LA CONSTRUCCIN SOCIAL DE LOS INDIVIDUOS

THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF INDIVIDUALS

CSAR LORENZANO
8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH7UHVGH)HEUHUR$UJHQWLQDFORUHQ]DQR#XQWUHIHGXDU
RECIBIDO EL 31 DE MARZO Y APROBADO EL 30 DE ABRIL DE 2008

RESUMEN
/XGZLN )OHFN HO ILOyVRIR \ FLHQWtILFR
SRODFR TXH LQX\y WDQWR VREUH OD REUD
de Thomas Kuhn con sus nociones de
HVWLOR GH SHQVDPLHQWR \ FROHFWLYR
GH SHQVDPLHQWR VRVWLHQH HQ VX HVFULWR
SULQFLSDOLa gnesis y el desarrollo de un hecho
FLHQWtFRODSRVLFLyQGHTXHHOSHQVDPLHQWR
es centralmente producto de una mente
colectiva. En este artculo se presentan
ODV FRQFHSFLRQHV HSLVWHPROyJLFDV \ VX
FLUFXQVWDQFLDYLWDOFRPRLQWURGXFFLyQDOD
QRFLyQGHPHQWHFROHFWLYD3RVWHULRUPHQWH
VH REMHWD OD H[LVWHQFLD GH XQD PHQWH
FROHFWLYDDODTXHVHVXSRQHLQQHFHVDULD
SDUDORVQHVTXHVHSURSRQH)OHFN\VH
propone que slo los individuos poseen las
estructuras epistmicas que caracterizan a
ORVHVWLORVGHSHQVDPLHQWRHVRTXHSXHGH
OODPDUVH PHQWH \ SRU OR WDQWR ORV
~QLFRVTXHODVXWLOL]DQSDUDFRQVWUXLUQXHYR
FRQRFLPLHQWRSHQVDUHQHOVHQRGH
GLIHUHQWHV FROHFWLYRV GH SHQVDPLHQWR
\ HQ OD LQWHUDFFLyQ FRQ VXV PLHPEURV
,QGLYLGXRV TXH SHVH D VX SHUWHQHQFLD D
HVRVFROHFWLYRVVRQ~QLFRVHLUUHSHWLEOHV

PALABRAS CLAVE
)OHFN .XKQ HVWLOR GH SHQVDPLHQWR
FROHFWLYRGHSHQVDPLHQWRPHQWHFROHFWLYD
individuos.

ABSTRACT
/XGZLN)OHFNWKH3ROLVKSKLORVRSKHUDQG
VFLHQWLVWWKDWLQXHQFHGVRPXFK7KRPDV
.XKQ FRQFHSWLRQ ZLWK KLV QRWLRQV RI
WKRXJKWVW\OHDQGWKRXJKWFROOHFWLYH
VWDWHVLQKLVPDLQZRUNThe genesis and the
GHYHORSPHQWRIDVFLHQWLFIDFWWKHSRVLWLRQ
WKDW WKLQNLQJ LV FHQWUDOO\ D SURGXFW RI D
FROOHFWLYH PLQG :H ZLOO SUHVHQW LQ WKLV
DUWLFOHKLVHSLVWHPRORJLFDOFRQFHSWLRQVDQG
KLVYLWDOFLUFXPVWDQFHDVDQLQWURGXFWLRQ
to the notion of collective mind. Later
RQ WKH H[LVWHQFH RI D FROOHFWLYH PLQG LV
REMHFWHG DVVXPLQJ LW LV XQQHFHVVDU\ WR
)OHFNVSXUSRVHVZHSURSRVHWKDWRQO\
the individuals possess the epistemic
VWUXFWXUHV FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI WKH WKRXJKW
VW\OHVWKHVRFDOOPLQGDQGWKHUHIRUH
WKDWWKH\DUHWKHRQO\RQHVWKDWXVHVWKHP
WR EXLOG QHZ NQRZOHGJH WR WKLQN
 LQ WKH LQWHULRU RI GLIIHUHQW WKRXJKW
FROOHFWLYHV DQG LQ LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK WKHLU
PHPEHUV 7KHVH LQGLYLGXDOV LQ VSLWH RI
WKHLU DGVFULSWLRQ WR WKRVH FRPPXQLWLHV
DUHIRUWKLVYHU\VDPHUHDVRQXQLTXH

KEY WORDS
)OHFN .XKQ WKRXJKW VW\OH WKRXJKW
FROOHFWLYHLQGLYLGXDOV

'LVFXVLRQHV)LORVyFDV$xR1(QHUR-XQLRSS

Csar Lorenzano

INTRODUCCIN
(QHOSUHVHQWHDUWtFXORYR\DWUDWDUXQRGHORVWHPDVPiVEL]DUURVTXH
KD\DSODQWHDGRODHSLVWHPRORJtDGHRULJHQPpGLFR\TXHVLELHQIXH
FDVLJHQHUDOPHQWHLJQRUDGRHQVXPRPHQWR\SDUHFLHUDDSULPHUDYLVWD
LPSODXVLEOHIXHODEDVHGHODVORVRItDVGHODFLHQFLDDFWXDOHV\GHODV
concepciones sociales de la ciencia.
0HUHHURDODSHUHJULQDLGHDH[SXHVWDSRU/XGZLN)OHFNGHTXH
XQDPHQWHFROHFWLYDHVODUHVSRQVDEOHGHODFUHDFLyQ\HOGHVDUUROORGH
la ciencia.
3RUVXSXHVWRHVWDQRFLyQHVLQFRPSUHQVLEOHVLQRQRVUHIHULPRVDVX
FRPSOHWD FRQFHSFLyQ HSLVWHPROyJLFD GH XQD HQRUPH RULJLQDOLGDG
TXHLQWURGXFHDOPHQRVGRVQRFLRQHVSURYRFDWLYDVHLPSHQVDEOHVHQ
VXPRPHQWR/DSULPHUDVRVWLHQHTXHHODJHQWHVRFLDOTXHSURGXFHOD
FLHQFLDQRHVLQGLYLGXDOVLQRFROHFWLYR/DVHJXQGDTXHDTXHOORTXHOD
FDUDFWHUL]DVXORJURFHQWUDOQRVRQWDQWROH\HVWHRUtDVRGHPRVWUDFLRQHV
VLQR XQD HVWUXFWXUD TXH HYROXFLRQD HQ HO WLHPSR TXH ODV H[SOLFD
dotndolas de un sentido histrico del que carecen si se las considera
de manera aislada.
Tuvieron que pasar ms de veinte aos desde que fueron enunciadas por
)OHFNSDUDTXHRUHFLHUDQXQFRQMXQWRGHSRVLFLRQHVHSLVWHPROyJLFDV
alrededor de esas intuiciones primeras.
6HWUDWDGHWRGDVDTXHOODVTXHLQFRUSRUDQHQHOFRUD]yQGHVXQ~FOHR
conceptual la nocin de una estructura con caractersticas similares al
TXHKLFLPRVUHIHUHQFLD\TXHGHQRPLQDQFRQGLVWLQWRVUyWXORVVHDHO
GHSDUDGLJPDVGHSURJUDPDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQGHWUDGLFLRQHV
de habitusRGHWHRUtDVJOREDOHV.
(QFXDQWRDODQRFLyQGHXQDJHQWHVRFLDOFROHFWLYRHVUHFRQRFLEOHHQ
la propuesta de Thomas Kuhn quien hace la ciencia es una comunidad
FLHQWtFD


/ODPDPRVDVtDODHSLVWHPRORJtDSRFRFRQRFLGDSRURWUDSDUWHGHVDUUROODGDSRULQYHVWLJDGRUHV
PpGLFRVTXHDGHPiVSUDFWLFDURQODORVRItDGHODFLHQFLDHQWUHHOORV&ODXGH%HUQDUG

El trmino paradigmaFRUUHVSRQGHDODWHRUtDGHODFLHQFLDGH7KRPDV.XKQ/DUU\/DXGDQ&IU
El progreso y sus problemas(VSDxD(QFXHQWURHPSOHDHOWpUPLQRtradicin de investigacin.
,PUH/DNDWRV&IU)DOVDFLyQ\ODPHWRGRORJtDGHORVSURJUDPDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ(Q,/DNDWRV
$0XVJUDYHHGVLa crtica y el desarrollo del conocimiento. %DUFHORQD*ULMDOEROROODPD
programas de investigacin. 3LHUUH Bourdieu (Cfr. El sentido prctico 0DGULG 7DXUXV  OR
denomina habitusHQHOWH[WRFLWDGRODGHVDUUROODFRQPD\RUGHWDOOH

76

'LVFXVLRQHV)LORVyFDV$xR1(QHUR-XQLRSS

LA CONSTRUCCIN SOCIAL DE LOS INDIVIDUOS

/RV HVWXGLRV VRFLDOHV GH OD FLHQFLD DVt FRPR OD QRFLyQ GH TXH OD
HSLVWHPRORJtD GHEH GLULPLU VX DGHFXDFLyQ DO FRQRFLPLHQWR FLHQWtFR
HQ HO WHUUHQR SULYLOHJLDGR GH OD KLVWRULD GH OD FLHQFLD FX\R LQLFLR
KDELWXDOPHQWHVHDWULEX\HDORVGHVDUUROORVGH7KRPDV.XKQWLHQHQ
HQHVWRVFRQFHSWRVGH)OHFNVXRULJHQGHVFRQRFLGR
$QGHKDFHUOHODGHELGDMXVWLFLDUHVHxDUHPRVODYLGDGH/XGZLFN)OHFN
\FDUDFWHUL]DUHPRVORVUDVJRVFHQWUDOHVGHVXORVRItDGHODFLHQFLD
8QDYH]LQWURGXFLGRVHQVXHSLVWHPRORJtDGDUHPRVSRUQXHVWUDSDUWH
ORV DUJXPHQWRV TXH MXVWLFDQ WHyULFDPHQWH OD WHVLV GH TXH OD FLHQFLD
HVSURGXFLGDSRUXQDJHQWHVRFLDOTXHH[FHGHDORVLQGLYLGXRVSDUD
SDVDUOXHJRDPRVWUDUTXHDWULEXLUOHXQDPHQWHFROHFWLYDHVHUUyQHRH
innecesario.
3RU ~OWLPR H[SRQGUHPRV OD PDQHUD HQ TXH ODV VXEMHWLYLGDGHV
LQGLYLGXDOHVVHIRUMDQHQHOVHQRGHORVFROHFWLYRVVRFLDOHV
1XHVWUR FDPLQR DUJXPHQWDWLYR SDVDUi SRU OD SRVWXODFLyQ GH XQD
HVWUXFWXUDVRFLDOLQWHJUDGDSRUXQPRVDLFRGHFROHFWLYRVVRFLDOHVHQOD
TXHGLVFXUUHQORVVXMHWRVHSLVWpPLFRV\FX\DVSURGXFFLRQHVVLPEyOLFDVR
PDWHULDOHVQRSXHGHQSUHVFLQGLUGHODGLYHUVLGDGFXOWXUDO\GHQRUPDV
GHVROLGDULGDG\GHPRFUDFLDHQWUHVXVPLHPEURV
(VWDV FRQVHFXHQFLDV GHO SHQVDPLHQWR GH )OHFN QR GHVDUUROODGDV QL
IXQGDPHQWDGDVSRUpOSHUWHQHFHQGHPDQHUDHFNHDQDDVXHVWLOR
GHSHQVDPLHQWRGHVDUUROOiQGRORHQXQVHQWLGRFRQHOTXHVLQGXGD
DFRUGDUtD\DTXHVHLQWHJUDQDUPyQLFDPHQWHFRQVXVPiVSURIXQGDV
convicciones.
VIDA Y DESTINO DE LUDWICK FLECK
/XGZLFN )OHFN QDFLy HQ OD FLXGDG SRODFD GH /ZyZ TXH SHUWHQHFtD
HQ HVRV GtDV DO (VWDGR PXOWLQDFLRQDO DXVWURK~QJDUR HO  GH MXOLR
GH  6H UHFLEH GH PpGLFR LQWHUHViQGRVH IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH SRU
OD PLFURELRORJtD XQD GLVFLSOLQD TXH VH GHVDUUROOD FRQMXQWDPHQWH
FRQ OD LQPXQRORJtD \ OD VHURORJtD HQ ODV TXH GHVFXHOOD OXHJR FRPR
LQYHVWLJDGRU

