Ecuaciones y desigualdades trascendentales

1.1.
ECUACIONES
1.1.2
log √2 (√𝑥 + 3 − √𝑥 − 3) = log 2 (𝑥 − 4) + 1
log 2 (𝑥 + 3 − 2√𝑥 2 − 9 + 𝑥 − 3) = log 2(𝑥 − 4) + log 2 2
2𝑥 − 2√𝑥 2 − 9 = 2(𝑥 − 4)
2𝑥 − 2√𝑥 2 − 9 = 2𝑥 − 8
2√𝑥 2 − 9 = 8
4(𝑥 2 − 9) = 64
4𝑥 2 − 36 = 64
4𝑥 2 = 100
𝑥 2 = 25
𝑥=5
1.1.5
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ −1 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ −1 𝑥
[√4 + 2√3 + 1 − 2√3] + [√7 + 4√3] − 14 = 0

𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥
[1 + √3 + 1 − 2√3] + [√7 + 4√3] − 14 = 0
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 2
[2 − √3] + [√(2 + √3) ] − 14 = 0
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ −1 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ −1 𝑥
[2 − √3] + [2 + √3] − 14 = 0 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 (2 + √3)
−1 𝑥 2𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ −1 𝑥
[1]𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ + [2 + √3] − 14(2 + √3) =0
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ −1 𝑥
Cambio de variable: 𝑢 = (2 + √3)
1 + 𝑢2 − 14𝑢 = 0
14 + √142 − 4(1)(1)
𝑢1 =
2(1)
14 − √142 − 4(1)(1)
𝑢2 =
2(1)
𝑢1 = 7 + 4√3
𝑢2 = 7 − 4√3
Con u1:
𝑢 = (2 + √3)
7 + 4√3 = (2 + √3)
𝑙𝑛(7 + 4√3) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥𝑙𝑛(2 + √3)
𝑙𝑛(7 + 4√3)
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 =
𝑙𝑛(2 + √3)
−1
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥 = 2
1 1+𝑥
𝑙𝑛 =2
2 1−𝑥
1+𝑥
𝑙𝑛 =4
1−𝑥
1+𝑥
= 𝑒4
1−𝑥
AUXILIAR: Jaime Miguel Huanca Vitoria CARRERA DE INGENIERIA CIVIL MAT 101- CALCULO I
1 + 𝑥 = 𝑒 4 − 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑥(1 + 𝑒 4 ) = 𝑒 4 − 1
𝑒4 − 1
𝑥1 = 4 = 0.9640
𝑒 +1
Con u2:
𝑢 = (2 + √3)
7 − 4√3 = (2 + √3)
𝑙𝑛(7 − 4√3) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥𝑙𝑛(2 + √3)
𝑙𝑛(7 − 4√3)
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 =
𝑙𝑛(2 + √3)
−1
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥 = −2
1 1+𝑥
𝑙𝑛 = −2
2 1−𝑥
1+𝑥
𝑙𝑛 = −4
1−𝑥
1+𝑥 1
= 𝑒 −4 = 4
1−𝑥 𝑒
𝑒 4 (1 + 𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥
𝑥(𝑒 4 + 1) = 1 − 𝑒 4
1 − 𝑒4
𝑥2 =
1 + 𝑒4
𝑥2 = −0.9640
1.2.3
𝑥 √𝑦 + 𝑦√𝑥 = 12
{ 3 3 𝑤 3 − 36 = 28
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 28
√𝑥𝑦(√𝑥 + √𝑦) = 12
{ 𝑤 3 = 64
𝑥√𝑥 + 𝑦√𝑦 = 28
𝑤=4
12
𝑡= 4
Cambio de variable: 𝑢 = √𝑥 ; 𝑣 = √𝑦 𝑡=3
3
𝑢𝑣 = 3 ; 𝑣 = 𝑢
𝑢+𝑣 =4
𝑢𝑣(𝑢 + 𝑣) = 12 3
{ 3 𝑢+𝑢 =4
𝑢 + 𝑣 3 = 28
𝑢2 − 4𝑢 + 3 = 0
𝑢𝑣(𝑢 + 𝑣) = 12 4+√16−4(3)
{ 𝑢1 =
(𝑢 + 𝑣)(𝑢2 − 𝑢𝑣 + 𝑣 2 ) = 28 2
4+√16−4(3)
𝑢2 = 2
Cambio de variable:𝑡 = 𝑢𝑣 ; 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑢1 = 3 ; 𝑣1 = 1
𝑢2 = 1 ; 𝑣2 = 3
𝑡𝑤 = 12
{ 𝑥1 = 9 ; 𝑦1 = 1
(𝑤)(𝑤 2 − 3𝑡) = 28
12
𝑡=
𝑤
{ 12 𝑥2 = 1 ; 𝑦2 = 3
𝑤 3 − 3 ( ) 𝑤 = 28
𝑤
1.3 DESIGUALDADES
1.3.1
2𝑥 2 −3𝑥+5 2 +4𝑥+2
√(1) 𝜋 2𝑥
> [𝑡𝑎𝑛 ]
9 6
2 −3𝑥+5 2 +2𝑥+1
1 2𝑥 1 𝑥
( ) >[ ]
3 3
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5 < 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4 < 0
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 1) < 0
𝐶. 𝑉: ( 1 , 4 )
1.3.4
√1 − |𝑥| ≥ √𝑥 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠:
|1 − |𝑥|| ≥ |𝑥|
1 − 2|𝑥| + 𝑥 2 ≥ 𝑥 2
1 − 2|𝑥| ≥ 0
2|𝑥| ≤ 1
1
|𝑥| ≤
2
𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑎 √𝑥 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑥 > 0
1
𝐶. 𝑉. ∶ [0, ]
2
2.CAMPOS DE VARIACION:
2.2.
3𝑥 − 1
𝑥4 − 6𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1
𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1 ≠ 0 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑥 2 :
6 1
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7 − + ≠0
𝑥 𝑥2
1 1
(𝑥 2 + 2
) − 6 (𝑥 + ) + 7 ≠ 0
𝑥 𝑥
1 2 1
(𝑥 + ) − 6 (𝑥 + ) + 5 ≠ 0
𝑥 𝑥
1
Cambio de variable: 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑢2 − 6𝑢 + 5 ≠ 0
(𝑢 − 5)(𝑢 − 1) ≠ 0
𝑢1 ≠ 5
𝑢2 ≠ 1
Con u1:
1
𝑥+ ≠5
𝑥
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1 ≠ 0
5 + √25 − 4(1)
𝑥1 =
2
5 − √25 − 4(1)
𝑥2 =
2
5 + √21
𝑥1 =
2
5 − √21
𝑥2 =
2
El resultado obtenido usando u2 es imaginario.
Por tanto: C.V.: 𝑅 − {5+√21 , 5−√21

