000 Inglés Básico

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Quedan rigurosamente prohibidos, sin la

autorizacin escrita del Copyright, bajo las
sanciones establecidas en las leyes, la
reproduccin total o parcial de esta obra por
cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografa y el tratamiento informtico y la distribucin de ejemplares de
ella mediante alquiler o prstamo pblicos.
Editado por: Ediciones Cartuja S.L.

Autor: Ediciones Cartuja S.L.
Granada (Espaa)
Depsito legal: GR-2093/2006
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Tema 1: El nombre
1. Reglas para el plural

2. Plurales irregulares
3 Los nombres contables e incontables
4. El genitivo sajn
Tema 2: El artculo determinado e indeterminado
1. El artculo determinado
1.1 Usos
1.2 Omisin del artculo determinado
2. El artculo indeterminado
2.1. Usos
Tema 3: El verbo "to be"
1. Usos del verbo to be

2. Conjugacin de to be. presente y pasado
3. Impersonal hay
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Tema 4: El verbo to have
1. Usos del verbo to have

2. Conjugacin de to have. presente y pasado
Tema 5. Los adjetivos calificativos
1. Colocacin de los adjetivos

2. Grados de comparacin
3. Formacin del comparativo de superioridad y superlativo
Tema 6: Los adjetivos determinativos
1. Adjetivos demostrativos
2. Adjetivos indefinidos
3. Adjetivos posesivos
4. Adjetivos numerales
5. Adjetivos interrogativos
Tema 7: Los pronombres
1. Pronombres demostrativos
2. Pronombres posesivos
3. Pronombres personales
4. Pronombres reflexivos
5. Pronombres interrogativos
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Tema 8: El verbo. Tiempos presentes
1. El presente simple
1.1 Formacin
1.2. Usos
2. El presente continuo
2.1 Formacin
2.2 Usos
Tema 9: El verbo. Tiempos pasados
1. El pasado simple
1.1. Formacin
1.2 Usos
2. El pasado continuo
2.1. Formacin
2.2. Usos
Tema 10: El verbo. Tiempos futuros
1. El futuro simple
1.1 Formacin
1.2 Usos
2. Going to
2.1 Formacin
2.2 Usos
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Tema 11: El imperativo
1. Formacin
2. Usos
Tema 12: El adverbio
1. Adverbios de modo
2. Adverbios de tiempo
3. Adverbios de lugar
4. Adverbios de grado
5. Adverbios de frecuencia
6. Adverbios interrogativos
Tema 13: La preposicin
1. Preposiciones de lugar
2. Preposiciones de movimiento
3. Preposiciones de medios de transporte
4. Preposiciones de tiempo
Tema 14: Los verbos modales
1. Can
2. Must
3. May
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4. Will
5. Shall
Tema 15: Formas no personales del verbo
1. El infinitivo
1.1 El infinitivo sin to
1.2 El infinitivo con to
2. La forma en -ing
2.1 Funciones de la forma en -ing
2.2 Verbos +forma en -ing
Tema 16. Anexo

Tema 17. Glosario
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Tema 1
El nombre
El
nombre
El nombre
El nombre
El nombre
El nombre (o sustantivo) es la palabra que designa a una persona, animal,

lugar o cosa, como :
Peter, table, solution, happiness, gold
Peter, mesa, solucin, felicidad, oro
En ingls, el nombre no suele tener variacin genrica, esto es, la misma palabra sirve para masculino y femenino. Por ejemplo, la palabra teacher puede
referirse a un hombre o a una mujer:
This is my teacher
Este es mi profesor/a
Pero hay algunos nombres que varan del masculino al femenino, es decir, se
usa una palabra totalmente distinta para cada gnero:
Man
hombre
woman
mujer
Boy
chico
girl
chica
Husband
marido
wife
esposa
King
rey
queen
reina
Algunos femeninos se forman con la terminacin ess:

Actor
actor
actress
actriz
Prince
prncipe
princess
princesa
El gnero de los nombres no afecta ni al artculo ni al adjetivo que los acompaan, ya que estos no varan de forma:
The blue book
El libro azul
The blue books
Los libros azules
Pero en cambio, hay que tener en cuenta el gnero del nombre a la hora de
sustituirlo por un pronombre personal:
The boy is tall.
He is tall
The girl is beautiful
She is beautiful
The car is new
It is new
El nombre slo cambia su forma cuando distingue entre singular y plural.
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El nombre
1. Reglas para el plural

Vamos a explicar algunas reglas para formar el plural de los nombres:
- La regla general es aadir -s al nombre en singular:
one table
una mesa
three tables
tres mesas
- Cuando el nombre en singular termina en y, cambiamos la y por i y luego

aadimos -es para formar el plural:
nappy - nappies
paal - paales
baby babies
beb- bebs
family families
familia familias
Pero no cambiamos la y por ies para formar el plural cuando el nombre en

singular termina en y precedida de vocal (a, e, i, o, u):
day - days
da - das
toy - toys
juguete - juguetes
- Cuando el nombre en singular termina en: -sh, -ch, -s, -ss, -x, -o no formamos su plural aadiendo -s sino -es:
bus - buses
autobs autobuses
church-churches
iglesia iglesias
box - boxes
caja - cajas
potato - potatoes
patata - patatas
- Pero no ocurre lo mismo con las formas abreviadas de palabras extranjeras:

Kilo kilos
Radio-radios
Piano pianos
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El nombre
- Algunos nombres que en singular terminan en -f o -fe forman su plural en

-ves:
shelf - shelves
estantera estanteras
wife wives
esposa - esposas
- Otros lo hacen de una forma regular; simplemente aadiendo -s:

Roof roofs
tejado tejados
- Algunos de ellos aceptan ambas formas de plural: -ves o -s:

scarf - scarfs / scarves
bufanda bufandas
2. Plurales irregulares
- Hay un grupo de palabras cuyos plurales son irregulares (Nos los tenemos
que aprender de memoria). Los ms comunes son:
Man - men
hombre - hombres
Woman - women
mujer - mujeres
Mouse - mice
ratn - ratones
Child - children
nio - nios
Tooth - teeth
diente - dientes
Foot - feet
pie pies
- Algunos nombres, especialmente nombres de animales, tienen la misma

forma en singular y en plural:
Sheep
oveja(s)
Deer
ciervo(s)
Fish
pez(peces)
- Algunas palabras solo tienen forma plural y llevan el verbo en plural, especialmente cuando se refieren a prendas de vestir e instrumentos o herramien-
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El nombre
tas que constan de dos partes unidas, indivisibles. Para poder contar estos
objetos se antepone a pair of(un par de/unos/as):
Glasses(a pair of glasses)
gafas
Trousers(a pair of trousers)
pantalones
- Hay nombres que tienen forma singular pero que son siempre plural:
People
gente
Police
polica
The police are coming
La polica viene
Recuerda
Persons no se utiliza en el ingls hablado, se prefiere people:

Shes a nice person
Es una persona amable
They are nice people
Son personas amables
( no nice persons)
People siempre va con el verbo en plural:
Some people are very shy
Algunas personas son muy tmidas
(no Some people is )
3. Los nombres contables

e incontables
Es necesario entender correctamente la diferencia entre contable e incontable
para poder expresar correctamente las cantidades.
Podemos separar los nombres en dos grupos:
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El nombre
- Los contables son aquellos nombres que nosotros podemos contar. Por
ejemplo nosotros podemos decir: one pencil, two pencils, three pencils... (un
lpiz, dos lpices, tres lpices). Entonces decimos que pencil es contable.
Ive got a car
Tengo un coche
There are many cars
Hay muchos coches
- Incontable es todo aquello que nosotros no podemos contar. Por ejemplo

nosotros no podemos decir: one rice, two rices, three rices...(un arroz, dos
arroces, tres arroces). Entonces decimos que rice es incontable. Incontables
son los nombres de sustancia (sugar, azcar), de materia (wood, madera) y
tambin los nombres que se refieren a cualidades abstractas (freedom, libertad). Las siguientes palabras tambin son incontables:
Information
informacin
News
noticia
Advice
consejo
Furniture
mueble
Research
investigacin
Travel
viaje
Homework
deberes
Work
trabajo
Money
dinero
A veces existe un nombre contable con significado similar, como por ejemplo,
work = a job, travel = a journey, money = a coin or note.
Ive got some money
Tengo algo de dinero
- Adems muchos nombres pueden ser contables e incontables a la vez

dependiendo de la funcin que desempeen:
There are two lambs.
We like lamb
Hay dos corderos

Nos gusta la carne de cordero
Es incontable cuando indica sustancia mientras que es contable cuando se

refiere a las distintas clases de o indica unidad, es decir, una pieza.
- Podemos contar cantidades de cosas incontables usando por ejemplo: glass,
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El nombre
bottle, litre, etc. Los nombres incontables no admiten el paso a plural. Por eso
es necesario el uso del partitivo correspondiente:
a glass of water
un vaso de agua
a loaf of bread
una barra de pan
En esta tabla puedes ver las principales diferencias entre contables e incontables:
Contables
- Tienen plural: house -houses
- Delante de singular contable podemos
usar a o an : an apple
- Podemos usar nmeros delante de un
contable: two houses
- Many se usa para nombres plurales
contables
How many students were there?
(Cuntos estudiantes haba?)
Incontables
- no tienen plural: milk no puede ser
milks
- no podemos usar a o an : no podemos
decir a milk. Deben ir precedidos, si
quieren individualizarse, de alguna palabra con valor partitivo como a carton of
milk.
- no podemos usar nmeros delante de
un incontable: no podemos decir two
milks
- much se usa para nombres singulares
no contables
How much milk is there in the fridge?
(Cunta leche hay en el frigorfico?)
4. El genitivo sajn
El genitivo sajn es una de las formas de indicar la posesin en ingls; la otra
es con la preposicin of , que se usa normalmente cuando el poseedor no es
una persona:
The door of the house
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la puerta de la casa
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El nombre
Cuando el poseedor es una persona, se emplea una forma particular, que se

conoce como genitivo sajn (por su origen). Al nombre del poseedor, se aade
un apstrofo y una s (s) y figura en la frase delante del nombre de la cosa
poseda, a diferencia del espaol que primero nombra la cosa poseda seguida de la preposicin de y al final se coloca el nombre del poseedor:
My mothers book
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el libro de mi madre
En la formacin del genitivo tenemos que distinguir dos casos:

- Si el poseedor es uno solo, se coloca primero el poseedor despus el apstrofo una s y la cosa poseda sin artculo al final:
The students book
el libro del estudiante
- Si los poseedores son varios se coloca primero los poseedores (el plural de
la palabra tiene que terminar en s), luego el apstrofo y finalmente la cosa
poseda sin artculo:
My friends house
la casa de mis amigos
Si el nombre es plural, pero no termina en s, es decir que es un plural irregular, se aplica la regla de un solo poseedor:
The childrens room
la habitacin de los nios
Cuando nombramos a distintos poseedores, solamente se aplica el caso

posesivo al ltimo:
That is Mary and Peters house
Esa es la casa de Mary y

Peter
Pero observa la diferencia:

Mike and Anns cars -------------- Los coches son de ambos
Mikes and Anns cars ------------ Cada uno tiene su propio coche
La cosa poseda se puede omitir cuando se traduce la expresin casa
de,cuando se trata de tiendas y para evitar repetir la cosa poseda en la misma
frase:
I was at Johns
Yo estuve en la casa de John
I went to the butchers
Fui a la carnicera
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El nombre
This is my jacket and that is my brothers

sta es mi chaqueta y sa la de mi hermano
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El nombre
Responde
a las siguientes
cuestiones
Ejercicios
1. Escribir el plural de las siguientes palabras:
Wife
______________
Door
______________
Watch
______________
Window
______________
Teacher
______________
Box
______________
Pen
______________
City
______________
Dress
______________
Pencil
______________
2. Escribir el plural de estas otras palabras:

Key
______________
Potato
______________
Hat
______________
Class
______________
Student
______________
Book
______________
Bus
______________
Boy
______________
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El nombre
Lady
______________
Cat
______________
3. Escribir el plural irregular de estas palabras:

Man
______________
Child
______________
Tooth
______________
Woman
______________
Fish
______________
Foot
______________
Person
______________
Sheep
______________
Mouse
______________
4. Decidir si los siguientes nombres son contables o incontables:

Juice
______________
Afternoon
______________
Animal
______________
Oil
______________
Sugar
______________
Plate
______________
Rain
______________
Ball
______________
Pen
______________
Dress
______________
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El nombre
5. Decidir si los siguientes nombres son contables, incontables o ambos:

Vegetable
______________
Coffee
______________
Bread
______________
Cake
______________
Petrol
______________
Money
______________
Tomato
______________
Glass
______________
People
______________
biscuit
______________
6. Escribir el genitivo sajn. Ejemplo: Frank-car = Franks car

Ed book
______________
George computer
______________
Bill uncle
______________
My friends bags
______________
Linda pen
______________
Alan girlfriend
______________
My sister house
______________
My brother wife
______________
Ted father
______________
Jane umbrella
______________
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El nombre
7. Corregir estas frases usando el genitivo sajn . Ejemplo: The toys of

the children = The childrens toys.
The book of Paul
______________________________
The cars of John
______________________________
The house of Peter
______________________________
The school of the boys
______________________________
The car of my father
______________________________
The boyfriend of Mary
______________________________
The books of James and Mary
______________________________
The father of Ann
______________________________
The clothes of the boy
______________________________
The camera of Alice
______________________________
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El nombre
Soluciones
1.
Wife = wives
Door = doors
Watch = watches
Window = windows
Teacher = teachers
Box = boxes
Pen = pens
City = cities
Dress =dresses
Pencil = pencils
4.
Afternoon contable
Animal contable
Oil incontable
Sugar incontable
Plate contable
Rain incontable
Ball contable
Pen contable
Dress contable
5.
Vegetable contable
Coffee ambos
Bread incontable
Cake ambos
Petrol incontable
Money incontable
Tomato contable
Glass ambos
People contable
Biscuit contable
2.
Key = keys
Potato = potatoes
Hat = hats
Class = classes
Student = students
Book = books
Bus = buses
Boy = boys
Lady = ladies
Cat = cats
6.
Ed book = Eds book
George computer = Georges
computer
Bill uncle = Bills uncle
My friends bags = My friends bags
Linda pen = Lindas pen
Alan girlfriend = Alans girlfriend
My sister house = My sisters house
My brother wife = My brothers wife
Ted father = Teds father
Jane umbrella = Janes umbrella
3.
Man = men
Child = children
Tooth = teeth
Woman = women
Fish = fish
Foot = feet
Person = people
Sheep = sheep
Mouse = mice
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El nombre
7.
The book of Paul = Pauls book
The cars of John = Johns cars
The house of Peter = Peters house
The school of the boys = The boys
school
The car of my father = My fathers car
The boyfriend of Mary = Marys
boyfriend
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The books of James and Mary = James

and Marys books
The father of Ann = Anns father
The clothes of the boy = The boys
clothes
The camera of Alice = Alices camera
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Tema 2
El artculo determinado
e indeterminado
ElElartculo
determinado
artculo determinado
El
determinado
e artculo
indeterminado
e indeterminado
e indeterminado
El artculo determinado e indeterminado
1. El artculo determinado
Los artculos determinados ingleses son las palabras que usamos para definir al nombre (especficamente). En ingls slo tenemos un artculo determinado, estamos hablando de la palabra the, que es invariable en genero y
nmero y se puede traducir por el, la, los, las. El artculo ingls siempre preceder al nombre al que est determinando:
The dog
El perro
Esta nica forma the se usa con toda clase de nombres, singular, plural, contables e incontables.
The hotel
El hotel
The money
El dinero
1.1 Usos
Generalmente usamos el artculo determinado delante de nombre singular o
plural, contable o incontable que ya ha sido mencionado en la oracin o que
por el contexto queda perfectamente definido:
I like the coffee you make
Me gusta el caf que haces
En un caso similar, usamos el artculo determinado cuando hablamos de un

objeto o persona donde es imposible confundirse sobre a cul de ellos nos
estamos refiriendo y se usa con nombres de referencia nica como puede ser
the sun (el sol), the moon (la luna), the sea (el mar) o the earth (la tierra):
It is on the table
Est sobre la mesa
The sky is blue
El cielo es azul
Usamos el artculo determinado con el nombre de los ocanos, ros, cadenas

montaosas, islas, nombres de algunos pases (que indican plural) o nombres
de objetos que son muy conocidos:
The Atlantic Ocean
The Nile
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The United States

