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Bxcstbh uh` jr`h v`rcbf`f fb sctu`-mckhbs pktbhmc`eibhtb bstrbs`htbsp`r` e`s pbrskh`s qub chmeuybh t`htkbstciue`mcýh géscm` (rucfks, mkht`ic-h`mcýh), mkik pscmkskmc`e (rbe`mckhbsmkh `icjks, g`icec`, p`rbd`, btm.).\kr ek t`htk, be bstrãs bs uh gbhýibhk`skmc`fk ` iôetcpebs g`mtkrbs y, pkr supubstk, hk pubfb `trcnucrsb ôhcm`-ibhtb ` sctu`mckhbs e`nkr`ebs. ]chbin`rjk, be iuhfk e`nkr`e bs, oky pkr oky, uh` fb e`s prchmcp`ebs bsgb-r`s fb `mtcvcf`f fb eks chfcvcfuks y t`incãh uhk fb eks prchmcp`ebs mkh-tbxtks qub sb fbnbh `h`ecz`r `e bstu-fc`r be bstrãs pscmkskmc`e y su rbe`-mcýh mkh e` s`euf.Bh Bst`fks Rhcfks sb m`emue` qub eksmkstbs fcrbmtks jbhbr`fks pkr eksbgbmtks fbe bstrãs bh m`rjks bdbmutc- vks `em`hz`h fbmbh`s fb icebs fbiceekhbs fb fýe`rbs (`nsbhtcsik, tr`-t`icbhtks y iubrtbs), ` ek qub o`nré`qub sui`r eks mkstbs chfcrbmtks km`-sckh`fks pkr e` fbsiktcv`mcýh, eks`mmcfbhtbs, e` chs`tcsg`mmcýh, be `emk-okecsik y t`incãh be n`dk rbhfcicbh-tk (I`ttbskh b Cv`hmbvcmo, 03?:).\kr tkfk bstk, t`htk ` hcvbe biprbs`rc`emkik ebj`e, mkhmbptks mkik «m`ecf`f fb vcf` e`nkr`e± b «cipecm`mcýh bh eksbipeb`fks± o`h cfk mknr`hfk i`ykr prkt`jkhcsik (Ikroi`h bt `e.,03?7).Vkfks bstks `spbmtks sb mkhmrbt`h bh e`rbspkhs`ncecf`f qub e`s biprbs`s v`htki`hfk bh bstb sbhtcfk, cipecmàhfksbm`f` vbz iàs bh e` t`rb` fb eebv`r ` m`nkprkjr`i`s fbstch`fks ` rbfumcr be bstrãse`nkr`e fb sus bipeb`fks. Eks `etks mkstbspbrskh`ebs y skmc`ebs jbhbr`fks pkr bebstrãs e`nkr`e o`h f`fk euj`r ` qub krj`-hcz`mckhbs chtbrh`mckh`ebs mkik e` RhcýhBurkpb` y e` Krj`hcz`mcýh Iuhfc`e fb e`]`euf (KI]) chscst`h m`f` vbz iàs bh e`cipkrt`hmc` fb e` prbvbhmcýh y be mkhtrkefbe bstrãs bh be àinctk e`nkr`e (]B@],><<>). ]ch bin`rjk, e`s bst`féstcm`siubstr`h qub chmeusk bh e`s skmcbf`fbsiàs `v`hz`f`s bsb fbrbmok fcst` fbbst`r j`r`htcz`fk.
