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Dinamica Diaposititrva PDF
Dinamica Diaposititrva PDF
Javier Junquera
Bibliografía FUENTE PRINCIPAL
Física, Volumen 1, 3° edición
Raymod A. Serway y John W. Jewett, Jr.
Ed. Thomson
ISBN: 84-9732-168-5
Capítulos 2 y 3
Física para Ciencias e Ingeniería, Volumen 1, 7° edición
Raymod A. Serway y John W. Jewett, Jr.
Cengage Learning
ISBN 978-970-686-822-0
Capítulos 2 y 4
Física, Volumen 1
R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, y M. Sands
Ed. Pearson Eduación
ISBN: 968-444-350-1
Capítulo 8
Definición de dinámica y cinemática
Dinámica:
Estudio del movimiento de un objeto, y de las
relaciones de este movimiento con conceptos
físicos tales como la fuerza y la masa.
Cinemática:
Estudio del movimiento, usando los
conceptos de espacio y tiempo, sin tener
en cuenta las causas que lo producen.
Definición de vector posición y desplazamiento
Gráfica de posición-tiempo
o gráfica de posición como
función del tiempo
Definición de velocidad media de una partícula (una dimensión)
Gráfica de posición-tiempo
o gráfica de posición como
función del tiempo
El desplazamiento de la
En el intervalo de tiempo
partícula se describe como
Velocidad media
Propiedades de la velocidad media de una partícula (1D)
Velocidad media
Es independiente del recorrido que siga la partícula entre los dos puntos
(es proporcional al desplazamiento que sólo depende de las posiciones inicial y final)
Gráfica de posición-tiempo
o gráfica de posición como
función del tiempo
Velocidad media
Gráfica velocidad en
función del tiempo
Asumimos que la velocidad es constante durante cada uno de esos pequeños incrementos
Área de uno de
Desplazamiento total los rectángulos
estrechos
Interpetración gráfica de la velocidad media de una partícula
Gráfica velocidad en
función del tiempo
Desplazamiento total
Tomando límites
Física General
S. Burbano, E. Burbano, y C. Gracia
Editorial Tébar
Transición de velocidad media a velocidad instantánea
x(m)
60 & 60
!
40 %
&& &
20 &
0
"
–20 40
#
–40
$
–60
0 10 20 30 40 50
t(s) !
(a) (b)
Active Figure 2.3 (a) Graph representing the motion of the car in Figure 2.1. (b) An
enlargement of the upper-left-hand corner of the graph shows how the blue line
between positions ! and & approaches the green tangent line as point & is moved
closer to point !.
¿Cómo cambia la velocidad media del coche a medida que el punto B se aproxima al A?
At the Active Figures link at http://www.pse6.com, you can move point &
as suggested in (b) and observe the blue line approaching the green tangent
line.
La línea azul se aproxima a la línea verde (tangente a la curva en el punto A)
represents the velocity of the car at the moment we started taking data, at point !.
La pendiente
Whatdewe esta línea
have done tangente
is determine representa
the instantaneous la at
velocity velocidad
that moment.del coche justo en el momento en el
In other
cuálvelocity
words, the instantaneous comenzamos
vx equals the a tomar
limiting losofdatos
value the ratio(punto
!x!!t A).
as !t approaches zero:1
Velocidad instantánea de una partícula (una dimensión)
S E C T I O N 2 . 2 • Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 29
x(m)
60 & 60
40
!
%
&& &
20 &
0
"
–20 40
#
–40
$
–60
0 10 20 30 40 50
t(s) !
(a) (b)
Active Figure 2.3 (a) Graph representing the motion of the car in Figure 2.1. (b) An
enlargement of the upper-left-hand corner of the graph shows how the blue line
between positions ! and & approaches the green tangent line as point & is moved
closer to point !.
Velocidad instantánea de una partícula en una dimensión
At the Active Figures link at http://www.pse6.com, you can move point &
as suggested in (b) and observe the blue line approaching the green tangent
line.
represents the velocity of the car at the moment we started taking data, at point !.
What we have done is determine the instantaneous velocity at that moment. In other
La velocidad instantánea puede ser positiva, negativa o cero
words, the instantaneous velocity vx equals the limiting value of the ratio !x!!t
as !t approaches zero:1
Velocidad instantánea de una partícula (una dimensión)
La celeridad instantánea no tiene dirección asociada y, por lo tanto, no tiene signo algebraico
Modelo analítico para el movimiento rectilíneo y uniforme
Si y
Representación gráfica para el movimiento
rectilíneo y uniforme
Si y
Definición de aceleración
Cuando la velocidad de una partícula varía con el tiempo, se dice que
está sometida a una aceleración.
