koordinati   1  ; 2. ei  veqtoris proeqciis
 n
TiToeuli koordinatia   1  ; 9.6.16. 1. matricis Sesabamisi
 n
striqonebisTvis adgilebis gacvla; 2. matricis Sesabamisi
svetebisTvis adgilebis gacvla; 3. matricis simetriuli
arekvla sakuTari centris mimarT.9.6.18.  k , sadac
E 0
 0 0
 
1 0  0 
 
k  dim L1 da E   0 1  0  aris k  uri rigis.
k 
 
0 0  1 
 
9.6.21. 1. matricis pirveli k sveti nulovania, xolo
danarCeni svetebi _wrfivad damoukidebeli veqtorebi; 2.
matricis bolo n  k striqoni nulovania, xolo wina

201
striqonebi_wrfivad damoukidebeli. 9.6.23. ar arsebobs.
i
9.6.24. 1. i ,  j , i, j  1, n; 2. , i, j  1, n.
j

თავი 10.

10.1.1.1. y12  y 22  y32 , x1  y1  y2  2 y3 , x2  y2  2 y3 , x3  y3 ,

2. y12  4 y 22  4 y32 , x1  y1  y2  3 y3 , x2  y2  y3 , x3  y2  y3 ,
13. 2 y1  2 y 2  2 y3  2 y 4 ,
2 2 2 2

x1  y1  y2 , x2  y1  y2 , x3  y3  y4 , x4  y3  y4 ,
10.1.2 1. R velis mimarT y12  y 22  y32 , C velis mimarT
y12  y 22  y32 , 2. 5. R velis mimarT y12  y 22  y32 , C velis
mimarT y1  y 2  y 3 ,
2 2 2
3. 4. 6. R velis mimarT y12  y 22 , C
velis mimarT y12  y 22 . 10.1.3. 1. x1  2 z1  z 2 , x2  z 2 , 2.
x1  2 y1  y2 , x2   y1  y3 . 10.1.4. 1. formebi f1 , f 2 , f 3
eqvivalenturia C -is mimarT, formebi f1 da f 3 eqvivalenturia
R -is mimarT da ar aris eqvivalenturi f 2 -is. 2. formebi f1 ,
f 2 , f 3 eqvivalenturia C -is mimarT, formebi f 2 da f 3
eqvivalenturia R -is mimarT da ar aris eqvivalenturi f1 -is.
1
10.1.6. 4. 5. 7. aseTi  ar arsebobs, 6.     1 , 8.
2
Nnebismieri   0 . 10.1.9.…1. 2. aseTi  ar arsebobs, 3.   1 ,
4.  4    4 . 10.1.10. 1. 4 y1  4 y 2  2 y3 , 2. 6 y1  6 y 2  9 y3 ,
2 2 2 2 2 2

3. y12  3 y 22  3 y 32 .10.1.11. 1. x1  1 (2 y1  y 2 ) ,

5
1 1
x2  ( y1  2 y 2 ) , 4 y12  9 y22 . 2. x1  ( y1  2 y2 ) ,
5 5
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 1 1 1
x2  (2 y1  y 2 ) , 5y 22 . 3. x1  ( y1  y 2 ) , x2  ( y1  y 2 ) ,
5 2 2
1
y12  y22 . 4. 1
x1  (2 y1  y 2  2 y3 ) , x2  (2 y1  2 y 2  y3 ) ,
3 3
1
x3  ( y1  2 y 2  2 y3 ) , 3 y1  6 y2  9 y3 . 5. x1  y1 ,
2 2 2

3
1 1
x2  ( y 2  y 3 ) , x3  ( y 2  y3 ) , y12  y 22  y32 . 6.
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
x1  y1  y2  y3 , x 2  y1  y2  y3 ,
6 2 3 6 2 3
2 1 2 1 5
x3  y1  y3 , 6y1 . 7. x1  y1  y3
6 3 6 30
2 1 2 1 2 1
x2  y1  y2  y 3 , x3   y1  y2  y3 , 6y12
6 5 30 6 5 30
8. x1  1 ( y1  y 2  y3  y 4 ) , x2  1 ( y1  y 2  y3  y 4 ) ,
2 2
1
x3  ( y1  y 2  y3  y 4 ) , x4  1 ( y1  y 2  y3  y 4 ) , y12  y 22  y32  y 42 .
2 2
2 2
10.1.14. 1. f   2 y12  y 2 , g  y12  y 22 , x1  y1  1 y 2 ,
3 3
1 3 .
x2  y1  y2 2. f  y12  y22 , g  4 y12  2 y22 ,
2 2
x1  2 (2 y1  3 y2 ) , x2  1 ( y1  y2 ) . 10.1.15. 1. 4 y12  y 22  2 y32  8  0 ,
2
1 6 2
2. 2 y12  y 22  y32   0 , 3. 3 y12  4 y 22  3 6 y32  0 , 4. y1  y 2  0 ,
2 4
5. y12  y 22  y32  0 , 6. y12  y 22  y32  y 42  0

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