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Hydraulic Theory
Hydraulic Basics
Este curso le ayudar a entender mejor los principios basicos que rigen la fisica
de fluidos. Estos principios son eternos, y su comprension le proporcionar una
base solida sobre como funciona la energa del fluido, los sistemas utilizados y
la forma de solucionar problemas y reparar adecuadamente estos sistemas.
Formula:
1500 psi
10 gpm
Formula:
Principio uno: Flujo hace ir. Para algo se mueva en un sistema hidraulico,
el actuador debe ser suministrado con el flujo.
SABIA USTED?
A 10 GPM 3
B 10 GPM 5
Con todos los cilindros llenos an y el puerto B enchufado, si tiramos del tapon C:
En que orden los cilindros vacios? _____ _____ _____ _____
A = x R2
Abajo ejemplo para el clculo del rea del pistn de un cilindro con 6 "
dimetro de pistn.
A = x R2 Piston
2 Radius (R) = 3
A = x 3 (3x 3)
Piston 3
A = 3.14 x 9 Diameter = 6 6
A = 28.26 square inches
Abajo ejemplo para el clculo del rea de vstago de un cilindro con un 6"
dimetro del pistn y 3" dimetro de vastago.
A = x R2 - x r2
A = x 32 - x 1.52 Piston
Rod Diameter = 3
Diameter = 6
A = 3.14 x 9 - 3.14 x 2.25
Rod
A = 28.26 - 7.065
Radius (r) = 1.5
A = 21.195 square inches
Abajo ejemplo para el clculo del rea del pistn de un cilindro con 6 "
dimetro de pistn.
A = x R2 Piston
2 Radius (R) = 3
A = x 3 (3x 3)
Piston 3
A = 3.14 x 9 Diameter = 6 6
A = 28.26 square inches
Fuerza tambin puede ser descrito por conceptos intuitivos como un empuje o un
tirn, una fuerza tiene magnitud y direccin.
La ventaja mecnica dada por una mquina simple permiti menos fuerza para
ser utilizado a cambio de que la fuerza que acta sobre una mayor distancia
para la misma cantidad de trabajo.
Formulas:
Force Force
Force = Pressure x Area Pressure = Area =
Area Pressure
Sabemos que la presin es la fuerza por unidad de rea, expresada como psi
y que la fuerza es push or pull, medida en libras. La presin resultante en el
fluido, por la ley de Pascal, es igual en todas partes. Y, cada pulgada cuadrada
de la pared del recipiente est sujeta a una fuerza igual debido a la presin.
Por el ejemplo arriba, cual seria la presin _____ requerida para mover el
peso 100 libras.
El ejemplo anterior muestra que una fuerza de 10.000 libras proporciona una
presin de carga inducida de 1.000 psi, basado en la frmula. Cuando el
cilindro se extiende, la presin requerida para mover la carga 10.000 libras
es 1.000 psi. Durante la retraccin, el rea efectiva es de slo 5 pulgadas
cuadradas. Esto aumenta la presin requerida a 2000 psi, que es necesario para
retraer la carga.
SABIA USTED?
SUPPLY
Este ejemplo muestra dos motores hidrulicos que se ejecutan en paralelo con
cada motor tiene su propio suministro. Una vlvula se utiliza para cambiar este
circuito motor de paralelo a serie.El beneficio de esta funcin es la de tener baja
velocidad con torque alto en paralelo y alta velocidad con bajo torque cuando
en serie.
RETURN
SUPPLY
RETURN
SUPPLY
#1
#2
#3
#4
Return
Supply
SABIA USTED?
SABIA USTED?
Conversion Chart
A C
8000 lbs.
_________
_________ lbs.
1000
_________ psi.
500
_________ psi.
4 ____ in
2
B
600
_________ lbs.
_________ psi.
2800 psi 2
3200 psi
2250 psi
Objective 2
Objective:
1. Using Pascal's Law fill in the missing specs Cyl A. __________ psi
for each cylinder scenario?
Cyl B __________ psi
2. What would each pressure gauge read once
Cyl C __________ psi
each cylinder is fully extended?
