International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 61 (2013) 141153

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International Journal of
Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijrmms

Long-hole destress blasting for rockburst control during

deep underground coal mining
Petr Konicek a,n, Kamil Soucek a, Lubomir Stas a, Rajendra Singh b
a
Institute of Geonics, Institute of Clean Technologies, Academy of Sciences, Ostrava, Czech Republic
b
CSIR-Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, Dhanbad, India

a r t i c l e i n f o abstract

Article history: The Lazy mina de carbn en el fi eld Ostrava-Karvina carbn de la Cuenca del Carbn Alta Silesia adopt la tecnologa
Received 13 February 2012 de tajo largo moderna para una extraccin subterrnea de veta de carbn nmero 504. Esta veta de carbn se encuentra
Received in revised form a una profundidad portada de unos 700 m. El espesor de la costura vari de 3,1 ma 5,0 m en el panel de tajo largo
21 January 2013
seleccionado. Dos suprayacentes vetas de carbn, Nos. 512 y 530 de minera con experiencia en alturas promedio de 58
Accepted 8 February 2013
m y 75 m, respectivamente, desde el horizonte de trabajo planificado de la costura No. 504. El panel de frente largo
propuesto estaba situado de manera adversa por debajo de los bordes de goaf el funcionamiento en estas dos costuras
Keywords: superpuestas extrada. Un anlisis de la masa de roca entre la carga entre estas capas de carbn mostr la presencia de
OstravaKarvina Coal Basin fuertes estratos, masiva de areniscas y conglomerados con valores de resistencia a la compresin uniaxial entre 70 MPa
Longwall mining
y 120 MPa. La tensin se mide en diferentes etapas de minera de Monitoreo de sondeo de composicin cnica
Rockburst
compacto (MCBC). Una prueba de laboratorio sencilla de la muestra de carbn encontr un alto valor de la relacin de
Destress blasting
la deformacin elstica de la deformacin total (40,8), lo que indica la caracterstica de almacenamiento de energa
(propenso a estallar / golpe) de la veta de carbn. Bajo las condiciones geo-mineras existentes en el sitio de una
voladura destress adecuado (a largo agujero de perforacin y voladura) diseo se adopt comprobar la validez de
fracturar la identi fi cada estrato competente de ambas carreteras puerta con antelacin. La longitud total del panel
podra ser extrado sin ningn bache / rockburst despus de la voladura destress. La eficiencia del destress adoptada
voladuras en las diferentes etapas de minera se evala en trminos efecto ssmico (SE), que se calcula a travs de los
datos disponibles de vigilancia ssmica y el peso del explosivo cargado. Una adopcin sistemtica de la voladura
destress roca llev el panel largo tajo largo 300 m a extraer suavemente sin ningn golpes de terreno adicionales.