Supongamos una partícula que se mueve a lo largo del eje x varía su velocidad
Instante Velocidad
Aceleración media
Si y
Representación gráfica para el movimiento
rectilíneo y uniformememente acelerado
36 C H A P T E R 2 • Motion in One Dimension
Gráfica velocidad en
función del tiempo
Desplazamiento total
Tomando límites
Como
Si y
Posición como función del tiempo en el
movimiento rectilíneo uniformemente acelerado
Si y
Table 2.2
Kinematic Equations for Motion of a Particle Under Constant Acceleration
acceleration, together with some simple algebraic manipulations and the require
that the acceleration be constant.
The four kinematic equations used most often are listed in Table 2.2 for c
Movimiento rectilíneo uniformemente acelerado:
integrando las ecuaciones del movimiento
Si en , entonces
Movimiento rectilíneo uniformemente acelerado:
integrando las ecuaciones del movimiento
Si en , entonces
Movimiento rectilíneo uniformemente acelerado:
integrando las ecuaciones del movimiento
Si en , entonces
Caída libre de objetos
Un objeto en caída libre es un objeto que se mueve únicamente bajo la influencia de la gravedad,
independientemente de su estado de movimiento inicial.
Curiosidades:
módulo sobre la superficie de la Luna g = 1.67 m/s2
módulo sobre la superficie del Sol g = 274 m/s2
In this chapter we explore the kinematics of a particle movi
Movimiento en tres dimensiones.
ing the basics of two-dimensional motion will allow us to exa
wide variety of motions, ranging from the motion of satelli
Vectores posición y desplazamiento
electrons in a uniform electric field. We begin by studying
nature
Objetivo: conocer la posición deof position,
una velocity,
partícula and acceleration.
como función del tiempoAs in the case
we derive the kinematic equations for two-dimensional m
definitions of these three quantities. We then treat projectile
motion as special cases of motion in two dimensions. We
relative motion, which shows why observers in different fram
y Vector posición: es el vector que describe la posición de una partícul
Se different positions,
dibuja desde el origenvelocities, andde
de un sistema accelerations forlaa ubicació
referencia hasta given p
de la partícula.
! ti ∆r
" tf
ri
4.1 The Position, Velocity, and
Path of
particle
Acceleration Vectors
rf
x
In Chapter 2 we found that the motion of a particle mo
O
completely known if its position is known as a function of
Figure 4.1 A particle moving in idea to motion in the xy plane. We begin by describing th
the
El xy plane is located de
desplazamiento with thepartícula
una posi- position
es vector
la diferencia r, drawn
entre su posición finalorigin
from the y su posición
of some inicial
coordin
tion vector r drawn from the origin
cated in the xy plane, as in Figure 4.1. At time ti the particl
to the particle. The displacement of
the particle as it moves from ! to position vector ri. At some later time tf it is at point ", de
In this chapter we explore the kinematics of a particle movi
Movimiento en tres dimensiones.
ing the basics of two-dimensional motion will allow us to exa
wide variety of motions, ranging from the motion of satelli
Vectores posición y desplazamiento
electrons in a uniform electric field. We begin by studying
nature
Objetivo: conocer la posición deof position,
una velocity,
partícula and acceleration.
como función del tiempoAs in the case
we derive the kinematic equations for two-dimensional m
definitions of these three quantities. We then treat projectile
motion as special cases of motion in two dimensions. We
relative motion, which shows why observers in different fram
y
different positions, velocities, and accelerations for a given p
! ti ∆r
" tf
ri
4.1 The Position, Velocity, and
Path of
particle
Acceleration Vectors
rf
x
In Chapter 2 we found that the motion of a particle mo
O
completely known if its position is known as a function of
Figure 4.1 A particle moving in idea to motion in the xy plane. We begin by describing th
the xy plane
Notad como is located with the
la magnitud posi-
del positiones
desplazamiento vector r, adrawn
inferior from the
la distancia originpor
recorrida of some coordin
la partícula
tion vector r drawn from the origin en su
cated in trayectoria
the xy plane, as in Figure 4.1. At time ti the particl
to the particle. The displacement of
the particle as it moves from ! to position vector ri. At some later time tf it is at point ", de
In this chapter we explore the kinematics of a particle movi
Movimiento en tres dimensiones.
ing the basics of two-dimensional motion will allow us to exa
Vector velocidad media wide variety of motions, ranging from the motion of satelli
electrons in a uniform electric field. We begin by studying
nature
Objetivo: conocer la posición deof position,
una velocity,
partícula and acceleration.
como función del tiempoAs in the case
we derive the kinematic equations for two-dimensional m
definitions of these three quantities. We then treat projectile
motion as special cases of motion in two dimensions. We
relative motion, which shows why observers in different fram
y Vector velocidad media de la partícula durante el intervalo de tiempo
different
se define positions,
como velocities,
el cociente and accelerations
entre el vector for
desplazamiento a intervalo
y el given p
de tiempo
! ti ∆r
" tf
ri
4.1 The Position, Velocity, and
Path of
particle
Acceleration Vectors
rf
x
In Chapter 2 we found that the motion of a particle mo
O
completely known if its position is known as a function of
Figure 4.1 A particle moving in idea to motion in the xy plane. We begin by describing th
theLaxyvelocidad
plane is located
mediawith the posi-
es una magnitudposition
vectorial,vector
con la r,
misma dirección
drawn from theque el desplazamiento.
origin of some coordin
tion vector r drawn from the origin
Esdisplacement
independiente cated in the xy plane, as in Figure 4.1. At time ti the particl
to the particle. The of de la trayectoria entre los puntos inicial y final.
the particle as it moves from ! to position vector ri. At some later time tf it is at point ", de
In this chapter we explore the kinematics of a particle movi
Movimiento en tres dimensiones.
ing the basics of two-dimensional motion will allow us to exa
Vector velocidad media wide variety of motions, ranging from the motion of satelli
electrons in a uniform electric field. We begin by studying
nature
Objetivo: conocer la posición deof position,
una velocity,
partícula and acceleration.
como función del tiempoAs in the case
we derive the kinematic equations for two-dimensional m
definitions of these three quantities. We then treat projectile
motion as special cases of motion in two dimensions. We
relative motion, which shows why observers in different fram
y
different positions, velocities, and accelerations for a given p
y
vf
Vector aceleración media en un intervalo de tiempo
∆v
se define como el cociente en la variación de la
! vi velocidad instantánea y el intervalo de tiempo
–vi
or
" vi
ri vf ∆v
vf Figure 4.4 A particle moves
rf from position ! to position ".
Its velocity vector changes from
vi to vf. The vector diagrams at
the upper right show two ways of
x determining the vector !v from
O
the initial and final velocities.
La aceleración
Because a is the ratio of a vector quantity !v media es unascalar
and a positive magnitud vectorial,
quantity !t, we con-
con la is
clude that average acceleration misma dirección
a vector que el cambio
quantity directed enAslaindicated
along !v. velocidad.in
Figure 4.4, the direction of !v is found by adding the vector " vi (the negative of vi) to
the vector vf , because by definition !v # vf " vi.
When the average acceleration of a particle changes during different time inter-
Movimiento en tres dimensiones.
Vector aceleración instantánea
Objetivo: conocer la posición de una partícula como función del tiempo
sions
y
vf
Vector aceleración instantánea se define como el
∆v
límite del cociente entre el cambio en la posición y el
! vi intervalo de tiempo, cuando el intervalo de tiempo tiende
–vi a cero.
or
" vi
ri vf ∆v
vf Figure 4.4 A particle moves
rf from position ! to position ".
Its velocity vector changes from
vi to vf. The vector diagrams at
the upper right show two ways of
x determining the vector !v from
O
the initial and final velocities.
Si y
Movimiento uniformemente acelerado en tres dimensiones.
Si y
En notación vectorial
time
which is the vector version of Equation 2.12. This equation tells us that the position
vector rf is the vector sum of the original position ri, a displacement vit arising from
the initial velocity of the particle and a displacement 12at 2 resulting from the constant
Resumen del movimiento uniformemente acelerado en 3D
acceleration of the particle.
Graphical representations of Equations 4.8 and 4.9 are shown in Figure 4.5. Note
from Figure 4.5a that vf is generally not along the direction of either vi or a because
the relationship between these quantities is a vector expression. For the same reason,
y y
ayt vf 1 a t2
at 2 y
yf rf 1 at 2
vyf 2
vyit
vyi vi vit
x
yi ri
vxi axt x
xi vxit 1 a t2
2 x
At the Active Fig
vxf xf at http://www.pse6.co
can investigate the e
(a) (b)
different initial positi
velocities on the fina
Active Figure 4.5 Vector representations and components of (a) the velocity and (b) the posi- and velocity (for cons
Un movimiento en tres dimensiones con aceleración constante es equivalente
tion of a particle moving with a constant acceleration a. acceleration).
Equivalente a suponer:
- la velocidad inicial del objeto es pequeña (para que el efecto
del rozamiento sea despreciable).
- rango de movimiento pequeño comparado con el radio de la
Tierra (podemos considerar que la Tierra es plana dentro de ese rango).
- la altura máxima del objeto es también pequeña comparada
con el radio de la Tierra (g varía con la altura).
- la Tierra está en reposo.