2 2
2.5.
3
√𝑥 2 − 25
𝑧 𝑧 3
√√10 + 3 − √√10 − 3 − 12 ( √13√10 − 31 + 1)
𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 𝑥
𝑧 𝑧 3
√√10 + 3 − √√10 − 3 − 12 ( √13√10 − 31 + 1) ≠ 0
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
√√10 + 3 − √√10 − 3 − 12(√10) ≠ 0 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 √√10 + 3
2
𝑧 𝑧
√√10 + 3 − 1 − 12(√10) √√10 + 3 ≠ 0
𝑧
Cambio de variable: 𝑢 = √√10 + 3
𝑢2 − 1 − 12√10𝑢 ≠ 0
12√10 + √1440 + 4
𝑢1 ≠
2
12√10 − √1440 + 4
𝑢2 ≠
2
𝑢1 ≠ 6√10 + 19
𝑢2 ≠ 6√10 − 19 (𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎)
Trabajando con u1:
𝑧
6√10 + 19 ≠ √√10 + 3
1
𝑙𝑛(6√10 + 19) ≠ 𝑙𝑛(√10 + 3)
𝑧
𝑙𝑛(√10 + 3)
𝑧≠
𝑙𝑛(6√10 + 19)
1
𝑧≠
2
1
𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 𝑥 ≠ 0<𝑥≤1
2
1 + √1 − 𝑥 2 1
𝑙𝑛 ≠
𝑥 2
1 + √1 − 𝑥 2
≠ √𝑒
𝑥
1 + √1 − 𝑥 2 ≠ 𝑥 √𝑒
√1 − 𝑥 2 ≠ 𝑥 √𝑒 − 1
1 − 𝑥 2 ≠ 𝑥 2 𝑒 − 2𝑥 √𝑒 + 1
0 ≠ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 − 2𝑥 √𝑒
𝑥(1 + 𝑒) − 2√𝑒 ≠ 0
2√𝑒
𝑥≠
1+𝑒
2√𝑒
𝐶. 𝑉. : (0,1] − { }
1+𝑒
3.1.3. a) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝑓, 𝑅𝑓 𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑑𝑒:
b) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝑓 −1 , 𝑅𝑓 −1 𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑓 𝑦 𝑓 −1 𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑜:
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑦=
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝑓:
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟: 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑛: { , , , , ……..}
2 2 2 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑛: {0, 𝜋, 2𝜋, 3𝜋, 4𝜋 … … . . }

𝜋
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑜 𝑛𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒: {𝐾 } 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝐾 = 0,1,2,3,4,5 … … …
2
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟: 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ≠ 0
1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + ≠0
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 2 + 1 ≠ 0
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ≠ √−1 (𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜)
𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙

𝜋
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠: 𝐷𝑓: 𝑅 − {𝐾 } 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝐾 = 0,1,2,3,4,5 … … …
2
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑅𝑓 ∶
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ∶ 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ∶ 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑥 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎:
1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑦=
1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 − 1
𝑦= 𝑦(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 1) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 − 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 1
𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 − 1
1+𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 =
1−𝑦
1+𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 (√ )
1−𝑦
1+𝑦
≥ 0 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 − 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
1−𝑦
𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑅𝑓: [−1,1)
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑓:
b)
1+𝑥
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛√
1−𝑥
𝐷𝑓 −1 : 𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜 𝑅𝑓: [−1,1)

𝜋
𝑅𝑓 −1 : (0, )
2
4.1.2. Calcular los siguientes límites:
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12
lim (𝑥 − 3 + − 2𝑥) = lim ( − 𝑥 − 3) = lim ( − 3)
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 + 12
𝑥 2 − 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥 2 − 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥 2 + 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12

= lim ( ) − 3 = lim ( )( )−3
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥 2 + 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12
𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 12)
= lim ( )−3
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 + 12 + 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 12)
−12𝑥 2
= lim ( )−3 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑥 3 :
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 + 12 + 𝑥3 + 12𝑥
−12
= lim 𝑥 −3
𝑥→∞ 12 12
1 + √1 + 2 + 2
( 𝑥 𝑥 )
0
= lim ( )−3
𝑥→∞ 1 + √1 + 0 + 0
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = − 3
𝑥→∞
4.1.5.
1 1
lim+ [ − 2 ]
𝑥→2 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 − 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
= lim+ [ − + ] = lim+ [ − ]+
𝑥→2 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 1) 4(𝑥 − 2) 4(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥→2 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 1) 4(𝑥 − 2) 16
Cambio de variable: z=x-1
1 1 1
= lim [ − ]+
𝑧→1 ln(𝑧) 4(𝑧 − 1) 16
𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒: 𝑧 = 𝑢2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= lim [ − 2 ]+ = lim { − [ − ]} +
𝑢→1 2ln(𝑢) 4(𝑢 − 1) 16 𝑢→1 2𝑙𝑛𝑢 4 2(𝑢 − 1) 2(𝑢 + 1) 16
1 1 1 1 1
= lim { ( − )} + +
𝑢→1 2 𝑙𝑛𝑢 4(𝑢 − 1) 8(2) 16
1 1
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝐿 = lim [ − ]
𝑢→1 𝑙𝑛𝑢 4(𝑢 − 1)
1 1 1 1
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠: 𝐿+ = 𝐿+ +
16 2 16 16
1
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜: 𝐿 =
8
1 1 3
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒: lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = + =
𝑥→2 8 16 16
Alternativamente:
1 1
lim+ [ − 2 ]
𝑥→2 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 − 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
= lim+ [ − + ] = lim+ [ − ]+
𝑥→2 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 1) 4(𝑥 − 2) 4(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥→2 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 1) 4(𝑥 − 2) 16
Cambio de variable: z=x-1
1 1 1
= lim [ − ]+
𝑧→1 ln(𝑧) 4(𝑧 − 1) 16
𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒: 𝑧 = 𝑢2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= lim [ − 2 ]+ = lim { − [ − ]} +
𝑢→1 2ln(𝑢) 4(𝑢 − 1) 16 𝑢→1 2𝑙𝑛𝑢 4 2(𝑢 − 1) 2(𝑢 + 1) 16
1 1 1 1 1
= lim { ( − )} + +
𝑢→1 2 𝑙𝑛𝑢 4(𝑢 − 1) 8(2) 16
1 1 4(𝑢 − 1) − 𝑙𝑛𝑢
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝐿 = lim [ − ] = lim [ ] 𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒: 𝑧 = 𝑢 − 1
𝑢→1 𝑙𝑛𝑢 4(𝑢 − 1) 𝑢→1 4(𝑢 − 1)𝑙𝑛𝑢
4(𝑧) − 𝑙𝑛(𝑧 + 1)
= lim [ ] 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑧 2 :
𝑧→0 4(𝑧)ln(𝑧 + 1)
1
4 𝑙𝑛(𝑧 + 1)𝑧 1
− 4 − 𝑙𝑛(𝑧 + 1) 𝑧 4 − 𝑙𝑛𝑒 3
= lim 𝑧 𝑧
1 = lim [ 1 ]= = =∞
𝑧→0 𝑧→0 4(0)ln 𝑒 0
4ln(𝑧 + 1)𝑧 4𝑧ln(𝑧 + 1)𝑧
[ ]
1 1 1 1 1
lim+ [ − 2 ]= ∞+ + =∞
𝑥→2 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 − 4 2 8(2) 16
CONTINUIDAD DE FUNCIONES
4.2.3.
Analizar la continuidad de:
|𝑥 − 2|
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2
𝑥−2
Requisitos para continuidad:
a) 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑎?
|2 − 2| 0
𝑓(2) = = = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑓(2) 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑎
2−2 0
b) 𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 lim 𝑓(𝑥) ?

