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5.dinamica de La Particula PDF
5.dinamica de La Particula PDF
Javier Junquera
Bibliografía FUENTE PRINCIPAL
Física, Volumen 1, 3° edición
Raymod A. Serway y John W. Jewett, Jr.
Ed. Thomson
ISBN: 84-9732-168-5
Capítulos 4 y 5
Física para Ciencias e Ingeniería, Volumen 1, 7° edición
Raymod A. Serway y John W. Jewett, Jr.
Cengage Learning
ISBN 978-970-686-822-0
Capítulos 5 y 6
Física, Volumen 1
R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, y M. Sands
Ed. Pearson Eduación
ISBN: 968-444-350-1
Capítulo 9
Definición de dinámica y cinemática
Dinámica:
Estudio del movimiento de un objeto, y de las
relaciones de este movimiento con conceptos
físicos tales como la fuerza y la masa.
En otras palabras, estudio del movimiento
atendiendo a las causas que lo producen.
Cinemática:
Estudio del movimiento, usando los
conceptos de espacio y tiempo, sin tener
en cuenta las causas que lo producen.
Dinámica: preguntas a resolver y
conceptos básicos que vamos a introducir
m M
(a) (d)
Si se examina el origen
de las fueras a una
–q +Q
escala atómica, la
separación entre fuerzas
(b) (e) de contacto y fuerzas de
campo no es tan clara
Iron N S
(c) (f)
Figure 5.1 Some examples of applied forces. In each case a force is exerted on the ob-
ject within the boxed area. Some agent in the environment external to the boxed area
exerts a force on the object.
Fuerzas de contacto: implican un Fuerzas de campo: no implican un
contacto físico entre dos objetos contacto físico entre dos objetos.
Another class of forces, known as field forces, do not involve physical contact be-
Actúan
tween two objects but instead act through empty space. Theagravitational
travésforce delofespacio
at- vacío
traction between two objects, illustrated in Figure 5.1d, is an example of this class of
force. This gravitational force keeps objects bound to the Earth and the planets in or-
Tipos de interacción desde un
punto de vista fundamental
Nuclear fuerte
Electromagnética
Nuclear débil
Gravitatoria
Tipos de interacción desde un
punto de vista fundamental
Nuclear fuerte
Electromagnética
Nuclear débil
Gravitatoria
0 0 0
1 1 1
2 2 2
0
1
3 3 3
2
3
4 4 4
4
F2
θ
F1 F1
F
Isaac Newton, F2
F1
English physicist and
F2
mathematician
(1642–1727) (a) (b) (c) (d)
Aplicamos Isaac
una Newtonfuerza
was one of the vertical sobre el muelle. Si ahora aplicamos una fuerza de magnitud
Figure 5.2 The vector nature of a force is tested with a spring scale. (a) A downward
force F1 elongates the spring 1.00 cm. (b) A downward force F2 elongates the spring
Como consecuencia,
Before the age of 30, he el muelle se deforma.
most brilliant scientists in history.
doble que la fuerza de referencia, el muelle se
2.00 cm. (c) When F1 and F2 are applied simultaneously, the spring elongates by
3.00 cm. (d) When F1 is downward and F2 is horizontal, the combination of the two
formulated the basic concepts
and laws of mechanics,
discovered the law of universal
forces elongates the spring √ (1.00 cm)2 2
$ (2.00 cm) " 2.24 cm. deformará el doble
gravitation, and invented the
Se puede medir el valor de una fuerza aplicada
mathematical methods of El efecto combinado de dos fuerzas colineares
quantity, we use the bold-faced symbol F.) If we now apply a different downward force
calculus. As a consequence of
mirando el puntero sobre lamagnitude
escala.
his theories, Newton was able to
F whose
explain the motions of the
esF , la
is twice that of the reference force
2 suma
as seen in Figurede
5.2b, los
the efectos de las fuerzas
1
pointer moves to 2.00 cm. Figure 5.2c shows that the combined effect of the two
planets, the ebb and flow of the
collinear forces is the sum of the effects of the individual forces.
tides, and many special features
individuales
of the motions of the Moon and Now suppose the two forces are applied simultaneously with F1 downward and F2
the Earth. He also interpreted horizontal, as illustrated in Figure 5.2d. In this case, the pointer reads
Calibramos el muelle definiendo una fuerza de
many fundamental observations Como se ha verificado experimentalmente que
√5.00 cm2 " 2.24 cm. The single force F that would produce this same reading is the
concerning the nature of light.
referencia como la fuerza que produce una
His contributions to physical
theories dominated scientific
las fuerzas se comportan como vectores, se
sum of the two vectors F1 and F2, as described in Figure 5.2d. That is,
! F ! " √F12 $ F22 " 2.24 units, and its direction is ! " tan# 1(# 0.500) " # 26.6°.
elongación del muelle de una unidad
thought for two centuries and
remain important today.
deben utilizar las leyes de la adición de vectores
Because forces have been experimentally verified to behave as vectors, you must
use the rules of vector addition to obtain the net force on an object.
(Giraudon/Art Resource)
para conocer la fuerza neta sobre un objeto
5.2 Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames
Primera ley del movimiento de Newton:
ley o principio de inercia
Parece contraintuitivo: en la vida ordinaria, parece que el estado natural de los cuerpos es el reposo
(sin embargo, tenemos que tener en cuenta las fuerzas de rozamiento).
Requirió una cierta imaginación darse cuenta de este principio, y el esfuerzo inicial se lo debemos a
Galileo Galilei.
Cualquier sistema de referencia que se mueva con una velocidad constante respecto de
un sistema inercial será, el mismo, un sistema inercial.
Definición de masa inerte
Si sobre un cuerpo actúa más de una fuerza externa, debemos calcular primero la
resultante (suma vectorial) de todas las fuerzas externas.
Desglosando en componentes:
Unidades y magnitudes de la fuerza
- Dirección: vertical
- Sentido: hacia el centro de la Tierra
- Módulo: peso
Un objeto en caída libre (aquel que se mueve únicamente bajo la acción de la gravedad)
experimenta un movimiento rectilíneo uniformemente acelerado con aceleración
y had the experience of standing in an Solution No, your weight is unchanged. To provide the ac-
ates upward as it moves toward a higher celeration upward, the floor or scale must exert on your feet
If two objects interact, the force F12 exerted by object 1 on object 2 is equal in mag-
nitude and opposite in direction to the force F21 exerted by object 2 on object 1:
Fhn
Fnh
Notación
John Gillmoure /corbisstockmarket.com
F12 = –F21
2
F12
F21
Fuerza ejercida por a sobre b
1
(a) (b)
Figure 5.5 Newton’s third law. (a) The force F12 exerted by object 1 on object 2 is
equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force F21 exerted by object 2 on
Ejemplo del principio de
acción y reacción S E C T I O N 5 . 6 • Newton’s Third Law
n = Ftm n = Ftm
Fg = FEm
Fg = FEm
Fmt
FmE
Fuerzas de restricción
Fuerzas elásticas
Fuerzas de fricción
Fuerzas ficticias
Tipos de fuerzas:
fuerzas de restricción
Limitan el movimiento
Surgen como oposición a otra fuerza
Son ilimitadas
Fuerzas normales: se definen como la fuerza de igual magnitud y dirección, pero
diferente sentido, que ejerce una superficie sobre un cuerpo apoyado sobre la misma.
Cuando un objeto está siendo arrastrado por una cuerda, ésta ejerce una fuerza sobre el objeto.
