Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
1
LO MALO....
2
Y LO FEO.
3
CONCEPTOS
GEOMECÁNICOS
FUNDAMENTALES
4
MODELOS
CONCEPTUALES
BÁSICOS
5
R(q)
Rq Ro q
MATERIAL ISOTROPO
6
R1
R(q) q
R2
R2 Rq R1 q
MATERIAL ANISOTROPO
7
R(q)
q
R1 R2
R2 Rq R1 q
MATERIAL DIRECCIONAL
8
MATERIAL HOMOGENEO
9
MATERIAL HETEROGENEO
10
MATERIAL CONTINUO
11
MATERIAL DISCONTINUO
12
6” 1.5 m
MATERIAL REAL
13
Carga
Carga
Carga
ELASTICO ELASTO-PLASTICO RIGIDO-PLASTICO
Carga
Deformación Deformación
COMPORTAMIENTO
CARGA-DEFORMACION-RESISTENCIA
14
CONTINUO
HOMOGENEO
ISOTROPO
LINEALMENTE
ELASTICO
GRANITO MASIVO
UNDERGROUND RESEARCH LABORATORY
PINAWA, MANITOBA
CANADA
ISRM News Journal (1992,93)
15
CONTINUO
HOMOGENEO
ISOTROPO
LINEALMENTE
ELASTICO
GRANITO MASIVO
UNDERGROUND RESEARCH LABORATORY
PINAWA, MANITOBA
CANADA
ISRM News Journal (1992,93)
16
DIscontinuo
ANISOTROPO
NO
ELASTICO
CALIZAS PLEGADAS
MINA A RAJO ABIERTO
LATINOAMERICA
(1999)
17
CONCEPTOS DE
MACIZO ROCOSO
Y
EFECTOS DE ESCALA
18
RESISTENCIA UNIAXIAL DE UN TESTIGO DE DIAMETRO 50 mm 1.5
0 .2
UCS d 50
1.4
Mármol
Caliza
Granito
Basalto UCS 50 d
RESISTENCIA UNIAXIAL DEL TESTIGO
Lava Basaltica-Andesítica
1.3
Gabro
Norita
s
Diorita cuarcífera
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
DIAMETRO DEL TESTIGO (mm)
19
(a) (b)
20
TIPOS DE ROCA
Y SUS
PROPIEDADES
21
CLASIFICACION GEOLOGICA:
INTRUSIVAS (Granito / Diorita / Monzonita / Gabro / Diabasa)
Rx IGNEAS
EXTRUSIVAS (Riolita / Dacita / Andesita / Latita / Basalto)
22
CLASIFICACION GEOTECNICA:
Carbonatos y Sales Solubles Halita / Yeso / Calizas
Micas y Minerales Planos Esquistos
Rx Textura Cristalina Minerales Bandeados Gneiss
Minerales Duros Tamaño Uniforme Granito / Diorita / Gabro / Sienita
en una Matriz Fina Basalto / Rioliota
Rocas Muy Cizalladas Milonita / Serpentinita
23
PROPIEDADES DE LA ROCA INTACTA:
Porosidad, n (%)
Propiedades Peso Unitario, g (ton/m3) o (kN/m3)
Indice Relaciones de Fase
Degradabilidad
24
RELACIONES DE FASE
Hunt (1984)
25
Pesos Unitarios Típicos de Algunas Rocas
Roca g (ton/m3) Roca g (ton/m3)
Andesitas 2.5 a 2.8 Anfibolitas 2.7 a 3.1
Areniscas 2.0 a 2.8 Basaltos 2.8 a 3.0
Brechas Igneas 2.7 a 2.9 Calizas 1.8 a 2.9
Carbón 0.7 a 2.0 Creta 1.9 a 2.3
Cuarcitas 2.5 a 2.9 Dacitas 2.5 a 2.8
Diabasas 2.6 a 3.0 Dioritas 2.7 a 3.0
Dolomitas 2.7 a 2.9 Esquistos 2.0 a 2.7
Gabros 2.8 a 3.1 Gneiss 2.6 a 2.9
Granitos 2.5 a 2.9 Granodioritas 2.6 a 2.9
Gravas Cementadas 1.9 a 2.1 Hematitas 4.5 a 5.3
Ignimbrita Cinerítica 1.4 a 1.8 Ignimbrita Cristalina 2.0 a 2.3
Lutitas 2.0 a 2.8 Mármol 2.1 a 2.9
Mica-Esquistos 2.5 a 2.9 Mineral de Hierro 4.0 a 5.5
Pizarras 2.5 a 2.8 Pórfidos 2.4 a 2.8
Riolitas 2.2 a 2.7 Sal 2.0 a 2.0
Tobas 1.5 a 2.0 Yeso 2.2 a 2.4
26
ENSAYOS TIPICOS PARA DETERMINAR
LA RESISTENCIA DE LA ROCA INTACTA
27
Goodman (1989)
28
100
60
40
20
0
Light Moderate Intense Very Intense
29
Table 1:
FIELD ESTIMATES OF UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Grade Term
s ci Point Load
Index Field Estimate of Strength Examples
(MPa) (MPa)
Extremely Specimen can only be chipped with a geological Fresh basalt, chert, diabase, gneiss,
R6 > 250 > 10 hammer. granite, quartzite
Strong
Extremely
R0 0.25 - 1 Indented by thumbnail Stiff fault gouge
Weak
Point load tests on rocks with a uniaxial compressive strength below 25 MPa are likely to yield highly ambiguous results.
