PORTAFOLIO CORPORATIVO

Ioioioo ioioi oioi oioioioi oioioi oioioioioio

oioioio oioi oioiooioio oioioiooi oioioio oi
ioioioi oioioio oioioi
 TIPO DE PRODUCTOS QUIMICOS POR SU RANGO DE ACCIÓN

PROTECTANTES SISTÉMICOS

GERMINACIÓN PENETRACIÓN CRECIMIENTO ESPORULACIÓN

INFECCIÓN

PREVENTIVO CURATIVO ERRADICANTE

CUADROS INTERPRETATIVOS DE GENÉTICA DE LOS AGROQUÍMICOS

PESO MOLECULAR

Determina la velocidad de movimiento de un compuesto en la planta.

A menor peso molecular, mayor velocidad de movimiento.

A mayor velocidad de movimiento:

< 100 muy rápido movimiento

Mayor efecto de choque Entre 100 y 300 rápido movimiento

Menor selectividad al cultivo Entre 300 y 400 moderada velocidad de movimiento
Entre 400 y 600 lento movimiento
> 600 muy lento movimiento

COEFICIENTE DE ADSORICIÓN EN EL SUELO Koc

Los rangos de Koc van desde 0 hasta 10.000.000 ppm.

< 10 ppm absorción muy débil - muy alto riesgo de lixiviación

10 y 100 absorción débil - alto riesgo de lixiviación
100 y 1 000 absorción moderada - valores ideales
1 000 y 10 000 fuerte absorción - bajo reisgo de lixiviación
10 000 y 1 000 000 muy fuerte absorción - muy bajo riesgo de lixiviación
> 1 000 000 ppm absorción extremadamente fuerte - producto inmóvil
SOLUBILIDAD EN AGUA Y VOLATILIDAD DEL PLAGICIDA. LEY DE HENRY
Indica la relación entre Presión de Vapor y Solubilidad en agua:

Cuando el plaguicida tiene una alta solubilidad en agua con relación a su presión de vapor, el
plaguicida se disolverá principalmente en agua. Un valor alto, indica que un plaguicida tiene un
potencial elevado para volatilizarse del suelo húmedo; un valor bajo predice un mayor potencial de
lixiviación o solubilidad en agua del plaguicida.

VOLATILIDAD DEL PLAGUICIDA RANGOS DEL VALOR (atm m3/mol)

Constante (H) BAJA

No volátil Menor a 3 X 10-7
El plaguicida puede Presión de vapor baja
disolverse en agua Alta solubilidad
Baja volatilidad 3 X 10-7 a 1 X 10-5 Tiene potencial para lixiviarse
Constante (H) ALTA
Volatilidad moderada 1 X 10-5 a 1 X 10-3
Presión de vapor alta
El plaguicida puede
Solubilidad baja
evaporarse
Alta volatilidad Mayor a 1 X 10-3 Tiene potencial alto para volatilizarse
del suelo húmedo

COEFICIENTE DE PARTICIÓN OCTANOL/AGUA (KOW)

Los plaguicidas con una vida media y un Kow altos pueden acumularse en tejido graso y
bioacumularse a lo largo de la cadena alimenticia.

ACUMULACIÓN DE PLAGUICIDA PLAGUICIDA

EN GRASA (Kow)

El plaguicida puede fijarse con firmeza a materia orgánica, sedimento y

biota.
Alto El plaguicida puede bioacumularse en grasa corporal de animales.
La vía de exposición al plaguicida puede ser por la cadena alimenticia.
El plaguicida puede no fiarse en materia orgánica.
Bajo El plaguicida puede moverse en aguas superficiales, acuíferos y aire.
La vía de exposición al plaguicida puede ser la inhalatoria.

Valores desde -5.6 hasta 2 Producto con propiedades sistémicas

TABLA INTERPRETATIVA Valores desde 2 hasta 4.5 Fijación en la cutícula - avance gradual
DE KOW Valores >4.5 Productos inmóviles en tejido graso
 TABLA DE INDICADORES FRAC

MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL GROUP COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE CODE
benalaxyl
benalaxyl-M
Resistance and cross resistance
(=kiralaxyl)
well known in various
acylalanines furalaxyl
Oomycetes but mechanism
metalaxyl
A1: PA – fungicides metalaxyl-M
unknown.
(PhenylAmides) (=mefenoxam) 4
RNA polymerase I High risk.
oxazolidinones oxadixyl See FRAC Phenylamide
synthesis

Guidelines
for resistance management
butyrolactones ofurace

Medium risk Resistance and

A2:
hydroxy- bupirimate cross resistance known in
hydroxy-
A: nucleic acids

(2-amino-)
(2-amino-) pyrimidines
dimethirimol powdery mildews. 8
adenosin- pyrimidines ethirimol Resistance management
deaminase required.
A3: isoxazoles hymexazole
heteroaromatics Resistance not known. 32
DNA/RNA synthesis
(proposed) isothiazolones octhilinone

A4: Bactericide. Resistance known.

