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Polica y desarrollo urbano en la

ciudad contempornea
Jess Requena Hidalgo

ADVERTIMENT. La consulta daquesta tesi queda condicionada a lacceptaci de les segents condicions d's: La difusi
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partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora.

WARNING. On having consulted this thesis youre accepting the following use conditions: Spreading this thesis by the
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ABP

ABP

rea Regional
de Seguretat
dEdificis i
Trasllats

rea Regional
dInstrucci
dAtestats i
Custdia de
Detinguts

Unitat Regional
de Proximitat i
Atenci al
Ciutad

Unitat Regional
de Policia
Administrativa

rea Regional
de Recursos

Sala Regional
de
Comandament

Ciutat Vella
Eixample
Sants-Montjuic
Les Corts
Sarri-Sant Gervasi
Grcia
Horta-Guinard
Nou Barris
Sant Andreu
Sant Mart

Unitat Regional
de Proximitat i
Atenci al
Ciutad

Unitat Regional
de Policia
Administrativa

Sala Regional
de
Comandament

rea Regional
de Recursos
Operatius

rea Regional
de Trnsit

Girons-Pla de
lEstany
Ripolls
Selva Litoral
Selva Interior
Garrotxa
Baix Empord-La
Bisbal
Baix Empord-Sant
Feliu de G.
Alt Empord-Figueres
Alt Empord-Roses

Oficina de Suport

Oficina de Suport

ABP

Oficina de Suport

Regi Policial
Girona

Regi Policial
Metropolitana
Barcelona

Unitat Regional
de Proximitat i
Atenci al
Ciutad

Unitat Regional
de Policia
Administrativa

Sala Regional
de
Comandament

rea Regional
de Recursos
Operatius

rea Regional
de Trnsit

Bages
Osona
Bergued
Solsons
Anoia

Regi Policial
Central

rea de
Protocol

rea de
Relacions
Institucionals i
Atenci
Ciutadana

Oficina de
Suport

Unitat Regional
de Proximitat i
Atenci al
Ciutad

Unitat Regional
de Policia
Administrativa

Sala Regional
de
Comandament

rea Regional
de Recursos
Operatius

rea Regional
de Trnsit

Segri-Garrigues-Pla
dUrgell
Segarra-Urgell
Noguera

ABP

Oficina de Suport

Unitat Regional
de Proximitat i
Atenci al
Ciutad

Unitat Regional
de Policia
Administrativa

Sala Regional
de
Comandament

rea Regional
de Recursos
Operatius

rea Regional
de Trnsit

Alt-Urgell
Cerdanya
P. Juss-P. Sobir
Val dAran-Alta
Ribagora

ABP

Oficina de Suport

Regi Policial
Pirineu
Occidental

rea de
Mediaci,
Negociaci i
Responsabilitat
Social
Corportativa

Escola de Policia

Regi Policial
Ponent

rea de
Cooperaci
Internacional

Comissaria General de
Relacions Institucionals,
Prevenci i Mediaci

rea de
Comunicaci

Gabinet del Director

Decret 415/2011. Versi 3.0 CGRIPM. Data 01/03/2012

Unitat Regional
de Proximitat i
Atenci al
Ciutad

Unitat Regional
de Policia
Administrativa

Sala Regional
de
Comandament

rea Regional
de Recursos
Operatius

rea Regional
de Trnsit

Granollers
0Mollet del Valls
Arenys de Mar
Matar
Badalona
Premi de Mar
Sta. C. de Gramenet
Terrassa
Sabadell
Rub
Cerdanyola

ABP

Oficina de Suport

Regi Policial
Metropolitana
Nord

Servei
dAssessorament
Jurdic

Unitat Regional
de Proximitat i
Atenci al
Ciutad

Unitat Regional
de Policia
Administrativa

Sala Regional
de
Comandament

rea Regional
de Recursos
Operatius

rea Regional
de Trnsit

LHospitalet de Ll.
Esplugues de Ll.
Cornell de Ll.
El Prat de Ll.
Gav
Sant Boi de Ll.
Sant Feliu de Ll.
Garraf
Martorell
Alt Peneds

