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5 x 1−x 2+ x 3=10
2 x1 +8 x 2−x 3=11
−x 1+ x2 + 4 x 3=3
Use como vector inicial x (0 )=⟨ 0,0,0 ⟩ y consigne los resultados en la siguiente
tabla:
E A =‖x −x(12)‖∞
1 1
x 1=2+ x 2− x 3
5 5
11 1 1
x 2= − x + x 3
8 4 1 8
3 1 1
x 3= + x − x 2
4 4 1 4
1 1
x(k1 +1)=2+ x k2− x k3
5 5
11 1 1
x(k2 +1)= − x k1+ x k3
8 4 8
3 1 1
x(k3 +1)= + x k1− x k2
4 4 4
1 (0) 1 (0 ) 1 1
x(1) x 2 − x 3 → x(1) (1)
1 =2+ 1 =2+ ( 0 )− ( 0 ) → x 1 =2
5 5 5 5
11 1 1 11 1 1
x(1) − x (01 )+ x(0) (1)
2 = 3 → x2 = − ( 0 ) + ( 0 ) → x (12 )=1.375
8 4 8 8 4 8
3 1 1 3 1 1
x(1)
3 = + x(0)− x (0) → x(1)
3 = + ( 0 )− ( 0 ) → x (1)
3 =0.75
4 4 1 4 2 4 4 4
ITERACIÓN 2 [k = 1]:
1 (1) 1 (1) 1 1
x(2)
1 =2+ x2 − x 3 → x (21 )=2+ ( 1.375 )− ( 0.75 ) → x(2) 1 =2.125
5 5 5 5
11 1 (1) 1 (1) 11 1 1
x(2)
2 = − x + x → x(2) 2 = − ( 2 ) + ( 0.75 ) → x(2)
2 =0.96875
8 4 1 8 3 8 4 8
3 1 (1) 1 (1) 3 1 1
x(2)
3 = + x − x → x (2) 3 = + ( 2 )− ( 1.375 ) → x (2)
3 =0.90625
4 4 1 4 2 4 4 4
ITERACIÓN 3 [k = 2]:
1 (2) 1 (2) 1 1
x(3) x − x → x (3) (3)
1 =2+ 1 =2+ ( 0.96875 ) − ( 0.90625 ) → x 1
5 2 5 3 5 5
x(3)
1 =2.0125
11 1 (2 ) 1 (2) 11 1 1
x(3)
2 = − x 1 + x3 → x(3) 2 =2.0125= − ( 2.125 ) + ( 0.90625 )
8 4 8 8 4 8
(3)
x 2 =0.95703125
3 1 (2) 1 (2) 3 1 1
x(3)
3 = + x1 − x 2 → x (33 )= + ( 2.125 ) − ( 0.96875 )
4 4 4 4 4 4
(3)
x 3 =1.0390625
ITERACIÓN 4 [k = 3]:
1 1 1 1
x(41 )=2+ x (3) − x(3) → x (41 )=2+ ( 0.95703125 ) − ( 1.0390625 )
5 2 5 3 5 5
(4 )
x 1 =1.98359375
11 1 1 (3 ) 11 1 1
x(42 )= − x(3) 1 + x 3 → x(4)2 = − ( 2.0125 )+ ( 1.0390625 )
8 4 8 8 4 8
(4 )
x 2 =1.00175781
3 1 1 (3) 3 1 1
x(43 )= + x (3)
1 − x2 → x(43 )= + ( 2.0125 ) − ( 0.95703125 )
4 4 4 4 4 4
(4 )
x 3 =1.01386719
ITERACIÓN 5 [k = 4]:
1 (4) 1 (4 ) 1 1
x(5)
1 =2+ x2 − x3 → x(5)
1 =2+ ( 1.00175781 )− ( 1.01386719 )
5 5 5 5
(5)
x 1 =1.99757812
11 1 (4) 1 (4) 11 1 1
x(5)
2 = − x 1 + x 3 → x (5)
2 = − (1.98359375 )+ ( 1.01386719 )
8 4 8 8 4 8
(5)
x 2 =1.00583496
3 1 (4) 1 (4) 3 1 1
x(5)
3 = + x1 − x2 → x (5)
3 = + ( 1.98359375 )− ( 1.00175781 )
4 4 4 4 4 4
x(5)
3 =0.99545899
ITERACIÓN 6 [k = 5]:
1 (5) 1 (5 ) 1 1