30
USO DEL ENSAYO DE CARGA
PUNTUAL PARA ESTIMAR LA
RESISTENCIA EN COMPRESIÓN
UNIAXIAL DE LA ROCA.
Bieniawski (1984)
31
RESISTENCIA EN COMPRESION TRIAXIAL
This paper presents the Hoek-Brown criterion in a form that has been
found practical for surface mines, where rock mass properties are
particularly sensitive to stress relief and blast damage.
32
GENERALIZED HOEK-BROWN CRITERION
a
s
'
s s s ci mb
' '
s
3 (1)
1 3
s ci
s 1' , s 3' are the maximum and minimum efective stresses at
failure
33
Eq. (1) can be used to generate a series of “triaxial test” values,
simulating full-scale field tests, and a curve fitting process can be used
to derive an equivalent Mohr envelope given by:
B
s s tm
'
As ci n
(2)
s ci
s '
n
is the normal effective stress
34
In order to use the Hoek-Brown criterion for estimating the strength of
jointed rock masses, three “properties” of the rock mass have to be
estimated:
(3) The value of the Geological Strength Index GSI for the
rock mass
35
INTACT ROCK PROPERTIES
For the intact rock pieces that make up the rock mass eq. (1) simplifies
to:
0.5
s '
s s s m
' '
1 3
(3)
s
1 3 ci i
ci
36
Table 2:
VALUES OF THE CONSTANT mi FOR INTACT ROCK
NOTE THAT VALUES IN PARENTHESIS ARE ESTIMATES
Texture
Rock
Class Group
Type
Coarse Medium Fine Very Fine
Claystones 4 ± 2
Conglomerates (21 ± 3) Siltstones 7 ± 2
Clastic Sandstones 17 ± 4 Shales (6 ± 2)
SEDIMENTARY
Carbonates Crystalline Limestones (12 ± 3) Sparitic Limestones (10 ± 2) Micritic Limestones (9 ± 2) Dolomites (9 ± 3)
Organic Chalk 7 ± 2
Hornfels (19 ± 4)
METAMORPHIC
Granite 32 ± 3 Diorite 25 ± 5
Light
Granodiorite (29 ± 3)
Plutonic Gabbro 27 ± 3
Dark Dolerite (16 ± 5)
Norite 20 ± 5
IGNEOUS
38
RELACIONES ENTRE LOS
MODULOS ELASTICOS.
Hunt (1984)
39
MODULOS “DINAMICOS”
Hunt (1984)
40
Lambe & Whitman (1969)
Goodman (1989)
41
42
Dowding (1985)
43
Calculo de las Propiedades de la Roca Intacta:
44
Ejemplo Práctico 03.2
45
ESTRUCTURAS
Y SUS
PROPIEDADES
46
PARAMETROS GEOMETRICOS
MANTEO
DIRECCION DE MANTEO
TRAZA O EXTENSIÓN
ESPACIAMIENTO
GAP
47
Máquina de corte directo fija en laboratorio (tomada Máquina de corte directo portátil (tipo Hoek, tomada de
de Franklin & Dusseault (1989)). Franklin & Dusseault (1989)).
