ENAH| ESCUELA NACIONAL DE ANTROPOLOGIA E HISTORIA

BELTRAN VOLANTE ADRIAN ALBERTO A-213

CONCEPTOS
1. MERCANCIA: La mercancia es en !rimer "#$ar #n %&'e(% e)(eri%r #na c%sa *#e merce+ a
s#s !r%!ie+a+es sa(is,ace necesi+a+es -#manas +e" (i!% *#e ,#eran "a mercancia es (am&ien en
s# ,%rma in+i.i+#a" "a ,%rma e"emen(a" +e "a ri*#e/a0 La mercancia (iene +is(in(as !r%!ie+a+es
!%r s# #(i"i+a+ (iene #n .a"%r +e #s% 1 +e cam&i% -a1 (am&ien #n (iem!% +e (ra&a'% s%cia"
necesari% #na can(i+a+ +e (ra&a'% s%cia" necesari% ma$ni(#+ +e .a"%r 1 !%r s#!#es(% !ara *#e
#n !r%+#c(%s sea #na mercancia -a +e (rans,erirse a (ra.2s +e" inercam&i% a *#ien se sir.e +e 2"
c%m% .a"%r +e #s%0
2. VALOR DE USO: E" .a"%r +e #s% c%ns(i(#1e e" c%n(eni+% ma(eria" +e "a ri*#e/a sea c#a"
,#ere "a ,%rma s%cia" +e es(a es(e .a"%r s%"% se e,ec(i.i/a en e" #s% % en e" c%ns#m%3"%s .a"%res
+e #s% +e "as mercancias s%n +i,eren(es s%"% en c#an(% a "a c#a"i+a+
3. VALOR: Res#"(a+% +e a&s(raer #na mercanc4a +e s# .a"%r +e #s% se mani,ies(a en
"a re"aci5n +e in(ercam&i% Ener$4a c%n(eni+a en #n !r%+#c(%
4. VALOR DE CAMBIO: Se !resen(a c%m% re"aci5n c#an(i(a(i.a !r%!%rci5n en
*#e se in(ercam&ian .a"%res +e #s% +e #na c"ase !%r .a"%res +e #s% +e %(ra c"ase
5. PROCESO DE TRABAJO: Es #na ac(i.i+a+ %rien(a+a a #n ,in e" +e "a
!r%+#cci5n +e .a"%res +e #s%3 es "a a!r%!iaci5n +e "% na(#ra" !ara "as necesi+a+es
-#manas c%n+ici5n $enera" +e" me(a&%"ism% en(re e" -%m&re 1 "a na(#ra"e/a
e(erna c%nce!ci5n +e na(#ra" +e "a .i+a -#mana !%r (an(% in+e!en+ien(e +e (%+a
,%rma +e esa .i+a 1 c%m6n a (%+as s#s ,%rmas +e s%cie+a+3 es (am&i2n e" Pr%ces%
en e" *#e e" ca!i(a"is(a c%ns#me "a ,#er/a +e (ra&a'% 1 (am&ien e" Pr%ces% en(re
c%sas *#e e" ca!i(a"is(a -a c%m!ra+%Tra&a'% e,ec(i.% *#e !r%+#ce .a"%r +e #s%0
6. PROCESO DE VALORIZACION: Es e" !r%ces% +e ,%rmaci5n +e .a"%r
!r%"%n$a+%0 Es(ri&a en e" -ec-% +e *#e e" (ra&a'% !re(2ri(% encerra+% en "a ,#er/a
+e (ra&a'% *#e e" (ra&a'% .i.% *#e es(a !#e+e e'ec#(ar +iari% s%n +%s ma$ni(#+es
+i,eren(es "a !rimera +e(ermina s# .a"%r +e cam&i% 1 "a %(ra c%n,%rma s# .a"%r +e
#s%0 Trans,%rmar e" +iner% en mercanc4as *#e sir.en c%m% ma(erias !rimas
,%rma+%ras +e #n n#e.% !r%+#c(% % c%m% ,ac(%res +e" !r%ces% inc%r!%ras ,#er/a
.i.a +e (ra&a'% a "a %&'e(i.i+a+ m#er(a +e "%s mism%s e" ca!i(a"is(a (rans,%rma
