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E
r4
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~
dq(~r r)
~ 3
40 |~r r|
9&$-(*&' (*+&' ()(*+,!' !$ !) !8! <2 %! "() 1&,*( 70! 0$& /0+,( %! x = 0 ( x = L : !)
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)&' >!/"&,!' 3&'#/#=$ %! /(%( ()(*+,!4
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dF~21 = dq2
1
L
dq1 (r~2 r~1 )

40 |r~2 r~1 |3
1 dx1 (x2 x1 )
x
3
40 |x2 x1 |
0
Z L
dx1
1
= dq2
x
2
40
0 (x2 x1 )
L
1
1
= dq2
x
40
x2 x1
= dq2
1
1
1 x
dq2 (
)
40
x2 L x2
1
1
1 2 x
dx2 (
)
40
x2 L x2
@B
!"#$%&' () *+$,-.!&,/ 0, '%&'12
= F~21 =
=
=

Z 2L+d
1
1
1 2 x
dx2
40
x2 L x2
L+d
1 2 x
2L+d
(ln(x2 L) ln(x2 ))|L+d
40

1 2 x
x2 L 2L+d
ln(
)
40
x2
L+d
1 2
ln
= F~21 =
40
(L + d)2
d(2L + d)
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q
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kdq
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)i
2
x
x2
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dE
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~ 1 = k(1
E
,) -.$ &$*./#'0
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1
1
i = (k1 (
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dx)
x2
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E
3R
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R
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kdq
R2
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k2 Rd
k2 d
=
R2
R
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k2 cos()d
R
5()%3+/($# $%'$% = 0 6/')/ = 2 7
Ex2
k2
=
R
8%*)#+,/.&%()%
cos()d =
k2
R
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E
R
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E
R
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2k2
R i
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4 =
q
R
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E
2R
k4
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x
2R
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3R
R
2R
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%#()* '$+%,-.%* <.'0' /#/* )*Z Z
dq(~r r~1 )
~
E(~r) =
r r~1 |3
40 |~
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='0'(*2 ;&' ~r = x
x + y y + z z> r~1 = x1 x
+ y1 y 8 |~r r~1 |2 = (x x1 )2 + (y y1 )2 + z 2 5
Z + Z +
dx1 dy1 ((x x1 )
x + (y y1 )
y + z z)
~
= E(~r) =
3
40 ((x x1 )2 + (y y1 )2 + z 2 ) 2
?#3#(*2 %#(:.* /' <#-.#:$'25 w = x x1 > v = y y1 = x1 = x w,

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(x1 )w (x1 )v 1 0

=1
J =
=
(y1 )w (y1 )v 0 1
~ r) =
= E(~
+ Z +
40
dwdv(w
x + v y + z z)
3
40 (w2
+ Z +
y1 = y v 5 @$
+ v2 + z2) 2
dwdv (z z)
(w2 + v 2 + z 2 ) 2
B&'<#('0,' C#3#(*2 %#(:.* /' <#-.#:$'25
w = rcos()
~ r) =
= E(~
=
=
=
=
=
v = rsen()

wr w cos() rsen()
=r

=
J =
vr v sen() rcos()
40
rdrd (z z)
3
(r2 + z 2 ) 2
Z +
rdr
2z z
3
40
0
(r2 + z 2 ) 2
Z +
du
z z
3
40
z2
(u) 2
2

1 z
z z 2u 2
40
+
z
20 |z|
sign(z)
z
20
pero
u = r2 + z 2 du = 2rdr
!"#$%&' () *+$,-.!&,/ 0, '%&'12

~ r) = sign(z)
z
= E(~
20
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E~1 (~r) =
sign(x)
x
20
> (, 0-3+# (,80/)&0# 1($()-'# +#) (, '&%0# (%

x
E~2 (~r) =
x
sign(x)
20
R2 + x2
6
~ = E~1 + E~2 =
= E
20
2
R + x2
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~0
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= F~
=
=
=
~
dq E
con dq = dx