49
Estructura antes del ensayo. Estructura después del ensayo.
50
RESISTENCIA
CONDICION PEAK
AK
PE
Curva carga-deformación
A
para un valor dado del es-
CI
fuerzo normal efectivo.
EN
ST CONDICION RESIDUAL
SI
RE
AL
DU
RE SI
fpeak ENC
IA
IST
RES
cpeak
fres
cres
sn
51
METODO DE BARTON-BANDIS:
52
53
METODO DE BARTON-BANDIS:
f equiv 70°
54
EFECTO DE ESCALA EN LA RESISTENCIA AL
CORTE DE LAS ESTRUCTURAS.
55
EL AUMENTO DE LA EXTENSION DE LA ESTRUCTURA PRODU-
CE TRES EFECTOS PRINCIPALES: REDUCE LA RUGOSIDAD, RE-
DUCE LA DILATANCIA, E INCREMENTA EL DESPLAZAMIENTO
NECESARIO PARA MOVILIZAR LA RESISTENCIA PEAK.
56
EFECTO DE ESCALA EN EL PARAMETRO JRC
57
EFECTO DE ESCALA EN EL PARAMETRO JCS
58
55
50
ANGULO DE FRICCION (grados)
LA SALBANDA ARCILLOSA
45
SE HACE MUY IMPORTANTE
40
35
30
25
20
15
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
EXTENSION DE LA DISCONTINUIDAD, L (m)
59
PROPIEDADES “TIPICAS”
60
Interpretación Práctica de la Información Geológica:
61
Ejemplo Práctico 04.2: RAJO SUR SUR de DIVISION ANDINA (cortesía Suptcia. Geología Mina)
62
Modos de Falla con Control Estructural
(Hoek & Bray (1981))
Ejemplo Práctico 04.3: RAJO SUR SUR de DIVISION ANDINA (cortesía Suptcia. Geología Mina)
63
MACIZOS ROCOSOS
Y SU
CARACTERIZACIÓN
64
EL PROBLEMA ES DEFINIR UNA CALIFICACION
DE LA COMPETENCIA DEL MACIZO ROCOSO QUE
PERMITA EL ESCALAMIENTO:
RQD
FF
RMR (Bieniawski)
Factor de Escala
RMR (Laubscher)
Q
GSI
65
Modo de Cálculo del RQD
(Deere (1989))
66
Indice RMR
Bieniawski (1989)
67
Indice RMR
Laubscher (1996)
68
Rock Mechanics Notes
(Hoek (2000))
69
Rock Mechanics Notes
(Hoek (2000))
70
Rock Mechanics Notes
(Hoek (2000))
71
72
Rock Mechanics Notes
(Hoek (2000))
73
GEOLOGICAL STRENGTH INDEX
The strength of a jointed rock mass depends on the properties of the
intact rock pieces and also upon the freedom of these pieces to slide
and rotate under different stress conditions. This freedom is controlled
by the geometrical shape of the intact rock pieces as well as the
condition of the surfaces separating the pieces. Angular rock pieces
with clean, rough discontinuity surfaces will result in a much stronger
rock mass than one which contains rounded particles surrounded by
weathered and altered material.
This system is presented in Table 3, for blocky rock masses, and Table
4 for schistose metamorphic rocks.
74
Table 3:
Characterisation of a blocky rock masses
on the basis of particle interlocking and
discontinuity condition.
After Hoek, Marinos and Benissi (1998).
75
Table 4:
Characterisation of a schistose metamorphic
rock masses on the basis of foliation and
discontinuity condition.
(After M. Truzman, 1999).
76
AL CALIFICAR LA COMPE-
TENCIA DEL MACIZO ROCO-
SO ES PRECISO CONSIDE-
RAR UN RANGO DE VALO-
RES, YA QUE DIFICILMENTE
ESTA CORRESPONDERA A
UN SOLO VALOR.
77
CALIFICACION GEOMECANICA DE MACIZOS ROCOSOS:
- Roca granítica relativamente competente
- Presenta una resistencia en compresión uniaxial de 80 a 120 MPa.
- El índice RQD se ubica en el rango de 50% a 75%.