Risk in fungi unknown.
carboxylic acids carboxylic acids oxolinic acid
Resistance management
31
DNA topoisomerase
type II (gyrase) required.
Resistance common in many
benomyl fungal species. Several target
carbendazim site mutations, mostly
benzimidazoles
fuberidazole E198A/G/K, F200Y in β-tubulin
thiabendazole gene.
MBC -
B1: fungicides
Positive cross resistance
(Methyl
between the group members.
1
ß-tubuline Benzimidazole
assembly in mitosis Carbamates) Negative cross resistance to N-
thiophanate Phenylcarbamates.
thiophanates
thiophanate-methyl
High risk. See FRAC
Benzimidazole Guidelines
for resistance management.
Resistance known. Target site
B: mitosis and cell division

B2: N-phenyl mutation E198K. Negative cross

N-phenyl
carbamates
carbamates diethofencarb resistance to benzimidazoles. 10
ß-tubulin High risk. Resistance
assembly in mitosis management required.

B3: benzamides toluamides zoxamide

Low to medium risk.
Resistance management 22
ß-tubulin assembly thiazole ethylamino-thiazole- required.
in mitosis ethaboxam
carboxamide carboxamide
B4:
phenylureas Phenylureas pencycuron Resistance not known 20
cell division
(proposed)
B5:
pyridinylmethyl-
delocalisation of benzamides
benzamides
fluopicolide Resistance not known 43
spectrin-like
proteins
MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL GROUP COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE CODE

C1: pyrimidinamines Pyrimidinamines diflumetorim

complex I NADH pyrazole-5- Resistance not known. 39
Oxido-reductase pyrazole-MET1 tolfenpyrad
carboxamides
benodanil
phenyl-benzamides flutolanil
mepronil
phenyl-oxo-ethyl
isofetamid Resistance known for several
thiophene amide
pyridinyl-ethyl- fungal species in field
fluopyram populations and lab mutants.
benzamides
Target site mutations in sdh
furan- carboxamides fenfuram
gene, e.g. H/Y (or H/L) at 257,
oxathiin- carboxin 267, 272 or P225L, dependent
C2: SDHI (Succinate carboxamides oxycarboxin on fungal species.
complex II: dehydrogenase thiazole-
inhibitors) thifluzamide Resistance management 7
succinate-dehydro- carboxamides required.
genase benzovindiflupyr
bixafen Medium to high risk.
fluxapyroxad
pyrazole-4- furametpyr See FRAC SDHI Guidelines
carboxamides isopyrazam for resistance management.
penflufen
penthiopyrad
sedaxane
pyridine-
boscalid
carboxamides
azoxystrobin
coumoxystrobin
C. r espiration

enoxastrobin
methoxy-acrylates
flufenoxystrobin Resistance known in various
picoxystrobin fungal species. Target site
pyraoxystrobin mutations in cyt b gene (G143A,
methoxy-acetamide mandestrobin F129L) and additional
C3: pyraclostrobin mechanisms.
complex III: methoxy-carbamates pyrametostrobin
cytochrome bc1 QoI-fungicides triclopyricarb Cross resistance shown
(ubiquinol oxidase) (Quinone outside kresoxim-methyl between all members of the QoI 11
at Qo site (cyt b Oximino-acetates
Inhibitors) trifloxystrobin group.
gene) dimoxystrobin
fenaminstrobin High risk.
oximino-acetamides
metominostrobin
orysastrobin See FRAC QoI Guidelines
oxazolidine-diones famoxadone for resistance management.
dihydro-dioxazines fluoxastrobin
Imidazolinones fenamidone
benzyl-carbamates pyribencarb
C4: Resistance risk unknown but
cyano-imidazole cyazofamid assumed to be medium to high
complex III: QiI - fungicides
(mutations at target site known
cytochrome (Quinone inside
in model organisms).
21
bc1(ubiquinone Inhibitors)
sulfamoyl-triazole amisulbrom Resistance management
reductase) at Qi site required.
binapacryl
dinitrophenyl Resistance not known.
C5: crotonates
meptyldinocap
Also acaricidal activity.
dinocap
uncouplers of 29
2,6-dinitro- Low risk. However, resistance
oxidative phos- fluazinam
anilines claimed in Botrytis in Japan.
phorylation
(pyr.-hydrazones) (ferimzone) Reclassified to U 14 in 2012.
MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL GROUP COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE CODE
C6:
inhibitors of fentin acetate
organo tin tri-phenyl tin Some resistance cases
oxidative phos- compounds compounds
fentin chloride
known. Low to medium risk.
30
phorylation, ATP fentin hydroxide
synthase
(continued)

C7:
thiophene- thiophene-
ATP production carboxamides carboxamides
silthiofam Resistance reported. Risk low. 38
(proposed)
C: respiration