& 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
La reserva de carbn de la cuenca del carbn de Silesia Superior (USCB)
es compartida por la Repblica Checa y Polonia. En esta cuenca de carbn,
de frente largo es un mtodo de minera subterrnea dominante. La parte
checa de la USCB, conocido como el Ostrava-Karvina Carbn fi eld (OKC),
se encuentra en la parte noreste del pas (Fig. 1). La minera subterrnea de
diferentes capas de carbn tuvo lugar en el OKC por ms de 200 aos. El
agotamiento de las costuras superiores debido a la continua actividad de la
minera del carbn durante un largo perodo de tiempo se ha desplazado la
actividad a una mayor profundidad (4.600 m). En virtud de la minera de
datos existente y las condiciones geolgicas de la subcuenca Karvina del
USCB, la extraccin subterrnea del carbn en esta cuenca es tpicamente
acompaada por golpes de terreno, que tambin se conocen como bultos de
carbn. Los golpes de terreno primeros ocurrieron en el campo del carbn
fi en
n
Correspondence to: Department of Geomechanics and Mining Research, Institute of
Geonics, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Studentska 1768, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba,
Czech Republic. Tel.: 420 596 979 224;
fax: 420 596 919 452.
E-mail address: petr.konicek@ugn.cas.cz (P. Konicek).
1365-1609/$ - see front matter & 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.02.001
1912 [1]. Diversos intentos se han hecho para tratar de rock-explosiones
durante la minera subterrnea de carbn, tanto en la Repblica Checa [2-5]
y el polaco [6,7] parte de la USCB.
Hay varios desafos de mecnica de rocas asociadas a la minera
subterrnea de una veta de carbn profunda [8-11]. Mediante el anlisis de
datos geotcnicos de diferentes minas, Chase y col. [12] encontramos que la
naturaleza de los estratos suprayacentes juega un papel significativo en el
xito de la minera subterrnea de las capas de carbn profundas. Sobre la
base de un examen de los datos geotcnicos de varias minas, golpes de
terreno son el principal problema durante la minera subterrnea de carbn
de las capas de carbn profundas bajo fuerte estratos techo (Fig. 2).
Durante las diferentes actividades de la minera del carbn subterrneas
en el OKC, golpes de terreno son ms frecuentes cuando la profundidad de
la minera supera 600 m. Profundidad solo crea un alto estrs inducido por
la minera a [10], lo que aumenta la posibilidad de golpes de terreno
ocurrencia. Bajo-tierra extraccin de veta de carbn inferior del carbn fi
eld (N 504) tambin se reuni en dos recubre las vetas de carbn resueltos
de, que consista en una serie de pilares de barrera a la izquierda de salida y
costillas con altas concentraciones de estrs. La existencia de estos
estresados pilares / costillas ms de las actividades mineras en el N 504
de la costura tambin se convirti en un factor que contribuye a los golpes
de terreno. Segn estratigrfica existente en el sitio
142 P. Konicek et al. / International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 61 (2013) 141153
Fig. 1. Location of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin and map of seismic networks in Karvina sub-basin.
Fig. 2. An analysis of performance of underground coal mining at deep cover and
under strong roof rock [after 12].
condiciones, el actual horizonte de la minera del OKC se enfrentan a
estratos suprayacentes roca competente. La presencia de estos rgida
estratos suprayacentes roca en este horizonte dio lugar a la carga dinmica
durante su espeleologa, que tambin aument la probabilidad de una
ocurrencia de rock-explosin.
Se adoptaron enfoques activos y pasivos para controlar la creciente
frecuencia de golpes de terreno en el actual horizonte de trabajo. El impacto
rockburst puede reducirse mediante enfoques pasivos, tales como la mejora
en el sistema de la minera y apoyo. Sin embargo, para un sitio difcil como
veta de carbn N 504 de la mina de carbn perezoso, se necesita un
enfoque activo (destress voladura de roca) para reducir la frecuencia
rockburst. Voladura de roca Destress se utiliza principalmente en las altas
condiciones de riesgo rockburst de extraccin de mineral subterrneo [13].
Voladura Destress roca ha sido utilizado en la minera subterrnea de
carbn en la parte checa de la USCB desde 1990 para evitar golpes de
terreno [14-17 y 34]. Ms de 2000 voladuras destress roca se produjeron en
esta regin entre 1990 y 2010 [18] para controlar golpes de terreno.
Este trabajo presenta un estudio de caso se trata de una minera de tajo
largo profunda de un filn de carbn grueso, costura N 504, en virtud de
culto di fi condiciones geolgicas y mineras. La aplicacin exitosa de la
tcnica de voladura de roca destress se hace para controlar golpes de terreno
durante la profunda minera del carbn frente largo subterrneo bajo
estratos suprayacentes competente en el OKC. El rendimiento del enfoque
de voladura de roca destress adoptada es evaluada por monitoreo ssmico, el
efecto ssmico de la voladura destress rock y en las mediciones de tensin in
situ, que se mencionan en este documento.
2. Site details
Lazy mina de carbn en el OKC adopt la minera de tajo largo para
extraer carbn subterrnea desde el panel No. 140 914 de veta de carbn
nmero 504. La longitud del panel de frente largo de 300 m, y el ancho vara
de 109 ma 189 m. El panel se encuentra en el bloque de la minera novena,
que se encuentra en la parte occidental de la mina de carbn. Las fronteras
del bloque de la minera novena son creados por la falla tectnica C en el
norte, la falla tectnica Ceres en el sur, la estructura Orlova en el oeste y un
pilar eje de seguridad en el este (Fig. 3). Minera en este panel se inici el 2
de noviembre de 2006 y se complet el 15 de junio de 2007. Todo el espesor
de capa de carbn del panel fue extrado por una cara de frente largo
totalmente mecanizada con espeleologa.
El espesor de la capa de carbn de panel vari de 3,1 ma 5,0 m.
Esquilador doble tambor KGS 445 W (fmur Inc., Katowice, Polonia) fue
desplegado para extraer una gruesa porcin del carbn 3.5 m. La longitud
de la cara de frente largo vari de 109 ma 189 m, que fue apoyada por la alta
capacidad de carga hasta los topes auto avanzar escudos MEOS 17/37/05
(OSTROJ Opava Inc., Opava, Repblica Checa). Noventa Cua-escudos,
cada uno de 82 toneladas de capacidad de soporte de carga y con dos patas,
se erigieron para cubrir toda la longitud de la cara. Un transportador de
cadena de PF 4/1032 (DBT GmbH, L Unen, Alemania) con una capacidad
horaria t 2500 se utiliz para evacuar el carbn desalojado de la cara.
2.1. Geology
Condiciones geolgicas y mineras de la veta de carbn nmero 504
existente en Lazy Colliery hacer la extraccin subterrnea de este carbn
 P. Konicek et al. / International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 61 (2013) 141153 143

Fig. 3. A plan and bore-hole section showing different mining panels around the No 140 914 longwall panel and inter-burden thicknesses among different coal seams.

Fig. 4. Deformation variation of the coal sample during a laboratory compression test.

costura desafiante. Debido a su naturaleza inherente, la veta de carbn
[19] tambin se encuentra susceptible a golpes de terreno. Una simple
prueba de resistencia a la compresin de una muestra de carbn de la veta de
carbn en el laboratorio mostraron una creciente capacidad de acumulacin
de energa de deformacin. Carga y descarga de prueba Los resultados de la
muestra se muestran en la Fig. 4.Inthis figura, la muestra se carga a casi el
60% de su resistencia a la compresin (promedio 40 MPa) antes de la
descarga. Se observa que la relacin de la deformacin elstica a la
deformacin total de la muestra de carbn excede de 0,8, que Refleja la cepa
de energa acumulacin caracterstica de la veta de carbn.
La profundidad de la cubierta de la veta de carbn en el panel
seleccionado vari de 650 a 720 m m, y la costura tiene una inclinacin
media de 9,51 en la direccin del noreste, como se muestra en la Fig. 5. Casi
el 90% de las vetas de carbn que recubren estratos son rocas competentes
tales como areniscas y conglomerados (Fig. 3). Bajo las condiciones de
explotacin de mltiples costuras existentes en el sitio, que cubre veta de carbn.
N 512 y 530 fueron elaborados por el mtodo de tajo largo (espeleologa), y la
cabra se supone que ser resuelta. Sin embargo, los bordes de las labores en estas
vetas de carbn suprayacentes caen sobre el rea del panel seleccionado en el
carbn costura No. 504. El espesor inter-cama entre veta de carbn No. 504 y el
carbn suprayacente inmediata costura No. 512 vara de 51 m a 63 m. Esta inter-
carga tiene una alta proporcin de los estratos de roca competente con espesores
de ms de 5 m y 10 m (Fig. 6). Las resistencias a la compresin uniaxial de las
areniscas y los conglomerados van desde 70 MPa a 120 MPa. Los valores altos de
Rock Calidad Designacin (RQD) observados en los estratos suprayacentes
tambin indican la presencia de masas de roca suprayacente compactos y
competentes. Fig. 7 representa una seccin estratigrfica tpica, la fuerza
144 P. Konicek et al. / International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 61 (2013) 141153

Fig. 5. Contour lines showing: (A) variation in coal seam thickness (in cm) and (B) depth of cover of the coal seam No. 504 (in m).

