Ingles PDF

TALLER INGLES
Programa Nacional de Formacin en

ELECTRICIDAD
Misin Sucre
TALLER INGLES Programa Nacional de Formacin en ELECTRICIDAD
En Venezuela, la tradicin educativa del ingls como lengua extranjera por

mucho tiempo ha sido reverente a los mtodos y diseos ingleses y estadounidenses de
enseanza del ingls. Segn Chela-Flores (2001) muchos de estos programas dan poca
prioridad a la instruccin de algunos componentes lingsticos esenciales en las
primeras etapas de sus programas sugeridos, limitando el acceso a estos conocimientos
lingsticos a estudiantes de niveles de ms avanzada instruccin. Estos diseos,
producidos bajo la visin de un contexto ajeno al nuestro, no se identifican con nuestras
prioridades nacionales y/o locales. La enseanza del ingles desde la visin inglesa o
estadounidense slo ofrece una versin mono-lingstica. Se trata de una educacin
prescriptiva diseada por un equipo de educadores que pertenecen a un contexto distinto
y a menudo ignoran el contexto lingstico y social de los estudiantes.
Paulo Freire (1988) sostuvo que la educacin deba basarse en su contexto y que
era ste la herramienta misma de la educacin. Por lo tanto, esta propuesta pretende
contextualizar al mximo el conocimiento del ingls a travs de su adaptacin a nuestro
contexto lingstico (el espaol), prctico y social.
Esta propuesta instruccional es descriptivista, metalingstica y contrastante del

ingls - espaol con fines especficos e instrumentales que se deriva de experiencias
profesionales docentes en la Misin Sucre, especficamente con el Programa Nacional
de Formacin en Electricidad. El trmino contrastante se refiere al acuado por James
(1992) cuando propuso el aprendizaje del idioma a travs del anlisis contrastante entre
la lengua materna y la lengua que se desea aprender. El nuevo formato de la educacin
venezolana toma como premisa que el individuo debe ser partcipe y no objeto de su
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educacin. Se presenta aqu una nocin bsica fundamental para entrenar de manera
prctica a los misioneros de Sucre para la interpretacin de la lengua inglesa escrita en
la contingencia de sus vidas profesionales. Los facilitadores tendrn la tarea individual,
indita y permanente de adaptar la manera y orden en que se llevar a cabo la asesora
de este taller. Sin embargo, el orden sugerido ha sido adaptado de manera progresiva
estratgicamente. Adems de esto, en las zonas venezolanas donde prevalezcan idiomas
nativos distintos al espaol, deber versionarse esta propuesta y ajustarse al
entendimiento propio de la lengua de cada caso.
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CONTENIDO
UNIDAD I
LA ORACIN
VERBO TO BE
PRESENTE SIMPLE
PRESENTE SIMPLE CON EL VERBO TO BE
ADJETIVOS
COMPARATIVO
Formato comparativo de adjetivos cortos
Formato comparativo de adjetivos largos
Formato comparativo de adjetivos excepcionales
SUPERLATIVO
Formato superlativo de adjetivos cortos
Formato superlativo de adjetivos largos
Formato superlativo de adjetivos excepcionales
UNIDAD II
VERBO TO BE EN PASADO
PASADO SIMPLE
ADVERBIOS
UNIDAD III
SUFIJO ING
VERBOS CON TERMINACIN ING
ADJETIVOS CON TERMINACIN ING
SUSTANTIVOS CON TERMINACIN ING
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UNIDAD IV
PRESENTE PERFECTO
UNIDAD V
VOZ PASIVA
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UNIDAD I
LA ORACIN
La oracin es la expresin mnima de comunicacin. Esencialmente, la oracin
consta de Sujeto (S) y Verbo (V). El Complemento (C) es otra parte importante de la
oracin, aunque no debe necesariamente estar presente.
El sujeto (S) de una oracin es el sustantivo o persona de quien se habla. En una

oracin, puede describirse al sujeto como ente, o puede describirse la accin del sujeto
como actor.
Por ejemplo:
Sonia est cansada (descripcin del estado de Sonia)
Sonia trabaja (se describe la accin de Sonia)
Los verbos (V) son palabras que expresan accin. Dentro de una oracin, el verbo se
conjuga de acuerdo al sujeto que lo ejecuta.
Ejemplo:
Ella lee
S V
Ella lee un libro
S V
C
(oracin)
Ella libro
S C
(no es oracin)
Lee libro
V C
(no es oracin)
(oracin)
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VERBO TO BE
Es el verbo ingls que sintetiza el significado de los verbos ser y estar en
espaol. En presente, se manifiesta en tres formas diferentes (AM IS ARE). La forma
AM del verbo To Be es exclusiva para la primera persona singular (I). Su forma IS es
exclusiva para la tercera persona singular (She, He y It). Su forma ARE es para la
conjugacin con la segunda persona del singular (You) y con las tres personas del plural
(We, You y They).
PRESENTE SIMPLE
Es un tiempo verbal que expresa acciones que ocurren en el presente con
regularidad determinada. La conjugacin de verbos en el presente simple solo vara para
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la tercera persona singular (She, He y It) y consiste en la presencia del sufijo ES/S
(partcula agregada al final del verbo)
Ejemplo:
Oraciones:
Juan workS everyday (Juan trabaja todos los das)
They study everyday (Ellos estudian todos los das)
Interrogaciones:
Does Juan work everyday? (Trabaja Juan todos los das?) Aux Does
Do they study everyday?
(Estudian ellos todos los das?) Aux Do
PRESENTE SIMPLE CON VERBO TO BE

Cuando se usa el verbo To Be en presente simple, este tiempo sirve para
describir la existencia o condicin del sujeto. Usualmente, se utilizan adjetivos para
hacer dicha descripcin.
ADJETIVOS
Los adjetivos son palabras que sirven para describir la existencia o condicin del
sujeto de una oracin.
Ejemplo:
Oraciones:
The machine is on
(la mquina est encendida)
The machine is small (la mquina es pequea)

Interrogaciones:
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Is the machine on?
(Est la mquina encendida?)
Is the machine small? (Es la mquina pequea?)
Ntese como en la traduccin al espaol de los ejemplos anteriores, el verbo TO BE

significa SER y ESTAR respectivamente.
COMPARATIVO
Los adjetivos, adems de usarse para describir a un sujeto determinado, tambin
sirven para comparar a dos individuos u objetos. A esto se denomina forma comparativa
de los adjetivos. Existe una manifestacin comparativa para los adjetivos cortos (menos
de tres slabas), otra para los adjetivos largos (de tres slabas en adelante) y otra
manifestacin para algunos adjetivos excepcionales.
FORMATO COMPARATIVO DE ADJETIVOS CORTOS

Es identificable por la presencia del sufijo ER (partcula agregada al final del
adjetivo) y la palabra THAN despus del adjetivo
Ejemplo:
Oracin:
Machine A is biggER THAN machine B
(la mquina A es mas grande que la mquna B)
Interrogacin:
Is Machine A biggER THAN machine B?
(Es la mquina A ms grande que la mquina B?)
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FORMATO COMPARATIVO DE ADJETIVOS LARGOS

Es identificable por la palabra MORE (ms) precediendo al adjetivo y la palabra
THAN siguindolo.
Ejemplo:
Oracin:
Machine A is MORE expensive THAN machine B
(La mquina A es ms costosa que la mquina B)
Interrogacin:
Is machine A MORE expensive THAN machine B?
(Es la mquina A ms costosa que la mquina B?)
FORMATO COMPARATIVO DE ADJETIVOS EXCEPCIONALES