Al módulo de esta fuerza se le denomina tensión
Esta fuerza tiene la dirección de la propia cuerda y se ejerce en sentido saliente con
respecto al objeto.
particle experiences an acceleration, then there
n the object. Consider a crate being pulled to the
ace, as in Figure 5.8a. Suppose you are asked to
Tipos de fuerzas:
d the force the floor exerts on it. First, note that
tensiones en cuerdas
to the crate acts through the rope. The magni-
he rope. The forces acting on the crate are illus-
igure 5.8b. In addition to the force T, the free-
Supongamos una superficie horizontal sin rozamiento
he gravitational force Fg and the normal force n
¿Cuánto vale la aceleración de la caja?
nd law in component form to the crate. The only
Applying !Fx ! max to the horizontal motion
T
ma x or ax !
m
!0 or n ! Fg
Paso 1: Aislamos el objeto cuyo movimiento vamos a analizar
e magnitude as the gravitational force but acts in
Paso 2: Dibujamos el diagrama de fuerzas
(a) que actúan sobre el objeto
cceleration ax ! T/m also is constant. Hence, the
n
nematics from Chapter 2 can be used to obtain
as functions of time. Because ax ! T/m ! con-
y
ritten as T (si tuviéramos más de un objeto,
x
dibujaríamos un diagrama de
! vxi % " #
T
m
t fuerzas para cada uno de los
objetos por separado)
% vxit % 12 " mT # t 2
Fg
magnitude of the normal force n is equal to the
(b)
ys the case. For example, suppose a book is lying
Figure 5.8 (a) A crate being
particle experiences an acceleration, then there
n the object. Consider a crate being pulled to the
ace, as in Figure 5.8a. Suppose you are asked to
Tipos de fuerzas:
d the force the floor exerts on it. First, note that
tensiones en cuerdas
to the crate acts through the rope. The magni-
he rope. The forces acting on the crate are illus-
igure 5.8b. In addition to the force T, the free-
Supongamos una superficie horizontal sin rozamiento
he gravitational force Fg and the normal force n
¿Cuánto vale la aceleración de la caja?
nd law in component form to the crate. The only
Applying !Fx ! max to the horizontal motion
T
ma x or ax !
m
!0 or n ! Fg
Paso 1: Aislamos el objeto cuyo movimiento vamos a analizar
e magnitude as the gravitational force but acts in
Paso 2: Dibujamos el diagrama de fuerzas
(a) que actúan sobre el objeto
cceleration ax ! T/m also is constant. Hence, the
n
nematics from Chapter 2 can be used to obtain
as functions of time. Because ax ! T/m ! con-
y
ritten as T Paso 3: Elegimos unos ejes de
x
coordenadas convenientes para
! vxi % " #
T
m
t analizar el movimiento de cada
uno de los objetos
% vxit % 12 " mT # t 2
Fg
magnitude of the normal force n is equal to the
(b)
ys the case. For example, suppose a book is lying
Figure 5.8 (a) A crate being
m
Tipos
!0 or
den !fuerzas:
F g
tensiones en cuerdas
e magnitude as the gravitational force but acts in
(a)
cceleration ax ! T/m also is constant. Hence, the
n
nematics from Chapter 2 can be used to obtain
as functions of time. Because ax ! T/m ! con-
ritten as y
T
x
! vxi % " #
T
m
t
% vxit % 12 " mT # t 2
Fg
magnitude of the normal force n is equal to the
(b)
ys the case. For example, suppose a book is lying
book with a forcePasoF, as4:
in Aplicamos la segunda
Figure 5.9. Because the ley5.8de
Figure (a)Newton descompuesta en componentes
A crate being
pulled to the right on a frictionless
lerating, !Fy ! 0, which gives n $ Fg $ F ! 0, or surface. (b) The free-body diagram
Dirección
mal force x: sólo
is greater than actúa
the force una fuerza
of gravity. Other sobre la the external
representing Dirección
forces y: la partícula está en equilibrio, por lo
ed later. partícula acting on the crate. tanto su aceleración es cero y la fuerza externa
neta actuando sobre la partícula en esta
dirección tiene que anularse
F
P R O B L E M - S O LV I N G H I N T S
Si el número
•
hen one objectde objetos en el sistema
•
es mayor que uno, hay
!F ! ma.
A traffic light weighing 122 N hangs from a cable tied to two
Analyze the problem by isolating the object
other cables Figure whose motion
5.9 When
toone
isobject
being Analyze
!F ! ma.
theThe
problem drawing
Solution We conceptualize the problem by inspecting the
by isolating
in the object5.10a.
whoseLet
motion is being that the cables do
ard on another analyzed. Draw a free-body diagram thisfastened
forpushes object. a support,
downward on anothercontaining
For systems as in Figure 5.10a. Figure us assume
ht weighing 122 N hangs from a cable tied to two Solution We conceptualize the
A traffic problem
light weighingby 122
inspecting
N hangsthe from a cable tied to two Solution We conceptualize the problem by inspecting the
s fastened to a support, as in Figure 5.10a. The drawing in Figure 5.10a.
otherLet us assume
cables fastenedthat
to athe cables as
support, do in Figure 5.10a. The drawing in Figure 5.10a. Let us assume that the cables do
es make angles of 37.0° and 53.0° with the hori- not break so that there is nocables
upper acceleration of anyofsort
make angles in this
37.0° and 53.0° with the hori- not break so that there is no Tacceleration of any sort in this
se upper cables are not as strong as the vertical problem in any direction. Fg
zontal. This
Theseallows
upperuscables
to categorize
are not the
3
as strong as the vertical problem in any direction. This allows us to categorize the
will break if the tension in them exceeds 100 N. problem as one of equilibrium. Because the acceleration
cable, and will break if the tension of
in them exceeds 100 N. (b) problem as one of equilibrium. Because the acceleration of
ffic light remain hanging in this situation, or will the system is zero, weWill
know (a)light (c)
the that thelight
traffic net remain
force on the
hanging in this situation, or will the system is zero, we know that the net force on the light
Diagrama de fuerzas sobre el semáforo
ables break? and the net force onone
Diagrama de fuerzas sobre el nudo
the of
knot
theare both
Figure
cables zero.
5.10To(Example
break? analyze the5.4) (a) A traffic light suspended
for the traffic light. (c) Free-body diagram for the knot where the three cables are joined.
by force
and the net cables.
on(b)
theFree-body diagram
knot are both zero. To analyze the
T3 y T3 y
T2
T2
37.0° 53.0° 37.0° 53.0°
T1
T1
T1 T2
T1 T2
37.0° 53.0°
x 37.0° 53.0°
T3 x
T3
Fg T3
Fg T3
(a) (b) (c)
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 5.10 (Example 5.4) (a) A traffic light suspended by cables. (b) Free-body diagram Figure 5.10 (Example 5.4) (a) A traffic light suspended by cables. (b) Free-body diagram
for the traffic light. (c) Free-body diagram for the knot where the three cables are joined. for the traffic light. (c) Free-body diagram for the knot where the three cables are joined.
Elegir siempre el sistema de coordenadas
más adecuado para nuestro problema
126 C H A P T E R 5 • The Laws of Motion
m g sin u
m g cos u
u x
u Fg = m g
(a) (b)
Figure 5.11 (Example 5.6) (a) A car of mass m sliding down a frictionless incline.
(b) The free-body diagram for the car. Note that its acceleration along the incline is
Cuando se trabaja con planos inclinados es conveniente escoger un eje de
g sin".
√ √
cline is caused by the component of Fg directed down the 2d 2d
(4) t! !
incline: ax g sin "
(3) a x ! g sin " Using Equation 2.13, with vxi ! 0, we find that
v xf 2 ! 2a x d
Elegir siempre el sistema de coordenadas
más adecuado para nuestro problema
126 C H A P T E R 5 • The Laws of Motion
mg sin u
m g cos u
u x
u Fg = mg
(a) (b)
El peso va a tener ahora una
Figure 5.11 componente a mass
(Example 5.6) (a) A car of lo mlargo dela frictionless
sliding down eje x yincline.
una componente a lo largo del eje y
(b) The free-body diagram for the car. Note that its acceleration along the incline is
g sin".
Solving (1) for a x , we see that the acceleration along the in-
√ √
cline is caused by the component of Fg directed down the 2d 2d
(4) t! !
incline: ax g sin "
Aceleración independiente de la masa La normal no es igual al peso
(3) a x ! g sin " Using Equation 2.13, with vxi ! 0, we find that
v xf 2 ! 2a x d
force acting on the system, we have to m 2 gives
To finalize this part, note that this would be the same acceler- (3) P12 ! m 2 a x ! "m2
m1 &
Ejemplo:ation
un as that of aque
bloque single object ofamass
empuja otroequal to thesuperficie
sobre com- sin fricción
bined masses of the two blocks in Figure 5.12a and subject
to the same force. To finalize the problem, we see from
the contact force P12 is less than the appl
Asumimos que la fuerza F is consistent with the fact that the fo
m1 m
2 accelerate block 2 alone must be less th
es constante quired to produce the same acceleration f
(a) system.