Fig. 6. Contour lines showing: (A) percentage of competent rock layers of thickness 410 m in complete overlying rock mass column (B) in inter-bed between seams No.
504 and No. 512 only.

y el RQD per fi l de los estratos suprayacentes roca hasta una altura de 25 m desde 2.3. Rockburst prognosis
el horizonte veta de carbn.
Pronstico Rockburst se hizo de acuerdo con las condiciones naturales y
mineros del sitio y de acuerdo con la legislacin rockburst vlida del pas
[20]. El pronstico rockburst adoptado para el sitio es un enfoque de tres
2.2. Mining niveles, que consiste en categoras regionales, locales y actuales.

Panel No. 140 914 fue el primer trabajo longwall en el bloque de la

minera noveno de la costura No. 504 (Fig. 3). La minera en este panel
fue cerca de la falla tectnica Ceres y el borde de un vecino panel de tajo
largo extrado previamente del bloque minero adyacente, N 1 (secuencia
N 15 en la Fig. 3). La existencia de esta estrecha goaf es tambin una
fuente de alta tensin inducida minera. Como se mencion
anteriormente, las tumbas de dos superpuestas capas de carbn en alturas
promedio de 58 my 75 m, respectivamente, tambin es probable que in fl
uyen en el desarrollo y la concentracin de la tensin durante la minera
de tajo largo en el carbn costura N 504. La posicin y la orientacin de
los paneles extrados en ambas de las vetas de carbn suprayacentes no se
superponen o simtrica, sobre todo, para proteger los pilares eje de
seguridad, situado cerca de estas excavaciones. En particular, el trabajo en
el carbn que recubre la costura No. 512 experiment un minero
irregular, como se dej un nmero de pilares para proteger los pilares de
seguridad (Fig. 8) de los ejes principales perezoso.
2.3.1. Regional prognosis
El primer paso de la evaluacin de los peligros rockburst de un sitio es el
pronstico regional, en el que el potencial rockburst se evala mediante el
peligro natural de las concentraciones de esfuerzos en las grandes unidades
geolgicas de la masa rocosa. Esta evaluacin utiliza los datos geolgicos y
las propiedades del macizo rocoso. Parmetros considerados para esta
evaluacin incluyen propiedades fsicas y mecnicas de la roca, la litologa,
la profundidad debajo de la superficie, los cambios en el espesor de capa de
carbn, anormalidades en la litologa, estructura tectnica y la capacidad de
la veta de carbn para almacenar energa elstica. Basndose en los
resultados de pronstico regionales, el rea de la mina se divide
tectnicamente en diferentes bloques de minera, cada uno de los cuales
pertenece a cualquiera de una zona propensa o no propensa a golpes de
terreno. El rea a lo largo del tectnica
 P. Konicek et al. / International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 61 (2013) 141153
Fig. 7. Rock quality designation and uniaxial compressive strength in roof strata
above the seam No 504 (data from borehole log).
Fig. 8. Overlapping of different workings seams Nos. 530, 512 and 504 showing
area of additional stress concentrations.
fault Ceres is believed to be at a high risk for rockbursts [21]. Also,
according to the collected geological information (Fig. 3) and the
physico-mechanical properties (Figs. 57) of the surrounding rock
mass, the mining in panel No. 140 914 of coal seam No. 504 at the
Lazy Colliery is found to be at a high risk for rockbursts.
2.3.2. Local prognosis
The second step of the rockburst hazard assessment is the local
prognosis, in which the possible effects of the mining-induced
stresses due to the planned mining activity under the existing
geo-mining conditions are analysed. The planned working in
panel No. 140 914 is examined for the amount of mining induced
stress. Considering the presence of the competent overlying rock
strata (Figs. 3 and 7); the asymmetry of the workings in the
overlying coal seams, Nos. 512 and No. 530 (Fig. 8); and the close
vicinity of the earlier mined-out panel in seam No. 504, this
examination found that there was a high risk for rockbursts in the
longwall face No. 140 914.
During the planning stage of the mining work, an individual
mining work is classied into three different degrees of rockburst
risk [4]. As per the existing geo-mining conditions around the
panel, above-mentioned two prognoses were conducted before
145
la actividad minera actual en el panel. De acuerdo con lo anterior el
pronstico regional y local de la legislacin minera Checa, el panel No. 140
914 de carbn costura No. Es probable que enfrentarse a un tercero grado
(el ms grave) peligro rockburst 504.
2.3.3. Current prognosis
El pronstico actual se lleva a cabo durante el avance unificacin real de
la cara de frente largo. Se compone principalmente de la prueba de
rendimiento de perforacin y monitoreo geofsico, ambos de los cuales se
utilizan para detectar el aumento de las condiciones de estrs alrededor de
la cara de minera de funcionamiento [21]. Se llev a cabo la prueba de
perforacin rendimiento [22] todos los das (regularmente) en la cara a
travs de 11 m pozos de largo con un dimetro de 42 mm. El espaciamiento
tpico entre estos agujeros se mantuvo a ser 30 m. Estas pruebas se llevaron
a cabo al menos dos veces en una semana en la puerta de caminos en la zona
de estrs inducido por la minera y en el corte vertical de la pared larga. Las
dimensiones y el espaciado de estos pozos de sondeo a la puerta de caminos
se mantuvieron similares a las de las perforaciones a lo largo de la coalface.
Todas las dems obras que podra influir fueron prohibidas la estabilidad de
la masa rocosa durante las pruebas de perforacin rendimiento.
La segunda parte del pronstico actual es de vigilancia geofsica, que
consisti en la observacin sismo-acstico en el panel de trabajo y las
observaciones sismolgicas a travs del local y las redes sismolgicas
regionales (Fig. 1). Cuatro gefonos, dos en cada puerta de la carretera, se
colocaron para las observaciones-sesmo acstico. Los dos gefonos en cada
puerta de la carretera se colocaron inicialmente 30 my 100 m por delante de
la cara de extraccin. Durante el avance de la cara, las posiciones de estos
gefonos se trasladaron regularmente por delante para mantener la
distancia dada de estos gefonos con respecto a la cara.
2.4. Preventive measures
Se tomaron medidas de prevencin activa y pasiva durante la minera de
tajo largo en el panel No. 140 914 de carbn costura N 504 para controlar
golpes de terreno. Las medidas activas disminuyen la probabilidad de una