Algunos adjetivos son excepcionales y se manifiestan de manera completamente
distinta cuando se trata de comparaciones.
Adjetivo
Significado
Formato Comparativo
Significado
Good
Bueno(a)
Better
Mejor
Bad
Malo(a)
Worse
Peor
Little
Poco(a)
Less
Menos
Much
Mucho(a)
More
Ms
Ejemplo:
Oracin:
Machine A is better than machine B
(La mquina A es mejor que la mquia B)
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Interrogacin:
Is machine A better than machine B?
(Es la mquina A mejor que la mquina B?)
Existe otro formato de comparacin que, a diferencia del recin explicado,

expresa igualdad entre los individuos u objetos comparados. Este formato se reconoce
por la presencia de la palabra AS antes y despus del adjetivo.
Ejemplo:
Oracin:
Machine A is AS good AS machine B
(La mquina A es tan buena como la mquina B)
Interrogacin:
Is machine A AS good AS machine B?
(Es la mquina A tan buena como la mquina B?)
Ntese como la palabra AS significa tan y como respectivamente en la comparacin
SUPERLATIVO
Adems de la comparacin, los adjetivos manifiestan la funcin superlativa. Esta
funcin expresa la superioridad de un individuo u objeto dentro de un grupo. La forma
superlativa de los adjetivos se manifiesta de tres maneras. Dos de estas formas estn
relacionadas con la longitud de cada adjetivo. Existe una manifestacin superlativa para
los adjetivos cortos (menos de tres silabas), otra para los adjetivos largos (de tres silabas
en adelante) y otra manifestacin para algunos adjetivos excepcionales
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FORMATO SUPERLATIVO DE ADJETIVOS CORTOS

El superlativo se manifiesta con la presencia del artculo THE antecediendo al
adjetivo y el sufijo EST (partcula agregada al final del adjetivo)
Ejemplo:
Oracin:
Machine A is THE BiggEST in the factory
(La mquina A es la ms grande de la fbrica)
Interrogacin:
Is Machine A THE biggEST in the factory?
(Es La mquina A la ms grande de la fbrica?)
Ntese como la maquina B no es mencionada en este ejemplo.
FORMATO SUPERLATIVO DE ADJETIVOS LARGOS

Es identificable por las palabras THE MOST (el/la ms) precediendo al adjetivo.
Ejemplo:
Oracin:
Machine A is THE MOST expensive in the factory
(La mquina A es la ms costosa de la fbrica)
Interrogacin:
Is Machine A THE MOST expensive in the factory?
(Es la mquina A la ms costosa de la fbrica?)
Ntese como la maquina B no es mencionada en este ejemplo.
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FORMATO SUPERLATIVO DE ADJETIVOS EXCEPCIONALES

Algunos adjetivos son excepcionales y se manifiestan de manera completamente
distinta cuando se trata de comparaciones.
Adjetivo
Significado
Formato Superlativo
Significado
Good
Bueno(a)
the Best
el/la(s) Mejor(es)
Bad
Malo(a)
the Worst
el/la(s) Peor(es)
Little
Poco(a)
the Least
el/la(s) Menor(es)
Much
Mucho(a)
the Most
el/la(s) Ms
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Igualdad
Comparativo
Inferioridad Superioridad
Superlativo
Superioridad Inferioridad
As dirty
as
As clean
as
As strong
as
As weak
as
As simple
as
As
complex
as
As useful
as
As useless
as
Less dirty
than
Less clean
than
Less strong
than
Less weak
than
Less simple
than
Less
complex
than
Less useful
than
Less
useless than
Dirtier than
The dirtiest
Cleanest
than
Stronger
than
Weaker than
The cleanest
The
strongest
The weakest
Simpler than
The simplest
More
complex
than
More useful
than
More useless
than
The most
complex
The least
dirty
The least
clean
The least
strong
The least
weak
The least
simple
The least
complex
The most
useful
The most
useless
The least
useful
The least
useless
Wet
As wet as
Wetter than
The wettest
Dry
As dry as
Dryer than
The driest
Big
As big as
Bigger than
The biggest
Small
Smaller than
The smallest
Hot
As small
as
As hot as
Hotter than
The hottest
Cold
As cold as
Colder than
The coldest
Long
As long
as
As large
as
As short
as
As safe as
Less wet
than
Less dry
than
Less big
than
Less small
than
Less hot
than
Less cold
than
Less long
than
Less large
than
Less short
than
Less safe
than
Less
dangerous
than
Less thick
than
Less thin
than
Less rough
Longer than
The longest
Larger than
The largest
Shorter than
The shortest
Safer than
The safest
More
dangerous
than
Thicker than
The most
dangerous
The least
wet
The least
dry
The least
big
The least
small
The least
hot
The least
cold
The least
long
The least
large
The least
short
The least
safe
The least
dangerous
The thickest
Thinner than
The thinnest
Rougher
The roughest
Adjetivos
Dirty
Clean
Strong
Opinin
Weak
Simple
Complex
Useful
Cualidad
Useless
Large
Short
Safe
Dangerous
Thin
As
dangerous
as
As thick
as
As thin as
Rough
As rough
Thick
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The least
thick
The least
thin
The least
Smooth
as
As
smooth as
Fast
As fast as
Young
As young
as
As old as
Old
White
As white
as
As black
as
As green
as
As blue as
Color
Black
Green
Blue
Origen
Yellow
As yellow
as
than
Less
smooth
than
Less fast
than
Less young
than
Less old
than
than
Smoother
than
The
smoothest
Faster than
The fastest
Younger
than
Older than
The
youngest
The oldest
Less white
than
Less black
than
Less green
than
Less blue
than
Less yellow
than
Whiter than
The whitest
Blacker than
The blackest
Greener than
The greenest
Bluer than
The bluest
More yellow
than
The most
yellow
Venezuelan
Asian
Middle
easter
European
Material
US
(American)
Wooden
Golden
Metal
Plastic
Glass
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rough
The least
smooth
The least
fast
The least
young
The least
old
The least
white
The least
black
The least
green
The least
blue
The least
yellow
UNIDAD II
VERBO TO BE EN PASADO
Es el verbo ingls que sintetiza el significado de los verbos ser y estar en
espaol. En pasado, se manifiesta en dos formas (WAS WERE). La forma WAS del
verbo To Be es exclusiva para la primera y tercera persona singular (I, She, He, it). Su
forma WERE es para la conjugacin con la segunda persona del singular (You) y con
las tres personas del plural (We, You y They).
PASADO SIMPLE
Es un tiempo verbal que expresa acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado. La
conjugacin de verbos en el pasado simple es nica para cada verbo (a excepcin del
verbo To Be). Sin embargo, existen verbos regulares e irregulares (vea lista de ellos en
glosario)
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La forma pasada de los verbos regulares se constituye con la adicin de la partcula

ED/D al final del verbo (sufijo)
Ejemplo:
Oracin:
Juan workED yesterday
(Juan trabaj ayer verbo regular WORK)
Mara ate yesterday (Mara comi ayer verbo irregular EAT)

Interrogacin:
Did Juan work yesterday? (Trabaj Juan ayer?) Aux Did
Did Mara eat yesterday?
(Comi Mara ayer?) Aux Did
ADVERBIOS
As como los adjetivos funcionan para describir la existencia o estado de un
sujeto, los adverbios funcionan para describir verbos, adjetivos y otros adverbios.
Ejemplo:
Pedro worked hard (Pedro trabaj dur) Adv: hard/duro modifica al verbo
Pedro is very tired (Pedro est muy cansado) Adv: very/muy modifica adj:
cansado
Pedro woke up too late (Pedro se levant demasiado tarde) Adv: too/demasiado
modifica adv: late/tarde que modifica al verbo.
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Consulte el siguiente cuadro de adverbios:
Adverbios: modifican al verbo, al adjetivo o a otro adverbio