3DUDXQDELRJUDItDLQWHOHFWXDOGH)OHFNFIU76FKQHOOH0LFURELRORJ\DQG3KLORVRSK\RI6FLHQFH
/ZyZDQGWKH*HUPDQ+RORFDXVW6WDWLRQVRID/LIH/XGZLN)OHFN(Q5&RKHQ 7
6FKQHOOHHGV&RJQLWLRQDQG)DFW0DWHULDOVRQ/XGZLN)OHFN'RUGUHFKW5HLGHO

77

Csar Lorenzano

$OPLVPRWLHPSRTXHVXFDUUHUDFLHQWtFDGHVDUUROODXQLQWHQVRLQWHUpV
HQODKLVWRULDGHODFLHQFLDIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHGHVXSURSLDGLVFLSOLQD
\HQODHSLVWHPRORJtD\FRPLHQ]DDSXEOLFDUDFHUFDGHHVWDVFXHVWLRQHV
HQ
3XEOLFDSHVHDHVRDSHQDVXQSXxDGRGHHVFULWRVHSLVWHPROyJLFRVHQ
PHGLRGHXQDHQRUPHSURGXFFLyQFLHQWtFD
Tres artculos preceden a su libro Desarrollo y Gnesis de un Hecho
&LHQWtFR TXH HV VHJXLGR SRU XQ LPSRUWDQWH HVFULWR HQ  /XHJR
HO VLOHQFLR DO TXH URPSHQ GRV DUWtFXORV HVFULWRV HQ  \ . Un
~OWLPRWUDEDMRGHIHFKDWDQWDUGtDFRPRIXHUHFKD]DGRSRUYDULDV
UHYLVWDVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVSRUFRQVLGHUiUVHORGHSRFRLQWHUpV.
(O VLOHQFLR ORVyFR TXH GXUD GLH] DxRV HQWUH  \   WLHQH
TXH YHU FRQ OD RFXSDFLyQ QD]L RFXUULGD HQ  GH /ZyZ OD
FLXGDG GRQGH UHVLGtD (VWH VXFHVR VLJQD VX GHVWLQR \ HO GH VX REUD
HSLVWHPROyJLFD(VKDFLQDGRMXQWRFRQWRGRVORVMXGtRVGH/ZyZXQ
WHUFLRGHODSREODFLyQWRWDOGHPHGLRPLOOyQGHSHUVRQDVHQXQJXHWR
GHSpVLPDVFRQGLFLRQHVVDQLWDULDVGHELHQGRGHMDUDWUiVVXVYLYLHQGDV
\ SHUWHQHQFLDV /D HSLGHPLD GH WLIXV TXH GLH]PD D OD SREODFLyQ GHO
JXHWRHVHOWHUUHQRVRFLDOHQHOTXH)OHFNGHVDUUROODXQDQXHYDYDFXQD
FRQWUDHVWDHQIHUPHGDGWRPDQGRFRPRDQWtJHQRVVXVWDQFLDVSUHVHQWHV
de la orina de los enfermos. Con ella previene la aparicin de formas
JUDYHV GH WLIXV HQ pO PLVPR HQ VX IDPLOLD \ HQ XQ SHTXHxR JUXSR
GHSHUVRQDVFHUFDQDVHQODVTXHSXGRFRQVWDWDUVXHFDFLD&XDQGR
ORV QD]LV VH HQWHUDQ GH OD YDFXQD SUHJXQWDQ VL SRGUtD VHU DFWLYD
HQ DOHPDQHV D OR TXH )OHFN FRQWHVWD TXH SRVLEOHPHQWH QR \D TXH
pertenecen a otra raza. El episodio hace que sea deportado a un campo
GHFRQFHQWUDFLyQ\SXHVWRDWUDEDMDUHQXQODERUDWRULRGHLQPXQRORJtD
MXQWR D RWURV SULVLRQHURV D Q GH TXH OD SURGXMHUD SDUD HQYLDUOD DO
IUHQWH 3RFR GHVSXpV HV WUDVODGDGR D $XVFKZLW] \ SRVWHULRUPHQWH D
%XFKHQZDOGMXQWRFRQVXIDPLOLDTXHSHUPDQHFHFRQpOHQWRGRHVWH
periplo. Debe su vida al hecho de ser reconocido por los alemanes


/RVDUWtFXORVSUHYLRVVRQ6RPHVSHFLFIHDWXUHVRIWKHPHGLFDOZD\RIWKLQNLQJ2QWKHFULVLV
RIUHDOLW\\6FLHQWLFREVHUYDWLRQDQGSHUFHSWLRQLQJHQHUDOPLHQWUDVTXHHODUWtFXORSRVWHULRU
HV7KH3UREOHPRI(SLVWHPRORJ\/RVDUWtFXORVVHHQFXHQWUDQHQ5&RKHQ 76FKQHOOHHGV
Cognition and Fact. Materials on Ludwik Fleck'RUGUHFKW5HLGHOSS\
SS

6HWUDWDGH3UREOHPVRIWKH6FLHQFHRI6FLHQFH\7RORRN7R6HH7R.QRZ,EtGSS


&ULVLVLQ6FLHQFHQRSXEOLFDGR,EtGSS

78

'LVFXVLRQHV)LORVyFDV$xR1(QHUR-XQLRSS

LA CONSTRUCCIN SOCIAL DE LOS INDIVIDUOS

FRPRXQRGHORVPHMRUHVHVSHFLDOLVWDVHQHQIHUPHGDGHVLQIHFFLRVDV\
SRUFRQVLJXLHQWHDTXHHVSXHVWRDSURGXFLUVXHURDQWLWLIRLGHRMXQWRD
XQJUXSRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQSULVLRQHURFRPRpO6HODVDUUHJODHQWRQFHV
para fabricar un suero inactivo que se enva a las tropas alemanas del
IUHQWHPLHQWUDVLQ\HFWDDWRGRVORVSULVLRQHURVGHOFDPSRTXHSXHGH
FRQHOVXHURDFWLYRHOTXHWDPELpQHQYtDQSDUDTXHVHDFRQWURODGRHQ
VXHFDFLDSRUORVH[SHUWRVDOHPDQHV(QSOHQRFDPSRWLHQHiQLPRV
VXFLHQWHV SDUD SURGXFLU XQD GH ORV DQiOLVLV HSLVWHPROyJLFRV PiV
QRWDEOHV\FRQPRYHGRUHVTXHSXEOLFDHQ\TXHVHUHHUHQDODV
LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV ELROyJLFDV TXH VRQ  REOLJDGRV D KDFHU XQ JUXSR GH
prisioneros.
'H UHJUHVR D 3RORQLD FRQWLQ~D VXV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV HQ HO FDPSR GH
OD EDFWHULRORJtD \ OD LQPXQRORJtD \ OOHJD D RFXSDU XQ OXJDU HQ HO
3UHVLGLXPGHOD$FDGHPLD3RODFDGH&LHQFLDV(QGHVFXEUHTXH
SDGHFHOLQIRVDUFRPD(PLJUDHQWRQFHVD,VUDHOGRQGHYLYHVXKLMR\VH
HQFDUJDGHOD'LUHFFLyQGHO'HSDUWDPHQWRGH3DWRORJtD([SHULPHQWDOHQ
1HVV=LRQD\GHODFiWHGUDGH0LFURELRORJtDGHODHVFXHODGHPHGLFLQD
GHOD8QLYHUVLGDG+HEUHDGH-HUXVDOpQ(QPXHUHGHXQVHJXQGR
LQIDUWRDORVDxRVGHHGDG
$XQTXH7KRPDV.XKQHQVXHVFULWRPiVQRWDEOHLa estructura de las
UHYROXFLRQHVFLHQWtFDVORPHQFLRQDFRPRXQRGHORVDXWRUHVTXHKDEtD
DQWLFLSDGRPXFKDVGHVXVSURSLDVLGHDVVXOLEURQRHVOHtGR\VXHGLWRU
VXL]RYHQGHFRPRSDSHOYLHMRORTXHTXHGDGHODHGLFLyQGHXQ
WRWDOGHHMHPSODUHV3DVDURQDxRVGHVGHHQWRQFHVSDUDTXHVH
UHHGLWDUDVXPRQRJUDItDTXHIXHUHVFDWDGDGHOROYLGRHQ3HUR
LQFOXVRGHVGHHQWRQFHV)OHFNHVHVFDVDPHQWHHVWXGLDGR
(ODJXMHURQHJURGHODPHPRULDRFLDOKDEtDWUDJDGRVXQRPEUHDOSXQWR
TXHFXDQGRVHLQWHQWDUHFRQVWUXLUVXYLGDOD$FDGHPLDGH&LHQFLDVGH
VXSDtVQDWDODODTXHKDEtDSHUWHQHFLGRGHFODUDQRWHQHUXQUHJLVWUR
con su nombre.

3UREOHPVRIWKH6FLHQFHRI6FLHQFH,EtGSS
.XKQ7KRPDV/DHVWUXFWXUDGHODVUHYROXFLRQHVFLHQWtFDV0p[LFR)RQGRGH&XOWXUD(FRQyPLFD


$xRGHVXHGLFLyQHQLQJOpVTXHHVSURORJDGDSRUHOSURSLR.XKQ


79

Csar Lorenzano

LAS CONVICCIONES EPISTEMOLGICAS BSICAS

(OQ~FOHRFHQWUDOGHOSHQVDPLHQWRGH)OHFNGHOTXHVHGHULYDVXWHRUtD
GHODFLHQFLDORFRQVWLWX\HXQDWHRUtDGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRTXHEUHYHPHQWH
SXHGHVHUSUHVHQWDGDGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
6HJ~Q )OHFN HO HUURU GH ODV WHRUtDV WUDGLFLRQDOHV GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR
consiste en tomar como punto de partida a un sujeto que intenta conocer
un objeto HQWHQGLGRV DPERV FRPR LQYDULDEOHV VLHPSUH LJXDOHV D Vt
mismos.
3RU HO FRQWUDULR VRVWLHQH \ HQ HVWR VH SXHGH SHUFLELU XQ FLHUWR
DLUH NDQWLDQR TXH ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH LQWHUYLHQHQ HQ XQD UHODFLyQ
FRJQRVFLWLYDQRVRQGRVVXMHWR\REMHWRVLQRtresH[LVWLHQGRXQWHUFHU
HOHPHQWRTXHPHGLDHQWUHHOORV\TXHVHFRQVWLWX\HHQVXFRQGLFLyQGH
posibilidad.
La peculiaridad de su propuesta consiste en que dicho tercer elemento
es el conocimiento anterior. Esto la opone de modo radical a todas las
SURSXHVWDVDQWHULRUHVSXHVQRVHWUDWDVLPSOHPHQWHGHXQDxDGLGRD
los dos polos tradicionales del conocimiento. Redunda en la completa
WUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDGHUHODFLRQHVTXHHVLPSRVLEOHOHHUGHVGH
QLQJXQDHSLVWHPRORJtDGHVXMHWRREMHWR
<DFRQRFHPRVORVHIHFWRVTXHSURGXMRODHSLVWHPRORJtDNDQWLDQDFXDQGR
LQWURGXFHVXVHVTXHPDV\HVWUXFWXUDVDSULRULHQWUHHOVXMHWR\HOREMHWRHO
VXMHWRHSLVWpPLFRSXHGHVHUGHQLGRSRUHVHWHUFHUHOHPHQWR\HOREMHWR
VXFRQRFLPLHQWRDOPHQRVOOHYDDVLPLVPRVXLPSURQWD
/DPDQLREUDKDFHTXHODFRQVLGHUDFLyQGHDPERVSDUH]FDVXSHUXD(Q
HIHFWRHVSRVLEOHKDEODUGLUHFWDPHQWHVyORGHHVWDHVWUXFWXUDREYLDQGR
WRGDUHIHUHQFLDWDQWRDOVXMHWRFRPRDOREMHWRSXHVWRTXHQRKDFHQPiV
TXHUHHMDUOD
3XHVELHQ3DUD)OHFNHVWHFRQRFLPLHQWRDQWHULRUQRHVLQGLYLGXDOQLD
SULRULVLQRTXHHVKLVWyULFR\VRFLDO+LVWyULFRSXHVWLHQHXQGHVDUUROORHQ
HOWLHPSR\VRFLDOSXHVH[FHGHDORVLQGLYLGXRVHLQFOXVRDJHQHUDFLRQHV
GHLQGLYLGXRVTXHQRKDFHQPiVTXHUHFLELUOR\WUDQVIRUPDUOR
6XFHGHFRQHVWDHVWUXFWXUDORPLVPRTXHHQODHSLVWHPRORJtDNDQWLDQD
DXQTXHGLHUDQVXVHIHFWRV

80

'LVFXVLRQHV)LORVyFDV$xR1(QHUR-XQLRSS

LA CONSTRUCCIN SOCIAL DE LOS INDIVIDUOS

0LHQWUDVTXHHQ.DQWHOSRVWXODUXQWHUFHUHOHPHQWRDSULRULDKLVWyULFR
LQYDULDEOHGDOXJDUDXQVXMHWRDVLPLVPRLQYDULDEOHLJXDODVtPLVPR
DKLVWyULFR\DXQREMHWRGHFRQRFLPLHQWRDVLPLVPRLGpQWLFRHQHOWLHPSR
SURGXFWRVWRGRVGHHQWHQGHUTXHODFLHQFLDKDEtDOOHJDGRDVXYHUVLyQ
GHQLWLYD)OHFNWUDVWRFDHVWDTXLHWXGWUDQVJXUiQGRODHQXQFDPELR
perpetuo.
Si el conocimiento anterior es indispensable para adquirir un
FRQRFLPLHQWR QXHYR XQD YH] TXH VH ORJUD OR TXH OODPDPRV
FRQRFLPLHQWRDQWHULRU\DHVRWURSXHVORTXHDFDEDPRVGHFRQRFHU
VHOHDxDGHWUDQVIRUPiQGROR
$O FDPELDU FRQVWDQWHPHQWH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH SRVLELOLGDG FDPELDQ
WDQWRORTXHOODPDPRVVXMHWRFRPRORTXHOODPDPRVREMHWR
(VWR HV OR ~QLFR FRQVWDQWH HQ OD HSLVWHPRORJtD OD H[LVWHQFLD GH XQ
FRQRFLPLHQWRDQWHULRUSUHYLRDWRGDLQYHVWLJDFLyQDOTXHOODPDestilo
de pensamiento \ TXH HV SURGXFLGR SRU XQ DJHQWH VRFLDO FROHFWLYR
TXHVHH[WLHQGHDORODUJRGHODVGLVWLQWDVJHQHUDFLRQHVTXHGHQRPLQD
colectivo de pensamiento.
Insiste en que es extremadamente dificultoso percibir este tercer
HOHPHQWR DO PHQRV HQ GLVFLSOLQDV FRQVWLWXLGDV FULVWDOL]DGDV GHVGH
KDFH ODUJR WLHPSR R HQ HO FRQRFLPLHQWR FRP~Q SXHV DO HQFRQWUDUVH
WDQ HQUDL]DGR HQ ORV KiELWRV HV WDQ RPQLSUHVHQWH WDQ REYLR TXH
GHYLHQHLQYLVLEOHFRPRORVDQWHRMRVSDUDTXLHQHVORVXVDQRHODJXD
SDUDORVSHFHV3RUHVWHPRWLYRHOLJHSDUDVXDQiOLVLV\SDUDPRVWUDUOR
DGHFXDGDPHQWHXQDFLHQFLDHQFRQWLQXRFDPELRODPHGLFLQD<HQHOOD
GHGLFDVXVHVIXHU]RVGHKLVWRULDGRUDOQDFLPLHQWRGHXQDQXHYDFLHQFLDla
serologa\GHQWURGHHOODDODFRQVWLWXFLyQGHXQQXHYRKHFKRFLHQWtFR
la reaccin de Wasserman.
6LUHFDSLWXODPRVHOQ~FOHRGXURGHFRQYLFFLRQHVDSDUWLUGHORVFXDOHV
)OHFNHODERUDVXHSLVWHPRORJtDWHQGUHPRVHOVLJXLHQWHFXDGUR
 1RH[LVWHODVXSXHVWDUHODFLyQHSLVWpPLFDHQWUHVXMHWR\REMHWRHQWUH
DPERV\KDFLHQGRSRVLEOHODUHODFLyQH[LVWHXQWHUFHUHOHPHQWRTXH
LGHQWLFDFRQHOFRQRFLPLHQWRDQWHULRU
 'LFKRFRQRFLPLHQWRDQWHULRUHOestilo de pensamientoHVSURGXFLGR
SRUXQDFDSDVRFLDOHVSHFtFDHOcolectivo de pensamiento.

81

Csar Lorenzano

 /D~QLFDIRUPDGHDFFHGHUDOPLVPRHVPHGLDQWHHOHVWXGLRFXLGDGRVR
GHVXSURFHVRGHFRQVROLGDFLyQGHVXJpQHVLV

EL ESTILO DE PENSAMIENTO
(OHVWLORGHSHQVDPLHQWRSRVHHFRPSRQHQWHVFRQFHSWXDOHVSHURFRQVLVWH
fundamentalmente en una disposicin permanente para ver \ SDUD
actuarGHXQDFLHUWDIRUPD\QRGHRWUDTXHVHDGTXLHUHGXUDQWHHO
DSUHQGL]DMH
6HWUDWDHQWRQFHVGHXQDPH]FODLQH[WULFDEOHGH
L(ODERUDFLRQHVFRQFHSWXDOHV
LL 8QD IRUPD GH SHUFLELU RUJDQL]DGD \ JOREDOL]DGD XQD
*HVWDOWGLVWLQWDHQFDGDHVWLOR
LLL8QDKDELOLGDGSUiFWLFDLQGLVSHQVDEOHSDUDPDQLSXODUWRGR
XQVLVWHPDFRPSOHMRGHDSDUDWRV\FRQWUROHVVLQORVFXDOHVQR
HVSRVLEOHUHSURGXFLUORVH[SHULPHQWRV\SRUHQGHFRQDUHQ
ellos.
(VWHFRQMXQWRGHHOHPHQWRVHOHVWLORGHWHUPLQDTXpHVSRVLEOH\TXp
no lo es en cada momento histrico.
8QR GH ORV LQFRQYHQLHQWHV TXL]iV HO SULQFLSDO SDUD OD FRUUHFWD
DSUHKHQVLyQGHODQRFLyQGHHVWLORHVTXHQRVHHQFXHQWUDHQDFWRHQ
ORVHVFULWRVFLHQWtFRV6LORHVWXYLHUDVHUtDREYLRFDSWiQGRVHWDOFRPR
VXFHGHFRQORVHQXQFLDGRVRODVIyUPXODVRVHUtDGHWHFWDEOHDSDUWLUGH
VXDQiOLVLVDODXVDQ]DGHODORVRItDGHODFLHQFLDWUDGLFLRQDO
0LHQWUDVTXHSDUDHOQHRSRVLWLYLVPRORFHQWUDOVRQORVFRPSRQHQWHV
OLQJtVWLFRV GH OD FLHQFLD TXH VH DQDOL]DQ PHGLDQWH ODV KHUUDPLHQWDV
FRQFHSWXDOHV GH OD OyJLFD SDUD )OHFN ORV VLVWHPDV FRQFHSWXDOHV VH
HQFXHQWUDQVXERUGLQDGRVDOHVWLORVHHQFXHQWUDQPDUFDGRVSRUpOHO
HVWLOR GH SHQVDPLHQWR GHWHUPLQD HO HVWLOR GH FDGD FRQFHSWR GH FDGD
proposicin.
/DV SXEOLFDFLRQHV H[KLEHQ DSHQDV XQD SRUFLyQ GHO HVWLOR DO TXH HV
QHFHVDULRDxDGLURWURVHOHPHQWRVTXHVRQGHOGRPLQLRGHODVXEMHWLYLGDG

82

'LVFXVLRQHV)LORVyFDV$xR1(QHUR-XQLRSS

LA CONSTRUCCIN SOCIAL DE LOS INDIVIDUOS

las disposiciones a ver \actuar GHXQDFLHUWDPDQHUDTXHHQJUDQPHGLGD

VRQ LQFRQVFLHQWHV \ SRU OR WDQWR LQYLVLEOHV WDQWR SDUD ORV FLHQWtFRV
FRPRSDUDORVHSLVWHPyORJRV
6HUtDXQHUURUSHQVDUTXHORVHVFULWRVSRUHQFRQWUDUVHPDWHULDOL]DGRV
HQWLQWD\SDSHOVRQORV~QLFRVTXHSRGDPRVFRQVLGHUDUREMHWLYRV
/DVGLVSRVLFLRQHVWDPELpQORVRQDXQTXHGHXQDPDQHUDGLVWLQWDSRU
SHUWHQHFHUDODLQWHUVXMHWLYLGDGGHOFROHFWLYRGHSHQVDPLHQWR
(VWHHVXQRGHORVPRWLYRVSRUORVTXH)OHFNQRSXHGHSRQHUDODFLHQFLD
HQXQ7HUFHU0XQGRREMHWLYRFRPRORKDFH3RSSHUPXQGRHQHOTXH
PRUDQODVWHRUtDV\ODVOH\HV&LHQFLDSXUDFDVLSODWyQLFDHVFLQGLGDGH
los hombres.
6L OD FLHQFLD SRVHH XQD SRUFLyQ VX\D TXL]iV OD PiV LPSRUWDQWH
HQFDUQDGD HQ OD VXEMHWLYLGDG GHO FROHFWLYR GH SHQVDPLHQWR VL QR HV
SRVLEOHKDFHUFLHQFLDVyORFRQODFRPSUHQVLyQLQWHOHFWXDOGHORVWH[WRV
\ HV QHFHVDULR XQ HQWUHQDPLHQWR SUiFWLFR FRQ HO TXH FRQJXUDU OD
SHUFHSFLyQ \ ODV DFFLRQHV SURSLDV GH OD FLHQFLD HQWRQFHV UHVLGH SDUD
VLHPSUHHQHOPXQGRFDPELDQWHFRUUXSWLEOHVXEOXQDUHQHO6HJXQGR
0XQGRDOGHFLUGH3RSSHUHQHOTXHVHPXHYHQORVKRPEUHVWRGRVORV
das.
)OHFN LOXVWUD OD LPSRVLELOLGDG GH UHGXFLU OD FLHQFLD VyOR D VXV
FRPSRQHQWHVFRQFHSWXDOHV\SRUORWDQWRDVHUWUDVPLWLGDGHPDQHUD
FRQFHSWXDO HQ XQ HVFULWR QRWDEOH HQ HO TXH GHVFULEH D XQ JUXSR GH
SHUVRQDV LQWHOLJHQWHV DLVODGDV HQ XQ FDPSR GH FRQFHQWUDFLyQ FRQ
buenos textos a la mano. Es un relato descarnado de las observaciones
HSLVWHPROyJLFDVTXHUHDOL]DVLHQGRSULVLRQHURGHHVHPLVPRFDPSR
2EOLJDGRV D SURGXFLU UHVXOWDGRV FLHQWtFRV HQ HO FDPSR GH OD
PLFURELRORJtD \ OD LQPXQRORJtD FDHQ  FROHFWLYDPHQWH HQ HUURUHV GH
SHUFHSFLyQ\GHFRPSUHQVLyQGHODVH[SHULHQFLDVTXHUHDOL]DQTXHVH
PDQWLHQHQHQHOWLHPSRSHVHDODOHFWXUDGHQXHYDVHYLGHQFLDVWHyULFDV
TXHSXGLHUDQFRUUHJLUODV/RTXHVXFHGHHVTXHUHDFRPRGDQad hoc
ODWHRUtDSDUDTXHVHDMXVWHDORTXHFUHHQHVFRUUHFWDPHQWHSHUFLELGR
H[DFWDPHQWHFRPRORKDUtDXQDDFWLYLGDGFLHQWtFDHVWiQGDU


 &IU 3RSSHU . (SLVWHPRORJtD VLQ VXMHWR FRJQRVFHQWH (Q Conocimiento objetivo. 0DGULG
7HFQRVS

83

Csar Lorenzano

Crean un estilo de pensamientoVXLJpQHULVGHELGRSUHFLVDPHQWHDHVH

DLVODPLHQWRSHURTXHSRVHHWRGRVORVHOHPHQWRVTXHFDUDFWHUL]DQHO
estilo de pensamiento de la ciencia.
(ODUJXPHQWRVHUHIXHU]DFRQHOKHFKRGHTXHORVDUWtFXORVHQORVTXHVH
describen los supuestos descubrimientos fueron publicados en revistas
DOHPDQDV GH SUHVWLJLR SXHV QR HQFRQWUDURQ HUURUHV FRQFHSWXDOHV HQ
HOORV FXDQGR FXDOTXLHU DSUHQGL] FRQ HVFDVR HQWUHQDPLHQWR KXELHUD
YLVWRHQORVSUHSDUDGRVTXHXWLOL]DEDQRWUDVFRVDVTXHODVGHVFULSWDV
RWURVPLFURELRVRWUDVIRUPDV
/DOHFFLyQTXHQRVPXHVWUD)OHFNFRQWRGDFODULGDGHVTXHOD*HVWDOW\
las habilidades prcticas no se adquieren en los textos. Slo se aprenden
a travs del contacto directo con miembros formados del colectivo de
SHQVDPLHQWRHQODLQWHUDFFLyQFRQHOORV\FRQORVREMHWRVHVSHFtFRV
del campo de conocimiento.
EL COLECTIVO DE PENSAMIENTO
(O FROHFWLYR GH SHQVDPLHQWR QR VyOR HV HO DJHQWH HO DXWRU FROHFWLYR
GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR FLHQWtFR )OHFN GLFH DOJR PiV TXH HVWR 'LFH TXH
HOFROHFWLYRGHSHQVDPLHQWRHVHODJHQWHSHURDGHPiVHOportador del
HVWLOR\TXHHOFRQRFLPLHQWRYLYHHQHOVHQRGHORVJUXSRVKXPDQRV.
(QWHQGHPRVORVPRWLYRVTXHSXGRWHQHUSDUDSODQWHDUORGHHVWDPDQHUD
GHVGHHOPRPHQWRHQTXHHOHVWLORFRQVLVWHIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHHQ
disposicionesSDUDYHU\DFWXDUGHXQDFLHUWDPDQHUDUHVLGHQHFHVDULDPHQWH
HQVXMHWRVELROyJLFRVVXVFHSWLEOHVGHSRVHHUGLVSRVLFLRQHV.
3HURGHDTXtQRVHVLJXHTXHHOSRUWDGRUGHOHVWLORVHDXQFROHFWLYR(V
QHFHVDULRSDUDKDFHUORUD]RQDEOHTXHLQWURGX]FDPRVDXQTXHQRVHD
PHQFLRQDGRSRU)OHFNXQDSUHPLVDDGLFLRQDOSRUODTXHVHH[SUHVD
TXHHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\ODVKDELOLGDGHVGHXQHVWLORGHSHQVDPLHQWRQR
pueden ser posedos ntegramenteQXQFDSRUXQ~QLFRLQGLYLGXR


)OHFN/The problems 2SFLW

(OVDEHUYLYHHQHOFROHFWLYR\VHUHHODERUDLQFHVDQWHPHQWH)OHFN/Entstehung und Entwicklung
einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache. %DVHOLD7UDG/DJpQHVLV\HOGHVDUUROORGHXQKHFKRFLHQWtFR.
0DGULG$OLDQ]D8QLYHUVLGDGGH0DGULG S

3DUDGLJPDHVWLOR\FRPXQLGDGFLHQWtFDFROHFWLYRGHSHQVDPLHQWRVHGHQHQPXWXDPHQWH
GH PDQHUD FLUFXODU SDUDGLJPD HV OR TXH VRVWLHQH XQD FRPXQLGDG FLHQWtFD FRPXQLGDG
FLHQWtFD HV OD TXH VRVWLHQH XQ SDUDGLJPD 3HUR HVWD GHQLFLyQ HQ HVSHMR QR HV YLFLRVD GLUi
.XKQDFHUWDGDPHQWHSXHVLQGLFDTXHHVVXFLHQWHSDUDLGHQWLFDUXQSDUDGLJPDHOFRQRFHUOD
FRPXQLGDGFLHQWtFDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHRDpVWDVLSDUWLPRVGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOSDUDGLJPD


84

'LVFXVLRQHV)LORVyFDV$xR1(QHUR-XQLRSS

LA CONSTRUCCIN SOCIAL DE LOS INDIVIDUOS

/DVUD]RQHVSDUDMXVWLFDUODVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV6DEHPRVTXHODOLWHUDWXUD
publicada en un campo de conocimiento no puede ser siquiera leda
SRUFDGDPLHPEURGHOFROHFWLYRGDGRVXQ~PHURVLHPSUHHQDXPHQWR
Lo mismo sucede con ciertas habilidades prcticas necesarias para
OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ TXH YXHOYHQ LPSUHVFLQGLEOH OD FRODERUDFLyQ HQWUH
GLVWLQWRVJUXSRVLQFOXVRPX\OHMDQRV.
(VWR VLJQLFD TXH HO FRQMXQWR GH KDELOLGDGHV SHUFHSFLRQHV \
FRQRFLPLHQWRV TXH LQWHJUDQ XQ HVWLOR GH SHQVDPLHQWR H[FHGH DO GH
FXDOTXLHUFLHQWtFRLQGLYLGXDO\VyORSXHGHVHUSRVHtGRSRUWDGRHQ
su totalidad por el colectivo de pensamiento.
6DEHPRV DGHPiV TXH OD FLHQFLD QHFHVLWD HO LQWHUFDPELR FRQ ORV
RWURV GHQWUR GH XQ JUXSR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ \ HQWUH JUXSRV GH
LQYHVWLJDGRUHVSDUDKDFHUDYDQ]DUHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\SDUDFRQYDOLGDU
LQWHUVXEMHWLYDPHQWHSUREOHPDV\VROXFLRQHV
+DVWDDTXtODSUHVHQWDFLyQUHVXPLGDGHODFRQFHSFLyQGHODFLHQFLD
\ HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH )OHFN DVt FRPR GH ORV DUJXPHQWRV TXH KDFHQ
UD]RQDEOHSHQVDUHQXQDJHQWHVRFLDOFROHFWLYRSDUDODFLHQFLD
(VWD SRUFLyQ GHO SHQVDPLHQWR GH )OHFN GLR OXJDU D OD QRFLyQ GH
FRPXQLGDG FLHQWtFD HQ 7KRPDV .XKQ \ D VX WUDYpV LPSXOVy ORV
PRGHUQRVHVWXGLRVVRFLDOHVGHODFLHQFLDUHFRQFLOLDQGRHSLVWHPRORJtD
\VRFLRORJtDGHODFLHQFLD
6LQ HPEDUJR pVWH QR HV HO ~QLFR )OHFN (VWi HO TXH OOHYD HVWD OtQHD
FRQFHSWXDO D XQ H[WUHPR SDUD VRVWHQHU OD SHUHJULQD QRFLyQ GH XQD
PHQWHFROHFWLYDTXHSRUWDFUHD\GHVDUUROODHOFRQRFLPLHQWR(QHVWD
YHUVLyQHOFROHFWLYRGHSHQVDPLHQWRSRVHHXQSVLTXLVPRSURSLRFRQ
el que piensa.


(QLQYHVWLJDFLyQELROyJLFDHVVDELGRTXHDOJXQRVVDSRVGHH[SHULPHQWDFLyQVHFUtDQHQFLHUWRV
ODERUDWRULRVXQDVFHSDVGHEDFWHULDVHQRWURVXQRVPLFHWRVHQRWURV\TXHFXDQGRHVQHFHVDULR
HPSOHDUORV VH VROLFLWDQ D HVRV ODERUDWRULRV HQ YH] GH LQWHQWDU UHSURGXFLU HO SURFHVR GH VX
crianza.

Una especie de temor supersticioso impide atribuir tambin lo ms ntimo de la personalidad
KXPDQD HO SHQVDU D XQ FROHFWLYR 4Xp HV OD SHUVRQDOLGDG PLVPD VL QR OD SHUVRQLFDFLyQ
GHPX\GLVWLQWDVSHUVRQDOLGDGHVPRPHQWiQHDV\VXIRUPDSVtTXLFDFRP~Q"$QiORJDPHQWHHO
FROHFWLYRGHSHQVDPLHQWRFRQVLVWHHQGLVWLQWRVLQGLYLGXRV\WLHQHDVLPLVPRVXIRUPDSVtTXLFD
SDUWLFXODU\VXVOH\HVHVSHFLDOHVGHFRPSRUWDPLHQWR)OHFN/2SFLWS

85

Csar Lorenzano

LA MENTE COLECTIVA
La idea de una mente colectiva suena tan extraa que se hace necesario
UDVWUHDUORVVLWLRVHQORVTXH)OHFNODPHQFLRQDRODIXQGDPHQWD9HUHPRV
TXHQRVRQWDQQXPHURVRVFRPRORDPHULWDQLHQHOORVDSDUHFHXQDIRUPD
DUJXPHQWDWLYDFRQYLQFHQWH/DPD\RUtDVRQDUPDFLRQHVGRJPiWLFDV
UHFRUGHPRVTXHSDUD)OHFNXQPDUFRFRQFHSWXDOSXHGHLQWURGXFLUVHR
ELHQGHPDQHUDKLVWyULFDPRVWUDQGRVXHYROXFLyQRELHQGHPDQHUD
GRJPiWLFD
Los mencionar puntualmente sealando al mismo tiempo las
LQFRQVLVWHQFLDV TXH SUHVHQWDQ SDUD FRQFOXLU DUJXPHQWDQGR TXH OD
nocin de una mente colectiva no es esencial a su pensamiento.
/D SULPHUD YH] TXH )OHFN VH UHHUH D OD SRVLELOLGDG GH XQD PHQWH
FROHFWLYDORKDFHFXDQGRFRPHQWDGHPDQHUDFDVLLQRIHQVLYDTXH
KDVWDHQHOLQWHUFDPELRHQWUHGRVSHUVRQDVXQFROHFWLYRGHSHQVDPLHQWR
PRPHQWiQHR VH FRQVLJXH XQD DFWLWXG HVSHFLDO TXH QLQJXQR GH ORV
participantes aislados puede provocar de por s. Acota que en este
PRPHQWRKDFHQVXDSDULFLyQXQRVHOHPHQWRVHVSHFtFRV\QRDGLWLYRV
GHODSVLTXLVGHODPDVD.
<DSUHVHQWDGDODQRFLyQGHSVLTXLVGHPDVDQRVHGHWLHQHHQHOFDPLQR
'HDOOtHQDGHODQWHGLUiTXHQRVRODPHQWHHOFROHFWLYRHVHOTXHSLHQVD
HVHO~QLFRTXHSLHQVD
&LWDDVtDSUREDWRULDPHQWHD*XPSORZLF]TXLHQGLFH(OPD\RUHUURU
GHODSVLFRORJtDLQGLYLGXDOHVODSUHVXQFLyQGHTXHODSHUVRQDSLHQVD>@
(VWRHVXQDFDGHQDGHHUURUHV3XHVORTXHUHDOPHQWHSLHQVDHQODSHUVRQD
QRHVGHQLQJXQDPDQHUDHOLQGLYLGXRPLVPRVLQRVXFRPXQLGDGVRFLDO
/DSUHPLVDHQTXHVHDSR\DHVWHDXWRUHVODVLJXLHQWH/DIXHQWHGHVX
SHQVDUQRHVWiVLQRHQHOHQWRUQRVRFLDOHQHOTXHYLYH\HQODDWPyVIHUD
VRFLDOTXHUHVSLUD/DSHUVRQDQRSXHGHSHQVDUGHRWUDPDQHUDSXHVVX
PHQWHHVWiHVWUXFWXUDGDGHHVHPRGRGHWHUPLQDGRGHELGRDODLQXHQFLD
GHOHQWRUQRVRFLDOTXHOHURGHD.
&XULRVDPHQWHORPiVTXHSDUHFLHUDDXWRUL]DUHVWDSUHPLVDHVDLQIHULU
TXHORVRFLDOHVFRQGLFLyQGHSRVLELOLGDGGHOSHQVDPLHQWRLQGLYLGXDO
\QRDQHJDUOR3XHVWRTXHSXGLHUDVHUSUHPLVDQRVyORFRQUHVSHFWRDO
SHQVDUVLQRWDPELpQDOFRPHUGRUPLUVRxDU\SDUHFLHUDH[WUDxRRtU



86

,EtGS
*RPSORZLF]/XGZLJGrundiss der SoziologieS&LWDGRSRU)OHFN/,EtGS

'LVFXVLRQHV)LORVyFDV$xR1(QHUR-XQLRSS

LA CONSTRUCCIN SOCIAL DE LOS INDIVIDUOS

TXHTXLHQFRPHGXHUPHRVXHxDHVODVRFLHGDG\QRHOLQGLYLGXRTXH
VLHQWHKDPEUHVXHxRLQTXLHWXGHV
)OHFN H[WLHQGH VX SRVWXUD DQWLLQGLYLGXDOLVWD D OD ELRORJtD FXDQGR
H[SUHVD TXH OD XQLGDG LQGHSHQGLHQWH \ FHUUDGD TXH VH KD WRPDGR
HQFXHQWDKDELWXDOPHQWHGHEHGHMDUSDVRDXQLGDGHVDUPyQLFDVGH
YLGDODFRPXQLGDGGHDQLPDOHVODVFRORQLDVGHKRUPLJDVODVXQLGDGHV
HFROyJLFDVFRPRORVERVTXHV(VXQSUHMXLFLRFRORFDUHQSULPHUSODQR
DORVRUJDQLVPRVHQHOVHQWLGRDQWLJXRGHODSDODEUDFRPRXQLGDGHV
GHYLGDGHXQWLSRHVSHFLDO&RPRFXDOTXLHUFODVLFDFLyQHVDUELWUDULD
FRQYHQFLRQDOSURSRQHXQDTXHFRQVLGHUHFRPRXQLGDGDORVDJUHJDGRV
ms amplios.
6LLQFOXVRHQELRORJtDGHEHPRVKDEODUGHFROHFWLYRV\QRGHLQGLYLGXRV
SDUHFLHUD GHFLUQRV )OHFN HQWRQFHV HQ HVD SDUWLFXODU DFWLYLGDG
ELROyJLFDTXHHVHOSHQVDPLHQWRHVOHJtWLPRDUPDUTXHODXQLGDGGH
DQiOLVLVTXHSLHQVD\FRQRFHHVHOFROHFWLYR\QRHOLQGLYLGXR
&RQWRGRHVWDVDUPDFLRQHVGH)OHFNVREUHODELRORJtDQRFDUHFHQGH
SUREOHPDV(QSULQFLSLRQRHVREYLRTXHGHEDPRVGHMDUGHKDEODUGH
RUJDQLVPRVLQGLYLGXDOHVSDUDKDEODUVyORGHFRPXQLGDGHVGHHQWLGDGHV
ELROyJLFDV$ODOX]GHODHYROXFLyQGHHVWDGLVFLSOLQDVHSHQVDUtDTXH
DPERVHQIRTXHVFRH[LVWHQ\VHHPSOHDQDOWHUQDWLYDPHQWHHQUHVSXHVWDD
SUREOHPDVGLIHUHQWHV(OSXQWRGHYLVWDVLQJXODUVHXWLOL]DSDUDDQDOL]DU
ODVLRORJtDRODSVLFRORJtDGHORVDQLPDOHV(OSXQWRGHYLVWDFROHFWLYR
SHUPLWHDQDOL]DUHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHVLVWHPDVFRPSOHMRVFRPRORV
HFROyJLFRV
Tampoco es obvio que estos postulados puedan extrapolarse al
SHQVDPLHQWRKXPDQR3DUHFLHUDORFRQWUDULRGDGRTXHODH[SHULHQFLD
PiVLQPHGLDWDGHOVHUKXPDQRHVODGHVXSURSLDLQGLYLGXDOLGDG\GH
VHUHODJHQWHGHVXVSHQVDPLHQWRV\GHVXVDFWRV$XQFXDQGRSXGLHUD
sostenerse con plausibilidad que los individuos se experimentan adems
DVtPLVPRVHQRFDVLRQHVFRPRSDUWHVLQGLYLVLEOHVGHFRPXQLGDGHV
DPSOLDVVHDQWHUULWRULDOHVRUHOLJLRVDV
7DPSRFRVRQDGHFXDGDVODVPHWiIRUDVGHXQDRUTXHVWDVLQIyQLFD\GH
un equipo de football DODVTXHDSHOD)OHFNSDUDKDFHUQRVFRPSUHQGHU
HOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRFROHFWLYRGHXQFRQMXQWRGHSHQVDGRUHV1LQJXQDGH
HOODVDSR\DODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQDSVLTXLVFROHFWLYD


&IU)OHFN/2SFLWS

87

Csar Lorenzano

(QDPEDVORLPSRUWDQWHDOLJXDOTXHHQODFLHQFLDRHQODFXOWXUDHQ
JHQHUDOHVODSURGXFFLyQFRP~Q\QRFDGDDFFLyQLQGLYLGXDOFRPR
REVHUYDDFHUWDGDPHQWH)OHFN3HURQRWHVWLPRQLDQDFHUFDGHXQDOPD
FROHFWLYDVLQRGHODREHGLHQFLDFRP~QDQRUPDVGHIXQFLRQDPLHQWRTXH
JHQHUDQHVRWDQSDUWLFXODUTXHHVXQFRQFLHUWRRXQSDUWLGRGHfootball.
'HQWUR GH VXV PiUJHQHV SRGHPRV OHHU OD FRQWULEXFLyQ LQGLYLGXDO
DO ORJUR FRP~Q PiV TXH ODV DFFLRQHV GH XQ VXMHWR FROHFWLYR 6LQ OD
PRGXODFLyQTXHOHLPSULPHQODVLQGLYLGXDOLGDGHVQRVHH[SOLFDQODV
LQQLWDVYDULHGDGHVHQODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHODVSDUWLWXUDVPXVLFDOHVQLODV
impensadas combinatorias que aparecen en un partido de football. Ambas
UHVXOWDQGHODREHGLHQFLDGHODVUHJODVSHURWDPELpQGHODVKDELOLGDGHV
GLIHUHQFLDGDVGHVXVPLHPEURVHQFDGDFRQWH[WRHVSHFtFR
)OHFNSLHQVDTXHFXDQGRRWRUJDVXVWDQFLDontologizaDXQDSVLTXLV
FROHFWLYDODPDQLREUDHVLQRIHQVLYDSXHVWRTXHHVSHFLFDDOPLVPR
WLHPSRODIXQFLRQDOL]D$JUHJDDGHPiVTXHVLHVWHyULFDPHQWH~WLODVXV
QHVVHHQFXHQWUDMXVWLFDGD1LXQDQLRWUDFRVDHVFLHUWD/DPDQLREUD
QRHVLQRIHQVLYD\DTXHHOLPLQDODQRFLyQGHLQGLYLGXRQLHVFRPR
YHUHPRVWHyULFDPHQWH~WLODVXVQHV
1RWDPRVHQXQDOHFWXUDFXLGDGRVDGHVXVHVFULWRVTXHODSRVLFLyQGH
)OHFNQRHVXQLIRUPH\DTXHPHQFLRQDDOWHUQDWLYDPHQWHDOFROHFWLYRGH
SHQVDPLHQWRFRPRXQDJHQWHVRFLDOFROHFWLYRSDUDXQSURGXFWRDVLPLVPR
FROHFWLYRHOHVWLORGHSHQVDPLHQWRTXHFRPRKHPRVYLVWRVHMXVWLFD
SRU UD]RQHV WHyULFDV \ HPStULFDV \ XQ FROHFWLYR GH SHQVDPLHQWR
TXHSRVHHDWULEXWRVGHORVLQGLYLGXRVFUH\HQGRTXHHO~OWLPRHVXQD
consecuencia necesaria del primero.
5HVXOWDFODURTXHVLSRVWXODPRVXQFROHFWLYRVRFLDOQRVFRPSURPHWHPRV
D VRVWHQHU VX H[LVWHQFLD RQWROyJLFD \ TXH FRPR OR PXHVWUD
DFHUWDGDPHQWH )OHFN HVWH FROHFWLYR WLHQH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV TXH QLQJXQR
GHVXVPLHPEURVSXHGHSRVHHUDLVODGDPHQWHSRUHMHPSORODGHVHUHO
SRUWDGRUGHWRGRHOHVWLORGHSHQVDPLHQWR3HURHVWRQRLPSOLFDVRVWHQHU
que tiene ademsORVDWULEXWRVGHORVLQGLYLGXRV3DUDWRGRVORVQHV
WHyULFRV\HSLVWpPLFRVHVVXFLHQWHSHQVDUHOFROHFWLYRFRPRXQVLVWHPD
HVWUXFWXUDGRSRUODVUHODFLRQHVHQWUHVXVPLHPEURVVLQQHFHVLGDGGH
SRVWXODUXQDSVLTXLVFROHFWLYDQLGHGLVROYHUDOLQGLYLGXR.



&IU,EtGS)OHFNH[SRQHRWUDVIDFHWDVGHVXDUJXPHQWDFLyQVREUHXQDPHQWHFROHFWLYD
\GLVFXWHD.HOVHQVXVSRVWXODFLRQHVFRQWUDULDVDODPLVPD.HOVHQ+DQV'HV%HJULIIGHV6WDDWHV
XQGGHL6R]LDOSV\FKRORJLHImago 81HZ<RUN,QWHUQDWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVSS


88

'LVFXVLRQHV)LORVyFDV$xR1(QHUR-XQLRSS

LA CONSTRUCCIN SOCIAL DE LOS INDIVIDUOS

(Q HVWH FROHFWLYR VXV PLHPEURV FRQWULEX\HQ FRQ VXV SURSLDV

HODERUDFLRQHVDOGHVDUUROORGHOHVWLORGHSHQVDPLHQWRGHOTXHVRQSDUWH
inseparable.
(QFXDQWRDORVQHVSHUVHJXLGRVH[SOtFLWDPHQWHSRU)OHFNODHOLPLQDFLyQ
GHORVLQGLYLGXRVGHODHSLVWHPRORJtD\ODVRFLRORJtDHVLQFRPSDWLEOH
FRQ XQD YLVLyQ GHPRFUiWLFD GH OD FLHQFLD \ OD VRFLHGDG FRPR OD TXH
sostiene.
&RPRYHUHPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQSXHGHFRQVWUXLUVHFRQHVWDVKHUUDPLHQWDV
FRQFHSWXDOHVXQDFRQFHSFLyQGHODVRFLHGDGHQODTXHVHYLVXDOLFHQ
DO PLVPR WLHPSR OD H[LVWHQFLD GH FROHFWLYRV VRFLDOHV \ GH PHQWHV
LQGLYLGXDOHV~QLFDVLUUHSHWLEOHVFRQVWUXLGDVSUHFLVDPHQWHHQHOVHQR
de esos colectivos sociales.
(VQHFHVDULRSDUDHOORH[WHQGHUODQRFLyQGHFROHFWLYR\GHHVWLORGH
SHQVDPLHQWRPiVDOOiGHODFLHQFLDDWRGDRWUDDFWLYLGDGSURGXFWLYD
KXPDQDTXHSHUVLVWHHQHOWLHPSR\VHLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]D

LA CONSTRUCCIN SOCIAL DEL INDIVIDUO

6LSHQVDPRVTXHWRGDDFWLYLGDGKXPDQDVHKDFHHQFROHFWLYRVHVSHFtFRV
HV SRVLEOH SHUFLELU HQ OD VRFLHGDG P~OWLSOHV FROHFWLYRV FLHQWtFRV
DUWtVWLFRV GHSRUWLYRV UHOLJLRVRV ORVyFRV HFRQyPLFRV HWF TXH
SRVHHQXQDHVWUXFWXUDVLPLODUTXHODGHOFLHQWtFR\TXHVRQSRUWDGRUHV
de estilos de pensamiento diferenciados.
(VQHFHVDULRDxDGLUTXHHQHVWDFRQFHSFLyQORVFROHFWLYRVVRQORVDJHQWHV
sociales de la produccin de la totalidad de los bienes que circulan en
una sociedad. Sean ellos simplemente simblicosFRPRODFLHQFLD\ORV
GHPiVSURGXFWRVFXOWXUDOHVRbienes materiales.
$KRUDELHQHOHVWLORGHSHQVDPLHQWRFLHQWtFRVHVXEGLYLGHHQRWURV
HVWLORVVHJ~QGLVFLSOLQDV\pVWDVDVXYH]HQORVTXHFRUUHVSRQGHQD
ODVWHRUtDVTXHFRQWLHQHQHOHVWLORGHSHQVDPLHQWRDUWtVWLFRVHUDPLFD
HQHOGHODVGLVWLQWDVDUWHV\HQHOORVHQORVHVWLORVGHFDGDHVFXHODHO
HVWLORGHODSURGXFFLyQJHQHUDOGHPHUFDQFtDVVHGLYLGHHQORVGHFDGD
una de las ramas de produccin; etc.


)OHFN/Crisis in2SFLW

89

Csar Lorenzano

(QWRQFHV OD LPDJHQ TXH VXUJH GH DFHSWDU TXH HO SHQVDPLHQWR VH
HQFXHQWUDGHOLPLWDGRSRUFRPXQLGDGHVTXHSRUWDQHVWLORVGLIHUHQWHVHV
ODGHXQDVRFLHGDGIRUPDGDSRUXQPRVDLFRGHFROHFWLYRVTXHSXHGHQ
WRFDUVHVXSHUSRQHUVHSDUFLDOPHQWHVHUVXEFRQMXQWRVXQRVGHRWURVR
HQFRQWUDUVH WRWDOPHQWH DOHMDGRV &RPR XQD QDWXUDO FRQVHFXHQFLD GH
HVWLORVGHSHQVDPLHQWRTXHVHWRFDQVHVXSHUSRQHQVHLQFOX\HQRVH
DOHMDQHQWUHVt8QDVRFLHGDGGHHVWDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVHVQHFHVDULDPHQWH
FRPSOHMDP~OWLSOHFRQWUDGLFWRULD
(QHVWHFRQWH[WRSRGUtDPRVGHFLUTXHODSHUWHQHQFLDDVXFROHFWLYR\OD
SRVHVLyQGHOHVWLORGHSHQVDPLHQWRTXHORFDUDFWHUL]DHVORTXHGHQH
DFDGDLQGLYLGXRXQtYRFDPHQWHGHWHUPLQDGR
6LQHPEDUJRFDEHSHQVDURWUDDOWHUQDWLYDODGHVXMHWRVTXHSHUWHQH]FDQ
VLPXOWiQHDPHQWHDYDULRVFROHFWLYRVGHSHQVDPLHQWR4XHVHDQREUHURV
IRWyJUDIRVDFLRQDGRVDOELOODUMXJDGRUHVGHfootballSDGUHVDOLDGRV
o simpatizantes de un partido poltico.
&RPR YHUHPRV HVWD FLUFXQVWDQFLD VH WUDQVIRUPD HQ OD FRQGLFLyQ GH
SRVLELOLGDGGHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHVXEMHWLYLGDGHVLQGLYLGXDOHV~QLFDV
irrepetibles.
3XHVWRTXHVLHVWHHVHOFDVRFRPRSDUHFHVHUVLHPSUHFXDOTXLHUVXMHWR
GLVFXUUH HQ VX H[LVWHQFLD VLPXOWiQHD R VXFHVLYDPHQWH SRU P~OWLSOHV
FROHFWLYRV DSURSLiQGRVH DOOt GH ORV HVWLORV GH SHQVDPLHQWR TXH ORV
caracterizan.
3LHUUH%RXUGLHXQRVPRVWUyFRQYLQFHQWHPHQWHTXHODDSURSLDFLyQGH
ORVHVWLORVGHSHQVDPLHQWRFDSLWDOVLPEyOLFRHQVXWHUPLQRORJtDHV
GLIHUHQFLDOHQIXQFLyQGHODGRWDFLyQFXOWXUDOSUHYLDGHODTXHGLVSRQH
HQJHQHUDOOLJDGDDORULJHQIDPLOLDU\ODHVFRODULGDG\GHOWLHPSR\OD
dedicacin que dispensa a la tarea.
6LHQGRHVWRDVtORVVXMHWRVQRVHDSURSLDQSRUFRPSOHWRGHORVHVWLORVGH
SHQVDPLHQWRVLQRGHPDQHUDGLIHUHQFLDGDGLIHUHQFLiQGRVH
6LVHJXLPRVXQDGLVWLQFLyQTXHKDFH)OHFNHQHOVHQRGHORVFROHFWLYRV
GHSHQVDPLHQWRHQWUHTXLHQHVVHGHGLFDQSURIHVLRQDOPHQWHDOGHVDUUROOR
GHOHVWLORGHSHQVDPLHQWR\TXLHQHVSRVHHQFRPRDFLRQDGRVHQPHQRU

%RXUGLHXTXLHQHPSOHDODPHWiIRUDHFRQyPLFDSDUDFRQVWUXLUVXFRQFHSFLyQKDEODGHinversin
para referirse al esfuerzo que se realiza para aumentar el capital cultural.