ocurrencia rockburst, mientras que las medidas pasivas limitar los impactos
de un rockburst, incluso si se produce durante la actividad minera.
El primer paso de la medida preventiva pasiva es para definir la zona de
peligro por delante de la cara de frente largo. De acuerdo a las condiciones
geo-minero del sitio, la zona de hasta 93 m por delante de la cara estaba
influenciada por el estrs inducido por la minera. Por lo tanto, los 93 m en
zonas tanto de la puerta de caminos, incluyendo el coalface, fueron
considerados como un rea en peligro. Sin trabajo operativo en esta zona
slo se permita de acuerdo a la naturaleza de los resultados de las pruebas
de perforacin rendimiento. El nmero mximo de empleados desplegados
para un trabajo en particular en el rea en peligro tambin est restringido.
Incluso en condiciones normales, se prohibieron todas las obras paralelas en
las carreteras de la puerta durante el corte de carbn y las operaciones de
unificacin avance / ajuste de apoyo. Por otra parte, la medida preventiva
activa se decide de acuerdo con la situacin observada por la prueba de
perforacin rendimiento en la zona de peligro de extincin de la cara de
frente largo.
La medida preventiva activa se compone de varios enfoques diferentes.
Cada enfoque de esta medida se inicia de acuerdo con el estado de la
coalface en el panel. El 'humectacin del lecho de carbn "y" la voladura
destress en los estratos de roca sobrecarga "enfoques que se adopten en
virtud de condi-ciones normales de la zona en peligro de extincin. Para
humedecer el lecho de carbn, perforaciones horizontales paralelas con una
longitud que vara desde 45 m hasta 90 m y un dimetro de 75 mm se
perforan en el horizonte superior de la costura de tanto de la puerta de
caminos. Todos estos pozos fueron fi tted con un sistema de infusin en
agua adecuado, que estaba conectado a un sistema de lnea de tubera de
agua. Un promedio de 420 l de agua por unidad de longitud (m) se utiliz
para la infusin en una perforacin del panel. Los detalles tcnicos de la
voladura destress adoptada en los estratos de roca sobrecargar son
146 P. Konicek et al. / International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 61 (2013) 141153
discutido en la Seccin 3. Si la prueba de perforacin rendimiento indica
una situacin adversa en la zona de peligro, entonces destress voladuras en
la veta de carbn desde la puerta de caminos o la cara de frente largo es
adoptado. Por esta voladura destress, perforaciones horizontales paralelas
con un dimetro de 42 mm y una longitud de 11 m a 15 m se perforaron a
una distancia de 5 m en el horizonte medio de la veta de carbn. Cada pozo
fue acusado de 7 kg a 9 kg de explosivo y critic sin ningn retraso en el
tiempo.
3. Destress rock blasting
El objetivo principal de la voladura destress era debilitar la fuerza /
masividad del suprayacente estratos de roca competente antes de comenzar
la minera subterrnea. En primer lugar, el horizonte de los estratos
suprayacentes competente se identific a travs de las muestras de ncleos
adquiridos. Luego, diferentes conjuntos de fi nida prede, pozos largos
fueron perforados desde la puerta de caminos destinados a estos estratos
competente y la actividad minera existente en y alrededor del panel.
Un diagrama esquemtico (tanto de la seccin y el plan) del diseo
adoptado para el largo perforacin de pozos para la voladura destress roca
en el panel se muestra en la Fig. 9. Todos estos pozos fueron perforados
hacia arriba en ngulos entre 121 y 371, tanto de los de tajo largo de
compuerta de caminos. Las longitudes de pozos variaron de 40 m a 100 m.
En vista de la cantidad calculada de explosivo requerido para la voladura de
rocas destress, el dimetro de estas perforaciones fue 93 mm y el espaciado
de las perforaciones era 10 m. Con combinaciones de longitud y ngulo
adecuados para estas perforaciones, las partes inferiores (finales) de todos
los pozos de sondeo se encuentra en un horizonte similares interior del
techo, casi 20 m por encima de veta de carbn No 504.
Todos estos pozos-ascendentes perforados fueron acusados pneuma-
ticamente por la gelatina tipo de explosivo Perunit 28E (calor
Fig. 9. Scheme of destress rock blasting and in situ stress measurement.
explosin 4.100 kJ / kg), y la arena se utiliza para la derivada. La
longitud y la cantidad de explosivo en cada pozo vara en funcin de las
condiciones geo-mineras aledaas. De acuerdo a la condicin de panel de
No. 140 914, las longitudes de la carga en los diferentes agujeros vari de 26
m a 75 m, la longitud de la arena derivada vari de 14 m a 25 m y el
porcentaje de las longitudes de stos cargados pozos variaron de 63% a 85%
(Tabla 1). Un grupo individual de pozos cargados, por lo general van desde
3 a 6 pozos, estaba rojo fi con antelacin segn el orden anillo de fi nida
prede fi. Todas las perforaciones cargadas en un determinado grupo eran
rojos fi simultneamente, sin demora alguna. El peso del explosivo cargado
en diferentes agujeros variarse a la longitud adoptada de la perforacin
acuerdo ing. La cantidad del explosivo cargado en un agujero de panel de N
140 914 vari de 245 kg a 780 kg. La cantidad total de explosivos (por los
tres a seis pozos en un grupo) critic a la vez en el panel variado de 1550 kg
a 3450 kg.
De acuerdo con las condiciones del lugar, pozo Nos. 01/08, 101-112 y
151-153 (Fig. 9) se adoptaron para crear una red de fisuras en el estrato
competente, que miente sobre el rea de inicio del panel de tajo largo No.
140 914 . Borehole Nos. 101 a 112, 121 a 136 y de 21 hasta 23 se adoptaron
para diluir la influencia de los bordes entre el explotado y las partes un-
minado de las costuras en el exceso de carga. Los estratos competente sobre
los pilares que quedan fuera, se extiende entre el portn trasero N 40.915 y
falla tectnica Ceres, se gestiona a travs de la perforacin Nos. 201-213 y
doscientas veintiuna hasta doscientos treinta y dos. Voladura en pozo Nos.
41-45 y 141-145 se utilizaron para aislar el panel de la minera en longwall
No. 140 914 y el pilar eje de seguridad. Estos Bastings la pared del pozo
fueron diseados para desarrollar fracturas continua en una masa de roca,
que es probable que sea responsable de la generacin y la acumulacin de
concentraciones de tensin debido a la minera. Los estratos de roca
suprayacente competente, que son
 P. Konicek et al. / International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 61 (2013) 141153 147