Grado
Modo
Lugar
Frecuencia
Tiempo
Absolutely
easily
above
always
Yesterday
Almost
Fast
There
Usually
Today
Completely
Deeply
Intentionally
Still
Abroad
Along
Sometimes
Often
Enormously
Together
Around
Generally
Entirely
Wrongly
Away
Hardly
Tomorrow
last
Night
/
Week
next
month
Equally
Carefully
Back
Rarely
Exactly
Just
Equally
Well
Below
Down
Seldom
Never
Much
Patiently
In
Shortly
Partly
Quietly
Somewhere
Still
Perfectly
Slowly
Under
Soon
Practically
Rather
Year
Afterwards
Presently
Up
Upstairs
Scarcely
Very
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UNIDAD III
SUFIJO ING
Donde sea que se encuentre una palabra con la terminacin ING, se trata de un
verbo modificado. Las palabras con la terminacin ING pueden tener diferente
significado de acuerdo a su funcin dentro de la oracin.
VERBOS CON TERMINACIN ING

Uno de los casos en los que se puede encontrar una palabra con terminacin ING
es un tiempo progresivo. Los tiempos progresivos expresan acciones en proceso. La
terminacin ING en estos casos representa la terminacin ENDO/ANDO de los verbos
en tiempos progresivos en espaol. Al igual que en espaol, el verbo To Be (estar) debe
estar presente para poder formar un tiempo verbal progresivo. Entonces para reconocer
una palabra con terminacin ING en funcin verbal progresiva, debe verificarse la
presencia del verbo TO BE precediendo a la palabra con ING.
Ejemplo:
The economy is growing

(La economa est creciENDO)
Mara was connecting the wires

(Mara estaba conectANDO los cables)
Workers will be organizing in cooperative associations.

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(Los trabajadores estarn organizndose en asociaciones cooperativas)
ADJETIVOS CON TERMINACIN ING

Otra funcin que una palabra con terminacin ING puede cumplir dentro de una
oracin es la de adjetivo. Una palabra con terminacin ING que funcione como adjetivo
necesariamente describe al sustantivo como actor mas no describe la accin.
Ejemplo:
The growing economy brings benefits to everyone

(La creciENTE economa trae beneficios a todos)
The cooling system is damaged

(El sistema de enfriamiENTO est daado)
The feeding cable is broken

(el cable de alimentacin est roto)
SUSTANTIVOS CON TERMINACIN ING

Otra funcin que las palabras con terminacin ING pueden tener en una oracin
es la de sustantivo, y por ende, los usos que un sustantivo puede tener dentro de una
oracin. Un sustantivo con terminacin ING puede ejercer funciones de sujeto, objeto
directo, complemento del verbo To Be y como objeto de una preposicin. Cuando la
funcin sea de sujeto, la palabra ING es de lo que se habla en la oracin. En el caso de
objeto directo, la palabra ING es la afectada del verbo de la oracin. Al ser
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complemento del verbo To Be, la palabra ING es equivalente al sujeto de la oracin. Y

en el ltimo de los casos, la palabra con terminacin ING es antecedida por una
preposicin.
Ejemplo:
Repairing the machine is very difficult
(Reparar la mquina es muy dificil) Repairing = Sujeto
Pedro finished repairing the machine

(Pedro termino de reparar la mquina)
Repairing = Objeto directo del V terminar
My specialty is repairing
(Mi especialidad es la reparacin/ mi especialidad es reparar)
Repairing = complemento del verbo To Be
Pedro cleaned the machine before repairing it

(Pedro limpi la mquina antes de repararla)
Repairing = objeto de Antes de
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Ms ejemplos de oraciones con palabras ING:
Understanding the use of ING words is not difficult
Washing machines do not spend much energy
Mr. Harris suggested analysing the problem
All the students are reading a book
You suggested decorating the house
The best job for Mr Jones is teaching Math
Reading a short story is a pleasure
Vehicles designed for speed are called racing cars
Many people enjoy studying chemistry
Surfing the internet is very common today
Diesel engines increase the temperature of the air by compressing it
John came to the exam without studying
To take an exam is answering several questions on a piece of paper
Receiving a letter from Santa Claus is impossible
The most basic skills today are reading and writing
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Objeto directo
Complemento del verbo To Be
Consulte el siguiente cuadro de las palabras con terminacin ING

Sustantivo
Verbo progresivo
Necesita Verbo To Be
Antepuesto
Necesita Verbo To Be
Antepuesto
1. His job is starting the

engine.
9. He is starting the car

now.
2. The first step is

calculating the values.
10. We are calculating

the values now.
3. Todays goal is
checking the
connection.
11. Juan is checking the

connection.
4. Carlos practices
connecting the wires.
5. Julio continues
repairing the machine.
Adjetivo
12. The increasing use
of oil fuels generates
pollution.
13. The cooling system
is working fine.
14. The re-heating
indicator is beeping.
Vea significado de las oraciones:
1. Su (de l) trabajo es encender el motor.
Objeto de una preposicin
2. El primer paso es calcular los valores.

6. Before starting the
engine, check the fuel
pipes.
7. Engines are used for
transforming
combustion force into
rotary motion.
3. La meta de hoy es verificar la conexin.

4. Carlos practica conectar / conectando los cables.
5. Julio contina reparando la mquina.
6. Antes de encender el motor, revisa las tuberas de
gasolina.
7. Los motores son utilizados para transformar la
combustin en movimiento rotatorio.
8. El cableado en esta casa est daado.
8. The wiring in this

house is damaged.
9. l est encendiendo el carro ahora.
Sujeto
10. Nosotros estamos calculando los valores ahora.

11. Juan esta revisando la conexin.
12. El creciente uso de combustibles de petrleo genera
contaminacin.
13. El sistema de enfriamiento esta funcionando bien.
14. El indicador de recalentamiento est avisando.
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UNIDAD IV
PRESENTE PERFECTO
El presente perfecto es un tiempo verbal que expresa acciones que comenzaron a
ejecutarse en un momento del pasado y han continuado ejecutndose hasta el presente.
El presente perfecto utiliza el auxiliar Haber (To Have) y un verbo principal en
Participio Pasado que determina la accin.
Ejemplo:
Oracin:
Jos has operated that machinery since 1994
(Jos ha operado la maquinaria desde 1994)
Desglosando el ejemplo anterior tenemos:
Jos
has operated
that machinery since 1994
sujeto
aux + verbo en participio
complemento
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Participio de verbos
En ingls existen dos tipos de verbos, los Regulares y los Irregulares. Un verbo
se clasifica como regular cuando a su forma Infinitiva se le aade -ed para formar el
Tiempo Pasado y el Participio Pasado. Si el verbo termina en "-e", slo hace falta aadir
la "-d". Si el verbo termina en una vocal + y, aadimos "-ed". Si el verbo termina en un
consonante + y, hay que quitar la y, y aadir "-ied". En los verbos irregulares su forma
Infinitiva cambia parcial o totalmente cuando se forma el Tiempo Pasado y el Participio
Pasado, por esto hay que aprenderlos.
Verbos
Infinitivo
Pasado
Regulares
repair
calculate
classify
repaired
calculated
classified
Participio
Pasado
repaired
calculated
classified
Irregulares
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UNIDAD V
VOZ PASIVA
La voz pasiva, tanto en espaol como en ingls, es un formato del discurso que
cede el espacio de posicin inicial del protagonista (o sujeto) para colocar al objeto
directo de la accin en su lugar. En otras palabras, se invierte el rol gramatical de los
entes activos y pasivos (sujeto/objeto directo) de la oracin. Este formato (voz pasiva)
es extensamente utilizado en los materiales impresos.
Las oraciones activas poseen al menos tres elementos indispensables: sujeto

(quien realiza la accin), verbo (es la accin) y objeto directo (quien recibe la accin).
Las oraciones pasivas pueden poseer dos de los tres elementos mencionados (objeto
directo y verbo) y el sujeto suele ser opcional antecedido de la preposicin by.
Adicionalmente, las oraciones pasivas SIEMPRE tienen To Be (en cualquiera de sus
formas) antepuesto al la accin principal (en su pasado participio)
Ejemplo de voz activa:

Electric charges produce all electromagnetic radiation.
Sujeto
verbo
objeto directo
Las cargas elctricas producen toda radiacin electromagntica
Ejemplo de su voz pasiva:

All electromagnetic radiation is produced by electric charges
Objeto directo
verbo
por
sujeto
Toda radiacin electromagntica es producida por cargas elctricas.
El cambio que ocurre en la sintaxis es el siguiente:
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S= Sujeto
V= Verbo
OD= Objeto Directo
Voz activa
+ V + OD
Voz pasiva
OD +To Be + V + (by S)
La oracin es revertida en su formula y la posicin del sujeto es asumida por el objeto

directo. Las oraciones en formato pasivo se reconocen porque siempre tienen al verbo
To Be como verbo principal y a un verbo en participio.
Otros ejemplos de oraciones pasivas:

Each element in the periodic table is defined by the atomic number
Electricity is generated at a power station
The Cugnot steam traction engine was built 1770
Vehicles are used for a wide range of purposes
A more efficient combustion is achieved by multi-valve cylinder heads
In this city, the levels of pollution have been reduced
Passengers are protected by the bodyshell of a car
Cars are designed with the aid of computers
High technology is employed on production lines
Misin Sucre
BIBLIOGRAFA
Anderson, G & Arsenault, N. (1998). Fundamentals of educational research. (2nd). New
York, NY.: RoutledgeFalmer
Arragon, J. C. (1985). The role of phonetics in language teaching: Some personal
remarks. The Incorporated Linguist: The Journal of the Institute of Linguists, 24(1), 2729.
Chela-Flores, B. (2001). Pronunciation and language learning: An integrative approach.
IRAL, 39, 85-101.
Delamere, T. (1996). The importance of interlanguage errors with respect to
stereotyping by native speakers in their judgments of second language learners. System,
24, 279-297.
Derwing, T. M., Munro, M. J., & Wiebe, G. (1997). Pronunciation introduction for
fossilized learners: Can it help?. Applied Language Learning, 8(2), 217-236.
Ellis, R. (1991). Understanding second language acquisition (7th ed.). Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Freire, P. (1988) Teachers as cultural workers: letters to those who dare teach. Boulder,
Colo.: Westview Press.
Gass, S., & Varonis, E.M. (1984). The effect of familiarity on the comprehensibility of
non-native speech. Language Learning, 34, 65-89.
Hamilton, R.P. (2001). The insignificance of learners errors: A philosophical
investigation of the interlanguage hypothesis. Language and Communication, 21 (1),
73-88.
Jaggar, A., & Smith-Burke, M. (Ed.). (1985). Observing the language learner. Newark,
IL: International Reading Association.
Misin Sucre
Reigeluth, C. (Ed.). (1999). Instructional-design theories and models: a new paradigm

of instructional theory. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
James, C. (1992). Contrastive analysis (11th ed.). Essex, England: Longman.
Krashen, S. (2003). Explorations in language acquisition and use. Portsmouth, NH:
Heinemann.
H. D. Brown, & S. Gonzo (Ed.). Readings on second language acquisition (pp. 468490). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Regents.
McCarthy, P. (1978). The teaching of pronunciation. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Merriam, S. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education (2nd
ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Monroy, R. (2001). Profiling the phonological processes shaping the fossilized IL of
adult spanish learners of english as foreign language: Some theoretical implications.
IJES, 1 (1), 157-215.
Misin Sucre
TALLER INGLES
COMPLEMENTOS
Programa Nacional de Formacin en

ELECTRICIDAD
Misin Sucre
VERBO TO BE
PASADO
PRESENTE
Was
Am
Nmero/Persona
S/I
S/III
Was
Is
S/II P/I, P/II,

P/III
Were
Are
Nmero
Persona
Singular
Singular
Singular
Singular
Singular
Plural
Plural
Plural
I
II
Nmero
III
I
II
III
Pronombre
Personal
I
You
She
He
It
We
You
They
Adjetivo
Posesivo
My
Your
Her
His
Its
Our
Your
Their
Pronombres
Demostrativos
FUTURO
Will be
Pronombre
Posesivo
Mine
Yours
Hers
His
Its
Ours
Yours
Theirs
Pronombre
Objetivo
Me
You
Her
Him
It
Us
You
Them
Significado
This
esto(a)
That
aquello(a)
These
estos(as)
Those
aquellos(as)
Singular
Plural
cercana fsica o
temporal
distancia fsica o
temporal
cercana fsica o
temporal
distancia fsica o
temporal
Misin Sucre
Misin Sucre
PREPOSICIONES
Las preposiciones son palabras pequeas que nos ayudan a establecer relaciones
entre diferentes elementos de una frase. Aqu tenemos una lista de las preposiciones
simples ms comunes en ingls:
PREPOSICION
Aboard
About
Above
Across
After
Against
Along
Alongside
Amid
Amidst
Among
Amongst
Around
As
At
Before
Behind
Below
Beneath
Beside
Besides
Between
Beyond
But
By
Despite
Down
During
Except
For
From
In
SIGNIFICADO
a bordo de
alrededor de, sobre
por encima de
a travs de
detrs de, despus de
contra
por, a lo largo de
junto a, junto con
(formal) entre, en medio de
(formal) entre, en medio de
entre (tres o ms)
entre
alrededor de
como
en, junto a, a
antes de, delante de
detrs de
debajo de
debajo de
junto a
aparte de
entre (dos o ms)
ms all de
excepto, pero
por, junto a
a pesar de, pese a
hacia abajo
durante
excepto
para, por, durante, desde
hace
de, desde
en, dentro de
Inside
Into
Like
Minus
Near
Of
Off
On
Opposite
Outside
Over
Past
Per
Plus
Round
Since
Than
Through
Throughout
Till = Until
To
Towards
Under
Underneath
Until
Up
Upon
Via
With
Within
Without
dentro de
en, adentro
como, igual a
menos
cerca de
de
de (alejndose), fuera de
en, sobre
enfrente de
fuera de
por encima de, al otro lado
por delante de, ms all de
por
ms
alrededor de
desde
que
a travs de
por todo
hasta
a, hasta, hacia
hacia, para
por debajo de, debajo de
debajo de, bajo
hasta
hacia arriba
(poniendo) sobre, encima
va, a travs de, por
con
dentro de, a menos de, en
menos de
sin
Misin Sucre
PALABRAS Y FRASES DE TRANSICION

La siguiente es una lista de palabras y frases que se utilizan frecuentemente para
enlazar oraciones entre si, permitiendo dar cierta continuidad a los textos.
PALABRA /
FRASE
According to
After
Afterwards
Although
And
Anyway
As
As far as
As if
As long as
As soon as
As though
As well as
Because
Because of
Before
Besides
Be that as it may
Both...and
But
But
Concerning
Due to
Either... or
Even though
Except
For
Furthermore
Generally
However
If
In case of
In general,
In order to
In respect to
SIGNIFICADO
de acuerdo a
despus que
despus de...,
aunque, si bien
y
de todos modos
cuando, mientras, a medida
que, como
hasta, hasta donde
como si
mientras, con tal que
en cuanto
como si
adems de
porque
debido a
antes que
adems
como sea
tanto...como
pero
sino
concerniente, segn
debido a
o... o
aunque
excepto, salvo
porque
adems
generalmente, en general
sin embargo
si
en caso de
en general
para
concerniente, segn
Moreover
Namely
Neither... nor
Nevertheless
Nor
On account of
On the other
hand
Or
Or else
Otherwhise
Provided
Providing
Regarding
Since
So as to
So as not to
So far
So that
Still
Than
Therefore
Though
Unless
Until
Up to now
Whenever
Whereas
Whether
Whether... or
While
Yet
adems, por otra parte

a saber
ni... ni
sin embargo, no obstante
ni
debido a
en cambio
o
sino
de otra manera, si no
siempre que , con tal de
que
siempre que , con tal de
que
al respecto de
puesto que, ya que, desde
que
para
para no
hasta ahora
para que
que (usado en
comparaciones)
por lo tanto
aunque
a menos que
hasta que
hasta ahora
cada vez que, cuando
siendo que, mientras
si
si... o
mientras, mientras que,
aunque
Misin Sucre
Regular Verbs List