- Presenta de 4 a 8 fract./m, las que se observan planas o poco
ondulosas (escala métrica), y de poca rugosidad (escala
centimétrica).
- Los sistemas estructurales definen bloques de roca con un tamaño
típico del orden de 0.5 m, mayoritariamente con forma cúbica.
- El macizo rocoso se encuentre seco.
78
GENERALIZED HOEK-BROWN CRITERION
a
s
'
s s s ci mb
' '
s
3 (1)
1 3
s ci
s 1' , s 3' are the maximum and minimum efective stresses at
failure
79
Eq. (1) can be used to generate a series of “triaxial test” values,
simulating full-scale field tests, and a curve fitting process can be used
to derive an equivalent Mohr envelope given by:
B
s s tm
'
As ci n
(2)
s ci
s '
n
is the normal effective stress
80
In order to use the Hoek-Brown criterion for estimating the strength of
jointed rock masses, three “properties” of the rock mass have to be
estimated:
(3) The value of the Geological Strength Index GSI for the
rock mass
81
The Hoek-Brown failure criterion, which assumes isotropic rock and
rock mass behaviour, should only be applied to those rock masses in
which there are a sufficient number of closely spaced discontinuities,
with similar surface characteristics, that isotropic behaviour involving
failure on multiple discontinuities can be assumed. When the structure
being analysed is large and the block size small in comparison, the
rock mass can be treated as a Hoek-Brown material.
Where the block size is of the same order as that of the structure being
analysed or when one of the discontinuity sets is significantly weaker
than the others, the Hoek-Brown criterion should not be used.
82
Intact Rock
Specimens
USE EQ. 3
Many Joints
USE EQ. 1
WITH CAUTION
83
Once the Geological Strength Index has been estimated, the
parameters that describe the rock mass strength characteristics, are
calculated as follows:
GSI 100
mb mi exp
14 a 28
GSI 100
s 0 o exp
6 a 9
GSI
a 0.5 o 0.65
200
84
For better quality rock masses (GSI > 25), the value of GSI can be
estimated directly from the 1976 version of Bieniawski‟s RMR, with the
groundwater rating set to 10 (dry) and the adjustment for joint orientation
set to 0 (very favourable). If the 1989 version of Bieniawski‟s classification
is used, then GSI = RMR89‟ - 5 where RMR89‟ has the groundwater rating set
to 15 and the adjustment for joint orientation set to zero.
For very poor quality rock masses the value of RMR is very difficult to
estimate and the balance between the ratings no longer gives a reliable
basis for estimating rock mass strength. Consequently, Bieniawski‟s RMR
classification should not be used for estimating the GSI values for poor
quality rock masses (RMR < 25) and the GSI charts should be used
directly.
85
DEFORMATION MODULUS
Serafim and Pereira (1983) proposed a relationship between the in situ
modulus of deformation and Bieniawski‟s RMR. This relationship is based
upon back analysis of dam foundation deformations and it has been found
to work well for better quality rocks. However, for many of the poor quality
rocks it appears to predict deformation modulus values that are too high.
GSI 10
s ci
Em 10 40 (12)
100
86
180 sci = 100 MPa
160
140
Deformation modulus E - GPa
sci = 50 MPa
120
80
sci = 15 MPa
60
sci = 10 MPa
40 sci = 5 MPa
20 sci = 1MPa
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
87
Note that GSI has been substituted for RMR in this equation and that the
modulus Em is reduced progressively as the value of falls below 100.
This reduction is based upon the reasoning that the deformation of better
quality rock masses is controlled by the discontinuities while, for poorer
quality rock masses, the deformation of the intact rock pieces contributes
to the overall deformation process.
88
MODULO DE DEFORMABILIDAD:
E = bESEISMIC (Deere et al. (1967)).
EMIN = 10log(Q)
EMAX = 40log(Q)
89
b
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
VFIELD / VLAB , RQD
90
STRESS RELAXATION
When the rock mass adjacent to a tunnel wall or a slope is excavated, a
relaxation of the confining stresses occurs and the remaining material
is allowed to expand in volume or to dilate.
This has a profound influence on the strength of the rock mass since,
in jointed rocks, this strength is strongly dependent upon the
interlocking between the intact rock particles that make up the rock
mass.
As far as the authors are aware, there is very little research evidence
relating the amount of dilation to the strength of a rock mass. One set
of observations that gives an indication of the loss of strength
associated with dilation is derived from the support required to
stabilize tunnels. Sakurai (1983) suggested that tunnels in which the
„strain‟, defined as the ratio of tunnel closure to tunnel diameter,
exceeds 1% are likely to suffer significant instability unless adequately
supported.
91
This suggestion was confirmed in observations by Chern et al. (1998)
who recorded the behavior of a number of tunnels excavated in Taiwan.
They found that all of those tunnels that exhibited strains of greater
than 1 to 2% required significant support. Tunnels exhibiting strains as
high as 10% were successfully stabilized but the amount of effort
required to achieve this stability increased in proportion to the amount
of strain.
92
An unconfined surface that has deformed more than 1 or 2% (based
upon Sakurai‟s definition of strain) has probably reached residual
strength in which all of the effective „cohesive‟ strength of the rock
mass has been lost.
Hence, a 100 m high slope which has suffered a total crest displace-
ment of more than 1 m (i.e. more than 1% strain) may start to exhibit
significant signs of instability as a result of loss of strength of the rock
mass.
93
BLAST DAMAGE
Blast damage results in a loss of rock mass strength due to the
creation of new fractures and the wedging open of existing fractures by
the penetration of explosive gasses.
In the case of very large open pit mine blasts, this damage can extend
as much as 100 m behind the final row of blast holes.
94
Figure 6 presents a plot of 23 case histories of excavation by digging,
ripping and blasting published by Abdullatif and Cruden (1983). These
case histories are summarised in Table 5. The values of GSI are
estimated from the data contained in the paper by Abdullatif and
Cruden while the rock mass strength values were calculated assuming
an average slope height of 15 m.
These examples shows that rock masses can be dug, obviously with
increasing difficulty, up to GSI values of about 40 and rock mass
strength values of about 1 MPa.
Blasting was used for GSI values of more than 60 and rock mass
strengths of more than about 15 MPa.
95
Table 5:
Summary of methods used to excavate rock masses with a range of uniaxial compressive strength values,
based on data published by Abdullatif and Cruden (1983).
96
100
Excavation method
Dig
Rip
Rock mass strength sci - MPa
Blast
10
0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
97
Consider the case of an open pit slope excavated in granodiorite. The
uniaxial compressive strength of the intact rock is sci = 60 MPa and the
Geological Strength Index is GSI = 55. For granodiorite, Table 2 gives
the value of mi = 30. Substitution of these values into the spreadsheet
given in the appendix, for a single 18 m high bench, gives a rock mass
strength scm = 5.7 MPa. In order to create conditions for easy digging,
the blast is designed to reduce the GSI value to below 40 and/or the
rock mass strength to less than 1 MPa. In this case the controlling
parameter is the rock mass strength and the spreadsheet given in the
appendix shows that the GSI value has to be reduced to about 22 on
order to achieve this rock mass strength.
98
Figure 7: Diagrammatic representation of the transition between the in situ
rock mass and blasted rock that is suitable for digging.
99
The thickness D of the blast damaged zone will depend upon the design
of the blast. Based upon experience, the authors suggest that the
following approximate relationships can be used as a starting point in
judging the extent of the blast damaged zone resulting from open pit
mine production blasting:
• Large production blast, confined and with litle or no control D = 2.0 to 2.5 H
• Production blast with control but blasting to a free face D = 1.0 to 1.5 H
• Production blast, confined but with some control, e.g. one or more D = 1.0 to 1.2 H
buffer rows
• Production blast with some control, e.g. one or more buffer rows, D = 0.5 to 1.0 H
and blasting to a free face
100
EN LA PRACTICA SE ESTA UTILIZANDO CADA VEZ MAS EL METODO DE
HOEK & BROWN, CON LAS CONSIDERACIONES SIGUIENTES:
101
PROBLEMAS :
EL METODO NO SIEMPRE ES APLICABLE.
102
ZONIFICACIÓN
GEOTECNICA
103
BLOCKY ROCK MASS + FAIR TO GOOD JOINT CONDITION
BLOCKY ROCK MASS + FOOR JOINT CONDITION
VERY BLOCKY ROCK MASS + GOOD JOINT CONDITION
VERY BLOCKY ROCK MASS + FAIR TO POOR JOINT CONDITION
BLOCKY AND SEAMY ROCK MASS + FAIR TO GOOD JOINT CONDITION
BLOCKY AND SEAMY ROCK MASS + POOR TO VERY POOR JOINT CONDITION
CRUSHED ROCKS MASS + FAIR JOINT CONDITION
CRUSHED ROCKS MASS + POOR TO VERY POOR JOINT CONDITION
104
Ejemplo Práctico 07.2: ZONIFICACIÓN GEOTECNICA RAJO SUR SUR de DIVISION ANDINA EN TERMINOS DEL
INDICE GSI (cortesía Suptcia. Geología Mina)
105
Ejemplo Práctico 07.3: ZONIFICACION GEOTECNICA DEL II PANEL DE LA MINA
RIO BLANCO EN TERMINOS DEL INDICE RMR
(cortesía Suptcia. Geología Mina, División Andina)
106
Ejemplo Práctico 07.4: ZONIFICACION GEOTECNICA DEL SECTOR DON LUIS EN TERMINOS DEL INDICE RMR
(cortesía Suptcia. Geología Mina, División Andina)
107
RUPTURA DE LA ROCA
Y DEL MACIZO ROCOSO
108
Esquema que ilustra la trituración de la roca y la generación de nuevas fracturas
debido a una tronadura (tomada de Hagan et al. (1978)).
109
110
MANUAL DE PERFORACION Y VOLADURA DE ROCAS, López et al. (1994), IGME
111
Mecanismo de Ruptura por Flexión
112
EFECTO DE LAS PROPIEDADES
DE LA ROCA INTACTA
113
Peso Unitario Energía Requerida
Atenuación
Porosidad Trituración
% Finos
114
EFECTO DE LAS
CARACTERISTICAS DEL
MACIZO ROCOSO
115
BLOCOSIDAD Y RESISTENCIA DEL BLOQUE TIPICO
PRECAUCION !
116
HETEROGENEIDADES
117
HETEROGENEIDADES
118
HETEROGENEIDADES
119
EFECTO DE LAS
ESTRUCTURAS
120
BLASTING PRINCIPLES FOR OPEN PIT MINING, Hustrulid, W. (1999), A. A. Balkema
121
BLASTING PRINCIPLES FOR OPEN PIT MINING, Hustrulid, W. (1999), A. A. Balkema
122
BLASTING PRINCIPLES FOR OPEN PIT MINING
Hustrulid, W. (1999)
A. A. Balkema
123
124
125
“TRONADURABILIDAD”
DEL MACIZO ROCOSO
126
Indice de Tronadurabilidad de Lylli (1986):
BI Indice de tronadurabilidad
RMD Descripción del macizo rocoso
JPS Espaciamiento de las estructuras
JPO Orientación de las estructuras
SGI Influencia del peso específico
H Dureza de la roca
127
128
Predicción de la Fragmentación Cunningham (1983,87):
19 / 30
1/ 6
_
0.8 115
X AK Qe
SANFO
129
A 0.06 RMD JF RDI HF
JF JPS JPA
130
131
DAÑOS INDUCIDOS
EN EL
MACIZO ROCOSO
132
133
134
RMRDAÑO = CBRMR
135
136
137
138
139
140
EFECTOS
DINAMICOS
141
142
143
BLAST VIBRATION MONITORING AND CONTROL, Dowding, C. (1985), Prentice-Hall
144
BLAST VIBRATION MONITORING AND CONTROL, Dowding, C. (1985), Prentice-Hall
145
146
BLAST VIBRATION MONITORING AND CONTROL
Dowding, C. (1985)
Prentice-Hall
147
PPV
VP
PPV E
s
VP
148
RMRDAÑO = CBRMR
149
BLASTING PRINCIPLES FOR OPEN PIT MINING, Hustrulid, W. (1999), A. A. Balkema
150
MANUAL DE PERFORACION Y VOLADURA DE ROCAS, López et al. (1994), IGME
151
Hendron (1977)
152
BLASTING PRINCIPLES FOR OPEN PIT MINING, Hustrulid, W. (1999), A. A. Balkema
153
BLASTING PRINCIPLES FOR OPEN PIT MINING, Hustrulid, W. (1999), A. A. Balkema
154
1200
Vp = 127 mm/seg
Vp = 381 mm/seg
Vp = 635 mm/seg
1000
Collahuasi
Kg de Anfo o Equivalente por Retardo Ext. Collahuasi
800
600
400
200
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Distancia desde la carga, (m )
159
MANUAL DE PERFORACION Y VOLADURA DE ROCAS, López et al. (1994), IGME