To finalize further, it is instructive to c
n1 sion for P12 by considering the forces acti
¿Cuánto vale la aceleración del n2 sistema? in Figure 5.12b. The horizontal forces acti
y
F P21 applied force F to the right and the contac
P12
left (the force exerted by m 2 on m 1). From
x m1
Los dos bloques deben experimentar m 2 la misma aceleración:
law, P21 is the reaction to P12, so P21 ! P1
- están en contacto m g ton’s second law to m 1 gives
m1g 2
- permanecen en contacto
(b) a lo largo
(c) de todo el movimiento
(4) !Fx ! F ' P21 ! F ' P1
Active Figure 5.12 (Example 5.7) A force is applied to a block
of mass m 1, which pushes on a second block of mass m 2. (b) The Substituting into (4) the value of ax from (1
free-body diagram for m 1. (c) The free-body diagram for m 2.
"m2
main in contact throughout the motion. We categorize this as diagram
To finalize this part, note that this would be the same acceler- (3) P 12 !
a Newton’s second law problem because we have a force ap-m 2 a x ! 5.12c, wh
ation as that of a single object of mass equal toplied thetocom- m 1 &
Ejemplo: un bloque que empuja a otro sobre superficie sin fricción a system and we are looking for an acceleration. To 5.12c we
bined masses of the two blocks in Figure 5.12a and subject
analyze the problem, we first address the combination of two is the co
to the same force. To finalize the problem, we see which
blocks as a system. Because F is the only external horizontal
fromis
force acting on the system, we have to m 2 giv
the contact force P12 is less than the appl
Asumimos que la fuerza F !Fx(system) ! F ! (m 1 with
is consistent & m 2)athe
fact that the fo x
m1 m
2 accelerate block 2 alone must be Substitu less th
es constante quired to produceF the same acceleration
into (2)f
(1) ax !
(a) system. m1 & m2
To finalize further, it is instructive to c
To finalize this part, note that this would be the same acceler-
n1 sion for P12of by considering
equal to the the
com-forces acti
¿Cuál es la fuerza que el objeto de 1 ejercen2 sobre el
ation as that of a single
bined masses of theintwo
objeto
object
Figure 2?
blocks5.12b.
mass
The
in Figure horizontal
5.12a and subjectforces acti
y
P21 to the same force. applied force F to the right and the contac To fina
F P12
left (the force exerted by m 2 on m 1). theFrom
con
x m1 m F is consi
Es una fuerza interna 2al sistema. law, P21 is them1reaction
m2 to P12, so P21accelera
! P1
m g ton’s second law to m 1 gives quired t
No podemos calcular esta fuerza considerando
m1g el sistema
2 completo como una
(a)
sola partícula
system.
(b) (c) (4)
n1
!Fx ! F ' P21 ! Fsion'Tofor
P1fi
Active Figure 5.12 (Example 5.7) A force is applied to a block n2 in Figur
y Substituting into (4) the value of ax from (1
Dibujamos el diagrama
of mass de fuerzas
m 1, which pushesde
on a second block of mass m 2. (b) The F P21 P12
applied
left (the
free-body diagram for m 1. (c) The free-body diagram for m 2.
cuerpo aislado para cada bloque x
" #
F law, P21
m1 m2
P12 ! F ' m 1a x ! F ' m 1 !
ton’s sec
At the Active Figures link at http://www.pse6.com, m1g m 2g m1 & m 2
you can study the forces involved in this two-block
(b) (c)
system. This agrees with (3), as it must.
La única fuerza horizontal que actúa sobre Active Figure 5.12 (Example 5.7) A force is applied to a block
Substitu
of mass m 1, which pushes on a second block of mass m 2. (b) The
el bloque 2 es la fuerza de contacto free-body diagram for m 1. (c) The free-body diagram for m 2.
P12 ! F
At the Active Figures link at http://www.pse6.com,
you can study the forces involved in this two-block
eiling of an elevator, as illustrated in Figure 5.13. tor is either at rest or moving at constant velocity, the fish
t if the elevator accelerates either upward or down- does not accelerate, and so #Fy " T $ Fg " 0 or
e spring scale gives a reading that is different from T " Fg " mg. (Remember that the scalar mg is the weight
ht of the fish. of the fish.)
oking for T. The force T pulls down on the string where we have chosen upward as the positive y direction.
s up on the fish. Thus, we can categorize this prob- Thus, we conclude from (1) that the scale reading T is
Ejemplo: se pesa un objeto con la ayuda de una báscula suspendida
ne of analyzing the forces and acceleration associ- greater than the fish’s weight mg if a is upward, so that ay is
h the fish by means of Newton’s second law. To an- positive, and that the reading is less than mg if a is down-
problem, we inspect the free-body diagrams for del techo de un ascensor
ward, so that ay is negative.
in Figure 5.13 and note that the external forces For example, if the weight of the fish is 40.0 N and a is up-
n the fish are the downward gravitational force ward, so that ay " % 2.00 m/s2, the scale reading from (1) is
a a
Demostrar que si el ascensor acelera la
báscula indica un peso diferente del peso
T
real del pescado
T
mg mg
(a) (b)
oking for T. The force T pulls down on the string where we have chosen upward as the positive y direction.
s up on the fish. Thus, we can categorize this prob- Thus, we conclude from (1) that the scale reading T is
Ejemplo: se pesa un objeto con la ayuda de una báscula suspendida
ne of analyzing the forces and acceleration associ- greater than the fish’s weight mg if a is upward, so that ay is
h the fish by means of Newton’s second law. To an- positive, and that the reading is less than mg if a is down-
problem, we inspect the free-body diagrams for del techo de un ascensor
ward, so that ay is negative.
in Figure 5.13 and note that the external forces For example, if the weight of the fish is 40.0 N and a is up-
n the fish are the downward gravitational force ward, so that ay " % 2.00 m/s2, the scale reading from (1) is
a a
Demostrar que si el ascensor acelera la
báscula indica un peso diferente del peso
T
real del pescado
T
Observer in
inertial frame Esta fuerza es igual a la tensión T en el muelle.
La fuerza empuja hacia abajo el muelle y
empuja hacia arriba al pescado.
Figure 5.13 (Example 5.8) Apparent weight versus true weight. (a) When the elevator
accelerates upward, the spring scale reads a value greater than the weight of the fish.
(b) When the elevator accelerates downward, the spring scale reads a value less than
the weight of the fish.
eiling of an elevator, as illustrated in Figure 5.13. tor is either at rest or moving at constant velocity, the fish
t if the elevator accelerates either upward or down- does not accelerate, and so #Fy " T $ Fg " 0 or
e spring scale gives a reading that is different from T " Fg " mg. (Remember that the scalar mg is the weight
ht of the fish. of the fish.)
oking for T. The force T pulls down on the string where we have chosen upward as the positive y direction.
s up on the fish. Thus, we can categorize this prob- Thus, we conclude from (1) that the scale reading T is
Ejemplo: se pesa un objeto con la ayuda de una báscula suspendida
ne of analyzing the forces and acceleration associ- greater than the fish’s weight mg if a is upward, so that ay is
h the fish by means of Newton’s second law. To an- positive, and that the reading is less than mg if a is down-
problem, we inspect the free-body diagrams for del techo de un ascensor
ward, so that ay is negative.
in Figure 5.13 and note that the external forces For example, if the weight of the fish is 40.0 N and a is up-
n the fish are the downward gravitational force ward, so that ay " % 2.00 m/s2, the scale reading from (1) is
a a
Demostrar que si el ascensor acelera la
báscula indica un peso diferente del peso
T
real del pescado
T
Figure 5.13 (Example 5.8) Apparent weight versus true weight. (a) When the elevator
accelerates upward, the spring scale reads a value greater than the weight of the fish.