𝑥→𝑎
|𝑥 − 2| |𝑥 − 2| |𝑥 − 2|
lim 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖: lim+ = lim−
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 2 𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2 𝑥−2
|𝑥 − 2| |2.00001 − 2|
lim ≈ =1
𝑥→2+ 𝑥−2 2.00001 − 2
|𝑥 − 2| |1.99999 − 2|
lim− ≈ = −1
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 1.99999 − 2
|𝑥 − 2| |𝑥 − 2|
lim+ ≠ lim− 𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2 𝑥−2
c) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝑥→𝑎
|𝑥 − 2|
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎: 𝐿𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2
𝑥−2
HALLAR LAS ASINTOTAS Y GRAFICA DE:
4.3.1.
𝑥2
𝑦 =𝑥−3+
√𝑥 2 + 12
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒:
𝑥2 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12 + 𝑥 2 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12 + 𝑥 2 (𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12 − 𝑥 2 )

lim 𝑥 + − 3 = lim − 3 = lim −3
𝑥→−∞ √𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥→−∞ √𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥→−∞ √𝑥 2 + 12 (𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 12) − 𝑥 4 12𝑥 2 12𝑥

= lim − 3 = lim − 3 = lim −3
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 12) − 𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 + 12 + 12𝑥 𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12 + 12
𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒: − 𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖 𝑥 → −∞ 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠: 𝑢 → +∞
12𝑢
= lim − − 3 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑢2 :
𝑢→+∞ 𝑢2 + 𝑢√𝑢2 + 12 + 12
12
𝑢 0
= lim − −3= −3
𝑢→+∞ 12 12 2
1 + √1 + 2 + 2
𝑢 𝑢
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = − 3 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = −3
𝑥→−∞
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎 𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒:
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 3 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12 + 𝑥 2 − 3√𝑥 2 + 12

𝑚 = lim = lim 1 + − = lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑥 2 :
√1 + 122 + 1 − 3√ 12 + 124
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 √1 + 0 + 1 − 3√0 + 0
= lim = =2
𝑥→∞ 12 √1+0
√1 + 2
𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12
𝑏 = lim 𝑥 − 3 − 2𝑥 = lim ( − 𝑥 − 3) = lim ( − 3)
𝑥→−∞ √𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 + 12
𝑥 2 − 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥 2 − 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥 2 + 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12

= lim ( ) − 3 = lim ( )( )−3
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥 2 + 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12
𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 12)
= lim ( )−3
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 + 12 + 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 12)
−12𝑥 2
= lim ( )−3 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑥 3 :
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 + 12 + 𝑥 3 + 12𝑥
−12
= lim 𝑥 −3
𝑥→∞ 12 12
1 + √1 + 2 + 2
( 𝑥 𝑥 )
0
= lim ( ) − 3 = −3
𝑥→∞ 1 + √1 + 0 + 0
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎 𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑎 𝑒𝑠: 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3
5.1.DERIVADAS:
𝑑𝑦
𝑎) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑏) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟
𝑑𝑥 2
5.1.1.
2
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 −4
𝑑𝑦 2 2
= 𝑒 −𝑥 (−2𝑥)𝑥 −4 + 𝑒 −𝑥 (−4)𝑥 −5
𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 4𝑒 −𝑥 2 4
= − = − 2 − 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥4 𝑥5 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥5
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥 2 − 4 2(𝑥 2 + 2)
= 2 = − 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑥5 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥5
2
𝑑𝑦 2(𝑥 + 2)
=− 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑥5
2 2 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 5 (4𝑥) − 2(𝑥 2 + 2)[𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥)𝑥 5 + 𝑒 𝑥 (5𝑥 4 )]
=− 2
𝑑𝑥 2 2
(𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 5 )
2 2
𝑑2 𝑦 2(𝑥 2 + 2)𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥 6 + 5𝑥 4 ) − 𝑒 𝑥 (4𝑥 6 )
= 2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 10
𝑑 𝑦 2(𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 + 5𝑥 − (4𝑥 ) 𝑥 4 [2(𝑥 2 + 2)(2𝑥 2 + 5)] − (4𝑥 4 𝑥 2 )
2 2 6 4) 6
= 2 = 2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 10 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 10
𝑑 𝑦 [2(𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 + 5)] − (4𝑥 ) (2𝑥 + 4)(2𝑥 2 + 5) − (4𝑥 2 )
2 2 2 2 2
= 2 = 2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥6 𝑒𝑥 𝑥6
𝑑2 𝑦 4𝑥 4 + 14𝑥 2 + 20
= 2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑒𝑥 𝑥6
5.1.4.
𝑥 = 𝜌(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜌)
𝑦 = 𝜌(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜌)
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜌
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜌
𝑑𝑦
= (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜌) + 2𝜌(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜌) = 𝑔
𝑑𝜌
𝑑𝑥
= (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜌) + 2𝜌(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜌) = ℎ
𝑑𝜌
𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜌) + 2𝜌(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜌)
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜌) + 2𝜌(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜌)
𝑑𝑦 2𝜌(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜌) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜌 + 1
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝜌(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜌) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜌 + 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝜌 ( )− ( )
𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜌
= ( ) =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝜌 ( )
𝑑𝜌
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 ( )𝑦 ( ):
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜌
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑆𝑒𝑎 =𝑔 ; = ℎ 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠:
𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝑔 𝑑𝑔 𝑑𝜌
= ; =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 𝜌(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜌) 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑥:
𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌
1= (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜌) + 𝜌(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜌)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜌
Despejando :
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜌 1
=
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜌 + 2𝜌𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜌
𝑑ℎ 𝑑2 𝑥
𝐴ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 = = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜌 + 4𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜌
𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌2
𝑑𝑔 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑌 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑠: = = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜌 − 4𝜌𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜌
𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌2
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝜌
𝑑 𝑦 2 ( ) ( 2) ( ) − ( ) ( 2) ( )
𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
( )
𝑑𝜌
1
𝑑2 𝑦 (4𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜌 − 4𝜌𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜌) − [(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜌) + 2𝜌(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜌)](4𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜌 + 4𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜌) 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜌 + 2𝜌𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜌
=
𝑑𝑥 2 [(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜌) + 2𝜌(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜌)]2
5.2. Hallar el ángulo agudo entre las curvas:

5.2.2.
(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 16𝑥𝑦 (𝐼)

{
(𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4 )(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 640𝑥 2 𝑦 2 (𝐼𝐼)
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑜 𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑜 𝐼𝐼 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝐼:

(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦) 640𝑥 2 𝑦 2
=
(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 − 𝑦) 16𝑥𝑦
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 40𝑥𝑦 (𝐼𝐼𝐼)

