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Dinámica de la partícula

Javier Junquera
Bibliografía FUENTE PRINCIPAL
Física, Volumen 1, 3° edición
Raymod A. Serway y John W. Jewett, Jr.
Ed. Thomson
ISBN: 84-9732-168-5
Capítulos 4 y 5
Física para Ciencias e Ingeniería, Volumen 1, 7° edición
Raymod A. Serway y John W. Jewett, Jr.
Cengage Learning
ISBN 978-970-686-822-0
Capítulos 5 y 6

Física, Volumen 1
R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, y M. Sands
Ed. Pearson Eduación
ISBN: 968-444-350-1
Capítulo 9
Definición de dinámica y cinemática

Dinámica:
Estudio del movimiento de un objeto, y de las
relaciones de este movimiento con conceptos
físicos tales como la fuerza y la masa.
En otras palabras, estudio del movimiento
atendiendo a las causas que lo producen.
Cinemática:
Estudio del movimiento, usando los
conceptos de espacio y tiempo, sin tener
en cuenta las causas que lo producen.
Dinámica: preguntas a resolver y
conceptos básicos que vamos a introducir

¿Qué hace que un objeto se mueva o que permanezca en reposo?


¿Qué mecanismos hacen que un objeto cambie su estado de movimiento?
¿Por qué unos objetos se aceleran más que otros?

Dos conceptos básicos que vamos a introducir en este tema:


- Fuerza
- Masa
Concepto de fuerza

Puede definirse una fuerza como toda acción o influencia capaz de


modificar el estado de movimiento o de reposo de un cuerpo
(imprimiéndole una aceleración que modifica el módulo, la dirección,
o el sentido de su velocidad), o bien de deformarlo.

La fuerza es todo agente capaz de modificar el momentum de un objeto.

La fuerza es una magnitud vectorial. Por lo tanto, tiene:


- módulo (en el SI, la unidad es el Newton, N)
- dirección
- sentido
(se les aplica todas las leyes del álgebra vectorial).
Tipos de fuerza:
de contacto y de acción a distancia S E C T I O N 5 . 1 • The Concept of Force 113

Contact forces Field forces

m M

(a) (d)

Si se examina el origen
de las fueras a una
–q +Q
escala atómica, la
separación entre fuerzas
(b) (e) de contacto y fuerzas de
campo no es tan clara

Iron N S

(c) (f)

Figure 5.1 Some examples of applied forces. In each case a force is exerted on the ob-
ject within the boxed area. Some agent in the environment external to the boxed area
exerts a force on the object.
Fuerzas de contacto: implican un Fuerzas de campo: no implican un
contacto físico entre dos objetos contacto físico entre dos objetos.
Another class of forces, known as field forces, do not involve physical contact be-
Actúan
tween two objects but instead act through empty space. Theagravitational
travésforce delofespacio
at- vacío
traction between two objects, illustrated in Figure 5.1d, is an example of this class of
force. This gravitational force keeps objects bound to the Earth and the planets in or-
Tipos de interacción desde un
punto de vista fundamental

Nuclear fuerte

Electromagnética

Nuclear débil

Gravitatoria
Tipos de interacción desde un
punto de vista fundamental

Nuclear fuerte

Electromagnética

Nuclear débil

Gravitatoria

Únicas relevantes en Física Clásica


Medir la intensidad de una fuerza
mediante la deformación de un muelle
114 C H A P T E R 5 • The Laws of Motion

0 0 0
1 1 1
2 2 2

0
1
3 3 3

2
3
4 4 4

4
F2
θ

F1 F1
F
Isaac Newton, F2
F1
English physicist and
F2
mathematician
(1642–1727) (a) (b) (c) (d)
Aplicamos Isaac
una Newtonfuerza
was one of the vertical sobre el muelle. Si ahora aplicamos una fuerza de magnitud
Figure 5.2 The vector nature of a force is tested with a spring scale. (a) A downward
force F1 elongates the spring 1.00 cm. (b) A downward force F2 elongates the spring
Como consecuencia,
Before the age of 30, he el muelle se deforma.
most brilliant scientists in history.
doble que la fuerza de referencia, el muelle se
2.00 cm. (c) When F1 and F2 are applied simultaneously, the spring elongates by
3.00 cm. (d) When F1 is downward and F2 is horizontal, the combination of the two
formulated the basic concepts
and laws of mechanics,
discovered the law of universal
forces elongates the spring √ (1.00 cm)2 2
$ (2.00 cm) " 2.24 cm. deformará el doble
gravitation, and invented the
Se puede medir el valor de una fuerza aplicada
mathematical methods of El efecto combinado de dos fuerzas colineares
quantity, we use the bold-faced symbol F.) If we now apply a different downward force
calculus. As a consequence of
mirando el puntero sobre lamagnitude
escala.
his theories, Newton was able to
F whose
explain the motions of the
esF , la
is twice that of the reference force
2 suma
as seen in Figurede
5.2b, los
the efectos de las fuerzas
1
pointer moves to 2.00 cm. Figure 5.2c shows that the combined effect of the two
planets, the ebb and flow of the
collinear forces is the sum of the effects of the individual forces.
tides, and many special features
individuales
of the motions of the Moon and Now suppose the two forces are applied simultaneously with F1 downward and F2
the Earth. He also interpreted horizontal, as illustrated in Figure 5.2d. In this case, the pointer reads
Calibramos el muelle definiendo una fuerza de
many fundamental observations Como se ha verificado experimentalmente que
√5.00 cm2 " 2.24 cm. The single force F that would produce this same reading is the
concerning the nature of light.
referencia como la fuerza que produce una
His contributions to physical
theories dominated scientific
las fuerzas se comportan como vectores, se
sum of the two vectors F1 and F2, as described in Figure 5.2d. That is,
! F ! " √F12 $ F22 " 2.24 units, and its direction is ! " tan# 1(# 0.500) " # 26.6°.
elongación del muelle de una unidad
thought for two centuries and
remain important today.
deben utilizar las leyes de la adición de vectores
Because forces have been experimentally verified to behave as vectors, you must
use the rules of vector addition to obtain the net force on an object.
(Giraudon/Art Resource)
para conocer la fuerza neta sobre un objeto
5.2 Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames
Primera ley del movimiento de Newton:
ley o principio de inercia

En un sistema inercial, y en ausencia de fuerzas externas, un objeto en reposo


permanece en reposo y un objeto en movimiento continúa en movimiento con una
velocidad constante (es decir, con una celeridad constante según una línea recta).

Si sobre un cuerpo no actúa ninguna fuerza, su aceleración es cero.


Un objeto tiende a mantener su estado original de movimiento en ausencia de fuerzas.

Parece contraintuitivo: en la vida ordinaria, parece que el estado natural de los cuerpos es el reposo
(sin embargo, tenemos que tener en cuenta las fuerzas de rozamiento).
Requirió una cierta imaginación darse cuenta de este principio, y el esfuerzo inicial se lo debemos a
Galileo Galilei.

La resistencia de un objeto a cambiar su velocidad se conoce con el nombre de inercia


Definición de sistema de referencia inercial

Un sistema inercial de referencia es aquel cuyo comportamiento está regulado por


la primera ley de Newton.

Cualquier sistema de referencia que se mueva con una velocidad constante respecto de
un sistema inercial será, el mismo, un sistema inercial.
Definición de masa inerte

La masa inerte (o masa inercial) es la medida de la resistencia de un objeto a que se


produzca una variación en su movimiento como respuesta a una fuerza externa.

La masa es una magnitud escalar (unidades en el SI: el kg)


Definición de masa inerte:
la masa depende de la velocidad
La masa inerte (o masa inercial) es la medida de la resistencia de un objeto a que se
produzca una variación en su movimiento como respuesta a una fuerza externa.

A velocidades pequeñas comparadas con la velocidad de la luz, la masa se puede


considerar como una propiedad inherente al objeto, independiente del entorno que rodee
al objeto y del método utilizado para medirla.

En Mecánica Relativista, la masa depende de la velocidad del objeto

¿Qué ocurre cuando la velocidad de un objeto se acerca a la de la luz?


Definición de masa inerte:
masa y peso son magnitudes diferentes
La masa inerte (o masa inercial) es la medida de la resistencia de un objeto a que se
produzca una variación en su movimiento como respuesta a una fuerza externa.

La masa y el peso son magnitudes diferentes.


El peso es el módulo de la fuerza gravitatoria.
Un objeto con la misma masa no pesa lo mismo en la Tierra que en la Luna (cambia el valor de g).
Segunda ley del movimiento de Newton:
(caso general)

La fuerza es la razón de cambio (derivada) del momento con respecto al tiempo,


entendiendo por momento el producto de la masa por la velocidad.

En sistemas en los que la masa no cambia con el tiempo ni con la velocidad


Segunda ley del movimiento de Newton:
(caso no relativista)

En un sistema de referencia inercial, la aceleración de un objeto es directamente


proporcional a la fuerza neta que actua sobre él, e inversamente proporcional a su masa.

Si sobre un cuerpo actúa más de una fuerza externa, debemos calcular primero la
resultante (suma vectorial) de todas las fuerzas externas.

Desglosando en componentes:
Unidades y magnitudes de la fuerza

En el sistema internacional, la unidad de fuerza es el Newton.


Se define como la fuerza necesaria que hay que aplicar a un
cuerpo de masa 1 kg para que adquiera una aceleración de 1 m/s2

En el sistema cgs, la unidad es la dina

Dimensiones de la fuerza: [F] = MLT-2


Fuerza gravitacional y peso
La fuerza atractiva que la Tierra ejerce sobre un objeto se denomina fuerza gravitacional

- Dirección: vertical
- Sentido: hacia el centro de la Tierra
- Módulo: peso

Un objeto en caída libre (aquel que se mueve únicamente bajo la acción de la gravedad)
experimenta un movimiento rectilíneo uniformemente acelerado con aceleración

Como sólo actúa la gravedad, la suma


de todas las fuerzas externas se
reduce a un solo término

Si el objeto tiene una masa m

Peso: módulo de la fuerza gravitacional


Fuerza gravitacional y peso:
algunas sutilezas

Peso: módulo de la fuerza gravitacional

El peso depende de la posición geográfica y altura

La masa es una propiedad inherente del sistema.


El peso no. El peso es una propiedad de un sistema de elementos (ej: el cuerpo y la Tierra)

El kg es una unidad de masa, no de peso


Laws of Motion

Tercera ley de Newton:


ple 5.2 How Much Do You Weigh in an Elevator?

y had the experience of standing in an Solution No, your weight is unchanged. To provide the ac-
ates upward as it moves toward a higher celeration upward, the floor or scale must exert on your feet

(principio de acción y reacción)


ou feel heavier. In fact, if you are stand-
scale at the time, the scale measures a
nitude that is greater than your weight.
an upward force that is greater in magnitude than your
weight. It is this greater force that you feel, which you inter-
pret as feeling heavier. The scale reads this upward force,
e and measured evidence that leads you not your weight, and so its reading increases.
eavier in this situation. Are you heavier?

5.6 Newton’s Third Law

Si dos objetos interactúan,


a small dent in your labook
skin. If you push harder, the fuerza
does the sameF
If you press against a corner of this textbook with your fingertip, the book pushes back
and makes 12 ejercida por el objeto 1 sobre el 2 es igual en módulo y
and
the dent in your skin is a little larger. This simple experiment illustrates a general prin-
dirección, pero
ciple of critical importance knownopuesta en sentido, a la fuerza F21 ejercida por el objeto 2 sobre el objeto 1.
as Newton’s third law:

If two objects interact, the force F12 exerted by object 1 on object 2 is equal in mag-
nitude and opposite in direction to the force F21 exerted by object 2 on object 1:

F12 ! "F21 (5.7)

When it is important to designate forces as interactions between two objects, we will


Las fuerzas
use this subscript siempre
notation, where F means “these
ab force producen por parejas. No puede existir una única fuerza aislada.
exerted by a on b.” The third
law, which is illustrated in Figure 5.5a, is equivalent to stating that forces always occur
in pairs, or that a single isolated force cannot exist. The force that object 1 exerts
on object 2 may be called the action force and the force of object 2 on object 1 the reac-
tion force. In reality, either force can be labeled the action or reaction force. The action
force is equal in magnitude to the reaction force and opposite in direction. In
all cases, the action and reaction forces act on different objects and must be of
the same type. For example, the force acting on a freely falling projectile is the gravi-
tational force exerted by the Earth on the projectile Fg ! FEp (E ! Earth, p ! projec-
tile), and the magnitude of this force is mg. The reaction to this force is the gravita-
En todos los casos, las fuerzas de acción y reacción actúan sobre objetos diferentes,
tional force exerted by the projectile on the Earth FpE ! " FEp. The reaction force FpE
must accelerate the Earth toward the projectile just as the action force FEp accelerates
y deben ser del mismo tipo.
the projectile toward the Earth. However, because the Earth has such a large mass, its
acceleration due to this reaction force is negligibly small.