C8: Not cross resistant to QoI

complex III: QoSI fungicides fungicides.
cytochrome bc1 (Quinone outside Resistance risk assumed to
(ubiquinone Inhibitor, triazolo-pyrimidylamine ametoctradin be medium to high 45
reductase) at stigmatellin (single site inhibitor).
Qo site, stigmatellin binding type) Resistance management
binding sub-site required.
Resistance known in Botrytis
D1: and Venturia, sporadically in
Oculimacula .
AP - fungicides cyprodinil
methionine anilino-pyrimidines
(Anilino- mepanipyrim
Medium risk.
9
biosynthesis Pyrimidines) pyrimethanil
(proposed) See FRAC Anilinopyrimidine
(cgs gene) Guidelines
for resistance management.
D: amino acids and protein synthesis

D2: enopyranuronic enopyranuronic acid

Low to medium risk.
acid antibiotic antibiotic
blasticidin-S Resistance management 23
protein synthesis required.
Resistance known in fungal
D3: hexopyranosyl hexopyranosyl
and bacterial (P. glumae)
antibiotic antibiotic
kasugamycin pathogens. Medium risk. 24
protein synthesis Resistance management
required.
Bactericide. Resistance
D4: glucopyranosyl glucopyranosyl known. High risk.
antibiotic antibiotic
streptomycin
Resistance management
25
protein synthesis required.
Bactericide. Resistance
D5: tetracycline known. High risk.
antibiotic
tetracycline antibiotic oxytetracycline
Resistance management
41
protein synthesis required.
Resistance to quinoxyfen
aryloxyquinoline quinoxyfen
known. Medium risk.
E1: Resistance management
signal transduction aza-
naphthalenes
required. Cross resistance 13
(mechanism found in Erysiphe (Uncinula)
E: signal transduction

unknown) quinazolinone proquinazid

necator but not in Blumeria
graminis.
E2: Resistance found sporadically,
mechanism speculative.
MAP/Histidine- PP-fungicides fenpiclonil
phenylpyrroles Low to medium risk. 12
Kinase in osmotic (PhenylPyrroles) fludioxonil
Resistance management
signal transduction required.
(os-2, HOG1)
 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL GROUP COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE CODE
Resistance common in Botrytis
and some other pathogens.
(continued)

Several mutations in OS-1,

E3: chlozolinate mostly I365S.
dimethachlone
Cross resistance common
E: signal

MAP/Histidine- dicarboximides dicarboximides iprodione

between the group members.
2
Kinase in osmotic
tr ansduction

procymidone
signal transduction vinclozolin
(os-1, Daf1) Medium to high risk.
See FRAC Dicarboximide
Guidelines
for resistance management.
formerly
F1: dicarboximides
edifenphos
F2: phosphoro-
phosphoro-thiolates iprobenfos (IBP)
Resistance known in specific
thiolates fungi. Low to medium risk.
pyrazophos
phospholipid Resistance management 6
biosynthesis, required if used for risky
dithiolanes Dithiolanes isoprothiolane
methyltrans-ferase pathogens.
biphenyl
AH-fungicides
chloroneb
(Aromatic Resistance known in some
aromatic hydrocarbons dicloran
F3: Hydrocarbons)
quintozene (PCNB)
fungi.
(chlorophenyls, Low to medium risk.
nitroanilines)
tecnazene (TCNB)
Cross resistance patterns
14
lipid peroxidation
F: lipid synthesis and membrane integrity

tolclofos-methyl
(proposed) complex due to different
activity spectra.
heteroaromatics 1,2,4-thiadiazoles etridiazole

F4:
iodocarb Low to medium risk.
cell membrane carbamates carbamates propamocarb Resistance management 28
permeability, fatty prothiocarb required.
acids (proposed)
formerly CAA -
F5: fungicides
Bacillus subtilis syn.
B.amyloliquefaciens* *synonyms for Bacillus
strain QST 713 amyloliquefaciens are Bacillus
Bacillus subtilis and B. subtilis var.
F6: amyloliquefaciens amyloliquefaciens (previous
Bacillus sp. and the
microbial strain FZB24 taxonomic classification)
microbial disrupters (Bacillus sp.)
fungicidal lipopeptides
Bacillus
44
of pathogen cell produced Resistance not known.
amyloliquefaciens
membranes strain MBI600
Induction of host plant defence
Bacillus described as additional mode
amyloliquefaciens of action for strain FZB24
strain D747
F7: extract from
cell membrane terpene hydrocarbons
plant extract
and terpene alcohols
Melaleuca alternifolia Resistance not known 46
disruption (tea tree)
(proposed)
MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL GROUP COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE CODE
piperazines triforine
pyrifenox
pyridines
pyrisoxazole
fenarimol
pyrimidines
nuarimol
imazalil There are big differences in the
oxpoconazole activity spectra of DMI
imidazoles pefurazoate fungicides.
prochloraz
triflumizole Resistance is known in various
fungal species. Several
azaconazole
resistance mechanisms are
bitertanol
known incl. target site mutations
bromuconazole
in cyp51 (erg 11) gene, e.g.
cyproconazole
V136A, Y137F, A379G, I381V;
difenoconazole
cyp51 promotor; ABC
G1: DMI-fungicides
diniconazole
transporters and others.
epoxiconazole
(DeMethylation
C14- demethylase etaconazole
Inhibitors)
fenbuconazole
Generally wise to accept that 3
in sterol cross resistance is present
biosynthesis fluquinconazole
(SBI: Class I) between DMI fungicides active
(erg11/cyp51) flusilazole
against the same fungus.
flutriafol
triazoles
in membranes