Table 1
Analysis of destress rock blasting conducted in longwall No. 140 914 of Lazy Colliery.

Stage Numbers of boreholes Percentage of load length of boreholes Explosive charge Seismic energy Seismic effect evaluation Seismic effect
() (%) (kg) (J) () ()

1 14, 51 63 1625 1.61E 04 4.7 Very good

2 101104, 151 64 1550 1.39E 04 4.3 Very good
3 201206 69 1725 2.40E 04 6.6 Extremely good
4 58, 52 72 2000 3.19E 04 7.6 Extremely good
5 105108, 152 70 1775 3.03E 04 8.1 Extremely good
6 109112, 153 73 2150 3.31E 04 7.3 Extremely good
7 207210 73 1700 1.29E 04 3.6 Very good
8 211, 212, 213 79 1850 2.50E 04 6.4 Extremely good
9 121124, 154 67 2500 4.40E 04 8.4 Extremely good
10 125, 126, 127 82 2125 5.00E 04 11.2 Extremely good
11 221227 59 1635 1.80E 04 5.2 Very good
12 4145 74 3450 2.40E 05 33.1 Excellent
13 141145 74 3450 3.80E 05 52.4 Excellent
14 128130 85 2250 6.20E 04 13.1 Excellent
15 131133 83 2250 1.50E 05 31.7 Excellent
16 228232 70 1850 1.90E 04 4.9 Very good
17 134136 81 2350 7.80E 04 15.8 Excellent
18 2123 80 2350 1.40E 05 28.4 Excellent

fracturado continuamente debido a las voladuras, tambin se observaron a
ser espeleologa amigable. La decisin de la explosin de los distintos
grupos individuales de pozos en diferentes etapas se hizo de acuerdo con el
funcionamiento de los alrededores y los estratos, el desarrollo de la
actividad ssmica en la minera y el avance de la cara de frente largo. De
acuerdo con las propiedades geomecnicas de los estratos suprayacentes
roca y legislaciones existentes [24], las posiciones de los pozos rojos fi se
mantuvieron en el rango de 30 ma 93 m por delante de la cara de frente
largo. La cantidad de explosivo se aplica en cada pozo se deriva de las
dimensiones de los pozos seleccionados para el anillo fi. Por ltimo, la
seleccin de los pozos depende de las condiciones de explotacin existentes,
las condiciones naturales y el acuerdo de la actividad ssmica registrada en
las legislaciones.
4. Evaluation of the destress rock blasting
Aspectos tericos y prcticos de la voladura estn bien desarrollados y, a
menudo practicado por la industria minera. Una cuenta de la tensin, el
desplazamiento y la energa liberada durante una voladura tambin se
explica en detalle por varios autores, por ejemplo, [25-27]. La mayora de
los autores han estudiado algunos componentes del balance de energa
after destressing, Uc is the increased strain energy in the sur-
rounding rock, We is the explosion energy, Wf is the energy that is
not consumed in the fracturing of the rock and Wk is seismic
energy (all in J).
Knotek [23], who established evaluation of stress release by
destress blasting due to seismic effect (SE) calculation in OKC,
describes energy balance of destress blasting by following equations:
E1 ) E2 3
E1 EVT Epr Epot Ekin 4
E2 Er Ekin ESeis ENM 5
where E1 is initial energy, E2 is resulting energy, EVT is explosive
energy, Epr is released deformation energy, Epot is change in potential
energy, Ekin is kinetic energy, Er is fragmentation energy, ESeis is
seismic energy and ENM is other energy formsnot measured (all in
J).
Total explosive energy (EVT) of the blasting stage (several
boreholes) can be written as a sum of explosive energy for each
borehole:
X
N