(b) When the elevator accelerates downward, the spring scale reads a value less than
the weight of the fish.
eiling of an elevator, as illustrated in Figure 5.13. tor is either at rest or moving at constant velocity, the fish
t if the elevator accelerates either upward or down- does not accelerate, and so #Fy " T $ Fg " 0 or
e spring scale gives a reading that is different from T " Fg " mg. (Remember that the scalar mg is the weight
ht of the fish. of the fish.)
oking for T. The force T pulls down on the string where we have chosen upward as the positive y direction.
s up on the fish. Thus, we can categorize this prob- Thus, we conclude from (1) that the scale reading T is
Ejemplo: se pesa un objeto con la ayuda de una báscula suspendida
ne of analyzing the forces and acceleration associ- greater than the fish’s weight mg if a is upward, so that ay is
h the fish by means of Newton’s second law. To an- positive, and that the reading is less than mg if a is down-
problem, we inspect the free-body diagrams for del techo de un ascensor
ward, so that ay is negative.
in Figure 5.13 and note that the external forces For example, if the weight of the fish is 40.0 N and a is up-
n the fish are the downward gravitational force ward, so that ay " % 2.00 m/s2, the scale reading from (1) is
a a
Demostrar que si el ascensor acelera la
báscula indica un peso diferente del peso
T
real del pescado
T
Figure 5.13 (Example 5.8) Apparent weight versus true weight. (a) When the elevator
accelerates upward, the spring scale reads a value greater than the weight of the fish.
(b) When the elevator accelerates downward, the spring scale reads a value less than
the weight of the fish.
eiling of an elevator, as illustrated in Figure 5.13. tor is either at rest or moving at constant velocity, the fish
t if the elevator accelerates either upward or down- does not accelerate, and so #Fy " T $ Fg " 0 or
e spring scale gives a reading that is different from T " Fg " mg. (Remember that the scalar mg is the weight
ht of the fish. of the fish.)
oking for T. The force T pulls down on the string where we have chosen upward as the positive y direction.
s up on the fish. Thus, we can categorize this prob- Thus, we conclude from (1) that the scale reading T is
Ejemplo: se pesa un objeto con la ayuda de una báscula suspendida
ne of analyzing the forces and acceleration associ- greater than the fish’s weight mg if a is upward, so that ay is
h the fish by means of Newton’s second law. To an- positive, and that the reading is less than mg if a is down-
problem, we inspect the free-body diagrams for del techo de un ascensor
ward, so that ay is negative.
in Figure 5.13 and note that the external forces For example, if the weight of the fish is 40.0 N and a is up-
n the fish are the downward gravitational force ward, so that ay " % 2.00 m/s2, the scale reading from (1) is
a a
Demostrar que si el ascensor acelera la
báscula indica un peso diferente del peso
T
real del pescado
T
mg mg
(a) (b)
Si acelera hacia arriba, la tensión es mayor
y la báscula marcará un peso mayor
Observer in
inertial frame
Si acelera hacia abajo, la tensión es menor
y la báscula marcará un peso menor
Figure 5.13 (Example 5.8) Apparent weight versus true weight. (a) When the elevator
¿Qué pasa si se rompe la sujeción del
accelerates upward, the spring scale reads a value greater than the weight of the fish.
(b) When the elevator accelerates downward, the spring scale reads a value less than ascensor y este cae en caída libre?
the weight of the fish.
Answer If the elevator falls freely, its acceleration is
31.8 N
When two objects of unequal mass ay are hungWe
! "g. see from
vertically over a (2) downward.
that the scale reading
Because T isare
the objects zero in
connected by an inex-
frictionless pulley of negligible mass, as in Figure 5.14a, the tensible string, their
this case; that is, the fish appears to be weightless. accelerations must be of equal magni-
arrangement is called an Atwood machine. The device is tude. The objects in the Atwood machine are subject to the
La máquina de Atwood
.9 The Atwood
sometimes used in the laboratory to measure the free-fall ac-
Machineceleration. Determine the magnitude of the acceleration of
gravitational force as well as to the forces exerted by the
strings connected to them—thus, Interactive
we can categorize this as a
the two objects and the tension in the lightweight cord. Newton’s second law problem. To analyze the situation, the
free-body diagrams for the two objects are shown in Figure
bjects of unequal mass are Solution
hung vertically over a downward. Because the objects
Conceptualize the situation pictured in Figure
are connected by an inex-
5.14b. Two forces act on each object: the upward force T ex-
pulley of negligible mass, as5.14a—as
in Figure 5.14a,moves
one object the upward,
tensible string,
the other objecttheir
movesaccelerations
erted by themust string be
andoftheequal
downward magni-
gravitational force. In
t is called an Atwood machine. The device is tude. The objects in the Atwood problemsmachine
such as this areinsubject
which the to pulley
the is modeled as
Dos objetos con masas diferentes se cuelgan verticalmente de una
used in the laboratory to measure the free-fall ac- massless and frictionless,
gravitational force as well as to the forces exerted by the the tension in the string on both
polea sin rozamiento de masa despreciable
Determine the magnitude of the acceleration of sides of the pulley is the same. If the pulley has mass and/or
strings connected to them—thus, we can categorize this as a
is subject to friction, the tensions on either side are not the
cts and the tension in the lightweight cord. Newton’s second law problem. same and Tothe analyze therequires
situation situation, the we will learn in
techniques
free-body diagrams for the two objects
Chapter 10. are shown in Figure
onceptualize the situation pictured in Figure We must
5.14b. Two forces act on each object: the upward be very careful with
force T ex-
signs in problems such as
ne object moves upward, the other object moves erted by the string and thethis. Cuando uno se mueve hacia arriba el otro
In Figure 5.14a, notice that if object 1 accelerates up-
downward gravitational force. In
ward, then object 2 accelerates downward. Thus, for consis-
problems such as this intency which
withthe se mueve hacia abajo
signs,pulley is modeled
if we define the upward asdirection as posi-
massless and frictionless, tive thefortension
object 1,inwethe muststring
define onthe both
downward direction as
a m sides of the pulley is the same. If the pulley has mass and/or
positive for object 2. With this sign convention, both ob-
1
Como la cuerda es inextensible, las dos
jects accelerate in the same direction as defined by the
is subject to friction, the tensions on either side are not the
m2
same a
and aceleraciones tienen que tener el mismo módulo
choice of sign. Furthermore, according to this sign conven-
the situation requires
tion, the techniques
y component of wethewill
netlearn in
force exerted on object 1
(a)
Chapter 10. is T " m 1 g, and the y component of the net force exerted
We must be very careful with signs
on object 2 is min2g "problems
T. Notice suchthat we ashave chosen the
T signs Dibujamos los diagramas de cuerpo aislado
this. In Figure 5.14a, notice that if object 1 accelerates up- the choices of
of the forces to be consistent with
T signs for up and down for each object. If we assume that
ward, then object 2 accelerates m 2 $ mdownward. Thus, for consis-
1, then m 1 must accelerate upward, while m 2 must
tency with signs, if we define the upward
accelerate downward.direction as posi-
m1 tive for object 1, we must define Whenthe downward
Newton’s seconddirection
law is appliedas to object 1, we
a m1 m
positive
2 obtainCon nuestras aproximaciones, la tensión de la
for object 2. With this sign convention, both ob-
m1g
jects accelerate in thecuerda a ambos
same direction #Flados
(1) as defined mde
y ! T "by1gthe
!mla1aypolea es la misma
m2 a choice of sign. Furthermore, according
Similarly, for objectto2 we
this
findsign conven-
tion,
m2g
the y component of the net force exerted on object 1
(a) is T " m 1g, and the y component of(2)the net#Fforce y ! m 2exerted
g " T ! m 2a y
(b)
on object 2 is m g " T. When Notice(2) that weto have
is added chosenandthe
(1), T cancels we have
Active Figure 5.14 (Example 5.9) The Atwood machine. (a)2 Two
T signs inextensible
objects (m 2 $ m 1) connected by a massless of the forces
cord overto be consistent "m with the choices of
1g # m 2g ! m 1a y # m 2a y
T signs for
a frictionless pulley. (b) Free-body diagrams fortheup
twoand down for each object. If we assume that
objects.