Base Form
Accept
Acquire
Act
Add
Administer
Agree
Aim
Allow
Answer
Anticipate
Approve
Arrive
Ask
Assist
Attack
Attend
Avoid
Beg
Believe
Belong
Boil
Borrow
Bother
Brush
Call
Carry
Cash
Change
Charge
Clarify
Classify
Clean
Clear (out)
Close
Comb
Combine
Complete
Complicate
Condense
Congratulate
Conquer
Consult
Contain
Continue
Control
Cook
Count
Cover
Create
Cross
Cry
Cure
Dance
Dare
Decide
Decorate
Delight
Describe
Destroy
Develop
Die
Discover
Discuss
Dislike
Doubt
Dream
Dress
Drop
Educate
Eliminate
Present
3rd Person
Singular
Accepts
Acquires
Acts
Adds
Administers
Agrees
Aims
Allows
Answers
Anticipates
Approves
Arrives
Asks
Assists
Attacks
Attends
Avoids
Begs
Believes
Belongs
Boils
Borrows
Bothers
Brushes
Calls
Carries
Cashes
Changes
Charges
Clarifies
Classifies
Cleans
Clears (out)
Closes
Combs
Combines
Completes
Complicates
Condenses
Congratulates
Conquers
Consults
Contains
Continues
Controls
Cooks
Counts
Covers
Creates
Crosses
Cries
Cures
Dances
Dares
Decides
Decorates
Delights
Describes
Destroys
Develops
Dies
Discovers
Discusses
Dislikes
Doubts
Dreams
Dresses
Drops
Educates
Eliminates
Present Participle /
Gerund (ING form)
Accepting
Acquiring
Acting
Adding
Administering
Agreeing
Aiming
Allowing
Answering
Anticipating
Approving
Arriving
Asking
Assisting
Attacking
Attending
Avoiding
Begging
Believing
Belonging
Boiling
Borrowing
Bothering
Brushing
Calling
carrying
Cashing
Changing
Charging
clarifying
Classifying
Cleaning
Clearing (out)
Closing
Combing
Combining
Completing
Complicating
Condensing
Congratulating
Conquering
Consulting
Containing
Continuing
Controlling
Cooking
Counting
Covering
Creating
Crossing
Crying
Curing
Dancing
Daring
Deciding
decorating
Delighting
Describing
Destroying
Developing
Dying
Discovering
Discussing
Disliking
Doubting
Dreaming
Dressing
Dropping
Educating
Eliminating
Past Simple
/
Past Participle
Accepted
Acquired
Acted
Added
Administered
Agreed
Aimed
Allowed
Answered
Anticipated
Approved
Arrived
Asked
Assisted
Attacked
Attended
Avoided
Begged
Believed
Belonged
Boiled
Borrowed
Bothered
Brushed
Called
Carried
Cashed
Changed
Charged
Clarified
Classified
Cleaned
Cleared (out)
Closed
Combed
Combined
Completed
Complicated
Condensed
Congratulated
Conquered
Consulted
Contained
Continued
Controlled
Cooked
Counted
Covered
Created
Crossed
Cried
Cured
Danced
Dared
Decided
Decorated
Delighted
Described
Destroyed
Developed
Died
Discovered
Discussed
Disliked
Doubted
Dreamed / dreamt
Dressed
Dropped
Educated
Eliminated
Misin Sucre
Translation
aceptar
adquirir
actuar
agregar
administrar
estar de acuerdo
apuntar
permitir
responder
anticipar
aprobar
llegar
preguntar
asistir / ayudar
atacar
asistir / atender
evitar
suplicar
creer
pertenecer
hervir
pedir prestado
molestar
cepillar
llamar
llevar
hacer efectivo
cambiar
cargar / cobrar
aclarar
clasificar
limpiar
borrar
cerrar
peinar
combinar
completar
complicar
condensar
felicitar
conquistar
consultar
contener
continuar
controlar
cocinar
contra
cubrir
crear
cruzar
llorar
curar
bailar
atreverse
decidir
decorar
deleitar
describir
destruir
desarrollar
morir
descubrir
discutir
disgustar
dudar
sonar
vestir
dejar caer
educar
eliminar
Embrace
Emerge
End
Enjoy
Enter
Erase
Excuse
Execute
Explain
Explore
Express
Fade
Fail
Finish
Fold
Follow
Fry
Gain
Gather
Glow
Govern
Handle
Hang
Happen
Hate
Heat
Help
Hope
Hurry
Identify
Indicate
Injure
Insulate
Interrupt
Introduce
Invade
Invite
Join
Jump
Kill
Kiss
Knock
Last
Laugh
Learn
Lie
Lift
Like
Listen
Live
Look
Love
Lubricate
Mail
Marry
Match
Measure
Mention
Mind
Miss
Modify
Motivate
Move
Need
Obey
Observe
Obtain
Occur
Offer
Open
Order
Organize
Owe
Own
Paint
Pardon
Park
Embraces
Emerges
Ends
Enjoys
Enters
Erases
Excuses
Executes
Explains
Explores
Expresses
Fades
Fails
Finishes
Folds
Follows
Fries
Gains
Gathers
Glows
Governs
Handles
Hangs
Happens
Hates
Heats
Helps
Hopes
Hurries
Identifies
Indicates
Injures
Insulates
Interrupts
Introduces
Invades
Invites
Joins
Jumps
Kills
Kisses
Knocks
Lasts
Laughs
Learns
Lies
Lifts
Likes
Listens
Lives
Looks
Loves
Lubricates
Mails
Marries
Matches
Measures
Mentions
Minds
Misses
Modifies
Motivates
Moves
Needs
Obeys
Observes
Obtains
Occurs
Offers
Opens
Orders
Organizes
Owes
Owns
Paints
Pardons
Parks
Embracing
Emerging
Ending
Enjoying
Entering
Erasing
Excusing
Executing
Explaining
Exploring
Expressing
Fading
Failing
Finishing
Folding
Following
Frying
Gaining
Gathering
Glowing
Governing
Handling
Hanging
Happening
Hating
Heating
Helping
Hoping
Hurrying
Identifying
Indicating
Injuring
Insulating
Interrupting
Introducing
Invading
Inviting
Joining
Jumping
Killing
Kissing
Knocking
Lasting
Laughing
Learning
lying
Lifting
Liking
Listening
Living
Looking
Loving
Lubricating
Mailing
Marrying
Matching
Measuring
Mentioning
Minding
Missing
Modifying
Motivating
Moving
Needing
Obeying
Observing
Obtaining
Occurring
Offering
Opening
Ordering
Organizing
Owing
Owning
Painting
Pardoning
Parking
Embraced
Emerged
Ended
Enjoyed
Entered
Erased
Excused
Executed
Explained
Explored
Expressed
Faded
Failed
Finished
Folded
Followed
Fried
Gained
Gathered
Glowed
Governed
Handled
Hanged
Happened
Hated
Heated
Helped
Hoped
Hurried
Identified
Indicated
Injured
Insulated
Interrupted
Introduced
Invaded
Invited
Joined
Jumped
Killed
Kissed
Knocked
Lasted
Laughed
Learned / learnt
Lied
Lifted
Liked
Listened
Lived
Looked
Loved
Lubricated
Mailed
Married
Matched
Measured
Mentioned
Minded
Missed
Modified
Motivated
Moved
Needed
Obeyed
Observed
Obtained
Occurred
Offered
Opened
Ordered
Organized
Owed
Owned
Painted
Pardoned
Parked
abarcar
emerger
terminar
disfrutar
entrar
borrar
disculpar
ejecutar
explicar
explorar
expresar
desvanecer / desteir
fallar / caer
terminar
doblar
seguir
frer
obtener / ganar
reunir
resplandecer
gobernar
manipular
colgar
suceder
odiar
calentar
ayudar
esperar
apurar
identificar
indicar
lastimar / herir
aislar
interrumpir
introducir / presentar
invadir
invitar
acompaar / unir
saltar
matar
besar
tocar
durar
rer
aprender
mentir
levantar
gustar
escuchar
vivir
mirar
amar
lubricar
enviar por correo
casarse
unir / combinar
medir
mencionar
dar importancia
extraar / perder
modificar
motivar
mover
necesitar
obedecer
observar
obtener
ocurrir
ofrecer
abrir
ordenar
organizar
deber
poseer
pintar
disculpar
estacionar
Misin Sucre
Pass
Perform
Phone
Pick (up)
Plan
Plant
Play
Please
Point
Pollute
Postpone
Practice
Predict
Prefer
Prepare
Prevent
Process
Promise
Pronounce
Pull
Punish
Push
Rain
Reach
Realize
Receive
Recharge
Recommend
Refine
Refuse
Reinforce
Remain
Remember
Remind
Repeat
Report
Rest
Result
Return
Rub (out)
Rule
Save
Scold
Select
Separate
Serve
Settle
Share
Shave
Show
Sign
Smell
Smile
Smoke
Snow
Solve
Spread
Start
Stay
Stop
Study
Suggest
Suppose
Surprise
Talk
Taste
Thank
Touch
Translate
Travel
Treat
Try
Turn
Use
Visit
Vote
Wait
Passes
Performs
Phones
Picks (up)
Plans
Plants
Plays
Pleases
Points
Pollutes
Postpones
Practices
Predicts
Prefers
Prepares
Prevents
Processes
Promises
Pronounces
Pulls
Punishes
Pushes
Rains
Reaches
Realizes
Receives
Recharges
Recommends
Refines
Refuses
Reinforces
Remains
Remembers
Reminds
Repeats
Reports
Rests
Results
Returns
Rubs (out)
Rules
Saves
Scolds
Selects
Separates
Serves
Settles
Shares
Shaves
Shows
Signs
Smells
Smiles
Smokes
Snows
Solves
Spreads
Starts
Stays
Stops
Studies
Suggests
Supposes
Surprises
Talks
Tastes
Thanks
Touches
Translates
Travels
Treats
Tries
Turns
Uses
Visits
Votes
Waits
Passing
Performing
Phoning
Picking (up)
Planning
Planting
Playing
Pleasing
Pointing
Polluting
Postponing
Practicing
Predicting
Preferring
Preparing
Preventing
Processing
Promising
Pronouncing
Pulling
Punishing
Pushing
Raining
Reaching
Realizing
Receiving
Recharging
Recommending
Refining
Refusing
Reinforcing
Remaining
Remembering
Reminding
Repeating
Reporting
Resting
Resulting
Returning
Rubbing (out)
Ruling
Saving
Scolding
Selecting
Separating
Serving
Settling
Sharing
Shaving
Showing
Signing
Smelling
Smiling
Smoking
Snowing
Solving
Spreading
Starting
Staying
Stopping
Studying
Suggesting
Supposing
Surprising
Talking
Tasting
Thanking
Touching
Translating
Traveling
Treating
Trying
Turning
Using
Visiting
Voting
Waiting
Passed
Performed
Phoned
Picked (up)
Planned
Planted
Played
Pleased
Pointed
Polluted
Postponed
Practiced
Predicted
Preferred
Prepared
Prevented
Processed
Promised
Pronounced
Pulled
Punished
Pushed
Rained
Reached
Realized
Received
Recharged
Recommended
Refined
Refused
Reinforced
Remained
Remembered
Reminded
Repeated
Reported
Rested
Resulted
Returned
Rubbed (out)
Ruled
Saved
Scolded
Selected
Separated
Served
Settled
Shared
Shaved
Showed
Signed
Smelled
Smiled
Smoked
Snowed
Solved
Spread
Started
Stayed
Stopped
Studied
Suggested
Supposed
Surprised
Talked
Tasted
Thanked
Touched
Translated
Traveled
Treated
Tried
Turned
Used
Visited
Voted
Waited
pasar
desempear
llamar por telfono
levantar
planificar
sembrar
jugar
agradar / complacer
apuntar
contaminar
posponer
practicar
predecir
preferir
preparar
prevenir
procesar
prometer
pronunciar
halar
castigar
empujar
llover
alcanzar
darse cuenta
recibir
recargar
recomendar
refinar
rechazar
reforzar
quedar / permanecer
acordarse
recordar
repetir
reportar
descansar
resultar
devolver
borrar
gobernar
salvar / guardar
regaar
seleccionar
separar
servir
establecer
compartir
afeitar
mostrar
firmar
oler
sonrer
fumar
nevar
solucionar
regar
comenzar
quedarse
detener
estudiar
sugerir
suponer
sorprender
hablar
probar / saborear
agradecer
tocar
traducir
viajar
tratar
intentar
dar vuelta / cruzar
usar
visitar
votar
esperar
Misin Sucre
Walk
Want
Wash
Waste
Watch
Welcome
Wish
Wonder
Work
Worry
Walks
Wants
Washes
Wastes
Watches
Welcomes
Wishes
Wonders
Works
Worries
Walking
Wanting
Washing
Wasting
Watching
Welcoming
Wishing
Wondering
Working
Worrying
Walked
Wanted
Washed
Wasted
Watched
Welcomed
Wished
Wondered
Worked
Worried
caminar
querer
lavar
desperdiciar
cuidar / mirar / vigilar
dar la bienvenida
desear
preguntarse
trabajar
preocuparse
Misin Sucre
Irregular Verbs List