90

'LVFXVLRQHV)LORVyFDV$xR1(QHUR-XQLRSS

LA CONSTRUCCIN SOCIAL DE LOS INDIVIDUOS

JUDGR ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV \ KDELOLGDGHV TXH ORV FDUDFWHUL]D GLUHPRV

TXH ORV VXMHWRV SXHGHQ VHU SURIHVLRQDOHV HQ DOJXQRV FROHFWLYRV GH
SHQVDPLHQWR\DFLRQDGRVPiVRPHQRVGXURVHQYDULRVPiV.
$VtOOHJDQDSRVHHUHVHSDWULPRQLRFXOWXUDOestilsticoHVSHFtFRTXH
GHQHDFDGDXQRGHHOORVFRPRXQVHUKXPDQR~QLFRHO~QLFRTXHSRVHH
HVDKHUHQFLDFXOWXUDOIDPLOLDU\HO~QLFRTXHUHFRUUHFRQHOODXQSHULSOR
~QLFRH[FOXVLYRSRUODVFRPXQLGDGHVKXPDQDVHQODVTXHVHDSURSLD
GHVLJXDOPHQWHGHVXVP~OWLSOHVHVWLORVGHSHQVDPLHQWR$PXHEODQVX
VXEMHWLYLGDGFRQPH]FODVGHVSDUHMDVKHWHURJpQHDVFRQWUDGLFWRULDVGH
fracciones de estilos de pensamiento.
/D VXEMHWLYLGDG VH FRQVWUX\H VRFLDOPHQWH HQ ORV FROHFWLYRV GH
SHQVDPLHQWRFRPRORSHQVDED)OHFN3HURQRHQXQRVRORVLQRHQXQ
Q~PHURLQGHWHUPLQDGR\VLHPSUHFDPELDQWHGHFROHFWLYRVSDUDFDGD
VXMHWRGHWDOPDQHUDTXHHOUHVXOWDGRVRQVXEMHWLYLGDGHV~QLFDV
'H HVWD PDQHUD SXHGHQ DSRUWDU DO SURFHVR GH FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH ORV
estilos de pensamiento la porcin que poseen del capital estilstico de
XQFROHFWLYRGHSHQVDPLHQWRGDGR\WDPELpQHOGLIHUHQFLDGRFDSLWDO
HVWLOtVWLFR TXH DFXPXODURQ HQ RWURV FROHFWLYRV SDUD HQULTXHFHUOR \
eventualmente cambiarlo.
8QDFRQFHSFLyQGHORVFROHFWLYRVVRFLDOHVFRPRODTXHSHQVDPRVSHVH
DODLPSRUWDQFLDTXHDVLJQDDORVDJHQWHV\ODVFUHDFLRQHVFROHFWLYDV
QR SXHGH SHUPLWLUVH SUHVFLQGLU GH QLQJXQR GH VXV PLHPEURV GH
QLQJXQDGHVXVLQGLYLGXDOLGDGHV(QHOORVHQVXGLIHUHQFLDVXEMHWLYDVH
HQFXHQWUDQODVSDUWtFXODVTXHOOHYDQDORQXHYR\DOFDPELRGHODPLVPD
PDQHUDTXHODHYROXFLyQELROyJLFDGHODVHVSHFLHVVXYDULDELOLGDG\VX
DGDSWDELOLGDGVHGHEHDODGLYHUVLGDGJHQpWLFDGHVXVPLHPEURV&RPR
HQODVHVSHFLHVELROyJLFDVHQHVDVespecies culturales que son los estilos de
SHQVDPLHQWRODHYROXFLyQ\HOFDPELRHVWiQGDGRVSRUODGLVWULEXFLyQ
GHVLJXDOGHORVSDWULPRQLRVVLPEyOLFRV\ODQHFHVDULDLQWHUDFFLyQHQWUH
sus miembros.

 5HFRUGHPRV TXH SDUD )OHFN HQ OD HVWUXFWXUD GH XQ FROHFWLYR SRGHPRV GLVWLQJXLU HQWUH XQD
HOLWHUHVSRQVDEOHGHODSURGXFFLyQSURSLDGHOFROHFWLYRSURIHVLRQDOHVFDOLFDGRVSDUDHVWDEOHFHU
OD OHJLWLPLGDG GH OR TXH SHUWHQHFH DO HVWLOR GH SHQVDPLHQWR \ ORV DFLRQDGRV DTXHOORV TXH
SRVHHQ HQ PD\RU R PHQRV FXDQWtD ORV VDEHUHV \ KDELOLGDGHV GHO HVWLOR \ D TXLHQHV VH GLULJHQ
primordialmente los profesionales. Es de su mutua interaccin de la que resulta el desarrollo del
HVWLORGHSHQVDPLHQWR\QR~QLFDPHQWHGHODFDSDGHSURIHVLRQDOHV9HiVH)OHFN/La gnesis y el
desarrollo2SFLWSVV

91

Csar Lorenzano

'HHVWDPDQHUDORVELHQHVTXHSURGXFHQORVFROHFWLYRVVRQXQUHVXOWDGR
GHODLPSUHGHFLEOHFRPELQDWRULDGHIDFWRUHVTXHDSRUWDQHVRVVXMHWRV
~QLFRV<ORKDFHQHIHFWLYDPHQWHFRQODVUHJODVFRQVWUXFWLYDVGHORV
FROHFWLYRV SHUR DGHPiV FRQ ODV UHJODV FRQVWUXFWLYDV SURSLDV GH ODV
VXEMHWLYLGDGHVKXPDQDVTXHGLHUHQGHODVDQWHULRUHV
,QFLGHQWDOPHQWH FDEH PHQFLRQDU TXH HVWRV VHxDODPLHQWRV DSXQWDQ
WDQWR FRQWUD HO KRPEUH XQLGLPHQVLRQDO R OD HOLPLQDFLyQ GHO VXMHWR
HQ DUDV GH ORV FROHFWLYRV FRPR FRQWUD HO individualismo metodolgico.
1R HV SRVLEOH GHGXFLU FRPR VH KDFH HQ HFRQRPtD GH XQ VXSXHVWR
PLHPEURLGHDOORVFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVGHORVDJHQWHVVRFLDOHVFROHFWLYRV
ORTXHSHUPLWHSUHVFLQGLUGHHOORVHQODWHRUtD/RVLQGLYLGXRVVRQ
HIHFWLYDPHQWH GLIHUHQWHV H LUUHGXFWLEOHV D VHU VXEVXPLGRV EDMR XQ
~QLFRGHQRPLQDGRUWDQWRSRUSRVHHUGHPDQHUDGHVLJXDOORVVDEHUHV\
KDELOLGDGHVSURSLRVGHOFROHFWLYRHQHOTXHVRQSURIHVLRQDOHVFRPRSRU
HVDPH]FODKHWHURJpQHD\~QLFDGHHVWLORVGHSHQVDPLHQWRDODTXHQRV
UHIHULPRV7DPSRFRSRGHPRVGHMDUGHKDEODUGHHQWLGDGHVFROHFWLYDV
so pena de no comprender la produccin social.
Una consecuencia de este enfoque es que un colectivo es tanto ms
ULFR FXDQWR PiV SREODGR VH HQFXHQWUD \ FXDQWR PD\RU YDULDELOLGDG
FXOWXUDO H[LVWD HQWUH VXV PLHPEURV 'HVGH HVWD SHUVSHFWLYD QR KD\
KRPEUHVLPSUHVFLQGLEOHVSHURWDPSRFRORVKD\TXHVREUHQ7RGRVVRQ
QHFHVDULRVSDUDODOHQWDFRQVWUXFFLyQFRP~QGHORVHVWLORV\ORVFROHFWLYRV
GHSHQVDPLHQWRTXHHVDOPLVPRWLHPSRODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHODVRFLHGDG
HQVXFRQMXQWR
8Q DUJXPHQWR VLPLODU SHUPLWH FRPSUHQGHU HO URO GH OD GLYHUVLGDG
FXOWXUDOHQODVVRFLHGDGHVFRPRPRWRUGHVXGHVDUUROOR\FDPELRSXHVWR
TXHODLQQRYDFLyQODFUHDFLyQUHTXLHUHQODPXWXDIHUWLOL]DFLyQHQWUHORV
PiVGLYHUVRVHVWLORVGHSHQVDPLHQWR\SRUHQGHGHODH[LVWHQFLDGHHVH
PRVDLFR FRPSOHMR IUDJPHQWDGR \ FRQWUDGLFWRULR GH FDPSRV VRFLDOHV
TXHORVHVWLORVDFRWDQLUUHGXFWLEOHVHQWUHVt
)UHQWH D ODV FRUULHQWHV KRPRJHQHL]DGRUDV GH OD FXOWXUD YHPRV TXH
QR KD\ QDGD HUUyQHR R SHUYHUVR HQ OD FUHDFLyQ \ PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH
ODGLYHUVLGDGVRFLDO\FXOWXUDOVLQRHQORVPHFDQLVPRVTXHOOHYDQDOD
H[FOXVLyQRODGLVFULPLQDFLyQGHFLHUWRVHVWLORVGHSHQVDPLHQWRVHDQGH
FODVHVVRFLDOHVGHJUXSRVPLQRULWDULRVRGHFRPXQLGDGHVFXOWXUDOHV

92

'LVFXVLRQHV)LORVyFDV$xR1(QHUR-XQLRSS

LA CONSTRUCCIN SOCIAL DE LOS INDIVIDUOS

6LODVVRFLHGDGHVQRVRQWROHUDQWHVIUHQWHDODGLYHUVLGDGVLGLVFULPLQDQ
RFHQVXUDQORVHVWLORVGHSHQVDPLHQWRGLIHUHQWHVODFXOWXUDVXVELHQHV
VLPEyOLFRVWRGRVHPSREUHFHQ\WLHQGHDODQJXLGHFHU
Lo mismo ocurre si los miembros de un colectivo de pensamiento
GLFXOWDQ OD WUDQVPLVLyQ GH ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV \ KDELOLGDGHV TXH ORV
FDUDFWHUL]DQDORVDSUHQGLFHVTXHVHDSUR[LPDQDHOORVRVLREVWDFXOL]DQ
OD FLUFXODFLyQ GH ODV LGHDV HQ VX VHQR ORV HVWLORV GH SHQVDPLHQWR VH
HVWDQFDQ\QDOPHQWHGHVDSDUHFHQ
1RVLHPSUHUHVXOWDFODURTXHODVROLGDULGDGHOHPHQWDOHQWUHPDHVWURV\
DSUHQGLFHVHVHOSULQFLSLRSUDJPiWLFRVLQHOFXDOQRKD\UHSURGXFFLyQ
GHORVHVWLORVGHSHQVDPLHQWR1LWDPSRFRTXHODGHPRFUDFLDLQWHUQDGH
ORVFROHFWLYRVVRFLDOHVORHVSDUDODPiVDPSOLDFLUFXODFLyQ\GLVFXVLyQ
GHODVLGHDVJDUDQWtDGHTXHVHDGRSWDUiODPHMRUVROXFLyQSRVLEOH\
SRUHQGHVHGHVDUUROODUiQORVHVWLORVGHSHQVDPLHQWR
6LQHOODVGHVDSDUHFHODUD]yQGHVHUGHORVFROHFWLYRVGHSHQVDPLHQWRTXH
HVFRPRVDEHPRVODGHPDQWHQHU\GHVDUUROODUORVHVWLORVGHSHQVDPLHQWR
1RHVQHFHVDULRDEXQGDUHQTXHHVWDVSUiFWLFDVQHFHVDULDPHQWHVROLGDULDV
\GHPRFUiWLFDVGHORVFROHFWLYRVVRQHOIXQGDPHQWRQRUPDWLYRGHODYLGD
HQVRFLHGDGTXHHVODYLGDHQORVFROHFWLYRV
/D WROHUDQFLD D OD GLIHUHQFLD OD VROLGDULGDG OD GHPRFUDFLD FRPR
YHPRV VRQ FRQGLFLyQ GH SRVLELOLGDG SDUD TXH RUH]FD OD Pi[LPD
GLYHUVLGDGVLPEyOLFD\SDUDTXHORVGLYHUVRVHVWLORVGHSHQVDPLHQWRVH
GHVDUUROOHQSDVDQGRGHHVWDGRVGHPHQRUDPD\RUFRPSOHMLGDG
Diremos adems que esta condicin de posibilidad compromete no
VyORDODSURGXFFLyQVLPEyOLFDVLQRWDPELpQDODSURGXFFLyQXWLOLWDULD
DODSURGXFFLyQGHELHQHVGHXVR(VWRHVDVtSXHVELHQVDEHPRVTXH
VLQFLHQFLDVLQWHFQRORJtDQRKD\GHVDUUROORHFRQyPLFR(QODYLVLyQ
TXHSURSRQHPRVQRKD\FLHQFLDQLWHFQRORJtDVLQRH[LVWHXQVLPXOWiQHR
GHVDUUROOR VRFLDO \ FXOWXUDO TXH OHV Gp VXVWHQWR FRQJXUDGR SRU XQ
vasto mosaico de estilos de pensamiento que las enriquece. Tampoco
VLQQRUPDVGHWROHUDQFLDGHPRFUDFLD\VROLGDULGDGSDUDTXHDYDQFHQ
\VHGHVDUUROOHQ