x(6)
1 =2+ x 2 − x 3 → x(6)
1 =2+ (1.00583496 )− ( 0.99545899 )
5 5 5 5
(6)
x 1 =2.00207519
11 1 (5) 1 (5) 11 1 1
x(6)
2 = − x 1 + x 3 → x (62 )= − ( 1.99757812 )+ ( 0.99545899 )
8 4 8 8 4 8
(6)
x 2 =1.00003784
3 1 (5) 1 (5 ) 3 1 1
x(6)
3 = + x − x → x(6) 3 = + (1.99757812 )− ( 1.00583496 )
4 4 1 4 2 4 4 4
(6)
x 3 =0.99793579
ITERACIÓN 7 [k = 6]:
1 (6) 1 (6 ) 1 1
x(7)
1 =2+ x2 − x 3 → x(7)
1 =2+ ( 1.00003784 )− ( 0.99793579 )
5 5 5 5
(7)
x 1 =2.00042041
11 1 (6) 1 (6) 11 1 1
x(7)
2 = − x 1 + x 3 → x (72 )= − ( 2.00207519 ) + ( 0.99793579 )
8 4 8 8 4 8
(7)
x 2 =0.99922318
3 1 (6) 1 (6 ) 3 1 1
x(7)
3 = + x − x → x(7) 3 = + ( 2.00207519 )− ( 1.00003784 )
4 4 1 4 2 4 4 4
(7)
x 3 =1.00050934
ITERACIÓN 8 [k = 7]:
1 (7) 1 (7 ) 1 1
x(8)
1 =2+ x2 − x 3 → x(8) 1 =2+ ( 0.99922318 )− ( 1.00050934 )
5 5 5 5
x(8)
1 =1.99974247
11 1 1 (7) 11 1 1
x 2 = − x (7)
(8)
1 + x 3 → x (82 )= − ( 2.00042041 )+ ( 1.00050934 )
8 4 8 8 4 8
(8)
x 2 =0.99995857
3 1 (7) 1 (7 ) 3 1 1
x(8)
3 = + x 1 − x 2 → x(8)3 = + ( 2.00042041) − ( 0.99922318 )
4 4 4 4 4 4
x(8)
3 =1.00029931
ITERACIÓN 9 [k = 8]:
1 (8) 1 (8) 1 1
x(9)
1 =2+ x 2 − x 3 → x(9)
1 =2+ ( 0.99995857 )− ( 1.00029931 )
5 5 5 5
(9)
x 1 =1.99993185
11 1 (8) 1 (8) 11 1 1
x(9)
2 = − x 1 + x 3 → x (9)
2 = − ( 1.99974247 ) + ( 1.00029931 )
8 4 8 8 4 8
(9)
x 2 =1.00010180
3 1 (8) 1 (8 ) 3 1 1
x(9)
3 = + x − x → x(9) 3 = + ( 1.99974247 )− ( 0.99995857 )
4 4 1 4 2 4 4 4
(9)
x 3 =0.99994598
ITERACIÓN 10 [k = 9]:
1 (9) 1 (9 ) 1 1
x(10)
1 =2+ x 2 − x 3 → x(10)
1 =2+ ( 1.00010180 ) − ( 0.99994598 )
5 5 5 5
(10)
x 1 =2.00003116
11 1 (9 ) 1 (9) 11 1 1
x(10)
2 = − x 1 + x3 → x (10)
2 = − ( 1.99993185 ) + ( 0.99994598 )
8 4 8 8 4 8
(10)
x 2 =1.00001029
3 1 (9) 1 (9) 3 1 1
x(10)
3 = + x − x → x(10)3 = + ( 1.99993185 )− ( 1.00010180 )
4 4 1 4 2 4 4 4
(10)
x 3 =0.99995751
ITERACIÓN 11 [k = 10]:
1 (10) 1 (10) 1 1
x(11)
1 =2+ x 2 − x 3 → x (11)
1 =2+ (1.00001029 ) − ( 0.99995751 )
5 5 5 5
x(11)
1 =2.00001056
11 1 1 (10)
x 2 = − x(10)
(11)
1 + x
8 4 8 3
11 1 1
x(11)
2 = − ( 2.00003116 ) + ( 0.99995751)
8 4 8
(11)
x 2 =0.99998690
3 1 (10) 1 (10) 3 1 1
x(11)