hexaconazole
DMI fungicides are Sterol
imibenconazole
Biosynthesis Inhibitors (SBIs),
ipconazole
but show no cross resistance to
metconazole
other SBI classes.
myclobutanil
penconazole
Medium risk.
propiconazole
simeconazole
See FRAC SBI Guidelines
tebuconazole
for resistance management.
G: sterol biosynthesis

tetraconazole
triadimefon
triadimenol
triticonazole
triazolinthiones prothioconazole
aldimorph Decreased sensitivity for
G2: dodemorph powdery mildews.
morpholines
fenpropimorph Cross resistance within the
14-reductase
amines tridemorph group generally found but not to
and (“morpholines”) other
8 7-
piperidines
fenpropidin
SBI classes.
5
isomerase piperalin
(SBI: Class II)
in sterol Low to medium risk.
biosynthesis spiroketal-amines spiroxamine See FRAC SBI Guidelines
(erg24, erg2) for resistance management.
G3:
hydroxyanilides fenhexamid Low to medium risk.
3-keto reduc-tase, (SBI: Class III) Resistance management 17
C4- de-methylation amino-pyrazolinone fenpyrazamine required.
(erg27)
G4: Resistance not known,
thiocarbamates pyributicarb
fungicidal and herbicidal activity
squalene-epoxidase (SBI class IV)
18
in sterol
biosynthesis naftifine
allylamines Medical fungicides only
(erg1) terbinafine
MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL GROUP COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE CODE

H3:
Resistance not known.
glucopyranosyl glucopyranosyl
trehalase and antibiotic antibiotic
validamycin Induction of host plant defence 26
claimed as additional MoA.
inositol-biosynthesis

Resistance known.
H4:
peptidyl pyrimidine Medium risk.
19
H: cell wall biosynthesis

polyoxins polyoxin
nucleoside Resistance management
chitin synthase
required

dimethomorph
cinnamic acid amides flumorph Resistance known in
pyrimorph Plasmopara viticola but not in
Phytophthora infestans.
H5: CAA-fungicides
valinamide
benthiavalicarb
Cross resistance between all
(Carboxylic Acid
carbamates
iprovalicarb
members of the CAA group.
40
cellulose synthase Amides) valifenalate
Low to medium risk.
See FRAC CAA Guidelines for
mandelic acid amides mandipropamid resistance management

I1: MBI-R isobenzo-furanone fthalide

(Melanin
Resistance not known
reductase in Biosynthesis pyrrolo-quinolinone pyroquilon 16.1
melanin Inhibitors –
Reductase) triazolobenzo-
biosynthesis tricyclazole
thiazole
I: melanin synthesis in cell wall

cyclopropane-
I2: MBI-D carboxamide
carpropamid
Resistance known.
(Melanin
Medium risk.
dehydratase in Biosynthesis carboxamide diclocymet
Resistance management
16.2
melanin Inhibitors –
required
biosynthesis Dehydratase) propionamide fenoxanil

I3: MBI-P
(Melanin
trifluoroethyl-
polyketide synthase Biosynthesis
in melanin Inhibitors –
carbamate tolprocarb Resistance not known 16.3
biosynthesis Polyketide
synthase)
P1: benzo-
benzo-thiadiazole acibenzolar-S-
thiadiazole
BTH methyl
Resistance not known P1
salicylic acid BTH
pathway
probenazole
(also antibacterial
P2 benzisothiazole benzisothiazole Resistance not known P2
P: host plant defence induction

and antifungal
activity)

thiadiazole- thiadiazole- tiadinil

P3 carboxamide carboxamide isotianil
Resistance not known P3

natural
P4 compound
polysaccharides laminarin Resistance not known P4

extract from
complex mixture, Reynoutria
P5 plant extract
ethanol extract sachalinensis
Resistance not known P5
(giant knotweed)
 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL GROUP COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE CODE
Resistance claims described.
cyanoacetamide- cyanoacetamide- Low to medium risk.
unknown
oxime oxime
cymoxanil
Resistance management
27
required.

ethyl phosphonates fosetyl-Al Few resistance cases reported

in few pathogens.
unknown phosphonates
Low risk
33
phophorous acid
and salts
teclofthalam
unknown phthalamic acids phthalamic acids
(Bactericide)
Resistance not known 34

unknown benzotriazines benzotriazines triazoxide Resistance not known 35

benzene- benzene-
unknown
sulfonamides sulphonamides
flusulfamide Resistance not known 36

unknown pyridazinones pyridazinones diclomezine Resistance not known 37

(U numbers not appearing in the list derive from reclassified fungicides)

unknown thiocarbamate thiocarbamate methasulfocarb Resistance not known 42

Resistance in Sphaerotheca.
phenyl-
unknown
acetamide
phenyl-acetamide cyflufenamid Resistance management U6
required
Unknown mode of action