mhttp://www.pse6.com,
2 $ m 1, then m 1 must accelerate upward, while m must
At the Active Figures link at
you can adjust the masses of the accelerate
objects ondownward.
the Atwood
(3) ay ! ! m 22 "
m1 # m2 "
m1
g
Answer If the elevator falls freely, its acceleration is
31.8 N
When two objects of unequal mass ay are hungWe
! "g. see from
vertically over a (2) downward.
that the scale reading
Because T isare
the objects zero in
connected by an inex-
frictionless pulley of negligible mass, as in Figure 5.14a, the tensible string, their
this case; that is, the fish appears to be weightless. accelerations must be of equal magni-
arrangement is called an Atwood machine. The device is tude. The objects in the Atwood machine are subject to the
La máquina de Atwood
.9 The Atwood
sometimes used in the laboratory to measure the free-fall ac-
Machineceleration. Determine the magnitude of the acceleration of
gravitational force as well as to the forces exerted by the
strings connected to them—thus, Interactive
we can categorize this as a
the two objects and the tension in the lightweight cord. Newton’s second law problem. To analyze the situation, the
free-body diagrams for the two objects are shown in Figure
bjects of unequal mass are Solution
hung vertically over a downward. Because the objects
Conceptualize the situation pictured in Figure
are connected by an inex-
5.14b. Two forces act on each object: the upward force T ex-
pulley of negligible mass, as5.14a—as
in Figure 5.14a,moves
one object the upward,
tensible string,
the other objecttheir
movesaccelerations
erted by themust string be
andoftheequal
downward magni-
gravitational force. In
t is called an Atwood machine. The device is tude. The objects in the Atwood problemsmachine
such as this areinsubject
which the to pulley
the is modeled as
Dos objetos con masas diferentes se cuelgan verticalmente de una
used in the laboratory to measure the free-fall ac- massless and frictionless,
gravitational force as well as to the forces exerted by the the tension in the string on both
polea sin rozamiento de masa despreciable
Determine the magnitude of the acceleration of sides of the pulley is the same. If the pulley has mass and/or
strings connected to them—thus, we can categorize this as a
is subject to friction, the tensions on either side are not the
cts and the tension in the lightweight cord. Newton’s second law problem. same and Tothe analyze therequires
situation situation, the we will learn in
techniques
free-body diagrams for the two objects
Chapter 10. are shown in Figure
onceptualize the situation pictured in Figure We must
5.14b. Two forces act on each object: the upward be very careful with
force T ex-
signs in problems such as
ne object moves upward, the other object moves erted by the string and thethis. In Figure 5.14a, notice that if object 1 accelerates up-
downward gravitational force. In
ward, then object 2 accelerates downward. Thus, for consis-
problems such as this intency which
withthe signs,pulley is modeled
if we define the upward asdirection as posi-
massless and frictionless, tive thefortension
object 1,inwethe muststring
define onthe both
downward direction as
a m 1 sides of the pulley is the same. If the pulley has mass and/or
positive for object 2. With this sign convention, both ob-
jects accelerate in the same direction as defined by the
is subject to friction, the tensions on either side are not the
m2 a choice of sign. Furthermore, according to this sign conven-
same and the situation requires
tion, the techniques
y component of wethewill
netlearn in
force exerted on object 1
(a)
Chapter 10. is T " m 1 g, and the y component of the net force exerted
We must be very careful with signs
on object 2 is min2g "problems
T. Notice suchthat we ashave chosen the
T this. In Figure 5.14a, notice that if object 1 accelerates up- the choices of
signs of the forces to be consistent with
T signs for up and down for each object. If we assume that
ward, then object 2 accelerates m 2 $ mdownward. Thus, for consis-
1, then m 1 must accelerate upward, while m 2 must
tency with signs, if we define the upward
accelerate downward.direction as posi-
m1 tive for object 1, we must define Whenthe downward
Newton’s seconddirection
law is appliedas to object 1, we
m1 m obtain
a positive
2
for object 2. With this sign convention, both ob-
jects accelerate inYthe reemplazando
same direction (1) asen #Flas
defined ecuaciones
y ! T "by m 1gthe
! m 1a y de movimiento
m1g
m2 a choice of sign. Furthermore, according
Similarly, for objectto2 we
this
findsign conven-
tion,
m2g
the y component of the net force exerted on object 1
(a) is T " m 1g, and the y component of(2)the net#Fforce y ! m 2exerted
g " T ! m 2a y
(b)
on object 2 is m g " T. When Notice
(2) that weto have
is added chosenandthe
(1), T cancels we have
Active Figure 5.14 (Example 5.9) The Atwood machine. (a)2 Two
T signs inextensible
objects (m 2 $ m 1) connected by a massless of the forces
cord overto be consistent "m with the choices of
1g # m 2g ! m 1a y # m 2a y
T signs for
a frictionless pulley. (b) Free-body diagrams fortheup
twoand down for each object. If we assume that
objects.
mhttp://www.pse6.com,
2 $ m 1, then m 1 must accelerate upward, while m must
At the Active Figures link at
you can adjust the masses of the accelerate
objects ondownward.
the Atwood
(3) !
ay ! "
m 22 "
m1 # m2
m1
g
Solution Conceptualize the motion in Figure 5.15. If m 2 (4) #Fy& # n ! m 2 g cos % # 0
moves down the incline, m 1 moves upward. Because the ob-
# Fxconnected
ects are # 0 by a cord (which we assume does not
stretch), their accelerations have the same magnitude. We
In (3) we replaced ax& with a because the two objects have
Whenofthis
accelerations equalexpression for a is(1)substituted
magnitude a. Equations and (4) into (2), we find
Dos
#
can identify
cuerpos unidos por una cuerda
F #forces
T !onmeach of the a
1g #som
ooking yfor an acceleration,
two# objects
mthis
we1 categorize
y
and we are
1a as a New-
ton’s second-law problem. To analyze the problem, con-
provide no information regarding the acceleration. How-
ever, if we solve (2) for T and then substitute this value for T
into (3) and solve for a, we obtain m m g (sin % " 1) 1 2
er
siderfor the balldiagrams
the free-body to accelerate
shown in Figuresupward,
5.15b andit is (6) T#
5.15c. Applying Newton’s second law in component form m1 " m2
$ m g. In (2), we replaced ay with
to the1 ball, choosing the upward direction
a be-
as positive, (5) a#
m 2 g sin % ! m 1 g
m1 " m2
ation
yields has only a y component.
it is convenient
(1) #Fx #to
0 choose Dos theobjetos
positive x&con masas
To finalize diferentes
the problem,están note that
When this expression for a is substituted into (2), we find
unidos
the blockpor una cuerda,
accelerates y
cline, (2)
as in Figure
#Fy # T !5.15c.
m 1g # m For consistency
1a y # m 1a uno de down ellos the reposa
incline only sobreif m 2 un sin %plano
$ m 1. Ifinclinado
m 1 $ m 2 sin %,
m 1m 2 g (sin % " 1) y′
Note that in order for the ball to accelerate upward, it is (6) T#
m1 " m2
necessary that T $ m1g. In (2), we replaced ay with a be-
cause the acceleration has only a y component.
y
For the block it is convenient to choose the positive x& n
To finalize the problem, note that the block accelerates
axis along the incline, as in Figure 5.15c. For consistency down the incline only if m 2 sin % $ m 1. If m 1 $ m 2 sin %,
a y′
T Cuando uno se mueve hacia abajo por el
y
n plano inclinado, el otro se mueve hacia arriba
m2 a T T
m2g sin θ
m2
T
Como la cuerda es inextensible, las dos
m g sin θ
m1 m1 x 2
aceleraciones
θ
x′
tienen que tener el mismo módulo
m1
mθ2g cos θ
a m1 x
x′
θ θ
m 2g cos θ
m 1g m 1g
(a) (b) (c)
m 2g
Dibujamos
m 2g los diagramas de cuerpo aislado
Figure 5.15 (a)
(Example 5.10) (a) Two objects connected by (b)a lightweight cord strung (c)
over a frictionless pulley. (b) Free-body diagram for the ball. (c) Free-body diagram for
Figure 5.15 the
(Example 5.10)is (a)
block. (The incline Two objects connected by a lightweight
frictionless.) cord strung
over a frictionless pulley. (b) Free-body diagram for the ball. (c) Free-body
Para eldiagram
cuerpo for 1
he block. (The incline is frictionless.)