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑎ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎:
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 40𝑥𝑦
{ 2
(𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 16𝑥𝑦
𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 ; 𝑣 = 𝑥𝑦
(𝑢2 − 2𝑣)𝑢 = 40𝑣 (𝑖)
{
𝑢(𝑢2 − 4𝑣) = 16𝑣 (𝑖𝑖)
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑜 𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑜 𝑖 − 𝑖𝑖:
−2𝑢𝑣 + 4𝑢𝑣 = 24𝑣
2𝑢𝑣 = 24𝑣
123
𝑢 = 12 ; 𝑣 = = 27
40 + 24
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎:
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12
{
𝑥𝑦 = 27
𝑦 = 12 − 𝑥
{
𝑥(12 − 𝑥) = 27
𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 27 = 0
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 9) = 0
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎: 𝑥1 = 9 ; 𝑦1 = 3
𝑥2 = 3 ; 𝑦2 = 9
5.2.5.
𝑥2
𝑦 = √2 [log 2 (0.15625 ) − 1]
10
{[log 𝑥 𝑥 2 + log 4 (8𝑥)]𝑦 2 = [log 2 (2𝑥)]2
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛:
[2 + log 4 (8) + log 4 (𝑥)]𝑦 2 = [log 4 (4𝑥 2 )]2
3
[2 + + log 4(𝑥)] 𝑦 2 = [1 + 2 log 4 (𝑥)]2
2
[1 + 2 log 4(𝑥)]2
𝑦2 =
7
[2 + log 4 (𝑥)]
𝐼𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜:
[1 + 2 log 4 (𝑥)]2 𝑥2
= 2 [log 2 (0.15625 ) − 1]
7 10
[2 + log 4 (𝑥)]
[1 + 2 log 4 (𝑥)]2 (𝑥 2 )2
= 2 [log 4 (0.156252 ) − 1]
7 102
[2 + log 4 (𝑥)]
[1 + 2 log 4 (𝑥)]2 0.156252

= 2 [log 4 ( ) + 4 log 4 𝑥 − 1]
7 102
[2 + log 4 (𝑥)]
𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑢 = log 4 𝑥
[1 + 2𝑢]2
= 2[−6 + 4𝑢 − 1]
7
[2 + 𝑢]
2 + 8𝑢 + 8𝑢2 = 2(−6 + 4𝑢 − 1)(7 + 2𝑢)
2 + 8𝑢 + 8𝑢2 = 2(8𝑢2 + 28𝑢 − 14𝑢 − 49)
0 = 8𝑢2 + 20𝑢 − 100
2𝑢2 + 5𝑢 − 25 = 0
−5 + √25 + 4(2)(25)
𝑢1 =
2(2)
−5 − √25 + 4(2)(25)
𝑢2 =
2(2)
5
𝑢1 =
2
𝑢2 = −5 (𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎)
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑢1:
5
log 4 𝑥 =
2
5
𝑥 = 42
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎: 𝑥 = 32 ; 𝑦 = √6
5.4. HALLAR LA DERIVADA POR DEFINICION
5.4.1.
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑢 ; 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑔(𝑢 + ℎ) − 𝑔(𝑢) 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎 ∶ = ( ) ( ) = (lim ) (lim )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑢+ℎ ℎ
𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑛(𝑢 + ℎ) − 𝑙𝑛(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 𝑙𝑛 ( ) 𝑑𝑢 𝑙𝑛 (1 + ) 𝑑𝑢
= (lim ) ( ) = (lim 𝑢 ) ( ) = (lim 𝑢 )( )
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑑𝑥
1 1
1 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 ℎ ℎ 𝑑𝑢 ℎ ℎ 𝑑𝑢 ℎ 𝑑𝑢 ℎ
= (lim 𝑙𝑛 (1 + ) ) ( ) = lim [𝑙𝑛 (1 + ) ] ( ) = 𝑙𝑛 lim [(1 + ) ] ( )
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
{ } { }
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
= (𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝑢 ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
= ( )( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
5.5. 𝐸𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 10 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑗𝑒 𝑥?
Solución:
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 9 = 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝑙 𝑒𝑗𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 9 = 0
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 = 0
2 + √4 + 4(3)
𝑥1 =
2
2 − √4 + 4(3)
𝑥2 =
2
𝑥1 = 3 ; 𝑦1 = 33 − 3(32 ) − 9(3) + 10
𝑥2 = −1 ; 𝑦2 = (−1)3 − 3((−1)2 ) − 9(−1) + 10
𝑥1 = 3 ; 𝑦1 = −17
𝑥2 = −1 ; 𝑦2 = 15
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎: 𝐿𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎 𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑗𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑃1(3, −17) ; 𝑃2(−1,15)
5.6. Calcular aplicando L´Hopital:
5.6.1.
𝑥
lim 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→0
Aplicando propiedades de limites:

𝑥 lim 𝑥 𝑥
lim 𝑥 𝑥 = lim 𝑥 𝑥→0
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
En el exponente:
𝑆𝑒𝑎 lim 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝐿
𝑥→0
𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝐿 = lim 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 −1
Usando L´Hopital:
1
𝑙𝑛𝑥
lim = lim 𝑥 = lim −𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥 −1 𝑥→0 1 𝑥→0
− 2
𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝐿 = 0 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐿 = 𝑒 0 = 1
Reemplazando en el primer limite:

𝑥 lim 𝑥 𝑥
lim 𝑥 𝑥 = lim 𝑥 𝑥→0 = lim 𝑥 1
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
𝑥
lim 𝑥 𝑥 = 01 = 0
𝑥→0
5.7.1.Hallar la altura del cilindro recto inscrito en una esfera de radio R que tenga la superficie lateral máxima.
ℎ2 ℎ2
𝑅2 = 𝑟2 + ; 𝑟 = √𝑅 2 −
4 4
𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
ℎ2
𝑆 = 2𝜋ℎ√𝑅 2 −
4
𝑆 2 = 𝜋 2 ℎ2 (4𝑅 2 − ℎ2 )
𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ 𝑒 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜:
𝑑𝑆 𝑑
2𝑆 = (4𝜋 2 𝑅2 ℎ2 − 𝜋 2 ℎ4 )
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑆 8𝜋 2 𝑅 2 ℎ − 4𝜋 2 ℎ3
= =0
𝑑ℎ 2𝑆
8𝜋 2 𝑅2 ℎ = 4𝜋 2 ℎ3
2𝑅 2 = ℎ2
ℎ = √2𝑅
5.7.4.En el interior de un recipiente con el fondo cuadrado y abierto por arriba debe revestirse de plomo si el
volumen del recipiente es igual a 32 litros ¿Cuáles deben ser sus dimensiones para que sea mínima la
cantidad de plomo?
1𝑚3
𝑎2 𝑏 = 32𝑙𝑡 ( ) = 0.032𝑚3
1000𝑙𝑡
0.032
𝑏=
𝑎2
𝑆 = 𝑎2 + 4𝑎𝑏
0.032
𝑆 = 𝑎2 + 4𝑎 ( 2 )
𝑎
0.128
𝑆 = 𝑎2 +
𝑎
0.128
𝑆 = 𝑎2 +
𝑎
𝑑𝑆 0.128
= 2𝑎 − 2 = 0
𝑑𝑎 𝑎
2𝑎3 = 0.128
0.032
𝑎 = 0.4𝑚 ; 𝑏= = 0.2𝑚
0.42
5.8.2.Un proyectil se dispara verticalmente hacia arriba con una velocidad de 10𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑔 su altura sobre el suelo
t seg después del disparo esta dada por 𝑠(𝑡) = −4.9𝑡 2 + 120𝑡.Encuentre el tiempo en que el proyectil llega al
suelo y la velocidad con que llega al suelo. ¿Cuál es la altura máxima que alcanza el proyectil? ¿Cuál es la
aceleración en tiempo t arbitrario?
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑎 𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑜:
𝑠(𝑡) = −4.9𝑡 2 + 120𝑡 = 0
−4.9𝑡 + 120 = 0
𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 24.49 𝑠𝑒𝑔 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑎 𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑜
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑎 𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑜:
𝑑𝑠
= −9.8𝑡 + 120 = 𝑣(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑚
𝑣(24.49) = −9.8(24.49) + 120 = −120
𝑠𝑒𝑔
𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙:
−9.8𝑡 + 120 = 0
𝑡 = 12.245𝑠𝑒𝑔
𝑠(12.245) = −4.9(12.245)2 + 120(12.245)
𝑠(12.245) = 734.69𝑚
𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑡:
𝑑𝑣 𝑚
𝑎= = −9.8 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑠
5.8.5. A la 1:00 P.M. el barco A se encuentra 25 millas al sur del barco B. Suponiendo que A navega hacia el
oeste a razón de 16 millas/hr y B navega hacia el sur a 20millas/hr, encuentre la razón de cambio de la
distancia entre los dos barcos a la 1:30 P.M.
A las 1:00 PM:
𝐷 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑑𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑠
= −20
𝑑𝑡 ℎ𝑟
𝑑𝑏 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑠
= 16
𝑑𝑡 ℎ𝑟
A las 1:30 PM cada barco a navegado durante 0.5horas:
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑠
20 (0.5ℎ𝑟) = 10𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑠
ℎ𝑟
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑠
16 (0.5ℎ𝑟) = 8𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑠
ℎ𝑟
𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜:
𝑑𝐷 𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑏
2𝐷 = 2𝑎 + 2𝑏
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐷 𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑏
𝐷 =𝑎 +𝑏
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑠:
𝑑𝐷 15(−20) + 8(16)
=
𝑑𝑡 17
𝑑𝐷 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑠
= −10.12 (𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑖)
𝑑𝑡 ℎ𝑟
6.1. CALCULAR LAS SIGUIENTES INTEGRALES.
6.1.3.
2 − 𝑒𝑥
∫√ 𝑑𝑥
2 + 𝑒𝑥
2 − 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 2 − 𝑒𝑥
∫ √ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 √ 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 2 + 𝑒𝑥
1 2−𝑢 2−𝑢 2(1 − 𝑧 2 ) −8𝑧

∫ √ 𝑑𝑢 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝑧2 ; 𝑢 = 2
; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑧
𝑢 2+𝑢 2+𝑢 (1 + 𝑧 ) (1 + 𝑧 2 )2
1 2−𝑢 (1 + 𝑧 2 ) −8𝑧 𝑧2
∫ √ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ (𝑧) ( ) 𝑑𝑧 = −4 ∫ 𝑑𝑧
𝑢 2+𝑢 2(1 − 𝑧 2 ) (1 + 𝑧 2 )2 (1 − 𝑧 2 )(1 + 𝑧 2 )
𝑧2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷
−4 ∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑧 = −4 ∫ + + 𝑑𝑧
(1 − 𝑧 )(1 + 𝑧 ) 1 − 𝑧 1 + 𝑧 1 + 𝑧2
𝐴(1 + 𝑧)( 1 + 𝑧 2 ) + 𝐵(1 − 𝑧)(1 + 𝑧 2 ) + (𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷)(1 − 𝑧 2 ) = 𝑧 2
𝐴(1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 3 ) + 𝐵(1 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 3 ) + (𝐶𝑧 − 𝐶𝑧 3 + 𝐷 − 𝐷𝑧 2 ) = 𝑧 2
(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐷) + 𝑧(𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶) + 𝑧 2 (𝐴 + 𝐵 − 𝐷) + 𝑧 3 (𝐴 − 𝐵 − 𝐶) = 𝑧 2
𝐴+𝐵+𝐷 =0
𝐴−𝐵+𝐶 =0
𝐴+𝐵−𝐷 =1
𝐴−𝐵−𝐶 =0
1 1 1
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎: 𝐴 = ; 𝐵= ; 𝐶=0 ; 𝐷=−
4 4 2
1 1 1
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷 4 4 −2
𝐼 = −4 ∫ + + 𝑑𝑧 = −4 ∫ + + 𝑑𝑧
1 − 𝑧 1 + 𝑧 1 + 𝑧2 1 − 𝑧 1 + 𝑧 1 + 𝑧2
𝐼 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑧 − 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑧 + 1| + 2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧 + 𝐶
2−𝑢 2−𝑢 2−𝑢

𝐼 = 𝑙𝑛 |√ − 1| − 𝑙𝑛 |√ + 1| + 2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛√ +𝐶
2+𝑢 2+𝑢 2+𝑢
2 − 𝑒𝑥 2 − 𝑒𝑥 2 − 𝑒𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑙𝑛 |√ 𝑥
− 1| − 𝑙𝑛 |√ 𝑥
+ 1| + 2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛√ +𝐶
2+𝑒 2+𝑒 2 + 𝑒𝑥
6.1.6.
𝑥2 − 5 𝑥2 − 5
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑙𝑛 | | 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2
𝑥𝑙𝑛 | | 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 5 𝑥2 + 5
𝑑𝑧
𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒: 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 ; 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
2
𝑥2 − 5 1 𝑧−5 1 1
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑥𝑙𝑛 | 2 | 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑧𝑙𝑛 | | 𝑑𝑧 = ∫(𝑧𝑙𝑛|𝑧 − 5| − 𝑧𝑙𝑛|𝑧 + 5|) 𝑑𝑧 = [∫ 𝑧𝑙𝑛|𝑧 − 5| 𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 𝑧𝑙𝑛|𝑧 + 5| 𝑑𝑧]
𝑥 +5 2 𝑧+5 2 2
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑧𝑙𝑛(𝑧 − 5) 𝑑𝑧 ; 𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑧𝑙𝑛(𝑧 + 5) 𝑑𝑧
1 𝑧2
𝐸𝑛 𝐼1: 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑧 − 5) ; 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑧𝑑𝑧 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑧 ; 𝑣 =
𝑧−5 2
𝑧2 𝑧2 1
𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑧𝑙𝑛(𝑧 − 5) 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑧 − 5) − ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑧
2 2 𝑧−5
𝑧2 𝑧2 1 𝑧2 1 25
𝑙𝑛(𝑧 − 5) − ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑧 − 5) − ∫ 𝑧 + 5 + 𝑑𝑧
2 2 𝑧−5 2 2 𝑧−5
𝑧2 1 𝑧2
𝐼1 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑧 − 5) − ( + 5𝑧 + 25𝑙𝑛(𝑧 − 5)) + 𝐶
2 2 2
1 𝑧2
𝐸𝑛 𝐼2: 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑧 + 5) ; 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑧𝑑𝑧 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑧 ; 𝑣 =
𝑧+5 2
𝑧2 𝑧2 1
𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑧𝑙𝑛(𝑧 + 5) 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑧 + 5) − ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑧
2 2 𝑧+5
𝑧2 𝑧2 1 𝑧2 1 25
𝑙𝑛(𝑧 + 5) − ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑧 + 5) − ∫ 𝑧 − 5 + 𝑑𝑧
2 2 𝑧+5 2 2 𝑧+5
𝑧2 1 𝑧2
𝐼2 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑧 + 5) − ( − 5𝑧 + 25𝑙𝑛(𝑧 + 5)) + 𝐶
2 2 2
𝑧2 𝑧−5 25 (𝑧 − 5)
𝐼1 − 𝐼2 = 𝑙𝑛 ( ) − 5𝑧 − 𝑙𝑛 +𝐶
2 𝑧+5 2 (𝑧 + 5)
1 𝑧 2 25 𝑧−5 5
(𝐼1 − 𝐼2) = 𝐼 = ( − ) 𝑙𝑛 ( )− 𝑧+𝐶
2 4 4 𝑧+5 2
1 𝑥2 − 5 5
𝐼 = (𝑥 4 − 25)𝑙𝑛 ( 2 ) − 𝑥2 + 𝐶
4 𝑥 +5 2
6.1.9.
𝑥+2 1
∫√ ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 3 3𝑥 + 11𝑥 + 10
𝑥+2 1 𝑥+2 3 1
∫√ ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 3 3𝑥 + 11𝑥 + 10 2𝑥 + 3 3𝑥 + 5 𝑥 + 2
𝑥+2 3 𝑥+2 1
= ∫√ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ √ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 3 3𝑥 + 5 2𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 2
𝑥+2 3 𝑥+2 1
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝐼1 = ∫ √ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝐼2 = ∫ √ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 3 3𝑥 + 5 2𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 2
𝑥+2 3𝑢2 − 2 −2𝑢

𝐸𝑛 𝐼1: 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝑢2 ; 𝑥 = 2
; 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
2𝑥 + 3 1 − 2𝑢 (1 − 2𝑢2 )2
3 −2𝑢
𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑢 ( 2 )( ) 𝑑𝑢
9𝑢 − 6 (1 − 2𝑢2 )2
+ 5
1 − 2𝑢2
−6𝑢2 −6𝑢2
𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢
(9𝑢2 − 6)(1 − 2𝑢2 ) + 5(1 − 2𝑢2 )2 (1 − 2𝑢2 )[(9𝑢2 − 6) + 5(1 − 2𝑢2 )]
−6𝑢2
𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢
(1 − 2𝑢2 )(−1 − 𝑢2 )
𝑢2 𝑢2
𝐼1 = 6 ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 6 ∫ 𝑑𝑢
(1 − 2𝑢2 )(1 + 𝑢2 ) (1 − √2𝑢)(1 + √2𝑢)(1 + 𝑢2 )
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑢 + 𝐷
𝐼1 = 6 ∫ + + 𝑑𝑢
1 − √2𝑢 1 + √2𝑢 1 + 𝑢2
1 1 1
𝐼1 = 6 ∫ 6 + 6 − 3 2 𝑑𝑢
1 − √2𝑢 1 + √2𝑢 1 + 𝑢
1 1 1 1 𝑑𝑢
𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑑𝑢 − 2 ∫
√2 1 √2 1 1 + 𝑢2
−𝑢 +𝑢
√2 √2
√2 √2 √2 √2
𝐼1 = − 𝑙𝑛 |𝑢 − | + 𝑙𝑛 |𝑢 + | − 2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶
2 2 2 2
√2 2𝑢 + √2
𝐼1 = − 𝑙𝑛 | | − 2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶
2 2𝑢 − √2
𝑥+2
√2 2√2𝑥 + 3 + √2 𝑥+2
𝐼1 = − 𝑙𝑛 || || − 2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛√ +𝐶
2 𝑥 + 2 2𝑥 + 3
2√ −
2𝑥 + 3 √2
𝑥+2 1 1
𝐴ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑗𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝐼2 = ∫ √ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 2 √(2𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 2)
1 1 1 √2 1
𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 6 √2 2 2 2
√𝑥 2 + 7 𝑥 + 3 √(𝑥 + 7) − (1)
2 4 4
√2 7 7 2 1 2
𝐼2 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 + + √(𝑥 + ) − ( ) | + 𝐶
2 4 4 4
𝑥+2
2√ +
√2 2𝑥 + 3 √2 𝑥 + 2 √2 7 7 2 1 2
𝐼 = 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 = − 𝑙𝑛 || || − 2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛√ − 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 + + √(𝑥 + ) − ( ) | + 𝐶
2 𝑥+2 2𝑥 + 3 2 4 4 4
2√2𝑥 + 3 − √2
6.2. Aplicaciones de área y volumen:
6.2.2. Área y volumen:
𝑦 2 (𝑥 2 − 9) = 𝑥 4
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 64
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎:
𝑦 2 (𝑥 2 − 9) = 𝑥 4 (𝐼)
{
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 64 (𝐼𝐼)
𝐷𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐼):
𝑥4
𝑦2 =
(𝑥 2 − 9)
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 (𝐼𝐼):
𝑥4
𝑥2 + = 64 𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 ∶ 𝑢 = 𝑥 2
(𝑥 2 − 9)
𝑢2
𝑢+ = 64
(𝑢 − 9)
𝑢(𝑢 − 9) + 𝑢2 = 64(𝑢 − 9)
𝑢2 − 9𝑢 + 𝑢2 = 64𝑢 − 576
2𝑢2 − 73𝑢 + 576 = 0
73 + √732 − 4(2)(576)
𝑢1 =
2(2)
73 − √732 − 4(2)(576)
𝑢2 =
2(2)
73 + √721 73 − √721
𝑢1 = ; 𝑢2 =
4 4
73 + √721
𝑥1 = √ ≈ 4.996
4
73 − √721
𝑥2 = √ ≈ 3.397
4
4.996
𝑥2 4.996 4.996
𝑥2
𝐴 = 4∫ √64 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑑𝑥 = 4 [∫ √64 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ]
3.397 √𝑥 2 − 9 3.397 3.397 √𝑥 2 − 9
4.996
1 1 𝑥 4.996
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝐼1 = ∫ √64 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 √64 − 𝑥 2 + 64𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑛 |
3.397 2 2 8 3.397
𝐼1 = 10.86 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒

4.996
𝑥2
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒: 𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 ; 𝑑𝑥 = 3(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼)(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼) 𝑑𝛼 ; 𝑥 2 = 9𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝛼
3.397 √𝑥 2 − 9
4.996
𝑥2 9𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝛼
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼)𝑑𝛼 = 9 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝛼 𝑑𝛼 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠:
3.397 √𝑥 2 − 9 3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 ; 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝛼𝑑𝛼 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 𝑑𝛼 ; 𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼
𝐼2 = 9 [𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼( 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 )𝑑𝛼] = 9 [𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 − ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 𝑑𝛼]
9 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝛼 𝑑𝛼 = 9 [𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 − ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝛼 𝑑𝛼 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼𝑑𝛼]
2 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝛼 𝑑𝛼 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 + 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼|
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 1
𝐼2 = 9 [ + 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛼 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼|]
2 2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 3) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 3) 1 𝑥 𝑥 4.996
𝐼2 = 9 [ + 𝑙𝑛 |𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 )|] |
2 2 3 3 3.397
𝐼2 = 9(1.10) = 9.926 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒
𝐴 = 4(10.86 − 9.926)
𝐴 = 3.736 𝑢. 𝑑. 𝑠
6.2.5. Área y volumen
𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥2
𝑦=𝑥+3
𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥 2 (𝐼)
{
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 (𝐼𝐼)
𝐼𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 (𝐼) 𝑦 (𝐼𝐼):
𝑥 + 3 = 9 − 𝑥2
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6 = 0
−1 + √1 + 4(6)
𝑥1 =
2
−1 − √1 + 4(6)
𝑥2 =
2
𝑥1 = −3
𝑥2 = 2
Área:
2
𝑥3 𝑥2 2
𝐴 = ∫ (9 − 𝑥 2 ) − (𝑥 + 3) = (9𝑥 − − − 3𝑥) |
−3 3 2 −3
125
𝐴 = 20.83333 = 𝑢. 𝑑. 𝑠.
6
Volumen:
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ (9 − 𝑥 2 )2 − (𝑥 + 3)2 𝑑𝑥
−3
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥 4 − 19𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 72)𝑑𝑥
−3
𝑥 5 19𝑥 3 6𝑥 2 2
𝑉 = 𝜋 [( − − + 72𝑥) | ]
5 3 2 −3
625𝜋
𝑉= 𝑢. 𝑑. 𝑣.
3
6.4. Calcular el área mediante sumatorias:
6.4.1. Área limitada
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑒 𝑥 = 0 𝑎 𝑥 = 3
𝑛
𝐴 = lim ∑ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )𝛥𝑥

𝑛→∞
𝑖=1
3−0 3
𝛥𝑥 = =
𝑛 𝑛
𝑥1 = 𝛥𝑥
𝑥2 = 2𝛥𝑥
𝑥3 = 3𝛥𝑥
𝑥4 = 4𝛥𝑥
𝑥5 = 5𝛥𝑥
3 3
𝐴 = lim { [𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + 𝑓(𝑥3 ) + 𝑓(𝑥4 ) … … 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )]} = lim { [𝑓(𝛥𝑥) + 𝑓(2𝛥𝑥) + 𝑓(3𝛥𝑥) + 𝑓(4𝛥𝑥) … 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )]}
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
3
𝐴 = lim [(1𝛥𝑥)2 − 4(1𝛥𝑥) + 5 + (2𝛥𝑥)2 − 4(2𝛥𝑥) + 5 + (3𝛥𝑥)2 − 4(3𝛥𝑥) + 5+(4𝛥𝑥)2 − 4(4𝛥𝑥) + 5 … 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
3
𝐴 = lim [(𝛥𝑥)2 (12 + 22 + 32 … ) − 4𝛥𝑥(1 + 2 + 3 … ) + 5𝑛]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
3 9 𝑛3 𝑛 2 𝑛 12 𝑛2 𝑛
𝐴 = lim [( 2 ) ( + + ) − ( + ) + 5𝑛]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛 3 2 8 𝑛 2 2
3 9 9
𝐴 = lim [3𝑛 + + − 6𝑛 − 6 + 5𝑛]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 2 8𝑛
9 9 6
𝐴 = lim 3 [3 + + 2 − 6 − + 5]
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛 8𝑛 𝑛
𝐴 = 3(3 + 0 + 0 − 6 − 0 + 5)
𝐴 = 6 𝑢. 𝑑. 𝑠.
6.4.4. Área limitada entre las curvas:
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 27 ; 𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑗𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 27
{
𝑦=0
𝐼𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠:
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 27 = 0
𝑈𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 ∶ 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠: 𝑎 = 1; 𝑏 = −3; 𝑐 = −24; 𝑑 = 27
𝐸𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑠: 𝛥 = 18𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 − 4𝑏 3 𝑑 + 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 3 − 27𝑎2 𝑑2
𝐸𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑜: 𝛥 = 78705 > 0
𝐴𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑦𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑜:
𝑏
𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒: 𝑥 = 𝑧 − = (𝑧 + 1)
3𝑎
(𝑧 + 1)3 − 3(𝑧 + 1)2 − 24(𝑧 + 1) + 27 = 0
𝑧 3 − 27𝑧 + 1 = 0
𝐷𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑧 3 + 𝑝𝑧 + 𝑞 = 0 ; 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑝 = −27; 𝑞 = 1
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑧𝑖 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜:
+ −𝑝 𝜙
𝑧𝑘+1 = 2√ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( + 120𝑘)
− 3 3
𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑎 𝑠𝑖 𝑞 ≤ 0 𝑦 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑎 𝑠𝑖 𝑞 > 0. 𝑀𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝜙 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑟:
𝑞2
𝜙 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠√ 4 3
−𝑝
27
𝑌 𝑘 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟 0,1 𝑜 2 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑧
En nuestro caso:
12
𝜙 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠√ 4 = 1.55227674967
−(−27)3
27
1.55227674967
𝑧1 = −2√9𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( + 120(0))
3
𝑧1 = −5.21457287425
𝑥1 = 𝑧1 + 1
𝑥1 = −4.21457287425
𝐷𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠: 𝑥2 = 6.17753395522 ; 𝑥3 = 1.0370389
1.04
𝐸𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑠: 𝐴 = ∫ 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 27 𝑑𝑥
−5.21
𝐴 = lim ∑ 𝑓(𝑥1 )𝛥𝑥