Less sensitive isolates detected

benzophenone metrafenone
in wheat powdery mildew.
actin disruption aryl-phenyl-
(proposed) ketone
Medium risk. U8
Resistance management
benzoylpyridine pyriofenone
required.
Resistance known in
cell membrane Venturia inaequalis.
disruption guanidines guanidines dodine Low to medium risk. U 12
(proposed) Resistance management
recommended.

cyano-methylene-
unknown thiazolidine
thiazolidine
flutianil Resistance not known U 13

pyrimidinone- pyrimidinone- Resistance not known

unknown
hydrazones hydrazones
ferimzone
Reclassified from C5 in 2012
U 14

oxysterol binding Resistance risk assumed to be

piperidinyl-
protein (OSBP) piperidinyl-thiazole- medium to high (single site
inhibition
thiazole-
isoxazolines
oxathiapiprolin
inhibitor). Resistance
U 15
isoxazolines
(proposed) management required.
Not cross resistant to QoI.
complex III:
Resistance risk unknown but
cytochrome bc1, 4-quinolyl-
unknown binding acetate
4-quinolyl-acetate tebufloquin assumed to be medium. U 16
Resistance management
site (proposed)
required.
Resistance not known.
unknown tetrazoyloxime tetrazoyloxime picarbutrazox Not cross resistant to U 17
PA, QoI, CAA
MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL GROUP COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE CODE
mineral oils,
not organic oils,
clas - potassium
unknown diverse diverse Resistance not known NC
si - bicarbonate,
fied material of
biological origin
copper
inorganic inorganic
(different salts)
M1

inorganic inorganic sulphur M2

ferbam
mancozeb
maneb
dithiocarbamates dithio-carbamates metiram
and relatives and relatives propineb
M3
thiram
zineb
ziram
captan
phthalimides phthalimides captafol M4
activity

folpet
Generally considered as a low
chloronitriles chloronitriles risk group without any signs of
multi-site (phthalonitriles) (phthalonitriles)
chlorothalonil
resistance developing to the M5
Multi -site contact

contact fungicides
activity dichlofluanid
sulfamides sulfamides
tolylfluanid
M6

guazatine
guanidines guanidines
iminoctadine
M7

triazines triazines anilazine M8

quinones quinones
(anthraquinones) (anthra-quinones)
dithianon M9

chinomethionat /
quinoxalines quinoxalines
quinomethionate
M 10

maleimide maleimide fluoroimide M 11

 TABLA DE INDICADORES IRAC

IRAC MoA Classification Version 8.0, December 2015

See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.

Main Group and Chemical Sub-group or Active Ingredients

Primary Site of Action exemplifying Active
Ingredient

1 1A Alanycarb, Aldicarb, Bendiocarb, Benfuracarb,

Acetylcholinesterase Carbamates Butocarboxim, Butoxycarboxim, Carbaryl, Carbofuran,
(AChE) inhibitors Carbosulfan, Ethiofencarb, Fenobucarb, Formetanate,
Furathiocarb, Isoprocarb, Methiocarb, Methomyl,
Nerve action Metolcarb, Oxamyl, Pirimicarb, Propoxur, Thiodicarb,
Thiofanox, Triazamate,Trimethacarb, XMC, Xylylcarb
{Strong evidence that
action at this protein is 1B Acephate, Azamethiphos, Azinphos-ethyl, Azinphos-
responsible for Organophosphates methyl, Cadusafos, Chlorethoxyfos, Chlorfenvinphos,
insecticidal effects} Chlormephos, Chlorpyrifos, Chlorpyrifos-methyl,
Coumaphos, Cyanophos, Demeton-S-methyl,
Diazinon, Dichlorvos/ DDVP, Dicrotophos,
Dimethoate, Dimethylvinphos, Disulfoton, EPN,
Ethion, Ethoprophos, Famphur, Fenamiphos,
Fenitrothion, Fenthion, Fosthiazate, Heptenophos,
Imicyafos, Isofenphos, Isopropyl O-
(methoxyaminothio-phosphoryl) salicylate, Isoxathion,
Malathion, Mecarbam, Methamidophos, Methidathion,
Mevinphos, Monocrotophos, Naled, Omethoate,
Oxydemeton-methyl, Parathion, Parathion-methyl,
Phenthoate, Phorate, Phosalone, Phosmet,
Phosphamidon, Phoxim, Pirimiphos- methyl,
Profenofos, Propetamphos, Prothiofos, Pyraclofos,
Pyridaphenthion, Quinalphos, Sulfotep, Tebupirimfos,
Temephos, Terbufos, Tetrachlorvinphos, Thiometon,
Triazophos, Trichlorfon, Vamidothion