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chtrkfummcý
 
pscquc`tré` e`nkr`
bstrãs e`nkr`
 
E` i`ykré` fb e`s mkhmbpmckhbs `mtu`-ebs sknrb be bstrãs e`nkr`e ek fbgchbhmkik uh gbhýibhk mkhscstbhtb bh uh`rbe`mcýh k tr`hs`mmcýh bhtrb e` pbrskh`(be tr`n`d`fkr, fbgchcfk pkr sus m`p`mc-f`fbs y rbmursks pbrskh`ebs) y be bhtkr-hk k `incbhtb (bh bstb m`sk, e`nkr`e,fbgchcfk pkr e`s mkhfcmckhbs y fbi`h-f`s fb tr`n`dk), qub rbsuet` sbr jr`vk-s` (k qub e` pbrskh` e` pbrmcnb mkikt`e) p`r` be ncbhbst`r fbe chfcvcfuk, y qub fbvcbhb bh tr`stkrhks pscmkeýjcmks,mkhfumt`s chs`h`s y gch`eibhtb, bhbhgbribf`f (Bfw`rfs y Mkkpbr, 03??1O`rrcskh, 03:?1 E`z`rus y Gkeai`h,03?6).Rh` fbgchcmcýh qub tcbhb jr`h `mbpt`-mcýh y qub t`e vbz kgrbzm` uh` chgkri`-mcýh qub pbrict` cfbhtcgcm`r be bstrãs psc-mkskmc`e bs e` fb ImJr`to (03:<)4 «Bebstrãs bs uh fbsbqucecnrck sust`hmc`e(pbrmcncfk) bhtrb e` fbi`hf` y e` m`p`-mcf`f fb rbspubst` (fbe chfcvcfuk) n`dkmkhfcmckhbs bh e`s qub be gr`m`sk `htbbst` fbi`hf` pksbb cipkrt`htbs mkh-sbmubhmc`s (pbrmcncf`s)±. Bst` fbgchc-mcýh o`mb rbgbrbhmc` ` uh prkmbskokibkstàtcmk qub bs rbsuet`fk fbe bquc-ecnrck bhtrb e`s fbi`hf`s fb e` rb`ecf`f y e` m`p`mcf`f fb rbspubst` fbe chfcvc-fuk, scbhfk ikfue`fk bstb bqucecnrckpkr e` pbrmbpmcýh qub be chfcvcfuk tcbhbfb sé icsik y fbe iuhfk. Bh fbgchctcv`, t`htk fbsfb be bhgkqubqub sunr`y` e` cipkrt`hmc` qub p`r`e` bxpbrcbhmc` fb bstrãs tcbhb e` v`ekr`-mcýh qub e` pbrskh` o`mb fb eks pktbh-mc`ebs bstrbs`htbs (E`z`rus y Gkeai`h,03?6), mkik fbsfb `qubeeks qubpkhbh uh bspbmc`e `mbhtk bh e` cipkr-t`hmc` qub e` pbrskh` f` ` fcmo` fcs-mrbp`hmc` mkik g`mtkr me`vb bh e`bxpbrcbhmc` fb bstrãs (Bfw`rfs y Mkkpbr, 03??), ek mcbrtk bs qub bhmu`equcbr` fb eks bhgkqubs sb pubfbhbhmkhtr`r trbs jr`hfbs jrupks fb v`rc`nebs qub sb fbnbh tbhbr bh mkhsc-fbr`mcýh4 be `incbhtb, e` pbrskh` y e`smkhsbmubhmc`s chfcvcfu`ebs (s`euf) y krj`hcz`mckh`ebs (Keibfk y ]`htbf,0333). Vkfk beek sbrà tr`t`fk mkhi`ykr prkguhfcf`f ` ek e`rjk fb bstbm`pétuek.Mkik mkhmeuscýh chcmc`e, uh bhgkqubtbýrcmk chtbjr`fkr, qub mkhtbipeb e`sm`r`mtbréstcm`s pbrskh`ebs fbe sudbtk,e`s m`r`mtbréstcm`s fbe `incbhtb y e`srbe`mckhbs bhtrb `in`s, prkpcmc`ràuh` ibdkr mkiprbhscýh fb eks prkmb-sks fb bstrãs, `e icsik tcbipk qubpbrictcrà mkhsbjucr eebj`r ` uh` bxpec-m`mcýh iàs mkipebt` fb e` v`rc`hz`bh e` ibfcf` fb eks rbsuet`fks. Hkknst`htb, hk o`y qub pbrfbr fb vcst`qub bstb tbi` prbsbht` cipkrt`htbsprknebi`s tbýrcmks mu`hfk sb chtbht`mkhmbptu`ecz`rek, `sé mkik sbrc`s fcgc-muet`fbs ibtkfkeýjcm`s mu`hfk sb prb-tbhfb eebv`r ` m`nk chvbstcj`mckhbsrcjurks`s qub fbh mubht` fb bstb mki-pebdk gbhýibhk pscmkeýjcmk.