The Mediterranean (Sea)
The Hilton Hotel
Tambin se usa con nombres de nacionalidad, adjetivos nominalizados y en
grupos nominales cuando se usa of:
The poor
Los pobres
The rich
Los ricos
The Spanish
Los espaoles
The University of London
La Universidad de Londres
Cuando hablamos de instrumentos musicales, usamos el artculo determinado. Tambin para hablar de lugares pblicos si los consideramos edificios,
pero se omite the cuando nos referimos a stos lugares pblicos como una
institucin y estamos interesados en el uso que hacemos de ellos.
Susan plays the piano very well.
Susan toca el piano muy bien
The man was sent to prison
El hombre fue enviado a prisin
The visitors came out of the prison
Los visitantes salieron de la prisin
Tambin usamos el artculo determinado delante de los nmeros ordinales
cuando estn definiendo una persona u objeto en concreto y tambin se usa
delante de adjetivos en grado superlativo:
I live on the second floor
Vivo en el segundo piso
Its the tallest building in the town
Es el edificio ms alto de la ciudad
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1.2 Omisin del artculo determinado

No usamos el artculo determinado delante de nombres en plural o nombres incontables cuando hablamos de ellos de una forma general y no de algo particular :
Cigarettes are bad for you
Los cigarillos son malos para t
Life is short
La vida es breve
Nunca usamos un artculo determinado delante de nombres propios, de nombres de calles ni de pases. Cuando hablamos de nombres de deportes o juegos tambin omitimos el artculo determinado:
Peter is twenty
Peter tiene veinte aos
I live in Oxford Street
Vivo en la calle Oxford
England is a small country
Inglaterra es un pas pequeo
I hate football
Odio el ftbol
Cuando hablamos de los nombres de sustancias, materiales, colores, comidas, festividades, das de la semana o meses del ao no usamos el artculo
determinado:
Red is my favourite colour
El rojo es mi color favorito
Ill see you on Monday
Te ver el lunes
Cuando hablamos de las partes del cuerpo y usamos el verbo to have (tener)
tambin omitimos el artculo determinado:
That girl has brown eyes
Esa nia tiene los ojos marrones
2. El artculo indeterminado
El artculo indeterminado en ingls, a, an, es invariable en gnero, por eso la
misma forma sirve para el masculino un y el femenino una. Carece de plural,
as que para traducir los artculos unos, unas, se usa el adjetivo indefinido
some ( algunos,as).
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Usamos a delante de palabras que empiezan por sonido consonntico:

A car
Un coche
A table
Una mesa
A telephone
Un telfono
Por otro lado, usamos an delante de palabras que empiezan por un sonido
voclico:
An umbrella
Un paraguas
An elephant
Un elefante
Palabras como European, union, university y useful comienzan con sonido

consonntico /ju:/, por ello, se debe utilizar a.
A used car
Un coche usado
En palabras como hour, honest, honour, hourly empiezan con una h muda y
se usa an.
An hour
Una hora
2.1 Usos
El artculo indeterminado se usa para referirse a un objeto o una persona de
una manera no especfica, es decir, no especificamos a qu persona u objeto
nos estamos refiriendo exactamente. De esta forma si decimos a boy asked
me to dance (un chico me pidi bailar) no estamos especificando qu chico
me lo pidi, podra haber sido cualquier chico.
Usamos el artculo indeterminado cuando hablamos de trabajos o profesiones.
En espaol nunca usamos el artculo indeterminado en este contexto:
I am a teacher (no I am teacher)
Soy professor
She is an actress
Ella es actriz
Otro uso muy comn del artculo indeterminado es cuando queremos referirnos a toda una categora de personas, cosas o animales y lo hacemos usando slo uno de sus miembros para generalizar el resto de ellos:
A horse is bigger than a pony
Un caballo es ms grande que un poni
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Tambin utilizamos el artculo indeterminado para el llamado uso distributivo:

Three times a week
Tres veces a la semana
An apple a day
Una manzana al da
Ciertos nmeros en ingls requieren la presencia de un artculo indeterminado.

A hundred
Cien
A thousand
Mil
A million
Un milln
Usamos el artculo indeterminado detrs de algunos adjetivos indefinidos o

adverbios de cantidad como such (tal), quite (bastante), rather (bastante), half
(medio), etc. :
Rather a strange woman
Una mujer bastante rara
It is quite a big house
Es una casa bastante grande
Es normal el uso del artculo indeterminado cuando mencionamos a alguien o

algo por primera vez en nuestra conversacin o texto:
Look! A snake!
Mira, una serpiente!
Despus de exclamaciones que empiezan por la palabra what y seguido de un

nombre contable en singular:
What a day!
Vaya da!
What a nice dress!
Qu bonito vestido!
Tambin utilizamos el artculo indeterminado con nombres propios cuando no

conocemos a la persona de la que estamos hablando o tenemos muy poca
informacin sobre ella , se traduce la idea de un tal:
A Mr Simpson
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Un tal Sr. Simpson
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Recuerda
No se utiliza a delante de nombres en plural. Tampoco se utiliza a delante de nombres incontables, como water, bread, information y milk.(no a rain).
No se utiliza a delante de adjetivos posesivos. (no a my friend)
A continuacin vemos unos ejemplos del uso del artculo determinado e indeterminado:
Nombres contables
General
Particular
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Singular
Plural
A bed
A woman
An apple
Some beds
Some women
Some apples
The bed
The woman
The apple
The beds
The women
The apples
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Nombres
incontables
Milk
The milk
Responde
a las siguientes
cuestiones
Ejercicios
1. Distinguir los nombres en singular y plural. Aadir a, an o some:
_____ book
_____ boys
_____ supermarkets
_____ sport centre
_____ tomatoes
_____ apples
_____ orange
_____ umbrella
_____ banana
_____ cat
2. Elegir entre a o an:

-This is my brother. Hes _____ doctor.
-Mr. Kelly is ____ engineer.
-Thats Roy. Hes ___ travel agent.
-Robert de Niro is ___ actor.
-Tom is ____ electrician.
-Mr. Brown is ___ teacher.
-This is Ann. Shes ___ housewife.
-Thats Jack. Hes ___ police officer.
-Im ____ student.
-Penlope Cruz is ____ actress.
35
Ingls bsico
3. Escribir a o an delante de las siguientes palabras:

_____ Eagle
_____ Arrow
_____ Easy question
_____ University
_____ Umbrella
_____ Uniform
_____ White umbrella
_____ Orange bag
_____ Igloo
_____ Ugly dress
4. Usar a, an, the o nada:

This is ___ easy question.
Please speak ___ little louder.
May I have your ___ phone number?
I have never seen ___ UFO.
May I ask you ___ question?
David is ___ best student in our class.
What is ___ name of the next station?
He has ___ my car today.
I went to ___ sea during my summer vacation.
Is there ___ public telephone near here?
Completar las frases con a, an, o nada:
There were many dogs in the park. One dog was ___ Dalmatian.
Pandas and ___ tigers are both endangered animals.
36
Ingls bsico
She is wearing ___ blue dress with red earrings

Hawaii is ___ island in the Pacific Ocean.
Christmas comes once ___ year.
___ ant is __ insect.
The Nile is ___ river.
I went to the shop to get ___ bread.
He broke ___ glass when he was washing dishes.
You should take ___ umbrella.
37
Ingls bsico
Soluciones
1.
a book
some supermarkets
some tomatoes
an orange
a banana
some boys
a sport centre
some apples
an umbrella
a cat
2.
This is my brother. Hes a doctor.
Mr. Kelly is an engineer.
Thats Roy. Hes a travel agent.
Robert de Niro is an actor.
Tom is an electrician.
Mr. Brown is a teacher.
This is Ann. Shes a housewife.
Thats Jack. Hes a police officer.
Im a student.
Penlope Cruz is an actress.
3.
An eagle
An arrow
An easy question
A university
An umbrella
A uniform
A white umbrella
An orange bag
An igloo
An ugly dress
38
4.
This is an easy question.
Please speak a little louder.
May I have your phone number?
I have never seen a UFO.
May I ask you a question?
David is the best student in our class.
What is the name of the next station?
He has my car today.
I went to the sea during my summer
vacation.
Is there a public telephone near here?
5.
-There were many dogs in the park.
One dog was a Dalmatian.
-Pandas and tigers are both endangered animals.
-She is wearing a blue dress with red
earrings
-Hawaii is an island in the Pacific
Ocean.
-Christmas comes once a year.
-An ant is an insect.
-The Nile is a river.
-I went to the shop to get bread.
-He broke a glass when he was washing dishes.
-You should take an umbrella.
Ingls bsico
Tema 3
El verbo to be
ElElverbo
to
be
verbo to be
El verbo to be
El verbo to be
El verbo to be tiene una gran importancia en la lengua inglesa. Suele usarse

para preguntar por el nombre de alguien, de dnde proviene, etc. Todo el
mundo ha odo lo del Whats your name? (Cmo te llamas?), Where are you
from? (De dnde eres?), How old are you? (Cuntos aos tienes?), What
time is it? (Qu hora es?). El verbo to be equivale a los verbos ser y estar.
Dependiendo del sentido de la frase deducimos de cual de los dos se trata.
1. Usos del verbo to be

El verbo to be admite los siguientes usos como auxiliar :
- Para formar los tiempos progresivos o continuos acompaando a la forma
en ing del verbo que se conjuga:
I am running
Yo estoy corriendo
- Para formar la voz pasiva acompaando al participio pasado del verbo que
se conjuga:
These houses were built fifty years ago
Estas casas se construyeron hace cincuenta aos
Como verbo ordinario sirve para dar informacin sobre el sujeto. Puede ir
acompaado de :
- Un adjetivo:
I am tired
Estoy cansada
- Un nombre:
I am a teacher
Soy una profesora
- Una preposicin:
I am at home
41
Estoy en casa
Ingls bsico
El verbo to be
2. Conjugacin de to be. Presente

y pasado
La conjugacin de to be tiene las siguientes caractersticas:

El presente y pasado del verbo to be son muy irregulares, pues el presente
tiene tres formas distintas: am, is, are y el pasado tiene dos: was y were.Va
acompaado del sujeto o de los pronombres personales:
I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they. Mientras que en espaol no hace falta el pronombre o sujeto.
He is American
Es americano
Los pronombres personales toman el lugar del nombre y como ejemplo vamos
a sustituir los siguientes nombres por pronombres personales:
Mara...she (ella)
Juan.........he (l)
Mara and Juanthey (ellos)
The dog...................it (ello)
You and I................we (nosotros)
Maria and you you (vosotros)
Se forma la negacin con slo aadir not a la forma afirmativa:
Lydia is not (isnt) from Italy
Lidia no es de Italia
Se forma la interrogacin invirtiendo el orden sujeto verbo y se pone un solo

signo de interrogacin al final de la pregunta:
You are at school
Ests en el colegio
Are you at school?
Ests en el colegio?
Otra particularidad es el empleo de formas contradas, tanto en la afirmacin

como en la negacin:
42
Ingls bsico
El verbo to be
Im not interested (o I am not interested)

No estoy interesada
Estas formas contradas, por ser ms cortas, se utilizan normalmente en la
conversacin o en cartas informales, pero su uso no se considera correcto en
la forma escrita. Lo que hacemos para formar esta contraccin es quitar la primera letra del verbo y marcar el lugar con un apstrofo. En el presente, las formas afirmativas y negativa se pueden contraer, mientras que en la forma interrogativa no. En el pasado solamente la forma negativa puede contraerse.
Veamos como quedan todas las formas del verbo to be conjugado en el tiempo presente:
Forma afirmativa
Forma negativa
Forma interrogativa
I am (Im)
I am not (Im not)
Am I?
Yo soy, estoy
Yo no soy, no estoy
Soy yo? Estoy yo?
You are (Youre)
You are not (Youre not)
Are you?
T eres, ests
T no eres, no ests
Eres tu? Ests t?
He/she/it is (Hes)
He/she/it is not (Hes not)
Is he/she/it?
l, ella, ello es, est
l ella, ello no es, no est
Es l, ella, ello? Est l?
We are (Were)
We are not (Were not)
Are we?
Nosotros somos, estamos
No somos, no estamos
Somos? Estamos?
You are (Youre)
You are not (Youre not)
Are you?
Vosotros sois, estis
Vosotros no sois, no estis
Sois? Estis?
They are (Theyre)
They are not (Theyre not)
Are they?
Ellos son, estn
Ellos no son, no estn
Son, estn ellos?
Contestacin afirmativa
Contestacin negativa
Yes, I am
No, Im not
Yes, you are
No, you arent
Yes, he/she/it is
No, he/she/it isnt
Yes, we are
No, we arent
Yes, you are
No, you arent
Yes, they are
No, they arent
43
Ingls bsico
El verbo to be
A continuacin tenemos el pasado del verbo to be :
Forma afirmativa
Forma negativa
Forma interrogativa
I was
I was not (I wasn't)
Was I?
Fui, era / estuve, estaba
No fui, no era / no estuve, no estaba
Fui?, era? / estuve?,

estaba?
You were
You were not (you

weren't)
Were you?
Fuiste, eras / estuviste,

estabas
No fuiste, no eras / no
estuviste, no estabas
Fuiste?, eras? /
estuviste?, estabas?
He was
He was not (he wasn't)
Was he?
Fue, era / estuvo, estaba
No fue, no era / no estuvo, no estaba
Fue?, era? / estuvo?. estaba?
We were
We were not (we

weren't)
Were we?
Fuimos, ramos, / estuvimos, estbamos
No fuimos, no ramos, / no
estuvimos, no estbamos
Fuimos?, ramos? /
estuvimos?, estbamos
You were
You were not (you

weren't)
Were you?
Fuisteis, erais, / estuvisteis, estabais
No fuisteis, no erais / no
estuvisteis, no estabais
Fuisteis?, erais?, /
estuvisteis?, estabais?
They were
They were not (they

weren't)
Were they?
Fueron, eran / estuvieron, estaban
No fueron, no eran / no
estuvieron, no estaban
Fueron?, eran? /
estuvieron?, estaban?
Yes, I was
No, I wasnt
Yes, you were
No, you werent
Yes, he/she/it was
No, he/she/it wasnt
Yes, we were
No, we werent
Yes, you were
No, you werent
Yes, they were
No, they werent
44
Ingls bsico
El verbo to be
Recuerda
El sujeto debe concordar con el verbo. Esto significa que cuando el sujeto es singular el verbo tambin debe ser singular, y plural cuando el sujeto es plural:
The cat is pretty (no The cat are pretty)
El gato es bonito
Am not no se puede contraer:

I am not ready ( no I amnt ready)
No estoy preparada
To be sirve para expresar la edad, en cuyo caso se traduce por tener:

I am 30 years old (no I have 30 years old) Tengo 30 aos
Para expresar sensaciones se emplea el verbo to be y equivale al tenerespaol:
I am hungry (no I have hunger)
Tengo hambre
Tambin para hablar sobre el tiempo atmosfrico. En este caso se traduce por
hacer.
Its windy (no It does wind)
Hace viento
3. Impersonal Hay
La estructura There + verbo to be corresponde al verbo haber en espaol.
Tiene dos formas una para el singular y otra para el plural. En el presente
pondramos there is cuando va seguida de un nombre en singular y en el
pasado there was.
Para el plural pondramos en el presente there are y en el pasado there were
cuando la estructura va seguida de nombre en plural.
There is a table in the dining room
Hay una mesa en el comedor
There isnt a mirror in the kitchen
No hay un espejo en la cocina
45
Ingls bsico
El verbo to be
There are flowers
Hay flores
Are there cars in the garage?
Hay coches en el garaje?
A continuacin veamos como queda sta estructura tanto en presente como

en pasado:
Presente
Singular
Plural
There is
There are
There is not (There isnt)
There are not (There arent)
Is there?
Yes, there is
No, there isnt
Are there?
Yes, there are
No, there arent
Pasado
Singular
Plural
There was
There were
There was not (There wasnt)
There were not (There werent)
Was there?
Yes, there was
No, there wasnt
Were there?
Yes, there were
No, there werent
46
Ingls bsico
El verbo to be
Responde
a las siguientes
cuestiones
Ejercicios
1. Sustituir los nombres por pronombres personales.
Sara
_____
Pedro
_____
Luis and Jose
_____
You and I
_____
Pepe and you
_____
The cat
_____
Pars
_____
My brother
_____
Silvia
_____
The house
_____
2. Completar las oraciones usando am, is o are

Silvia _____ a doctor.
The dogs _____ big.
My teacher ______ English.
My friends _______ happy.
Rubn _______ my friend.
Enrique and Rubn ______ brothers.
Granada and Mlaga ______ towns.
You ______ intelligent.
47
Ingls bsico
El verbo to be
Andrea and I ______ here.