Base Form
Present
3rd Person
Singular
Present
Participle /
Gerund (ING
form)
Past
Simple
Past
Participle
Translation
Abide
Alight
Arise
Awake
Be
Bear
Beat
Become
Begin
Behold
Bend
Bet
Bid
Abides
Alights
Arises
Awakes
Is
Bears
Beats
Becomes
Begins
Beholds
Bends
Bets
Bids
Abiding
Alighting
Arising
Awaking
Being
Bearing
Beating
Becoming
Beginning
Beholding
Bending
Betting
Bidding
Abode/Abided
Alit/Alighted
Arose
Awoke
Was/Were
Bore
Beat
Became
Began
Beheld
Bent
Bet
Bid
Abode/Abided/Abidden
Alit/Alighted
Arisen
Awoken
Been
Born/Borne
Beaten
Become
Begun
Beheld
Bent
Bet
Bid
atenerse
bajar/apearse
alzarse
despertar
ser/estar
aguantar/resistir
latir/golpear
volverse/llegar a ser
comenzar
contemplar
doblar
apostar
ofrecer/pujar
Bid
Bids
Bidding
Bade
Bidden
mandar/ordenar
Bind
Binds
Binding
Bound
Bound
saltar/estar ogligado
Bite
Bites
Biting
Bit
Bitten
morder
Bleed
Blow
Break
Breed
Bring
Broadcast
Build
Burn
Burst
Bust
Buy
Cast
Catch
Choose
Clap
Cling
Clothe
Come
Cost
Creep
Cut
Dare
Deal
Dig
Dive
Do
Draw
Dream
Drink
Drive
Dwell
Eat
Fall
Feed
Feel
Fight
Find
Fit
Flee
Bleeds
Blows
Breaks
Breeds
Brings
Broadcasts
Builds
Burns
Bursts
Busts
Buys
Casts
Catches
Chooses
Claps
Clings
Clothes
Comes
Costs
Creeps
Cuts
Dares
Deals
Digs
Dives
Does
Draws
Dreams
Drinks
Drives
Dwells
Eats
Falls
Feeds
Feels
Fights
Finds
Fits
Flees
Bleeding
Blowing
Breaking
Breeding
Bringing
Broadcasting
Building
Burning
Bursting
Busting
Buying
Casting
Catching
Choosing
Clapping
Clinging
Clothing
Coming
Costing
Creeping
Cutting
Daring
Dealing
Digging
Diving
Doing
Drawing
Dreaming
Drinking
Driving
Dwelling
Eating
Falling
Feeding
Feeling
Fighting
Finding
Fitting
Fleeing
Bled
Bled
sangrar
Blew
Blown
soplar
Broke
Broken
romper
Bred
Bred
criar/engendrar
Brought
Brought
traer
Broadcast/Broadcasted Broadcast/Broadcasted
emitir/transmitir
Built
Built
construir
Burnt/Burned
Burnt/Burned
quemar
Burst
Burst
estallar
Bust
Bust
deterner/atrapar
Bought
Bought
comprar
Cast
Cast
lanzar
Caught
Caught
atrapart
Chose
Chosen
elegir
Clapped/Clapt
Clapped/Clapt
aplaudir
Clung
Clung
agarrarse
Clad/Clothed
Clad/Clothed
vestirse
Came
Come
venir
Cost
Cost
costar
Crept
Crept
arrastar
Cut
Cut
cortar
Dared/Durst
Dared
atraverse
Dealt
Dealt
dar/repartir
Dug
Dug
cavar
Dived/Dove
Dived
sumergirse
Did
Done
hacer
Drew
Drawn
dibujar
Dreamt/Dreamed
Dreamt/Dreamed
soar
Drank
Drunk
beber
Drove
Driven
manejar
Dwelt
Dwelt
morar/habitar
Ate
Eaten
comer
Fell
Fallen
caer/enamorase
Fed
Fed
alimentar
Felt
Felt
sentir
Fought
Fought
pelear
Found
Found
encontar
Fit/Fitted
Fit/Fitted
ajustar/sentar bien (clothes)
Fled
Fled
huir
Misin Sucre
Fling
Flings
Flinging
Flung
Fly
Flies
Flying
Flew
Forbid
Forbids
Forbidding
Forbade/Forbad
Forecast
Forecasts
Forecasting
Forecast/Forecasted
Foresee
Foresees
Foreseeing
Foresaw
Foretell
Foretells
Foretelling
Foretold
Forget
Forgets
Forgetting
Forgot
Forgive
Forgives
Forgiving
Forgave
Forsake
Forsakes
Forsaking
Forsook
Freeze
Freezes
Freezing
Froze
Frostbite
Frostbites
Frostbiting
Frostbit
Get
Gets
Getting
Got
Give
Gives
Giving
Gave
Go
Goes
Going
Went
Grind
Grinds
Grinding
Ground
Grow
Grows
Growing
Grew
Handwrite
Handwrites
Handwriting
Handwrote
Hang
Hangs
Hanging
Hung/Hanged
Have
Has
Having
Had
Hear
Hears
Hearing
Heard
Hide
Hides
Hiding
Hid
Hit
Hits
Hitting
Hit
Hold
Holds
Holding
Held
Hurt
Hurts
Hurting
Hurt
Inlay
Inlays
Inlaying
Inlaid
Input
Inputs
Inputting
Input/Inputted
Keep
Keeps
Keeping
Kept
Kneel
Kneels
Kneeling
Knelt/Kneeled
Knit
Knits
Knitting
Knit/Knitted
Know
Knows
Knowing
Knew
Lay
Lays
Laying
Laid
Lead
Leads
Leading
Led
Lean
Leans
Leaning
Leant/Leaned
Leap
Leaps
Leaping
Leapt/Leaped
Learn
Learns
Learning
Learnt/Learned
Leave
Leaves
Leaving
Left
Lend
Lends
Lending
Lent
Let
Lets
Letting
Let
Lie
Lies
Lying
Lay
Light
Lights
Lighting
Lit
Lose
Loses
Losing
Lost
Make
Makes
Making
Made
Mean
Means
Meaning
Meant
Meet
Meets
Meeting
Met
Melt
Melts
Melting
Melted
Mislead
Misleads
Misleading
Misled
Mistake
Mistake
Mistaking
Mistook
Misunderstand Misunderstands Misunderstanding
Misunderstood
Mow
Mows
Mowing
Mowed
Overdraw
Overdraws
Overdrawing
Overdrew
Overhear
Overhears
Overhearing
Overheard
Overtake
Overtakes
Overtaking
Overtook
Pay
Pays
Paying
Paid
Preset
Presets
Presetting
Preset
Prove
Proves
Proving
Proved
Put
Puts
Putting
Put
Quit
Quits
Quitting
Quit
Re-prove
Re-proves
Re-proving
Re-proved
Read
Reads
Reading
Read
Rid
Rids
Ridding
Rid/Ridded
Ride
Rides
Riding
Rode
Ring
Rings
Ringing
Rang
Rise
Rises
Rising
Rose
Run
Runs
Running
Ran
Saw
Saws
Sawing
Sawed
Say
Says
Saying
Said
Flung
Flown
Forbidden
Forecast/Forecasted
Foreseen
Foretold
Forgotten
Forgiven
Forsaken
Frozen
Frostbitten
Got/Gotten
Given
Gone/Been
Ground
Grown
Handwritten
Hung/Hanged
Had
Heard
Hidden
Hit
Held
Hurt
Inlaid
Input/Inputted
Kept
Knelt/Kneeled
Knit/Knitted
Known
Laid
Led
Leant/Leaned
Leapt/Leaped
Learnt/Learned
Left
Lent
Let
Lain
Lit
Lost
Made
Meant
Met
Molten/Melted
Misled
Mistaken
Misunderstood
Mown
Overdrawn
Overheard
Overtaken
Paid
Preset
Proven/Proved
Put
Quit
Re-proven/Re-proved