Para el cuerpo 2
Solution Conceptualize the motion in Figure 5.15. If m 2 (4) #Fy& # n ! m 2 g cos % # 0
moves down the incline, m 1 moves upward. Because the ob-
# Fxconnected
ects are # 0 by a cord (which we assume does not
stretch), their accelerations have the same magnitude. We
In (3) we replaced ax& with a because the two objects have
Whenofthis
accelerations equalexpression for a is(1)substituted
magnitude a. Equations and (4) into (2), we find
Dos
#
can identify
cuerpos unidos por una cuerda
F #forces
T !onmeach of the a
1g #som
ooking yfor an acceleration,
two# objects
mthis
we1 categorize
y
and we are
1a as a New-
ton’s second-law problem. To analyze the problem, con-
provide no information regarding the acceleration. How-
ever, if we solve (2) for T and then substitute this value for T
into (3) and solve for a, we obtain m m g (sin % " 1) 1 2
er
siderfor the balldiagrams
the free-body to accelerate
shown in Figuresupward,
5.15b andit is (6) T#
5.15c. Applying Newton’s second law in component form m1 " m2
$ m g. In (2), we replaced ay with
to the1 ball, choosing the upward direction
a be-
as positive, (5) a#
m 2 g sin % ! m 1 g
m1 " m2
ation
yields has only a y component.
it is convenient
(1) #Fx #to
0 choose Dos theobjetos
positive x&con masas
To finalize diferentes
the problem,están note that
When this expression for a is substituted into (2), we find
unidos
the blockpor una cuerda,
accelerates y
cline, (2)
as in Figure
#Fy # T !5.15c.
m 1g # m For consistency
1a y # m 1a uno de down ellos the reposa
incline only sobreif m 2 un sin %plano
$ m 1. Ifinclinado
m 1 $ m 2 sin %,
m 1m 2 g (sin % " 1) y′
Note that in order for the ball to accelerate upward, it is (6) T#
m1 " m2
necessary that T $ m1g. In (2), we replaced ay with a be-
cause the acceleration has only a y component.
y
For the block it is convenient to choose the positive x& n
To finalize the problem, note that the block accelerates
axis along the incline, as in Figure 5.15c. For consistency down the incline only if m 2 sin % $ m 1. If m 1 $ m 2 sin %,
a y′
T Cuando uno se mueve hacia abajo por el
y
n plano inclinado, el otro se mueve hacia arriba
m2 a T T
m2g sin θ
m2
T
Como la cuerda es inextensible, las dos
m g sin θ
m1 m1 x 2
aceleraciones
θ
x′
tienen que tener el mismo módulo
m1
mθ2g cos θ
a m1 x
x′
θ θ
m 2g cos θ
m 1g m 1g
(a) (b) (c)
m 2g
Dibujamos
m 2g los diagramas de cuerpo aislado
Figure 5.15 (a)
(Example 5.10) (a) Two objects connected by (b)a lightweight cord strung (c)
over a frictionless pulley. (b) Free-body diagram for the ball. (c) Free-body diagram for
Figure 5.15 the
(Example 5.10)is (a)
block. (The incline Two objects connected by a lightweight
frictionless.) cord strung
over a frictionless pulley. (b) Free-body diagram
Despejando for the ball. (c)y
la aceleración Free-body diagramde
la tensión for las anteriores ecuaciones
he block. (The incline is frictionless.)
n n
Motion
F
fs F fk
mg mg
(a) (b)
Si aplicamos una fuerza externa horizontal al cubo que actúe
Active Figure 5.16 The direction of the
hacia la derecha,
|f|
el cubo permanecerá inmóvil si es pequeña
tween a trash can and a rough surface is
of the applied force F. Because both surf
La fuerza que contrarresta a e impide que el cubo se mueva es la fuerza de only
is made rozamiento
at a few points,estático
as illustrated
fs,max view. (a) For small applied forces, the ma
static friction equals the magnitude of th
Mientras el cubo esté quieto, si aumenta también aumentará
(b) When the magnitude of the applied f
magnitude of the maximum force of stati
F
f s= can breaks free. The applied force is now
of kinetic friction and the trash can accel
fk = µkn
water, there is resistance to the motion because the object interacts with its surround-
ings. We call such resistance a force of friction. Forces of friction are very important
in our everyday lives. They allow us to walk or run and are necessary for the motion of
Tipos de fuerzas: wheeled vehicles.
Imagine that you are working in your garden and have filled a trash can with yard clip-
fuerzas de fricción pings. You then try to drag the trash can across the surface of your concrete patio, as in
Figure 5.16a. This is a real surface, not an idealized, frictionless surface. If we apply an ex-
ternal horizontal force F to the trash can, acting to the right, the trash can remains sta-
Cuando un objeto se mueve
tionary sobre
if F is small. unathat
The force superficie,
counteracts o a través
F and keeps the detrash
un can
mediofrom viscoso,
moving
existe una resistencia
acts toal
themovimiento
left and is calleddebida
the force aofque
staticelfriction
objeto fs . interactúa concan
As long as the trash suisentorno.
not Force of sta
moving, fsÉstas
! F. Thus, F is increased,
sonif las fuerzas fde s also increases. Likewise, if F decreases, fs also
rozamiento.
n n
Motion
F
fs F fk
mg mg
(a) (b)
n n
Motion
F
fs F fk
mg mg
(a) (b)
n n
Motion
F
fs F fk
mg mg
(a) (b)
fuerzas de fricción ings. We call such resistance a force of friction. Forces of friction are very important
in our everyday lives. They allow us to walk or run and are necessary for the motion of
wheeled vehicles.
Imagine that you are working in your garden and have filled a trash can with yard clip-
Cuando un objeto se mueve sobre una superficie, o a través de un medio viscoso,
pings. You then try to drag the trash can across the surface of your concrete patio, as in
Figure 5.16a. This is a real surface, not an idealized, frictionless surface. If we apply an ex-
existe una resistencia al movimiento debida a que el objeto interactúa con su entorno.
ternal horizontal force F to the trash can, acting to the right, the trash can remains sta-
tionary if F is small. The force that counteracts F and keeps the trash can from moving
Éstas son las fuerzas de rozamiento.
acts to the left and is called the force of static friction fs . As long as the trash can is not
Force of static friction
moving, fs ! F. Thus, if F is increased, fs also increases. Likewise, if F decreases, fs also
- estático:
Situación de movimiento inminente
(o equilibrio estricto)
- dinámico:
Fuerzas de rozamiento:
force fhorse exerted by the Earth and the backward ten-
force T exerted by the sled (Fig. 5.18c). The resultant
ese two forces causes the horse to accelerate.
Determinación experimental de los
he force that accelerates the system (horse plus sled) is
et force fhorse " fsled. When fhorse balances fsled, the sys-
coeficientes de rozamiento
moves with constant velocity.
Un bloque se coloca sobre una superficie rugosa inclinada con respecto a la horizontal
T
T
El ángulo de inclinación aumenta hasta que el objeto comienza a moverse
¿Cómo se relaciona
fhorse el coeficiente de rozamiento estático con el ángulo crítico
b) (c)
para que el bloque comience a moverse?
xample 5.11)
mg θ
Un bloque se coloca sobre una superficie rugosa inclinada con respecto a la horizontal
T
T
El ángulo de inclinación aumenta hasta que el objeto comienza a moverse
¿Cómo se relaciona
fhorse el coeficiente de rozamiento estático con el ángulo crítico
b) (c)
para que el bloque comience a moverse?
xample 5.11)
mg sin θ
mg cos θ
θ
mg θ
Un bloque se coloca sobre una superficie rugosa inclinada con respecto a la horizontal
T
T
El ángulo de inclinación aumenta hasta que el objeto comienza a moverse
¿Cómo se relaciona
fhorse el coeficiente de rozamiento estático con el ángulo crítico
b) (c)
para que el bloque comience a moverse?
xample 5.11)
mg θ
Si una vez que el bloque ha comenzado a moverse
e 5.19 (Example 5.12) The external forces exerted on a volvemos al ángulo crítico, el objeto seguirá acelerando
lying on a rough incline are the gravitational force mg, the por el plano inclinado (la fuerza de rozamiento es menor
al force n, and the force of friction f. For convenience, the
ational force is resolved into a component along the incline
cuando se mueve que cuando está parado)
n ! and a component perpendicular to the incline mg cos !.
force fhorse exerted by the Earth and the backward ten-
force T exerted by the sled (Fig. 5.18c). The resultant
ese two forces causes the horse to accelerate.
Determinación experimental de los
he force that accelerates the system (horse plus sled) is
et force fhorse " fsled. When fhorse balances fsled, the sys-
coeficientes de rozamiento
moves with constant velocity.
Un bloque se coloca sobre una superficie rugosa inclinada con respecto a la horizontal
T
T
El ángulo de inclinación aumenta hasta que el objeto comienza a moverse
¿Cómo se relaciona
fhorse el coeficiente de rozamiento estático con el ángulo crítico
b) (c)
para que el bloque comience a moverse?
xample 5.11)
mg θ
Cuerpo 1
y
F sin θ F
n
a x
F
θ T θ
m1 T
F cos θ
fk
Cuerpo 2
m2
a m2 m 2g m 1g
Figure 5.21 (Example 5.14) (a) The external force F applied as shown can cause the
block to accelerate to the right. (b) and (c) The free-body diagrams assuming that the
block accelerates to the right and the ball accelerates upward. The magnitude of the
force of kinetic friction in this case is given by f % # n % # (m g $ F sin !).
of radius r experiences an acceleration that has a magnitude
v2
ac !
Tipos de fuerzas: r
fuerzas en
of the circle. movimientos
Furthermore, a is always perpendicularcurvilíneos
The acceleration is called centripetal acceleration because a is directed toward the center
c
c
to v. (If there were a component
of acceleration parallel to v, the particle’s speed would be changing.)
Consider a ball of mass m that is tied to a string of length r and is being whirled at
constant speed in a horizontal circular Caso de
path, as un movimiento
illustrated in Figure 6.1. Itscircular
weight is uniforme
supported by a frictionless table. Why does the ball move in a circle? According to
(partícula
Newton’s first law, the ball tendsmoviéndose
to move in a straighten trayectoria
line; circular
however, the string prevents con celeridad constante)
Si hay una aceleración, hay una fuerza neta (segunda ley de Newton)
Si la aceleración hacia el centro del círculo, la fuerza hacia el centro del círculo
of radius r experiences an acceleration that has a magnitude
v2
ac !
Tipos de fuerzas: r
fuerzas en
of the circle. movimientos
Furthermore, a is always perpendicularcurvilíneos
The acceleration is called centripetal acceleration because a is directed toward the center
c
c
to v. (If there were a component
of acceleration parallel to v, the particle’s speed would be changing.)
Consider a ball of mass m that is tied to a string of length r and is being whirled at
constant speed in a horizontal circular Caso de
path, as un movimiento
illustrated in Figure 6.1. Itscircular
weight is uniforme
supported by a frictionless table. Why does the ball move in a circle? According to
Sithehay
Newton’s first law, unatoaceleración,
ball tends hayhowever,
move in a straight line; una fuerza neta (segunda ley
the string prevents de Newton)
Si la aceleración hacia el centro del círculo, la fuerza hacia el centro del círculo
151
Independientemente de la naturaleza de la fuerza que actúe sobre el objeto con
movimiento circular, podemos aplicar la segunda ley de Newton según la dirección radial.
upward orientation—it does not invert. What is the directio
In Section 4.4 we found that a particle moving with uniform speed v in a circular path
© Tom Carroll/Index
celeration when you are at the top of the wheel? (a) upwar
of radius r experiences an acceleration that has a magnitude
possible to determine. What is the direction of your c
when you are at the bottom of the wheel? (d) upward (e) dow
Tipos de fuerzas: a !
v
r
c
2
fuerzas The
enacceleration
movimientos curvilíneos
is called centripetal acceleration
6.2) A Ferris wheel located on the
because a is directed toward theQuick
center Quiz 6.2 You are riding on the Ferris wheel o
Navy Pier in Chicago,
c Illinois.
of the circle. Furthermore, ac is always perpendicular to v. (If there were a component
the direction of the normal force exerted by the seat on you w
of acceleration parallel to v, the particle’s speed would be changing.) the wheel? (a) upward (b) downward (c) impossible to deter
Caso de un movimiento circular uniforme
tion ofatthe normal force exerted by the seat on you when you
Consider a ball of mass m that is tied to a string of length r and is being whirled
wheel?is(d) upward (e) downward (f) impossible to determine.
constant speed in a horizontal circular path, as illustrated in Figure 6.1. Its weight
Tendencia natural: moverse en una línea recta
supported by a frictionless table. Why does the ball move in a circle? According con velocidad
to constante
▲ PITFALLline;
Newton’s first law, the ball tends to move in a straight
La cuerda impide este movimiento, PREVENTION
however, the string prevents
ejerciendo una fuerza radial sobre el
objeto que 6.1
haceDirection
que siga of Travel
una trayectoria circular
When the String is Cut
r r
Como el objeto no se acelera en la dirección vertical
T sin Tθ sin θ
mg mg mg mg
La componente horizontal de la tensión es la
6.4
ure (Example 6.2) The
6.4 (Example 6.2) conical pendulum
The conical and its
pendulum andfree-
its free- responsable de la aceleración centrípeta
agram.
dy diagram.
on 6.1 yields
uation 6.1 yields
v2 v2
(1) T!m
and
te T find that that
and find
v2 v2
El péndulo cónico tan "tan
!"!
rg rg
v!√
v r! √r g"tan "
g tan
Un pequeño objeto de masa m suspendido de una cuerda de longitud L.
he geometry
om in Figure
the geometry 6.4, 6.4,
in Figure we see
we that r ! Lr !
see that sinL"sin
; ";
re,
erefore, El objeto gira con una celeridad v en un círculo de radio r.
v ! v √!Lg sin
√Lg"sin
tan""tan " ¿Cuánto vale v?
at the
te thatspeed is independent
the speed of the
is independent ofmass of the
the mass ofobject.
the object.
Como el objeto no se acelera en la dirección vertical
L L
θ θ T cosTθcos θ
La componente horizontal de la tensión es la
T T θ responsable de la aceleración centrípeta
θ
r r
T sin Tθ sin θ
A
A
ntop ntop
mg mg mg mg
(b)
La magnitud
(b)
(c)
(c) de la fuerza normal ejercida por el asiento
than his true weight. (c) Free-body diagram for the pilot at the top of the loop.
Fuerzas sobre un piloto en un
movimiento circular
Un piloto de masa m ejecuta un loop .
Determinar la fuerza ejercida por el asiento sobre el piloto en en el fondo y en el tope del loop
R 6 • Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newton’s Laws
ntop ntop
mg mg mg mg
(b) (c)
La magnitud
(b) (c) de la fuerza normal ejercida por el asiento
Bottom
(a)
sobre el piloto es menor que el peso del piloto.
Bottom
Figure 6.7 (Example 6.6) (a) An aircraft executes a loop-the-loop maneuver as it
(a)
moves in a vertical circle at constant speed. (b) Free-body diagram for the pilot at the
bottom of theFigure
loop. In6.7
than his truemoves
weight. in
this position
(Example pilot
(c)aFree-body
the 6.6) experiences
diagram for the pilot
an apparent
(a) An aircraft
at the top of
El piloto experimenta un peso aparente que es menor que
executesweight
the
greater
a loop-the-loop
loop.
maneuver as it
vertical circle at constant speed. (b) Free-body diagram for the pilot at the
bottom of the loop. In this position the pilot experiences an apparent weight greater su peso real.
than his true weight. (c) Free-body diagram for the pilot at the top of the loop.
e same magnitude, the normal force at ent weight that is greater than his true weight by a factor
Ejemplo de fuerzas de fricción:
desplazamiento de un coche en una carretera horizontal
Cuando un coche acelera en una carretera horizontal, la fuerza no equilibrada que
causa la aceleración es debida al rozamiento entre los neumáticos y la carretera
√ √
! √f(0.500)(9.80
ue in a straight line and slide off the road.) Hence, from s , max r "sm2g)(35.0
m/s r m)
d and tires. If this Si el
forcecoeficiente
of static friction de rozamiento
were zero—for estático
(2) entre
v max los
! neumáticos
m
!
my la √
! carretera
"s g r es µ,
uation 6.1 we have
mple, if the car were on an icy road—the car would con- ! 13.1 m/s
¿Cuál es
e in a straight line la
and máxima
slide off the v 2road.) Hence, from
celeridad que puede alcanzar el! √(0.500)(9.80
coche para m/s 2)(35.0 m)
tomar la curva sin salirse?
(1) fs ! m
ation 6.1 we have r Note that the maximum ! 13.1speed m/s does not depend on the mass
fs v 2 En este caso,
of the car. Thatla fuerza responsable
is why curved highways do not deneed
quemulti-el coche siga
(1) fs ! m
r una trayectoria
ple speed
Note that the circular
limit
maximum es does
signs tospeed
cover la
thefuerza
various de on
masses
not depend rozamiento
of
thevehicles
mass estática
using the road.
sf entre los neumáticos y la carretera
of the car. That is why curved highways do not need multi-
ple speed limit signs to cover the various masses of vehicles
What
using theIf? Suppose that a car travels this curve on a wet day
road.
andDibujamos
begins to skid onelthe
diagrama
curve when de cuerpo
its speed aislado
reaches only
8.00 m/s.
What What can that
If? Suppose we say about
a car thethis
travels coefficient
curve onofastatic fric-
wet day
tionbegins
and in thisto
case?
skid on the curve when its speed reaches only
8.00 m/s. What can we say about the coefficient of static fric-
(a) Answer The coefficient of friction between tires and a wet
tion in this case?
road should be smaller than that between tires and a dry road.
This expectation
Answer is consistent
The coefficient with experience
of friction between tireswithand
driving, be-
a wet
(a)
cause
road a skidbe
should is smaller
more likely
thanon a wet
that road than
between tires aand
dryaroad.
dry road.
n To check our suspicion, we can solve (2) for the coeffi-
This expectation is consistent with experience with driving, be-
Como el
cient coche
of friction: está en equilibrio en la
cause a skid is more likely on a wet road than a dry road. dirección vertical
n 2
To check our suspicion, we vcan
max solve (2) for the coeffi-
cient of friction:
"s !
gr
fs
2
vmax
Substituting the numerical
"s !values,
mg gr
fs 2
v max (8.00 m/s)2 No dependen de la masa
(b) "s !
Substituting !
the gnumerical values, ! 0.187
r (9.80 m/s2)(35.0 m)
gure 6.5 (Example 6.4) (a)mg
The force of static friction di-
The car is in equilibrium in the vertical direction. Thus,
he inside of the curve. Suppose the designated speed from #Fy " 0 we have
ramp is to be 13.4 m/s (30.0 mi/h) and the radius
curve is 50.0 m. At what angle should the curve be (2) n cos ! " mg
Fuerzas sobre un coche que
d? toma
Dividing (1) by (2) una
gives curva en una
carretera conroad,peralte
on On a level (unbanked) the force that causes
(3) tan ! "
v 2
b es una constante, depende de las propiedades del medio y de la forma y dimensiones del objeto.
El signo menos nos dice que la fuerza de resistencia es opuesta a la velocidad.
S ECTI O N 6.4 • Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces 163
Tipos de fuerzas: v = 0
fuerzas de fricción aen
=g
fluidos
v
the gravitational force Fg , let us describe its motion.1 Applying Newton’s second law
to the vertical motion, choosing the downward direction to be positive, and noting that
!Fy ! mg " bv, we obtain
dv Condiciones iniciales: en t = 0
mg " bv ! ma ! m (6.3)
dt
where the acceleration dv/dt is downward. Solving this expression for the acceleration
gives
S ECTI O N 6.4 • Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces 163
Tipos de fuerzas: v = 0
fuerzas de fricción aen
=g
fluidos
v
vT
R
0.632vT
v
Condiciones iniciales: en t = 0
v = vT
mg a=0 At the Active Figures link
S ECTI O N 6.4 • Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces 163 at http://www.pse6.com, you
t can vary the size and mass of
τ
the sphere and the viscosity
v = 0 (a) (b) (c)
a=g (resistance to flow) of the
Active Figure 6.15 (a) A small sphere fallingCuando
through a liquid.t aumenta,
(b) Motion la velocidad
diagram of surrounding
aumenta, medium,
la fuerza dethen
the sphere as it falls. (c) Speed–time graph for the sphere. The sphere reaches a observe the effects on the
resistencia aumenta
maximum (or terminal) speed vTv, and the time constant # is the time interval during y la aceleración disminuye.
sphere’s motion and its
which it reaches a speed of 0.632vT. speed–time graph.
La aceleración se hace cero cuando la fuerza de resistencia
vT
the gravitational force Fg , let us se equilibra
describe its motion.1 Applying con law
Newton’s second el peso.
R to the vertical motion, choosing the downward direction to be positive, and noting that
0.632vT En ese momento, el objeto alcanza la velocidad límite vT, y a
!Fy ! mg " bv, we obtain
partir de ese momento se mueve con velocidad constante
v = vT dv
mg a=0 mg " bv ! ma ! m (6.3)
At the Active Figures link
dt at http://www.pse6.com, you
t can vary the
where the acceleration dv/dt is downward.
τ Solving this expression forsize
theand mass of
acceleration
the sphere and the viscosity
gives (b) (c) (resistance to flow) of the
6.15 (a) A small sphere falling through a liquid. (b) Motion diagram of surrounding medium, then
S ECTI O N 6.4 • Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces 163
Tipos de fuerzas: v = 0
fuerzas de fricción aen
=g
fluidos
v
vT
R
0.632vT
v S E CTI O N 6.4 • Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces 163
Condiciones iniciales: en t = 0
v = vT
mg a=0 At the Active Figures link
at http://www.pse6.com, you
t can vary the size and mass of
τ
the sphere and the viscosity
(a) (b) (c) (resistance to flow) of the
v
Active Figure 6.15 (a) A small sphere falling through a liquid. (b) Motion diagram of surrounding medium, then
Solución
the sphere as it falls. (c) Speed–time graph for the sphere. The sphere reaches a general observe the effects on the
vTmaximum (or terminal) speed vT, and the time constant # is the time interval during sphere’s motion and its
which it reaches a speed of 0.632vT. speed–time graph.
0.632vthe
T gravitational force Fg , let us describe its motion.1 Applying Newton’s second law
to the vertical motion, choosing the downward direction to be positive, and noting that
!Fy ! mg " bv, we obtain
At the Active Figures link
at dv
http://www.pse6.com, you
mg " bv ! ma ! m (6.3)
t dt mass of
can vary the size and
τ
the sphere and the viscosity
where the acceleration
(c) dv/dt is downward. Solving this expression for the acceleration
(resistance to flow) of the
h a liquid.gives
(b) Motion diagram of surrounding medium, then
here. The sphere reaches a observe the effects on the
Tipos de fuerzas:
fuerzas ficticias
Las leyes de Newton sólo son validas en sistemas de referencia inerciales
Cuando la aceleración de un objeto se mide con respecto a un sistema de referencia que a su vez
se acelera con respecto a un sistema de referencia inercial, la fuerza resultante no es igual al
producto de la masa por la aceleración