Fhn
Fnh
Notación
John Gillmoure /corbisstockmarket.com

F12 = –F21
2

F12
F21
Fuerza ejercida por a sobre b
1

(a) (b)
Figure 5.5 Newton’s third law. (a) The force F12 exerted by object 1 on object 2 is
equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force F21 exerted by object 2 on
Ejemplo del principio de
acción y reacción S E C T I O N 5 . 6 • Newton’s Third Law

n = Ftm n = Ftm

Fg = FEm

Fg = FEm
Fmt

FmE

Hay dos pares de fuerzas: (a) (b)


▲ PITFALL PREVENTION
- De Figure
la Tierra
5.6 (a)sobre
When ael monitor
computer (elonpeso
monitor is at rest a table,del monitor)
the forces acting on, ythedel monitor5.6
sobre la Tierra
n Does Not Alway
- Demonitor
la mesa sobre
are the normalel monitor
force (la force
n and the gravitational normal), y del monitor
Fg . The reaction to n is the sobre la mesa Equal mg
force Fmt exerted by the monitor on the table. The reaction to Fg is the force FmE
De estas cuatro,
exertedsólo
by the dos
monitoractúan sobre
on the Earth. el monitor,
(b) The y son
free-body diagram únicas que habría In
lasmonitor.
for the
the tener
que situationen
shown in F
5.6 and in many others, w
cuenta a la hora de estudiar posibles cambios en su movimiento that n ! mg (the normal
has the same magnitude a
Tipos de fuerzas

Fuerzas de restricción

Fuerzas elásticas

Fuerzas de fricción

Fuerzas de fricción en fluídos

Fuerzas en movimientos curvilíneos

Fuerzas ficticias
Tipos de fuerzas:
fuerzas de restricción

Limitan el movimiento
Surgen como oposición a otra fuerza
Son ilimitadas
Fuerzas normales: se definen como la fuerza de igual magnitud y dirección, pero
diferente sentido, que ejerce una superficie sobre un cuerpo apoyado sobre la misma.

Esta fuerza impide que el objeto caiga a través de la superficie.


Puede tomar cualquier valor necesario hasta el límite de ruptura de la superficie.
Tipos de fuerzas:
tensiones en cuerdas

Cuerda: cualquier dispositivo capaz de trasmitir una fuerza


Normalmente vamos a considerar despreciable las masas de las cuerdas, y
que estas son inextensibles (longitud constante)

Cuando un objeto está siendo arrastrado por una cuerda, ésta ejerce una fuerza sobre el objeto.
Al módulo de esta fuerza se le denomina tensión

Esta fuerza tiene la dirección de la propia cuerda y se ejerce en sentido saliente con
respecto al objeto.
particle experiences an acceleration, then there
n the object. Consider a crate being pulled to the
ace, as in Figure 5.8a. Suppose you are asked to
Tipos de fuerzas:
d the force the floor exerts on it. First, note that

tensiones en cuerdas
to the crate acts through the rope. The magni-
he rope. The forces acting on the crate are illus-
igure 5.8b. In addition to the force T, the free-
Supongamos una superficie horizontal sin rozamiento
he gravitational force Fg and the normal force n
¿Cuánto vale la aceleración de la caja?
nd law in component form to the crate. The only
Applying !Fx ! max to the horizontal motion

T
ma x or ax !
m

ection. Applying !Fy ! may with ay ! 0 yields

!0 or n ! Fg
Paso 1: Aislamos el objeto cuyo movimiento vamos a analizar
e magnitude as the gravitational force but acts in
Paso 2: Dibujamos el diagrama de fuerzas
(a) que actúan sobre el objeto
cceleration ax ! T/m also is constant. Hence, the
n
nematics from Chapter 2 can be used to obtain
as functions of time. Because ax ! T/m ! con-
y
ritten as T (si tuviéramos más de un objeto,
x
dibujaríamos un diagrama de
! vxi % " #
T
m
t fuerzas para cada uno de los
objetos por separado)
% vxit % 12 " mT # t 2
Fg
magnitude of the normal force n is equal to the
(b)
ys the case. For example, suppose a book is lying
Figure 5.8 (a) A crate being
particle experiences an acceleration, then there
n the object. Consider a crate being pulled to the
ace, as in Figure 5.8a. Suppose you are asked to
Tipos de fuerzas:
d the force the floor exerts on it. First, note that

tensiones en cuerdas
to the crate acts through the rope. The magni-
he rope. The forces acting on the crate are illus-
igure 5.8b. In addition to the force T, the free-
Supongamos una superficie horizontal sin rozamiento
he gravitational force Fg and the normal force n
¿Cuánto vale la aceleración de la caja?
nd law in component form to the crate. The only
Applying !Fx ! max to the horizontal motion

T
ma x or ax !
m

ection. Applying !Fy ! may with ay ! 0 yields

!0 or n ! Fg
Paso 1: Aislamos el objeto cuyo movimiento vamos a analizar
e magnitude as the gravitational force but acts in
Paso 2: Dibujamos el diagrama de fuerzas
(a) que actúan sobre el objeto
cceleration ax ! T/m also is constant. Hence, the
n
nematics from Chapter 2 can be used to obtain
as functions of time. Because ax ! T/m ! con-
y
ritten as T Paso 3: Elegimos unos ejes de
x
coordenadas convenientes para
! vxi % " #
T
m
t analizar el movimiento de cada
uno de los objetos
% vxit % 12 " mT # t 2
Fg
magnitude of the normal force n is equal to the
(b)
ys the case. For example, suppose a book is lying
Figure 5.8 (a) A crate being
m

ection. Applying !Fy ! may with ay ! 0 yields

Tipos
!0 or
den !fuerzas:
F g

tensiones en cuerdas
e magnitude as the gravitational force but acts in
(a)
cceleration ax ! T/m also is constant. Hence, the
n
nematics from Chapter 2 can be used to obtain
as functions of time. Because ax ! T/m ! con-
ritten as y
T

x
! vxi % " #
T
m
t

% vxit % 12 " mT # t 2
Fg
magnitude of the normal force n is equal to the
(b)
ys the case. For example, suppose a book is lying
book with a forcePasoF, as4:
in Aplicamos la segunda
Figure 5.9. Because the ley5.8de
Figure (a)Newton descompuesta en componentes
A crate being
pulled to the right on a frictionless
lerating, !Fy ! 0, which gives n $ Fg $ F ! 0, or surface. (b) The free-body diagram
Dirección
mal force x: sólo
is greater than actúa
the force una fuerza
of gravity. Other sobre la the external
representing Dirección
forces y: la partícula está en equilibrio, por lo
ed later. partícula acting on the crate. tanto su aceleración es cero y la fuerza externa
neta actuando sobre la partícula en esta
dirección tiene que anularse

Si la tensión es constante, entonces la caja seguirá


un movimiento rectilíneo uniformemente acelerado
Precaución: la normal no siempre es igual al peso
124 C H A P T E R 5 • The Laws of Motion

F
P R O B L E M - S O LV I N G H I N T S

Applying Newton’s Laws


The following procedure is recommended when dealing
Newton’s laws:

• Draw a simple, neat diagram of the system to help con


• Categorize the problem: if any acceleration componen
Fg n in equilibrium in this direction and !F ! 0. If not, t
an acceleration, the problem is one of nonequilibriu
!F ! ma.
Figure 5.9 When one object
pushes downward on another

Analyze the problem by isolating the object whose m
analyzed. Draw a free-body diagram for this object.
object with a force F, the normal
more than one object, draw separate free-body diagr
Dirección y: la partícula está en equilibrio,
force n is greater than the por
Do not
gravitational force: n ! Fg " F.
lo in the free-body diagram forces exer
include
tanto su aceleración es cero y la fuerza externa
surroundings.
• esta
neta actuando sobre la partícula en Establish convenient coordinate axes for each objec
dirección tiene que anularse components of the forces along these axes. Apply N
!F ! m a, in component form. Check your dimensio
terms have units of force.
• Solve the component equations for the unknowns. R
have as many independent equations as you have un
complete solution.
El módulo
• Finalize de la normal es mayor
by making sure your results are consistent wi
Alsoque
check la
thefuerza de
predictions la gravedad
of your solutions for extr
variables. By doing so, you can often detect errors in
• Draw a simple, neat diagram of the system to help conceptualize the problem.
• Draw a simple, neat diagram of the system to help conceptualize the problem.
• Categorize the problem: if any acceleration component is zero, the particle is
• Categorize the problem: if any acceleration component is zero, the particle is
n in equilibrium in this direction and !F ! 0. If not, the particle is undergoing in equilibrium in this direction and !F ! 0. If not, the particle is undergoing
Example 5.4 AFTraffic n Light at Rest
an acceleration, the problem is one of nonequilibrium
g in this direction, and an acceleration, the problem is one of nonequilibrium in this direction, and

Si el número

hen one objectde objetos en el sistema

es mayor que uno, hay
!F ! ma.
A traffic light weighing 122 N hangs from a cable tied to two
Analyze the problem by isolating the object
other cables Figure whose motion
5.9 When
toone
isobject
being Analyze
!F ! ma.
theThe
problem drawing
Solution We conceptualize the problem by inspecting the
by isolating
in the object5.10a.
whoseLet
motion is being that the cables do
ard on another analyzed. Draw a free-body diagram thisfastened
forpushes object. a support,
downward on anothercontaining
For systems as in Figure 5.10a. Figure us assume

que analizar los diagramas de fuerzas por separado


analyzed. Draw a free-body diagram for this object. For systems containing
more than one object, drawupper
separatecables
objectmake a angles ofeach
37.0° and 53.0° with the hori- not break so that there is no acceleration of any sort in this
orce F, the normal
free-body diagrams
with force F,for
the object.
normal
more than one object, draw separate free-body diagrams for each object.
er than the
rce: n ! Fg " F.
zontal.
Do not include in the free-body These
diagram force upper
n
forces cables
is exerted
greater than areobject
the
by the not asonstrong
its as the vertical problem in any direction. This allows us to categorize the
Do not include in the free-body diagram forces exerted by the object on its
surroundings. cable, andgravitational
will breakforce: n !tension
if the Fg " F. in them exceeds 100
surroundings.
N. problem as one of equilibrium. Because the acceleration of
• Willaxes
Establish convenient coordinate the for
traffic
eachlight remain
object hanging
and find the in this situation, or will

the system is zero, we know that the net force on the light
Establish convenient coordinate axes for each object and find the
onethese
of the cables break? and the net force on the knot are both zero. To analyze the
components of the forces along axes.
Ejemplo: semáforo en equilibrio
Apply Newton’s second law,
!F ! m a, in component form. Check your dimensions to make sure that all
components of the forces along these axes. Apply Newton’s second law,
!F ! m a, in component form. Check your dimensions to make sure that all
terms have units of force. T3
terms have units of force. y
• Solve the component equations for the unknowns. Remember that you must

Solve the component equations for the unknowns. Remember
T2
that you must
have as many independent equations as you have unknowns to 37.0°
obtain a 53.0°
have as many independent equations
T1 as you have unknowns to obtain a
complete solution. complete solution.
• Finalize by making sure your results are consistent with the free-body
T1 diagram.
• T2
Finalize by making sure your results are consistent with the free-body diagram.
Also check the predictions of your solutions for extreme values of the Also check the predictions of your solutions for extreme values of the
variables. By doing so, you can often detect errors in your results. 37.0° errors in53.0°
variables. By doing so, you can often detect your results.
x
T3

5.4 A Traffic Light at Rest Example 5.4 A Traffic Light at Rest

ht weighing 122 N hangs from a cable tied to two Solution We conceptualize the
A traffic problem
light weighingby 122
inspecting
N hangsthe from a cable tied to two Solution We conceptualize the problem by inspecting the
s fastened to a support, as in Figure 5.10a. The drawing in Figure 5.10a.
otherLet us assume
cables fastenedthat
to athe cables as
support, do in Figure 5.10a. The drawing in Figure 5.10a. Let us assume that the cables do
es make angles of 37.0° and 53.0° with the hori- not break so that there is nocables
upper acceleration of anyofsort
make angles in this
37.0° and 53.0° with the hori- not break so that there is no Tacceleration of any sort in this
se upper cables are not as strong as the vertical problem in any direction. Fg
zontal. This
Theseallows
upperuscables
to categorize
are not the
3
as strong as the vertical problem in any direction. This allows us to categorize the
will break if the tension in them exceeds 100 N. problem as one of equilibrium. Because the acceleration
cable, and will break if the tension of
in them exceeds 100 N. (b) problem as one of equilibrium. Because the acceleration of
ffic light remain hanging in this situation, or will the system is zero, weWill
know (a)light (c)
the that thelight
traffic net remain
force on the
hanging in this situation, or will the system is zero, we know that the net force on the light
Diagrama de fuerzas sobre el semáforo
ables break? and the net force onone
Diagrama de fuerzas sobre el nudo
the of
knot
theare both
Figure
cables zero.
5.10To(Example
break? analyze the5.4) (a) A traffic light suspended
for the traffic light. (c) Free-body diagram for the knot where the three cables are joined.
by force
and the net cables.
on(b)
theFree-body diagram
knot are both zero. To analyze the

T3 y T3 y
T2
T2
37.0° 53.0° 37.0° 53.0°
T1
T1
T1 T2
T1 T2

37.0° 53.0°
x 37.0° 53.0°
T3 x
T3

Fg T3
Fg T3
(a) (b) (c)
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 5.10 (Example 5.4) (a) A traffic light suspended by cables. (b) Free-body diagram Figure 5.10 (Example 5.4) (a) A traffic light suspended by cables. (b) Free-body diagram
for the traffic light. (c) Free-body diagram for the knot where the three cables are joined. for the traffic light. (c) Free-body diagram for the knot where the three cables are joined.
Elegir siempre el sistema de coordenadas
más adecuado para nuestro problema
126 C H A P T E R 5 • The Laws of Motion

Ejemplo: coche en un plano inclinado

m g sin u

m g cos u

u x
u Fg = m g

(a) (b)
Figure 5.11 (Example 5.6) (a) A car of mass m sliding down a frictionless incline.
(b) The free-body diagram for the car. Note that its acceleration along the incline is
Cuando se trabaja con planos inclinados es conveniente escoger un eje de
g sin".

coordenadas con el eje x paralelo al plano inclinado y el eje y perpendicular al mismo


Solving (1) for a , we see that the acceleration along the in-
x

√ √
cline is caused by the component of Fg directed down the 2d 2d
(4) t! !
incline: ax g sin "

(3) a x ! g sin " Using Equation 2.13, with vxi ! 0, we find that

v xf 2 ! 2a x d
Elegir siempre el sistema de coordenadas
más adecuado para nuestro problema
126 C H A P T E R 5 • The Laws of Motion

Ejemplo: coche en un plano inclinado

mg sin u

m g cos u

u x
u Fg = mg

(a) (b)
El peso va a tener ahora una
Figure 5.11 componente a mass
(Example 5.6) (a) A car of lo mlargo dela frictionless
sliding down eje x yincline.
una componente a lo largo del eje y
(b) The free-body diagram for the car. Note that its acceleration along the incline is
g sin".