Read
Rid/Ridded
Ridden
Rung
Risen
Run
Sawn/Sawed
Said
arrojar
volar
prohibir
pronosticar
preveer
predecir
olvidar
perdonar
abandonar/renunciar
congelar
escarchar
traer/conseguir/entender
dar
ir
moler/afilar
crecer/cultivar
escribir a mano
colgar/ahorcar
tener
oir/asistir a
esconder
golpear
resistir/soportar/sostener
lastimar
embutir
introducir
mantener
arrodillarse
tejer/unir
saber/conocer
poner/tender
dirigir
apoyarse
saltar
aprender
dejar
prestar
permitir/alquilar
mentir/echarse
encender
perder
hacer
significar/querer decir
conocer/encontrarse
derretir
desinformar/engaar
equivocar/entender mal
entender mal
segar/ cortar (grass)
sobregirar
oir por casualidad
adelantar/sobrepasar
pagar
prestablecer
probar/demostrar
colocar
renunciar
reprobar
leer
deshacerse
dar un paseo
sonar
elevarse
correr/postularse
aserrar
decir
Misin Sucre
See
Seek
Sell
Send
Set
Sew
Shake
Shave
Shear
Shed
Shine
Shoe
Shoot
Show
Shrink
Shut
Sing
Sink
Sit
Slay
Sleep
Slide
Sling
Slink
Slit
Smell
Sneak
Soothsay
Sow
Speak
Speed
Spell
Spend
Spill
Spin
Spit
Split
Spoil
Spread
Spring
Stand
Steal
Stick
Sting
Stink
Stride
Strike
String
Strip
Strive
Sublet
Sunburn
Swear
Sweat
Sweep
Swell
Swim
Swing
Take
Teach
Tear
Tell
Think
Thrive
Throw
Thrust
Sees
Seeks
Sells
Sends
Sets
Sews
Shakes
Shaves
Shears
Sheds
Shines
Shoes
Shoots
Shows
Shrinks
Shuts
Sings
Sinks
Sits
Slays
Sleeps
Slides
Slings
Slinks
Slits
Smells
Sneaks
Soothsays
Sows
Speaks
Speeds
Spells
Spends
Spills
Spins
Spits
Splits
Spoils
Spreads
Springs
Stands
Steals
Sticks
Stings
Stinks
Strides
Strikes
Strings
Strips
Strives
Sublets
Sunburns
Swears
Sweats
Sweeps
Swells
Swims
Swings
Takes
Teaches
Tears
Tells
Thinks
Thrives
Throws
Thrusts
Seeing
Seeking
Selling
Sending
Setting
Sewing
Shaking
Shaving
Shearing
Shedding
Shining
Shoeing
Shooting
Showing
Shrinking
Shutting
Singing
Sinking
Sitting
Slaying
Sleeping
Sliding
Slinging
Slinking
Slitting
Smelling
Sneaking
Soothsaying
Sowing
Speaking
Speeding
Spelling
Spending
Spilling
Spinning
Spitting
Splitting
Spoiling
Spreading
Springing
Standing
Stealing
Sticking
Stinging
Stinking
Striding
Striking
Stringing
Stripping
Striving
Subletting
Sunburning
Swearing
Sweating
Sweeping
Swelling
Swimming
Swinging
Taking
Teaching
Tearing
Telling
Thinking
Thriving
Throwing
Thrusting
Saw
Sought
Sold
Sent
Set
Sewed
Shook
Shaved
Shore/Sheared
Shed
Shone
Shod
Shot
Showed
Shrank
Shut
Sang
Sank
Sat
Slew
Slept
Slid
Slung
Slunk
Slit
Smelt/Smelled
Sneaked/Snuck
Soothsaid
Sowed
Spoke
Sped/Speeded
Spelt/Spelled
Spent
Spilt/Spilled
Span/Spun
Spat/Spit
Split
Spoilt/Spoiled
Spread
Sprang
Stood
Stole
Stuck
Stung
Stank
Strode/Strided
Struck
Strung
Stript/Stripped
Strove
Sublet
Sunburned/Sunburnt
Swore
Sweat/Sweated
Swept
Swelled
Swam
Swung
Took
Taught
Tore
Told
Thought
Throve/Thrived
Threw
Thrust
Seen
Sought
Sold
Sent
Set
Sewn/Sewed
Shaken
Shaven/Shaved
Shorn/Sheared
Shed
Shone
Shod
Shot
Shown
Shrunk
Shut
Sung
Sunk
Sat
Slain
Slept
Slid/Slidden
Slung
Slunk
Slit
Smelt/Smelled
Sneaked/Snuck
Soothsaid
Sown
Spoken
Sped/Speeded
Spelt/Spelled
Spent
Spilt/Spilled
Spun
Spat/Spit
Split
Spoilt/Spoiled
Spread
Sprung
Stood
Stolen
Stuck
Stung
Stunk
Stridden
Struck/Stricken
Strung
Stript/Stripped
Striven
Sublet
Sunburned/Sunburnt
Sworn
Sweat/Sweated
Swept
Swollen
Swum
Swung
Taken
Taught
Torn
Told
Thought
Thriven/Thrived
Thrown
Thrust
ver
buscar
vender
enviar
ajustar/establecer
coser
agitar/temblar
afeitar
trasquilar
derramar (tears)/mudar (skin)
brillar/sacar brillo
herrar (horse)
disparar
mostrar
encoger
apagar/cerrar
cantar
hundir
sentarse
matar
dormir
deslizar
arrojar
escabullirse
cortar/rajar
oler
escabullirse
adivinar
sembrar
hablar
acelerar
deletrear
gastar
derramar
girar
escupir
dividir
consentir/echar a perder
untar/esparcir
brincar/empezar
soportar/levantarse
robar
quedarse/soportar
picar
apestar
andar
atacar/golpear
encordar
desnudarse
esforzarse/luchar
subarrendar
broncear
jurar
sudar
barrer
hinchar/inflar
nadar
mecer
tomar
ensear
desgarrar
decir
pensar
crecer/prosperar
lanzar/vomitar
empujar/introducir
Misin Sucre
Tread
Undergo
Understand
Undertake
Upset
Vex
Wake
Wear
Weave
Wed
Weep
Wet
Win
Wind
Withdraw
Withhold
Withstand
Wring
Write
Treads
Undergoes
Understands
Undertakes
Upsets
Vexes
Wakes
Wears
Weaves
Weds
Weeps
Wets
Wins
Winds
Withdraws
Withholds
Withstands
Wrings
Writes
Treading
Undergoing
Understanding
Undertaking
Upsetting
Vexing
Waking
Wearing
Weaving
Wedding
Weeping
Wetting
Winning
Winding
Withdrawing
Withholding
Withstanding
Wringing
Writing
Trod
Underwent
Understood
Undertook
Upset
Vext/Vexed
Woke
Wore
Wove
Wed/Wedded
Wept
Wet/Wetted
Won
Wound
Withdrew
Withheld
Withstood
Wrung
Wrote
Trodden
Undergone
Understood
Undertaken
Upset
Vext/Vexed
Woken
Worn
Woven
Wed/Wedded
Wept
Wet/Wetted
Won
Wound
Withdrawn
Withheld
Withstood
Wrung
Written
pisar
sufrir/recibir (treatment)
entender
emprender
molestar
molestar/fastidiar
levantarse
usar
tejer
casarse
llorar
humedecer
ganar
dar cuerda
retirar
aplazar/negar/retener
resistir
escurrir/retorcer
escribir
Misin Sucre