160
BLASTING PRINCIPLES FOR OPEN PIT MINING, Hustrulid, W. (1999), A. A. Balkema
161
BLASTING PRINCIPLES FOR OPEN PIT MINING, Hustrulid, W. (1999), A. A. Balkema
162
RESULTADOS DE PRE-CORTE EN IGNIMBRITA
LP
6m
3m 26 m
6m
80°
LP
26 m
3m 6m
6m
75°
0 m (p)
1 m (p)
• Basados en la caracterización geotécnica y estructural de esta unidad geotécnica, la cual presenta una
competencia media y considerando que corresponde a un material de carácter masivo, la condición estructural
NO afecta en forma importante el resultado de la tronadura en la Orientación Norte-Sur del rajo, es que podemos
efectuar pre-cortes con alta inclinación, incluso alcanzando valores de 80°. Para el caso de la orientación Este-
Oeste (Sector Norte), la inclinación del pre-corte debe ser 70°, dada la condición de Falla Plana.
• El especiamiento del pre-corte utilizado corresponde a 2 metros para una inclinación de 80° y diámetro 6-1/2”, y
la densidad de carga para éste corresponde a 0.58 Kg/m2. Para el caso de espaciamientos de 1.5 metros e
inclinado a 75° la densidad de carga corresponde a 0.78 Kg/m2. Por lo tanto, la densidad de carga para un diseño
de pre-corte debe considerar estos rangos utilizados.
• De las 2 tronaduras analizadas, las cuales corresponden a las mejores resultados obtenidos en esta unidad
geotécnica, se utilizaron valores de Factores de Carga que variaron entre 180 a 220 gramos por tonelada.
• Respecto de la secuencia de salida de las tronaduras, el resultado en cuanto a desplazamiento de la pila y daño
indica que debe iniciarse hacia el rajo utilizando 130 ms entre filas, 35 ms entre los tiros de producción y 17 ms
entre los tiros buffer.
• El diseño de la perforación consideró 3 filas de 6-1/2” para ambas tronaduras y se obtuvieron muy buenos
resultados tanto en los parámetros geoténicos, de planificación y operacionales, como pudimos observar en las
gráficas presentadas. Por otro lado el resultado visual es claro, el cual propone que la utilización de este tipo de
tronaduras es la que se debe emplear para lograr cumplir con el diseño geotécnico de taludes y además ver
oportunidades de mejoras en el negocio minero de Chuquicamata.
168
La cubierta de roca degradada
por intemperización se removió
mediante tronaduras controla-
das (dinamita).
Goodman, R. (1989):
INTRODUCTION TO ROCK MECHANICS
2nd ed., J. Wiley & Sons
169
ASPECTOS GEOMECÁNICOS
DE LA TRONADURA EN
MINAS SUBTERRÁNEAS
170
1918, Minas de carbón en USA,
preparando una tronadura.
National Geographic, Nov. 1918
171
Cavidad generada en sal por una explosión nuclear de 3.1 KT, a una
profundidad de unos 360 m, en Nuevo Mexico, USA.
Judd (1964)
172
Tronaduras controladas de excelente calidad en el desarrollo del Nivel 240 del
Underground Research Laboratory, en granito masivo (Manitoba, CANADA).
173
Holmberg et al. (2001)
174
Holmberg et al. (2001)
175
Holmberg et al. (2001)
176
Holmberg et al. (2001)
177
Holmberg et al. (2001)
178
Holmberg et al. (2001)
179
Holmberg et al. (2001)
180
Holmberg et al. (2001)
181
Holmberg et al. (2001)
182
Holmberg et al. (2001)
183
A1 A2 Punto de apoyo
Avance de la socavación
Transmisión de carga
(concentración de esfuerzos)
Material
quebrado
184