Solving (1) for a x , we see that the acceleration along the in-

√ √
cline is caused by the component of Fg directed down the 2d 2d
(4) t! !
incline: ax g sin "
Aceleración independiente de la masa La normal no es igual al peso
(3) a x ! g sin " Using Equation 2.13, with vxi ! 0, we find that

v xf 2 ! 2a x d
force acting on the system, we have to m 2 gives

!Fx(system) ! F ! (m 1 & m 2)ax (2) !Fx ! P12 ! m 2a


También es importante definir el Fsistema Substituting the value of the acceleration
into (2) gives
(1) a !
objeto de nuestro problema m &m x
1 2

To finalize this part, note that this would be the same acceler- (3) P12 ! m 2 a x ! "m2
m1 &
Ejemplo:ation
un as that of aque
bloque single object ofamass
empuja otroequal to thesuperficie
sobre com- sin fricción
bined masses of the two blocks in Figure 5.12a and subject
to the same force. To finalize the problem, we see from
the contact force P12 is less than the appl
Asumimos que la fuerza F is consistent with the fact that the fo
m1 m
2 accelerate block 2 alone must be less th
es constante quired to produce the same acceleration f
(a) system.
To finalize further, it is instructive to c
n1 sion for P12 by considering the forces acti
¿Cuánto vale la aceleración del n2 sistema? in Figure 5.12b. The horizontal forces acti
y
F P21 applied force F to the right and the contac
P12
left (the force exerted by m 2 on m 1). From
x m1
Los dos bloques deben experimentar m 2 la misma aceleración:
law, P21 is the reaction to P12, so P21 ! P1
- están en contacto m g ton’s second law to m 1 gives
m1g 2

- permanecen en contacto
(b) a lo largo
(c) de todo el movimiento
(4) !Fx ! F ' P21 ! F ' P1
Active Figure 5.12 (Example 5.7) A force is applied to a block
of mass m 1, which pushes on a second block of mass m 2. (b) The Substituting into (4) the value of ax from (1
free-body diagram for m 1. (c) The free-body diagram for m 2.

At the Active Figures link at http://www.pse6.com,


P12 ! F ' m 1a x ! F ' m 1 "m F
1 & m2
#!
you can study the forces involved in this two-block
system. This agrees with (3), as it must.
Es la misma aceleración que experimentaría un objeto de masa igual a la suma de las masas y
que estuviera sometido a la misma fuerza
force acting on the system, we have Two blocks of massestomm1 and
2 gives
m 2, with m 1 % m 2, are placed in (B) Dete
contact with each other on a frictionless, horizontal surface, the two b
!Fx(system) ! F ! (m 1 & m 2)ax as in Figure 5.12a. A constant horizontal(2) Fx !
force F is applied
m 1 as shown. (A) Find the magnitude of the acceleration of
!
to P12 ! m 2a
Solution

También es importante definir el sistema F


the system. Substituting the value of the acceleration
intothe(2)situation
gives using Figure 5.12a and
ternal to
force by
(1) ax ! Solution Conceptualize single pa
objeto de nuestro problema m1 & m2 realizing that both blocks must experience the same acceler-
ation because they are in contact with each other and re-
dividuall
force. To

"m2
main in contact throughout the motion. We categorize this as diagram
To finalize this part, note that this would be the same acceler- (3) P 12 !
a Newton’s second law problem because we have a force ap-m 2 a x ! 5.12c, wh
ation as that of a single object of mass equal toplied thetocom- m 1 &
Ejemplo: un bloque que empuja a otro sobre superficie sin fricción a system and we are looking for an acceleration. To 5.12c we
bined masses of the two blocks in Figure 5.12a and subject
analyze the problem, we first address the combination of two is the co
to the same force. To finalize the problem, we see which
blocks as a system. Because F is the only external horizontal
fromis
force acting on the system, we have to m 2 giv
the contact force P12 is less than the appl
Asumimos que la fuerza F !Fx(system) ! F ! (m 1 with
is consistent & m 2)athe
fact that the fo x
m1 m
2 accelerate block 2 alone must be Substitu less th
es constante quired to produceF the same acceleration
into (2)f
(1) ax !
(a) system. m1 & m2
To finalize further, it is instructive to c
To finalize this part, note that this would be the same acceler-
n1 sion for P12of by considering
equal to the the
com-forces acti
¿Cuál es la fuerza que el objeto de 1 ejercen2 sobre el
ation as that of a single
bined masses of theintwo
objeto
object
Figure 2?
blocks5.12b.
mass
The
in Figure horizontal
5.12a and subjectforces acti
y
P21 to the same force. applied force F to the right and the contac To fina
F P12
left (the force exerted by m 2 on m 1). theFrom
con
x m1 m F is consi
Es una fuerza interna 2al sistema. law, P21 is them1reaction
m2 to P12, so P21accelera
! P1
m g ton’s second law to m 1 gives quired t
No podemos calcular esta fuerza considerando
m1g el sistema
2 completo como una
(a)
sola partícula
system.
(b) (c) (4)
n1
!Fx ! F ' P21 ! Fsion'Tofor
P1fi
Active Figure 5.12 (Example 5.7) A force is applied to a block n2 in Figur
y Substituting into (4) the value of ax from (1
Dibujamos el diagrama
of mass de fuerzas
m 1, which pushesde
on a second block of mass m 2. (b) The F P21 P12
applied
left (the
free-body diagram for m 1. (c) The free-body diagram for m 2.
cuerpo aislado para cada bloque x

" #
F law, P21
m1 m2
P12 ! F ' m 1a x ! F ' m 1 !
ton’s sec
At the Active Figures link at http://www.pse6.com, m1g m 2g m1 & m 2
you can study the forces involved in this two-block
(b) (c)
system. This agrees with (3), as it must.
La única fuerza horizontal que actúa sobre Active Figure 5.12 (Example 5.7) A force is applied to a block
Substitu
of mass m 1, which pushes on a second block of mass m 2. (b) The
el bloque 2 es la fuerza de contacto free-body diagram for m 1. (c) The free-body diagram for m 2.
P12 ! F
At the Active Figures link at http://www.pse6.com,
you can study the forces involved in this two-block
eiling of an elevator, as illustrated in Figure 5.13. tor is either at rest or moving at constant velocity, the fish
t if the elevator accelerates either upward or down- does not accelerate, and so #Fy " T $ Fg " 0 or
e spring scale gives a reading that is different from T " Fg " mg. (Remember that the scalar mg is the weight
ht of the fish. of the fish.)

También es importante definir el sistema


n Conceptualize by noting that the reading on the
elated to the extension of the spring in the scale,
If the elevator moves with an acceleration a relative to
an observer standing outside the elevator in an inertial
frame (see Fig. 5.13), Newton’s second law applied to the

objeto de nuestro problema


related to the force on the end of the spring as in fish gives the net force on the fish:
2. Imagine that a string is hanging from the end
!
pring, so that the magnitude of the force exerted
pring is equal to the tension T in the string. Thus,
(1) Fy " T $ mg " ma y

oking for T. The force T pulls down on the string where we have chosen upward as the positive y direction.
s up on the fish. Thus, we can categorize this prob- Thus, we conclude from (1) that the scale reading T is
Ejemplo: se pesa un objeto con la ayuda de una báscula suspendida
ne of analyzing the forces and acceleration associ- greater than the fish’s weight mg if a is upward, so that ay is
h the fish by means of Newton’s second law. To an- positive, and that the reading is less than mg if a is down-
problem, we inspect the free-body diagrams for del techo de un ascensor
ward, so that ay is negative.
in Figure 5.13 and note that the external forces For example, if the weight of the fish is 40.0 N and a is up-
n the fish are the downward gravitational force ward, so that ay " % 2.00 m/s2, the scale reading from (1) is

a a
Demostrar que si el ascensor acelera la
báscula indica un peso diferente del peso
T
real del pescado
T

mg mg

(a) (b)

Un observador dentro del ascensor no se


Observer in
inertial frame encuentra en un sistema inercial.
Analizaremos la situación en un sistema inercial,
desde un punto fijo en el suelo
Figure 5.13 (Example 5.8) Apparent weight versus true weight. (a) When the elevator
accelerates upward, the spring scale reads a value greater than the weight of the fish.
(b) When the elevator accelerates downward, the spring scale reads a value less than
the weight of the fish.
eiling of an elevator, as illustrated in Figure 5.13. tor is either at rest or moving at constant velocity, the fish
t if the elevator accelerates either upward or down- does not accelerate, and so #Fy " T $ Fg " 0 or
e spring scale gives a reading that is different from T " Fg " mg. (Remember that the scalar mg is the weight
ht of the fish. of the fish.)

También es importante definir el sistema


n Conceptualize by noting that the reading on the
elated to the extension of the spring in the scale,
If the elevator moves with an acceleration a relative to
an observer standing outside the elevator in an inertial
frame (see Fig. 5.13), Newton’s second law applied to the

objeto de nuestro problema


related to the force on the end of the spring as in fish gives the net force on the fish:
2. Imagine that a string is hanging from the end
!
pring, so that the magnitude of the force exerted
pring is equal to the tension T in the string. Thus,
(1) Fy " T $ mg " ma y

oking for T. The force T pulls down on the string where we have chosen upward as the positive y direction.
s up on the fish. Thus, we can categorize this prob- Thus, we conclude from (1) that the scale reading T is
Ejemplo: se pesa un objeto con la ayuda de una báscula suspendida
ne of analyzing the forces and acceleration associ- greater than the fish’s weight mg if a is upward, so that ay is
h the fish by means of Newton’s second law. To an- positive, and that the reading is less than mg if a is down-
problem, we inspect the free-body diagrams for del techo de un ascensor
ward, so that ay is negative.
in Figure 5.13 and note that the external forces For example, if the weight of the fish is 40.0 N and a is up-
n the fish are the downward gravitational force ward, so that ay " % 2.00 m/s2, the scale reading from (1) is

a a
Demostrar que si el ascensor acelera la
báscula indica un peso diferente del peso
T
real del pescado
T

El peso medido está relacionado con la extensión


del muelle que, a su vez, está relacionado con la
mg mg
fuerza que se ejerce sobre el extremo del muelle
(a) (b)

Observer in
inertial frame Esta fuerza es igual a la tensión T en el muelle.
La fuerza empuja hacia abajo el muelle y
empuja hacia arriba al pescado.
Figure 5.13 (Example 5.8) Apparent weight versus true weight. (a) When the elevator
accelerates upward, the spring scale reads a value greater than the weight of the fish.
(b) When the elevator accelerates downward, the spring scale reads a value less than
the weight of the fish.
eiling of an elevator, as illustrated in Figure 5.13. tor is either at rest or moving at constant velocity, the fish
t if the elevator accelerates either upward or down- does not accelerate, and so #Fy " T $ Fg " 0 or
e spring scale gives a reading that is different from T " Fg " mg. (Remember that the scalar mg is the weight
ht of the fish. of the fish.)

También es importante definir el sistema


n Conceptualize by noting that the reading on the
elated to the extension of the spring in the scale,
If the elevator moves with an acceleration a relative to
an observer standing outside the elevator in an inertial
frame (see Fig. 5.13), Newton’s second law applied to the

objeto de nuestro problema


related to the force on the end of the spring as in fish gives the net force on the fish:
2. Imagine that a string is hanging from the end
!
pring, so that the magnitude of the force exerted
pring is equal to the tension T in the string. Thus,
(1) Fy " T $ mg " ma y

oking for T. The force T pulls down on the string where we have chosen upward as the positive y direction.
s up on the fish. Thus, we can categorize this prob- Thus, we conclude from (1) that the scale reading T is
Ejemplo: se pesa un objeto con la ayuda de una báscula suspendida
ne of analyzing the forces and acceleration associ- greater than the fish’s weight mg if a is upward, so that ay is
h the fish by means of Newton’s second law. To an- positive, and that the reading is less than mg if a is down-
problem, we inspect the free-body diagrams for del techo de un ascensor
ward, so that ay is negative.
in Figure 5.13 and note that the external forces For example, if the weight of the fish is 40.0 N and a is up-
n the fish are the downward gravitational force ward, so that ay " % 2.00 m/s2, the scale reading from (1) is

a a
Demostrar que si el ascensor acelera la
báscula indica un peso diferente del peso
T
real del pescado
T

Sobre el pescado actúan dos fuerzas:


- su peso
mg mg
- la fuerza ejercida por el muelle
(a) (b)

Si el acelerador está en reposo o se mueve con


Observer in
inertial frame
velocidad constante, el pescado no se acelera

Figure 5.13 (Example 5.8) Apparent weight versus true weight. (a) When the elevator
accelerates upward, the spring scale reads a value greater than the weight of the fish.
(b) When the elevator accelerates downward, the spring scale reads a value less than
the weight of the fish.
eiling of an elevator, as illustrated in Figure 5.13. tor is either at rest or moving at constant velocity, the fish
t if the elevator accelerates either upward or down- does not accelerate, and so #Fy " T $ Fg " 0 or
e spring scale gives a reading that is different from T " Fg " mg. (Remember that the scalar mg is the weight
ht of the fish. of the fish.)

