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GRUPO: 56
ELABORADO POR:
𝑞 𝑥2 𝑇 𝑞 𝑘
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑘 ∫𝑇 2 𝑑𝑇 ∴ = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝐴 𝑥1 1 𝐴 𝑥2 −𝑥1
∆𝑋𝑛 𝑇1 −𝑇4
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑞= ∆𝑋
𝐾𝑛𝐴 ∑
𝑘𝐴
𝑟
2𝜋𝑘𝐿(𝑇1 −𝑇2 ) 𝑙𝑛 2
𝑟1
𝑞= 𝑟 𝑅𝑇é𝑟𝑚
ln( 2 ) 2𝜋𝑘𝐿
𝑟1
2𝜋𝐿(𝑇1 − 𝑇4 )
𝑞= 𝑟2 𝑟 𝑟
𝑙𝑛( ) 𝑙𝑛( 3 ) 𝑙𝑛( 4 )
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟3
( )( )( )
𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝑘𝐶
COEFICIENTE CONVECTIVO DE
𝑞 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟. ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟.
𝐴 = Á𝑟𝑒𝑎. 𝑇𝑝 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠ó𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑜.
CALOR 𝑇∞ = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑝 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟í𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜
HOLMAN: 𝑞 = ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑝 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑇𝑝 −𝑇∞ 𝑇𝑎 −𝑇𝑏
𝑞= 1 𝐸𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑞 = 1 ∆𝑥 1
( ) + +
ℎ𝐴 ℎ1 𝐴 𝑘𝐴 ℎ2 𝐴
𝑇1 −𝑇∞ 𝑇 −𝑇∞ 𝑘
𝑞= = 𝑙𝑛(𝑟21) 𝑟𝑐𝑟 = [𝑚]
𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒+𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 𝑟1 1 ℎ
+
2𝜋𝐿𝑘 ℎ2𝜋𝑟2 𝐿
ALETAS:
2ℎ
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑦 𝑧 ≫ 𝑡 𝑚=√
𝑘𝑡
EFICIENCIA DE LA ALETA
a) CASO IDEAL
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝐴𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑎 (𝑇𝑝 − 𝑇∞ )
b) CASO REAL
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑎
𝜂𝐴𝐿𝐸𝑇𝐴 =
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑎 𝑚á𝑥.
EFECTIVIDAD DE LA ALETA
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑎 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑎
𝜀𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑎 = =
𝑞sin 𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑎 ℎ𝐴 (𝑇𝑝 − 𝑇∞ )
ESTIMACIÓN DE TEMPERATURA
∆𝑡
𝑄=∑ 𝑈 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓. 𝐺𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟
𝑅
ℎ𝑖 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓. 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟.
1 𝐿 1
∑𝑅 = + +
ℎ𝑖 𝑘 ℎ𝑜 ℎ𝑜 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓. 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟.
1
𝑄 = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑚á𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑦 𝑒𝑙 𝑚á𝑠 𝑓𝑟í𝑜.
𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑖𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑟 ∑ 𝑅
𝑈
∆𝑇 = 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠.
(𝑇1 − 𝑡2 ) − (𝑇2 − 𝑡1 )
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑗𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑀𝐿𝐷𝑇 = (𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑗𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑎 𝑢𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑜)
𝑇 − 𝑡2
ln( 1 )
𝑇2 − 𝑡1
(𝑇1 − 𝑡1 ) − (𝑇2 − 𝑡2 )
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑗𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜 𝑀𝐿𝐷𝑇 =
𝑇 − 𝑡1
ln( 1 )
𝑇2 − 𝑡2
𝑈𝐴
( )(𝑅−1)
(1 − 𝑅)𝑇1 + [1 + 𝑒 𝑤𝐶𝑝 ] 𝑅𝑡1
𝑇2 = 𝑈𝐴
(𝑤𝐶𝑝 )(𝑅−1)
1 − 𝑅𝑒
𝑈𝑅 𝑈𝐴
( )(𝑅+1) ( )(𝑅+1)
[𝑅 + 𝑒 𝑤𝐶𝑝 ] 𝑇1 + [𝑒 𝑤𝐶𝑝 − 1] 𝑅𝑡1
𝑇2 = 𝑈𝐴
(𝑤𝐶𝑝 )(𝑅+1)
(𝑅 + 1)𝑒
𝑢2 −𝑢1
CORRELACIÓN DE LOS VALORES DE Kc: 𝐾𝑐 = , "𝐸𝑙 𝑘𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑦𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑎"
𝑢1
GRADOS API: Relación de la densidad del agua con respecto a la del petróleo.