ABP

Oficina de Suport

Regi Policial
Metropolitana
Sud

Comissaria
Superior de
Coordinaci
Territorial

Unitat Regional
de Proximitat i
Atenci al
Ciutad

Unitat Regional
de Policia
Administrativa

Sala Regional
de
Comandament

rea Regional
de Recursos
Operatius

rea Regional
de Trnsit

Baix Peneds
Tarragons
A. Camp-C. Barber
B. Camp Priorat

ABP

Oficina de Suport

Regi Policial
Camp de
Tarragona

Oficina de
Suport

Oficina de
Suport

Unitat Regional
de Proximitat i
Atenci al
Ciutad

Unitat Regional
de Policia
Administrativa

Sala Regional
de
Comandament

rea Regional
de Recursos
Operatius

rea Regional
de Trnsit

Baix Ebre
T. Alta - R. dEbre
Montsi

ABP

Oficina de Suport

rees
dInvestigaci
Criminal

rea Central de
Crim Organitzat

rea Central de
Delictes
Econmics

rea Central de
Criminalstica

rea Central
dIdentificaci

rea Central
dInvestiaciPersones

rea Central
dInvestigaciPatrimoni

Divisi de
Policia
Cientfica

rea Central de
Policia
Administrativa

Oficina de
Suport

Divisi
dInvestigaci
Criminal

rea Central de
Medi Ambient

Comissaria
General
dInvestigaci
Criminal

Sala Central

Regi Policial
Terres de lEbre

Comissaria
Superior de
Coordinaci
Central

Prefectura de Policia

DIRECCI GENERAL DE LA
POLICIA

rea Central de
Suport Operatiu

rea
Penitenciria

rea de
Desactivaci
dArtefactes
Explosius
TEDAX-NRBQ

rea de Grup
Especial
Intervenci

rea de Brigada
Mbil

rea dEscortes

rea Central
dAnalisi de la
Criminalitat

Comissaria
General de
Recursos
Operatius

Comissaria
General Tcnica
de Planificaci
de la Seguretat

rea de
Seguretat del
Transport
Metropolit

rea de
Seguretat
Aeroporturia

Divisi de
Transport

rea Central de
Mitjans Tcnics
i Suport
Operatiu

Divisi de
Trnsit

rea Central
dInvestigaci
dAccidents

Unitat Central
dInformaci en
Ordre Pblic

rea de Mitjans
Tcnics

rea Central
dAnlisi

rea
dInformaci

rea Central
dInformaci
Exterior

rea Central
dInformaci
Interior

rea de
Coordinaci de
Projectes dels
Sistemes
dInformaci
Policial

rea de
Seguretat en
Tecnologies de
la Informaci

rea
dElaboraci de
Dades Policials

Divisi de
Sistemes
dInformaci
Policial

rea Tcnica de
Proximitat i de
Seguretat
Ciutadana

rea de
Coordinaci
Interpolicial

rea Tcnica de
Planificaci i
Dispositius

rea Tcnica de
Coordinaci i
Suport

Divisi Tcnica
de Planificaci
de la Seguretat

Oficina de
Suport

rea
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Interna

Divisi dAfers Interns

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Disciplinria

Comissaria
General
dInformaci

rea
dOrganitzaci

Oficina de
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rea
dAvaluaci

rea Central de
Circulaci i
Normativa

Comissaria
General de
Mobilitat

rea
dInspecci

Divisi dAvaluaci de Serveis

















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mossos desquadra

59 ABP Amposta

CD+T
Trrega

16 ABP
Cervera

56 ABP
Reus

CD
Cambrils

CD Falset

CD Castelldefels CD Viladecans

35 ABP 33 ABP
Cornell Hospitalet
38 ABP de Ll.
St. Boi 36 ABP El
de LL. Prat de Ll.
47 ABP Gav
CD Aeroport del Prat

34 ABP
CD Sant Vicens
Esplugues
dels Horts

39 R+T SANT
FELIU DE LL.

41 ABP Martorell

CD Salou
Vila-seca

54 R+T TARRAGONA

45 ABP
Sants-Montjuc

51 ABP Sant
Andreu

50 ABP Nou
Barris

43 ABP 52 ABP Sant Mart


Ciutat Vella

44 ABP Eixample

48 ABP
Grcia
46 ABP Les Corts

R BARCELONA

47 ABP
Sarri
49ABP
Sant Gervasi Horta
Guinard

46 R BARCELONA

CD Sant Adri de Bess

CD Pineda de Mar

30 ABP
Sabadell

CD
Sant Cugat

31 ABP
Rub

32 ABP Cerdanyola

CD Barber del V.
CD Ripollet
CD Montcada I R.

Central
PG-ME

CD Sta. Perptua de M.

7 ABP+T
Sant Feliu de Guxols

30Complex

29 ABP
Terrassa

9 ABP Roses

6 ABP
La Bisbal

3 ABP Blanes

1R+T
GIRONA

CD Banyoles

24 ABP Arenys de Mar


25 ABP+T Matar
27 ABP Premi de Mar
23 ABP+T
28 ABP Sta.27Coloma de Gramenet
Mollet
26 ABP Badalona

22 R + T GRANOLLERS
T Sabadell

42 ABP+T
Vilafranca del P.
CD St. Sadurn dAnoia

14 ABP+T
Igualada

10 R+T MANRESA

5 ABP + T
Olot

8 ABP + T
Figueres

4 ABP
Santa Coloma F.
CD Sant
Celoni
CD Caldes

11 ABP+T Vic

2 ABP Ripoll

55 ABP
Valls 53 ABP 40 ABP Vilanova i la G.
CD Sitges
El Vendrell

CD Les Borges
Blanques
CD Montblanc

57 R+T TORTOSA

58 ABP
Gandesa

CD Mora
dEbre

15 R + T
Lleida

CD
Mollerussa

17 ABP Balaguer

13 ABP
Solsona

12 ABP Berga

19 ABP
Puigcerd

Mapa Policial de Catalunya: desplegament cronolgic

18 R + T
LA SEU DURGELL

CD Sort

CD+T Ponts

20 ABP + T
Tremp

CD Pont
de Suert

21 ABP+T
Vielha e Mijaran

ABP BAGS (2001)


ABP OSONA (1994)
ABP BERGUED (1998)
ABP SOLSONS (1998)
ABP ANOIA (2004)

ABP GRANOLLERS (Sant Celoni, Caldes de Montbui, 2001)


ABP MOLLET DEL VALLS (2002)
ABP ARENYS DE MAR (Pineda, 2002)
ABP MATAR (2002)
ABP BADALONA (Sant Adri de Bess, 2003)
ABP PREMI DE MAR (2003)
ABP SANTA COLOMA DE GRAMENET (2003)
ABP TERRASSA (2006)
ABP SABADELL (Santa Perptua de Mogoda, 2006)
ABP RUB (Sant Cugat del Valls, 2006)
ABP CERDANYOLA (Barber del Valls, Ripollet, Montcada i
Reixac, 2006)

ABP LHOSPITALET DE LLOBREGAT (2003)


ABP ESPLUGUES DE LLOBREGAT (2006)
ABP CORNELL DE LLOBREGAT (2006)
ABP EL PRAT DE LLOBREGAT (Aeroport del Prat, 2006)
ABP GAV (Castelldefels, Viladecans, 2007)
ABP SANT BOI DEL LLOBREGAT (2007)
ABP SANT FELIU DE LLOBREGAT (Sant Vicens dels Horts, 2007
ABP GARRAF (Sitges, 2007)
ABP MARTORELL (2007)
ABP ALT PENEDS (Sant Sadurn dAnoia, 2007)

ABP CIUTAT VELLA (2005)


ABP EIXAMPLE (2005)
ABP SANTS-MONTJUC (2005)
ABP LES CORTS (2005)
ABP SARRI-SANT GERVASI (2005)
ABP GRCIA (2005)
ABP HORTA-GUINARD (2005)
ABP NOU BARRIS (2005)
ABP SANT ANDREU (2005)
ABP SANT MART (2005)

ABP BAIX PENEDEDS (2008)


ABP TARRAGONS (Salou, Vila-seca, 2008)
ABP ALT CAMP-C. BARBER (Montblanc, 2008)
ABP BAIX CAMP-PRIORAT (Falset, Cambrils, 2008)

R:
ABP :

Tipus de Comissaries:
Regi Policial
T: ART/ Sector Trnsit
rea Bsica Policial
CD: Comissaria de Districte

57. ABP BAIX EBRE (2008)


58. ABP TERRA ALTA-RIBERA DEBRE (Mora dEbre, 2008)
59. ABP MONTSI (2008)

Regi Policial Terres de lEbre

53.
54.
55.
56.

Regi Policial Camp de Tarragona

43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.

Regi Policial Metropolitana Barcelona

33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.

Regi Policial Metropolitana Sud

22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

Regi Policial Metropolitana Nord

18. ABP ALT URGELL (1998)


19. ABP CERDANYA (1997)
20. ABP PALLARS JUSS--PALLARS SOBIR ( (Pont de Suert i Sort
1999)
21. ABP VAL DARAN-ALTA RIBARGORA (1999)

Regi Policial Pirineu Occidental

15. ABP SEGRI-GARRIGUES-PLA DURGELL (Borges Blanques i


Mollerussa, 1999)
16. ABP SEGARRA-URGELL (Trrega, 1998)
17. ABP NOGUERA (Ponts, 1999)

Regi Policial Ponent

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Regi Policial Central

1. ABP GIRONS-PLA DE LESTANY (1997)


2. ABP RIPOLLS (1995)
3. ABP SELVA LITORAL (1995)
4. ABP SELVA INTERIOR (1995)
5. ABP GARROTXA (1996)
6. ABP BAIX EMPORD-LA BISBAL (1996)
7. ABP BAIX EMPORD-SANT FELIU (1996)
8. ABP ALT EMPORD-FIGUERES (1997)
9. ABP ALT EMPORD-ROSES (1997)

Regi Policial de Girona

















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