También es importante definir el sistema


n Conceptualize by noting that the reading on the
elated to the extension of the spring in the scale,
If the elevator moves with an acceleration a relative to
an observer standing outside the elevator in an inertial
frame (see Fig. 5.13), Newton’s second law applied to the

objeto de nuestro problema


related to the force on the end of the spring as in fish gives the net force on the fish:
2. Imagine that a string is hanging from the end
!
pring, so that the magnitude of the force exerted
pring is equal to the tension T in the string. Thus,
(1) Fy " T $ mg " ma y

oking for T. The force T pulls down on the string where we have chosen upward as the positive y direction.
s up on the fish. Thus, we can categorize this prob- Thus, we conclude from (1) that the scale reading T is
Ejemplo: se pesa un objeto con la ayuda de una báscula suspendida
ne of analyzing the forces and acceleration associ- greater than the fish’s weight mg if a is upward, so that ay is
h the fish by means of Newton’s second law. To an- positive, and that the reading is less than mg if a is down-
problem, we inspect the free-body diagrams for del techo de un ascensor
ward, so that ay is negative.
in Figure 5.13 and note that the external forces For example, if the weight of the fish is 40.0 N and a is up-
n the fish are the downward gravitational force ward, so that ay " % 2.00 m/s2, the scale reading from (1) is

a a
Demostrar que si el ascensor acelera la
báscula indica un peso diferente del peso
T
real del pescado
T

Sobre el pescado actúan dos fuerzas:


- su peso
mg mg
- la fuerza ejercida por el muelle
(a) (b)

Si el acelerador acelera con respecto a un


Observer in
inertial frame
observador inercial

Figure 5.13 (Example 5.8) Apparent weight versus true weight. (a) When the elevator
accelerates upward, the spring scale reads a value greater than the weight of the fish.
(b) When the elevator accelerates downward, the spring scale reads a value less than
the weight of the fish.
eiling of an elevator, as illustrated in Figure 5.13. tor is either at rest or moving at constant velocity, the fish
t if the elevator accelerates either upward or down- does not accelerate, and so #Fy " T $ Fg " 0 or
e spring scale gives a reading that is different from T " Fg " mg. (Remember that the scalar mg is the weight
ht of the fish. of the fish.)

También es importante definir el sistema


n Conceptualize by noting that the reading on the
elated to the extension of the spring in the scale,
If the elevator moves with an acceleration a relative to
an observer standing outside the elevator in an inertial
frame (see Fig. 5.13), Newton’s second law applied to the

objeto de nuestro problema


related to the force on the end of the spring as in fish gives the net force on the fish:
2. Imagine that a string is hanging from the end
!
pring, so that the magnitude of the force exerted
pring is equal to the tension T in the string. Thus,
(1) Fy " T $ mg " ma y

oking for T. The force T pulls down on the string where we have chosen upward as the positive y direction.
s up on the fish. Thus, we can categorize this prob- Thus, we conclude from (1) that the scale reading T is
Ejemplo: se pesa un objeto con la ayuda de una báscula suspendida
ne of analyzing the forces and acceleration associ- greater than the fish’s weight mg if a is upward, so that ay is
h the fish by means of Newton’s second law. To an- positive, and that the reading is less than mg if a is down-
problem, we inspect the free-body diagrams for del techo de un ascensor
ward, so that ay is negative.
in Figure 5.13 and note that the external forces For example, if the weight of the fish is 40.0 N and a is up-
n the fish are the downward gravitational force ward, so that ay " % 2.00 m/s2, the scale reading from (1) is

a a
Demostrar que si el ascensor acelera la
báscula indica un peso diferente del peso
T
real del pescado
T

mg mg

(a) (b)
Si acelera hacia arriba, la tensión es mayor
y la báscula marcará un peso mayor

Observer in
inertial frame
Si acelera hacia abajo, la tensión es menor
y la báscula marcará un peso menor

Figure 5.13 (Example 5.8) Apparent weight versus true weight. (a) When the elevator
¿Qué pasa si se rompe la sujeción del
accelerates upward, the spring scale reads a value greater than the weight of the fish.
(b) When the elevator accelerates downward, the spring scale reads a value less than ascensor y este cae en caída libre?
the weight of the fish.
Answer If the elevator falls freely, its acceleration is
31.8 N
When two objects of unequal mass ay are hungWe
! "g. see from
vertically over a (2) downward.
that the scale reading
Because T isare
the objects zero in
connected by an inex-
frictionless pulley of negligible mass, as in Figure 5.14a, the tensible string, their
this case; that is, the fish appears to be weightless. accelerations must be of equal magni-
arrangement is called an Atwood machine. The device is tude. The objects in the Atwood machine are subject to the
La máquina de Atwood
.9 The Atwood
sometimes used in the laboratory to measure the free-fall ac-
Machineceleration. Determine the magnitude of the acceleration of
gravitational force as well as to the forces exerted by the
strings connected to them—thus, Interactive
we can categorize this as a
the two objects and the tension in the lightweight cord. Newton’s second law problem. To analyze the situation, the
free-body diagrams for the two objects are shown in Figure
bjects of unequal mass are Solution
hung vertically over a downward. Because the objects
Conceptualize the situation pictured in Figure
are connected by an inex-
5.14b. Two forces act on each object: the upward force T ex-
pulley of negligible mass, as5.14a—as
in Figure 5.14a,moves
one object the upward,
tensible string,
the other objecttheir
movesaccelerations
erted by themust string be
andoftheequal
downward magni-
gravitational force. In
t is called an Atwood machine. The device is tude. The objects in the Atwood problemsmachine
such as this areinsubject
which the to pulley
the is modeled as
Dos objetos con masas diferentes se cuelgan verticalmente de una
used in the laboratory to measure the free-fall ac- massless and frictionless,
gravitational force as well as to the forces exerted by the the tension in the string on both
polea sin rozamiento de masa despreciable
Determine the magnitude of the acceleration of sides of the pulley is the same. If the pulley has mass and/or
strings connected to them—thus, we can categorize this as a
is subject to friction, the tensions on either side are not the
cts and the tension in the lightweight cord. Newton’s second law problem. same and Tothe analyze therequires
situation situation, the we will learn in
techniques
free-body diagrams for the two objects
Chapter 10. are shown in Figure
onceptualize the situation pictured in Figure We must
5.14b. Two forces act on each object: the upward be very careful with
force T ex-
signs in problems such as
ne object moves upward, the other object moves erted by the string and thethis. Cuando uno se mueve hacia arriba el otro
In Figure 5.14a, notice that if object 1 accelerates up-
downward gravitational force. In
ward, then object 2 accelerates downward. Thus, for consis-
problems such as this intency which
withthe se mueve hacia abajo
signs,pulley is modeled
if we define the upward asdirection as posi-
massless and frictionless, tive thefortension
object 1,inwethe muststring
define onthe both
downward direction as
a m sides of the pulley is the same. If the pulley has mass and/or
positive for object 2. With this sign convention, both ob-
1
Como la cuerda es inextensible, las dos
jects accelerate in the same direction as defined by the
is subject to friction, the tensions on either side are not the
m2
same a
and aceleraciones tienen que tener el mismo módulo
choice of sign. Furthermore, according to this sign conven-
the situation requires
tion, the techniques
y component of wethewill
netlearn in
force exerted on object 1
(a)
Chapter 10. is T " m 1 g, and the y component of the net force exerted
We must be very careful with signs
on object 2 is min2g "problems
T. Notice suchthat we ashave chosen the
T signs Dibujamos los diagramas de cuerpo aislado
this. In Figure 5.14a, notice that if object 1 accelerates up- the choices of
of the forces to be consistent with
T signs for up and down for each object. If we assume that
ward, then object 2 accelerates m 2 $ mdownward. Thus, for consis-
1, then m 1 must accelerate upward, while m 2 must
tency with signs, if we define the upward
accelerate downward.direction as posi-
m1 tive for object 1, we must define Whenthe downward
Newton’s seconddirection
law is appliedas to object 1, we
a m1 m
positive
2 obtainCon nuestras aproximaciones, la tensión de la
for object 2. With this sign convention, both ob-
m1g
jects accelerate in thecuerda a ambos
same direction #Flados
(1) as defined mde
y ! T "by1gthe
!mla1aypolea es la misma
m2 a choice of sign. Furthermore, according
Similarly, for objectto2 we
this
findsign conven-
tion,
m2g
the y component of the net force exerted on object 1
(a) is T " m 1g, and the y component of(2)the net#Fforce y ! m 2exerted
g " T ! m 2a y
(b)
on object 2 is m g " T. When Notice(2) that weto have
is added chosenandthe
(1), T cancels we have
Active Figure 5.14 (Example 5.9) The Atwood machine. (a)2 Two
T signs inextensible
objects (m 2 $ m 1) connected by a massless of the forces
cord overto be consistent "m with the choices of
1g # m 2g ! m 1a y # m 2a y
T signs for
a frictionless pulley. (b) Free-body diagrams fortheup
twoand down for each object. If we assume that
objects.
mhttp://www.pse6.com,
2 $ m 1, then m 1 must accelerate upward, while m must
At the Active Figures link at
you can adjust the masses of the accelerate
objects ondownward.
the Atwood
(3) ay ! ! m 22 "
m1 # m2 "
m1
g
Answer If the elevator falls freely, its acceleration is
31.8 N
When two objects of unequal mass ay are hungWe
! "g. see from
vertically over a (2) downward.
that the scale reading
Because T isare
the objects zero in
connected by an inex-
frictionless pulley of negligible mass, as in Figure 5.14a, the tensible string, their
this case; that is, the fish appears to be weightless. accelerations must be of equal magni-
arrangement is called an Atwood machine. The device is tude. The objects in the Atwood machine are subject to the
La máquina de Atwood
.9 The Atwood
sometimes used in the laboratory to measure the free-fall ac-
Machineceleration. Determine the magnitude of the acceleration of
gravitational force as well as to the forces exerted by the
strings connected to them—thus, Interactive
we can categorize this as a
the two objects and the tension in the lightweight cord. Newton’s second law problem. To analyze the situation, the
free-body diagrams for the two objects are shown in Figure
bjects of unequal mass are Solution
hung vertically over a downward. Because the objects
Conceptualize the situation pictured in Figure
are connected by an inex-
5.14b. Two forces act on each object: the upward force T ex-
pulley of negligible mass, as5.14a—as
in Figure 5.14a,moves
one object the upward,
tensible string,
the other objecttheir
movesaccelerations
erted by themust string be
andoftheequal
downward magni-
gravitational force. In
t is called an Atwood machine. The device is tude. The objects in the Atwood problemsmachine
such as this areinsubject
which the to pulley
the is modeled as
Dos objetos con masas diferentes se cuelgan verticalmente de una
used in the laboratory to measure the free-fall ac- massless and frictionless,
gravitational force as well as to the forces exerted by the the tension in the string on both
polea sin rozamiento de masa despreciable
Determine the magnitude of the acceleration of sides of the pulley is the same. If the pulley has mass and/or
strings connected to them—thus, we can categorize this as a
is subject to friction, the tensions on either side are not the
cts and the tension in the lightweight cord. Newton’s second law problem. same and Tothe analyze therequires
situation situation, the we will learn in
techniques
free-body diagrams for the two objects
Chapter 10. are shown in Figure
onceptualize the situation pictured in Figure We must
5.14b. Two forces act on each object: the upward be very careful with
force T ex-
signs in problems such as
ne object moves upward, the other object moves erted by the string and thethis. In Figure 5.14a, notice that if object 1 accelerates up-
downward gravitational force. In
ward, then object 2 accelerates downward. Thus, for consis-
problems such as this intency which
withthe signs,pulley is modeled
if we define the upward asdirection as posi-
massless and frictionless, tive thefortension
object 1,inwethe muststring
define onthe both
downward direction as
a m 1 sides of the pulley is the same. If the pulley has mass and/or
positive for object 2. With this sign convention, both ob-
jects accelerate in the same direction as defined by the
is subject to friction, the tensions on either side are not the
m2 a choice of sign. Furthermore, according to this sign conven-
same and the situation requires
tion, the techniques
y component of wethewill
netlearn in
force exerted on object 1
(a)
Chapter 10. is T " m 1 g, and the y component of the net force exerted
We must be very careful with signs
on object 2 is min2g "problems
T. Notice suchthat we ashave chosen the
T this. In Figure 5.14a, notice that if object 1 accelerates up- the choices of
signs of the forces to be consistent with
T signs for up and down for each object. If we assume that
ward, then object 2 accelerates m 2 $ mdownward. Thus, for consis-
1, then m 1 must accelerate upward, while m 2 must
tency with signs, if we define the upward
accelerate downward.direction as posi-
m1 tive for object 1, we must define Whenthe downward
Newton’s seconddirection
law is appliedas to object 1, we
m1 m obtain
a positive
2
for object 2. With this sign convention, both ob-
jects accelerate inYthe reemplazando
same direction (1) asen #Flas
defined ecuaciones
y ! T "by m 1gthe
! m 1a y de movimiento
m1g
m2 a choice of sign. Furthermore, according
Similarly, for objectto2 we
this
findsign conven-
tion,
m2g
the y component of the net force exerted on object 1
(a) is T " m 1g, and the y component of(2)the net#Fforce y ! m 2exerted
g " T ! m 2a y
(b)
on object 2 is m g " T. When Notice
(2) that weto have
is added chosenandthe
(1), T cancels we have
Active Figure 5.14 (Example 5.9) The Atwood machine. (a)2 Two
T signs inextensible
objects (m 2 $ m 1) connected by a massless of the forces
cord overto be consistent "m with the choices of
1g # m 2g ! m 1a y # m 2a y
T signs for
a frictionless pulley. (b) Free-body diagrams fortheup
twoand down for each object. If we assume that
objects.
mhttp://www.pse6.com,
2 $ m 1, then m 1 must accelerate upward, while m must
At the Active Figures link at
you can adjust the masses of the accelerate
objects ondownward.
the Atwood
(3) !
ay ! "
m 22 "
m1 # m2
m1
g
Solution Conceptualize the motion in Figure 5.15. If m 2 (4) #Fy& # n ! m 2 g cos % # 0
moves down the incline, m 1 moves upward. Because the ob-
# Fxconnected
ects are # 0 by a cord (which we assume does not
stretch), their accelerations have the same magnitude. We
In (3) we replaced ax& with a because the two objects have
Whenofthis
accelerations equalexpression for a is(1)substituted
magnitude a. Equations and (4) into (2), we find
Dos
#
can identify
cuerpos unidos por una cuerda
F #forces
T !onmeach of the a
1g #som
ooking yfor an acceleration,
two# objects
mthis
we1 categorize
y
and we are
1a as a New-
ton’s second-law problem. To analyze the problem, con-
provide no information regarding the acceleration. How-
ever, if we solve (2) for T and then substitute this value for T
into (3) and solve for a, we obtain m m g (sin % " 1) 1 2
er
siderfor the balldiagrams
the free-body to accelerate
shown in Figuresupward,
5.15b andit is (6) T#
5.15c. Applying Newton’s second law in component form m1 " m2
$ m g. In (2), we replaced ay with
to the1 ball, choosing the upward direction
a be-
as positive, (5) a#
m 2 g sin % ! m 1 g
m1 " m2
ation
yields has only a y component.
it is convenient
(1) #Fx #to
0 choose Dos theobjetos
positive x&con masas
To finalize diferentes
the problem,están note that
When this expression for a is substituted into (2), we find
unidos
the blockpor una cuerda,
accelerates y
cline, (2)
as in Figure
#Fy # T !5.15c.
m 1g # m For consistency
1a y # m 1a uno de down ellos the reposa
incline only sobreif m 2 un sin %plano
$ m 1. Ifinclinado
m 1 $ m 2 sin %,
m 1m 2 g (sin % " 1) y′
Note that in order for the ball to accelerate upward, it is (6) T#
m1 " m2
necessary that T $ m1g. In (2), we replaced ay with a be-
cause the acceleration has only a y component.
y
For the block it is convenient to choose the positive x& n
To finalize the problem, note that the block accelerates
axis along the incline, as in Figure 5.15c. For consistency down the incline only if m 2 sin % $ m 1. If m 1 $ m 2 sin %,
a y′
T Cuando uno se mueve hacia abajo por el
y
n plano inclinado, el otro se mueve hacia arriba
m2 a T T
m2g sin θ
m2
T
Como la cuerda es inextensible, las dos
m g sin θ
m1 m1 x 2
aceleraciones
θ
x′
tienen que tener el mismo módulo
m1
mθ2g cos θ
a m1 x
x′
θ θ
m 2g cos θ
m 1g m 1g
(a) (b) (c)
m 2g
Dibujamos
m 2g los diagramas de cuerpo aislado
Figure 5.15 (a)
(Example 5.10) (a) Two objects connected by (b)a lightweight cord strung (c)
over a frictionless pulley. (b) Free-body diagram for the ball. (c) Free-body diagram for
Figure 5.15 the
(Example 5.10)is (a)
block. (The incline Two objects connected by a lightweight
frictionless.) cord strung
over a frictionless pulley. (b) Free-body diagram for the ball. (c) Free-body
Para eldiagram
cuerpo for 1
he block. (The incline is frictionless.)