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bstrãs e`nkr`
fbgchcmcýh y `prkxci`mcýh`e mkhmbptk fb bstrãs e`nkr`e
E
 
]bjôh f`tks fb uh bstufck eebv`fk `m`nk pkr e` Guhf`mcýh Burkpb` p`r`e` Ibdkr` fb e`s Mkhfcmckhbs fb Wcf` y Vr`n`dk (0333)4Be >? % fb eks tr`n`d`fkrbs burk-pbks p`fbmbh bstrãs.Iàs fb e` ict`f fb eks 06: iceek-hbs fb tr`n`d`fkrbs `gcri`h qubtr`n`d`h ` `et`s vbekmcf`fbs y mkhpe`zks `dust`fks. Iàs fb uh` tbrmbr` p`rtb fb eks tr`-n`d`fkrbs hk pubfb bdbrmbr hchju-h` chgeubhmc` bh e` krfbh`mcýh fbe`s t`rb`s. Iàs fb uh` mu`rt` p`rtb hk pubfbfbmcfcr sknrb su rctik fb tr`n`dk. Rh 62 % `gcri` rb`ecz`r t`rb`sikhýtkh`s. \`r` uh 66 % hk o`y pkscncecf`f fbrkt`mcýh. Be 2< % rb`ecz` t`rb`s mkrt`s y rbpbtctcv`s. ]b mrbb qub bstks g`mtkrbs bstrbs`h-tbs rbe`mckh`fks mkh be tr`n`dk o`hmkhtrcnucfk ` jr`vbs i`hcgbst`mck-hbs bh gkri` fb bhgbribf`f. E`smkhsbmubhmc`s skh `ipec`s b cipkr-t`htbs y `gbmt`h ` e` s`euf ibht`e y `e` géscm`, ` e` m`ecf`f fb vcf` y ` e`bgcm`mc` prkgbsckh`e (Ichjktb bt `e
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><<6).E`s pbrskh`s bstrbs`f`s `mufbh,jbhbr`eibhtb, bh prcibr` chst`hmc` `eiãfcmk fb `tbhmcýh prci`rc`, y susqubd`s iàs o`nctu`ebs subebh sbr `hscbf`f, fkekr y fbprbscýh. @htbbstb p`hkr`i`, sb bhtcbhfbh `ejkibdkr, `uhqub hk fbdbh fb sbr `e`r-i`htbs, e`s mcgr`s scjucbhtbs4 sc tbhb-iks bh mubht` ske`ibhtb eks f`tks fbe` rbmbt` iãfcm` kgcmc`e, bh Bsp`ð` sbmkhsuicbrkh, bh be `ðk ><<0, m`sc =2 iceekhbs fb bhv`sbs fb gàri`mksfb tcpk `hsckeétcmk k tr`hqucecz`htb, ekqub supkhfré` m`sc uh bhv`sb pkr o`nct`htb. Bh mu`htk ` eks `htcfbprb-scvks, bh be icsik `ðk sb rbmbt`rkhkgcmc`eibhtb iàs fb 06 iceekhbs fbbhv`sbs. Fb tkf`s e`s pbrskh`s qub`mufbh `e iãfcmk fb `tbhmcýh prci`-rc`, be >0 % mkhsuib `hsckeétcmks, `htc-fbprbscvks k `inks.Fb tkf`s bst`s mcgr`s sknrb be `nuskfb gàri`mks hk bs rbspkhs`neb bebstrãs e`nkr`e, pbrk, sch bin`rjk, ekbs fb uh` p`rtb cipkrt`htb fb bstbprknebi`. Iàs fb uh 02 % fb e`spbrskh`s (sbjôh eks bstufcks rb`ecz`-fks iàs rbmcbhtbs, bst` mcgr` pkfré`eebj`r ` `em`hz`r chmeusk be >2 %)sugrcràh ` ek e`rjk fb su vcf` `ejôhtcpk fb tr`stkrhk fb `hscbf`f, mkik,pkr bdbipek, `t`qubs fb pàhcmk y `jkr`gknc`1 bstks tr`stkrhks eksp`fbmbh bhtrb uh 0,2 y uh =,2 % fbe` pkne`mcýh. Be bstrãs e`nkr`e pubfb rbsuet`r sbr uh g`mtkr fb vuehbr`ncecf`f p`r` su-grcr bstb tcpk fb tr`stkrhks, `uhqubmkik bs knvck t`ipkmk bs be ôhcmk(]B@], ><<>).
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