.a"%r3 (ra&a'% !re(2ri(% %&'e(i.a+% en ca!i(a" en .a"%r *#e se .a"%ra a s4 mism%
7. MEDIOS DE PRODUCCION: A+em7s +e "as c%sas *#e me+ian "a acci5n +e"
(ra&a'% s%&re s# %&'e(% 1 *#e sir.en !%r en+e +e #na # %(ra manera c%m%
.e-4c#"%s +e "a ac(i.i+a+ c%n "as c%n+ici%nes re*#eri+as en $enera" !ara *#e e"
e.en(% ac%n(e/ca0
C%sa % c%n'#n(% +e c%sas *#e e" (ra&a'a+%r in(er!%ne en(re 2" 1 e" %&'e(% +e
(ra&a'%0
8. FUERZA DE TRABAJO: O ca!aci+a+ +e (ra&a'%3 e" c%n'#n(% +e "as ,ac#"(a+es
,4sicas 1 men(a"es *#e e)is(en en "a c%r!%rei+a+ en "a !ers%na"i+a+ .i.a +e #n ser
-#man% 1 *#e 2 !%ne en m%.imien(% c#an+% !r%+#ce .a"%res +e #s% +e c#a"*#ier
4n+%"e0 S5"% a!arece c%m% mercanc4a en "a me+ia en *#e s# !%see+%r "a %,re/ca 1
.en+a c%m% mercanc4a *#e sea 8!r%!ie(ari% "i&re9
9. CAPITAL CONSTANTE: La !ar(e +e ca!i(a" *#e se (rans,%rma en me+i%s +e
!r%+#cci5n en ma(eria !rima ma(eria"es a#)i"iares 1 me+i%s +e (ra&a'% *#e n%
m%+i,ica s# ma$ni(#+ +e .a"%r en e" !r%ces% +e !r%+#cci5n0
1.CAPITAL VARIABLE: La !ar(e +e" ca!i(a" c%n.er(i+a en ,#er/a +e (ra&a'% *#e
cam&ia s# .a"%r en e" !r%ces% +e !r%+#cci5n re!r%+#ce s# !r%!i% e*#i.a"en(e 1 #n
e)ce+en(e !%r encima +e" mism% *#e a s# .e/ !#e+e .ariar ser ma1%r % men%r0
11. PLUSVALIA: E)ce+en(e +e" .a"%r e" !r%+#c(% s%&re "a s#ma +e .a"%r +e s#s
e"emen(%s !r%+#ci+%s0 Es "a .a"%ri/aci%n +e" .a"%r +e" ca!i(a" a+e"an(a+%0
12.PLUSVALIA ABSOLUTA: Pr%+#ci+% me+ian(e "a !r%"%n$aci5n +e "a '%rna+a
"a&%ra"3 !r%"%n$aci5n +e "a '%rna+a "a&%ra" m7s a""7 +e "%s "4mi(es +e" (iem!% +e
(ra&a'% necesari% !ara "a s#&sis(encia +e" !r%!i% %&rer% 1 "a a!r%!iaci5n +e"
!"#s(ra&a'% !%r e" ca!i(a"0
13.SUBSUNCION FORMAL DEL TRABAJO AL CAPITAL:E" !r%ces% +e
(ra&a'% se c%n.ier(e en e" ins(r#men(% +e" !r%ces% +e .a"%ri/aci5n +e" !r%ces% +e
a#(%.a"%ri/aci5n +e" ca!i(a"3 +e "a creaci%n +e !"#s.a"ia0 E" !r%ces% +e (ra&a'% se
s#&s#me en e" ca!i(a" 1 e" ca!i(a"is(a se #&ica en e" c%m% +iri$en(e c%n+#c(%r3
!er% es(e es a" mism% (iem!% +e manera +irec(a #n !r%ces% +e e)!"%(aci%n +e"
(ra&a'% a'en% es(% es "a s#&s#nci%n ,%rma" +e" (ra&a'% a" ca!i(a""a ,%rma $enera"
+e (%+% !r%ces% ca!i(a"is(a +e !r%+#cci%n !er% a "a .e/ #na ,%rma !ar(ic#"ar
res!ec(% a" m%+% +e !r%+#cci%n ca!i(a"is(a en *#e "%s seres se -acen ,ren(e c%m%