2 2A
GABA-gated chloride Cyclodiene Chlordane, Endosulfan
channel blockers Organochlorines
Nerve action
2B
{Strong evidence that Phenylpyrazoles Ethiprole, Fipronil
action at this protein is (Fiproles)
responsible for
insecticidal effects}
3 3A Acrinathrin, Allethrin, d-cis-trans Allethrin, d-trans
Sodium channel Pyrethroids Allethrin, Bifenthrin, Bioallethrin, Bioallethrin S-
modulators Pyrethrins cyclopentenyl isomer , Bioresmethrin, Cycloprothrin,
Nerve action Cyfluthrin, beta-Cyfluthrin, Cyhalothrin, lambda-
Cyhalothrin, gamma-Cyhalothrin, Cypermethrin,
{Strong evidence that alpha-Cypermethrin, beta-Cypermethrin, theta-
action at this protein is cypermethrin, zeta-Cypermethrin, Cyphenothrin ,
responsible for (1R)-trans- isomers], Deltamethrin, Empenthrin (EZ)-
insecticidal effects} (1R)- isomers], Esfenvalerate, Etofenprox,
Fenpropathrin, Fenvalerate, Flucythrinate, Flumethrin,
tau-Fluvalinate, Halfenprox, Imiprothrin, Kadethrin,
Permethrin, Phenothrin [(1R)-trans- isomer],
Prallethrin, Pyrethrins (pyrethrum), Resmethrin,
Silafluofen, Tefluthrin, Tetramethrin, Tetramethrin
[(1R)-isomers], Tralomethrin, Transfluthrin,
 IRAC MoA Classification Version 8.0, December 2015
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.

Main Group and Chemical Sub-group or Active Ingredients

Primary Site of Action exemplifying Active
Ingredient

3B
DDT DDT
Methoxychlor Methoxychlor

4 4A
Nicotinic acetylcholine Neonicotinoids Acetamiprid, Clothianidin, Dinotefuran, Imidacloprid,
receptor (nAChR) Nitenpyram, Thiacloprid, Thiamethoxam,
competitive modulators
4B
Nerve action
Nicotine Nicotine
{Strong evidence that
action at one or more of
this class of protein is 4C
responsible for Sulfoximines Sulfoxaflor
insecticidal effects}
4D
Butenolides Flupyradifurone

5
Nicotinic acetylcholine Spinosyns Spinetoram, Spinosad
receptor (nAChR)
allosteric modulators
Nerve action
{Strong evidence that
action at one or more of
this class of protein is
responsible for
insecticidal effects}

6
Glutamate-gated Avermectins, Abamectin, Emamectin benzoate, Lepimectin,
chloride channel Milbemycins Milbemectin
(GluCl) allosteric
modulators
Nerve and muscle action
{Strong evidence that
action at one or more of
this class of protein is
responsible for
insecticidal effects}

7 7A
Juvenile hormone Juvenile hormone Hydroprene, Kinoprene, Methoprene
mimics analogues
Growth regulation
7B
{Target protein Fenoxycarb Fenoxycarb
responsible for biological
activity is unknown, or 7C
uncharacterized} Pyriproxyfen Pyriproxyfen
 IRAC MoA Classification Version 8.0, December 2015
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.

Main Group and Chemical Sub-group or Active Ingredients

Primary Site of Action exemplifying Active
Ingredient

8* 8A
Miscellaneous non- Alkyl halides Methyl bromide and other alkyl halides
specific (multi-site)
inhibitors 8B
Chloropicrin Chloropicrin
8C
Fluorides Cryolite (Sodium aluminum fluoride), Sulfuryl fluoride

8D
Borates Borax, Boric acid, Disodium octaborate, Sodium
borate, Sodium metaborate

8E
Tartar emetic Tartar emetic

8F Dazomet, Metam
Methyl isothiocyanate
generators
9 9B
Chordotonal organ Pyridine azomethine Pymetrozine, Pyrifluquinazon
TRPV channel derivatives
modulators
Nerve action
{Strong evidence that
action at one or more of
this class of proteins is
responsible for
insecticidal effects }

10 10A
Mite growth inhibitors Clofentezine Clofentezine, Diflovidazin, Hexythiazox
Growth regulation Diflovidazin
Hexythiazox
{Target protein
responsible for biological
activity is unknown, or 10B
uncharacterized} Etoxazole Etoxazole

11 11A
Microbial disruptors of Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis
insect midgut and the insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai
membranes proteins they produce Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis
(includes transgenic
crops expressing Bacillus
B.t. crop proteins: (* Please see footnote)
thuringiensis toxins,
Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab, Vip3A,
however specific
mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1
guidance for resistance
11B
management of
Bacillus sphaericus Bacillus sphaericus
transgenic crops is not
based on rotation of
modes of action)
 IRAC MoA Classification Version 8.0, December 2015
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.