Para el cuerpo 2
Solution Conceptualize the motion in Figure 5.15. If m 2 (4) #Fy& # n ! m 2 g cos % # 0
moves down the incline, m 1 moves upward. Because the ob-
# Fxconnected
ects are # 0 by a cord (which we assume does not
stretch), their accelerations have the same magnitude. We
In (3) we replaced ax& with a because the two objects have
Whenofthis
accelerations equalexpression for a is(1)substituted
magnitude a. Equations and (4) into (2), we find
Dos
#
can identify
cuerpos unidos por una cuerda
F #forces
T !onmeach of the a
1g #som
ooking yfor an acceleration,
two# objects
mthis
we1 categorize
y
and we are
1a as a New-
ton’s second-law problem. To analyze the problem, con-
provide no information regarding the acceleration. How-
ever, if we solve (2) for T and then substitute this value for T
into (3) and solve for a, we obtain m m g (sin % " 1) 1 2
er
siderfor the balldiagrams
the free-body to accelerate
shown in Figuresupward,
5.15b andit is (6) T#
5.15c. Applying Newton’s second law in component form m1 " m2
$ m g. In (2), we replaced ay with
to the1 ball, choosing the upward direction
a be-
as positive, (5) a#
m 2 g sin % ! m 1 g
m1 " m2
ation
yields has only a y component.
it is convenient
(1) #Fx #to
0 choose Dos theobjetos
positive x&con masas
To finalize diferentes
the problem,están note that
When this expression for a is substituted into (2), we find
unidos
the blockpor una cuerda,
accelerates y
cline, (2)
as in Figure
#Fy # T !5.15c.
m 1g # m For consistency
1a y # m 1a uno de down ellos the reposa
incline only sobreif m 2 un sin %plano
$ m 1. Ifinclinado
m 1 $ m 2 sin %,
m 1m 2 g (sin % " 1) y′
Note that in order for the ball to accelerate upward, it is (6) T#
m1 " m2
necessary that T $ m1g. In (2), we replaced ay with a be-
cause the acceleration has only a y component.
y
For the block it is convenient to choose the positive x& n
To finalize the problem, note that the block accelerates
axis along the incline, as in Figure 5.15c. For consistency down the incline only if m 2 sin % $ m 1. If m 1 $ m 2 sin %,
a y′
T Cuando uno se mueve hacia abajo por el
y
n plano inclinado, el otro se mueve hacia arriba
m2 a T T
m2g sin θ
m2
T
Como la cuerda es inextensible, las dos
m g sin θ
m1 m1 x 2
aceleraciones
θ
x′
tienen que tener el mismo módulo
m1
mθ2g cos θ
a m1 x
x′
θ θ
m 2g cos θ
m 1g m 1g
(a) (b) (c)
m 2g
Dibujamos
m 2g los diagramas de cuerpo aislado
Figure 5.15 (a)
(Example 5.10) (a) Two objects connected by (b)a lightweight cord strung (c)
over a frictionless pulley. (b) Free-body diagram for the ball. (c) Free-body diagram for
Figure 5.15 the
(Example 5.10)is (a)
block. (The incline Two objects connected by a lightweight
frictionless.) cord strung
over a frictionless pulley. (b) Free-body diagram
Despejando for the ball. (c)y
la aceleración Free-body diagramde
la tensión for las anteriores ecuaciones
he block. (The incline is frictionless.)

El bloque 2 se acelerará hacia abajo de la rampa si y sólo si

El bloque 1 se acelerará verticalmente hacia abajo si


Tipos de fuerzas:
fuerzas elásticas
La fuerza elástica es la ejercida por objetos tales como resortes, que tienen una
posición normal, fuera de la cual almacenan energía potencial y ejercen fuerzas.
Tipos de fuerzas:
fuerzas de fricción
Cuando un objeto se mueve sobre una superficie, o a través de un medio viscoso,
existe una resistencia al movimiento debida a que el objeto interactúa con su entorno.
Éstas son las fuerzas de rozamiento.

Se debe a la naturaleza de las dos superficies (rugosidad, composición) y de la


superficie de contacto
water, there is resistance to the motion because the object interacts with its surround-
ings. We call such resistance a force of friction. Forces of friction are very important
in our everyday lives. They allow us to walk or run and are necessary for the motion of
Tipos de fuerzas: wheeled vehicles.
Imagine that you are working in your garden and have filled a trash can with yard clip-
fuerzas de fricción pings. You then try to drag the trash can across the surface of your concrete patio, as in
Figure 5.16a. This is a real surface, not an idealized, frictionless surface. If we apply an ex-
ternal horizontal force F to the trash can, acting to the right, the trash can remains sta-
Cuando un objeto se mueve
tionary sobre
if F is small. unathat
The force superficie,
counteracts o a través
F and keeps the detrash
un can
mediofrom viscoso,
moving
existe una resistencia
acts toal
themovimiento
left and is calleddebida
the force aofque
staticelfriction
objeto fs . interactúa concan
As long as the trash suisentorno.
not Force of sta
moving, fsÉstas
! F. Thus, F is increased,
sonif las fuerzas fde s also increases. Likewise, if F decreases, fs also
rozamiento.

n n
Motion

F
fs F fk

mg mg
(a) (b)
Si aplicamos una fuerza externa horizontal al cubo que actúe
Active Figure 5.16 The direction of the
hacia la derecha,
|f|
el cubo permanecerá inmóvil si es pequeña
tween a trash can and a rough surface is
of the applied force F. Because both surf
La fuerza que contrarresta a e impide que el cubo se mueva es la fuerza de only
is made rozamiento
at a few points,estático
as illustrated
fs,max view. (a) For small applied forces, the ma
static friction equals the magnitude of th
Mientras el cubo esté quieto, si aumenta también aumentará
(b) When the magnitude of the applied f
magnitude of the maximum force of stati
F
f s= can breaks free. The applied force is now
of kinetic friction and the trash can accel
fk = µkn
water, there is resistance to the motion because the object interacts with its surround-
ings. We call such resistance a force of friction. Forces of friction are very important
in our everyday lives. They allow us to walk or run and are necessary for the motion of
Tipos de fuerzas: wheeled vehicles.
Imagine that you are working in your garden and have filled a trash can with yard clip-
fuerzas de fricción pings. You then try to drag the trash can across the surface of your concrete patio, as in
Figure 5.16a. This is a real surface, not an idealized, frictionless surface. If we apply an ex-
ternal horizontal force F to the trash can, acting to the right, the trash can remains sta-
Cuando un objeto se mueve
tionary sobre
if F is small. unathat
The force superficie,
counteracts o a través
F and keeps the detrash
un can
mediofrom viscoso,
moving
existe una resistencia
acts toal
themovimiento
left and is calleddebida
the force aofque
staticelfriction
objeto fs . interactúa concan
As long as the trash suisentorno.
not Force of sta
moving, fsÉstas
! F. Thus, F is increased,
sonif las fuerzas fde s also increases. Likewise, if F decreases, fs also
rozamiento.

n n
Motion

F
fs F fk

mg mg
(a) (b)

Si aumentamos el módulo de el cubo de basura puede llegar


ActiveaFigure
moverse
5.16 The direction of the
|f| tween a trash can and a rough surface is
of the applied force F. Because both surf
Cuando el cubo de basura está a punto de comenzar a deslizarse, el módulo de
is made only at a few points, as illustrated
fs,max toma su valor máximo view. (a) For small applied forces, the ma
static friction equals the magnitude of th
Cuando el módulo de es mayor que el cubo de basura se empieza
(b) When a of the applied f
the magnitude
mover y adquiere magnitude of the maximum force of stati
una aceleración hacia la derecha.
F
f s= can breaks free. The applied force is now
of kinetic friction and the trash can accel
fk = µkn
water, there is resistance to the motion because the object interacts with its surround-
ings. We call such resistance a force of friction. Forces of friction are very important
in our everyday lives. They allow us to walk or run and are necessary for the motion of
Tipos de fuerzas: wheeled vehicles.
Imagine that you are working in your garden and have filled a trash can with yard clip-
fuerzas de fricción pings. You then try to drag the trash can across the surface of your concrete patio, as in
Figure 5.16a. This is a real surface, not an idealized, frictionless surface. If we apply an ex-
ternal horizontal force F to the trash can, acting to the right, the trash can remains sta-
Cuando un objeto se mueve
tionary sobre
if F is small. unathat
The force superficie,
counteracts o a través
F and keeps the detrash
un can
mediofrom viscoso,
moving
existe una resistencia
acts toal
themovimiento
left and is calleddebida
the force aofque
staticelfriction
objeto fs . interactúa concan
As long as the trash suisentorno.
not Force of sta
moving, fsÉstas
! F. Thus, F is increased,
sonif las fuerzas fde s also increases. Likewise, if F decreases, fs also
rozamiento.

n n
Motion

F
fs F fk

mg mg
(a) (b)