I _____ a student.
3. Escribir la forma contrada :

He is
______________
They are
______________
She is not
______________
It is
______________
I am not
______________
You are not
______________
We are not
______________
I am
______________
You are
______________
It is not
______________
4. Formular preguntas:
She/tall?
__________________________
They/old?
__________________________
It/expensive?
__________________________
He/a teacher?
__________________________
Windows/open?
__________________________
We/late?
__________________________
It/cold?
__________________________
The bus/late?
__________________________
The room/big?
__________________________
She/tired?
__________________________
48
Ingls bsico
El verbo to be
5. Completar las oraciones usando was o were:

I _____ in Wales last year.
I _____at school yesterday.
My friend _____ at home last Friday.
My friends _____in England last summer.
My family and I ______at home last Sunday morning.
My mum _______ at work yesterday.
My English teacher _______ in America last year.
Steve and Jane _______ in Paris on Tuesday.
Jane _______ in London on Friday.
They ______ angry
6. Cambiar las oraciones del presente al pasado.

Theyre new.
__________________________
The banks are open.
__________________________
She isnt English.
__________________________
Where is he?
__________________________
Im not interested.
__________________________
Are you very hungry?
__________________________
We arent ready.
__________________________
Is it difficult?
__________________________
The traffic lights are red.
__________________________
What day is it?
__________________________
7. Cambiar las oraciones del afirmativo al negativo (forma contrada):

I was a teacher.
_____________________________
49
Ingls bsico
El verbo to be
She was ill.
_____________________________
The weather was very nice.
_____________________________
My shoes were dirty.
_____________________________
This restaurant was expensive.
_____________________________
Your cigarettes were in your bag.
_____________________________
The exams were difficult.
_____________________________
The flowers were beautiful.
_____________________________
George was in bed.
_____________________________
He was a famous film star.
_____________________________
8. Elegir There is o There are

_________ three pencils in the bag
_________ a car in the garage
_________ books on the chair
_________ a telephone in the living room
_________ two tables in the kitchen
_________ birds in the sky
_________ a book on the desk
_________ five chairs in the bedroom
_________ seven days in a week
_________ a carton of milk in the fridge
50
Ingls bsico
El verbo to be
Soluciones
1.
Sara = she
Pedro = he
Luis and Jose = they
You and I = we
Pepe and you = you
The cat = it
Paris = it
My brother = he
Silvia = she
The house = it
4.
Is she tall?
Are they old?
Is it expensive?
Is he a teacher?
Are the windows open?
Are we late?
Is it cold?
Is the bus late?
Is the room big?
Is she tired?
2.
Silvia is a doctor.
The dogs are big.
My teacher is English.
My friends are happy.
Rubn is my friend.
Enrique and Rubn are brothers.
Granada and Mlaga are towns.
You are intelligent.
Andrea and I are here.
I am a student.
5.
I was in Wales last year.
I was at school yesterday.
My friend was at home last Friday.
My friends were in England last summer.
My family and I were at home last
Sunday morning.
My mum was at work yesterday.
My English teacher was in America
last year.
Steve and Jane were in Paris on
Tuesday.
Jane was in London on Friday.
They were angry.
3.
He is = Hes
They are = Theyre
She is not = She isnt
It is = Its
I am not =Im not
You are not =You arent
We are not =We arent
I am = Im
You are = Youre
It is not = It isnt
51
6.
They were new.
The banks were open.
She wasnt English
Where was he?
I wasnt interested.
Were you very hungry?
We werent ready.
Was it difficult?
Ingls bsico
El verbo to be
The traffic lights were red.

What day was it?
7.
I wasnt a teacher.
She wasnt ill.
The weather wasnt very nice.
My shoes werent dirty
This restaurant wasnt expensive.
Your cigarettes werent in your bag.
The exams werent difficult.
The flowers werent beautiful.
George wasnt in bed.
He wasnt a famous film star.
52
8.
There are three pencils in the bag
There is a car in the garage
There are books on the chair
There is a telephone in the living room
There are two tables in the kitchen
There are birds in the sky
There is a book on the desk
There are five chairs in the bedroom
There are seven days in a week
There is a carton of milk in the fridge
Ingls bsico
Tema 4
El verbo to have
ElElverbo
to
have
verbo to have
El verbo to have
El verbo to have
El verbo to have significa haber o tener y puede funcionar como verbo auxiliar o como verbo ordinario.
1. Usos del verbo to have

Como verbo auxiliar, to have se utiliza para construir las formas compuestas:
I have worked
Yo he trabajado
He had lost his keys
El haba perdido sus llaves.
We have watched TV Nosotros hemos visto la televisin

- El verbo to have se puede utilizar como un verbo ordinario y en este caso
tiene el significado de tener:
I have a car
Yo tengo un coche
She had a job
Ella tuvo un trabajo
- Y tambin se utiliza en algunas expresiones con el sentido de tomar:

I have tea
Tomo el t
She has a bath
Ella toma un bao
Debemos tener claro que usar solamente have es correcto, pero que el uso de
got no siempre es adecuado acompaando a have. Generalmente, el uso de
got es ms corriente en ingls britnico y menos usual en ingls americano.
Puede usarse have got cuando alguien posee una determinada cosa o cuando estamos mencionando una cualidad o caracterstica que alguien o algo
tiene.
Ive got a new car
Tengo un coche nuevo
Hes got a good memory
Tiene buena memoria.
Se usa have, no have got, al escribir o hablar en un contexto formal. La palabra got no aade ningn significado, puede desaparecer en todas sus formas
(afirmativo, negativo e interrogativo), sin que el significado cambie:
Ive got a flat = I have a flat
55
Tengo un piso
Ingls bsico
El verbo to have
Cuando nos referimos al pasado o al futuro no utilizamos nunca got:

I had a big house two years ago
Tuve una gran casa hace dos aos
Recuerda
Cuando have se utiliza como verbo tomar/desayunar/comer, etc. no se puede utilizar have/has got. Por ejemplo se dice: I have dinner ( no I have got dinner)
- Es muy frecuente el uso de modismos con have, especialmente seguido del

artculo a/an y un nombre, para describir ciertas actividades o acciones:
To have a walk
Pasear
To have a try
Intentar, probar
To have a look
Echar un vistazo
To have fun
Divertirse
To have a headache
Tener dolor de cabeza
2. Conjugacin de to have.
Presente y pasado
La conjugacin de to have tiene las siguientes caractersticas:
- El presente del verbo to have tiene dos formas distintas : have para el plural
y la primera y segunda persona del singular y has que se usa para la tercera
persona del singular. Sin embargo, el pasado slo tiene una forma : had.
I have (got) green eyes
Tengo los ojos verdes
I had a terrible journey
Tuve un viaje horrible
56
Ingls bsico
El verbo to have
- Se forma la negacin con slo aadir not a la forma afirmativa (lo mismo que
el verbo to be). Adems hay que destacar el empleo de formas contradas,
tanto en la afirmacin como en la negacin:
They havent (got) a telephone
No tienen telfono
- Se forma la interrogacin invirtiendo el orden sujeto verbo y se pone un solo

signo de interrogacin al final de la pregunta:
Have you got children?
Tienes hijos?
Observemos las formas del verbo to have conjugado en el tiempo presente :
Forma afirmativa
Forma negativa
Forma interrogativa
I have (I've) got
I have not (I haven't) got
Have I got?
He, tengo
No he, no tengo
He?, hengo?
You have (you've) got
You have
haven't) got
Has, tienes
No has, no tienes
Has?, tienes?
He has (he's) got
He has not (he hasn't)

got
Has he got?
Ha, tiene
No ha, no tiene
Ha?, tiene?
We have (we've) got
We have not (we haven't)

got
Have we got?
Hemos, tenemos
No hemos, no tenemos
Hemos?, tenemos?
You have (you've) got
You have
haven't) got
Have you got?
Habis, tenis
No nabis, no tenis
Habis?, tenis?
They have (they've) got
They have not (they

haven't) got
Have they got?
Han, tienen
No han, no tienen
Han?, tienen?
57
not
not
(you
(you
Ingls bsico
Have you got?
El verbo to have
Yes, I have
No, I haven't
Yes, you have
No, you haven't
Yes, he/she/it has
No, he/she/it hasn't
Yes, we have
No, we haven't
Yes, you have
No, you haven't
Yes, they have
No, they haven't
Y ahora en el tiempo pasado:

Forma afirmativa
Forma negativa
Forma interrogativa
I had
I had not (I hadn't)
Had I?
Hube, haba / tuve,

tena
No hube, no haba / no tuve,

no tena
Hube?,
Haba?
Huve?, Tena?
You had
You had not (you hadn't)
Had you?
No hubiste, no habas / no
tuviste, no tenas
Hubiste?, Habas? /
Tuviste?, Tenas?
He had
He had not (he hadn't)
Had he?
Hubo, habia / tuvo,

tena
No hubo, no habia / no tuvo,

no tena
Hubo?,
Haba?
Tuvo?, Tena?
We had
We had not (we hadn't)
Had we?
Hubimos, habamos /
tuvimos, tenamos
No hubimos, no habamos /
no tuvimos, no tenamos
Hubimos?, Habamos?
/ Tuvimos?, Tenamos?
You had
You had not (you hadn't)
Had you?
Hubisteis, habais /
tuvisteis, tenais
No hubisteis, no habais / no
tuvisteis, no tenais
Hubisteis?, Habais? /
Tuvisteis?, Tenais?
They had
They had not (they hadn't)
Had they?
Hubieron, haban /
tuvieron, tenan
No hubieron, no haban / no
tuvieron, no tenan
Hubieron?, Haban? /
Tuvieron?, Tenan?
Hubiste, habas
tuviste, tenas
58
Ingls bsico
El verbo to have
- En el Negativo y el Interrogativo se acepta, adems de la forma vista en la

tabla, utilizar los auxiliares dont / doesnt y do / does + base del verbo ,respectivamente, pero sin incluir la partcula got :
Forma afirmativa: I have
Yo tengo
Forma negativa: I dont have
Yo no tengo
Forma interrogativa: Do I have?
Tengo yo?
Has Carmen got a car ? / Does Carmen have a car ?

Tiene Carmen un coche?.
Recuerda
No confundir la contraccin de la tercera persona: Shes/Hes/ Its got, con la contraccin del verbo to be, no es is sino has.
La estructura have/has got slo se puede utilizar en el tiempo presente. Para
el pasado y otros tiempos verbales hay que utilizar necesariamente el verbo have.
59
Ingls bsico
El verbo to have
Responde
a las siguientes
cuestiones
Ejercicios
1. Completar las frases usando el verbo have got:
____________ Jane got a brother?
Sally ____________
got a new boyfriend.
We
got a house in Jan.
____________
My flat
We
____________
____________
____________
got a garage.
got a garden.
you got a dog or a cat?
Have they got a SEAT? No, they
____________
Has Gary got a Mercedes? Yes, he

My sister
Megan
____________
____________
____________
got long hair.

got blonde hair - shes got brown hair.
2. Escribir las siguientes frases en la forma negativa:

Terry has got a girlfriend.
Ej.: Terry hasnt got a girlfriend.
Tom has got an uncle.
____________________________________
Aziz has got green eyes.
____________________________________
Sue is Peters brother.
____________________________________
Lidia has got brown hair.
____________________________________
Im a doctor.
____________________________________
Darren is Megans boyfriend.
____________________________________
Terry has got a date for Saturday. ___________________________________
61
Ingls bsico
El verbo to have
Shes very pretty.
_____________________________
My neighbours have got two daughters. _____________________________

My best friend has got two brothers.
_____________________________
3. Escribir have o has:

I ___ blond hair and blue eyes.
Mr. Brown ___ two brother
They ___ two cats and three rabbits.
The man next door ___ a pet.
The new supermarket ___ everything.
___ your father got a nice car?
___ she got many friends?
___ your mother got blue eyes?
___ you got a ticket?
___ they got any children?
4. Elegir la respuesta correcta:

My father have got / has got an old car.
__________
They have got / has got an armchair in their room.
__________
The man have got / has got very short hair.
__________
My sister have got / has got a sofa in her bedroom.
__________
We have got / has got a lamp in our room.
__________
My window have got / has got a curtain.
__________
You have got / has got beautiful eyes.
__________
She have got / has got a television .
__________
62
Ingls bsico
El verbo to have
Megans father have got / has got a computer in his house.
__________
Elena and Maria have got / has got toys in their room.
__________
5. Convertir estas oraciones en forma negativa e interrogativa

I have got two cars in the garage
____________________________________
Marta has got a computer in her room
____________________________________
He has got a sister
____________________________________
They have got blue eyes
____________________________________
Your house has got ten windows
____________________________________
6. Contestar a las preguntas con respuestas breves y traducirlas como

en el ejemplo :
Has she got a pen? yes, she has
Tiene ella un boli? S, ella s.
Has she got a book? yes, ............................
______________________________________
Have they got the money? yes, ......................
______________________________________
Has it got a two bathrooms? yes, ..........................
______________________________________
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El verbo to have
Has he got a car? yes, .................................

______________________________________
Have we got the CDs? yes,.......................
______________________________________
Have you got a flat? yes,..............................
______________________________________
Have Joe and Phil got a big house? yes,.....
______________________________________
Has Betty got a dog? Yes,............................
______________________________________
Have you got a pet? yes,................................
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El verbo to have
Soluciones
1.
Has Jane got a brother?
Sally has got a new boyfriend.
We have got a house in Jan.
My flat has got a garage.
We have got a garden.
Have you got a dog or a cat?
'Have they got a SEAT?' 'No, they
haven't .'
'Has Gary got a Mercedes?' 'No, he
hasn't .'
My sister has got long hair.
Megan hasn't got blonde hair - she's
got brown hair.
2.
Tom hasn't got an uncle.
Aziz hasn't got green eyes.
Sue isn't Peter's brother.
Lidia hasn't got brown hair.
I'm not a doctor.
Darren isn't Megan's boyfriend.
Terry hasn't got a date for Saturday.
She isn't very pretty.
My neighbours haven't got two daughters.
3.
I have blond hair and blue eyes.
Mr. Brown has two brother
They have two cats and three rabbits.
The man next door has a pet.
The new supermarket has everything.
Has your father got a nice car?
Has she got many friends?
Has your mother got blue eyes?
Have you got a ticket?
65
Have they got any children?

