Bioenergé)ca

y Metabolismo
Most of the reac)ons in living cells fall into one of five general
categories:

(1) reac(ons that make or break carbon-carbon bonds;

(2) internal rearrangements, isomeriza(ons and elimina(ons;
(3) free-radical reac(ons;
(4) group transfers;
(5) oxida(on-reduc(ons
Mecanismo de ruptura C-C
Nucleofilos y electrofilos
Carboca)ones y carboaniones
Reacciones Nucleofilos y electrofilos
Reacciones Nucleofilos y electrofilos
Reacciones de Isomerización
Reacciones de Eliminación
Reacciones de radicales libres
Nucleofilos y electrofilos
Resonancia del Fosfato
Resonancia del Fosfato
Reacciones con el fosfato
Ataque NucleoGlico al fosfato
Los estados de oxidación del Carbono
Reacción Jpica de oxido-reducción
Bases químicas del ΔG del ATP
El Magnesio y el ATP
Hidrólisis de compuestos fosforilados
Hidrólisis de compuestos fosforilados
Hidrólisis de compuestos fosforilados
Hidrólisis de Ace)l CoA
Nucleofilos y electrofilos
El ATP provee energía por la transferencia de grupos y no solo por hidrólisis
ΔG de hidrólisis de compuestos fosforilados
Ataque nucleoGlico al ATP
Mecanismo de Ping-pong
Estados de Oxidación del Carbono
Glucolisis, gluconogénesis y la vía de la pentosa fosfato
The two phases of
glycolysis
 Metabolism of
galactose for entry
into glycolysis

Galactose is phosphorylated at
carbon-1 by galactokinase to
produce galactose 1-phosphate.

Galactose is a C-4 epimer

of glucose. Galactose 1-phosphate
is converted to glucose 1-phosphate
through a UDP nucleo(de deriva(ve
and the enzyme
UDP-glucose 4-epimerase.
Under aerobic condi(ons NADH transfers its electrons eventually to oxygen, regenera(ng NAD+.
Under anaerobic condi(ons pyruvate is reduced to lactate to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis to
con(nue.
Yeast contain the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase that decarboxylates pyruvate to form
acetaldehyde.
Acetaldehyde is then reduced to ethanol under anaerobic condi(ons.
Gluconeogenesis
Glucose is made in the liver
and transported to the brain
in the blood stream.

The human brain

consumes over 120 grams
of glucose each day
Alterna(ve paths from
pyruvate to
phosphoenolpyruvate
Breakdown of intracellular glycogen by glycogen phosphorylase
La vía pentosa fosfato de la oxidación de la glucosa
General scheme of the pentose phosphate pathway
 NADPH in high
concentra(ons
feedback inhibits the
pentose phosphate
pathway
El ciclo del ácido cítrico
 Catabolism of
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates in the
three stages of
cellular respira(on
Overall reac(on catalyzed by the pyruvate
dehydrogenase (PDH) complex

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex consists of 3 enzymes

The complex u(lizes 5 cofactors for catalysis
 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Cofactors

Nico)namide Adenine Dinucleo)de (NAD+)

an electron carrier.
Vitamin required: niacin
Flavin Adenine Dinucleo)de (FAD)
an electron carrier
Vitamin required: riboflavin
Coenzyme A (CoA)
an acyl carrier with a reac(ve thiol - o^en acetyl-CoA
Vitamin required: pantothenate
Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)
func(ons in electron transfer
Vitamin required: thiamine
Lipoic Acid
has two thiols that can form a disulfide bond
Lipoic Acid is a`ached to a Lysine of E2 of the PDH complex
6 carbons 5 carbons
5 carbons 4 carbons
The citric acid cycle is a central metabolic hub
 Glucose

(Gluconeogenesis) Fa`y acids

Phosphoenolpyruvate Amino Acids

PEP
carboxykinase

CO2

CO2
 The
Glyoxylate
Cycle

Net Produc(on
Of Oxaloacetate
For Carbohydrate
Synthesis
(non-vertebrates)
In plants, enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle are in glyoxysomes