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TALLER INGLES

Programa Nacional de Formacin en

En Venezuela, la tradicin educativa del ingls como lengua extranjera por

Esta propuesta instruccional es descriptivista, metalingstica y contrastante del

El sujeto (S) de una oracin es el sustantivo o persona de quien se habla. En una

(Estudian ellos todos los das?) Aux Do

PRESENTE SIMPLE CON VERBO TO BE

(la mquina est encendida)

The machine is small (la mquina es pequea)

Is the machine on?

(Est la mquina encendida?)

Is the machine small? (Es la mquina pequea?)

Ntese como en la traduccin al espaol de los ejemplos anteriores, el verbo TO BE

FORMATO COMPARATIVO DE ADJETIVOS CORTOS

FORMATO COMPARATIVO DE ADJETIVOS LARGOS

FORMATO COMPARATIVO DE ADJETIVOS EXCEPCIONALES

Existe otro formato de comparacin que, a diferencia del recin explicado,

FORMATO SUPERLATIVO DE ADJETIVOS CORTOS

FORMATO SUPERLATIVO DE ADJETIVOS LARGOS

FORMATO SUPERLATIVO DE ADJETIVOS EXCEPCIONALES

La forma pasada de los verbos regulares se constituye con la adicin de la partcula

(Juan trabaj ayer verbo regular WORK)

Mara ate yesterday (Mara comi ayer verbo irregular EAT)

(Comi Mara ayer?) Aux Did

Consulte el siguiente cuadro de adverbios:

Adverbios: modifican al verbo, al adjetivo o a otro adverbio

VERBOS CON TERMINACIN ING

The economy is growing

Mara was connecting the wires

Workers will be organizing in cooperative associations.

(Los trabajadores estarn organizndose en asociaciones cooperativas)

ADJETIVOS CON TERMINACIN ING

The growing economy brings benefits to everyone

The cooling system is damaged

The feeding cable is broken

SUSTANTIVOS CON TERMINACIN ING

complemento del verbo To Be, la palabra ING es equivalente al sujeto de la oracin. Y

Pedro finished repairing the machine

Pedro cleaned the machine before repairing it

Ms ejemplos de oraciones con palabras ING:

Understanding the use of ING words is not difficult

Washing machines do not spend much energy

Mr. Harris suggested analysing the problem

All the students are reading a book

You suggested decorating the house

The best job for Mr Jones is teaching Math

Reading a short story is a pleasure

Vehicles designed for speed are called racing cars

Many people enjoy studying chemistry

Surfing the internet is very common today

Diesel engines increase the temperature of the air by compressing it

John came to the exam without studying

To take an exam is answering several questions on a piece of paper

Receiving a letter from Santa Claus is impossible

The most basic skills today are reading and writing

Complemento del verbo To Be

Consulte el siguiente cuadro de las palabras con terminacin ING

1. His job is starting the

9. He is starting the car

2. The first step is

10. We are calculating

11. Juan is checking the

Vea significado de las oraciones: