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r
1
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1
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40 |r~2 r~1 |3

1 dx1 (x2 x1 )
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x
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2
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0
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1
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0
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Z
1 2 r 3
r sen()drdd
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?'* ')*' #(.'5 #( 2(*@( 3=)/*3'* /- =%#( ;( <%/ -'#' A(; 2(*@( /= #( 2(-2(*(B qint = 0> ?'* #( #/;
./ @(%-- -/ )/=.*4 <%/
qint
= E4r2 =
=0
0
E = 0, si r < R
r>R
C'=-3./*(6'-5 (# 3@%(# <%/ /= /# 2(-' (=)/*3'*5 %=( 2(-2(*( /-D,*32( ./ *(.3' r > R 2'6'
-%0/*123/ @(%--3(=(> E(&' #'- 63-6'- (*@%6/=)'- ./ -36/)*F( (=)/*3'* +/6'- <%/ /# 2(60'
/#,2)*32' -/*4 *(.3(# ; 0'* #' )(=)'5 0(*(#/#' (# +/2)'* ='*6(# ; ./ /-)( 6(=/*(B
Z
Z
~
dS = E4r2
En
dS = E
=
S

G( 2(*@( 3=)/*=( qint -/*4 #( 2(*@( 2'=)/=3.( /= )'.( #( -%0/*123/5 #( 2%(# -/ '9)3/=/ 6%#)30#37
2(=.' /# 4*/( )')(# 0'* #( ./=-3.(. -%0/*123(# ./ 2(*@(B qint = 4R2 >
?'* #( #/; ./ @(%--5 -/ )/=.*4 <%/

= E4r2 =

qint
4R2
=
0
0

H/-0/&(=.' /# 2(60' /#,2)*32' -/ )3/=/ <%/

E=

R2
0 r2

"-)/ 2(60' /-)(*4 /= .3*/223I= *(.3(#5 0'* #' )(=)'B

2
~ = R r, si r > R
E
0 r2

H'=./ r /- /# +/2)'* %=3)(*3' /= .3*/223I= *(.3(#>

JA'*( <%/ /=2'=)*(6'- #'- .'- 2(60'- /#,2)*32'- 0'./6'- /=2'=)*(* /# 2(60' */-%#)(=)/
-%0/*0'=3,=.'#'-> ?(*( /-)'5 2'=-3./*(*/ K */@3'=/-B
L: 0 < x < a
LL: a < x < a + 2R
LLL: x > a + 2R

~ = R22 r> JA'*( )/=/6'~ = x i ; E

L: 0 < x < aB "= /-)( */@3I= #'- 2(60'- /#,2)*32'- -'=B E
0
0 r
<%/ /M0*/-(* r ; r ./ D'*6( 2'=+/=3/=)/ 0(*( 0'./* -%6(* (69'- 2(60'-> C'=-3./*/6'- #(
-3@%3/=)/ 1@%*(B
N/6'- <%/ -/ 2%60#3*4 <%/ a + R = x + r 2'= #' <%/ */-%#)( r = a + R x> J./64-5 +/6'<%/ r = i ; 0'* #' )(=)' 0'./6'- /-2*393* /# 2(60' /#,2)*32' 2'6'B
~ =
E

R2
i
0 (a + R x)2

~ =E
~ + E
~ * #$ 4#,0)
"# #$%& '&(#)&* #+ ,&'-. #+/,%)0,. )#$1+%&(%# #( #$%& )#203( #$ E
R2
~ = ( x
)i
E
0
0 (a + R x)2
556 a < x < a + 2R7 8( #$%& )#203( #+ ,&'-. +. &-.)%& $.+. E 9& :1# #+ ,&'-. -).41,04. -.)
+& ,&$,&& #$;#)0,& #$ (1+. #( #+ 0(%#)0.) #++&< =.) +. %&(%.7

~ =E
~ = a i, si a < x < a + 2R
E
0
5556 x > a + 2R 8( #$%& )#20.* &'>.$ ,&'-.$ #$%&)?( #( 40)#,,03( 9 $#(%04. i< =&)& .>%#(#)
~ #( ;1(,03( 4# @* ,.($04#)&'.$ +& $0210#(%# A21)&7
+& #@-)#$03( 4# E