4.
My father has got an old car.
They have got an armchair in their
room.
The man has got very short hair.
My sister has got a sofa in her bedroom.
We have got a lamp in our room.
My window has got a curtain.
You have got beautiful eyes.
She has got a television .
Megan's father has got a computer in
his house.
Elena and Maria have got toys in their
room.
5.
I have got two cars in the garage
I haven't got two cars in the garage
Have I got two cars in the garage?
Marta has got a computer in her room
Marta hasn't got a computer in her
room
Has Marta got a computer in her room?
He has got a sister
He hasn't got a sister
Has he got a sister?
They have got blue eyes
They haven't got blue eyes
Have they got blue eyes?
Ingls bsico
El verbo to have
Your house has got ten windows

Your house hasn't got ten windows
Has your house got ten windows?
Have we got the CDs ? yes, we have.

Tenemos nosotros los Cds? S, nosotros s.
6.
Has she got a book ? yes, she has.
Tiene ella un libro? S, ella s
Have you got a flat ? yes, I have

Tienes t un piso? S, you s
Have they got money? yes, they have.

Tienen ellos dinero? S, ellos s.
Has it got a two bathrooms ? yes, it has
Tiene ello dos cuartos de bao? S,
ello s.
Has he got a car ? yes, he has
Tiene l un coche? S, l s
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Have Joe and Phil got a big house ?

yes, they have
Tienen Joe y Phil una gran casa? S,
ellos s
Has Betty got a dog ? Yes, she has
Tiene Betty un perro? S, ella s
Have you got a pet ? yes, I have
Tienes t una mascota? S, yo s
Ingls bsico
Tema 5
Los adjetivos
calificativos
Los adjetivos calificativos
Los adjetivos son las palabras que utilizamos para describir los nombres.
Pueden decirnos cualquier caracterstica del nombre con el que van. Podra
ser sobre su forma, color, tamao, etc. En ingls, los adjetivos son palabras
invariables, es decir, slo tienen una forma nica (singular). A diferencia del
espaol, los adjetivos ingleses no tienen gnero y no cambian del singular al
plural cuando el nombre al que describen cambia su forma:
The happy boy
El nio feliz
The happy girl
La nia feliz
The happy boys
Los nios felices
The happy girls
Las nias felices
En ingls se pueden utilizar el gerundio (present participle) y el participio (past

participle) con funcin de adjetivo:
An amusing book
Un libro divertido
An amused boy
Un nio que se ha divertido
An interesting student
Un estudiante interesante
An interested student
Un estudiante que est interesado
La diferencia entre el gerundio (-ing) y el participio (-ed) est en que el primero tiene un sentido activo (es el causante del efecto), mientras que el segundo tiene un sentido pasivo (es el receptor del efecto):
Como ya mencionbamos en el tema dedicado a los nombres, en ingls a
veces se utilizan adjetivos con funcin de sustantivos, normalmente haciendo
referencia a colectivos:
The rich
Los ricos
The poor
Los pobres
The Spanish
Los espaoles
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1. Colocacin de los adjetivos

- El adjetivo en ingls se sita delante del sustantivo:
A big house
An old woman
Una casa grande

Una mujer mayor
- Pero en las frases atributivas se coloca detrs del verbo (to be):
The house is big
La casa es grande
The woman is old
La mujer es mayor
- Cuando varios adjetivos van delante de un mismo sustantivo, estos adjetivos se colocan siguiendo un orden determinado, que suele ser:
Caractersticas, opiniones
Beautiful, mysterious
Tamao, peso
Small, enormous
Edad
Old, young....
Forma
Round, narrow..
Color
Red, blue....
Procedencia
German, Dutch
Material
Glass, paper
Nombre
Bottle, cheese
A big German car
Un coche alemn grande
An old, brown, paper parcel Un viejo paquete marrn de papel
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2. Grados de comparacin
Hemos estudiado que los adjetivos describen a los nombres, pero tambin se
pueden usar para comparar dos nombres diferentes. Este fenmeno es lo que
llamamos comparaciones. La nica vez que vemos cambios en la forma de
los adjetivos es con las comparaciones:
- De igualdad. Los dos nombres que estamos comparando comparten la
caracterstica que el adjetivo est describiendo al mismo nivel. No hay diferencia ente los nombres en ese aspecto comparado. Para esta comparacin
usamos la estructura as + adjetivo + as (tan + adjetivo + como):
He is as tall as she
l es tan alto como ella
- Cuando usamos la forma negativa, a veces cambiamos el primer as por

so. so + adjetivo + as (tan + adjetivo + como):
He is not as/so tall as she
l no es tan alto como ella
- De superioridad. Un nombre posee la caracterstica comparada en un nivel

ms alto que el otro nombre. Para este tipo de comparaciones usamos la
estructura adjetivo + er + than (ms + adjetivo + que). Si el adjetivo que estamos comparando tiene dos o ms slabas usamos more + adjetivo + than
(ms + adjetivo + que):
He is taller than she
l es ms alto que ella
- Inferioridad.Un nombre tiene la caracterstica que el adjetivo describe en un

nivel inferior al del otro nombre. Usamos la estructura less + adjetivo + than
(menos + adjetivo + que):
He is less tall than she
l es menos alto que ella
- Adjetivo superlativo. El superlativo denota la cualidad en su ms alto grado.

Usamos la estructura: the + adjetivo + est (el, la, lo, las, los + ms + adjetivo). Si el adjetivo tiene dos o ms slabas entonces utilizamos the most +
adjetivo (el, la, lo, las, los + ms + adjetivo) para expresar el nivel ms alto y
the least + adjetivo (el, la, lo, las, los + menos + adjetivo) para describir el
nivel ms bajo:
He is the tallest in the class
l es el ms alto de la clase
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3. Formacin del comparativo de

superioridad y superlativo
Existen dos maneras de formar el comparativo y el superlativo en ingls:
- Aadiendo al adjetivo el sufijo er para el comparativo y est para el superlativo. As lo forman los adjetivos monoslabos y los bislabos terminados en
y. Los terminados en y precedida de consonante transforman la y griega en
i latina. Cuando la y va precedida de vocal no cambia :
Long /longer /the longest
Largo / ms largo / el ms largo
Happy/ happier / the happiest
Feliz / ms feliz / el ms feliz
Cuando el adjetivo monoslabo termina en consonante simple precedida de una sola vocal de sonido breve, se dobla la consonante:
Hot / hotter / the hottest
Caliente / ms caliente / el ms caliente
Los terminados en e aaden slo r y st :
Nice /nicer /the nicest
Agradable / ms agradable / el ms agradable
- Anteponiendo al adjetivo la palabra more (ms) para el comparativo, y the
most (el ms) para el superlativo. Lo forman as todos los adjetivos no incluidos anteriormente, es decir, los bislabos no mencionados y todos los polislabos:
Intelligent / more intelligent / the most intelligent
Algunos adjetivos en ingls son irregulares cuando hacen los comparativos. Nos los tenemos que aprender de memoria:
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Adjetivo
Comparativo
Superlativo
Bad (malo)
Worse (peor)
The worst (el peor)
Good (bueno)
Better (mejor)
The best (el mejor)
Little (pequeo)
Less (menos)
The least (generally: el/lo menos)
Many (mucho)
More (ms)
The most (el ms)
Much (mucho)
More (ms)
The most (el ms)
Old (viejo)
Older (mayor)
The eldest (el mayor)
Veamos ahora una tabla que resume las distintas maneras de formar los comparativos y superlativos:
Formacin
Adjetivo
Comparativo
Superlativo
Una sola slaba
Tall
Taller
The tallest
Terminado en -e
Rude
Ruder
The rudest
Terminado consonante simple
Big
Bigger
The biggest
Dos slabas
terminado en -y
Easy
Easier
The easiest
Dos o ms slabas
Expensive
More expensive
The most expensive
Recuerda
Usamos siempre than siguiendo el adjetivo cuando estemos comparando dos cosas
o personas: His car is more expensive than my car. ( no His car is more expensive
that my car) Su coche es ms caro que mi coche. La partcula comparativa es than
no that.
Usamos siempre el artculo the delante del adjetivo cuando estemos formando el
superlativo: Mary is the funniest girl in the class ( no Mary is funniest girl in the class)
Mary el la chica ms divertida de la clase.
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Responde
a las siguientes
cuestiones
Ejercicios
1. Escribir la forma comparativa de superioridad y del superlativo de los

siguientes adjetivos:
Strong
___________
___________
Important
___________
___________
Difficult
___________
___________
Large
___________
___________
Pretty
___________
___________
Heavy
___________
___________
Good
___________
___________
Early
___________
___________
Thin
___________
___________
Cheap
___________
___________
2. Completar las siguientes frases con el adjetivo en grado comparativo

de superioridad:
Andorra is ___________ than Spain (small)
Barcelona is __________ than Almera (noisy)
Mount Everest is __________ than Teide (high)
Football is __________ than tennis (popular)
Barcelona is __________ than Liverpool (good)
A Ferrari is ___________ than a Renault (fast)
Spanish is ____________ than English (difficult)
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A Citroen is _____________ than a BMW (cheap)

Big motorbikes are ___________ than small cars (expensive)
Bicycles are ______________than motorbikes (slow)
3. Completar las siguientes frases con el adjetivo en grado superlativo:

The ____________town in Spain is Madrid (big)
The _____________ TV programmes are reality shows (bad)
Mount Everest is the____________ mountain in the world (high)
London is the ____________ town in Europe (expensive)
You are my_____________ friend (good)
Beyonc is the___________ pop star (pretty)
Japanese is the____________ language in the world (difficult)
Tigers are the ____________animals (brave)
Scuba diving is the _________ sport (dangerous)
Tortoises are the_________ animals (slow)
4. Completar con la forma comparativa o superlativa del adjetivo escrito

entre parntesis:
This MP3 is ___________(new) than your MP3.
Peter is ___________(old) than Liz.
Ben is ___________(young) than Jill.
Jack is ______________(young) in the class.
That car is ____________(expensive) than this car.
That mobile phone is _____________(expensive) in the market.
Your car is ______________(fast) than my car.
Your car is _____________(fast) in the street.
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This house is _____________(big) than my house.

This house is ___________ (big) in the town.
5. Escribir oraciones que establezcan una comparacin como en el ejemplo

John / tall (Peter)=
John is tall, but Peter is taller (John es alto pero Peter es ms alto)
Angela/beautiful (Betty)
_____________________________________________________________
Granada/nice (Madrid)
_____________________________________________________________
George/strong (Jack)
_____________________________________________________________
Spain / warm (Greece)
_____________________________________________________________
Denmark / small (Andorra)
_____________________________________________________________
Paul /young (Tom)
_____________________________________________________________
Writing / difficult (speaking)
_____________________________________________________________
My room / big (your room)
_____________________________________________________________
My house / dirty ( your house)
_____________________________________________________________
George Clooney / famous (Brad Pitt)
_____________________________________________________________
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6. Escribir comparaciones de superioridad usando los dos trminos de

la comparacin y el adjetivo como en el ejemplo ( My bike / small / your
bike) My bike is smaller than your bike:
My present / cheap / your present
_____________________________________________________________
My room / dark / your room
_____________________________________________________________
Fruit / healthy / meat
_____________________________________________________________
Megan / thin / Kate
_____________________________________________________________
Dresses / comfortable / skirts
_____________________________________________________________
Oranges / good / sweets
_____________________________________________________________
Lions / dangerous / dogs
_____________________________________________________________
Alaska / cold / Italy
_____________________________________________________________
Ben / young / Tom
_____________________________________________________________
Tennis / safe / rugby
_____________________________________________________________
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7. Escribir comparaciones de igualdad y luego pasarlas a negativa como

en el ejemplo ( Goya / important / Picasso) Goya is as important as
Picasso Goya is not as /so important as Picasso.
My suitcase / heavy / your suitcase
_____________________________________________________________
Paris / beautiful / New York
_____________________________________________________________
My ruler / long / your ruler
_____________________________________________________________
Jane / thin / Ben
_____________________________________________________________
Valencia / warm / Marbella
_____________________________________________________________
Sara / friendly / Laura
_____________________________________________________________
This street / quiet / that street
_____________________________________________________________
My sweater / colourful / your sweater
_____________________________________________________________
This photo / funny / that photo
_____________________________________________________________
Boots / fashionable / trainers
_____________________________________________________________
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Soluciones
1.
Strong stronger the strongest
Important more important the most
important
Difficult more difficult the most difficult
Large larger the largest
Pretty prettier the prettiest
Heavy heavier the heaviest
Good better the best
Early earlier the earliest
Thin thinner the thinnest
Cheap cheaper the cheapest
2.
Andorra is smaller than Spain
Barcelona is noisier than Almera
Mount Everest is higher than Teide
Football is more popular than tennis
Barcelona is better than Liverpool
A Ferrari is faster than a Renault
Spanish is more difficult than English
A Citroen is cheaper than a BMW
Big motorbikes are more expensive
than small cars
Bicycles are slower than motorbikes
3.
The biggest town in Spain is Madrid
(big)
The worst TV programmes are reality
shows (bad)
Mount Everest is the highest mountain
in the world (high)
London is the most expensive town in
Europe (expensive)
You are my best friend (good)
80
Beyonc is the prettiest pop start

(pretty)
Japanese is the most difficult language in the world (difficult)
Tigers are the bravest animals (brave)
Scuba diving is the most dangerous
sport (dangerous)
Tortoises are the slowest animals
(slow)
4.
This MP3 is newer than your MP3.
Peter is older than Liz.
Ben is younger than Jill.
Jack is the youngest in the class.
That car is more expensive than this
car.
That mobile phone is the most expensive in the market.
Your car is faster than my car.
Your car is the fastest in the street.
This house is bigger than my house.
This house is the biggest in the town.
5.
Angela is beautiful , but Betty is more
beautiful
Granada is nice, but Madrid is nicer
George is strong , but Jack is stronger
Spain is warm, but Greece is warmer
Denmark is small , but Andorra is smaller
Paul is young, but Tom is younger
Writing is difficult, but speaking is more
difficult
My room is big , but your room is bigger
Ingls bsico
My house is dirty, but your house is dirtier

George Clooney is famous, but Brad
Pitt is more famous
6.
My present is cheaper than your present
My room is darker than your room
Fruit is healthier than meat
Megan is thinner than Kate
Dresses are more comfortable than
skirts
Oranges are better than sweets
Lions are more dangerous than dogs
Alaska is colder than Italy
Ben is younger than Tom
Tennis is safer than rugby
7.
My suitcase is as heavy as your suitcase. My suitcase is not so/as heavy
as your suitcase
81
Paris is as beautiful as New York.