durante una voladura de roca. Voladura Destress tambin se practica con EVT EjVT j 1,2,3,. . .,N number of boreholes 6
j1
xito en varias minas subterrneas en todo el mundo [25]. Existe un
consenso general de que destress voladura suaviza la roca y reduce su eficaz Knotek [23] supposes that change of potential energy (Epot)
mdulo de deformacin elstica. Hay puntos de vista conflictivos sobre la and kinetic energy (Ekin) approximate to zero and derives follow-
importancia de la destress voladuras para reducir el estrs y la energa de ing equation:
deformacin almacenada en la roca. El balance de energa de la voladura Er EVT ENM 1KE1 7
destress es estudiado por un nmero limitado de autores [25-27]. Sin
embargo, las conclusiones de estos estudios sobre la reduccin de la tensin He denes a coefcient K, which represents natural conditions
del macizo rocoso debido a liberarte del estrs voladuras no son unnimes. of the rock mass. He describes irreversible energy dissemination
Sanchidrian [27] propone la siguiente ecuacin de balance de energa para process of destress blasting and arrives at following equation after
voladuras: considering Eqs. (4)(7):
EVT Epr 1KEVT Epr ESeis 8
EE EF ES EK ENM , 1
Seismic energy is thus given as:
donde EE es la energa explosiva, EF es la energa fragmentacin, ES es
la energa ssmica, EK es la energa cintica y ENM es no-midieron otras ESeis KEV T Epr 9
formas de energa (todos en J). Explosive energy is determined according to
La siguiente ecuacin de balance de energa para voladuras destress est
EVT eE Q 10
dada por Sedlak [25]:
where eE is heat of explosion in J/kg, and Q the is mass of
W t U m1 W e U c U m2 W f W k , 2
explosives in kg.
where Wt is the change in the potential energy, Um1 is the stored strain As coefcient K and deformation energy (Epr) are difcult
energy before destressing, Um2 is the stored strain energy to be determined together, Knotek [23] recommends statistic
148 P. Konicek et al. / International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 61 (2013) 141153
determination of coefcient K. It is assumed that the explosive is
charged and blasted in a highly conned state, where the rock
displacement is nearly zero. For a number of measurements, K is
measured when no deformation (elastic) energy is released during
the blasting i.e., a minimum obtained value from all Ki set. As per
above discussions, it is found that a correct value of the coefcient
K is acquired in case Epr-0. Accordingly K may be written as
K minK i
ESeisi
Ki
EV T i
where the sufx i denotes an individual set of measurements. Based
on the aforementioned assumptions, the efciency of the stress
release (elastic deformation energy release) is dened in term of the
seismic effect (SE), which is given as
ESeis
SE
KEVT
Knotek [23] concluded that, if there is no extreme energy
release, seismic energy is directly proportional to the explosive
weight. According to his conclusion we can calculate seismic
effect (SE):
ESeis c  EOKC EOKC
SE  14
K eE Q K eE Q K OKC Q
where c( ESeis/EOKC) is a coefcient considered for efciency of
seismic monitoring in OKC, EOKC is seismic energy calculated from
seismic monitoring in OKC, KOKC is a combined coefcient (KeE/c),
characterized by natural and mining conditions in OKC and Q is
weight of explosives in kg (see Section 5 and the following
paragraphs).
The aforementioned relationship is validated through eld
studies of the registered seismic energy during underground
destress rock blasting in carboniferous rock mass. Constant KOKC
was originally determined by the in situ monitoring of ten cases
[23] of destress rock blasting in coal measure formations in the
Czech part of the USCB. The observed value of KOKC from these
data was 2.6.
The aforementioned number of eld studies to estimate the
value of KOKC is insufcient for a coal measure formation. There-
fore, a large-scale eld study was conducted in the Czech part of
the USCB during the destress rock blasting. This study covered
Fig. 10. Diagram of dependence of transformed data of registered seismic energy on the weight of the charge.
nearly 1000 cases, and the results are published by Konicek [24].
The obtained data are statistically analysed to determine the
value of KOKC. The values of both of the parameters, the registered
seismic energy and the weight of explosive, were transformed to
suit a linear regression (Fig. 10). From this study, the obtained
value of KOKC is 2.1 for the coal measure formations in the Czech
part of the USCB.
11 A simple regression approach is adopted to determine value of
the coefcient KOKC [24]. Statistical transformation is used for
normality validation of the obtained data. Here, logarithmic
12 transformation (i.e., lnEOKC) is used for the seismic energy and
power transformation (i.e., Q1/3) is used for the weight of
explosive. An observed linear dependence between the trans-
formed data of the registered seismic energy (lnEOKC) and the
weight of charge (Q1/3) is represented by a regression line
 lnEOKC 4.61530.3981Q1/3. Observed standard deviation of
the transformed registered seismic energy is 1.0653 in this
13
relationship. The data located under a straight line, parallel to
the regression line and shifted by the standard deviation of the
transformed seismic energy, were selected as depicted in Fig. 10.
Mean value of these selected data were used to determine the
coefcient KOKC.
Based on numerous eld investigations, Konicek [24] pub-
lished a different approach for determining the constant KOKC
along with a system for evaluating SE. A classication is intro-
duced (Table 2) to evaluate the calculated SE based on criteria,
obtained from the distribution of the data probability from the
calculated seismic effects according to Eq. (14). The obtained
value of constant KOKC ( 2.1) is used for this classication.
According to this approach, if the SE of the destress blasting is
1.7, then it released only 1.7 times more energy than the energy
from the explosive. If the released energy by a destress blasting is
Table 2
A classication for evaluation of the seismic effect.
Seismic effect Evaluation of seismic effect
SEo 1.7 Insignicant
1.7r SE o3 Good
3r SE o6 Very good
6r SE o12 Extremely good
SEZ 12 Excellent
 P. Konicek et al. / International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 61 (2013) 141153
less than 1.7 times of the explosive energy, then the destress
blasting effect is insignicant from the stress release point of
view. Similarly, when the SE of the destress blasting is 12, then it
released 12 times more energy than the energy from the explo-
sive. For this condition, the destress blasting effect is excellent
from the stress release point of view.
The stress release assumptions made by Knotek [23] are not
considered in relationships (1) and (2). When the assumptions
made by Knotek [23] are introduced in these two relationships,
and the obtained results are compared with Knoteks Eqs. (4) and
(5); the same conclusions are arrived at. Although seismic energy
is fundamental for the stress release effect and the SE calculations,
it only represents a small portion of the energy coming from the
total energy of the blasting. A considerable amount of the seismic
energy is observed through the rock mass stress release.
5. Seismic monitoring
Geophysical methods are established tools for continuously
evaluating the development of stressstrain conditions due to an
underground excavation. Thus, extensive seismic monitoring was
carried out during the mining in longwall No. 140 914 using a
local seismic network (that of the Lazy Colliery), a regional
seismic network (that of the Karvina sub-basin) and geophones
in each gate-road. The basic scheme of the adopted seismological
network is presented in Fig. 1 and the geophone arrangements at
Fig. 11. Seismic activity registered during longwall advance-localization map of registered seismic events (longwall advance: (A) 0 m to 85 m, (B) 85 m to 100 m,
(C) 100 m to 165 m, (D) 165 m to 280 m.
149
the gate-roads are mentioned in Section 2.3.3. Holecko [29]
provides the details of the seismic networks and the networks
role in improving the seismic events localisation in the OKC.
Following formula [28] has been adopted for energy (EOKC)
calculations:
Z T
EOKC u2 dt 15
0
where A is a constant to be dened by the characteristics of
transmission conditions, u is a particle velocity, T( 1.5 s) is the
time interval accepted for the area of OKC.
The seismic monitoring in longwall No. 140 914 provided a
map of the registered seismic events and a weekly line of the
slope, along with a summary graph of the registered seismic
energy in the area of the longwall. Figs. 11 and 12 show plots of
the registered seismic activity with respect to the longwall
advance and the destress rock blasting in panel No. 140 914.
The seismic activity is predominantly registered from an area
outside of the mined out seam (No. 512), lying in the overburden.
The registered seismic activity is sensitive to the face advance in
the panel, and the behaviour of the registered seismic energy is in
tune with the rate of the face advance of the longwall face.
However, in some cases, the registered seismic activity is rela-
tively more than the face advance, possibly due to the adopted
destress rock blasting. Continuous observations of the registered
seismic activity with respect to the mining progress in the panel
150 P. Konicek et al. / International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 61 (2013) 141153

