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CARACTERÍSTICA GENERALES
1. Heterogéneas.
2. Sin valor energético propio.
3. Necesarias en dosis pequeñas.
4. Se clasifican en liposolubles e hidrosolubles.
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VITAMINAS LIPOSOLUBLES
• CARACTERÍSTICAS:
• Transportadores plasmáticos.
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VITAMINAS LIPOSOLUBLES
Adaptado parcialmente de: Fornaguera J, Gómez G. 2004. Bioquímica: la ciencia de la vida. San José, Costa Rica. EUNED. Pp. 239-51.
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VITAMINA A
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TRANSPORTE DE VITAMINA A
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Figure 10.1 Structure, metabolism and function of vitamin A. Conversion of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid is irreversible. (See also Chapter 39.)
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VITAMINA D
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Figure 10.2 Structure, function and metabolism of vitamin D. Note that excess of 25(OH)D3 can mimic 1,25(OH)2D3 but at greater concentrations. PTH,
parathyroid hormone. DBP, vitamin D-binding protein. See also Fig. 16.9 and Fig. 23.5.
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TRANSPORTE DE VITAMINA D
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VITAMINA E
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Figure 10.3 Structure of vitamin E family (tocopherols). R1-R3 can be methylated in a variety of combinations. The polyisoprenoid side chain occurs at R4.
Me, methyl.
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TRANSPORTE DE VITAMINA E
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VALOR ANTIOXIDATIVO DE ALGUNAS VITAMINAS
LIPOSOLUBLES
• (Lesser MP. 2006. Oxidative stress in marine environments: Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology.
Annu.Rev.Physiol. 68:253-78)
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VITAMINA K
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Figure 10.4 The structure and nomenclature of vitamin K.
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Figure 10.5 Vitamin K-mediated carboxylation of glutamate residues (Glu). This reaction produces carboxylated residues, which are required for Ca2+
chelation. Gla-γ-carboxyglutamate.
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VITAMINAS HIDROSOLUBLES
• ÁCIDO ASCÓRBICO
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VITAMINA C
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Figure 10.10 Structure and synthesis of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Note that the enzyme that converts gulonolactone to ascorbic acid is absent in man, higher
primates, the guinea pig and the fruit-eating bat.
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VITAMINA C
Deficiencia:escorbuto.
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VITAMINAS DEL COMLEJO B
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Figure 10.6 Structure, sources and deficiency diseases of B vitamins (see also Fig. 13.6).
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VITAMINAS DEL COMPLEJO B
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VITAMINAS DEL COMPLEJO B
(continuación)
B6 Piridoxal=aldeh í do de Carnes rojas, leche, Formar una base de Lesiones cut áneas,
piridina. huevo. Schiff para el vómitos, náuseas.
metabolismo de
amino ácidos.
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VITAMINA B1
• Fuentes:
• Absorción y transporte:
• Funciones:
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VITAMINA B2
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VITAMINA B5
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VITAMINA B3
• Carencia:
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VITAMINA B6
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VITAMINA B6
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VITAMINA B8
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VITAMINA B10
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VITAMINA B12
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Figure 10.7 Structure of vitamin B12. There is a cyano-group (CN) attached to the cobalt: this is an artifact of extraction but it is also the most stable form of
the vitamin and indeed is the commercially available product for treatment. The cyano group does require removal for conversion to the active form of the
vitamin.
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Figure 10.8 'Tetrahydrolate trap'. Vitamin B12 and folate are involved together in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. An absence of vitamin B12
inhibits the reaction and leads to the buildup of N5 methyltetrahydrofolate (N5MTHF), known as the 'tetrahydrafolate trap'.
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Figure 10.9 Digestion, absorption and transport of vitamin B12. Simple diffusion of free vitamin B12 across the intestinal membrane accounts for 3% of
transported vitamin, and complexing with intrinsic factor (IF) accounts for 97%. Vitamin B12 derivatives are released from food by peptic digestion in the
stomach and become attached to specific binding on IF, secreted by the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. IF-B12 complex is required for absorption by
specific receptor sites on the ileal mucosa. The rate-limiting factor in this process is the number of ileal receptor sites. Other transport proteins
(transcobalamin I, II and III (TC I, II and III) and R-proteins) are involved in the delivery or storage of the cobalamins. The latter are secreted by the salivary
glands and gastric mucosa.
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