Main Group and Chemical Sub-group or Active Ingredients

Primary Site of Action exemplifying Active
Ingredient

12 12A
Inhibitors of Diafenthiuron Diafenthiuron
mitochondrial ATP 12B
synthase Organotin miticides Azocyclotin, Cyhexatin, Fenbutatin oxide
Energy metabolism
{Compounds affect the 12C
function of this protein, Propargite Propargite
but it is not clear that this
is what leads to 12D
biological activity} Tetradifon Tetradifon

13 *
Uncouplers of Pyrroles Chlorfenapyr
oxidative
phosphorylation via Dinitrophenols DNOC
disruption of the
proton gradient Sulfluramid Sulfluramid
Energy metabolism

14
Nicotinic acetylcholine Nereistoxin analogues Bensultap, Cartap hydrochloride, Thiocyclam,
receptor (nAChR) Thiosultap-sodium
channel blockers
Nerve action
{Compounds affect the
function of this protein,
but it is not clear that this
is what leads to
biological activity}
15
Inhibitors of chitin Benzoylureas Bistrifluron, Chlorfluazuron, Diflubenzuron,
biosynthesis, type 0 Flucycloxuron, Flufenoxuron, Hexaflumuron,
Growth regulation Lufenuron, Novaluron, Noviflumuron, Teflubenzuron,
Triflumuron
{Target protein
responsible for biological
activity is unknown, or
uncharacterized}
16
Inhibitors of chitin Buprofezin Buprofezin
biosynthesis, type 1
Growth regulation
{Target protein
responsible for biological
activity is unknown, or
uncharacterized}
 IRAC MoA Classification Version 8.0, December 2015
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.

Main Group and Chemical Sub-group or Active Ingredients

Primary Site of Action exemplifying Active
Ingredient

17
Moulting disruptors, Cyromazine Cyromazine
Dipteran
Growth regulation
{Target protein
responsible for biological
activity is unknown, or
uncharacterized}
18
Ecdysone receptor Diacylhydrazines Chromafenozide, Halofenozide, Methoxyfenozide,
agonists Tebufenozide
Growth regulation
{Strong evidence that
action at this protein is
responsible for
insecticidal effects}
19
Octopamine receptor Amitraz Amitraz
agonists
Nerve action
{Good evidence that
action at one or more of
this class of protein is
responsible for
insecticidal effects}
20 20A
Mitochondrial complex Hydramethylnon Hydramethylnon
III electron transport
inhibitors
20B
Energy metabolism Acequinocyl Acequinocyl
{Good evidence that
action at this protein 20C
complex is responsible
Fluacrypyrim Fluacrypyrim
for insecticidal effects}

20D
Bifenazate Bifenazate

21 21A
Mitochondrial complex METI acaricides and Fenazaquin, Fenpyroximate, Pyridaben, Pyrimidifen,
I electron transport insecticides Tebufenpyrad, Tolfenpyrad
inhibitors
Energy metabolism
21B Rotenone (Derris)
{Good evidence that Rotenone
action at this protein
complex is responsible
for insecticidal effects}
 IRAC MoA Classification Version 8.0, December 2015
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.

Main Group and Chemical Sub-group or Active Ingredients

Primary Site of Action exemplifying Active
Ingredient

22 22A
Voltage-dependent Oxadiazines Indoxacarb
sodium channel
blockers
Nerve action
{Good evidence that 22B
action at this protein
Semicarbazones Metaflumizone
complex is responsible
for insecticidal effects}

23
Inhibitors of acetyl CoA Tetronic and Tetramic Spirodiclofen, Spiromesifen, Spirotetramat
carboxylase acid derivatives
Lipid synthesis, growth
regulation
{Good evidence that
action at this protein is
responsible for
insecticidal effects}

24 24A
Mitochondrial complex Phosphides Aluminium phosphide, Calcium phosphide,
IV electron transport Phosphine, Zinc phosphide
inhibitors
Energy metabolism 24B
{Good evidence that Cyanides Calcium cyanide, Potassium cyanide, Sodium cyanide
action at this protein
complex is responsible
for insecticidal effects}

25
Mitochondrial complex 25A
II electron transport Beta-ketonitrile Cyenopyrafen, Cyflumetofen
inhibitors derivatives
Energy metabolism
{Good evidence that 25B Pyflubumide
action at this protein Carboxanilides
complex is responsible
for insecticidal effects}

28
Ryanodine receptor Diamides Chlorantraniliprole, Cyantraniliprole, Flubendiamide
modulators
Nerve and muscle action
{Strong evidence that
action at this protein
complex is responsible
for insecticidal effects}
 IRAC MoA Classification Version 8.0, December 2015
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.

Main Group and Chemical Sub-group or Active Ingredients

Primary Site of Action exemplifying Active
Ingredient

29
Flonicamid Flonicamid
Chordotonal organ
Modulators - undefined
target site
Nerve action
(Modulation of
chordotonal organ
function has been clearly
demonstrated, but the
specific target protein(s)
responsible for biological
activity are distinct from
Group 9 and remain
undefined.)