Z d+a
x
dx
x

20
R2 + x2
d
Z d+a
xdx
20 d
R2 + x2
d+a
p 2

x
R + x2
20
d

p
p 2
R + (d + a)2 R2 + d2 x
20
d
d+a
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~ ~0) =
E(
kdq(~r r~ )
k~r r~ k3
>.+. ;1 ,%+.* 9'*).? %3 %3%+%#). /% &1$21 3. (./%+.* %*&$'4'$ &.+. dq = dA? /.#/% %*
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%*&$'4'$ &.+.
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B% %*)1 +1#%$1 (./%+.* %*&$'4'$ %3 %3%+%#). /% &1$21 &.+.
dq = R2 sin()dd
!"#$%&' () *+$,-.!&,/ 0, '%&'12
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(#7,.$'/(# &' 89:$'; 0*$*,#- <:*
~r = R sin() cos()i + R sin() sin()j + R cos()k

=# *- (.>?1.& 0*$ <:* k~r r~ k = R
@* *-%' ,'/*$' *-5*1.81'/(# &#- $*1#$$.(#- (* &'- 0'$.'+&*- 5'$' <:* $*1#$$'/ *& $*1.5.*/%* -*
%.*/* <:*
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E(
3
2
k(R sin() cos()i R sin() sin()j R cos()k)

R2 sin()dd
3
R
"#$ -.,*%$?' -'+*,#- <:* *& 1',5# *&A1%$.1# $*-:&%'/%* *-%'$B */ (.$*11.C/ k 2 5#$ &# %'/%#)
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E(
sin()dd = k
k( cos()k)
sin()d = k
( cos()k)
( sin(2)k))d
@* *-%' ,'/*$'

1
1
~
E(~0) = k( cos(2) )k = k (cos(2) cos())k = (k)k
2
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E(
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6 C0#1+ r +3 $% 1/3.%#5/% 1+31+
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6 E3/* +$ 5%,40 ;(+1% +F4)+3%10 50,0
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k1 ddx
3
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*(%#+)&(,- ,#$,# x = L .&$%& x = L/
Ey = k1 d
L

x
) = 2k1 L
3 dx = k1 d(
2
2
2
2
2
(d x + d L
d L2 + d2
(x + d ) 2
"# #$%& '&(#)& 0& 12#)3& 42# #5#)6# #0 &0&'7)# .-)83-(%&0 $-7)# 2(& 9#42#:& 6&)+& dq ,#0
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F = 2k1 2 L( ln(
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y
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51
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40 |r~1 |
Z + Z b+d
Z + Z b+d
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3 dq2
3
d
d
40 (x2 + y 2 ) 2
40 (x2 + y 2 ) 2
Z
Z
dq2 y + b+d dxdy y
=
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Z

1
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p
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40
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1
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1
p
=
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pero
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40
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dF~21
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!
1
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p
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y
ln

20
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0
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)
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ln
q
lm ln
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20
d
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dF~21
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40
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=
3
|~r r~ |3
(x2 + d2 ) 2
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~ =
dE
kdx(xi + dj)
3
(x2 + d2 ) 2
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~ =
E
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(x2
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x
(x2
)
i
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3
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!
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80. 10 2#&209 1# *=-.*+()& -#.# *1 '#,-0 +* .*4%'* #
~ = 2kd
E
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1
3
(x2 +d2 ) 2
1
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x
1
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~ = 2kd(
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j
E
3
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x
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1 q
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r n
dS =
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2
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Z
Z
Z
1 q
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E dS =
dS =
2
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Se
Se 40 R
R
R
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e =
1 q
q
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2
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20
(3)
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c =
q
20
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)#;2*'
Qint
~ n
E
dS =
0
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~ E
~ =
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~ r) = E(r)
z . C$@ & *(-!(-; $&<#2!$ >+# E(~
r; !" # r $# 2- # #$ # #% #9# &% *+"0! #" '+#$0-="
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~ n
E
dS =
=0
0
C #2I$;
I
~ n
E
dS =
manto
= E(r)
E(r)
rn
dS +
tapas
E(r)
rn
dS
dS
manto
= E(r)(2r)h
~ = ~0
= E(r)(2r)h = 0 = E(r) = 0 = E
/$ -"0#(#$&"0# #% H#'H! >+# #% '&2*! #%?'0(-'! $#& "+%! #"0(! #% '-%-" (!.
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(2R)h
~ n
E
dS = E(r)(2r)h =
= E(r) =
0
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=
J!0# >+# #% $&%0! # -$'!"0-"+- &