Tiro parabólico:
C H A P T E R 4 • Motion in Two Dimensions
condiciones iniciales
t the Active Figures link y
://www.pse6.com, you
ange launch angle and
speed. You can also ob-
vy = 0 vx i g
the changing compo-
v
of velocity along the tra- vy #
y of the projectile. $ vx i
θ
vi vx i θ
" vy v
PITFALL PREVENTION vy i
θi vx i
Acceleration at the %
x
Highest Point ! vx i θi
ussed in Pitfall Prevention
any people claim that the vyi v
ation of a projectile at
pmost point of its trajec-
Active Figure 4.7 The parabolic path of a projectile that leaves the origin with
zero. This mistake arises
Sistema a velocity vi.eje
The velocity vector v changes with time in both magnitudehacia
and
confusion betweende referencia:
zero y sea vertical y sentido positivo
direction. This change is the result of acceleration in the negative y direction.
arriba
l velocity and zero acceler- The x component of velocity remains constant in time because there is no accel-
If the projectile were to eration along the horizontal direction. The y component of velocity is zero at
ence zero acceleration at the peak of the path.
ghest point, then its veloc-
Posición inicial: en t = 0, la partícula está en el origen (xi = yi = 0)
that point would not
e—the projectile would
horizontally at constant Repeating with the y component and using yi ! 0 and ay ! " g, we obtain
from then on! This does yf ! vyit & 12a yt 2 ! (vi sin #i)t " 12gt 2 (4.12)
ppen, Velocidad inicial:
because the acceler-
is NOT zero anywhere Next, from Equation 4.11 we find t ! xf/(vi cos #i) and substitute this expression for t
he trajectory. into Equation 4.12; this gives
Tiro parabólico:
C H A P T E R 4 • Motion in Two Dimensions
velocidad y posición como función del tiempo
t the Active Figures link y
://www.pse6.com, you
ange launch angle and
speed. You can also ob-
vy = 0 vx i g
the changing compo-
v
of velocity along the tra- vy #
y of the projectile. $ vx i
θ
vi vx i θ
" vy v
PITFALL PREVENTION vy i
θi vx i
Acceleration at the %
x
Highest Point ! vx i θi
ussed in Pitfall Prevention
any people claim that the vyi v
ation of a projectile at
pmost point of its trajec-
Active Figure 4.7 The parabolic path of a projectile that leaves the origin with
zero. This mistake arises
a velocity vi. The velocity vector v changes with time in both magnitude and
Velocidad Posición
confusion between zero direction. This change is the result of acceleration in the negative y direction.
l velocity and zero acceler- The x component of velocity remains constant in time because there is no accel-
If the projectile were to eration along the horizontal direction. The y component of velocity is zero at
ence zero acceleration at the peak of the path.
ghest point, then its veloc-
that point would not
e—the projectile would
horizontally at constant Repeating with the y component and using yi ! 0 and ay ! " g, we obtain
from then on! This does yf ! vyit & 12a yt 2 ! (vi sin #i)t " 12gt 2 (4.12)
ppen, because the acceler-
is NOT zero anywhere Next, from Equation 4.11 we find t ! xf/(vi cos #i) and substitute this expression for t
he trajectory. into Equation 4.12; this gives
Tiro parabólico:
C H A P T E R 4 • Motion in Two Dimensions
origen del nombre
t the Active Figures link y
://www.pse6.com, you
ange launch angle and
speed. You can also ob-
vy = 0 vx i g
the changing compo-
v
of velocity along the tra- vy #
y of the projectile. $ vx i
θ
vi vx i θ
" vy v
PITFALL PREVENTION vy i
θi vx i
Acceleration at the %
x
Highest Point ! vx i θi
ussed in Pitfall Prevention
any people claim that the vyi v
ation of a projectile at
pmost point of its trajec-
Active Figure 4.7 The parabolic path of a projectile that leaves the origin with
zero. This mistake arises
a velocity vi. The velocity vector v changes with time in both magnitude and Posición
confusion between zero direction. This change is the result of acceleration in the negative y direction.
l velocity and zero acceler-
Despejando t de
If the projectile were to
Thelax component
primeraofecuaciónvelocity remainsyconstant in time because there is no accel-
eration along the horizontal direction. The y component of velocity is zero at
sustituyendo
ence zero acceleration at enof la
the peak the segunda
path.
ghest point, then its veloc-
that point would not
e—the projectile would
horizontally at constant Repeating with the y component and using yi ! 0 and ay ! " g, we obtain
from then on! This does yf ! vyit & 12a yt 2 ! (vi sin #i)t " 12gt 2 (4.12)
ppen, because the acceler-
Ecuación de una parábola Next, from Equation 4.11 we find t ! xf/(vi cos #i) and substitute this expression for t
is NOT zero anywhere
he trajectory. into Equation 4.12; this gives
Tiro parabólico:
expresión vectorial para la posición
SECTION 4.3 • P
1
2
gt 2
vit (x, y)
rf
x
O
Figure 4.8 The position vector rf of a projectile launched from the origin whose initial
velocity at the origin is vi. The vector vit would be the displacement of the projectile if
gravity were absent, and the vector 12 gt 2 is its vertical displacement due to its downward
gravitational acceleration.