Fig. 12. Seismic activity registered during longwall advance-weekly slope of registered seismic energy and longwall advance (longwall advance from A to D as per Fig. 11).

showed that the destress blasting affected the radiated seismic Table 3
energy from the rock mass. Position of different stress measurement probes installed in and around the panel.

Name of Vertical position above Horizontal position above long wall

probe coal seam (m) pillar from gallery (m)
6. Monitoring of the in-situ stress changes
L1 15.6 2.4
The variations in the mining-induced stress during the long- L2 11.6 10
L3 10.7 3.9
wall mining of panel No 140 914 is monitored by instruments L4 8.6 1.5
that were installed in the overburden of the coal seam No 504.
The Compact Conical-ended Borehole Monitoring method (CCBM)
[30,32] is used for the long-term monitoring of the stress changes relevant gate-roads (from where it is installed) are given in
during the underground mining of the coal seam. Four CCBM Table 3.
measuring probes were installed in boreholes that were drilled
from the main and the tailgates of the longwall panel. The 6.1. CCBM methodology
positions of these CCBM probes in the plan are shown in Fig. 9.
The vertical distances with respect to the coal seam and the Long-term strain measurement at the bottom of a borehole is
horizontal distances of these CCBM probes with respect to the the basic principle of a CCBM method for monitoring stress
 P. Konicek et al. / International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 61 (2013) 141153 151