Paris is not so/as beautiful as New
York.
My ruler is as long as your ruler. My
ruler is not so/as long as your ruler
Jane is as thin as Ben. Jane is not
so/as thin as Ben
Valencia is as warm as Marbella.
Valencia is not so/as warm as
Marbella
Sara is as friendly as Laura. Sara is
not so/as friendly as Laura
This street is as quiet as that street.
This street is not so/as quiet as that
street
My sweater is as colourful as your
sweater. My sweater is not so/as
colourful as your sweater
This photo is as funny as that photo.
This photo is not so/as funny as that
photo.
Boots are as fashionable as trainers.
Boots are not so/as fashionable as
trainers.
Ingls bsico
Tema 6
Los adjetivos
determinativos
Los adjetivos determinativos
La funcin de los adjetivos determinativos, cmo su nombre indica, es la de

determinar al nombre y siempre lo acompaan. Los adjetivos determinativos
se pueden dividir en : demostrativos, indefinidos, posesivos, numerales e interrogativos.
1. Adjetivos demostrativos
Los adjetivos demostrativos ingleses son:
This (este, esta)
These (estos, estas)
That ( aquel, aquella)
Those (aquellos, aquellas)
Los adjetivos demostrativos sirven para sealar la posicin de las cosas.

En espaol encontramos tres distintos grados de proximidad. Esto (para lo
que est ms cerca del sujeto). Eso (situado a media distancia) y Aquello (lejano).
En ingls, en cambio, solamente encontramos dos grados de proximidad.
This( este), que se utiliza para designar las cosas o personas relativamente
cercanas y that (ese o aquel), para las ms alejadas. Los adjetivos demostrativos son invariables en gnero, pero tienen en cambio plural.
- This se usa para indicar una sola persona o cosa que est cerca del hablante:
Does this bus go to the centre?
Va este autobs al centro?
- That se usa para una sola persona o cosa que no est cerca del hablante:
That house is nice
Aquella casa es bonita
- These se usa para dos o ms personas o cosas que estn cerca del hablante:
These books are green
Estos libros son verdes
- Those se usa para dos o ms personas o cosas que estn lejos del hablante:
Look at those clouds!
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Mira aquellas nubes !
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This puede utilizarse tambin para presentarse uno mismo (no personalmente) o para presentar a un tercero.:
Hello. This is Eve.
Hola. Soy Eva (En una conversacin telefnica)
Peter, this is Megan
Peter, sta es Megan
This tambin se emplea coloquialmente para empezar un relato, historietas,
chistes o para indicar grficamente el tamao de algo:
This is the story of Miss Brodie...
Esta es la historia de Miss Brodie...
An elephant this big
Un elefante as de grande
This / that / these / those pueden preceder a un sustantivo o ir solos( entonces funciona como pronombre).
What is that?
Qu es aquello?
That y those sirve para hablar del pasado mientras que this y these para lo
que est ocurriendo ahora o para referirnos a algo de lo que estamos hablando:
That was a wonderful film
Ha sido una pelcula maravillosa.
Listen to this new Cd
Escucha este nuevo Cd
2. Adjetivos indefinidos
El uso de los adjetivos indefinidos guarda una estrecha relacin con los nombres contables y no contables, ya que sirven para determinar la cantidad . Hay
adjetivos que solamente se usan con nombres no contables, otros que slo
pueden usarse con nombres contables y los ltimos que pueden usarse tanto
con nombres contables y no contables. A continuacin veremos una seleccin
de los adjetivos indefinidos ms importantes:
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- Some (algunos, algunas) refiere una cantidad indefinida (cierto nmero de...)
se usa en las frases afirmativas y las interrogativas cuando se espera una respuesta afirmativa, cuando ofrecemos algo o cuando pedimos algo cortsmente:
We need some milk
Necesitamos algo de leche
I have some money
Tengo algo de dinero
Would you like some coffee?
Quires un poco de caf?
Can you lend me some money?

Me puedes prestar algo de dinero?
Some puede ser sustituido por a little, con nombres singulares incontables o
por ) a few, con nombres en plural contables:
I have a little tea
Tomo un poco de t
I have a few books on my shelf

Tengo algunos libros en la estantera
- Any, puede usarse en frases interrogativas (cantidad indefinida) o negativas
(en este caso expresa la ausencia de cantidad). En el caso de las frases interrogativas, a diferencia de some, no se espera una respuesta afirmativa (podemos esperar tanto una respuesta afirmativa como negativa).
There isnt any problem
No hay ningn problema
Are there any policemen in the street?
Hay algunos policies en la calle?
En las frases afirmativas any significa cualquier:
Bring me any book you like
Treme cualquier libro que te guste
De acuerdo con lo dicho podemos resumirlo en la siguiente tabla:
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Some
Any
Frases afirmativas
There are some pictures in my house
Frases interrogativas(peticiones)
May I have some coffee?
Frases negativas
There isnt any milk
Frases interrogativas
Is there any milk?
Frases afirmativas
If you have any doubts...
- No tiene valor negativo y exige por lo tanto el uso del verbo en forma afirmativa ( en lengua inglesa no se niega dos veces, se evita la doble negacin):
I bought no cheese yesterday
No compr queso ayer
- Much (mucho)se usa con nombres incontables en oraciones negativas e
interrogativas. Para las oraciones afirmativas preferimos a lot of que puede
acompaar tanto a nombres incontables como contables. Much tambin se
usa para formar las siguientes expresiones: so much (tanto), too much (demasiado) y how much? (cuanto?).
There isnt much milk in the supermarket
No hay mucha leche en el supermercado
Do you drink much tea?
Bebes mucho t?
How much is it?
Cunto es esto?
Thank you very much
Muchas gracias
Pueden tambin emplearse expresiones como a great deal (of...) y plenty

(of...) con el significado de much
I want a great deal of money
Quiero mucho dinero
- Many (muchos). Usamos many con nombres contables en plural en oraciones negativas e interrogativas. En frases afirmativas es ms corriente el
uso de a lot of.
He cant speak many languages
No sabe hablar muchos idiomas
Hes got a lot of money
88
Tiene mucho dinero
Ingls bsico
- Little (poco) y a little (un poco de) acompaan siempre a nombres incontables. Little tiene un significado negativo mientras que a little lo tiene ms positivo:
We have little time left
Nos queda poco tiempo
I have a little time
Tengo un poco de tiempo
- Few y a few van seguidos de un nombre contable en plural. Few tiene un

sentido negativo (poco) mientras que a few tiene un sentido ms positivo y
equivale a algunos.
There are few books on the table
Hay pocos libros sobre la mesa
I have read a few books this summer
He ledo algunos libros este verano
Encontraremos generalmente ms usuales las construcciones con many en
forma negativa que con few en su forma positiva. As, la primera frase del
ejemplo anterior quedara:
There arent many books on the table
No hay muchos libros sobre la mesa
- Enough significa bastante, en el sentido de suficiente. Cuando acompaa a
un adjetivo, a un adverbio o a un participio siempre se coloca detrs de los
mismos. En cambio, cuando acompaa a un nombre suele colocarse delante
de ste.
He is strong enough
Es bastante fuerte
He has enough money
Tiene bastante dinero
A continuacin veamos otros adjetivos indefinidos:

Several
Varios, as
Both
Ambos, as
All
Todo, a, os, as
Every
Cada, todos, as
Another
Otro, a
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Other
Otros, as
Each
Cada, cada uno
Algunos de estos adjetivos se unen a palabras como thing, body y one para
formar pronombres indefinidos. Llevan siempre el verbo en singular y funcionan de la misma manera en su distribucin en frases afirmativas, negativas e
interrogativas:
Something
Algo
Anything
Algo, nada, cualquier cosa
Nothing
Nada
Everything
Todo
Somebody/ someone
Alguien
Anybody / anyone
Alguien, nadie, cualquiera
Nobody / no one
Nadie
Everybody / everyone
Todos
3. Adjetivos posesivos
Los adjetivos posesivos en ingls hacen referencia al poseedor y no a la cosa
poseda y se usan con ms frecuencia en ingls que en espaol. Preceden
normalmente a los nombres que indican partes del cuerpo, parentesco, vestimenta y objetos personales, nombres que se usan en espaol con el artculo
determinado:
He washed his hands
Se lav las manos (sus manos)
Los adjetivos posesivos tienen tres formas para la tercera persona singular:
his (su de l), her (su de ella) e its (su de ello, de una cosa, animal o beb).
Por lo dems, son invariables; as our significa nuestro, nuestra, nuestros o
nuestras segn el nombre que le acompae. Los adjetivos en ingls son:
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Ingls bsico
Ingls
Espaol
My
Your
Mi
Mis
Tu
Tus
Vuestro
Vuestra
Vuestro
Vuestras
His
Her
Its
Their
Su
Sus
Thats my watch
Ese es mi reloj
Put on your hat
Ponte el / tu sombrero
This is his signature
sta es su firma
The bird is in its cage
El pjaro est en su jaula
Our
Nuestro
Nuestra
Nuestros
Nuestras
Recuerda
Fjate que el tratamiento en ingls no cambia, a diferencia de la distincin en

espaol del t y el su (de usted).
I like your shoes
Me gustan tus/ sus zapatos
4. Adjetivos numerales
Podemos dividir los adjetivos numerales en Cardinales y Ordinales
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Ingls bsico
Nmero
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1.000
1.000.000
Cardinal
nought, zero
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
twenty-one
thirty
forty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
a/one hundred
a/one thousand
a/one million
Ordinal
first
second
third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
eleventh
twelfth
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
twentieth
twenty-first
thirtieth
fortieth
fiftieth
sixtieth
seventieth
eightieth
ninetieth
a/one hundredth
a/one thousandth
a/one millionth
Los numerales cardinales:

- Podemos expresar el nmero cero de varias formas: nought o naught,
usado de forma genrica y en matemticas. Zero, usado normalmente para
indicar la temperatura. Tambin en matemticas. o (pronunciado: oh), se usa
genricamente y para indicar los nmeros de telfono y nil, usado generalmente para indicar resultados de algunos eventos deportivos, como el ftbol.
En tenis se dice love por cero.
Ten degrees below zero
92
Diez grados bajo cero
Ingls bsico
My telephone number is 01204
(o - one - two - o - four)
Spain beat Great Britain three-nil

Espaa gan a Gran Bretaa tres a cero
- Separamos con un guin las unidades que siguen a las decenas, a partir del
nmero 20
36 = thirty- six
79 = seventy-nine
- Los nmeros entre 100 y 1000 unen las centenas y decenas con and
236 = two hundred and thirty - six
- Los millares no van seguidos de guin ni de and, pero si 1000 va seguido de
un nmero inferior a 100, se usa and. Si los nmeros de cuatro cifras se refieren a fechas se leen en grupos de dos:
1350 = one thousand three hundred and fifty
1050 = one thousand and fifty
1973 = nineteen seventy three (fecha)
Los numerales ordinales:
- Se forman aadiendo el sufijo -th al nmero, a excepcin de los 3 primeros
(first, second, third).
- Se expresan de forma abreviada aadiendo a las cifras las dos ltimas letras
del ordinal.
1 = 1st
2 = 2nd
3 = 3rd
4 = 4th
5 = 5th...
Se usan los ordinales para los das del mes y en los ttulos de reyes:
2nd February
2 de febrero (ledo second of February)
Elizabeth II
Isabel II (ledo Elizabeth the Second)
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5. Adjetivos interrogativos
Los adjetivos interrogativos son:
- What? significa qu?. Utilizamos what cuando preguntamos por informacin que queremos conocer.
What time is it?
Qu hora es?
Whats his telephone number?

Cul es su nmero de telfono?
- Which? Significa cul(es)? Usamos which en preguntas en las cuales hay
dos o ms posibles respuestas o alternativas.
Which sport do you like best?
Qu deporte te gusta ms?
La diferencia entre what y which es que what tiene un sentido general, mientras que which selecciona o restringe.
- Whose? significa de quin?. Se utiliza generalmente en preguntas para
saber a quin pertenece algo.
Whose umbrella is that?
De quin es ese paraguas?
- How much? que significa cunto? En espaol se utiliza con sustantivos no

contables:
How much wine can you drink?
Cunto vino puedes beber?
- How many? Que es cuntos? En espaol se utiliza con sustantivos contables:

How many bottles of wine can you drink?
Cuntas botellas de vino puedes beber?
Todos ellos son invariables en gnero y nmero
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Ingls bsico
Responde
a las siguientes
cuestiones
Ejercicios
1. Completar las oraciones con el adjetivo posesivo adecuado a cada

caso:
Karen forgot ________ pencil.
Susan and Henry talk with _______ mother.
Ann and I were late for _______ school.
Richard is doing _______ homework.
They didnt decorate ________ room.
Where are _______ keys? I cant find them.
This is my father. _______ name is Carlos.
Marta likes that colour. Its ________ favourite colour.
Lisa and I have done ______ projects
You have got a green umbrella. Is this _______ umbrella?
2. Escribir los adjetivos posesivos correspondientes:

I
________
You
________
He
________
She
________
It
________
We
________
They
________
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3. Escribir el adjetivo posesivo para formar frases correctas:

Weve got a nice daughter. This is ______ daughter.
Theyve got a beautiful cat. That is ______ cat.
Youve got a fantastic TV set. This is ______ TV set.
Carmen has got a red T-shirt. This is _______ T- shirt.
The cat has got a ball. This is ______ ball.
My friend Carlos has got a brother. This is ______ brother.
Ive got an interesting book. This is ______ book.
George likes playing volleyball. Its ________ favourite sport.
Sandra and Sara like playing the violin. These are ________ violins.
4.Completar las siguientes frases con los adjetivos posesivos:

You sell magazines. _________ magazines are expensive.
I make cakes every day. _______ cakes are good.
He sells textbooks. ______ textbooks are cheap.
She teaches English. ______ students are very intelligent.
Tim and Steven are brothers. ______ mother is forty years old
Peter and I like music. _______ favourite singer is Serrat.
Im from Spain. ______ name is Carmen.
He likes watching TV. ________ favourite programme is Documentos TV.
The shop is closed. _____ doors are locked.
My friends like studying. _______ favourite subject is Maths.
5. Elegir entre los adjetivos demostrativos This y These:

This/ these cheese is horrible.
________
This/ these tomatoes are excellent.
________
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How much is this/ these bag?
________
I like this/ these car.
________
I dont understand this/ these word.
________
This/ these songs are very good.
________
What is this/ these animal?
________
This/ these Cds are mine.
________
My father gave me this/ these notebooks.
________
This/ these rubber is pink.
________
6. Elegir entre How much y How many:

_________ brothers have you got?
_________ money have you got?
_________books have you got in your bag?
________ milk have you got in the fridge?
_________ water do you drink?
_________ bottles of water do you drink?
_________ bread do you have ?
_________ chocolate bars do you eat?
_________ chocolate do you eat?
________ hours do you sleep?
7. Elegir entre some o any

I dont drink _______ beer
There arent ______ oranges
There is ________ fruit, but there isnt _______ bread or ham
I have _______ new CDs
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Have you got ______ posters on your bedroom walls?

There are _______people at the front door
She doesnt have ________ brothers or sisters
Do you play ______instruments?
Do you like _______ classical music?
My boyfriend doesnt eat ________ meat
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Soluciones
1.
Karen forgot her pencil.
Susan and Henry talk with their mother.
Ann and I were late for our school.
Richard is doing his homework.
They didnt decorate their room.
Where are my keys? I cant find them.
This is my father. His name is Carlos.
Marta likes that colour. Its her favourite colour.
Lisa and I have done our projects
You have got a green umbrella. Is this
your umbrella?
2.
I = my
You = your
He = his
She = her
It = its
We = our
They = their
3.
Weve got a nice daughter. This is our
daughter.
Theyve got a beautiful cat. That is their
cat.
Youve got a fantastic TV set. This is
your TV set.
Carmen has got a red T-shirt. This is
her T- shirt.
The cat has got a ball. This is its ball.
My friend Carlos has got a brother. This
is his brother.
Ive got an interesting book. This is my
99
book.
George likes playing volleyball. Its his
favourite sport.
Sandra and Sara likes playing the violin. These are their violins
4.
You sell magazines. Your magazines
are expensive.
I make cakes every day. My cakes are
good.
He sells textbooks. His textbooks are
cheap.
She teaches English. Her students are
very intelligent.
Tim and Steven are brothers. Their
mother is forty years old
Peter and I like music. Our favourite
singer is Serrat.
Im from Spain. My name is Carmen.
He likes watching TV. His favourite
programme is Documentos TV.
The shop is closed. Its doors are locked.
My friends like studying. Their favourite subject is Maths.
5.
This cheese is horrible.
These tomatoes are excellent.
How much is this bag?
I like this car.
I dont understand this word.
These songs are very good.
What is this animal?
These Cds are mine.
My father gave me these notebooks.
Ingls bsico
This rubber is pink.