Tiro parabólico: Ilustración del movimiento de caída libre,
con y sin velocidad inicial a lo largo de x
! "
v sin "i v sin "i 2
Lanzando en un sitio con aceleración de caída libre menor (la Luna) 1
h ! (vi sin "i) i # 2g i
g g
rection. Thus it takes the ball about 4 s to go up and keep in mind the importance of separating the two
another 4 s to come back down, for a total time of flight of nents and of making approximations to give you ro
approximately 8 s. pected results.
Tiro parabólico:
Alcance horizontal y altura máxima
Horizontal Range
Punto de altura máxima En and Maximum
alcance Height ofhorizontal
R es la distancia a Projectile
recorrida.
y En el punto de alcance máximo yf = 0
Let us assume that a projectile is launched from the origin at ti ! 0 with a p
component, as shown in Figure 4.10. Two points are especially interesting to
vy A = 0 the peak point !, which has Cartesian coordinates (R/2, h), and the point
! has coordinates (R, 0). The distance R is called the horizontal range of the p
vi
and the distance h is its maximum height. Let us find h and R in terms of vi, "i, a
Alcance
We can horizontal
determine h by noting that at the peak, vyA ! 0. Therefore, we
h
Equation 4.8a to determine the time tA at which the projectile reaches the pea
θi "x
O vyf ! vyi $ ayt
R
Figure 4.10 A projectile launched 0 ! vi sin "i # gt A
from the origin at ti ! 0 with an v sin "i
initial velocity vi. The maximum tA ! i
height of¿Cómo se puede
the projectile is h, andaumentar R? Como g
the horizontal range is R. At !, the Substituting this expression for tA into the y part of Equation 4.9a and
peak of the trajectory,
Aumentando módulo de thela
particle
velocidad inicial
y ! yA with h, we obtain an expression for h in terms of the magnitude and di
has coordinates (R/2, h).
Lanzando en un sitio con aceleración the initial libre
de caída velocity vector:
menor
(la Luna)
! "
v sin "i v sin "i 2
1
Sólo
h !para "i) i
(vi sinmovimientos g i
# 2simétricos
g g
Tiro parabólico:
Alcance horizontal y altura máxima
El alcance horizontal máximo se consigue para un valor del ángulo
Para cualquier otro valor del ángulo, un punto de coordenadas (R,0) SECTION 4
se puede alcanzar con los dos valores complementarios de
y(m)
150
vi = 50 m/s
75°
100
60°
45°
50
30°
15°
x(m) At
50 100 150 200 250 http://w
Active Figure 4.11 A projectile launched from the origin with an initial speed of vary the
Partícula con movimiento circular uniforme:
definición
Se dice que una partícula se mueve con un movimiento circular uniforme cuando se
desplaza siguiendo una trayectoria circular con celeridad constante v
E R 4 • Motion in Two Dimensions
vi
! " vf
∆r
v vi
r ri rf ∆θθ ∆v
O θ
∆θ vf
v2
Partícula con movimiento circular uniforme:
dirección de la velocidad y aceleración
Se dice que una partícula se mueve con un movimiento circular uniforme cuando se
desplaza siguiendo una trayectoria circular con celeridad constante v
E R 4 • Motion in Two Dimensions
vi
! " vf
∆r
v vi
r ri rf ∆θθ ∆v
O θ
∆θ vf
El vector aceleración
path of the en un movimiento
object and perpendicular to the radiuscircular uniforme
of the circular path. Wesiempre
now show es
perpendicular a la trayectoria
that the acceleration y siempre
vector in uniform apunta
circular motionhacia el perpendicular
is always centro del círculo.
to
Si no
the fuera así,
path and habría
always una
points componente
toward the center ofde thelacircle.
aceleración paralela
An acceleration of thisa la
nature is called
trayectoria, centripetal
es adecir, acceleration
paralela al vector(centripetal means center-seeking),
velocidad. Esta componenteand its
magnitude is
contribuiría a aumentar la celeridad, contradiciendo nuestra hipótesis
v2
Partícula con movimiento circular uniforme:
E R 4 • Motion in Two Dimensions
módulo de la aceleración
vi
! " vf
∆r
v vi
r ri rf ∆θθ ∆v
O θ
∆θ vf
v2
acceleration ac " (4.15)
r
where r is the radius of the circle. The subscript on the acceleration symbol reminds us
that the acceleration is centripetal.
First note that the acceleration must be perpendicular to the path followed by the
object, which we will model as a particle. If this were not true, there would be a compo-
Partícula con movimiento circular uniforme:
E R 4 • Motion in Two Dimensions
módulo de la aceleración
vi
! " vf
∆r
v vi
r ri rf ∆θθ ∆v
O θ
∆θ vf
path of the object and perpendicular to the radius of the circular path. We now show
Aceleración
that the acceleration vector in uniform circular motion is always perpendicular to instantánea
the path and always points toward the center of the circle. An acceleration of this
nature is called a centripetal acceleration (centripetal means center-seeking), and its
magnitude is
Módulo de la velocidad v
Tomando límite cuando
v2
acceleration ac " (4.15)
r
where r is the radius of the circle. The subscript on the acceleration symbol reminds us
that the acceleration is centripetal.