𝑡𝑤 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑜. 𝑡𝑝 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑜.
1 𝐴 𝐷𝐼
= ℎ𝑖𝑜 = ℎ𝑖 ( 𝑖 ) = ℎ𝑖 × ( )
𝑅𝑖𝑜 𝐴 𝐷𝐸
ℎ𝑜 ℎ𝑖𝑜
𝑆𝑖 𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡á 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑜, ∴ 𝑡𝑤 = 𝑡𝑐 + (𝑇 − 𝑡𝑐 ) , 𝑡𝑤 = 𝑇𝑐 − (𝑇 − 𝑡𝑐 )
ℎ𝑖𝑜 + ℎ𝑜 𝑐 ℎ𝑖𝑜 + ℎ𝑜 𝑐
ℎ𝑖𝑜 ℎ𝑜
𝑆𝑖 𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡á 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑜, ∴ 𝑡𝑤 = 𝑡𝑐 + (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑡𝑐 ) , 𝑡𝑤 = 𝑇𝑐 − (𝑇 − 𝑡𝑐 )
ℎ𝑖𝑜 + ℎ𝑜 ℎ𝑖𝑜 + ℎ𝑜 𝑐
ℎ𝑖 𝐷 1 1 𝜇
= 1.86(𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟)3 (𝐷/𝐿)3 ( )0.14
𝑘 𝜇𝑤
ℎ𝑖 𝐷 𝐷𝐺 𝐶𝑝 1 𝜇
= 0.027( )0.8 ( )3 ( )0.14
𝑘 𝜇 𝑘 𝜇𝑤
ℎ𝑖 𝐷 1 𝜇
= 0.027(𝑅𝑒)0.8 (𝑃𝑟)3 ( )0.14
𝑘 𝜇𝑤
𝐿𝑖 𝐷 𝐶𝑝𝜇 1 𝜇 −0.14
𝑗𝐻 = ( )3 ( )
𝐾 𝑘 𝜇𝑤
𝐷1 = 𝐷𝑖á𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝐷2 = 𝐷𝑖á𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟
′
4 × á𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑗𝑜 4𝜋(𝐷22 − 𝐷12 )
𝐶𝐴Í𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐸 𝑃𝑅𝐸𝑆𝐼Ó𝑁 𝐴𝑁𝑈𝐿𝑂, 𝐷𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝐷2 − 𝐷1
𝑝𝑒𝑟í𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜 ℎú𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 4𝜋(𝐷2 + 𝐷1 )
ℎ𝑖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑜 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 á𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑜 ℎ𝑖𝑜 = 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑖 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖á𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟.
𝐷𝐼
𝐶𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜, 𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑖𝑜 = ℎ𝑖
𝐷𝐸
FACTORES DE OBSTRUCCIÓN
1 1 1
= 𝑅𝑖𝑜 + 𝑅𝑜 = +
𝑈 ℎ𝑖𝑜 ℎ𝑜
(ℎ𝑖𝑜 )(ℎ𝑜 )
𝑈𝑐 =
ℎ𝑖𝑜 + ℎ𝑜
1 1
= + 𝑅𝑑𝑖 + 𝑅𝑑𝑜
𝑈𝐷 𝑈 𝐶
𝑅𝑑 = 𝑅𝑑𝑖 + 𝑅𝑑𝑜
1 1
= + 𝑅𝑑
𝑈𝐷 𝑈 𝐶
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐷 𝐴∆𝑡
CAÍDA DE PRESIÓN
𝑙𝑏
𝐺: 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑗𝑜 𝑚á𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑎 ( )
ℎ𝑓𝑡 3
4𝑓𝐺 2 𝐿 𝑓: 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
𝐸𝐶𝑈𝐴𝐶𝐼Ó𝑁 𝐷𝐸 𝐹𝐴𝑁𝑁𝐼𝑁𝐺 (𝑇𝑈𝐵𝑂 𝐼𝑁𝑇𝐸𝑅𝐼𝑂𝑅): ∆𝐹 =
2𝑔𝜌2 𝐷
′ "
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑎í𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑗𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛 á𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑜, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑜 D, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑜 "𝐷𝑒𝑞
𝑣2
𝐶𝐴𝐵𝐸𝑍𝐴 𝑉𝐸𝐿𝑂𝐶𝐼𝐷𝐴𝐷,
2𝑔
𝐺 𝑓𝑡
𝐿𝑎 𝑐𝑎í𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑧𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎: 𝑣= [=]
3600𝜌 𝑠
INTERCAMBIADORES SERIE-PARALELO
(𝑇2 − 𝑡1 )
𝑃′ =
(𝑇1 − 𝑡1 )