6.
How many brothers have you got?
How much money have you got?
How many books have you got in your
bag?
How much milk have you got in the
fridge?
How much water do you drink?
How many bottles of water do you
drink?
How much bread do you have ?
How many chocolate bars do you eat?
How much chocolate do you eat?
How many hours do you sleep?
100
7.
I dont drink any beer
There arent any oranges
There is some fruit, but there isnt any
bread or ham
I have some new CDs
Have you got any posters on your
bedroom walls?
There are some people at the front
door
She doesnt have any brothers or sisters
Do you play any instruments?
Do you like any classical music?
My boyfriend doesnt eat any meat
Ingls bsico
Tema 7
Los pronombres
Los pronombres
Los pronombres
Los pronombres
Los pronombres
Los pronombres en ingls tienen algunas veces la misma forma y significado

que los adjetivos determinativos, distinguindose solamente por la funcin que
realizan: acompaar a un nombre o reemplazarlo que es lo que hacen los pronombres. En este tema vamos a ver los siguientes pronombres: demostrativos, posesivos, personales, reflexivos e interrogativos.
1. Pronombres demostrativos
Los pronombres demostrativos se usan para sustituir nombres y, al mismo
tiempo, para indicar si estn cerca o lejos en el espacio o el tiempo, del
hablante en el momento de hablar. THIS (ste, sta, sto) y THAT (se, sa,
eso, aqul, aqulla, aquello) se refieren a nombres en singular. THIS (ste,
sta, sto) muestra una posicin ms cercana del objeto con el hablante y
THAT (se, sa, eso) una posicin ms lejana:
THESE (stos, stas) y THOSE (sos, sas, aqullos, aqullas) se refieren a
nombres en plural. THESE (stos, stas) muestra una posicin ms cercana
del objeto con el hablante y THOSE (sos, sas, aqullos, aqullas) una posicin ms lejana:
This is my book
Este es mi libro
That is your car.
Ese es tu coche
These are my friends.
Estos son mis amigos
Those are their relatives.
Esos son sus familiares
A veces, los pronombres demostrativos van reforzados por el pronombre one

en singular o ones en plural:
I want this (one)
Quiero ste
I want those (ones)
Quiero sos
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Los pronombres
2. Pronombres posesivos
El adjetivo posesivo en ingls tiene las siguientes formas:
Mine (el, la, los. mo), yours (el, la, los... tuyo) his (el, la, los... suyo), hers (el,
la, los... suyo), its (el, la, los... suyo), ours (el, la, los... nuestro), yours (el, la,
los vuestro) y theirs (el, la, los... suyo).
- Se forman aadiendo la letra -s al adjetivo posesivo correspondiente, a
excepcin de la primera persona singular (mine) y la tercera persona singular (his).
- Usamos los pronombres posesivos cuando queremos sustituir un grupo de
palabras que estn indicando una relacin de posesin:
This is my book
ste es mi libro
This is mine / This book is mine

ste es el mo / Este libro es mo
Igual que los adjetivos posesivos, los pronombres conciertan con el poseedor
pero no con la cosa poseda.
These are my books
stos son mis libros
These are mine / These books are mine

stos son mos / Estos libros son mos
3. Pronombres personales
Los pronombres personales en ingls tienen dos formas, una para la funcin
de sujeto (caso nominativo) y otra cuando funcionan como complemento (caso
objetivo)
- Los pronombres personales sujeto son en singular I / yo, you / t, usted, he
/ l , she / ella, it / ello y en plural we / nosotros, nosotras, you / vosotros
-as, ustedes , they / ellos, ellas.
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Los pronombres
Recuerda
El pronombre I siempre se escribe con mayscula.
I am thirty years old
Tengo treinta aos
You equivale a los pronombres espaoles t, usted, vosotros, vosotras, ustedes
(debemos determinar a qu forma pertenece por el contexto de la frase).
You are forty years old
Tienes / tiene cuarenta aos
Los pronombres personales sujetos no se sobreentienden nunca, (no existen los
sujetos elpticos), es decir, en ingls es necesario emplear siempre el pronombre
sujeto, a diferencia del espaol que generalmente se sobreentiende y no es necesario utilizarlo.
Los pronombres personales complemento tienen las siguientes formas , para

el singular me / me, mi, you / te, ti , him / le, l, her / le, la, ella it / lo, l,
ella, ello, y para el plural us / nos, nosotros, nosotras, you / os, vosotros,
vosotras, them / les, los, las, ellos, ellas.
Los pronombres personales complemento van detrs del verbo ( a diferencia
del espaol que suelen ir delante) y despus de las preposiciones.
I go out with him
Salgo con l
Observemos la tabla comparativa para comprender el uso de los pronombres

personales complemento y los pronombres personales sujeto:
Pronombres personales (sujeto)
Pronombres personales (objeto)
I see lvaro
Yo veo a lvaro
lvaro sees me
lvaro me ve (a m)
You see lvaro
T ves a lvaro
lvaro sees you
lvaro te ve (a t)
He sees lvaro
l ve a lvaro
lvaro sees him
lvaro lo ve (a l)
She sees lvaro
Ella ve a lvaro
lvaro sees her
lvaro la ve (a ella)
It sees lvaro
Ello ve a lvaro
lvaro sees it
lvaro lo ve (a ello)
We see lvaro
Nosotros vemos
a lvaro
lvaro sees us
lvaro nos ve (a
nosotros)
You see lvaro
Vosotros veis a
lvaro
lvaro sees you
lvaro os ve (a
vosotros)
They see lvaro
Ellos ven a lvaro
lvaro sees
them
lvaro los ve (a
ellos)
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Los pronombres
4. Pronombres reflexivos
Usamos los pronombres reflexivos para indicar que la persona que realiza la
accin del verbo es la misma persona que recibe la accin Se forman mediante el agregado de self (mismo) al pronombre posesivo singular y selves (mismos) al plural:
I looked at myself in the mirror
Me mir en el espejo
We looked at ourselves in the mirror
Nos miramos en el espejo
Los pronombres reflexivos son los siguientes:
Oneself
Se, a s mismo, uno mismo (impersonal)
Myself
Me, a m mismo, yo mismo
Yourself
Te, t mismo, a ti mismo, a usted mismo
Himself
Se, a s mismo, a l mismo
Herself
Se, a s misma, a ella misma
Itself
Se, a s mismo, a ello mismo
Ourselves
Nos, a nosotros mismos
Yourselves
Os, a vosotros mismos, a ustedes mismos
Themselves
Se, a s mismos, a ellos mismos
Los pronombres reflexivos se utilizan para enfatizar el sentido de la frase (para

realzar al sujeto que realiza la accin por si mismo) y en este caso se suelen colocar detrs del nombre o pronombre al que acompaa, o en posicin
final:
I myself will do it
Lo har yo mismo
Conjuntamente con by expresan la idea de que algo se hizo sin ayuda, solo:
I will do it by myself
106
Lo har solo
Ingls bsico
Los pronombres
Slo unos pocos verbos son siempre reflexivos en ingls: (to pride oneself, to
absent oneself, enorgullecerse de, ausentarse de) el resto de los verbos pueden ser reflexivos o no dependiendo de su funcin en la oracin.
To wash
lavar
To wash oneself
lavarse
Pero hay que tener en cuenta que los verbos reflexivos no coinciden necesariamente en castellano y en ingls. Hay ciertas expresiones, sobre todo del
cuerpo humano o prendas de vestir que en espaol usamos verbos reflexivos
y en ingls no:
To get up
levantarse
To sit down
sentarse
To wake up
despertarse
To stand up
ponerse de pie
We got up very late
Nos levantamos muy tarde
5. Pronombres interrogativos
Los pronombres interrogativos son las palabras que colocamos al principio de
las preguntas. Algunos de ellos se refieren slo a personas, como who, whom
y whose y otros se refieren a personas y objetos como what y which . No distinguen entre singular y plural, as que slo tienen una forma:
WHAT (qu), WHICH (cul, cules), WHO (quin, quines), WHOSE (de
quin, de quines), WHOM ( a quin, quines)
Usamos los pronombres interrogativos al principio de las preguntas:
What do you want?
Qu quieres?
Which is your favourite one?
Cul es tu favorita?
Who are you?
Quin eres?
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Los pronombres
Whose is this book?
De quin es este libro?
Whom did you call?
A quin llamaste?
- Conviene distinguir entre dos funciones del pronombre interrogativo who.

Puede funcionar como sujeto del verbo y por tanto no se usa auxiliar. Otras
veces who funciona como complemento y debe usar auxiliar:
Who loves Mary?
Quin quiere a Mary?
Who does Mary love?
A quin quiere Mary?
Recuerda
Pronombres sujeto
A diferencia del espaol, en ingls el pronombre sujeto debe figurar siempre:
You are sad
Pronombres complemento
El pronombre se coloca detrs del verbo que complementa:
He saw her
She told me something
Usamos las preposiciones to o for cuando hay dos pronombres complemento, uno
en funcin de directo y otro en funcin de indirecto.
I bought it for me
En muchos verbos se coloca una preposicin antes del pronombre de objeto.
They talked to her
Los pronombres posesivos sustituyen la estructura adjetivo posesivo + nombre:
This is my room, it is mine.
Los pronombres reflexivos
Son usados cuando:
1) el sujeto y el complemento del verbo son el mismo:
I saw it for myself.
2) cuando se quiere destacar quin hace la accin:
I have too much work, can you help me? - No, do it yourself
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Ingls bsico
Los pronombres
Responde
a las siguientes
cuestiones
Ejercicios
1. Sustituir la palabra entre parntesis por un pronombre personal:

_________ is reading a magazine. (John)
_________ is yellow. (The sun)
_________ are on the wall. (The pictures)
_________ is running. (The horse)
_________ are watching TV. (My mother and I)
_________ are in the garden. (The flowers)
_________ is driving a car. (Tom)
_________ are dirty. (Henrys shoes)
_________ has got two grandmothers. (Diana)
Has ________ got a hamster? (Claire)
2. Elegir el pronombre personal complemento:

I see ________ (they/them) every day.
He sits near ___________(I/me) in class.
She goes with _________(we/us) to the horse
I like (she/her) very much.
I know (he/him)
I often go with (they/them) to my village.
He often helps (I/me) with my homework.
She writes many postcards to (he/him)
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Los pronombres
Mr. Brown teaches (we/us) Maths.

He gives many presents to (she/her)
3. Elegir el pronombre personal sujeto o complemento:

They/them are my friends
She/ her is reading a book
What a beautiful dress! I want its/it
Can you help I/me, please?
You/your are my pupil.
Pleased to meet your/you
She/her is talking to him
Thank you for inviting we/us
Carol is telling they/them a joke
David is kissing she/her
4. Sustituir las palabras en negrita por pronombres posesivos:

These pencils are Claires and Johns pencils.
This room is her room
That book is our book
This jacket is your jacket
That horse is my horse
These gloves are his gloves
These magazines are our magazines
That pen is my pen
Those books are Henrys and Annes books
Is this desk your desk?
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Los pronombres
5. Escribir la forma correcta del pronombre posesivo

It belongs to me, its _________.
It belongs to my father, its _________
It belongs to her, its __________
It belongs to Mr. and Mrs. Smith, its __________
It belongs to me and my wife, its ____________
It belongs to my mother, its ___________
It belongs to him, its _______________
It belongs to you, its ____________
It belongs to the dog, its ___________
It belongs to them, its ____________
6. Escribir el pronombre reflexivo:

The dog killed ________ when it went across the street
I enjoyed ___________ at the concert
He always looks at _______ in the mirror
The woman hurt ____________ with the knife
The children enjoyed ____________ in the park
You two shouldnt do that. Youll hurt _________
He lives by ________
Some people only think about _________
My friend didnt tell him. I told him _________
We dont like eating by _____________
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Los pronombres
7. Emplear who, whose, what o which:

________ time is it? Its half past five
________ jacket is this? Its mine.
Ive got chocolate or vanilla ice-cream, ________ do you prefer?
______ is that man with your daughter? Its her boss.
______ did you say? I said nothing
______ road should I take?
______ house is that?
______ nationality are you?
______ kind of music do you like?
______ T-shirt are you going to wear, the pink or the white one?
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Los pronombres
Soluciones
1.
He is reading a magazine.
It is yellow.
They are on the wall.
It is running.
We are watching TV.
They are in the garden.
He is driving a car.
They are dirty.
She has got two grandmothers.
Has she got a hamster?
2.
I see them every day.
He sits near me in class.
She goes with us to the beach
I like her very much.
I know him
I often go with them to my village.
He often helps me with my homework.
She writes many postcards to him
Mr. Brown teaches us Maths.
He gives many presents to her
3.
They are my friends
She is reading a book
What a beautiful dress! I want it
Can you help me, please?
You are my pupil.
Pleased to meet you
She is talking to him
Thank you for inviting us
Carol is telling them a joke
David is kissing her
113
4.
These pencils are theirs.
This room is hers
That book is ours
This jacket is yours
That horse is mine
These gloves are his
These magazines are ours
That pen is mine
Those books are theirs
5.
It belongs to me, its mine.
It belongs to my father, its his
It belongs to her, its hers
It belongs to Mr. and Mrs. Smith, its
theirs
It belongs to me and my wife, its ours
It belongs to my mother, its hers
It belongs to him, its his
It belongs to you, its yours
It belongs to the dog, its its
It belongs to them, its theirs
6.
The dog killed itself when it went
across the street
I enjoyed myself at the concert
He always looks at himself in the
mirror
The woman hurt herself with the knife
The children enjoyed themselves in
the park
You two shouldnt do that. Youll hurt
yourselves
He lives by himself .
Some people only think about them-
Ingls bsico
Los pronombres
selves
My friend didnt tell him. I told him
myself
We dont like eating by ourselves
7.
What time is it? Its half past five
Whose jacket is this? Its mine.
Ive got chocolate or vanilla ice-cream,
which do you prefer?
114
Who is that man with your daughter?