,'-#: #$ + 0 .
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r

R
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Z
0
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E(~
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~ n
E
dS =
E(r)
rn
dS =
E(r)4r2 =
E(r)4r2 =
E(r)4r2 =
=
Qint
0
Z
1
d3 x
0
Z Z
Z
1 2 r 3
r sen()drdd
0 0
Z r 0 0
4
r3 dr
0 0
r4
0
2
E(r) =
r
40
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Qint
0
Z
4 R 3
2
r dr
E(r)4r =
0 0
R4
E(r)4r2 =
0

R 2 2
R
=
E(r) =
40 r
~ n
E
dS =
!
"#$ %&'%#( %)')*#+ ,-)
~
E(r)
=
40 r r

R 2 2
R r
40 r
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./ @(%-- -/ )/=.*4 <%/
qint
= E4r2 =
=0
0
E = 0, si r < R
r>R
C'=-3./*(6'-5 (# 3@%(# <%/ /= /# 2(-' (=)/*3'*5 %=( 2(-2(*( /-D,*32( ./ *(.3' r > R 2'6'
-%0/*123/ @(%--3(=(> E(&' #'- 63-6'- (*@%6/=)'- ./ -36/)*F( (=)/*3'* +/6'- <%/ /# 2(60'
/#,2)*32' -/*4 *(.3(# ; 0'* #' )(=)'5 0(*(#/#' (# +/2)'* ='*6(# ; ./ /-)( 6(=/*(B
Z
Z
~
dS = E4r2
En
dS = E
=
S
G( 2(*@( 3=)/*=( qint -/*4 #( 2(*@( 2'=)/=3.( /= )'.( #( -%0/*123/5 #( 2%(# -/ '9)3/=/ 6%#)30#37
2(=.' /# 4*/( )')(# 0'* #( ./=-3.(. -%0/*123(# ./ 2(*@(B qint = 4R2 >
?'* #( #/; ./ @(%--5 -/ )/=.*4 <%/
= E4r2 =
qint
4R2
=
0
0
H/-0/&(=.' /# 2(60' /#,2)*32' -/ )3/=/ <%/
E=
R2
0 r2
"-)/ 2(60' /-)(*4 /= .3*/223I= *(.3(#5 0'* #' )(=)'B

2
~ = R r, si r > R
E
0 r2
H'=./ r /- /# +/2)'* %=3)(*3' /= .3*/223I= *(.3(#>

JA'*( <%/ /=2'=)*(6'- #'- .'- 2(60'- /#,2)*32'- 0'./6'- /=2'=)*(* /# 2(60' */-%#)(=)/
-%0/*0'=3,=.'#'-> ?(*( /-)'5 2'=-3./*(*/ K */@3'=/-B
L: 0 < x < a
LL: a < x < a + 2R
LLL: x > a + 2R
~ = R22 r> JA'*( )/=/6'~ = x i ; E