Mientras el cubo de basura está en movimiento, la fuerza de rozamiento


Activees menor
Figure que
5.16 The direction of the
|f| tween a trash can and a rough surface is
the applied force F. Because both surf
La fuerza de rozamiento de un objeto en movimiento se denomina fuerzaisofde
maderozamiento dinámico
only at a few points, as illustrated
fs,max view. (a) For small applied forces, the ma
static friction equals the magnitude of th
La fuerza neta en la dirección x, , produce una aceleración
(b)hacia
When thelamagnitude
derecha of the applied f
magnitude of the maximum force of stati
F
f s= can breaks free. The applied force is now
of kinetic friction and the trash can accel
fk = µkn
water, there is resistance to the motion because the object interacts with its surround-
ings. We call such resistance a force of friction. Forces of friction are very important
in our everyday lives. They allow us to walk or run and are necessary for the motion of
Tipos de fuerzas: wheeled vehicles.
Imagine that you are working in your garden and have filled a trash can with yard clip-
fuerzas de fricción pings. You then try to drag the trash can across the surface of your concrete patio, as in
Figure 5.16a. This is a real surface, not an idealized, frictionless surface. If we apply an ex-
ternal horizontal force F to the trash can, acting to the right, the trash can remains sta-
Cuando un objeto se mueve
tionary sobre
if F is small. unathat
The force superficie,
counteracts o a través
F and keeps the detrash
un can
mediofrom viscoso,
moving
existe una resistencia
acts toal
themovimiento
left and is calleddebida
the force aofque
staticelfriction
objeto fs . interactúa concan
As long as the trash suisentorno.
not Force of sta
moving, fsÉstas
! F. Thus, F is increased,
sonif las fuerzas fde s also increases. Likewise, if F decreases, fs also
rozamiento.

n n
Motion

F
fs F fk

mg mg
(a) (b)

La fuerza neta en la dirección x, , produce una aceleración hacia


Active la 5.16
Figure derecha
The direction of the
|f| tween a trash can and a rough surface is
of the applied force F. Because both surf
Si el objeto se moverá hacia la derecha con celeridad constante
is made only at a few points, as illustrated
fs,max view. (a) For small applied forces, the ma
Si se elimina la fuerza alicada, la fuerza de rozamiento que actúastatic
hacia la equals
friction izquierda
the magnitude of th
proporciona al cubo una aceleración en la dirección –x y hace que el cubo se detenga
(b) When the magnitude of the applied f
magnitude of the maximum force of stati
F
f s= can breaks free. The applied force is now
of kinetic friction and the trash can accel
fk = µkn
5.8 Forces of Friction
Tipos de fuerzas: When an object is in motion either on a surface or in a viscous medium such as air or
water, there is resistance to the motion because the object interacts with its surround-

fuerzas de fricción ings. We call such resistance a force of friction. Forces of friction are very important
in our everyday lives. They allow us to walk or run and are necessary for the motion of
wheeled vehicles.
Imagine that you are working in your garden and have filled a trash can with yard clip-
Cuando un objeto se mueve sobre una superficie, o a través de un medio viscoso,
pings. You then try to drag the trash can across the surface of your concrete patio, as in
Figure 5.16a. This is a real surface, not an idealized, frictionless surface. If we apply an ex-
existe una resistencia al movimiento debida a que el objeto interactúa con su entorno.
ternal horizontal force F to the trash can, acting to the right, the trash can remains sta-
tionary if F is small. The force that counteracts F and keeps the trash can from moving
Éstas son las fuerzas de rozamiento.
acts to the left and is called the force of static friction fs . As long as the trash can is not
Force of static friction
moving, fs ! F. Thus, if F is increased, fs also increases. Likewise, if F decreases, fs also

Se debe a la naturaleza de las dos superficies (rugosidad, composición) y de la


superficie de contacto
n n
Motion

Se pueden clasificar en:


F
fs F fk
- fuerzas de rozamiento estático (cuando el objeto está parado)
- fuerzas de rozamiento dinámico
mg (cuando
mg el objeto está en movimiento)
(a) (b)

Active Figure 5.16 The direction of the force of friction f be-


|f| tween a trash can and a rough surface is opposite the direction
of the applied force F. Because both surfaces are rough, contact
is made only at a few points, as illustrated in the “magnified”
fs,max view. (a) For small applied forces, the magnitude of the force of
static friction equals the magnitude of the applied force.
(b) When the magnitude of the applied force exceeds the
magnitude of the maximum force of static friction, the trash
=F can breaks free. The applied force is now larger than the force
fs
of kinetic friction and the trash can accelerates to the right.
fk = µkn
(c) A graph of friction force versus applied force. Note that
fs,max # fk .
F
0 At the Active Figures link at http://www.pse6.com
Static region Kinetic region you can vary the applied force on the trash can and
practice sliding it on surfaces of varying roughness.
Note the effect on the trash can’s motion and the corre-
(c) sponding behavior of the graph in (c).
Tipos de fuerzas:
fuerzas de fricción, dirección, sentido y módulo
La dirección de la fuerza de rozamiento sobre un objeto es opuesta al movimiento del objeto,
respecto de la superficie con la que se encuentra en contacto, o
La dirección de la fuerza de rozamiento se opone al deslizamiento de una superficie sobre otra

El módulo de la fuerza de rozamiento


Igualdad en el umbral de deslizamiento:

- estático:
Situación de movimiento inminente
(o equilibrio estricto)
- dinámico:

dónde µs y µk son unas constantes adimensionales denominadas, respectivamente


los coeficientes de rozamiento estático y dinámico,
n es el módulo de la fuerza normal.
Tipos de fuerzas:
fuerzas de fricción, coeficientes de rozamiento
Generalmente µk es menor que µs.

Supondremos que µk es independiente de la velocidad relativa de las superficies.


Tipos de fuerzas:
fuerzas de fricción en un plano inclinado

Descomposición del peso en una componente normal y otra tangencial al plano

Módulo de la componente normal que el plano ejerce sobre el objeto

Fuerzas de rozamiento:
force fhorse exerted by the Earth and the backward ten-
force T exerted by the sled (Fig. 5.18c). The resultant
ese two forces causes the horse to accelerate.
Determinación experimental de los
he force that accelerates the system (horse plus sled) is
et force fhorse " fsled. When fhorse balances fsled, the sys-
coeficientes de rozamiento
moves with constant velocity.

Un bloque se coloca sobre una superficie rugosa inclinada con respecto a la horizontal
T
T
El ángulo de inclinación aumenta hasta que el objeto comienza a moverse

¿Cómo se relaciona
fhorse el coeficiente de rozamiento estático con el ángulo crítico
b) (c)
para que el bloque comience a moverse?
xample 5.11)

Seleccionamos un sistema de coordenadas con un


y eje x positivo paralelo al plano inclinado
n

f x Mientras que el bloque no se mueve, las fuerzas se


compensan y el bloque se encuentra en equilibrio
mg sin θ
mg cos θ
θ

mg θ

De la 2 Ecuación Sustituyendo en la 1 Ecuación


e 5.19 (Example 5.12) The external forces exerted on a
lying on a rough incline are the gravitational force mg, the
al force n, and the force of friction f. For convenience, the
ational force is resolved into a component along the incline
n ! and a component perpendicular to the incline mg cos !.
force fhorse exerted by the Earth and the backward ten-
force T exerted by the sled (Fig. 5.18c). The resultant
ese two forces causes the horse to accelerate.
Determinación experimental de los
he force that accelerates the system (horse plus sled) is
et force fhorse " fsled. When fhorse balances fsled, the sys-
coeficientes de rozamiento
moves with constant velocity.

Un bloque se coloca sobre una superficie rugosa inclinada con respecto a la horizontal
T
T
El ángulo de inclinación aumenta hasta que el objeto comienza a moverse

¿Cómo se relaciona
fhorse el coeficiente de rozamiento estático con el ángulo crítico
b) (c)
para que el bloque comience a moverse?
xample 5.11)

En el ángulo crítico, el bloque se encuentra en el


y umbral de deslizamiento, la fuerza de rozamiento
n
tiene su módulo máximo
f x

mg sin θ
mg cos θ
θ

mg θ

e 5.19 (Example 5.12) The external forces exerted on a


lying on a rough incline are the gravitational force mg, the
al force n, and the force of friction f. For convenience, the
ational force is resolved into a component along the incline
n ! and a component perpendicular to the incline mg cos !.
force fhorse exerted by the Earth and the backward ten-
force T exerted by the sled (Fig. 5.18c). The resultant
ese two forces causes the horse to accelerate.
Determinación experimental de los
he force that accelerates the system (horse plus sled) is
et force fhorse " fsled. When fhorse balances fsled, the sys-
coeficientes de rozamiento
moves with constant velocity.

Un bloque se coloca sobre una superficie rugosa inclinada con respecto a la horizontal
T
T
El ángulo de inclinación aumenta hasta que el objeto comienza a moverse

¿Cómo se relaciona
fhorse el coeficiente de rozamiento estático con el ángulo crítico
b) (c)
para que el bloque comience a moverse?
xample 5.11)

Si el ángulo es mayor que el ángulo crítico,


y el bloque comienza a moverse, con un movimiento
n
acelerado por el plano inclinado
f x
Hay que sustituir el coeficiente de rozamiento
estático por el coeficiente de rozamiento dinámico
mg sin θ
(que es más pequeño)
mg cos θ
θ

mg θ
Si una vez que el bloque ha comenzado a moverse
e 5.19 (Example 5.12) The external forces exerted on a volvemos al ángulo crítico, el objeto seguirá acelerando
lying on a rough incline are the gravitational force mg, the por el plano inclinado (la fuerza de rozamiento es menor
al force n, and the force of friction f. For convenience, the
ational force is resolved into a component along the incline
cuando se mueve que cuando está parado)
n ! and a component perpendicular to the incline mg cos !.
force fhorse exerted by the Earth and the backward ten-
force T exerted by the sled (Fig. 5.18c). The resultant
ese two forces causes the horse to accelerate.
Determinación experimental de los
he force that accelerates the system (horse plus sled) is
et force fhorse " fsled. When fhorse balances fsled, the sys-
coeficientes de rozamiento
moves with constant velocity.

Un bloque se coloca sobre una superficie rugosa inclinada con respecto a la horizontal
T
T
El ángulo de inclinación aumenta hasta que el objeto comienza a moverse

¿Cómo se relaciona
fhorse el coeficiente de rozamiento estático con el ángulo crítico
b) (c)
para que el bloque comience a moverse?
xample 5.11)

Para volver a la situación de equilibrio habrá que


y replantear las ecuaciones de movimiento
n
sustituyendo por y reducir el ángulo a un
x
valor tal que el bloque se deslice hacia abajo con
f
velocidad constante
mg sin θ
mg cos θ
θ

mg θ

e 5.19 (Example 5.12) The external forces exerted on a


lying on a rough incline are the gravitational force mg, the
al force n, and the force of friction f. For convenience, the
ational force is resolved into a component along the incline
n ! and a component perpendicular to the incline mg cos !.
Aceleración de dos objetos unidos por una
cuerda en el caso de que exista fricción
Determinar la aceleración del sistema asumiendo cuerda inextensible de masa
despreciable, polea sin rozamiento y sin masa, y coeficiente de rozamiento dinámico
Asumimos que el módulo de la fuerza no es lo suficientemente grande como
para levantar al objeto de la superficie

A P T E R 5 • The Laws of Motion

Cuerpo 1
y
F sin θ F
n
a x
F
θ T θ
m1 T
F cos θ
fk
Cuerpo 2

m2

a m2 m 2g m 1g

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 5.21 (Example 5.14) (a) The external force F applied as shown can cause the
block to accelerate to the right. (b) and (c) The free-body diagrams assuming that the
block accelerates to the right and the ball accelerates upward. The magnitude of the
force of kinetic friction in this case is given by f % # n % # (m g $ F sin !).
of radius r experiences an acceleration that has a magnitude

v2
ac !
Tipos de fuerzas: r

fuerzas en
of the circle. movimientos
Furthermore, a is always perpendicularcurvilíneos
The acceleration is called centripetal acceleration because a is directed toward the center
c
c
to v. (If there were a component
of acceleration parallel to v, the particle’s speed would be changing.)
Consider a ball of mass m that is tied to a string of length r and is being whirled at
constant speed in a horizontal circular Caso de
path, as un movimiento
illustrated in Figure 6.1. Itscircular
weight is uniforme
supported by a frictionless table. Why does the ball move in a circle? According to
(partícula
Newton’s first law, the ball tendsmoviéndose
to move in a straighten trayectoria
line; circular
however, the string prevents con celeridad constante)

Mike Powell / Allsport / Getty Images


Partícula que se mueve en una trayectoria circular de radio r
m con velocidad uniforme v experimenta una aceleración
Fr
centrípeta dirigida hacia el centro del círculo de módulo
r
An athlete in the process of
throwing the hammer at the 1996
Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia.
The force exerted by the chain
causes the centripetal acceleration
Fr Figure 6.1 Overhead view of a ball moving in a of the hammer. Only when the
circularEl
pathvector aceleración
in a horizontal plane. A forcesiempre
Fr es releases
athlete perpendicular
the hammer willal it vector velocidad
directed toward the center of the circle keeps move along a straight-line path
the ball moving in its circular path. tangent to the circle.

¿Qué hace que la partícula se mueva con trayectoria


151 circular?