First note that the acceleration must be perpendicular to the path followed by the
object, which we will model as a particle. If this were not true, there would be a compo-
Partícula con movimiento circular uniforme:
E R 4 • Motion in Two Dimensions
resumen de la aceleración
vi
! " vf
∆r
v vi
r ri rf ∆θθ ∆v
O θ
∆θ vf
De donde
large (such as at point #). The direction of at is either in the same direction as v (if v
is increasing) or opposite v (if v is decreasing).
Componentes intrínsecas de la aceleración:
In uniform circular motion, where v is constant, at ! 0 and the acceleration is al-
ways completely radial, as we described in Section 4.4. In other words, uniform circular
aceleraciones tangencial y radial
motion is a special case of motion along a general curved path. Furthermore, if the di-
rection of v does not change, then there is no radial acceleration and the motion is
one-dimensional
Imaginemos una (inpartícula r ! 0,
this case, aque sebut at maya not
mueve be zero).
lo largo de una trayectoria curva,
donde el vector velocidad varía tanto en dirección como en módulo
Path of at
particle "
a
ar #
ar ar at
a
! at a
res link
m, you Active Figure 4.18 The motion of a particle along an arbitrary curved path lying in
ion the xy plane. If the velocity vector v (always tangent to the path) changes in direction
coaster and magnitude,El vector velocidad
the components of thesiempre es atangente
acceleration a la component
are a tangential trayectoriaat
and a radial component ar .
! at a
res link
m, you Active Figure 4.18 The motion of a particle along an arbitrary curved path lying in
ionModelo geométrico:
the xy plane. Ifse
thesustituye la vtrayectoria
velocity vector real
(always tangent en path)
to the cadachanges
punto inpor una trayectoria circular,
direction
coaster and magnitude,
cuyo radiothe components
es el radioofde thecurvatura a are
accelerationde laatrayectoria
tangential component at
en ese punto.
and a radial component ar .
! at a
res link
m, you Active Figure 4.18 The motion of a particle along an arbitrary curved path lying in
ion theExpresamos la aceleración
xy plane. If the velocity en cada
vector v (always punto
tangent to the mediante
path) changesdos componentes,
in direction
coaster and magnitude, the components
en función of the acceleration
de un origen situado en a are
el acentro
tangential
decomponent at
cada círculo.
and a radial component ar .
Su dirección es tangencial.
Radio del círculo modelo
Como la velocidad lleva también la dirección
tangencial podemos calcular un vector Signo menos: la aceleración centrípeta se dirige
unitario en esa dirección hacia el centro del círculo modelo, y éste es
opuesto al vector unidad en la dirección radial
El vector aceleración normal vendrá dado por la
diferencia entre el vector aceleración total y el
vector aceleración tangencial
Componentes intrínsecas de la aceleración:
aceleraciones tangencial y radial
a = ar + at
!ˆ at
rˆ a
r
ar
θ
x
O O
(a) (b)
Figure 4.19 (a) Descriptions of the unit vectors r̂ and !ˆ. (b) The total acceleration a of
a particle moving along a curved path (which at any instant is part of a circle of radius r)
is the sum of radial and tangential component vectors. The radial component vector is
directed toward the center of curvature. If the tangential component of acceleration
becomes zero, the particle follows uniform circular motion.
Partícula en un movimiento de rotación.
Posición angular o posición de rotación
Posición
hat the
ve loca-
angular o posición de rotación
Rigid object
objects
ny situa-
Supongamos un objeto plano que gira alrededor de un eje fijo
perpendicular al objeto y que pasa por un punto O.
Coordenadas
hat the
ve loca- Rigid object
polares
objects
ny situa-
Resulta conveniente representar la posición de una partícula mediante
sus coordenadas polares
definición
Radiande velocidades angulares # (rad) !
"
180'
# (deg)
In rotational equations, we must
use angles expressed in radians. For example, 60° equals "/3 rad and 45° equals "/4 rad.
Don’t fall into the trap of using
Because the disc in Figure 10.1 is a rigid object, as the particle moves along the cir-
angles measured in degrees in ro-
tational equations. Mientras
cle from la partícula
the reference se mueve
line, every other desde
particle on A hasta
the object rotatesB en unthe same
through
angle
tiempo #. Thus, we can associate the angle
, el vector ! with the entire rigid
correspondiente al object
radio as well as
barre
with an individual particle. This allows us to define the angular position of a rigid ob-
el ángulo que equivale al desplazamiento
y ject in its rotational motion. We choose a reference line on the object, such as a line
connecting O and angular
a chosendurante ese
particle on theintervalo
object. The de tiempo
angular position of the rigid
object is the angle # between this reference line on the object and the fixed reference
line in space, which is often chosen as the x axis. This is similar to the way we identify
" ,t f Ni la posición angular ni el desplazamiento angular
the position of an object in translational motion—the distance x between the object
están limitados al rango
and the reference position, which is the origin, x ! 0.