L: 0 < x < aB "= /-)( */@3I= #'- 2(60'- /#,2)*32'- -'=B E
0
0 r
<%/ /M0*/-(* r ; r ./ D'*6( 2'=+/=3/=)/ 0(*( 0'./* -%6(* (69'- 2(60'-> C'=-3./*/6'- #(
-3@%3/=)/ 1@%*(B
N/6'- <%/ -/ 2%60#3*4 <%/ a + R = x + r 2'= #' <%/ */-%#)( r = a + R x> J./64-5 +/6'<%/ r = i ; 0'* #' )(=)' 0'./6'- /-2*393* /# 2(60' /#,2)*32' 2'6'B
~ =
E
R2
i
0 (a + R x)2
~ =E
~ + E
~ * #$ 4#,0)
"# #$%& '&(#)&* #+ ,&'-. #+/,%)0,. )#$1+%&(%# #( #$%& )#203( #$ E
R2
~ = ( x
)i
E
0
0 (a + R x)2
556 a < x < a + 2R7 8( #$%& )#203( #+ ,&'-. +. &-.)%& $.+. E 9& :1# #+ ,&'-. -).41,04. -.)
+& ,&$,&& #$;#)0,& #$ (1+. #( #+ 0(%#)0.) #++&< =.) +. %&(%.7
~ =E
~ = a i, si a < x < a + 2R
E
0
5556 x > a + 2R 8( #$%& )#20.* &'>.$ ,&'-.$ #$%&)?( #( 40)#,,03( 9 $#(%04. i< =&)& .>%#(#)
~ #( ;1(,03( 4# @* ,.($04#)&'.$ +& $0210#(%# A21)&7
+& #@-)#$03( 4# E
B#'.$ :1# $# ,1'-+# +& )#+&,03( x = a + R + r* ,.( +. :1# )#$1+%& :1# r = x a R< C4#'?$*
r = i< "# #$%& ;.)'&* %#(4)#'.$ :1#7
~ =
E
R2
i
0 (x a R)2
D1#2.* -.) -)0(,0-0. 4# $1-#)-.$0,03(* #+ ,&'-. #+/,%)0,. #( #$%& )#203( $#)?7
R2
~ = ( a +
)i, si x > a + 2R
E
0
0 (x a R)2
E0(&+'#(%# #+ ,&'-. #+/,%)0,. )#$1+%&(%# -.) &'>&$ 40$%)0>1,0.(#$ 4# ,&)2& $#)?7
!"#$%&' () &*+ ,* -!%..
~ =
E
( 0
( a +
0
R2
)i
0 (a+Rx)2
a
0 i
R2
)i
0 (xaR)2
0<x<a
a < x < a + 2R
x > a + 2R
!"#$%&' ()
!"#$%&'(')"$ &"$ '$*'(+$ #" ,"#,-#.(%,+$ &' (+&%" R/ ,"# &'#$%&+&'$ &' ,+(0+ 1"23)-.(%,+$
4 3#%*"()'$5 6"$ ,'#.("$ &' +)7+$ '$*'(+$ '$.8# + 3#+ &%$.+#,%+ )'#"( 93' 2R5 :'+ d~
'2 1',."( 93' 1+ &'2 ,'#.(" &' 2+ '$*'(+ ;"$%.%1+ +2 ,'#.(" &' 2+ '$*'(+ #'0+.%1+5 <(3'7' 93' '2
,+);" '2-,.(%," '# 2+ %#.'($',,%=# &' 2+$ '$*'(+$ '$ ,"#$.+#.' 4 '#,3'#.(' $3 1+2"(5
*"$+,-./0
>'2 ;("72')+ ?@/ $+7')"$ 93' '2 ,+);" '2-,.(%," '# '2 %#.'(%"( &' 3#+ '$*'(+ )+,%A+ &' &'#$%&+&
r
~
&' ,+(0+ 3#%*"()' '$ E(r)
= 3
r5
0
>' 2+ $%)'.(B+ &' 2+ &%$.(%73,%=#/ + ;(%"(% $+7')"$ 93' +&')8$ ;+(+ R r '2 ,+);" ,3);2'
~ r) = E(r)
E(~
r5 :% 7%'# #" '$ #','$+(%" ;+(+ 2+ ('$"23,%=# &'2 ;("72')+ ,"#",'( '2 ,+);"
'2-,.(%," *3'(+ &' 2+ '$*'(+/ '#,"#.(-)"$2" 3$+#&" 2+ 2'4 &' C+3$$5
!"#$%&'(')"$ ,")" $3;'(D,%' &' %#.'0(+,%=# 3#+ ,8$,+(+ '$*-(%,+ &' (+&%" r > R5 E'#')"$
93'
I
Qint
~ n
E
dS =
0
4R3
E(r)4r2 =
30
3
~ r) = R r
=
E(~
30 r2
<"( .+#."/ .'#')"$ 93' '2 ,+);" '2-,.(%," 0'#'(+&" ;"( 2+ '$*'(+ )+,%A+ '$
( r
r<R
30 r
~
E(r) =
R3
r R r
30 r2
<"#0+)"$ '2 "(%0'# &' ,""(&'#+&+$ '# '2 ,'#.(" &' 2+ '$*'(+ &' &'#$%&+& &' ,+(0+ 5 F$B/
.'#')"$ 93' 2"$ ,+);"$ '2-,.(%,"$ '# 2"$ %#.'(%"('$ &' ,+&+ '$*'(+ '$.8# &+&"$ ;"(
~r para |~r| < R

30
~ para |~r d|
~ <R
E~2 (r) =
(~r d)
30
E~1 (r) =
6"$ 1',."('$ '# 2+ %#.'($',,%=# &' +)7+$ '$*'(+$ $+.%$*+,'# $%)32.8#'+)'#.'