Si hay una aceleración, hay una fuerza neta (segunda ley de Newton)
Si la aceleración hacia el centro del círculo, la fuerza hacia el centro del círculo
of radius r experiences an acceleration that has a magnitude

v2
ac !
Tipos de fuerzas: r

fuerzas en
of the circle. movimientos
Furthermore, a is always perpendicularcurvilíneos
The acceleration is called centripetal acceleration because a is directed toward the center
c
c
to v. (If there were a component
of acceleration parallel to v, the particle’s speed would be changing.)
Consider a ball of mass m that is tied to a string of length r and is being whirled at
constant speed in a horizontal circular Caso de
path, as un movimiento
illustrated in Figure 6.1. Itscircular
weight is uniforme
supported by a frictionless table. Why does the ball move in a circle? According to
Sithehay
Newton’s first law, unatoaceleración,
ball tends hayhowever,
move in a straight line; una fuerza neta (segunda ley
the string prevents de Newton)
Si la aceleración hacia el centro del círculo, la fuerza hacia el centro del círculo

Mike Powell / Allsport / Getty Images


m Tendencia natural: moverse en una línea recta con velocidad constante
Fr
La cuerda impide este movimiento, ejerciendo una fuerza radial sobre el
r
objeto que hace que siga una trayectoria circular
An athlete in the process of
throwing the hammer at the 1996
Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia.
The force exerted by the chain
causes the centripetal acceleration
Fr
Esta fuerza es la tensión de la cuerda: orientada según la
Figure 6.1 Overhead view of a ball moving in a
circular path in a horizontal plane. A force Fr
of the hammer. Only when the
athlete releases the hammer will it
longitud de la cuerda y se dirige hacia el centro del círculo
directed toward the center of the circle keeps move along a straight-line path
the ball moving in its circular path. tangent to the circle.

151
Independientemente de la naturaleza de la fuerza que actúe sobre el objeto con
movimiento circular, podemos aplicar la segunda ley de Newton según la dirección radial.
upward orientation—it does not invert. What is the directio
In Section 4.4 we found that a particle moving with uniform speed v in a circular path

© Tom Carroll/Index
celeration when you are at the top of the wheel? (a) upwar
of radius r experiences an acceleration that has a magnitude
possible to determine. What is the direction of your c
when you are at the bottom of the wheel? (d) upward (e) dow
Tipos de fuerzas: a !
v
r
c
2

Figure 6.3 (Quick Quiz 6.1 and


determine.

fuerzas The
enacceleration
movimientos curvilíneos
is called centripetal acceleration
6.2) A Ferris wheel located on the
because a is directed toward theQuick
center Quiz 6.2 You are riding on the Ferris wheel o
Navy Pier in Chicago,
c Illinois.
of the circle. Furthermore, ac is always perpendicular to v. (If there were a component
the direction of the normal force exerted by the seat on you w
of acceleration parallel to v, the particle’s speed would be changing.) the wheel? (a) upward (b) downward (c) impossible to deter
Caso de un movimiento circular uniforme
tion ofatthe normal force exerted by the seat on you when you
Consider a ball of mass m that is tied to a string of length r and is being whirled
wheel?is(d) upward (e) downward (f) impossible to determine.
constant speed in a horizontal circular path, as illustrated in Figure 6.1. Its weight
Tendencia natural: moverse en una línea recta
supported by a frictionless table. Why does the ball move in a circle? According con velocidad
to constante
▲ PITFALLline;
Newton’s first law, the ball tends to move in a straight
La cuerda impide este movimiento, PREVENTION
however, the string prevents
ejerciendo una fuerza radial sobre el
objeto que 6.1
haceDirection
que siga of Travel
una trayectoria circular
When the String is Cut

Mike Powell / Allsport / Getty Images


Study Figure 6.2 very carefully.
Many students (wrongly) think
m that the ball will move radially
Fr
away from the center of the circle
when the string is cut. The veloc-
r
ity of the ball is tangent to the cir-
r cle. By Newton’s first law, the ball
continues to move in the direc- An athlete in the process of
tion that it is moving just as the throwing the hammer at the 1996
force from the string disappears. Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia.
The force exerted by the chain
causes the centripetal acceleration
Fr Figure 6.1 Overhead view of a ball moving in a of the hammer. Only when the
circular path in a horizontal plane. A force Fr athlete releases the hammer will it
At thetoward
directed Activethe
Figures
centerlink
of the circle keeps move along a straight-line path
at http://www.pse6.com, you path.
the ball moving in its circular tangent to the circle. Active Figure 6.2
can “break” the string yourself moving in a circula
and observe the effect on the 151When the string br
ball’s motion. direction tangent t

Si la fuerza que actúa sobre el objeto desaparece, este se


desplazará a lo largo de una línea recta tangente al círculo.
and
te T find that that
and find
v2 v2
El péndulo cónico tan "tan
!"!
rg rg
v!√
v r! √r g"tan "
g tan
Un pequeño objeto de masa m suspendido de una cuerda de longitud L.
he geometry
om in Figure
the geometry 6.4, 6.4,
in Figure we see
we that r ! Lr !
see that sinL"sin
; ";
re,
erefore, El objeto gira con una celeridad v en un círculo de radio r.
v ! v √!Lg sin
√Lg"sin
tan""tan " ¿Cuánto vale v?
at the
te thatspeed is independent
the speed of the
is independent ofmass of the
the mass ofobject.
the object.
La bola está en equilibrio en la dirección vertical
La bola sigue un movimiento circular en la dirección horizonta
L L
θ θ T cosTθcos θ Dibujamos el diagrama de cuerpo aislado
T T θ θ

r r
Como el objeto no se acelera en la dirección vertical
T sin Tθ sin θ

mg mg mg mg
La componente horizontal de la tensión es la
6.4
ure (Example 6.2) The
6.4 (Example 6.2) conical pendulum
The conical and its
pendulum andfree-
its free- responsable de la aceleración centrípeta
agram.
dy diagram.

on 6.1 yields
uation 6.1 yields
v2 v2
(1) T!m
and
te T find that that
and find
v2 v2
El péndulo cónico tan "tan
!"!
rg rg
v!√
v r! √r g"tan "
g tan
Un pequeño objeto de masa m suspendido de una cuerda de longitud L.
he geometry
om in Figure
the geometry 6.4, 6.4,
in Figure we see
we that r ! Lr !
see that sinL"sin
; ";
re,
erefore, El objeto gira con una celeridad v en un círculo de radio r.
v ! v √!Lg sin
√Lg"sin
tan""tan " ¿Cuánto vale v?
at the
te thatspeed is independent
the speed of the
is independent ofmass of the
the mass ofobject.
the object.
Como el objeto no se acelera en la dirección vertical

L L
θ θ T cosTθcos θ
La componente horizontal de la tensión es la
T T θ responsable de la aceleración centrípeta
θ

r r
T sin Tθ sin θ

Dividiendo la segunda ecuación entre la primera


mg mg mg mg
6.4
ure (Example 6.2) The
6.4 (Example 6.2) conical pendulum
The conical and its
pendulum andfree-
its free-
agram.
dy diagram.
Como
Independiente de la
on 6.1 yields
uation 6.1 yields masa del objeto
v2 v2
(1) T!m
Fuerzas sobre un piloto en un
movimiento circular
Un piloto de masa m ejecuta un loop .
Determinar la fuerza ejercida por el asiento sobre el piloto en en el fondo y en el tope del loop
R 6 • Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newton’s Laws

C HAPTE R 6 • Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newton’s Laws


n bot
Top
n bot Analicemos el diagrama del cuerpo aislado del
Top
piloto en la parte de debajo del loop

A
A

ntop ntop
mg mg mg mg
(b)
La magnitud
(b)
(c)
(c) de la fuerza normal ejercida por el asiento

Bottom sobre el piloto es mayor que el peso del piloto.


Bottom
(a)
(a) 6.6) (a) An aircraft executes a loop-the-loop maneuver as it
Figure 6.7 (Example
Figurebottom
6.7 (Example
of the loop.6.6) (a)
In this An aircraft
position executes
the pilot El piloto experimenta un peso aparente que es mayor que
moves in a vertical circle at constant speed. (b) Free-body diagram for the pilot at the
a loop-the-loop
experiences maneuver
an apparent weight greater as it
moves than
in a his
vertical circle(c)
at Free-body
constantdiagram
speed. for
(b)the
Free-body
pilot at thediagram
top of thefor the pilot at the
true weight.
bottom of the loop. In this position the pilot experiences an apparent weight greater su peso real.
loop.

than his true weight. (c) Free-body diagram for the pilot at the top of the loop.
Fuerzas sobre un piloto en un
movimiento circular
Un piloto de masa m ejecuta un loop .
Determinar la fuerza ejercida por el asiento sobre el piloto en en el fondo y en el tope del loop
R 6 • Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newton’s Laws

ular Motion and Other Applications of Newton’s Laws


n bot
Top
n bot Analicemos el diagrama del cuerpo aislado del
Top
piloto en la parte de arriba del loop

ntop ntop
mg mg mg mg
(b) (c)
La magnitud
(b) (c) de la fuerza normal ejercida por el asiento
Bottom
(a)
sobre el piloto es menor que el peso del piloto.
Bottom
Figure 6.7 (Example 6.6) (a) An aircraft executes a loop-the-loop maneuver as it
(a)
moves in a vertical circle at constant speed. (b) Free-body diagram for the pilot at the
bottom of theFigure
loop. In6.7
than his truemoves
weight. in
this position
(Example pilot
(c)aFree-body
the 6.6) experiences
diagram for the pilot
an apparent
(a) An aircraft
at the top of
El piloto experimenta un peso aparente que es menor que
executesweight
the
greater
a loop-the-loop
loop.
maneuver as it
vertical circle at constant speed. (b) Free-body diagram for the pilot at the
bottom of the loop. In this position the pilot experiences an apparent weight greater su peso real.
than his true weight. (c) Free-body diagram for the pilot at the top of the loop.

e same magnitude, the normal force at ent weight that is greater than his true weight by a factor
Ejemplo de fuerzas de fricción:
desplazamiento de un coche en una carretera horizontal
Cuando un coche acelera en una carretera horizontal, la fuerza no equilibrada que
causa la aceleración es debida al rozamiento entre los neumáticos y la carretera

En reposo: el peso del coche está equilibrado por la fuerza


normal que el suelo ejerce sobre los neumáticos

Para que comience el movimiento: el motor del coche ejerce un


par sobre el eje de dirección

Si no hubiera rozamiento con la carretera: Si hay rozamiento, pero el par no es lo


las ruedas simplemente girarían sobre sí suficientemente grande: los neumáticos no
mismas, con la superficie de los neumáticos se deslizarán debido a la fricción estática.
moviéndose hacia atrás.
Ejemplo de fuerzas de fricción:
desplazamiento de un coche en una carretera curva
La fuerza de fricción ejercida por la carretera sobre el coche tiene la dirección
hacia delante y suministra la aceleración necesaria para que el coche acelere

Si cada neumático rueda sin deslizamiento, su superficie de contacto


con la carretera se encuentra en reposo relativo con ésta.

Superficie de contacto con el suelo se mueve hacia atrás


con respecto al eje con velocidad v
El eje se desplaza hacia adelante con velocidad v con
respecto a la carretera.
El rozamiento entre las ruedas y el suelo es fricción estática
rve, as shown in Figure 6.5. If the radius of the curve is speed at which it is on the verge of skidding outward. At this
.0 m and
500-kg carthe coefficient
moving of static
on a flat, frictionroad
horizontal between the tires
negotiates a point,
The the friction
maximum speedforce hascan
the car its have
maximum
around value fs, max is
the curve "sn.
!the
de,dry pavement is 0.500, find the maximum speed
as shown in Figure 6.5. If the radius of the curve is the car Because
speed the car
at which shown
it is on thein verge
Figureof6.5b is in equilibrium
skidding outward. Atinthis the
Fuerzas
nmhave
dry
andand
thestill
pavement
coefficient
is
sobre
make theof turn
0.500, find the
un coche
staticsuccessfully.
friction between the tires
maximum speed the
que toma una curva en una
car
vertical
point, thedirection,
the weight
Because the (n
the magnitude
friction force
mg) and
car!shown
of the normal
has its maximum
thus fs,6.5b
in Figure max !
value fs, force
"smg.
is in Substituting
equilibrium
equals
max ! "sn.
this
in the
olution In this case, the force that enables the car to re-
carretera
have
ain in and still make
its circular pathhorizontal
the
isturn successfully.
the force plana
of static friction. (Static
value for
vertical fs into (1),
direction, thewe
the weight (n ! mg) and thus f
find that the
magnitude maximum
of the
! " mg. Substituting this
normalspeed
forceisequals
cause no slipping
case,occurs at the point of contact
the carbetween
√ √
s, max s
ution In this the force that enables to re- fs , max r maximum "sm gspeed
r
ad and tires.
n in its circularIf this
path force
is the of static
force offriction
static were zero—for
friction. (Static
value for
(2) fs into (1),
v max
we!find that the ! ! √is"s g r
ample, Uncar coche de masa m describe una curva de radio r sobre una carretera horizontal plana.
m m
ause noifslipping
the were
occursonatan theicypoint
road—the car would
of contact betweencon-