Ventajas:
Desventajas:
Alta velocidad
Cuatro bujes en la zona de lquido
Alta pressin
Holguras extremo fijo
Sin carga de cojinete radiales
Facil manutencin
Diseo flexible
(L - d)
Cu. In. = (6 x W) x (2xd - L) x ------------
2
(3.5 - 2)
Cu. In. = (6 x 1.5) x (2x2 - 3.5) x ----------
2
(1.5)
Cu. In. = (9) x (.5) x ---------
2
Cu. In. = 9 x .5 x .75
20 GPM
required at 1800
At 1800 RPMs
RPM
Cu. In = (231 x 20) / 1800
Cu. In = 4620 / 1800
Cu. In. = 2.57 Displacement
Excelente para fluidos de alta viscosidad Carga radial en el rojinete del eje
Descarca constante
independiente de las condiciones de presin
Fcil mantenimiento
Diseo flexible
Rotor $QLOORH[FpQWULFR
Intake Port
Outlet Port
Bomba pistn axial desplazamiento fijo se construyen con una entrada o eje
de accionamiento que hace girar el grupo rotativo o elemento de bombeo. Los
pistones estn sujetados mecnicamente a la placa oscilante por medio de los
zapatos deslizador y la placa de sujecin. El ngulo del plato oscilante, el nmero
de pistones, y el dimetro del pistn determinar el desplazamiento de la bomba.
Estas bombas pueden acoplarse con otras bombas que utilizan el mismo eje.
Piston
Bias Spring
Control Piston
Cuando el plato oscilante es vertical, la bomba est en cero stroke o no hay flujo,
y la presin en el orificio de salida se mantiene a la presin establecida. Una
cantidad muy pequea de flujo se produce para lubricar la bomba y mantener la
presin compensada. Este flujo se descarga a travs del puerto de la bomba de
fluido de fuga.
Swashplate
Vertical
Pressure Drop
Intake
Output
Swashplate
Vertical
Intake
Control Valve
Closed
Swashplate
Vertical
Intake
Control Valve
Closed
Spring changes
swashplate angle
Intake
Control Piston is
vented to tank Control Valve
Open
Cylinder Motor
WW
Single Acting Double Acting
Spring Retracted
Supply WW
5 Area
10 Area
Below example for calculating motor speed based on GPMs and motor cu. in.
Below example for calculating motor torque based on pressure and cu. in.
The pistons over the outlet area are forced into the barrel towards the valve
plate. Return oil from these pistons is forced through opening of the valve
plate and out the outlet port.
When the flow to the motor is reversed, the inlet becomes the outlet and the
outlet becomes the inlet. The motor then rotates in the opposite direction.
Proportional Control
Piston
Although they may be designed as rotary or poppet style, the spool type
directional control is the most common. This design consists of a body with
internal passages that are connected or sealed by a sliding spool along the
lands of the valve. Directional spool valves are sealed along the clearance
between the moving spool, land, and the housing. Because of slight leakage,
spool type directional valves cannot alone hydraulically lock the actuator.
T T
A
P
B T
A T T
P
B T
A B
w T T w
P T
Circuito centro abierto se definen como los circuitos que la ruta del flujo de la
bomba hacia el depsito a travs de la vlvula de control direccional durante el
tiempo de permanencia o neutra. Este tipo de circuito normalmente utiliza una
bomba de volumen fijo, tal como una bomba de engranajes.
Configuracion tipo cerrado P, T, A, y B en neutro, The float type configuration blocks P while
nos da un centro cerrado. Este tipo centro es comum interconnecting A and B ports to T. Because P is
en circuitos paralelos cuando cuando parar y blocked, the circuit becomes closed center. This
sostener una carga en la mitad del ciclo se center type is commonly used in parallel circuits
desea. when freewheeling a hydraulic motor in neutral
is required.
Una valvula system relief puede ser instalado en la seccin de entrada para
limitar la presin mxima del sistema.La mayor carga resistiva realizada en
cualquiera de los circuitos de vlvulas individuales sera determinar el ajuste de
esta vlvula de alivio. A medida que el flujo de la bomba pasa a travs de la
vlvula cumple con la resistencia mayor que el ajuste de la vlvula de alivio,
la vlvula de alivio se abre, permitiendo el flujo de la bomba para pasar a travs
de l y de vuelta al depsito.
Power Beyond
Sleeve
Single and double solenoid control valves are available with DC solenoids.
Most solenoid actuated valves are equipped with manual overrides, allowing the
spool to be shifted by hand. This is accomplished by depressing the pin located in
the end of the pushpin tube at each end of the valve.
resorte ajustable
para Tanque
Supply Presin
Las vlvulas de alivio operadas por piloto estn diseados para acomodar
presiones ms altas con mayores flujos se limitan a tamao menor al de una
vlvula de alivio de accin directa con el mismo ndice de capacidad de flujo.
ajuste resorte
fase piloto
Main Stage
Orifice
To Tank
Supply Pressure
Spring Adjustment
1. Pilot stage opens at set maximum
operating pressure allowing pilot flow
through the valve.