UN * Azadirachtin Azadirachtin
Compounds of
unknown or uncertain Benzoximate Benzoximate
MoA
{Target protein Bromopropylate Bromopropylate
responsible for biological
activity is unknown, or Chinomethionat Chinomethionat
uncharacterized}
Dicofol Dicofol

Lime sulfur Lime sulfur

Pyridalyl Pyridalyl

Sulfur Sulfur

Table Notes:
a) The color scheme used here associates modes of action into broad categories based on the physiological
functions affected, as an aid to understanding symptomology, speed of action and other properties of the
insecticides, and not for any resistance management purpose. Rotations for resistance management
should be based only on the numbered mode of action groups.
b) Inclusion of a compound in the classification above does not necessarily signify regulatory approval.
c) MoA assignments will usually involve identification of the target protein responsible for the biological effect,
although groupings can be made where compounds share distinctive physiological effects and have related
chemical structures.
d) Groups 26 and 27 are unassigned at this time and have therefore been omitted from the table.
e) A compound with an unknown or controversial MoA or an unknown mode of toxicity will be held in group ‘UN’
until evidence becomes available to enable that compound to be assigned to a more appropriate MoA class.
f) Actives in groups marked with an asterisk are thought not to share a common target site and therefore may be
freely rotated with each other unless there is reason to expect cross-resistance. These groups are 8, 13, and
UN.
g) Insecticidal oils and soaps, viral, bacterial, fungal and nematode entomopathogens, as well as parasites and
predators are specifically excluded from the classification.
 IRAC MoA Classification Version 8.0, December 2015
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.

Main Group and Chemical Sub-group or Active Ingredients

Primary Site of Action exemplifying Active
Ingredient

29
Flonicamid Flonicamid
Chordotonal organ
Modulators - undefined
target site
Nerve action
(Modulation of
chordotonal organ
function has been clearly
demonstrated, but the
specific target protein(s)
responsible for biological
activity are distinct from
Group 9 and remain
undefined.)

UN * Azadirachtin Azadirachtin
Compounds of
unknown or uncertain Benzoximate Benzoximate
MoA
{Target protein Bromopropylate Bromopropylate
responsible for biological
activity is unknown, or Chinomethionat Chinomethionat
uncharacterized}
Dicofol Dicofol

Lime sulfur Lime sulfur

Pyridalyl Pyridalyl

Sulfur Sulfur

Table Notes:
a) The color scheme used here associates modes of action into broad categories based on the physiological
functions affected, as an aid to understanding symptomology, speed of action and other properties of the
insecticides, and not for any resistance management purpose. Rotations for resistance management
should be based only on the numbered mode of action groups.
b) Inclusion of a compound in the classification above does not necessarily signify regulatory approval.
c) MoA assignments will usually involve identification of the target protein responsible for the biological effect,
although groupings can be made where compounds share distinctive physiological effects and have related
chemical structures.
d) Groups 26 and 27 are unassigned at this time and have therefore been omitted from the table.
e) A compound with an unknown or controversial MoA or an unknown mode of toxicity will be held in group ‘UN’
until evidence becomes available to enable that compound to be assigned to a more appropriate MoA class.
f) Actives in groups marked with an asterisk are thought not to share a common target site and therefore may be
freely rotated with each other unless there is reason to expect cross-resistance. These groups are 8, 13, and
UN.
g) Insecticidal oils and soaps, viral, bacterial, fungal and nematode entomopathogens, as well as parasites and
predators are specifically excluded from the classification.
 IRAC MoA Classification Version 8.0, December 2015
See section 7.4 for further information on sub-groups.
See section 7.3 for criteria for descriptors of the quality of MoA information.

Main Group and Chemical Sub-group or Active Ingredients

Primary Site of Action exemplifying Active
Ingredient

29
Flonicamid Flonicamid
Chordotonal organ
Modulators - undefined
target site
Nerve action
(Modulation of
chordotonal organ
function has been clearly
demonstrated, but the
specific target protein(s)
responsible for biological
activity are distinct from
Group 9 and remain
undefined.)

UN * Azadirachtin Azadirachtin
Compounds of
unknown or uncertain Benzoximate Benzoximate
MoA
{Target protein Bromopropylate Bromopropylate
responsible for biological
activity is unknown, or Chinomethionat Chinomethionat
uncharacterized}
Dicofol Dicofol

Lime sulfur Lime sulfur

Pyridalyl Pyridalyl

Sulfur Sulfur

Table Notes:
a) The color scheme used here associates modes of action into broad categories based on the physiological
functions affected, as an aid to understanding symptomology, speed of action and other properties of the
insecticides, and not for any resistance management purpose. Rotations for resistance management
should be based only on the numbered mode of action groups.
b) Inclusion of a compound in the classification above does not necessarily signify regulatory approval.
c) MoA assignments will usually involve identification of the target protein responsible for the biological effect,
although groupings can be made where compounds share distinctive physiological effects and have related
chemical structures.
d) Groups 26 and 27 are unassigned at this time and have therefore been omitted from the table.
e) A compound with an unknown or controversial MoA or an unknown mode of toxicity will be held in group ‘UN’
until evidence becomes available to enable that compound to be assigned to a more appropriate MoA class.
f) Actives in groups marked with an asterisk are thought not to share a common target site and therefore may be
freely rotated with each other unless there is reason to expect cross-resistance. These groups are 8, 13, and
UN.
g) Insecticidal oils and soaps, viral, bacterial, fungal and nematode entomopathogens, as well as parasites and
predators are specifically excluded from the classification.