Chapter VITT StiaM GrNERATION In normal operation the boiler feed water will be condensate and the fuel will be bagasse as it comes from the last mill. Taking the conditions as shown in Fig. 4, we see that 42-3t of condensate is available from calandrias taking steam at 12-15 psig. 'As we have to produce in the boilers at least 47¢ of steam, we have to supplement the condensate from exhaust steam by condensate from first vapour, of which 3% is available, far more than we need. (All the condensates together amount to 42-3 +39 + 23:3 + 13-3 = 117-9t, more than twice as much as is needed for feeding the boilers) Although the condensate from exhaust steam has a temperature of about 245°F and that from Ist vapour one of about 230°F, we will assume that the feed water reaches the boilers with a temperature of 212°F. From this water we will generate in the boilers steam at 180 psig and 500'F the total heat of which (from 32°F) is, as mentioned in Chapter ‘VI, 1270 B.Th.U. lb. For each Ib of water fed into the boiler at 212°F 1270 —@12— 32) = 1050 B.Th.U. is required for evaporation and superheat, The calorie value of aga, in he state as it comes fom the st mil, may be taken con average as 4500 B.Th.U/Ib._ Therefore the heat obtainable from the combustion of 1116 of bagasse would produce in our boilers #90 — 4-1 1b of steam, if combustion and. heat transmission in the boilers could be carried out 100% efficiently. However, our usual ee egos or ee ates De cin only 60-65°%, and therefore ‘bagasse will produce 2-5 to 2:7 Ib of steam under fie enndtons we bave assumed protons. Thus, if we have fo generate SOW/h of steam, we have to burn 5% — 20i/h of bagasse. ‘As we have seen in Chapter VI, 100t of eane with 12-59% fibre will give us 2st of bagasse, far more than is required for normal operation and permitting some Waste of steam during periods ofiregular operation. (This would not be so if no vapour bleeding were practised). (In comparison with bagasse, the calorific value of which is 4500 B.Th.U. Ib, that of fuel oil is about 19,000 B.Th.U,/Ib. Therefore, if ever we have to burn oil in our boilers, we ‘may expect to get 10-11 ib of steam for each Ib of oil burnt). A.—Steam Boilers Sugar factories are nowadays generally equipped with water-tube boilers of various types, all of which are, however, simple in comparison with boilers used in modern steam power station. ‘They wil nomally have supereatrs but relatively rarely eonomers ‘or air pre-heaters ; they will be fitted with furnaces for burning bagasse, equipped with fans for intensifying combustion. Such boilers have proved to be capable—under the conditions assumed in the previous cchapters—of generating steam at the rate of 6-9 Ibjsq.ft.h (taking the heating surface of the boiler tubes proper but not that of the superheater). The lower figure will apply to boilers in which only a small proportion of the tubes is exposed to dicect radiation, and the upper figure to boilers in which a considerable proportion of the tubes is arranged as * water walls” surrounding the furnace. We have seen that a factory grinding cane at the rate of 100t/h may require about Soh of scam.” I've take an evaporation rat inthe boilers of 7°S'I.sq.h-h, we need boilers with a total heating surface of °° % 240. 15,000 sq, ft. This heating surface ‘would be sulficient, if the steam demand of the factory were steady, which it is not in Practice. Therefore a somewhat larger boiler heating surface will in fact be needed. 1s