Its her boss.
What did you say? I said nothing
Which road should I take?
Whose house is that?
What nationality are you?
What kind of music do you like?
Which T-shirt are you going to wear,
the pink or the white one?
Ingls bsico
Tema 8
El verbo:
Tiempos presentes
El verbo: Tiempos presentes
Los verbos en ingls como en espaol tienen modo, nmero , persona, tiempo y voz. Pero enseguida nos damos cuenta que hay una diferencia fundamental: mientras el espaol se vale de distintas terminaciones para las personas en singular, plural y los tiempos simples, en ingls las terminaciones son
mucho menos numerosas. Por ello en ingls el uso del pronombre sujeto es
obligatorio para poder distinguir las personas y tambin el uso de auxiliares es
necesario en la formacin de determinados tiempos y formas.
Una distincin muy importante en los verbos ingleses es la diferencia entre los
tiempos simples y los progresivos o continuos, segn interese destacar la
accin realizndose en este momento o no.
1. El presente simple
1.1 Formacin
Para formar el Presente Simple necesitamos coger el verbo tal como lo
encontramos en el diccionario y quitar el to.Esta forma de verbo se usar
para todas las personas menos para he (l), she (ella), it (ello ) a las que
les tenemos que aadir una -s o -es.
I live in Granada
Vivo en Granada
She lives in Sevilla
Vive en Sevilla
Tenemos que seguir ciertas reglas de ortografa para poder usar -s o -es:
- Si el verbo termina en -ch, -sh, -ss, -x o -o aadiremos -es:
I watch /she watches television
Veo / ve la televisin
I wash/ she washes my /her hair every day
Me lavo /se lava el pelo todos los das
- Normalmente, si el verbo termina en -y precedida de consonante cambiar
por i y luego aadimos -es:
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I study / she studies Spanish

Estudio / estudia espaol
- Se aadir s cuando el verbo termine en consonante y vocal excepto las
consonantes y la vocal mencionadas anteriormente:
He drinks a glass of red wine
l bebe un vaso de vino tinto
She plays the piano very well
Ella toca el piano muy bien
As pues la conjugacin del presente simple quedara as:
Afirmativa
I play
You play
He/She/it plays
We play
You play
They play
Yo juego
T juegas
l/ella/ello juega
Nosotros jugamos
Vosotros jugis
Ellos juegan
Negativa
I do not play
You do not play
He does not play
We do not play
You do not play
They do not play
Yo no juego
T no juegas
l no juega
Nosotros no jugamos
Vosotros no jugis
Ellos no juegan
Interrogativa
Do I play?
Do you play?
Does he play?
Do we play?
Do you play?
Do they play?
Juego yo?
Juegas t?
Juega l?
Jugaos nosotros?
Jugis vosotros?
Juegan ellos?
Respuesta breve
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
I do
you do
he does
we do
you do
they do
No,
No,
No,
No,
No,
No,
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I don't
you don't
he doesn't
we don't
you don't
they don't
Ingls bsico
- Para la forma negativa necesitamos usar dont = do not (no) delante del
verbo para todas la personas menos para he (l), she (ella), it (ello) que
usamos doesnt = does not (no). Al utilizar does no aparece la s:
You dont work hard
T no trabajas duro
She doesnt work hard
Ella no trabaja duro
- Para la forma interrogativa necesitamos usar do (no se traduce al espaol)

delante de la persona y para he (l), she (ella), it (ello) usaremos does (no
se traduce al espaol). Merece la pena recordar que cuando aparece el auxiliar does no se pone s al verbo principal:
Do you study Spanish?
Estudias espaol?
Does she study Spanish?
Estudia (ella) espaol?
Recuerda
Para negar y preguntar en presente se utiliza el verbo auxiliar DO o DOES.
El verbo DO/DOES es un verbo auxiliar (no significa hacer) y, por tanto, NUNCA
debe utilizarse conjuntamente con el verbo to be. Por ejemplo: No se dice: Dont
are. sino You arent..
1.2 Usos
- Usamos el presente simple para expresar verdades y hechos que son vlidos para siempre y no slo para el presente:
The sun rises in the East
El sol sale por el este
- Tambin usamos el presente simple para hablar de hbitos, rutinas o costumbres. Cuando una accin se repite en nuestras vidas y forma parte de
nuestro da a da, hablamos sobre ella usando el presente simple. Hablamos
sobre actividades que realizamos peridicamente, es decir, todos los das, una
vez por semana, a veces, frecuentemente, siempre, nunca:
I get up at eight oclock
Me levanto a las ocho en punto
We usually go to bed at twelve oclock
Nos solemos acostar a las doce
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- El presente simple se usa tambin para hablar de horarios, por ejemplo de

transportes pblicos, cines y programas de televisin:
The train to Barcelona arrives at 6.30 pm.
El tren para Barcelona llega a las 6.30 de la tarde.
- Con el presente simple es frecuente encontrar adverbios de frecuencia
como: always (siempre), usually (normalmente), often (a menudo), sometimos
(a veces), hardly ever (casi nunca), never (nunca). Estos adverbios siempre
preceden al verbo principal:
They never study at night
Ellos nunca estudian por la noche
She always goes out at the weekends
Ella siempre sale los fines de semana.
Recuerda
El Simple Present Tense (El Presente) no se utiliza para hablar de lo que est ocurriendo ahora (para ahora, se emplea el Present Continuous). El Simple Present
Tense se utiliza para hablar de actividades que se realizan peridicamente o, para
hablar de verdades generales, o particulares.
2. El presente continuo
El presente continuo equivale en espaol a la forma presente del verbo estar
ms el gerundio del verbo que se conjuga.
2.1 Formacin
- Para formar el presente continuo necesitamos el presente simple del verbo
to be (ser o estar) y otro verbo terminado en -ing que se obtiene aadiendo la terminacin ing a la base del verbo ( es el infinitivo sin to).
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Tom is writing a letter
Tom est escribiendo una carta
Im watching TV
Estoy viendo la televisin
Algunos verbos tienen ciertos cambios de ortografa cuando aadimos -ing:

- Si el verbo termina en -e, quitaremos la e y luego aadiremos -ing:
I dance at parties
Bailo en fiestas
I am dancing in the disco
Estoy bailando en la discoteca
- Si el verbo est formado por una sola slaba y las tres ltimas letras son: consonante ms vocal ms consonante, doblaremos la ltima consonante y luego
aadimos -ing:
I swim on Mondays
Nado los lunes
He is swimming at the moment

l est nadando en este momento
- Para la forma negativa usamos not (no) detrs del verbo to be (ser o estar)
m el verbo en -ing.
They are not (arent) playing in the garden
No estn jugando en el jardn
Mr. Smith isnt working today
El seor Smith no est trabajando hoy
- Para la forma interrogativa colocamos el verbo to be (ser o estar) delante
del sujeto y luego le sigue el verbo en -ing:
What are you wearing?
Qu llevas puesto?
Where are they going?
Dnde se van?
Veamos la conjugacin en presente continuo:
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Afirmativa
I am playing
You are playing
He is playing
We are playing
You are playing
They are playing
Yo estoy jugando
T ests jugando
l est jugando
Nosotros estamos jugando
Vosotros estis jugando
Ellos estn jugando
Negativa
I am not playing
You are not playing
He is not playing
We are not playing
You are not playing
They are not playing
Yo no estoy jugando
T no ests jugando
l no est jugando
Nosotros no estamos jugando
Vosotros no estis jugando
Ellos no estn jugando
Interrogativa
Am I playing?
Are you playing?
Is he playing?
Are we playing?
Are you playing?
Are they playing?
Estoy yo jugando?
Ests t jugando?
Est l jugando?
Estamos nosotros jugando?
Estis vosotros jugando?
Estn ellos jugando?
Respuesta breve
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
I am
you are
he is
we are
you are
they are
No,
No,
No,
No,
No,
No,
I'm not
you're not
he's not
we're not
you're not
they're not
2.2 Usos
- Utilizamos el presente continuo para hablar de eventos que estn en progreso ahora, en el mismo momento de hablar o escribir:
You are wearing shoes
T llevas puestos unos zapatos
They are eating sandwiches
Ellos estn comiendo bocadillos
- El presente continuo tambin se utiliza para referirnos a una accin que est
concertada o programada para el futuro, generalmente prximo:
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They are leaving Madrid tomorrow

Se van de Madrid maana
Alice is meeting Bill on Friday
Alice va a quedar con Bill el viernes
- Con el presente continuo es frecuente encontrar expresiones de tiempo o
adverbios de tiempo como: now (ahora), right now (ahora mismo), at the
moment (en este momento), at present (actualmente):
They are watching a film on television right now.
Estn viendo una pelcula en televisin ahora mismo
He is doing his homework at the moment.
Est haciendo sus deberes en este momento
Recuerda
En espaol utilizamos el Presente para hablar de algo que ocurre en el momento
en que hablamos, en ingls cometemos el error de utilizar el Presente cuando
deberamos utilizar el Present Continuous. Por ejemplo, decimos: She comes,
cuando deberamos decir: Shes coming.
Es verdad que en ingls hay algunos verbos que no se conjugan en presente continuo, por ejemplo verbos de percepcin o de sentimiento, to want = querer es uno
de ellos, pero son pocos.
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Responde
a las siguientes
cuestiones
Ejercicios
1. Escribir la tercera persona del singular de los siguientes verbos:

Read
___________
Repair
___________
Watch
___________
Listen
___________
Love
___________
Push
___________
Do
___________
Kiss
___________
Buy
___________
Go
___________
2. Convertir las frases afirmativas en negativas y viceversa:

I understand
_______________________________
He doesnt smoke
_______________________________
They know
_______________________________
She loves him
_______________________________
They speak French
_______________________________
I dont want this house
_______________________________
She doesnt want her car
_______________________________
He lives in Murcia
_______________________________
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She works very hard
_____________________________
They dont do the same thing every day

_____________________________________
3. Pasar las siguientes oraciones a interrogativas.
You work hard
_____________________________________
You play tennis
_____________________________________
You know the answer
_____________________________________
You like hot weather
_____________________________________
You speak English
_____________________________________
You want to be famous _____________________________________

You smoke
_____________________________________
You live in a big city
_____________________________________
You play a musical instrument _____________________________________

You go to work by bus _____________________________________
4. Formular las preguntas en presente simple:

___________after cats? (dogs/to run)
___________photos when you are on holiday? (you/to take)
___________a cup of tea? (the ladies/to have)
___________text messages during the lessons? (Ann/to send)
___________mini-skirts? (Melissa and Ruth/to wear)
___________hello to people in the street? (your brother/to say)
___________the windows in your classroom? (the students/to open)
___________football? (the girls in your class/to play)
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___________dinner every evening? (your mother/to make)

___________pop music? (Tom /to listen to)
5. Completar las siguientes oraciones formando el presente continuo y
pasarlas a negativas.
The children ___________ in the house. (to play)
__________________________________________________________
The cat ___________ under the tree. (to hide)
__________________________________________________________
John and Gary ___________ home. (to leave)
__________________________________________________________
I ___________ on the sofa. (to sit)
__________________________________________________________
Chris ___________ etters. (to write)
__________________________________________________________
They ___________ to the radio. (to listen)
__________________________________________________________
My mother ___________ breakfast at the moment. (to have)
__________________________________________________________
We ___________ the grass. (to cut)
__________________________________________________________
The sun___________ (to shine)
__________________________________________________________
We ___________ (to go) to the cinema now
__________________________________________________________
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6. Formular preguntas en presente continuo:

______ she ______ books? (to read)
______ Carlos on the computer? (to work)
the friends from school? (to come)
you to music? (to listen)
your brother at the picture? (to look)
-Betty-her friend? (to phone)
the girl the windows? (to open)
-she -judo? (to do)
his father the bike? (to repair)
-your cousin with the cooking? (to help)
7. Completar las frases en presete simple o continuo.

Richard sometimes (to read) a comic.
I (to phone) my friend at the moment.
Listen! Mum (to sing) in the bathroom.
My sister usually -(to help) in the kitchen.
Look! The boys -(to come) home.
My mother (to have) breakfast now.
We never (to watch) TV in the morning.
They often (to clean) the bathroom.
My grandfather (to go) for a walk every day.
Cats (to eat) mice.
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Soluciones
1.
Reads
Repairs
Watches
Listens
Loves
Pushes
Does
Kisses
Buys
Goes
2.
I dont understand
He smokes
They dont know
She doesnt love him
They dont speak French
I want this house
She wants her car
He doesnt live in Murcia
She doesnt work very hard
They do the same thing every day
3.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
you
you
you
you
you
you
you
you
you
you
work hard?
play tennis?
know the answer?
like hot weather?
speak English?
want to be famous?
smoke?
live in a big city?
play a musical instrument?
go to work by bus ?
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4.
Do dogs run after cats?
Do you take photos when you are on
holiday?
Do the ladies have a cup of tea?
Does Ann send text messages during
the lessons?
Do Melissa and Ruth wear mini-skirts?
Does your brother say hello to people
in the street?
Do the students open the windows in
your classroom?
Do the girls in your class play football?
9. Does your mother make dinner
every evening?
10. Does Tom listen to pop music?
5.
The children are playing in the house.
The children arent playing in the house
The cat is hiding under the tree. The
cat isnt hiding under the tree.
John and Gary are leaving home. John
and Gary arent leaving home.
I am sitting on the sofa. I am not sitting
on the sofa.
Chris is writing letters. Chris isnt writing letters
They are listening to the radio. They
arent listening to the radio
My mother is having breakfast at the
moment. My mother isnt having breakfast at the moment
We are cutting the grass. We arent
cutting the grass
The sun is shining. The sun isnt shining.
Ingls bsico
We are going to the cinema now. We

arent going to the cinema now
6.
Is she reading books?
Is Carlos working on the computer?
Are the friends coming from school?
Are you listening to music?
Is your brother looking at the picture?
Is Betty phoning her friend?
Is the girl opening the windows?
Is she doing judo?
Is his father repairing the bike?
Is your cousin helping with the cooking?
130
7.
Richard sometimes reads a comic.
I am phoning my friend at the moment.
Listen! Mum is singing in the bathroom.
My sister usually helps in the kitchen.
Look! The boys are coming home.
My mother is having breakfast now.
We never watch TV in the morning.
They often clean the bathroom.
My grandfather goes for a walk every
day.
Cats eat mice.
Ingls bsico
Tema 9
El verbo:
Tiempos pasados
El verbo: Tiempos pasados
En este tema veremos dos tiempos en pasado: el pasado simple y el pasado

continuo o progresivo. El pasado simple tiene dos traducciones posibles al
espaol, el pretrito indefinido y el pretrito imperfecto. La frase he worked se
traducir por l trabaj o l trabajaba , depender del contexto.
El pasado continuo corresponde a la perfrasis del indefinido o imperfecto del
verbo estar + gerundio del verbo que se conjuga.
1. El pasado simple
1.1 Formacin
Debemos distinguir entre la forma afirmativa , por un lado, y la interrogativa y
negativa por otro. La afirmativa se forma de dos maneras diferentes segn sea
el verbo regular o irregular. Mientras que la interrogativa y negativa se forman
igual , ya sean verbos regulares o irregulares.
Vamos a empezar por la forma afirmativa.
Los verbos regulares forman el pasado simple cogiendo el verbo como lo
encontramos en el diccionario y quitando el to. Luego necesitamos aadir ed al verbo:
Mark worked in a bank
Mark trabaj en un banco
Algunos verbos tienen cambios en su ortografa cuando aadimos -ed:

- Si el verbo termina en -e, slo aadimos -d para formar el pasado simple:
They live in an old house
Viven en una casa antigua
They lived in an old house
Vivieron en una casa antigua
- Si el verbo est formado por slo una slaba y las tres ltimas letras son: consonante ms vocal ms consonante, doblaremos la ltima consonante y luego
aadimos -ed:
Stop / stopped (parar)
Plan / planned (planear)
We planned a trip to Cazorla
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Planeamos una excursin a Cazorla

- Los acabados en y precedida de consonante, cambian y en i:
Marry / married (casarse)
Try / tried (intentar)
Muchos verbos forman el pasado simple de una forma irregular, no tienen
regla fija y hay que estudiar su pasado en cada caso (vase lista de verbos
irregulares en el anexo). Los verbos irregulares forman un grupo relativamente reducido pero muy importante ya que encontramos verbos como come
(venir), eat (comer), do (hacer) y see (ver):
Mr. Smith came into the room
El seor Smith entr en la habitacin
We did our homework yesterday
Hicimos nuestros deberes ayer
Para la forma negativa usamos el sujeto + el verbo auxiliar do en pasado, que
es did + la negacin not (contrado didnt) + el verbo que se conjuga en infinitivo sin to, es decir, no hay poner el verbo en pasado puesto que el auxiliar ya
cumple con esa funcin:
Yesterday we did not(didnt) study Spanish
Ayer no estudiamos espaol
I didnt watch televisin yesterday
No vi la television ayer
Para formar la interrogativa usamos el verbo auxiliar did en primer lugar seguido del sujeto + verbo que se conjuga en infinitivo sin to :
Did you see Peter yesterday? No, I didnt
Viste ayer a Peter? No.
Did it rain on Sunday? Yes, it did
Llovi el domingo? S
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Recuerda
Para negar y preguntar en pasado se utiliza el verbo auxiliar Didnt y Did, para
todas las personas. El verbo que le sigue no va en pasado: Did you play tennis? (no
Did you played tennis?).
El verbo Did es un verbo auxiliar (no significa hacer) y, por tanto, NUNCA debe utilizarse conjuntamente con el verbo to be: (no Didnt are.), sino You werent..
Damos a continuacin la conjugacin del pasado simple.