3 = + x − x 2 → x (11)3 = + (2.00003116 )− ( 1.00001029 )
4 4 1 4 4 4 4
(11)
x 3 =1.00000522
ITERACIÓN 12 [k = 11]:
1 (11) 1 (11) 1 1
x(12)
1 =2+ x 2 − x 3 → x(12)
1 =2+ ( 0.99998690 ) − ( 1.00000522 )
5 5 5 5
x(12)
1 =1.99999634
11 1 (11) 1 (11)
x(12)
2 = − x + x
8 4 1 8 3
11 1 1
x(12)
2 = − ( 2.00001056 ) + ( 1.00000522 )
8 4 8
(12)
x 2 =0.99999801
3 1 (11) 1 (11) 3 1 1
x(12)
3 = + x 1 − x 2 → x(12)
3 = + ( 2.00001056 ) − ( 0.99998690 )
4 4 4 4 4 4
(12)
x 3 =1.00000592
ITERACIÓN 13 [k = 12]:
1 (12) 1 (12) 1 1
x(13)
1 =2+ x − x3 → x(13)
1 =2+ ( 0.99999801 ) − ( 1.00000592 )
5 2 5 5 5
(13)
x 1 =1.99999842
11 1 (12) 1 (12)
x(13)
2 = − x + x3
8 4 1 8
(13) 11 1 1
x 2 = − ( 1.99999634 )+ ( 1.00000592)
8 4 8
(13)
x 2 =1.00000166
3 1 (12) 1 (12) 3 1 1
x(13)
2 = + x 1 − x2 → x(13)
2 = + ( 1.99999634 ) − ( 0.99999801 )
4 4 4 4 4 4
(13)
x 2 =0.99999958
Ahora vamos a hallar el error relativo E A =‖x −x(12)‖∞, siendo x los valores
originales y exactos del sistema de ecuaciones que son x= ⟨ 2,1,1 ⟩ y
x(12)= ⟨ 1.99999634,0.99999801,1 .00000592 ⟩, hay que hacer la resta en entre
ellos que resultan de la siguiente manera:
2 x1 −x2 + x 3=−1
2 x1 +2 x 2+2 x 3=4
−x 1−x 2+ 2 x 3=−5
Pruebe queρ ( T J ) =
√ 5 >1 ρ ( T ) = 1 <1
g
2 2
¿Qué se puede concluir?
Sol:
2 −1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 −1 1
A= 2
[ 2 2= 2
][
0 0+ 0 2 0+ 0 0 2
−1 −1 2 −1 −1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 ][ ][ ]
T J =− A−1
D ( A L + AU )
1
−( A ¿¿ D)−1= ∗Adj ( A¿¿ D)T ¿ ¿
Det ( A D )
T
2 0 0 2 0 0
T
[ ] [ ]
( A¿¿ D) = 0 2 0 Det ( A D )= 0 2 0 =8 ¿
0 0 2 0 0 2
2 0
0
] 0 0
]
4 0 ¿
0 4
−1 4 0 0
−( A ¿¿ D)−1=
8
0
0 [ ] 4 0 ¿
0 4
−1
[ ]
0 0
2
−1
−( A ¿¿ D)−1= 0 0 ¿
2
−1
0 0
2
0 −1 1
[
( A L + A U )= 2 0 2
−1 −1 0 ]
1 −1
[ ]
0
2 2
T J = −1 0 −1
1 1
0
2 2
1 −1
[ ][
0
2 2 1 0 0
det ( T J −λI )= −1
1
2
0
1
2
−1 −¿λ 0 1 0
0
0 0 1 ]
1 −1
[ ]
−λ
2 2
det ( T J −λI )= −1 −λ −1
1 1
−λ
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
det ( T J −λI )=−λ3 + − − λ− λ− λ
4 4 4 2 2
1
det ( T J −λI )=−λ3− λ−λ
4
1
PT ( λ)=− λ3− λ−λ POLINOMIO CARACTERISTICO
J
4
VALORES CARACTERISTICOS
1