To Tank
Spring Adjustment
1. Pilot stage opens at set maximum
operating pressure allowing pilot flow
through the valve.
To Tank
The pressure drop allows the main stage poppet to open and start the oil flow
to the tank.
Spring Adjustment
1. Pilot stage opens at set maximum
operating pressure allowing pilot flow
through the valve.
To Tank
3. Pressure below the main stage
poppet now overcomes the spring and
lifts the poppet, thus allowing excess
pressure to discharge to the tank port.
Cylinder A
Cylinder B
Counterbalance Valves
Holding Valve
Las vlvulas de control de flujo puede ser fijo (no ajustable) o ajustable. Adems,
tambin pueden ser clasificados como estrangulamiento slo o presin
compensada.
Meter-in / Meter-out flow control valve se utiliza para restringir el flujo hacia el
actuador.La vlvula de control de flujo est diseado para restringir el flujo en
una direccin para el actuador, pero permitir el flujo desde el actuador en la
direccin opuesta por medio de una vlvula de retencin. La vlvula de retencin
permite el flujo de retorno para desviar el control de flujo cuando la direccin de
flujo se invierte.
Check Valves son una parte simple pero importante de un sistema hidrulico.
En pocas palabras, estas vlvulas se utilizan para mantener la direccin en la
que el fluido fluye a travs de un sistema. Y puesto que las vlvulas de retencin
son dispositivos cero fugas, se puede utilizar para bloquear el fluido hidrulico
de los cilindros.
In-line check valves are classified as directional control valves because they
dictate the direction flow can travel in a portion of the circuit. Because of their
sealing capability, many designs are considered to have zero leakage. The
simplest check valve allows free flow in one direction and blocks flow from the
opposite direction.
Pilot operated check valves may be pilot to open or pilot to close. This is determined
by the application.
Fluid conductors are those parts of the system that are used to carry fluid to
all of the various components in the hydraulic circuit. Types of conductors
include hydraulic hose, steel tubing, and steel pipe.
In considering the use of hoses, one must first look at system pressure,
pressure pulses, velocity, fluid compatibility, and environmental conditions.
Hoses are usually pressure rated with a safety factor of 4 to 1.
Different types and amounts of reinforcement give the hose specific pressure
ratings. The reinforcement may be a natural or synthetic fiber or metal wire.
The reinforcement may be braided or spiral bound. Required hose size
depends on the volume and velocity of the fluid flow. Unlike pipe and tubing,
hose sizes are designated by I.D. or inside diameter.
A slight twist in the hose can significantly reduce hose life. Twisting a hose 10
could shorten its service by as much as 90%.
Tubing is used as a conductor when rigid lines are required. It is often easier
to assemble and form and requires no welding to achieve leak-free
connections. As with all types of conductors, certain requirements must be
met. The line must be large enough to carry the required flow and strong
enough to withstand internal pressures.
Cleanliness of hydraulic fluid has become critical in the design and operation of
fluid power components. With pumps and valves designed to closer tolerances
and finer finishes, fluid systems operate at ever increasing pressures and
efficiencies. These components will perform as designed as long as the fluid is
clean. Oil cleanliness results in increased system reliability and reduced
maintenance.
As particles are induced into a hydraulic system, they are often ground into
thousands of fine particles. These tiny particles are tightly packed between
valve spools and their bores, causing the valve to stick. This is known as
silting. To prevent silting, early component wear, and eventual system failure,
filtration is required. Hydraulic Filters equipped with bypass valves do pose a
threat to the system if equipment is continuously operated when indication of
a filter change is needed.
If we looked at a human hair magnified 100 times, the particles you see next
to the hair are about 10 m. Industrial hydraulic systems usually filter in the
10 m range. This means that filters are filtering particles that cannot be seen
by the naked eye.
Return line filters are necessary to provide for total system cleanliness. They
can trap very small particles before they return to the reservoir.
In addition to holding the systems fluid supply, the reservoir serves several
other important functions. It cools the hydraulic fluid. This is accomplished by
dissipating excess heat through its walls. It conditions the fluid. As oil waits to
leave the reservoir, solid contaminates settle out while air rises and escapes.
Air cooled heat exchangers consist of a steel radiator core through which oil
flows while a stream of air is drawn across the core. The heat from the
hydraulic fluid is transferred to the air. Mobile applications use either the
engine fan or an auxiliary fan to move air across the radiator core.