a$en(es !ers%ni,ica+%s +e a*#e""% *#e in(e.iene en e" !r%ces%3 e" ca!i(a"is(a c%m%
ca!i(a"3 e" !r%+#c(%r c%m% (ra&a'% 1 s# re"aci%n s%"% +e(ermina+a c%m% ,ac(%r +e"
ca!i(a" *#e se a#(%.a"%ri/a0
14.PLUSVALIA RELATIVA:
15.SUBSUNCION REAL DEL TRABAJO AL CAPITAL: La S#&s#nci%n ,%rma"
+e" (ra&a'% si$#e sien+% "a +irec(a s#&%r+inaci5n +e" !r%ces% "a&%ra" a" ca!i(a"0
S%&re es(a &ase se a"/a #n m%+% +e !r%+#cci5n n% s%"% (ecn%"%$icamen(e
es!ec4,ic% *#e me(am%r,%sea "a na(#ra"e/a rea" +e" !r%ces% +e (ra&a'% 1 s#s
c%n+ici%nes rea"es: e" m%+% ca!i(a"is(a +e !r%+#cci5n0 Tan s%"% c#an+% es(e en(ra
en escena se %!era "a s#&s#nci%n rea" +e" (ra&a'% en e" ca!i(a" es(e se +esarr%""a en
(%+as a*#e""as ,%rmas *#e !r%+#cen !"#s.a"ia re"a(i.a a +i,erencia +e "a a&s%"#(a3
se +esarr%""an "as ,#er/as !r%+#c(i.as s%cia"es +e" (ra&a'% 1 merce+ a" (ra&a'% en
$ran esca"a se ""e$a a "a a!"icaci5n +e "a ciencia 1 "a ma*#inaria a "a !r%+#cci5n
*#e a-%ra se es(r#c(#ra c%m% #n m%+% +e !r%+#cci5n s#i-$2neris %ri$ina #na
,%rma m%+i,ica+a +e "a !r%+#cci5n ma(eria"0
16.ACUMULACION AMPLIADA: La c%n.ersi5n en +iner% +e" ca!i(a" mercan(i"
-ace *#e (am&ien e" !"#s!r%+#c(% e)!erimen(e es(a (rans,%rmaci5n a es(e asi
(rans,%rma+% en +iner% e" ca!i(a"is(a "% rec%n.ier(e en e"emen(%s na(#ra"es
s#!"emen(ari%s +e s# ca!i(a" !r%+#c(i.%3 es en(%nces e" ca!i(a" acrecen(a+% "% *#e
s#minis(ra #n !r%+#c(% acrecen(a+%0 Es #na masa acrecen(a+a +e me+i%s +e
!r%+#cci5n0
17.ACUMULACION ORI!INARIA: Es e" ani*#i"iamien(% +e "a !r%!ie+a+
!ri.a+a *#e se ,#n+a en e" (ra&a'% !r%!i%es(% es "a e)!r%!iaci5n +e" (ra&a'a+%r
es es(% "% *#e !ermi(e "a creaci%n 1 !%s(eri%r e)!"%(aci5n +e" (ra&a'% "i&re +e
%(r%s es +ecir e" (ra&a'% asa"aria+%0
1;0 LE" !ENERAL DE ACUMULACION CAPITALISTA: C#an(% ma1%res sean
"a ri*#e/a s%cia" e" ca!i(a" en ,#nci%nes e" .%"#men 1 "a in(ensi+a+ +e s#
incremen(% 1 (am&i2n !%r (an(% "a ma$ni(#+ a&s%"#(a +e" !r%"e(aria+% 1 "a
ca!aci+a+ !r%+#c(i.a +e s# (ra&a'% (an(% ma1%res ser7n "a s#!er!%&"aci5n re"a(i.a
1 e" $ra+% +e e)!"%(aci5n +e "a c"ase %&rera0
19.FORMULA M#D#M: E" !r%ces% +e in(ercaam&i% se ""e.a a ca&% me+ian(e "a
,%rm#"a 8<-D-<9 en "a !rimera !ar(e = <-D > "a mercancia s#,re s# !rimera
me(am%r,%sis s# .en(a !ara es(% es in+is!ensa&"e *#e es(a mercancia (en$a #n