r
!,ti As (no hace in
the particle falta “reiniciar”
question la posición
on our rigid object travelsangular a cero
from position ! to position
" in acada vez que
time interval $t asla
inpartícula
Figure 10.2, cruza el ejeline
the reference x).of length r sweeps out an
θf angle $# ! #f % #i. This quantity $# is defined as the angular displacement of the
θi
rigid object:
x Definimos la velocidad angular media como el cociente
O $# " # f % # i
entre el desplazamiento angular y el intervalo de tiempo
Figure 10.2 A particle on a The rate at which this angular displacement occurs can vary. If the rigid object spins
rotating rigid object moves from ! rapidly, this displacement can occur in a short time interval. If it rotates slowly, this dis-
to " along the arc of a circle. In placement occurs in a longer time interval. These different rotation rates can be quan-
the time interval $t ! tf % ti , the tified by introducing angular speed. We define the average angular speed & (Greek
radius vector moves through an omega) as the ratio of the angular displacement of a rigid object to the time interval
angular displacement $# ! #f % #i.
$t during which the displacement occurs:
#f % #i $#
Average angular speed &" ! (10.2)
tf % ti $t
▲ PITFALL PREVENTION to one complete revolution.) Hence, 1 rad ! 360°/2" ! 57.3° . To convert an angle in
Partícula con movimiento
10.1 Remember the
circular:
degrees to an angle in radians, we use the fact that " rad ! 180°, or
definición
Radiande velocidades angulares # (rad) !
"
180'
# (deg)
In rotational equations, we must
use angles expressed in radians. For example, 60° equals "/3 rad and 45° equals "/4 rad.
Don’t fall into the trap of using
Because the disc in Figure 10.1 is a rigid object, as the particle moves along the cir-
angles measured in degrees in ro-
Definimos la velocidad
cle from the reference line, everyangular media
other particle como
on the object el through
rotates cocientethe same
tational equations.
entre
angle #.el desplazamiento
Thus, we can associate angular
the angle !ywith
el intervalo de tiempo
the entire rigid object as well as
with an individual particle. This allows us to define the angular position of a rigid ob-
y ject in its rotational motion. We choose a reference line on the object, such as a line
connecting O and a chosen particle on the object. The angular position of the rigid
object is the angle # between this reference line on the object and the fixed reference
line in space, which is often chosen as the x axis. This is similar to the way we identify
" ,t f
the position of an object in translational motion—the distance x between the object
Por analogía con la velocidad de traslación,
and the reference position, which is the origin, x ! 0.
r la velocidad angular instantánea se define como
As the particle in question on our rigid object travels from position ! to position
!,ti
" in a time interval $t as in Figure 10.2, the reference line of length r sweeps out an
θf angle $# ! #f % #i. This quantity $# is defined as the angular displacement of the
θi
rigid object:
x
O $# " # f % # i
Unidades: rad/s o s-1
The rate at which this angular displacement occurs can vary. If the rigid object spins
Figure 10.2 A particle on a
rotating rigid object moves from ! rapidly, this displacement can occur in a short time interval. If it rotates slowly, this dis-
to " along the arc of a circle. In placement occurs in a longer time interval. These different rotation rates can be quan-
the time interval $t ! tf % ti , the tified by introducing angular speed. We define the average angular speed & (Greek
Si vector
radius adoptamos
moves throughel convenio
an de que el eje fijo de rotación es el eje z, entonces diremos
omega) as the ratio of the angular displacement of a rigid object to the time interval
quedisplacement
angular es positiva
$# ! #f % cuando
#i. aumente (movimiento en sentido contrario del sentido
$t during which the displacement occurs:
del reloj y negativo en caso contrario
#f % #i $#
Average angular speed &" ! (10.2)
tf % ti $t
▲ PITFALL PREVENTION to one complete revolution.) Hence, 1 rad ! 360°/2" ! 57.3° . To convert an angle in
Partícula con movimiento
10.1 Remember the
circular:
degrees to an angle in radians, we use the fact that " rad ! 180°, or
definición
Radiande aceleraciones angulares # (rad) !
"
180'
# (deg)
In rotational equations, we must
use angles expressed in radians. For example, 60° equals "/3 rad and 45° equals "/4 rad.
