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ESTRUCTURA DE LOS SUELOS

Ing. José Miguel A. Vásquez Sevillano

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ESTRUCTURA DEL SUELO
• Las partículas del suelo no se encuentran aisladas, forman unos agregados
estructurales que se llaman peds, estos agregados (o terrones) por
repetición dan el suelo. Es como la unidad de los cristales que por
repetición origina el mineral. Los agregados están formados por partículas
individuales (minerales, materia orgánica y huecos) y le confieren al suelo
una determinada estructura.
Unión de partículas orgánicas e inorgánicas del suelo mediante interacciones físico-
químicas

agregados

ordenación de agregados y huecos

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• Se habla de estructura como una
propiedad y es más bien un estado, ya
que cuando el suelo está seco, se
agrieta y se manifiesta la estructura,
pero si está húmedo, el suelo se vuelve
masivo, sin grietas y la estructura no se
manifiesta.
• En los peds hay un material inerte,
arenas, que se unen por la materia
orgánica y las arcillas y otros agentes
cementantes.
• Si las arcillas están dispersas, el suelo
carece de estructura, si están
floculadas, forman estructura.

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Estructura laminar:
• se compone de partículas de suelo agregadas en láminas o capas finas que
se acumulan horizontalmente una sobre otra. A menudo las láminas se
traslapan, lo que dificulta notablemente la circulación del agua. Esta
estructura se encuentra casi siempre en los suelos boscosos, en parte del
horizonte A y en los suelos formados por capas de arcilla.

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Estructuras en bloques angulares o bloques subangulares:
• Son partículas de suelo que se agrupan en bloques casi cuadrados o
angulares con los bordes más o menos pronunciados. Los bloques
relativamente grandes indican que el suelo resiste la penetración y
el movimiento del agua. Suelen encontrarse en el horizonte B cuando hay
acumulación de arcilla. Los agregados tienen formas de bloque, sin
predominio de ninguna dimensión.

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Bloques angulares
bloques poliédricos de unos 10 cm, de caras
rectangulares y aristas rectas. Formada por ciclos de
humedad/sequía y congelación/descongelación

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Bloques subangulares
bloques de menos de 10 cm con caras curvas y aristas
agudas, es típica de zonas áridas y semiáridas pobres en
materia orgánica.

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Estructuras prismáticas y columnares:
son partículas de suelo que han formado columnas o pilares verticales
separados por fisuras verticales diminutas, pero definidas. El agua circula con
mayor dificultad y el drenaje es deficiente. Normalmente se encuentran en el
horizonte B cuando hay acumulación de arcilla.

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Prismática
pilares verticales, a menudo con seis lados, y unos 15 cm de diámetro, con la superficie
superior plana. Característica de los horizontes B de los suelos arcillosos. Por lo general no
permiten la penetración en ellos de las raíces.

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Prismática

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Columnar
prismas cuya parte superior en lugar
de ser plana tiene forma de cúpula.
Formada por expansión y
contracción de arcillas en suelos
sódicos.

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Columnar

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Estructuras granulares y migajosas:
son partículas individuales de arena, limo y arcilla agrupadas en granos
pequeños casi esféricos. El agua circula muy fácilmente a través de esos
suelos. Por lo general, se encuentran en el horizonte A de los perfiles de
suelos.

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Granular compuesta
Esferas imperfectas no porosas. Estructura más favorable,
normalmente corresponde a suelos con gran actividad
biológica ricos en bases y materia orgánica, como praderas
con multitud de lombrices

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Migajosa
Estructura granular compuesta muy porosa.
Medios con materia orgánica bien evolucionada.
También es común en praderas

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Grumosa-migajosa

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Sin estructura:
condición en la que no existen agregados visibles o bien no hay un
ordenamiento natural de líneas de debilidad, tales como:

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Maciza o estructura continua
cuando el suelo aparece como
un bloque compacto.

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Granular simple o sin estructura

Donde no hay ninguna unión entre los partículas, se trata de granos sueltos sin elementos finos,
típica de horizontes arenosos

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