changes. Stress tensor observations are typically derived using the

Compact Conical-ended Borehole Overcoring (CCBO) technique,
which is based on the observation of relief deformation of the
conically shaped borehole bottoms during overcoring [31]. The
conical surface of the measuring probes provides a suitable
physical location to place a sufcient number of independent
strain sensors. Entire rock stress tensors can be estimated based
on the theoretical dependence of the stress distribution around
the cone-shaped borehole bottom and the relief strain responses
of the strain gauges during the overcoring. The dependence of the
corresponding gauge sensor strain on the stress tensor has been
formulated in Obara and Sugawara [33]. Once the overcoring is
completed, the measuring location cannot be used for further
observation of the stress state.
The CCBM method is based on a similar principle, except for
the destructive overcoring of the CCBO technique. This modica-
tion in the approach provides an opportunity to continue repeat-
Fig. 13. Mining induced stress development; expressed for directions of the
ing the strain measurements on all of the probe sensors over a principal stresses S1, S2 and S3 at long wall face stoppageprobes L1 and L2.
long period of time. However, this measurement arrangement
provides only changes in the stress tensors with respect to the
stress state at the time of probe installation (i.e., to the reference
state). This is the principal difference between the CCBO and the
CCBM methods. Derivations of the stress tensors in the CCBM
approach from the multi-epoch measurements of the strain
gauges follow the same calculations as those for the derivations
in the CCBO technique [31].
First, the locations of the different instruments (Fig. 9) in the
panel were nalised according to the available number of instru-
ments and the conditions of the site. Different upward boreholes
of 8 m to 16 m length and 76 mm diameter were drilled from the
gate-roads into the overburden sandstone (Table 3) at these
selected locations. Long-term CCBM measuring probes, which
were designed and developed by the Institute of Geonics [30],
were cemented into these boreholes by resin glue (epoxy type).
The spatial arrangement and the orientation of the probes were
noted. To investigate the stress changes based on the measured
strains, Youngs modulus and the Poisson ratio for each probe Fig. 14. Development of the vertical mining induced stress component due to the
location were determined. The values of these parameters were longwall mining.
determined in the laboratory using core samples, which were
procured through coring drill in the vicinity of the borehole face. Once the longwall face began progressing, the response of
bottom, where the conical measuring probes are installed. The the progress was noticeable through the CCBM probe readings.
stress state observations are discussed in the next section, where Fig. 14 shows a plot of the vertical component of the induced
the negative stress values represent compressive stress and the stress with respect to the distance from the face. The rst notice of
positive stress values represent tensile stress. change (insignicant) in the mining-induced stress in almost all of
the measuring probes was recorded when the face distance varied
6.2. Mining-induced stress development between 100 m and 140 m. The observations of probes L1, L2 and
L4 showed that a well-marked change in the mining induced stress
According to the rockburst legislation [20] of the Czech occurred when the distance of the probe was 50 m from the
Republic, the range of inuence of the mining-induced stress in longwall face. Therefore, 50 m is the range of inuence of the
front of the long wall face needs to be determined. This range of mining induced stress in front of the longwall face. This observed
inuence is typically determined from a nomogram based on range of inuence is considerably less than that estimated from the
physical modelling [20]. The main input data for determining the conventional nomogram. A considerable overestimate of the range
extent (range) of the induced stresses are the depth and the of the well-marked mining induced stress by the conventional
thickness of the coal seam. The calculated range of inuence of nomogram may be due to the adopted approach of destress rock
the induced stress is 93 m for the longwall panel No. 140 914. blasting. The results of the mining induced stress development,
The development of the mining induced stress ahead of the obtained from probe L3, were not taken into consideration for the
longwall face can also be described through in situ observations above conclusion. According to the adopted destress rock blasting
of the installed probes. Changes in the vertical component of the scheme and the position of probe L3, the results of this probe are
induced stress at the different positions of the longwall face are of inuenced by the strata dynamics due to the destress rock blasting.
interest and were evaluated through the installed probe readings. Probe L3 was intended to monitor the stress changes in the
Fig. 13 shows the development of the mining induced stress overlying beds due to the mining of the coal seam. However, the
measured by probes L1 and L2 during the stoppage of the position of this probe was kept outside of the vertical projection of
longwall face advance for 5 days due to some technical reasons. the longwall panel to monitor the induced stress developing over a
The distances of the face from instrumented sites L1 and L2 at this residual pillar, lying between the working panel and the fault Ceres.
point were 13.5 m and 9 m, respectively (horizontal projection). This probe was placed in an upward borehole inclined at an angle of
The change in stress is negligible for the stagnant condition of the 701 to the fault. In addition to the original purpose of the stress
152 P. Konicek et al. / International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 61 (2013) 141153
Fig. 15. Measured in situ stress by L3 probe; (A) induced principal stresses, (B) orientation of principle stress axes, (C) development of rate of stress changes on L3 gauge
probe commensurate with time (after the destress rock blastingstage 9; see Table 1).
change monitoring with the advancement of the longwall coal face,
the probe recorded the impact of the destress blasting. The entire
area of the longwall panel adjacent to the fault Ceres was succes-
sively treated by a series of destress blasting operations. These
destress blastings were conducted in sequence within the above
prescribed distance from the foreground of the longwall face.
The observations of probe L3 provided some interesting infor-
mation, as shown in Fig. 15. It is evident that the destress rock
blasting on 28th January caused signicant redistribution of stress
at this location. At this point, the distance of the destress blasting
(stage 9) was 80 m to 105 m from the position of probe L3. The
stress redistribution in the overburden after the blasting operation
(expressed as an oval shape in Fig. 15) continued for approximately
3 to 4 weeks. During this time, the distance of probe L3 from the
long wall face varied from 169 m to 128 m, which is a signicantly
greater distance than the observed and estimated values of the
range of inuence of the mining induced stress at this site.
Therefore, the observed phenomenon of stress redistribution after
destress blasting is likely caused by the loss of competency of the
overburden strata. The rock mass fracturing by the blasting
operation in the area of the residual pillar near fault Ceres and
the extension of the longwall panel introduced the observed
phenomenon of stress redistribution. The observed gradual loading
of the rock mass (Fig. 15) is mainly due to the stable orientation of
the induced stress tensor axes during the mining period.
7. Conclusions
A systematic planning and designing of destress rock blasting
resulted in safe longwall mining in a rock-burst prone area. The
amount of explosive used at different stages of the destress rock
blasting varied from 1550 kg up to 3450 kg. A simple statistical
analysis of nearly 1000 eld data (consisting amount of explosive
and observed seismological monitoring results) was used to derive
the coefcient KOKC, which represents natural conditions of the
overlying rock mass. Efcacy of the blasting for the stress release
from the overburden strata is evaluated through a parameter called
seismic effect (SE). A proposed classication of the destress blasting
on the basis of the value of the seismic effect is also validated
through different eld observations. Out of total eighteen stages of
the destress blasting in the longwall panel, ve stages experienced
very good (SE varied from 3.6 to 5.3), 7 stages experienced
extremely good (SE varied from 6.4 to 11.2) and the remaining six
cases experienced excellent (SE varied from 13.1 to 52.4) categories
of the stress release.
Adopted design of the destress blasting also reduced the range
and amount of mining induced stress concentration ahead of the
longwall face. As per the existing nomogram, the range of
inuence of the induced stress for the site is calculated to be
93 m, but the actual eld measurement by the CCBM method
found it to be only 50 m. The observed reduction in the range of
the inuence is mainly due to dilution of competency of the
overlying strata by the blasting. Field observations of mining
induced stress by the probe L3 also showed the stress releasing
characteristic of the destress blasting.
Acknowledgements
This article is written in connection with project Institute of
clean technologies for mining and utilisation of raw materials for
 P. Konicek et al. / International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 61 (2013) 141153
energy use, reg. no. CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0082, which is supported by
the Research and Development for Innovations Operational Pro-
gramme nanced by the Structural Founds of the Europe Union
and the state budget of the Czech Republic.
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