Don’t fall into the trap of using
Because the disc in Figure 10.1 is a rigid object, as the particle moves along the cir-
angles measured in degrees in ro-
tational equations. Si
clela velocidad
from angular
the reference instantánea
line, every dethe
other particle on una partícula
object cambia
rotates through the same
angle #.aThus, we
de encan associate the
el intervalo deangle ! with the
tiempo entire
, la rigid object
partícula as una
tiene well as
with an individual particle. This allows us to define the angular position of a rigid ob-
aceleración angular
y ject in its rotational motion. We choose a reference line on the object, such as a line
connecting O and a chosen particle on the object. The angular position of the rigid
object is the angle # between this reference line on the object and the fixed reference
Aceleración angular media
line in space, which is often chosen as the x axis. This is similar to the way we identify
" ,t f
the position of an object in translational motion—the distance x between the object
and the reference position, which is the origin, x ! 0.
r
!,ti As the particle in question on our rigid object travels from position ! to position
" in a time interval $t as in Figure 10.2, the reference line of length r sweeps out an
θf angle $# ! #f % #i. This quantity $# is defined as the angular displacement of the
θi
rigid object:
Por analogía con la aceleración de traslación,
O
x la aceleración angular $instantánea
# " #f % #i se define como
Figure 10.2 A particle on a The rate at which this angular displacement occurs can vary. If the rigid object spins
rotating rigid object moves from ! rapidly, this displacement can occur in a short time interval. If it rotates slowly, this dis-
to " along the arc of a circle. In placement occurs in a longer time interval. These different rotation rates can be quan-
the time interval $t ! tf % ti , the tified by introducing angular speed. We define the average angular speed & (Greek
radius vector moves through an omega) as the ratio of the angular displacement of a rigid object to the time interval
angular displacement $# ! #f % #i. Unidades:
occurs: rad/s o s
2 -2
$t during which the displacement
#f % #i $#
Average angular speed &" ! (10.2)
tf % ti $t
Partícula con movimiento circular:
dirección de velocidad y aceleración angular
No se ha asociado ninguna dirección con la velocidad angular ni la aceleración angular
En el caso de rotación alrededor de un eje fijo, la única dirección que permite especificar
de forma unívoca el movimiento de rotación es la dirección a lo largo del eje
Por convenio, se considera que el sentido de Por convenio, se considera queω el sentido de
es saliente con respecto al plano en el diagrama es entrante con respecto al plano en el diagrama
cuando la rotación es en el sentido contrario a cuando la rotación es en el sentido de las
las agujas del reloj agujas
S EC TI O N 10.1 • Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration 295
del reloj
En el caso de rotación alrededor de un eje fijo, la única dirección que permite especificar
de forma unívoca el movimiento de rotación es la dirección a lo largo del eje
Como
sugiere que
Y además
Podemos integrar esta expresión directamente para calcular la velocidad angular final
Cinemática de rotación:
cuerpo rígido con aceleración angular constante
!f " !i # $t vf " vi # at
%f " %i # !i t # 12 $t 2 1
x f " x i # vi t # 2at 2
!f 2 " !i 2 # 2$(%f & %i ) vf 2 " vi 2 # 2a(x f & x i )
%f " %i # 12(!i # !f )t 1
x f " x i # 2(vi # vf )t
y Because
Unapoint P inde
partícula Figure 10.4 moves
un cuerpo rígidoin enarotación
circle, these linea
mueve
ways tangent toen
theuncircular
círculopath
de radio r alrededor
and hence del tangential
is called eje z
v of the tangential velocity of the point P is by definition the tan
Dado que la partícula se mueve en una trayectoria
where s is thecircular,
distancesutraveled by this point measured along t
vector velocidad es siempre
P ing that s ! r # (Eq.perpendicular
10.1a) and noting that r is constant, we obta
a la trayectoria
s (a menudo se denomina velocidad
r ds tangencial)
d#
u v! !r
x El módulo de la velocidad tangencial dt viene dt dado por
O
Because d#/dt ! $ (see Eq. 10.3), we see that
y Because
Unapoint P inde
partícula Figure 10.4 moves
un cuerpo rígidoinenarotación
circle, the
se linea
mueve
ways tangent toen
theuncircular
círculopath
de radio r alrededor
and hence del tangential
is called eje z
v of the tangential velocity of the point P is by definition the tan
where sElismódulo
the distance
de la traveled by tangencial
velocidad this point measured along t
de la partícula
P ing that es r # (Eq.
s !igual a la10.1a) and de
distancia noting that r is al
la partícula constant, we obta
eje de giro
r s multiplicada por la velocidad angular de la partícula
ds d#
u v! !r
x dt dt
O
Because d#/dt ! $ (see Eq. 10.3), we see that
Quick Quiz 10.6 Consider again the merry-go-round situation in Quick Quiz
10.5. When the merry-go-round is rotating at a constant angular speed, Andy’s tangen-
tial speed is (a) twice Charlie’s (b) the same as Charlie’s (c) half of Charlie’s (d) impos-
Transparencias de soporte
Partícula con movimiento circular:
Celeridad angular
Unidades: (rad/s)
Partícula con movimiento circular:
Módulo de la aceleración angular
Celeridad angular
Como
Podemos escribir