𝐶𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 (sin 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖ó𝑛) 𝑦 n 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟í𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜:
1 − 𝑃′ 2.3𝑛𝑅′ 𝑅′ − 1 1 1 1
= ′ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [( ) ( ′) 𝑛 + ′]
𝛾 𝑅 −1 𝑅′ 𝑃 𝑅
1 − 𝑃" 𝑛 1 1
= 2.3 "
𝑙𝑜𝑔 [(1 − 𝑅" )( ′ ) 𝑛 + 𝑅" ]
𝛾 1−𝑅 𝑃
(𝑇1 − 𝑡2 )
𝑃" =
(𝑇1 − 𝑡1 )
𝑛(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝑅" =
(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )
𝐶𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑙ó𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒, 𝑦 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑜
𝜇 0.14
∴𝜙=( )
𝜇𝑤
ℎ𝑜
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑇𝑤: 𝑡𝑤 = 𝑡𝑐 + (𝑇 − 𝑡𝑐 )
(ℎ𝑖𝑜 + ℎ𝑜 ) 𝑐
ℎ𝑜 ℎ𝑖𝑜
ℎ𝑜 = ( )𝜙 𝑦 ℎ𝑖𝑜 = ( ) 𝜙𝑝
𝜙𝑎 𝑎 𝜙𝑝
𝐷𝐼×𝐶𝐵
MASA-VELOCIDAD DEL LADO DE LA CORAZA 𝑎𝑠 = 𝑓𝑡 2 𝐵 = 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑃𝑇 ×144
𝐶 ′ = 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑠
𝑊 𝑙𝑏
𝐺𝑠 =
𝑎𝑠 ℎ𝑓𝑡 2
a) Arreglo Cuadrangular
4 (á𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒)
𝐷𝑒 =
𝑝𝑒𝑟í𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜 ℎú𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑜
𝜋𝑑2
4(𝑃𝑇2 − 4 𝑜 )
𝑑𝑒 =
𝜋𝑑𝑜
𝑑𝑜 = 𝐷𝑖á𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑜 (𝑖𝑛)
b) Arreglo Triangular
1 2
1 𝜋𝑑𝑜
4 ( 𝑃𝑇 (0.86𝑃𝑇 ) −2 )
2 4
𝑑𝑒 =
1
𝜋𝑑
2 𝑜
INTERCAMBIADOR DE C 1-2
𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑜(𝑖𝑛) 12𝐿
𝑁ú𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠: 𝑁 + 1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑙 ∴ 𝑁+1=
𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 (𝑖𝑛) 𝐵
𝑓𝐺𝑡2 𝐿𝑛
𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑦 𝑇𝑎𝑡𝑒 Δ𝑃𝑡 = [𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡] 𝑛 = 𝑛ú𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑠 𝐿 = 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑜
5.22×1010 𝐷𝑒 𝑠𝜙𝑡
𝐿𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎 (𝑓𝑡) 𝜙𝑠 = 𝑟𝑎𝑧ó𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑
𝐸𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑎í𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 Δ𝑃𝑡 , 𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑃é𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜 𝑦 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛 4 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑧𝑎𝑠
4𝑛𝑉 2
𝑃É𝑅𝐷𝐼𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐸 𝑅𝐸𝐺𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑂 𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐴 𝐶𝑈𝐴𝐿𝑄𝑈𝐼𝐸𝑅 𝐹𝐿𝑈𝐼𝐷𝑂: Δ𝑃𝑟 = [𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛2 ]
𝑠2𝑔′
𝐿𝑎 𝑐𝑎í𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑠: Δ𝑃𝑇 = Δ𝑃𝑟 + Δ𝑃𝑡