.a"%r +e #s% 1 !%r "% (an(% *#e e" (ra&a'% $as(a+% en e""a sea s%cia"men(e #(i" es(e
!r%+#c(% +e&e sa(is,acer #na necesi+a+ s%cia" !%r c%nsi$#ien(e +e&e ser ca!a/ +e
a(raer +iner%3 es(e se mani,ies(a en #n !reci% an(ici!a+% en e" e)!%nen(e +e s#
ma$ni(#+ +e .a"%r0 Es "a +i.isi%n +e (ra&a'% "% *#e c%n.ier(e en mercancia e"
!r%+#c(% +e (ra&a'% 1 c%n e""% (%rn% necesaria "a (rans,%rmaci%n +e es(a en +iner%
es(e !r%ces% (iene +%s !%"%s3 +es+e e" !%see+%r +e "a mercancia .en(a3 +es+e e"
!%see+%r +e" +iner% c%m!ra en %(ras !a"a&ras "a .en(a es c%m!ra3 <-D es a "a
.e/ D-<0 La .en(a +e #n !r%+#c(% c#a"*#iera *#e es(e sea es a" mism% (iem!% s#
c%m!ra !er% en c#an(% .en(a es(e !r%ces% inicia #n m%.imien(% *#e +esem&%ca
en s# c%n(rari% en res#men "a !rimera me(am%r,5sis +e #na mercancia es siem!re
a "a .e/ %(ra me(am%r,5sis c%n(ra!#es(a +e %(ra mercancia s# (rans,%rmaci%n
in.ersa en mercancia a !ar(ir +e "a ,%rma +ineraria0
D-< me(am%r,%sis se$#n+a % ,ina" +e "a mercancia3 c%m!ra e" +iner% !%r ser "a
,i$#ra ena'ena+a +e (%+as "as mercancias es "a mercancia a&s%"#(amen(e
ena'ena&"e a" mism% (iem!%0 L%s !reci%s "%s %'%s c%n "%s *#e "as mercancias "e
"an/an (iernas mira+as +e am%r "e in+ican a" +iner% "%s "imi(es +e s# ca!aci+a+ +e
(rasn,%rmaci%n % sea s# !r%!ia can(i+a+ sea c%m% ,#ere !%r #na !are re!resen(a
#na mercancia .en+i+a 1 !%r %(ra mercancias a+*#iri&"es3 "a se$#n+a
me(am%r,5sis es a "a .e/ "a !rimera me(am%r,5sis +e %(ra mercancia0 La
me(am%r,%sis ,ina" +e #na mercancia c%ns(i(#1e #na s#ma +e !rimeras
me(am%r,5sis +e %(ras mercancias3 es(% (am&ien ""e.a a ca&% 2 !r%ces%s an(i(e(ic%s
1 se re,"e'an en +%s !a!e"es ec%n%mic%s as#mi+%s !%r #n mism% ser c%m% s#'e(%
ac(i.% +e "a .en(a se c%n.ier(e en .en+e+%r en c#an(% a$en(e +e c%m!ra en
c%m!ra+%r es(%s !a!e"es n% s%n ,i'%s sin% *#e en e" marc% +e "a circ#"aci5n +e
mercancias "%s mism%s cam&ian c%ns(an(emen(e +e !ers%nas0
2.FORMULA D#M#D$ A*#i e" +iner% es e" !#n(% +e !ar(i+a 1 se #(i"i/a c%m%
me+i% +e c%m!ra !ara .en+er e" +iner% !ermi(ira a+*#irir mercancias *#e "#e$%
+e ser (rans,%rma+as !%+ran ser .en+i+as c%n #n incremen(% +a+% +#ran(e s#
!r%ces% +e !r%+#cci%n es(% !ermi(ira *#e "a mercancia a" rec%n.er(irse en ca!i(a"
"% -a$a c%n # .a"%r a$re$a+% re?resen(a+% en D@ es(% es "a s#ma +e DA
incremen(%0