−λ 3− λ−λ=0
4
1
−λ (λ ¿ ¿ 2− −1)=0 ¿
4
1 1 5 5 − 5
λ 1=0 ,( λ ¿ ¿2− −1)=0⇒ λ2= +1 ⇒ λ 2= ⇒ λ2 = √ ⇒ λ3= √ ¿
4 4 4 2 2
5 − 5
{ |√ | | √ |}
ρ ( T J ) =max {|λ 1| ,| λ2|,| λ3|}=¿ max |0|,
2
,
2
¿
5
ρ ( T J ) = √ >1
2
1
* ρ ( T g ) = <1
2
2 −1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 −1 1
A= 2
[ 2 2= 2
][
0 0+ 0 2 0+ 0 0 2
−1 −1 2 −1 −1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 ][ ][ ]
T G=−( A ¿ ¿ D+ A L )−1∗A U ¿
1
−( A ¿ ¿ D+ A L )−1= ∗Adj( A ¿ ¿ D+ A L )T ¿ ¿
Det ( A D + A L )
T
2 2 −1 2 2 −1
[
T
] [
( A ¿ ¿ D+ A L ) = 0 2 −1 Det ( A ¿ ¿ D+ A L )= 0 2 −1 =8 ¿ ¿
0 0 2 0 0 2 ]
|20 −12 | −|00 −12 | |00 20| 4
L
[
Adj( A ¿ ¿ D+ A ) = −|2 −1| |2 −1| −|2 2| = 4
T
0 2 0 2
2 −1 − 2 −1
|2 −1| |0 −1| |0 2|
0 0 [
2 2
0
] 0 0
−2 4]
4 0 ¿
−1 4 0 0
−1
−( A ¿ ¿ D+ A L ) =
8
4 4 0 ¿
0 −2 4 [ ]
−1
[ ]
0 0
2
−1 −1
−( A ¿ ¿ D+ A L )−1= 0 ¿
2 2
1 −1
0
4 2
0 −1 1
[
AU = 0 0 2
0 0 0 ]
T G=−( A ¿ ¿ D+ A L )−1∗A U ¿
−1
[ ][
0 0
2
0 −1 1
−( A ¿ ¿ D+ A L )−1∗AU =
−1
2
0
−1
2
1 −1
0 0 0]
0 ∗0 0 2 ¿
4 2
1 −1
[ ]
0
2 2
1 −1
T G= 0
2 2
1
0 0
2
1 −1
[ ]
0
2 2
1 0 0
[
det ( T G −λI )= 0
0
1
2
0
−1
1
2
−¿λ 0 1 0
0 0 1 ]
2
1 −1
[ ]
−λ
2 2
1 −1
det ( T G −λI )= 0 −λ
2 2
1
0 0 −λ
2
1
PT (λ)=− λ3 + λ− λPOLINOMIO CARACTERISTICO
G
4
VALORES CARACTERISTICOS
−λ ( 12 − λ)( 12 −λ )=0
λ 1=0 , ( 12 −λ )=0 , ( 12 −λ )=0
1 1
λ 2 = , λ3 =
2 2
1 1
{ | | | |}
ρ ( T J ) =max {|λ 1| ,| λ2|,| λ3|}=¿ max |0|, ,
2 2
¿
1
ρ ( T J ) = <1
2
−x 1+ d x 2−x 3=b2
−x 1−x 2+ dx 3=b3
Halle ρ ( T J )e indique cuales deben ser los valores que debe tomar d de tal
manera que el método de Jacobi converja.
d −1 −1 0 0 0 d 0 0 0 −1 −1
[ ][
−1 d −1 = −1 0 0 + 0 d 0 + 0 0 −1
−1 −1 d −1 −1 0 0 0 d 0 0 0 ][ ][ ]
T J =− A−1
D ( A L + AU )
0 −1 −1
[
A L + AU = −1 0 −1
−1 −1 0 ]
d 0 0 ⋮1 0 0
−1
D
[
0 0 d ⋮0 0 1
F
d
F
d ] F
A = 0 d 0 ⋮0 1 0 F1 = 1 ; F2 = 2 ; F3 = 3
d
1 0 0⋮ 1/d 0 0
A−1
D =
[
0 1 0⋮ 0 1/d
0 0 1⋮ 0 0
0
1/ d]
1/d 0 0 0 −1 −1
−1
A ( A L + A U )= 0
D
0 [ ][
1/d 0 −1 0 −1
0 1/ d −1 −1 0 ]
0 −1/ d −1 /d
A−1 A
D ( L + A U)=
[
−1 /d 0
−1 /d −1/ d
−1 /d
0 ]
0 1/d 1/d
[
T J = 1/d 0 1/d
1/d 1/d 0 ]
−λ 1/d 1/d
[
T J − λI = 1/d −λ
