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Indicadores Epidemiológicos PDF
Indicadores Epidemiológicos PDF
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El crecimiento poblacional y los constantes cambios en las sociedades conducen a las regiones al
desarrollo económico y la elevación de la productividad; para que la expansión regional sea
sostenible es necesario que ocurra dentro de un contexto de equidad social, es decir, incorporando
a todas las personas teniendo en cuenta sus necesidades básicas: Salud, educación y alimentación.
Uno de los factores determinantes en la participación de la población en los beneficios del
progreso es la situación de salud, que está relacionada con el nivel de ingresos, el grado de
empoderamiento social y el desarrollo socio-económico asociado a diferentes eventos como las
enfermedades, lesiones, discapacidades y muerte. Para controlar las necesidades y prioridades en
salud se realizan los análisis de situación de salud (ASIS) que permiten caracterizar, medir y
explicar la salud – enfermedad de una población en base a patrones de ocurrencia clasificados por
edad, sexo, clase social, lugar de residencia, grupo étnico, ocupación y diversos hábitos
perjudiciales como el consumo de drogas, bebidas alcohólicas y otras particularidades de los
habitantes.
2. Basic indicators:
Absolute frequencies: When used, individual data or observations can be condensed in the form of
absolute figures, which result from a count of those and have no relation to the size or other characteristic
of the population. Absolute figures indicate how many events exist or occur at a given moment and in that
sense help define the magnitude of a health event, which may be useful for administrative purposes, such
as the calculation of resources. However, absolute frequencies have many limitations as an indicator, since
they do not allow comparisons, since they do not refer to the size of the population from which they come
and for this reason in epidemiology it is preferred to work with relative frequencies. Ej: the number of
cases of disease transmitted by food (ETA) in a population, at a specific place and time.
Reasons: They are indicators that work with relative frequencies and result from dividing one
quantity between others, which is taken as the unit. They indicate the size of one quantity with
respect to another, relating a numerator (a) and a denominator (b), which are well defined and
different values, and the one is not included in the other and vice versa, so they have the algebraic
form a / b. Ej: the reason for sex in a population, the ratio of smokers / non-smokers in a group,
etc.
Proportions: The proportions, which also work with relative frequencies, are the most widely used
indicators in epidemiology and indicate the frequency with which a health event occurs with respect to all
the units observed. Unlike ratios, proportions are mathematical expressions where the numerator is
included in the denominator, that is, that the denominator of the proportion is constituted by the reference
population and therefore has the algebraic form a / a + b. Ej: the proportion of cases of ETA registered in
Antioquia with respect to those registered in Colombia in a given period.
Incidence rate: The incidence rate or density is an epidemiological indicator that expresses the
acceleration or speed of change with which a specific health event occurs over time and only has
application as an incidence estimator (incidence rate and attack rate). . The rate is a dynamic indicator,
compared to the proportion, which is static. The rate does not exactly indicate the probability of
occurrence of a health event, but is an estimator of that probability.
Unlike the incidence rate, the calculation of the incidence rate is indicated when the observed population
is not stable, that is, during the observation period there are individuals that enter in different periods of
time and their exit from the study population. It is done in different periods of time. In this situation, the
denominator of the rate is not made up of people, but rather it requires it requires the counting of the time
during which the individuals have been exposed to the occurrence of the event studied, for which reason it
is established as persons-time of exposure (a / a + bx exposure time).
Attack rate: It is the incidence rate that is registered in the course of an outbreak of a certain pathology,
relating the number of cases with the population exposed to the risk.
Attack rate = total cases of a localized outbreak / population exposed to the risk x 100
Secondary attack rate: This epidemiological indicator. It is used when it is important to measure
morbidity among people who live with patients for a certain cause, relating the number of cases that
appear between the cohabitants and the number of cohabitants, who are called contacts and expressed as a
percentage (proportion with base 100).
Secondary attack rate = Total of cases among contacts / population exposed to risk (contacts) x 100
Relative risk (RR): The incidences of a given health event in different populations exposed to different
risk factors can be compared
among themselves, in order to measure the influence that these factors may have on the appearance of the
event. To do this, the Relative Risk is calculated, which is an epidemiological indicator that measures the
times in which the probability (or risk) of suffering a negative health event (illness, disability or death) of
a population exposed to a risk factor ( or a set of them), is greater than the probability (or risk) of suffering
that event that has a population not exposed to that risk factor (or set of them) and is calculated as the
mathematical ratio between the proportion (or the rate) of incidence of the event in the exposed
population, in the numerator, and the proportion (or rate) of incidence of the event in the unexposed
population, in the denominator.
It is calculated: RR = Ie / I0, where Ie is the proportion (or rate) of incidence of the event in the population
exposed to the risk factor and I0 is the proportion (or rate) of incidence of the event in the population not
exposed to the risk factor risk.
It is calculated: % RA = (RR - 1 / RR) x 100, where RR is the value of the relative risk.
Percentage of population attributable risk (Preventable fraction): It is the indicator that
measures the proportion (fraction) of the incidence of a negative health event, which can be
prevented in the population if the risk factor is eliminated (or all of them) ). It has a great utility
in the administration of public health programs, as it supports the decision-making process.
It is calculated as: % RAP = (It - I0 / It) x 100, where It is the proportion (or rate) of incidence of
the health event in the population totaleI0 is the proportion (or rate) of incidence of the event in
the population not exposed to the risk factor (or to a set of them).
Con esta información los sistemas regionales de salud pueden tomar medidas de prevención por
medio de programas orientados al control y minimización de la enfermedad.
Número de casos entre los contactos: personas que conviven con los enfermos = 65
Número de personas expuestas en la institución: Total de casos entre los convivientes = 170
Tasa de ataque secundario: 65 / 170 x 100 = 38.2 % porcentaje de incidencia de personas que
conviven con los enfermos de hepatitis en la escuela de policías.
Este indicador permite medir la tasa de morbilidad en la escuela, es decir, la cantidad de personas
que enfermaron al convivir en un entorno con la epidemia, esta herramienta es muy útil para que
los encargados del lugar tomen medidas preventivas para que se reduzca el número de
contagiados.
Ejemplo 3. Porcentaje del riesgo atribuible poblacional (Fracción prevenible): Se presenta una
epidemia de cólera en la población de la Palaya de Belén corregimiento de Ocaña N.S.
Fracción prevenible % RAP = (15 – 250 / 15) x 100 = 1.5 % Corresponde a la fracción de la
población enferma representada en porcentaje.
Con este resultado la administración de salud pública del corregimiento de la Playa de Belén
puede tomar medidas para controlar la enfermedad mediante programas de concientización,
educación y prevención de la enfermedad teniendo en cuenta el porcentaje de incidencia de
nuevos casos de personas con la enfermedad como factor prevenible para minimizar el riego de
mayores casos de contagio.
Bibliografía