𝑛→∞
𝑖=1
1.04 + 5.21 6.25

𝛥𝑥 = =
𝑛 𝑛
𝑥1 = −5.21 + 𝛥𝑥 ; 𝑥2 = −5.21 + 2𝛥𝑥 ; 𝑥3 = −5.21 + 3𝛥𝑥 … … ; 𝑥𝑛 = −5.21 + 𝑛𝛥𝑥
6.25
𝐴 = lim [(−5.21 + 𝛥𝑥)3 − 3(−5.21 + 𝛥𝑥)2 − 24(−5.21 + 𝛥𝑥) + 27 + (−5.21 + 2𝛥𝑥)3 − 3(−5.21 + 2𝛥𝑥)2
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
− 24(−5.21 + 2𝛥𝑥) + 27 + (−5.21 + 3𝛥𝑥)3 − 3(−5.21 + 3𝛥𝑥)2 − 24(−5.21 + 3𝛥𝑥) + 27
+ ⋯ 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )]
6.25
𝐴 = lim {(−5.21)3 + 3(−5.21)2 𝛥𝑥 + 3(−5.21)(𝛥𝑥)2 + (𝛥𝑥)3 − 3[(−5.21)2 + 2(−5.21)(𝛥𝑥) + (𝛥𝑥)2 ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
− 24[(−5.21) + (𝛥𝑥)] + (−5.21)3 + 3(−5.21)2 2𝛥𝑥 + 3(−5.21)(2𝛥𝑥)2 + (2𝛥𝑥)3
− 3[(−5.21)2 + 2(−5.21)(2𝛥𝑥) + (2𝛥𝑥)2 ] − 24[(−5.21) + (2𝛥𝑥)] + (−5.21)3 + 3(−5.21)2 𝛥𝑥
+ 3(−5.21)(𝛥𝑥)2 + (𝛥𝑥)3 − 3[(−5.21)2 + 2(−5.21)(𝛥𝑥) + (𝛥𝑥)2 ] − 24[(−5.21) + (𝛥𝑥)]
+ ⋯ 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )}
6.25
𝐴 = lim {𝑛(−5.21)3 + 3(−5.21)2 (𝛥𝑥)(1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ ) + 3(−5.21)(𝛥𝑥)2 (12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
+ (𝛥𝑥)3 (13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ ) − 3[𝑛(−5.21)2 + 2(−5.21)(𝛥𝑥)(1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ ) + (𝛥𝑥)2 (12 + 22 … )]
− 24[𝑛(−5.21) + (𝛥𝑥)(1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ )] + 27𝑛}
6.25 3 2
6.25 𝑛2 𝑛 6.25 2 𝑛3 𝑛2 𝑛
𝐴 = lim {𝑛(−5.21) + 3(−5.21) ( ) ( + ) + 3(−5.21) ( ) ( + + )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛 2 2 𝑛 3 2 8
6.25 3 𝑛4 𝑛3 𝑛2 2
6.25 𝑛2 𝑛 6.25 2 𝑛3 𝑛2 𝑛
+( ) ( + + ) − 3 [𝑛(−5.21) + 2(−5.21) ( )( + ) + ( ) ( + + )]
𝑛 4 2 4 𝑛 2 2 𝑛 3 2 8
2
6.25 𝑛 𝑛
− 24 [𝑛(−5.21) + ( ) ( + )] + 27𝑛}
𝑛 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝐴 = lim 6.25 {(−5.21)3 + 3(−5.21)2 (6.25) ( + ) + 3(−5.21)(6.25)2 ( + + 2 ) + (6.25)3 ( + + 2)
𝑛→∞ 2 2𝑛 3 2𝑛 8𝑛 4 2𝑛 4𝑛
1 1 1 1 1
− 3 [(−5.21)2 + 2(−5.21)(6.25) ( + ) + (6.25)2 ( + + )]
2 2𝑛 3 2𝑛 8𝑛2
1 1
− 24 [(−5.21) + (6.25) ( + )] + 27}
2 2𝑛
𝐴𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒:
1 1 1
𝐴 = 6.25 {(−5.21)3 + 3(−5.21)2 (6.25) ( + 0) + 3(−5.21)(6.25)2 ( + 0 + 0) + (6.25)3 ( + 0 + 0)
2 3 4
1 1 1
− 3 [(−5.21)2 + 2(−5.21)(6.25) ( + 0) + (6.25)2 ( + 0 + 0)] − 24 [(−5.21) + (6.25) ( + 0)]
2 3 2
+ 27}
1 1 1
𝐴 = 6.25 {(−5.21)3 + 3(−5.21)2 (6.25) ( ) + 3(−5.21)(6.25)2 ( ) + (6.25)3 ( )
2 3 4
1 1 1
− 3 [(−5.21)2 + 2(−5.21)(6.25) ( ) + (6.25)2 ( )] − 24 [(−5.21) + (6.25) ( )] + 27}
2 3 2
1
𝐴 = 6.25 {(−5.21)3 + 1.5(−5.21)2 (6.25) + (−5.21)(6.25)2 + (6.25)3 ( )
4
1 1
− 3 [(−5.21)2 + (−5.21)(6.25) + (6.25)2 ( )] − 24 [(−5.21) + (6.25) ( )] + 27}
3 2
𝐴 = 155.05 𝑢. 𝑑. 𝑠
3.2. REPRESENTAR GRAFICAMENTE LAS SIGUIENTES ECUACIONES:
3.2.1.
𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)
3.2.4.
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 6𝑥 2 = 0

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1.1.

[√4 + 2√3 + 1 − 2√3] + [√7 + 4√3] − 14 = 0

√1 − |𝑥| ≥ √𝑥 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠:

𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑎 √𝑥 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑥 > 0

El resultado obtenido usando u2 es imaginario.

Por tanto: C.V.: 𝑅 − {5+√21 , 5−√21

𝑢2 ≠ 6√10 − 19 (𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎)

Trabajando con u1:

3.1.3. a) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝑓, 𝑅𝑓 𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑑𝑒:

b) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝑓 −1 , 𝑅𝑓 −1 𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑓 𝑦 𝑓 −1 𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑜:

𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝑓:

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟: 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑛: {0, 𝜋, 2𝜋, 3𝜋, 4𝜋 … … . . }

𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟: 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ≠ 0

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ≠ √−1 (𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜)

𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ∶ 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ∶ 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑥 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎:

𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑅𝑓: [−1,1)

𝐷𝑓 −1 : 𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜 𝑅𝑓: [−1,1)

𝑥 2 − 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥 2 − 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥 2 + 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12

Cambio de variable: z=x-1

Cambio de variable: z=x-1

Analizar la continuidad de:

Requisitos para continuidad:

a) 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑎?

b) 𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 lim 𝑓(𝑥) ?

HALLAR LAS ASINTOTAS Y GRAFICA DE:

𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒:

𝑥2 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12 + 𝑥 2 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12 + 𝑥 2 (𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12 − 𝑥 2 )

𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 12) − 𝑥 4 12𝑥 2 12𝑥

𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒: − 𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖 𝑥 → −∞ 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠: 𝑢 → +∞

𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎 𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒:

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 3 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12 + 𝑥 2 − 3√𝑥 2 + 12

𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑥 2 :

𝑥 2 − 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥 2 − 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥 2 + 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 12

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎 𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑎 𝑒𝑠: 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3

5.2. Hallar el ángulo agudo entre las curvas:

(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 16𝑥𝑦 (𝐼)

𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑜 𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑜 𝐼𝐼 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝐼:

(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 40𝑥𝑦 (𝐼𝐼𝐼)

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛:

[2 + log 4 (8) + log 4 (𝑥)]𝑦 2 = [log 4 (4𝑥 2 )]2

𝐼𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜:

[1 + 2 log 4 (𝑥)]2 0.156252

𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑢 = log 4 𝑥

2 + 8𝑢 + 8𝑢2 = 2(−6 + 4𝑢 − 1)(7 + 2𝑢)

2 + 8𝑢 + 8𝑢2 = 2(8𝑢2 + 28𝑢 − 14𝑢 − 49)

0 = 8𝑢2 + 20𝑢 − 100

𝑢2 = −5 (𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎)

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑢1:

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎: 𝑥 = 32 ; 𝑦 = √6

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑔(𝑢 + ℎ) − 𝑔(𝑢) 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)

5.5. 𝐸𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 10 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑗𝑒 𝑥?

𝑥2 = −1 ; 𝑦2 = (−1)3 − 3((−1)2 ) − 9(−1) + 10

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎: 𝐿𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎 𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑗𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑃1(3, −17) ; 𝑃2(−1,15)

5.6. Calcular aplicando L´Hopital:

Aplicando propiedades de limites:

Reemplazando en el primer limite:

𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ 𝑒 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜:

𝑠(𝑡) = −4.9𝑡 2 + 120𝑡 = 0