~ < R 4 |~r| < R5 F$B/ ;"( '2 ;(%#,%;%" &' $3;'(;"$%,%=#/ '2 ,+);" '2-,.(%," '# 2+ %#.'($',,%=#
|~r d|
&' +)7+$ '$*'(+$ '$
~ = d~
~ r) = E~1 (~r) + E~2 (~r) = ~r (~r d)
E(~
30
30
30
'2 ,3+2 '$ ,"#$.+#.'/ .+2 ,")" $' 93'(B+ ;("7+(5
!"#$%&' () &*+ ,* -!%..
!"#$%&' (
!"#$%&'( )(#%"*!#+"'"&%!
!"#$%&' ()
!"#$%&'& (" )*+"! $","$-! %& %&"#$%+% %& .+'/+ #()&',.$+* ("$0!'1& > 0 "!'1+* +* &2& 3
%& &.(+.$4" x = 05 6" ax #& &".(&"-'+ ("+ .+'/+ )("-(+* q < 05
+7 6".(&"-'& &* )!-&".$+* &*8.-'$.! #!9'& &* &2& 3 : &"-'& *+ .+'/+ q < 0 : &* !'$/&"
.!!'%&"+%! ;5
97 <"+ )+'-=.(*+ %& 1+#+ m : .+'/+ e < 0 #& (9$.+ &" &* )("-! 1&%$! &"-'& q : ; : #& %&2+
*$9'&5 > !" ?(8 &"&'/=+ .$"8-$.+ **&/+ *+ .+'/+ +* )*+"!@ A$/"!'& &0&.-!# /'+B$-+.$!"+*&#75
*"$+,-./0
+7 !"!.&1!# &* .+1)! &*8.-'$.! /&"&'+%! )!' &* )*+"! : *+ .+'/+ q #!9'& &* &2& 3 ?(& *!#
("&5 C+*&# .+1)!# #!"
E~1 =
E~2 =
20
q
1
q
1

x=
x
2
40 (a x)
40 (a x)2
D#=E &* .+1)! &*8.-'$.! &"-'& ; : q A?(& &#-FE %$/+1!#E &" &* )("-! D7 &#
~ = E~1 + E~2 =
E
1
q
+
20 40 (a x)2
~ E &"-!".&# &" A*+ '&/$4" )&%$%+7

G&'! :+ ?(& E~ = V

V
q
1
=0
=
+
x
20 40 (a x)2

q
1
x
+C
+
= V (x) =
20 40 (a x)
V
=0
z
V
y
97 6* .+1)! &*&.-'!#-F-$.! &# .!"#&'B+-$B!E +#= ?(& )!%&1!# (#+' .!"#&'B+.$4" %& &"&'/=+
&"-'& &"&'/=+ )!-&".$+* : .$"8-$.+5 H+ .+'/+ e )+'-& %&* '&)!#! %&#%& a/2x I+.$+ &*
)*+"!5 G!' .!"#&'B+.$4" %& &"&'/=+E -&"&1!# ?(&
JK
!"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
eV (a/2) =
= K =
mv 2
2
mv 2
eV (0)
2
= e (V (0) V (a/2))

1 q
1 2q
a
= e
+C +
+
C
40 a
40 a
40

a
1 q
= e
+
40 a 40
!"#$%&' ()
"# $%#&#& '() #)*+,-) .(&'/.$(,-) '# ,-'%() r1 , r2 0 .-,1-) q1 , q2 )#2-,-'-) 2(, /&- 1,-& '%)3
$-&.%- d >> r1 , r2 4 "% -56-) )# .(&#.$-& - $,-7+) '# /& .-68# .(&'/.$(, 9'#)2,#.%-68#: ;/#
)%,7# )<8( 2-,- $,-&)2(,$-, .-,1- '# /&- - ($,-=: #&./#&$,# 8-) '#&)%'-'#) '# .-,1- )/2#,>.%-8#)
'# .-'- /&- 9#& */&.%<& '# 8-) 7-,%-68#) .(&(.%'-)= /&- 7#? ;/# #8 )%)$#5- -8.-&?- #8 #;/%8%6,%(4
*"$+,-./0
@-'( ;/# #8 )%)$#5- #)$A #& /&- ,#1%<& -.($-'- '#8 #)2-.%(: 2('#5() $(5-, .(5( 2/&$( '#
,#*#,#&.%- '#8 2($#&.%-8 #8 %&>&%$( # %1/-8-, #8 2($#&.%-8 - .#,( -88B: #) '#.%,: V (+) = 04 C)B:
#8 2($#&.%-8 )(6,# 8-) )/2#,>.%#) '# 8-) #)*#,-) .(&'/.$(,-) #)
V1 = k
q1
q2
, V2 = k
r1
r2
'(&'# D#5() )/2/#)$( ;/# #8 2($#&.%-8 '# /&- #)*#,- &( #) -*#.$-'( 2(, #8 '# 8- ($,- 9( 5A) 6%#&
#) -*#.$-'( '# *(,5- '#)2,#.%-68#=: '-'( ;/# #)$A& 5/0 5/0 )#2-,-'-: #) '#.%,: d >> r1 , r2 :
0 $-52(.( #8 .-52( '# /&- #)*#,- ,#'%)$,%6/0# 8- .-,1- '# 8- ($,-4 E(, .(&)#,7-.%<& '# .-,1-:
)% (q1 )f , (q2 )f )(& 8-) .-,1-) #& .-'- #)*#,- /&- 7#? -8.-&?-'( #8 #;/%8%6,%(: $#&#5() ;/#
q1 + q2 = (q1 )f + (q2 )f
C8 -8.-&?-, #8 #;/%8%6,%(: #) '#.%,: ./-&'( '#F- '# D-6#, $,-&)*#,#&.%- '# .-,1-) #&$,# 8-) #)*#,-):
$#&#5() ;/# 8- '%*#,#&.%- '# 2($#&.%-8 #8+.$,%.( #&$,# -56-) #) &/8(: #) '#.%,:
V1
(q1 )f
k
r1
2
4(r1 ) (1 )f
r1
(2 )f
=
(1 )f
= V2
(q2 )f
= k
r2
4(r2 )2 (2 )f
=
r2
r1
=
r2
@# #)$( 7#5() ;/# #& 1#&#,-8: 8-) ,#1%(&#) #& 8- )/2#,>.%# '# /& .(&'/.$(, .(& 5#&(,
,-'%( '# ./,7-$/,- 92/&$-)= .(&.#&$,-& /&- 5-0(, '#&)%'-' )/2#,>.%-8 '# .-,1-: 2(, 8( ./-8 #8
.-52( #8+.$,%.( .#,.- '# #88-) 9#& )/ #G$#,%(,= #) 5A) */#,$# ;/# #& ,#1%(&#) .(& 5#&(, ,-'%(
'# ./,7-$/,-4
H)-&'( 8- ,#8-.%<& #&.(&$,-'- #& 8- #./-.%<& '# .(&)#,7-.%<& '# .-,1-: (6$#&#5()
(q1 )f + (q2 )f
2
4(r1 ) (1 )f + 4(r2 ) (2 )f
= q1 + q2
= q1 + q2
4r1 (1 )f (r1 + r2 ) = q1 + q2
1 q1 + q2
= (1 )f =
4r1 r1 + r2
1 q1 + q2
(2 )f =
4r2 r1 + r2
!"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
!"#$%&' ()
!"#!$%&! '#! () *+$,-.%+.#+*)* !. |E~ (~r)| )( /)$)& *! #.) &!0+1. 2),3) ) -%&) 2),3) /-& #.)
$#/!&4,+! ,)&0)*) *! *!.$+*)* $#/!&4,+)( (~r)5 ,-. ~r !. () $#/!&4,+!5 !$
(~r)
0
6-.$+*!&).*- !$%-5 !.,#!.%&! !( ,)"/- !(7,%&+,- !. () $#/!&4,+! *! #. ,-.*#,%-& !. !'#+(+8&+!(!,%&-$%9%+,-:
*"$+,-./0
6-.$+*!&!"-$ #. $!,%-& "#; "#; /!'#!<- *! () $#/!&4,+! ,!.%&)*- !. ~r5 %). /!'#!<'#! $!) ,)$+ /().-5 ; $+%#!"-$ ) %&)27$ *! !(() #. ,+(+.*&- *! )(%#&) 0 < 2h << 1 ; 9&!)
0 < A << 15 %)( '#! () $#/!&4,+! (- ,&#=! /-& () "+%)*: >-& () (!; *! 0)#$$5 %!.!"-$
Qint
~ r) n
E(~
dS =
0
>!&-
Qint (~r)A
Qint
=
= (~r)A =
0
0
?!.!"-$ )*!"9$
I
~ r) n
E(~
dS =
manto
~ r) n
E(~
dS +
carasup
E~1 (~r) n1 dS +
carainf
E~2 (~r) n2 dS
>-*!"-$ !@/&!$)& !( ,)"/- !(7,%&+,- ,-"- () $#") *! $# ,-"/-.!.%! %).0!.,+)( ; .-&")(

) () $#/!&4,+!5 !$ *!,+&5 E~ = E~ + E~// : A*!"9$5 ,-"- !( 9&!) !$ "#; /!'#!<)5 !( "1*#(*!( ,)"/- !(7,%&+,- $-8&! 7( $! ").%+!.! ,)$+ ,-.$%).%!5 /-& (- '#! (- /-*!"-$ )/&-@+")& /-&
~ r)| !. %-*) !( 9&!): ?)"8+7.5 n1 = n2
|E(~
6-. !$%- !. "!.%!5 %!.!"-$ '#!
Z
carasup
E~1 (~r) n1 dS +
carainf
E~2 (~r) n2 dS = (E~1 ) A (E~2 ) A

= ((E~1 ) (E~2 ) )A
!@/&!$+1. '#! .- *!/!.*! *! h B)( +0#)( '#! (~r)A C: ?)"8+7. %!.!"-$ '#!
0
manto
~ r) n
E(~
dS 0
cuando
h0
!
"#$% &'(')*# +(,-)'(&'
(~r)A
0
(~r)A
E A
=
0
(~r)
= E (~r) = +
0
((E~1 ) (E~2 ) )A
.,/')*# 01' 1( 2*(312&*4 '( '015-5/45* '-62&4*#&7&52* (* 84'#'(&, 2,49, '( #1 5(&'45*4% '2,)8* '-62&452* '( #1 5(&'45*4 '# (1-* : &*3, #1 2,49, '#&7 35#&45/153, '( -, #18'4+25' 3' &,;*4), 01' '- 2,)8* '-62&452* '( -, #18'4+25' '# (*4),- , -, )5#), <81'# #5 &1=5'4, 2*)8*('(&'
&,(9'(25,- , '--,% -,# 2,49,# #' )*='4$,( : (* '#&,4$,( '( '015-5/45* '-'2&4*#&7&52*>? "#$% 2*(@
#53'4,(3* '#&* '( '- ,(7-5#5# ,(&'45*4% &'(')*# 01' '- 2,)8* '-62&452* '( ~r #*/4' -, #18'4+25'
'#
~ r) = + (~r) n
E(~
0
2*( n
'- ='2&*4 (*4),- 'A&'45*4 , -, #18'4+25' '( ~r?
!"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
!"#$%&' () "# $%#&#& '() *+,*'-+*) #)./+%0*)1 ,#$23%0*)1 4-#0*) 5 0(&0/&$+%0*) '# +*'%() *
5 6 768*91 5 '# #):#)(+ '#):+#0%*63# *-&;-# <&%$(= >* *+,*'-+* %&$#+&* )# 0*+?* 0(& -&* 0*+?*
q0 > 0= "# )-:(&# ;-# 3* $%#++* 7;-# )# $(,* 0(,( (+%?#& '# :($#&0%*3#)9 #)$2 %&<&%$*,#&$#
*3#@*'*=
A= >* *+,*'-+* #B$#+&* )# 0(&#0$* * $%#++* * $+*C/) '# -&* 6*$#+D* 0-5* '%.#+#&0%* '#
:($#&0%*3 #&$+# )-) 6(+&#) #) V0 =
*9 E*30-3# 3* 0*+?* ;-# )# %&'-0# #& 3*) )-:#+<0%#) %&$#+%(+ 5 #B$#+%(+ '# 0*'* -&* '#
3*) *+,*'-+*)=
69 E*30-3# #3 0*,:( #3/0$+%0( #& $('() 3() :-&$() '#3 #):*0%(=
09 E*30-3# #3 :($#&0%*3 #3/0$+%0( #& $('() 3() :-&$() '#3 #):*0%(1 5 3* '%.#+#&0%* '#
:($#&0%*3 #&$+# 3*) *+,*'-+*)=
AA= "# 0(+$(0%+0-%$* 3* 6*$#+D* 70(&#B%F& '%+#0$* * $%#++*9= G#:%$* 3() 0*30-3() *&$#+%(+#)
%&$#3%?#&$#,#&$#=
AAA= "# '#)0(&#0$* 3* *+,*'-+* #B$#+&* '# 3* $%#++*1 5 3-#?( )# *0#+0* -&* 0*+?* q > 0 4*)$*
-&* '%)$*&0%* c > b '#3 0#&$+( '#3 0(&'#&)*'(+= H#0%'* )% 3* *00%F& '# 3* 0*+?* ; ,('%<0*
( &(I
'9 3* 0*+?* $($*3 '# 0*'* -&* '# 3*) *+,*'-+*)
#9 3* '#&)%'*' '# 0*+?* #& #33*)
.9 3* .-&0%F& :($#&0%*3 5 3* '%.#+#&0%* '# :($#&0%*3 #&$+# #33*)=
JB:3%;-# 6+#C#,#&$# )-) +#):-#)$*)=
*"$+,-./0
A= J3 :+(63#,* $%#&# )%,#$+D* #)./+%0* 0(& 0#&$+( '# 0((+'#&*'*) #3 0#&$+( '# 3*) 02)0*+*)
#)./+%0*)1 '#6%'( * ;-# 3* $%#++* #)$2 %&<&%$*,#&$# 3#@*&* 7+#0(+'*+ ;-# 3* $%#++* )# :%#&)*
0(,( -& )-,%'#+( 5 .-#&$# %&<&%$* '# 0*+?*9= K('*) 3*) '#&)%'*'#) '# 0*+?* )#+2&
-&%.(+,#)= H*'* 3* )%,#$+D* #)./+%0*1 #3 0*,:( 5 :($#&0%*3 #3/0$+%0() '#:#&'#+2& )F3( '#
3* '%)$*&0%* *3 0#&$+( '# 3*) 02)0*+*) 5 #3 0*,:( *:-&$*+2 #& #3 )#&$%'( '# r1 #) '#0%+1
~ r) = E(r)
V = V (r) 5 E(~
r=
*9 "#*& q1 , q2 , q3 , q4 3*) 0*+?*) '# 3*) )-:#+<0%#) %&$#+%(+ 5 #B$#+%(+ '# 3*) *+,*'-+*)
%&$#+&* 5 #B$#+&*1 +#):#0$%C*,#&$#= K#&#,() ;-# q0 = q1 + q2 =
L:3%0*&'( #3 $#(+#,* '# M*-)) 0(& -&* )-:#+<0%# #)./+%0* 0(&0/&$+%0* 5 #&$+# 3*)
)-:#+<0%#) '# 3* :+%,#+* *+,*'-+*1 $#&#,()
I
q1
~ n
E
dS = 0 =
= q1 = 0 = q2 = q0
0
~ = ~0 :-#) #3 0*,:( #3/0$+%0( #& #3 %&$#+%(+ '# -& 0(&'-0$(+ #& #;-%3%6+%(
'(&'# E
#3#0$+()$2$%0( #) &-3(=
!
"#$%&'()* '+*,' -$ .-*,-/' )- 0'122 &*( 1(' 21#-,3&%- -245,%&' &*(&5(.,%&' 6 -(.,$'2 21#-,3&%-2 )- $' 2-71()' ',/')1,'8 .-(-/*2
I
q1 + q2 + q3
~ n
E
dS = 0 =
= q1 + q2 + q3 = 0 = q3 = q2 = q0
0
"#$%&'()* )- (1-9* -$ .-*,-/' )- 0'122 &*( 1(' 21#-,3&%- -245,%&' &*(&5(.,%&' ),')%* r > b 6 :1- &*(.-(7' $' 2-71()' ',/')1,'8 .-(-/*2
I
q4 r
q1 + q2 + q3 + q4
~
~ n
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kdq
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kq
k
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dq = 20 (r R)dr
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dV =
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V
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0
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k0 R
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kq 2
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kq 2
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p
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p
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sin
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9 #&1
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R + z 2 2Rz cos()
d =
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p
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z
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