93

Csar Lorenzano

COLOFN
(Q QXHVWUR DUWtFXOR PRVWUDPRV OD tQWLPD OLJD]yQ GH ORV FRQFHSWRV
FHQWUDOHVGHODHSLVWHPRORJtDGH)OHFNcolectivo de pensamiento\estilo
de pensamiento.
$UJXPHQWDPRVDFHUFDGHODSODXVLELOLGDGGHSHQVDUHQTXHODFLHQFLD
VHDSURGXFLGDSRUXQDJHQWHVRFLDOFROHFWLYR\PRVWUDPRVTXHODQRFLyQ
GHXQDPHQWHFROHFWLYDQRVHVLJXHQHFHVDULDPHQWHGHODDFHSWDFLyQGH
los colectivos de pensamiento.
$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ DFHSWDPRV TXH OD SURGXFFLyQ PDWHULDO \ VLPEyOLFD
GH OD VRFLHGDG HQ VX GLYHUVLGDG VH UHDOL]D HQ HO VHQR GH FROHFWLYRV
VRFLDOHVHVSHFtFRV3URSXVLPRVTXHORVDJHQWHVVRFLDOHVLQGLYLGXDOHV
QRSHUWHQHFHQDXQ~QLFRFROHFWLYRVLQRTXHVXH[LVWHQFLDGLVFXUUHSRU
P~OWLSOHVGLIHUHQWHVFROHFWLYRV(VWDSHUWHQHQFLDFRPSOHMDOOHYDDSHQVDU
HQVXMHWRVPXOWLGHWHUPLQDGRV\QHFHVDULDPHQWHGLIHUHQWHV8WLOL]DPRVOD
nocin de apropiacin desigualSDUDDFHQWXDUODGLIHUHQFLDGHORVVXMHWRV
\MXVWLFDUHOTXHVHDQVLPXOWiQHDPHQWHprofesionales\DFLRQDGRVHQ
distintos colectivos de pensamiento.
3URSXVLPRVTXHHVWDGLYHUVLGDGHVWLOtVWLFDHQWUHORVPLHPEURVGHORV
FROHFWLYRV HV OD FRQGLFLyQ GH OD HYROXFLyQ \ FDPELR GH ORV HVWLORV GH
SHQVDPLHQWR\SRUHQGHGHODSURGXFFLyQVRFLDO
$OPLVPRWLHPSRSURSXVLPRVTXHHOLQWHUpVGHVXVPLHPEURVHQTXH
FDGD FROHFWLYR ORJUH VX Q TXH HV UHSURGXFLU \ GHVDUUROODU VX HVWLOR
GHSHQVDPLHQWRDOPHMRUQLYHOH[LJHQRUPDVpWLFDVGHWROHUDQFLDDOD
GLYHUVLGDGFXOWXUDOGHVROLGDULGDG\GHGHPRFUDFLDTXHVXUJHQDVtGHO
funcionamiento mismo de los colectivos.
5HFKD]DPRV HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD OD QRFLyQ GH XQD PHQWH FROHFWLYD \
SRVWXODPRV TXH OD PHQWH LQGLYLGXDO HV XQD FRQVWUXFFLyQ VRFLDO HO
UHVXOWDGRLQHYLWDEOHGHODYLGDHQVRFLHGDGSHUR~QLFDLUUHSHWLEOH
LUUHHPSOD]DEOHDOHMDGRVWDQWRGHOLQGLYLGXDOLVPRPHWRGROyJLFRFRPR
GHODIXVLyQGHOVXMHWRHQORVFROHFWLYRVVRFLDOHV7KRPDV.XKQHQVX
EUHYHLQWURGXFFLyQForewordDODHGLFLyQHQLQJOpVGHODREUDGH)OHFN
DOFRPHQWDUORVDVSHFWRVFRQORVTXHFRLQFLGH\FRQORVTXHGLVFUHSD
PHQFLRQDHQWUHHVWRV~OWLPRVFDVLFRPR~QLFRFDVRODQRFLyQHFNLDQD
GHXQDPHQWHFROHFWLYDFX\DVRFLRORJtDOHUHVXOWDUHSXOVLYD.


3DUDYHUFRQPiVGHWDOOHODVUHODFLRQHVFRQFHSWXDOHVHQWUH.XKQ\)OHFN&IU/RUHQ]DQR&/RV
DQFHVWURVGH7KRPDV.XKQ(Q5$0DUWLQV/$&30DUWLQV&&6LOYD -0+)HUUHLUD
HGVFilosofa e Histria da Ciencia no Cono Sul. HU(QFRQWURSS

94

'LVFXVLRQHV)LORVyFDV$xR1(QHUR-XQLRSS

LA CONSTRUCCIN SOCIAL DE LOS INDIVIDUOS

&UHHPRVVLQHPEDUJRTXHDOOOHYDUHOSHQVDPLHQWRGH)OHFNDSURSXHVWDV
\FRQFOXVLRQHVTXHQROHSHUWHQHFHQQRQRVDSDUWDPRVUDGLFDOPHQWHGH
pO1XHVWUDH[SRVLFLyQVHGHVDUUROODHQHOVHQRGHOHVWLORGHSHQVDPLHQWR
TXHVHLQLFLDFRQ)OHFNRIUHFLpQGRVHFRPRXQQXHYRSXQWRGHSDUWLGD
SDUDTXHORWRPHQRWURVLQYHVWLJDGRUHV\OROOHYHQDVXYH]PiVDOOi
$XQTXHDOKDFHUORGHEDQQHJDUOR

REFERENCIAS
%285',(83LHUUHEl sentido prctico0DGULG7DXUXV
&2+(1 5REHUW  6&+1(//( 7KRPDV HGV  Cognition and
Fact. Materials on Ludwik Fleck'RUGUHFKW5HLGHO
)/(&./XGZLFN6RPH6SHFLF)HDWXUHVRIWKH0HGLFDO:D\RI
7KLQNLQJ/HFWXUDHQHO&XDUWR(QFXHQWURGHOD6RFLHGDGGH$PDQWHV
GHOD+LVWRULDGHOD0HGLFLQDGH/ZyZSXEOLFDGDSyVWXPDPHQWHHQ
5&RKHQ 76FKQHOOHCognition and Fact. Materials on Ludwik
Fleck'RUGUHFKW5HLGHOSS
BBBBBBBBBBEntstehung und Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlichen
Tatsache. Einfuhrung in die Lehre vom Denskstil und Denkkollektiv. Benno
6FKZDEH%DVLOHD9HUVLyQLQJOHVDThe Genesis and Development of
D6FLHQWLF)DFW7UDG7-7UHQQDQG5.0HUWRQ&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\
RI&KLFDJR3UHVV9HUVLyQHVSDxRODLa gnesis y el desarrollo de un
KHFKRFLHQWtFR0DGULG$OLDQ]D8QLYHUVLGDGGH0DGULG
BBBBBBBBBBProblems of the Science of Science,Q5&RKHQ 7
6FKQHOOHCognition and Fact. Materials on Ludwik Fleck'RUGUHFKW
5HLGHOSS
BBBBBBBBBBPDQXVFULWR&ULVLVLQ6FLHQFH,Q5&RKHQ 7
6FKQHOOHCognition and Fact. Materials on Ludwik Fleck'RUGUHFKW
5HLGHOSS
+$5:22'-/XGZLFN)OHFNDQGWKH6RFLRORJ\RI.QRZOHGJH
(QSocial Studies of Science9ROSS
.8+17KRPDV/DHVWUXFWXUDGHODVUHYROXFLRQHVFLHQWtFDV0p[LFR
Fondo de Cultura Econmica.
BBBBBBBBBB)RUHZRUG,QFleck, L., Genesis and Development of
D6FLHQWLF)DFW&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV
/$.$726,PUH)DOVDFLyQ\ODPHWRGRORJtDGHORVSURJUDPDV
GHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ(Q,/DNDWRV $0XVJUDYHHGVLa crtica y el
desarrollo del conocimiento.%DUFHORQD*ULMDOER
/$8'$1 /DUU\  El progreso y sus problemas (VSDxD
Encuentro.

95

Csar Lorenzano

/25(1=$12&pVDU/RVDQFHVWURVGH7KRPDV.XKQ(Q5

$0DUWLQV/$&30DUWLQV&&6LOYD-0+)HUUHLUDHGVFilosofa
e Histria da Ciencia no Cono SulHU(QFRQWURSS
3233(5 .DUO  Logic der Forschung 9LHQD -XOLXV 6SULQJHU
9HUODJ
BBBBBBBBBB  /D OyJLFD GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FLHQWtFD 0DGULG
Tecnos.
BBBBBBBBBB  (SLVWHPRORJtD VLQ VXMHWR FRJQRVFHQWH (Q
Conocimiento objetivo.0DGULG7HFQRV
BBBBBBBBBB  Bsqueda sin trmino. Una autobiografa intelectual.
0DGULG7HFQRV
5,9$'8//$$QGUpV/DLUUXSFLyQGHODRULHQWDFLyQKLVWyULFR
VRFLROyJLFDHQHSLVWHPRORJtDArbor 502SS
BBBBBBBBBB/XGZLN)OHFNV$OPRVW8QQRWLFHG)RXQGDWLRQRI
6RFLRORJLFDO(SLVWHPRORJ\LQWKH7KLUWLHV(QExplorations in Knowledge
VII&LXGDG(GLWRULDOSS
6&+1(//(7KRPDV0LFURELRORJ\DQG3KLORVRSK\RI6FLHQFH
/ZyZDQGWKH*HUPDQ+RORFDXVW6WDWLRQVRID/LIH/XGZLN)OHFN
(Q5&RKHQ 76FKQHOOHCognition and Fact. Materials on
Ludwik Fleck'RUGUHFKW5HLGHO

96

'LVFXVLRQHV)LORVyFDV$xR1(QHUR-XQLRSS