ates of evaporation of 10, 9, 7 and 7 Ib.sq.ft.h and temperature drops of 15, 18, 33 and 65°F for the four bodies respectively. Taking now, from our steam table in Chapter VI, the latent heat of the vapours, we find (disregarding boiling point elevation) the following coefficients of heat transmission : Ist body, 7,958 40 B.Th.U,/sq. fh. °F. 2nd body, °° _ 485 .Th.U,/sq. ft he °F. 3rd body, i = 210 B.Th.U,/sq. ft. h. °F. 4th body, payee = 110 B.Th.U,/sq, ft. h. °F. These figures are in good agreement with coefficients measured in operation, and show that our assumptions made with regard to vapour pressures and evaporation rates were reasonable. If the steam pressure in the calandria of the Ist body is increased above that of 12 psig assumed, the rate of evaporation in the Ist body will increase considerably. At 15 psig the temperature is 250°F, i.e., 5°F higher than at 12 psig, and the temperature difference in the Ist body becomes 20°F instead of 15°F, with a correspondingly greater rate of evaporation. Thus our Ist body of 8700 sq. ft., and with it the whole plant, has a considerable reserve of evaporating capacity.* 6 *See Chapter XI, 4, ‘Chapter X ConDENsERS. ‘The condensers normally used in sugar factories are “ barometric mixing condensers,” which means that the cooling water and the vapour to be condensed are nixed snd frat the resulting hot water is removed through a “barometric leg’”; this is in contrast to surface condensers, in which the cooling water is kept separate from the vapour and condensate, and from which the condensate is usually removed by a pump. Taking our example of Fig. 4 the condenser of the evaporator has to deal with 13-3 t/h and the condensers of the vacuum pans with 10-6 t/h (see Chapter VI. C) of vapour, ‘This We have to condense a total of 23-9 t/h of vapour at 27 in. Hg of vacuum, having & latent heat of 1026 B.Th.U./lb and a temperature of 114°F. Ideally it should be possible to operate the condensers so that the hot water would leave the condenser with a temperature of 114°F, but this is not possible zn praction ond we will assume that the hot water will reach a temperature of 104-F (10°F below that of the vapour). Tn this case each Ib. of vapour will add 1026 + (L14— 104) ~- 1036 BL, to the heat content of the cooling water. If the available cooling water has a temperature of 80°F., each Ib of water will take up 10480 = 24 B.TH.U. Thus “036 — 43 Ib of cooling water has to be introduced into the condenser for each Ib of vapour. Therefore, for our 23-9 /h of vapour we have to use 43 x 23-9 gal/min) of * injection water ” of 80°F. If the cooling water available had a temperature of 90°F and we would still wish to ‘maintain a vacuum of 27 in. Hg, then each Ib of water could take up only 14 B-Th.U: ana the amount of injection water required would be 74 —= 1-7 times, or 70%, greater than before. Ifso much water could not be made available, the vacuum would inevitably drop. » 1030 t/h (3850