1/d 1/d
1/d
−λ ]
−λ 1/d 1/d
([
det ( T J −λI )=det 1/d −λ
1/d 1/d
1/d
−λ ])
¿ (−λ ) [ λ 2−1/d 2 ] −( 1/d ) [ −λ/d−1 /d2 ] + ( 1/d ) [ 1/d 2+ λ/d ]
−λ 3+3 λ /d 2+ 2/ d 3=0
2
ρ ( T J ) =¿ ∨∴∨d∨¿ 2
d
1 2 1
5. An= 2
[ ][ ] [ ]
4+
1
n2
x1
x2
=
2− 2
1
n
¿ 1
[]
0
a) r n =A n−b n
1 2 1
rn =
[ ][ ] [ ]
2 4+
1
n2
1−
0 2− 2
1
n
1(1) 2(0) 1
rn =
[ ][ ]
1 − 1
2(1) 4 + 2 (0) 2− 2
n n
1
1
rn = −
2 [ ]
[]
2− 2
n
1
1−1
rn =
[ ]
2−2+
1
n2
r 0
[]
n=¿ 1 ¿
n2
1 2 1
b). 2
[ ][ ] [ ]
4+
1
n2
x1
x2
=
2− 2
1
n
1 2 1
[{ | }]
2 4+
1
n 2
1 −2 f 1+ f 2 → f 2
2− 2
n
1 2 1
[{ | }]
0
1 −1 n 2 f 2 → f 2
n2 n2
1 2 1
[ { | }]
0 1 −1
−2 f 2+ f 1→ f 1
1 0 3
[ { | }]
0 1 −1
X= 3
[ ]
−1
7. Determine el cuarto polinomio de Taylor (n=4 ) y su correspondiente termino residual
para f ( x )=ln( x +1) , respecto a x 0=0 y use este polinomio para aproximar ln (1.25) y
1
Solución:
4
f (k ) ( 0 ) k
P4 ( x ) =∑ x
k=0 k!
f (2 ) ( 0 ) 2 f (3 ) ( 0 ) 3 f (4 ) ( 0 ) 4
¿ f (0 ) ( 0 ) + f (1 ) ( 0 ) x+ x + x+ x
2 6 24
f ( 0 )=ln ( 1 )=0
1
f ( 1) ( x )= → f (1) ( 0 )=1
x +1
−1
f ( 2) ( x )= 2
→ f ( 2) ( 0 )=−1
( x+ 1)
2
f ( 3 ) ( x )= 3
→ f (3) ( 0 )=2
( x +1)
−6
f ( 4 ) ( x )= 4
→ f (4 ) ( 0 )=−6
( x +1)
1 1 1
P4 ( x )=x− x 2+ x3 − x 4
2 3 4
f n+1 ( ξ)
Rn +1 ( x )= (x−x 0)n +1, x 0 <ξ < x
(n+ 1)!
f (5 ) ( ξ ) 5
R5 ( x ) = x
120
(5 ) 24 ( 5) 24 x5
f x=
( ) →f ξ = ( ) ∴ R5 x =
( )
( x +1)5 (ξ +1)5 5 (ξ +1)5
1 1 1
f ( 0.25 )=0.2231 ≈ 0.2230=( 0.25 )− ( 0.25 )2 + ( 0.25 )3− ( 0.25 ) 4=P4 (0.25)
2 3 4
1 1
∫ ln ( x +1 ) dx ≈ ∫ ( x− 12 x 2+ 13 x 3− 41 x 4 ) dx
0 0
1
1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5
[ 2
x − x + x − x =0.3667
6 12 20 0 ]
1 1
∫ ln ( x +1 ) dx=0.3863 ≈ 0.3667=∫ x− 12 x 2 + 13 x 3− 14 x 4 dx
( )
0 0
π 1 1
8. La fórmula de Machín establece que:
4
=4 tan−1 ()5
+ tan−1( )
239
Utilice un
f 2(0 ) 3
2 f (0) 3
P3 ( x ) =f ( 0 ) + f 1 ( 0 ) ( x− x0 ) + ( x−x 0) + ( x−x 0 )
2 6
2 3
−1 x 2 ( 0 ) x 2 ( 6 ( 0 )−2 ) x
P3 ( x ) =tan 0+ 2 − +
( 0 +1 ) 2 ( 02 +1 )2 6 ( 02 +1 )3
−x 3
P3 ( x ) = +x
3
1 3 1 3
π=16 (() ) ((
−
3
5 1
+ +4
5
−
239
3
+
1
239
)
≈ 3.1614 )
π=16 tan−1 ( 15 )−4 tan ( 2391 )=3.1415
−1