√ √
! √f(0.500)(9.80
ue in a straight line and slide off the road.) Hence, from s , max r "sm2g)(35.0
m/s r m)
d and tires. If this Si el
forcecoeficiente
of static friction de rozamiento
were zero—for estático
(2) entre
v max los
! neumáticos
m
!
my la √
! carretera
"s g r es µ,
uation 6.1 we have
mple, if the car were on an icy road—the car would con- ! 13.1 m/s
¿Cuál es
e in a straight line la
and máxima
slide off the v 2road.) Hence, from
celeridad que puede alcanzar el! √(0.500)(9.80
coche para m/s 2)(35.0 m)
tomar la curva sin salirse?
(1) fs ! m
ation 6.1 we have r Note that the maximum ! 13.1speed m/s does not depend on the mass
fs v 2 En este caso,
of the car. Thatla fuerza responsable
is why curved highways do not deneed
quemulti-el coche siga
(1) fs ! m
r una trayectoria
ple speed
Note that the circular
limit
maximum es does
signs tospeed
cover la
thefuerza
various de on
masses
not depend rozamiento
of
thevehicles
mass estática
using the road.
sf entre los neumáticos y la carretera
of the car. That is why curved highways do not need multi-
ple speed limit signs to cover the various masses of vehicles
What
using theIf? Suppose that a car travels this curve on a wet day
road.
andDibujamos
begins to skid onelthe
diagrama
curve when de cuerpo
its speed aislado
reaches only
8.00 m/s.
What What can that
If? Suppose we say about
a car thethis
travels coefficient
curve onofastatic fric-
wet day
tionbegins
and in thisto
case?
skid on the curve when its speed reaches only
8.00 m/s. What can we say about the coefficient of static fric-
(a) Answer The coefficient of friction between tires and a wet
tion in this case?
road should be smaller than that between tires and a dry road.
This expectation
Answer is consistent
The coefficient with experience
of friction between tireswithand
driving, be-
a wet
(a)
cause
road a skidbe
should is smaller
more likely
thanon a wet
that road than
between tires aand
dryaroad.
dry road.
n To check our suspicion, we can solve (2) for the coeffi-
This expectation is consistent with experience with driving, be-
Como el
cient coche
of friction: está en equilibrio en la
cause a skid is more likely on a wet road than a dry road. dirección vertical
n 2
To check our suspicion, we vcan
max solve (2) for the coeffi-
cient of friction:
"s !
gr
fs
2
vmax
Substituting the numerical
"s !values,
mg gr
fs 2
v max (8.00 m/s)2 No dependen de la masa
(b) "s !
Substituting !
the gnumerical values, ! 0.187
r (9.80 m/s2)(35.0 m)
gure 6.5 (Example 6.4) (a)mg
The force of static friction di-
The car is in equilibrium in the vertical direction. Thus,
he inside of the curve. Suppose the designated speed from #Fy " 0 we have
ramp is to be 13.4 m/s (30.0 mi/h) and the radius
curve is 50.0 m. At what angle should the curve be (2) n cos ! " mg
Fuerzas sobre un coche que
d? toma
Dividing (1) by (2) una
gives curva en una
carretera conroad,peralte
on On a level (unbanked) the force that causes
(3) tan ! "
v 2

ntripetal acceleration is the force of static friction be- rg


car and road, as we saw in the previous example.
Siisla curva está peraltada con un ángulo $1la fuerza normal tendrá una componente
! "
(13.4 m/s) 2
er, if the road banked at an angle !, as in Figure ! " tan 2) " 20.1#
e normal force n has a horizontal componentapuntandon sin ! hacia el centro de la m/s
(50.0 m)(9.80 curva
ng toward the center of the curve. Because the ramp
e designed so that the force of static friction is zero, If a car rounds the curve at a speed less than 13.4 m/s, fric-
he component nx " n sin ! causes the centripetal tion is needed to keep it from sliding down the bank (to the
left in Fig. 6.6). A driver who attempts to negotiate the curve
at a speed greater than 13.4 m/s has to depend on friction
to keep from sliding up the bank (to the right in Fig. 6.6).
nx The banking angle is independent of the mass of the vehicle
negotiating the curve.

n ny Imaginemos que se quiera diseñar la rampa de manera que un


What
coche If? What
pudiera if this samela
negociar roadway
curvawere builtceleridad
a un on Mars in dada aún en
the future to connect different colony centers; could it be
traveled at the sameausencia
speed? de rozamiento

Answer The reduced gravitational force on Mars would


Segunda ley de Newton Segunda ley de Newton
mean that the car is not pressed so tightly to the roadway.
enThe
la dirección radial
reduced normal en la dirección y
force results in a smaller component
of the normal force toward the center of the circle. This
smaller component will not be sufficient to provide the cen-
tripetal acceleration associated with the original speed. The
θ centripetal acceleration must be reduced, which can be
Fg
done by reducing the speed v.
6.6 (Example 6.5) A car rounding a curve on a road Equation (3) shows that the speed v is proportional to
at an angle ! to the horizontal. When friction is ne- the square root of g for a roadway of fixed radius r banked at
, the force that causes the centripetal acceleration and a fixed angle !. Thus, if g is smaller, as it is on Mars, the
he car moving in its circular path is the horizontal com- speed v with which the roadway can be safely traveled is also
Tipos de fuerzas:
fuerzas de fricción en fluidos
Interacción entre el objeto y el medio a través del cual se mueve.

El medio ejerce una fuerza de resistencia cuando este se mueve a su través.

Módulo depende de la celeridad relativa entre el objeto y el medio


Dirección y sentido de sobre el objeto es siempre opuesta a la dirección del movimiento

Generalmente, el módulo de la fuerza aumenta a medida que aumenta el módulo de la velocidad


Tipos de fuerzas:
fuerzas de fricción en fluidos
Fuerzas de resistencia proporcional a la velocidad del objeto

Modelo válido a velocidades bajas

b es una constante, depende de las propiedades del medio y de la forma y dimensiones del objeto.
El signo menos nos dice que la fuerza de resistencia es opuesta a la velocidad.
S ECTI O N 6.4 • Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces 163

Tipos de fuerzas: v = 0
fuerzas de fricción aen
=g
fluidos
v

Una esfera de masa m que se deja caer desde la la posición de reposo


vT

R Únicas fuerzas: peso y fuerza de resistencia


0.632vT
v (ignoramos empuje de Arquímedes. Podría incluirse
v = vT variando el peso aparente de la esfera).
mg a=0 At the Active Figures link
at http://www.pse6.com, you
t can vary the size and mass of
τ
the sphere and the viscosity
(a) (b) (c) (resistance to flow) of the
Active Figure 6.15 (a) A small sphere falling through a liquid. (b) Motion diagram of surrounding medium, then
the sphere as it falls. (c) Speed–time graph for the sphere. The sphere reaches a observe the effects on the
maximum (or terminal) speed vT, and the time constant # is the time interval during sphere’s motion and its
which it reaches a speed of 0.632vT. speed–time graph.

the gravitational force Fg , let us describe its motion.1 Applying Newton’s second law
to the vertical motion, choosing the downward direction to be positive, and noting that
!Fy ! mg " bv, we obtain
dv Condiciones iniciales: en t = 0
mg " bv ! ma ! m (6.3)
dt
where the acceleration dv/dt is downward. Solving this expression for the acceleration
gives
S ECTI O N 6.4 • Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces 163

Tipos de fuerzas: v = 0
fuerzas de fricción aen
=g
fluidos
v

vT

R
0.632vT
v
Condiciones iniciales: en t = 0
v = vT
mg a=0 At the Active Figures link
S ECTI O N 6.4 • Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces 163 at http://www.pse6.com, you
t can vary the size and mass of
τ
the sphere and the viscosity
v = 0 (a) (b) (c)
a=g (resistance to flow) of the
Active Figure 6.15 (a) A small sphere fallingCuando
through a liquid.t aumenta,
(b) Motion la velocidad
diagram of surrounding
aumenta, medium,
la fuerza dethen
the sphere as it falls. (c) Speed–time graph for the sphere. The sphere reaches a observe the effects on the
resistencia aumenta
maximum (or terminal) speed vTv, and the time constant # is the time interval during y la aceleración disminuye.
sphere’s motion and its
which it reaches a speed of 0.632vT. speed–time graph.
La aceleración se hace cero cuando la fuerza de resistencia
vT
the gravitational force Fg , let us se equilibra
describe its motion.1 Applying con law
Newton’s second el peso.
R to the vertical motion, choosing the downward direction to be positive, and noting that
0.632vT En ese momento, el objeto alcanza la velocidad límite vT, y a
!Fy ! mg " bv, we obtain
partir de ese momento se mueve con velocidad constante
v = vT dv
mg a=0 mg " bv ! ma ! m (6.3)
At the Active Figures link
dt at http://www.pse6.com, you
t can vary the
where the acceleration dv/dt is downward.
τ Solving this expression forsize
theand mass of
acceleration
the sphere and the viscosity
gives (b) (c) (resistance to flow) of the
6.15 (a) A small sphere falling through a liquid. (b) Motion diagram of surrounding medium, then
S ECTI O N 6.4 • Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces 163

Tipos de fuerzas: v = 0
fuerzas de fricción aen
=g
fluidos
v

vT

R
0.632vT
v S E CTI O N 6.4 • Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces 163
Condiciones iniciales: en t = 0
v = vT
mg a=0 At the Active Figures link
at http://www.pse6.com, you
t can vary the size and mass of
τ
the sphere and the viscosity
(a) (b) (c) (resistance to flow) of the
v
Active Figure 6.15 (a) A small sphere falling through a liquid. (b) Motion diagram of surrounding medium, then
Solución
the sphere as it falls. (c) Speed–time graph for the sphere. The sphere reaches a general observe the effects on the
vTmaximum (or terminal) speed vT, and the time constant # is the time interval during sphere’s motion and its
which it reaches a speed of 0.632vT. speed–time graph.

0.632vthe
T gravitational force Fg , let us describe its motion.1 Applying Newton’s second law
to the vertical motion, choosing the downward direction to be positive, and noting that
!Fy ! mg " bv, we obtain
At the Active Figures link
at dv
http://www.pse6.com, you
mg " bv ! ma ! m (6.3)
t dt mass of
can vary the size and
τ
the sphere and the viscosity
where the acceleration
(c) dv/dt is downward. Solving this expression for the acceleration
(resistance to flow) of the
h a liquid.gives
(b) Motion diagram of surrounding medium, then
here. The sphere reaches a observe the effects on the
Tipos de fuerzas:
fuerzas ficticias
Las leyes de Newton sólo son validas en sistemas de referencia inerciales

Cuando la aceleración de un objeto se mide con respecto a un sistema de referencia que a su vez
se acelera con respecto a un sistema de referencia inercial, la fuerza resultante no es igual al
producto de la masa por la aceleración

Incluso en este sistema de referencia acelerado, podemos utilizar la ley de Newton


si introducimos fuerzas ficticias o pseudofuerzas que dependan de la aceleración del sistema de
referencia

En el sistema de referencia acelerado:


Tipos de fuerzas:
fuerzas ficticias. Ejemplo 1
Se deja caer un objeto en el interior de un vagón de ferrocarril con velocidad inicial nula y
aceleración constante ac

Un observador situado en la vía ve caer Con respecto al vagón, posee una


el objeto verticalmente (no hay aceleración vertical g, y una
velocidad inicial a lo largo de x), y con aceleración horizontal –ac. La bola cae
aceleración constante a lo largo de y, g hacia la parte de atrás del vagón

En el sistema de referencia del vagón se puede utilizar la segunda ley de Newton si


introducimos una fuerza ficticia que actúa sobre cualquier objeto de masa m
Tipos de fuerzas:
fuerzas ficticias. Ejemplo 2
Una lámpara que cuelga de una cuerda del techo de un vagón.
Para cada observador, la componente vertical de la tensión es igual al peso de la lámpara.

Un observador situado en la vía ve que la Con respecto al vagón, la lámpara está en


lámpara se acelera hacia la derecha debido a la equilibrio, y no tiene aceleración. La
acción de de la fuerza no equilibrada, la componente horizontal de la tensión equilibra
componente horizontal de la tensión. una fuerza ficticia que actúa sobre todos los
objetos del vagón para un observador situado
en el vagón.
Física, P. A. Tipler, Ed. Reverté, Tercera Edición, Capítulo 5
Tipos de fuerzas:
fuerzas ficticias. Ejemplo 3
Una plataforma giratoria.
Cada punto de la trayectoria se mueve en círculo y tiene una aceleración centrípeta.

Para un observador inercial, el bloque se mueve Para un observador en la plataforma, el bloque


en círculo con velocidad v, y está acelerado está en reposo y no acelera. Para usar la
hacia el centro del círculo, v2/r, por la fuerza no segunda ley de Newton se debe utilizar una
equilibrada de la tensión de la fuerza. fuerza fictica de magnitud v2/r y que apunte
hacia fuera del círculo, la fuerza centrífuga.

Física, P. A. Tipler, Ed. Reverté, Tercera Edición, Capítulo 5


Tipos de fuerzas:
fuerzas ficticias

Supongamos que un observador se encuentra en un sistema de referencia acelerado


(piénsese en el ascensor, un tiovivo, o la Tierra que al estar en rotación no es un sistema
inercial). Este observador realiza experimentos físicos sencillos (dejar caer un objeto,
medir la tensión de una cuerda..). Como el sistema de referencia en el que está sufre una
aceleración, sus resultados, medidos por él, no coincidirán en general con los que
obtendría en esos mismos experimentos si estuviera en reposo.
Si este observador cree firmemente en las ecuaciones de Newton, las escribirá tal y como
conocemos. Sin embargo, las aceleraciones su sistema está sufriendo, y que el desconoce
que existen, las interpretará,(para que le cuadren las ecuaciones) como una cierta fuerza.
Esta fuerza no existe como tal (no hay ninguna interacción de la naturaleza que las
genere), pero necesita creer en su existencia para que sigan siendo válidas las ecuaciones
de Newton.
Estas fuerzas, que aparecen sólo en los sistemas de referencia no inerciales se denominan
FUERZAS DE INERCIA, o fuerzas ficticias.

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