B#'.$ :1# $# ,1'-+# +& )#+&,03( x = a + R + r* ,.( +. :1# )#$1+%& :1# r = x a R< C4#'?$*
r = i< "# #$%& ;.)'&* %#(4)#'.$ :1#7

~ =
E

R2
i
0 (x a R)2

D1#2.* -.) -)0(,0-0. 4# $1-#)-.$0,03(* #+ ,&'-. #+/,%)0,. #( #$%& )#203( $#)?7

R2
~ = ( a +
)i, si x > a + 2R
E
0
0 (x a R)2

E0(&+'#(%# #+ ,&'-. #+/,%)0,. )#$1+%&(%# -.) &'>&$ 40$%)0>1,0.(#$ 4# ,&)2& $#)?7

!"#$%&' () &*+ ,* -!%..

~ =
E

( 0

( a +
0

R2
)i
0 (a+Rx)2
a
0 i
R2
)i
0 (xaR)2

0<x<a
a < x < a + 2R
x > a + 2R

!"#$%&' ()

!"#$%&'(')"$ &"$ '$*'(+$ #" ,"#,-#.(%,+$ &' (+&%" R/ ,"# &'#$%&+&'$ &' ,+(0+ 1"23)-.(%,+$
4 3#%*"()'$5 6"$ ,'#.("$ &' +)7+$ '$*'(+$ '$.8# + 3#+ &%$.+#,%+ )'#"( 93' 2R5 :'+ d~
'2 1',."( 93' 1+ &'2 ,'#.(" &' 2+ '$*'(+ ;"$%.%1+ +2 ,'#.(" &' 2+ '$*'(+ #'0+.%1+5 <(3'7' 93' '2
,+);" '2-,.(%," '# 2+ %#.'($',,%=# &' 2+$ '$*'(+$ '$ ,"#$.+#.' 4 '#,3'#.(' $3 1+2"(5

*"$+,-./0

>'2 ;("72')+ ?@/ $+7')"$ 93' '2 ,+);" '2-,.(%," '# '2 %#.'(%"( &' 3#+ '$*'(+ )+,%A+ &' &'#$%&+&
r
~
&' ,+(0+ 3#%*"()' '$ E(r)
= 3
r5
0
>' 2+ $%)'.(B+ &' 2+ &%$.(%73,%=#/ + ;(%"(% $+7')"$ 93' +&')8$ ;+(+ R r '2 ,+);" ,3);2'
~ r) = E(r)
E(~
r5 :% 7%'# #" '$ #','$+(%" ;+(+ 2+ ('$"23,%=# &'2 ;("72')+ ,"#",'( '2 ,+);"
'2-,.(%," *3'(+ &' 2+ '$*'(+/ '#,"#.(-)"$2" 3$+#&" 2+ 2'4 &' C+3$$5
!"#$%&'(')"$ ,")" $3;'(D,%' &' %#.'0(+,%=# 3#+ ,8$,+(+ '$*-(%,+ &' (+&%" r > R5 E'#')"$
93'
I
Qint
~ n
E
dS =
0

4R3
E(r)4r2 =
30
3
~ r) = R r
=
E(~
30 r2
<"( .+#."/ .'#')"$ 93' '2 ,+);" '2-,.(%," 0'#'(+&" ;"( 2+ '$*'(+ )+,%A+ '$
( r
r<R
30 r
~
E(r) =
R3
r R r
30 r2
<"#0+)"$ '2 "(%0'# &' ,""(&'#+&+$ '# '2 ,'#.(" &' 2+ '$*'(+ &' &'#$%&+& &' ,+(0+ 5 F$B/
.'#')"$ 93' 2"$ ,+);"$ '2-,.(%,"$ '# 2"$ %#.'(%"('$ &' ,+&+ '$*'(+ '$.8# &+&"$ ;"(

~r para |~r| < R

30

~ para |~r d|
~ <R
E~2 (r) =
(~r d)
30
E~1 (r) =

6"$ 1',."('$ '# 2+ %#.'($',,%=# &' +)7+$ '$*'(+$ $+.%$*+,'# $%)32.8#'+)'#.'

~ < R 4 |~r| < R5 F$B/ ;"( '2 ;(%#,%;%" &' $3;'(;"$%,%=#/ '2 ,+);" '2-,.(%," '# 2+ %#.'($',,%=#
|~r d|
&' +)7+$ '$*'(+$ '$

~ = d~
~ r) = E~1 (~r) + E~2 (~r) = ~r (~r d)
E(~
30
30
30
'2 ,3+2 '$ ,"#$.+#.'/ .+2 ,")" $' 93'(B+ ;("7+(5

!"#$%&' () &*+ ,* -!%..

!"#$%&' (

!"#$%&'( )(#%"*!#+"'"&%!
!"#$%&' ()

!"#$%&'& (" )*+"! $","$-! %& %&"#$%+% %& .+'/+ #()&',.$+* ("$0!'1& > 0 "!'1+* +* &2& 3
%& &.(+.$4" x = 05 6" ax #& &".(&"-'+ ("+ .+'/+ )("-(+* q < 05
+7 6".(&"-'& &* )!-&".$+* &*8.-'$.! #!9'& &* &2& 3 : &"-'& *+ .+'/+ q < 0 : &* !'$/&"
.!!'%&"+%! ;5
97 <"+ )+'-=.(*+ %& 1+#+ m : .+'/+ e < 0 #& (9$.+ &" &* )("-! 1&%$! &"-'& q : ; : #& %&2+
*$9'&5 > !" ?(8 &"&'/=+ .$"8-$.+ **&/+ *+ .+'/+ +* )*+"!@ A$/"!'& &0&.-!# /'+B$-+.$!"+*&#75

*"$+,-./0

+7 !"!.&1!# &* .+1)! &*8.-'$.! /&"&'+%! )!' &* )*+"! : *+ .+'/+ q #!9'& &* &2& 3 ?(& *!#
("&5 C+*&# .+1)!# #!"

E~1 =

E~2 =

20

q
1
q
1

x=
x

2
40 (a x)
40 (a x)2

D#=E &* .+1)! &*8.-'$.! &"-'& ; : q A?(& &#-FE %$/+1!#E &" &* )("-! D7 &#
~ = E~1 + E~2 =
E

1
q
+
20 40 (a x)2

~ E &"-!".&# &" A*+ '&/$4" )&%$%+7

G&'! :+ ?(& E~ = V


V
q
1

=0
=
+
x
20 40 (a x)2


q
1
x
+C
+
= V (x) =
20 40 (a x)

V
=0
z

V
y

97 6* .+1)! &*&.-'!#-F-$.! &# .!"#&'B+-$B!E +#= ?(& )!%&1!# (#+' .!"#&'B+.$4" %& &"&'/=+
&"-'& &"&'/=+ )!-&".$+* : .$"8-$.+5 H+ .+'/+ e )+'-& %&* '&)!#! %&#%& a/2x I+.$+ &*
)*+"!5 G!' .!"#&'B+.$4" %& &"&'/=+E -&"&1!# ?(&
JK

!"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '

eV (a/2) =
= K =

mv 2
2

mv 2
eV (0)
2

= e (V (0) V (a/2))


1 q
1 2q
a
= e
+C +
+
C
40 a
40 a
40


a
1 q
= e
+
40 a 40

!"#$%&' ()

"# $%#&#& '() #)*+,-) .(&'/.$(,-) '# ,-'%() r1 , r2 0 .-,1-) q1 , q2 )#2-,-'-) 2(, /&- 1,-& '%)3
$-&.%- d >> r1 , r2 4 "% -56-) )# .(&#.$-& - $,-7+) '# /& .-68# .(&'/.$(, 9'#)2,#.%-68#: ;/#
)%,7# )<8( 2-,- $,-&)2(,$-, .-,1- '# /&- - ($,-=: #&./#&$,# 8-) '#&)%'-'#) '# .-,1- )/2#,>.%-8#)
'# .-'- /&- 9#& */&.%<& '# 8-) 7-,%-68#) .(&(.%'-)= /&- 7#? ;/# #8 )%)$#5- -8.-&?- #8 #;/%8%6,%(4

*"$+,-./0

@-'( ;/# #8 )%)$#5- #)$A #& /&- ,#1%<& -.($-'- '#8 #)2-.%(: 2('#5() $(5-, .(5( 2/&$( '#
,#*#,#&.%- '#8 2($#&.%-8 #8 %&>&%$( # %1/-8-, #8 2($#&.%-8 - .#,( -88B: #) '#.%,: V (+) = 04 C)B:
#8 2($#&.%-8 )(6,# 8-) )/2#,>.%#) '# 8-) #)*#,-) .(&'/.$(,-) #)

V1 = k

q1
q2
, V2 = k
r1
r2

'(&'# D#5() )/2/#)$( ;/# #8 2($#&.%-8 '# /&- #)*#,- &( #) -*#.$-'( 2(, #8 '# 8- ($,- 9( 5A) 6%#&
#) -*#.$-'( '# *(,5- '#)2,#.%-68#=: '-'( ;/# #)$A& 5/0 5/0 )#2-,-'-: #) '#.%,: d >> r1 , r2 :
0 $-52(.( #8 .-52( '# /&- #)*#,- ,#'%)$,%6/0# 8- .-,1- '# 8- ($,-4 E(, .(&)#,7-.%<& '# .-,1-:
)% (q1 )f , (q2 )f )(& 8-) .-,1-) #& .-'- #)*#,- /&- 7#? -8.-&?-'( #8 #;/%8%6,%(: $#&#5() ;/#

q1 + q2 = (q1 )f + (q2 )f
C8 -8.-&?-, #8 #;/%8%6,%(: #) '#.%,: ./-&'( '#F- '# D-6#, $,-&)*#,#&.%- '# .-,1-) #&$,# 8-) #)*#,-):
$#&#5() ;/# 8- '%*#,#&.%- '# 2($#&.%-8 #8+.$,%.( #&$,# -56-) #) &/8(: #) '#.%,:

V1
(q1 )f
k
r1
2
4(r1 ) (1 )f
r1
(2 )f
=
(1 )f

= V2
(q2 )f
= k
r2
4(r2 )2 (2 )f
=
r2
r1
=
r2

@# #)$( 7#5() ;/# #& 1#&#,-8: 8-) ,#1%(&#) #& 8- )/2#,>.%# '# /& .(&'/.$(, .(& 5#&(,
,-'%( '# ./,7-$/,- 92/&$-)= .(&.#&$,-& /&- 5-0(, '#&)%'-' )/2#,>.%-8 '# .-,1-: 2(, 8( ./-8 #8
.-52( #8+.$,%.( .#,.- '# #88-) 9#& )/ #G$#,%(,= #) 5A) */#,$# ;/# #& ,#1%(&#) .(& 5#&(, ,-'%(
'# ./,7-$/,-4
H)-&'( 8- ,#8-.%<& #&.(&$,-'- #& 8- #./-.%<& '# .(&)#,7-.%<& '# .-,1-: (6$#&#5()

(q1 )f + (q2 )f
2

4(r1 ) (1 )f + 4(r2 ) (2 )f

= q1 + q2
= q1 + q2

4r1 (1 )f (r1 + r2 ) = q1 + q2
1 q1 + q2
= (1 )f =
4r1 r1 + r2
1 q1 + q2
(2 )f =
4r2 r1 + r2

!"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '

!"#$%&' ()
!"#!$%&! '#! () *+$,-.%+.#+*)* !. |E~ (~r)| )( /)$)& *! #.) &!0+1. 2),3) ) -%&) 2),3) /-& #.)
$#/!&4,+! ,)&0)*) *! *!.$+*)* $#/!&4,+)( (~r)5 ,-. ~r !. () $#/!&4,+!5 !$
(~r)
0

6-.$+*!&).*- !$%-5 !.,#!.%&! !( ,)"/- !(7,%&+,- !. () $#/!&4,+! *! #. ,-.*#,%-& !. !'#+(+8&+!(!,%&-$%9%+,-:

*"$+,-./0
6-.$+*!&!"-$ #. $!,%-& "#; "#; /!'#!<- *! () $#/!&4,+! ,!.%&)*- !. ~r5 %). /!'#!<'#! $!) ,)$+ /().-5 ; $+%#!"-$ ) %&)27$ *! !(() #. ,+(+.*&- *! )(%#&) 0 < 2h << 1 ; 9&!)
0 < A << 15 %)( '#! () $#/!&4,+! (- ,&#=! /-& () "+%)*: >-& () (!; *! 0)#$$5 %!.!"-$
Qint
~ r) n
E(~
dS =
0

>!&-

Qint (~r)A
Qint
=
= (~r)A =
0
0

?!.!"-$ )*!"9$
I

~ r) n
E(~
dS =

manto

~ r) n
E(~
dS +

carasup

E~1 (~r) n1 dS +

carainf

E~2 (~r) n2 dS

>-*!"-$ !@/&!$)& !( ,)"/- !(7,%&+,- ,-"- () $#") *! $# ,-"/-.!.%! %).0!.,+)( ; .-&")(

) () $#/!&4,+!5 !$ *!,+&5 E~ = E~ + E~// : A*!"9$5 ,-"- !( 9&!) !$ "#; /!'#!<)5 !( "1*#(*!( ,)"/- !(7,%&+,- $-8&! 7( $! ").%+!.! ,)$+ ,-.$%).%!5 /-& (- '#! (- /-*!"-$ )/&-@+")& /-&
~ r)| !. %-*) !( 9&!): ?)"8+7.5 n1 = n2
|E(~
6-. !$%- !. "!.%!5 %!.!"-$ '#!
Z

carasup

E~1 (~r) n1 dS +

carainf

E~2 (~r) n2 dS = (E~1 ) A (E~2 ) A

= ((E~1 ) (E~2 ) )A

!@/&!$+1. '#! .- *!/!.*! *! h B)( +0#)( '#! (~r)A C: ?)"8+7. %!.!"-$ '#!
0

manto

~ r) n
E(~
dS 0

cuando

h0

!
"#$% &'(')*# +(,-)'(&'

(~r)A
0
(~r)A
E A
=
0
(~r)
= E (~r) = +
0

((E~1 ) (E~2 ) )A

.,/')*# 01' 1( 2*(312&*4 '( '015-5/45* '-62&4*#&7&52* (* 84'#'(&, 2,49, '( #1 5(&'45*4% '2,)8* '-62&452* '( #1 5(&'45*4 '# (1-* : &*3, #1 2,49, '#&7 35#&45/153, '( -, #18'4+25' 3' &,;*4), 01' '- 2,)8* '-62&452* '( -, #18'4+25' '# (*4),- , -, )5#), <81'# #5 &1=5'4, 2*)8*('(&'
&,(9'(25,- , '--,% -,# 2,49,# #' )*='4$,( : (* '#&,4$,( '( '015-5/45* '-'2&4*#&7&52*>? "#$% 2*(@
#53'4,(3* '#&* '( '- ,(7-5#5# ,(&'45*4% &'(')*# 01' '- 2,)8* '-62&452* '( ~r #*/4' -, #18'4+25'
'#
~ r) = + (~r) n
E(~

0
2*( n
'- ='2&*4 (*4),- 'A&'45*4 , -, #18'4+25' '( ~r?

!"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '

!"#$%&' () "# $%#&#& '() *+,*'-+*) #)./+%0*)1 ,#$23%0*)1 4-#0*) 5 0(&0/&$+%0*) '# +*'%() *

5 6 768*91 5 '# #):#)(+ '#):+#0%*63# *-&;-# <&%$(= >* *+,*'-+* %&$#+&* )# 0*+?* 0(& -&* 0*+?*
q0 > 0= "# )-:(&# ;-# 3* $%#++* 7;-# )# $(,* 0(,( (+%?#& '# :($#&0%*3#)9 #)$2 %&<&%$*,#&$#
*3#@*'*=
A= >* *+,*'-+* #B$#+&* )# 0(&#0$* * $%#++* * $+*C/) '# -&* 6*$#+D* 0-5* '%.#+#&0%* '#
:($#&0%*3 #&$+# )-) 6(+&#) #) V0 =
*9 E*30-3# 3* 0*+?* ;-# )# %&'-0# #& 3*) )-:#+<0%#) %&$#+%(+ 5 #B$#+%(+ '# 0*'* -&* '#
3*) *+,*'-+*)=
69 E*30-3# #3 0*,:( #3/0$+%0( #& $('() 3() :-&$() '#3 #):*0%(=
09 E*30-3# #3 :($#&0%*3 #3/0$+%0( #& $('() 3() :-&$() '#3 #):*0%(1 5 3* '%.#+#&0%* '#
:($#&0%*3 #&$+# 3*) *+,*'-+*)=
AA= "# 0(+$(0%+0-%$* 3* 6*$#+D* 70(&#B%F& '%+#0$* * $%#++*9= G#:%$* 3() 0*30-3() *&$#+%(+#)
%&$#3%?#&$#,#&$#=
AAA= "# '#)0(&#0$* 3* *+,*'-+* #B$#+&* '# 3* $%#++*1 5 3-#?( )# *0#+0* -&* 0*+?* q > 0 4*)$*
-&* '%)$*&0%* c > b '#3 0#&$+( '#3 0(&'#&)*'(+= H#0%'* )% 3* *00%F& '# 3* 0*+?* ; ,('%<0*
( &(I
'9 3* 0*+?* $($*3 '# 0*'* -&* '# 3*) *+,*'-+*)
#9 3* '#&)%'*' '# 0*+?* #& #33*)
.9 3* .-&0%F& :($#&0%*3 5 3* '%.#+#&0%* '# :($#&0%*3 #&$+# #33*)=
JB:3%;-# 6+#C#,#&$# )-) +#):-#)$*)=

*"$+,-./0
A= J3 :+(63#,* $%#&# )%,#$+D* #)./+%0* 0(& 0#&$+( '# 0((+'#&*'*) #3 0#&$+( '# 3*) 02)0*+*)
#)./+%0*)1 '#6%'( * ;-# 3* $%#++* #)$2 %&<&%$*,#&$# 3#@*&* 7+#0(+'*+ ;-# 3* $%#++* )# :%#&)*
0(,( -& )-,%'#+( 5 .-#&$# %&<&%$* '# 0*+?*9= K('*) 3*) '#&)%'*'#) '# 0*+?* )#+2&
-&%.(+,#)= H*'* 3* )%,#$+D* #)./+%0*1 #3 0*,:( 5 :($#&0%*3 #3/0$+%0() '#:#&'#+2& )F3( '#
3* '%)$*&0%* *3 0#&$+( '# 3*) 02)0*+*) 5 #3 0*,:( *:-&$*+2 #& #3 )#&$%'( '# r1 #) '#0%+1
~ r) = E(r)
V = V (r) 5 E(~
r=
*9 "#*& q1 , q2 , q3 , q4 3*) 0*+?*) '# 3*) )-:#+<0%#) %&$#+%(+ 5 #B$#+%(+ '# 3*) *+,*'-+*)
%&$#+&* 5 #B$#+&*1 +#):#0$%C*,#&$#= K#&#,() ;-# q0 = q1 + q2 =
L:3%0*&'( #3 $#(+#,* '# M*-)) 0(& -&* )-:#+<0%# #)./+%0* 0(&0/&$+%0* 5 #&$+# 3*)
)-:#+<0%#) '# 3* :+%,#+* *+,*'-+*1 $#&#,()
I
q1
~ n
E
dS = 0 =
= q1 = 0 = q2 = q0
0

~ = ~0 :-#) #3 0*,:( #3/0$+%0( #& #3 %&$#+%(+ '# -& 0(&'-0$(+ #& #;-%3%6+%(
'(&'# E
#3#0$+()$2$%0( #) &-3(=

!
"#$%&'()* '+*,' -$ .-*,-/' )- 0'122 &*( 1(' 21#-,3&%- -245,%&' &*(&5(.,%&' 6 -(.,$'2 21#-,3&%-2 )- $' 2-71()' ',/')1,'8 .-(-/*2
I
q1 + q2 + q3
~ n
E
dS = 0 =
= q1 + q2 + q3 = 0 = q3 = q2 = q0
0

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V (r) =

(r b)
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si a < x < b

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Z r
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> 4# #$%& '&(#)& #+ ,-%#(./&+ )#$0+%& $#)?

V (r) =

(a b)
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si r < a

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qint
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A(%-))#**-,#% *- &$+(/)-* 4#,#

Z
Z
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(2)

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qint = V = 2aL

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si 0 < x < a

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si d a < x < d

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Z da
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V =

d
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r=

p
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kq
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dV =

kdq
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dq = (r) dA

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V k0 R

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Q
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UI = 2mg +

kq 2
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kq 2
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V =

9,2) .(2&4%)7 ,& +'&1& %&1'*.% )

V = 2kR2

kR2 sin()dd
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sin()
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Z
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9 #&1

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V (z) =


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~ = V
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+ +
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R2 + z 2 R
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~0

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Q
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dr
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dU
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dU
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1 Q 2 dC

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