Afirmativa
I played
You played
He played
We played
You played
They played
Yo jugu
T jugaste
l jug
Nosotros jugamos
Vosotros jugasteis
Ellos jugaron
Negativa
I did not play
You did not play
He did not play
We did not play
You did not play
They did not play
Interrogativa
Did
Did
Did
Did
Did
Did
I play?
you play?
he play?
we play?
you play?
they play?
Jugu?
Jugaste?
Jug?
Jugamos?
Jugasteis?
Jugaron?
Yo no jugu
T no jugaste
l no jug
Nosotros no jugamos
Vosotros no jugasteis
Ellos no jugaron
Interrogativa negativa
Didn't
Didn't
Didn't
Didn't
Didn't
Didn't
I play?
you play?
he play?
we play?
you play?
they play?
No
No
No
No
No
No
jugu?
jugaste?
jug?
jugamos?
jugasteis?
jugaron?
1.2 Usos
- Usamos el pasado simple para hablar de una accin o evento pasado que
tuvo lugar en un punto especfico del pasado. Podemos decir exactamente
cundo ocurri, o no, si as lo preferimos:
I saw him yesterday
Lo vi ayer
They lived in Germany
Ellos vivan en Alemania
- El pasado simple se refiere a una accin pasada (terminada) en un tiempo

pasado. Esto quiere decir que no slo la accin est terminada sino que tambin el tiempo cuando ocurri est terminado y pasado:
Last week I wrote a letter
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La semana pasada escrib una carta
Ingls bsico
Last year I travelled around Europe

El ao pasado viaj por Europa
- Tambin usamos el pasado simple para expresar una accin habitual en el
pasado:
He never smoked
l nunca fumaba
We went every Saturday to the same pub

Todos los sbados bamos al mismo bar
- Con el pasado simple es frecuente encontrar en la frase adverbios de tiempo especficos al pasado como: yesterday (ayer), the day before yesterday
(anteayer), last week (la semana pasada), last year (el ao pasado), two years
ago (hace dos aos):
We went to the cinema last week
Fuimos al cine la semana pasada
2. El pasado continuo
2.1 Formacin
Para formar el pasado continuo necesitamos el pasado simple del verbo to
be (ser, estar) y otro verbo terminado en -ing:
She was playing tennis
Ella estaba jugando al tennis
Algunos verbos sufren ciertos cambios en su ortografa cuando aadimos ing:

- Si el verbo termina en -e quitaremos la e y luego aadiremos -ing:
I dance at the parties
Bailo en las discotecas
I was dancing at the party
Estaba bailando en la discoteca
- Si el verbo est formado por una sola slaba y las tres ltimas letras son: consonante ms vocal ms consonante, doblaremos la ltima consonante y luego
aadimos -ing:
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I run on Sundays
Corro los domingos
I was running when it started to rain

Estaba corriendo cuando empez a llover.
- Para la forma negativa usamos not detrs del pasado del verbo to be (ser,
estar):
They were not (werent) eating their dinner
No estaban cenando
She was not (wasnt) washing her car
No estaba lavando su coche
- Para la forma interrogativa colocamos el verbo to be (ser, estar) delante del
sujeto + el verbo que se conjuga en ing:
Were you studying English?
Estabas estudiando ingls?
What were you doing at 3 oclock?
Qu estabas haciendo a las 3?
Recuerda
El pasado continuo se forma igual que el presente continuo pero cambiando
am/is/are por was/were y sirve para hablar del pasado poniendo nfasis en la prolongacin en el tiempo de la accin . Equivale en espaol a la estructura: Yo..estuve... + verbo principal acabado en ando/endo. Por ejemplo: Yo estuve durmiendo
Vamos a ver la conjugacin del pasado continuo:
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Afirmativa
Negativa
I was playing (yo estaba jugando)

You were playing
He/she/it was playing
We were playing
You were playing
They were playing
I wasn't playing (yo no estaba jugando)

You weren't playing
He/she/it wasn't playing
We weren't playing
You weren't playing
They weren't playing
Interrogativa
Respuesta breve
Was I playing? (Estaba yo jugando?)

Were you playing?
Was he/she/it playing?
Were we playing?
Were you playing?
Were they playing?
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
Yes,
I was / No, I wasn't

you were / No, you weren't
he/she/it was / No, he/she/it wasn't
we were / No, we weren't
you were / No, you weren't
they were / No, they weren't
2.2 Usos
- Utilizamos el pasado continuo para expresar acciones que eran temporales
en el pasado. Podran haber tenido lugar durante un periodo de tiempo corto
o largo. La accin comenz antes y, probablemente, continu despus de
dicho momento:
17:00
18:00
They began playing
They were playing
19:00
They stopped playing
They were playing football

Ellos estuvieron jugando al ftbol
- Otro uso del pasado continuo es para expresar la interrupcin de una accin
en progreso en el pasado. Normalmente esta interrupcin es expresada con el
verbo en su forma de pasado simple:
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I was having a shower
the phone rang
I was having a shower when the phone rang

Estaba duchndome cuando el telfono son
- El pasado continuo tambin se usa para expresar acciones en progreso, continuas y simultneas en el pasado:
While I was reading the newspaper, my wife was cooking lunch
Mientras you estaba leyendo el peridico, mi mujer estaba preparando el almuerzo.
- Se usa el pasado continuo para expresar la idea de repeticin molesta de un
hecho. Para que se entienda de esta manera tiene que ir acompaado de
adverbios como always (siempre), constantly (constantemente), invariably
(invariablemente):
He was always looking at me
Siempre me estaba mirando
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Responde
a las siguientes
cuestiones
Ejercicios
1. Escribir la forma correcta de los verbos regulares entre parntesis en

pasado simple:
I (walk) to work last week _________________________________________
He (study) Law for five years ______________________________________
They (arrive) late at school ________________________________________
We (marry) in an old church _______________________________________
The film (end) at 3 pm _________________________________________
Betty (wait) for an hour ________________________________________
You (like) the concert _________________________________________
Tom ( need) that book yesterday ___________________________________
They (use) my new rubber ________________________________________
The teacher (help) the students ____________________________________
2. Formar frases negativas como en el ejemplo: I spoke to Carmen but I

didnt speak to Fernando.
They swam on Friday but they ___________on Monday.
I went to work on Monday but I __________to work on Wednesday.
He bought a new car. He ____________a second-hand car.
She learnt German in high school. She _________German in primary school.
We got up late this morning. We ____________late yesterday.
They did Maths at school but they __________Maths at University.
He slept on the sofa last night but he ____________on the sofa the night
before.
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Ingls bsico
I ate meat for lunch but I ____________anything for dinner.

You saw my boyfriend but I ___________your boyfriend.
They lived in Seville. They ____________in Berlin.
3.Cambiar las frases a interrogativas como en el ejemplo: He went to the

shop yesterday. Did he go to the shop yesterday?
They saw the movie last week.
______________________________________________________________
Alice wrote him a letter.
______________________________________________________________
George and Lisa had dinner at the MacDonalds.
______________________________________________________________
They got up at 7 oclock .
______________________________________________________________
He bought a new car last year.
______________________________________________________________
I arrived late for class.
______________________________________________________________
It rained all night?
______________________________________________________________
We sat near the door.
______________________________________________________________
He drived to work yesterday.
______________________________________________________________
She told him an incredible story.
______________________________________________________________
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Ingls bsico
4. Usar las siguientes palabras para formar el pasado continuo como en

el ejemplo: Jane /have/dinner = Jane was having dinner
Michael / play / tennis with his friends
______________________________________________________________
Megan / study / English
______________________________________________________________
Jill / cook / eggs
______________________________________________________________
She / eat / dinner
______________________________________________________________
John / have / a bath
______________________________________________________________
We / walk / home
______________________________________________________________
They/ watch / TV
______________________________________________________________
You / clean / the house
______________________________________________________________
Sue / drink / coffee
______________________________________________________________
Bill / do / the washing
______________________________________________________________
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Ingls bsico
5. Formar oraciones negativas de las siguientes frases en pasado continuo:

Henry (watch) TV at last night. He was reading.
______________________________________________________________
Alice (wear) her coat at work yesterday.
______________________________________________________________
They (cook) dinner when I arrived.
______________________________________________________________
We (carry) an umbrella when it started to rain.
______________________________________________________________
She (listen) to her mother when he asked a question.
______________________________________________________________
It (rain) while we were playing chess this evening.
______________________________________________________________
George (study) when we went to see him.
______________________________________________________________
You (play) cards when we came in.
______________________________________________________________
They (have) a good time at the party when they decided to go home.
______________________________________________________________
Ben (eat) dinner when we left.
______________________________________________________________
6. Formar preguntas con las siguientes palabras como en el ejemplo: he

/ shop / alone = Was he shopping alone?
he / drive / a sports car
______________________________________________________________
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Ingls bsico
Ben and George / smoke

______________________________________________________________
they / speak / English
______________________________________________________________
we / go / to the theatre
______________________________________________________________
they / read / a book
______________________________________________________________
Sue / write / a letter to his mother
______________________________________________________________
the old lady / walk / with a stick
______________________________________________________________
you / wait / at the bus-stop
______________________________________________________________
he / take / the dog for a walk
______________________________________________________________
he / carry / a bag
______________________________________________________________
7. Poner los verbos entre parntesis en pasado continuo y pasado simple como en el ejemplo: I (swim) when I (see) a ship. I was swimming
when I saw a ship.
I (have) a nightmare when you (wake) me.
______________________________________________________________
We (watch) television when they (arrive).
______________________________________________________________
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Ingls bsico
When we (get ) off the plane it (rain).

______________________________________________________________
I (play) in the street when it (start) to snow.
______________________________________________________________
While she (learn) English she (meet) her best friend.
______________________________________________________________
As we (leave) the phone (ring)
______________________________________________________________
They (walk) along the street when the bomb (explode)
______________________________________________________________
When he first (see) her, she (sit) at a caf.
______________________________________________________________
When I (open) the door, they (make) a terrible noise.
______________________________________________________________
They (kill) him when he (wait) at the bus stop.
______________________________________________________________
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Soluciones
1.
I walked to work last week
He studied Law for five years
They arrived late at school
We married in an old church
The film ended at 3 pm
Betty waited for an hour
You liked the concert
Tom needed that book yesterday
They used my new rubber
The teacher helped the students
2.
They swam on Friday but they didnt
swim on Monday.
I went to work on Monday but I didnt
work to work on Wednesday.
He bought a new car. He didnt buy a
second-hand car.
She learnt German in high school. She
didnt learn German in primary school.
We got up late this morning. We didnt
get up late yesterday.
They did Maths at school but they
didnt do Maths at University.
He slept on the sofa last night but he
didnt sleep on the sofa the night
before.
I ate meat for lunch but I didnt eat
anything for dinner.
You saw my boyfriend but I didnt see
your boyfriend.
They lived in Seville. They didnt live
in Berlin.
147
3.
Did they see the movie last week?
Did Alice write him a letter?
Did George and Lisa have dinner at the
MacDonalds?
Did they get up at 7 oclock ?
Did he buy a new car last year?
Did I arrive late for class?
Did It rained all night?
Did we sit near the door?
Did he drive to work yesterday?
Did she tell him an incredible story?
4.
Michael was playing tennis with his
friends
Megan was studying English
Jill was cooking eggs
She was eating dinner
John was having a bath
We were walking home
They were watching TV
You were cleaning the house
Sue was drinking coffee
Bill was doing the washing
5.
Henry wasnt watching TV at last
night. He was reading .
Alice wasnt wearing her coat at work
yesterday.
They werent cooking dinner when I
arrived.
We werent carrying an umbrella
when it started to rain.
She wasnt listening to her mother
when he asked a question.
Ingls bsico
It wasnt raining while we were playing chess this evening.

George wasnt studying when we
went to see him.
You werent playing cards when we
came in.
They werent having a good time at
the party when they decided to go
home.
Ben wasnt eating dinner when we
left.
6.
Was he driving a sports car?
Were Ben and George smoking?
Were they speaking English?
Were we going to the theatre?
Were they reading a book?
Was Sue writing a letter to his mother?
Was the old lady walking with a stick?
Were you waiting at the bus-stop?
Was she taking the dog for a walk?
Was he carrying a bag?
148
7.
I was having a nightmare when you
woke me.
We were watching television when
they arrived.
When we got off the plane it was raining.
I was playing in the street when it
started to snow.
While she was learning English she
met her best friend.
As we were leaving the phone rang.
They were walking along the street
when the bomb exploded.
When he first saw her, she was sitting
at a caf.
When I opened the door, they were
making noise.
They killed him when he was waiting
at the bus stop.
Ingls bsico
Tema 10
El verbo:
Tiempos futuros
El verbo: Tiempos futuros
En este tema veremos dos tiempos verbales relacionados con el futuro: el

futuro simple y la estructura con going to.
1. El futuro simple
1.1 Formacin
Para formar el futuro simple necesitamos colocar will (no se traduce al
espaol, slo traduciremos el otro verbo en futuro) delante del infinitivo sin to
del verbo que queremos conjugar. A veces ,aunque cada vez menos, podemos encontrar la forma shall en vez de will para las personas I (yo) y we
(nosotros):
I will be at home
Estar en casa
We will win
Ganaremos
- Es frecuente utilizar en el lenguaje hablado la forma contrada del auxiliar

will, que se representa por ll :
Well probably go out this evening
Probablemente saldremos esta noche
- La forma negativa se construye situando la partcula de negacin not entre
el auxiliar y el verbo principal. Se suele utilizar la forma contrada de will not
que se representa por wont (la contraccin de shall not es shant):
We will not (wont ) be in Paris
No estaremos en Pars
- La forma interrogativa se construye comenzando la oracin con el auxiliar
will, seguido del sujeto y del verbo principal:
Will you be at home this evening?
Estars en casa esta noche?
Will Diana pass the exam?
Aprobar Diana el exmen?
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Ingls bsico
Veamos un ejemplo de conjugacin del futuro simple:
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Subject + will
+ infinitive
Subject + won't
+ infinitive
will + Subject
+ infinitive
I will work (yo trabajar)

You will wor
He will work
She will work
It will work
We will work
You will work
They will work
I won't work (yo no trabajar)

You won't work
He won't work
She won't work
It won't work
We won't work
You won't work
They won't work
Will I work?(trabajar
yo?)
Will you work?
Will he work?
Will she work?
Will it work?
Will we work?
Will you work?
Will they work?
1. 2 Usos
- Usamos el futuro simple para hablar de acciones futuras:
I will phone you tomorrow
Te llamar maana
- A veces usamos el futuro simple cuando hablamos de un tiempo futuro que

no est muy cerca al momento de hablar. Podemos usar el futuro simple para
predicciones basadas en lo que pensamos o creemos que va a pasar, ofrecimientos y promesas :
Youll marry a rich man
Te casars con un hombre rico
Tomorrow it will be a sunny day

Maana ser un da soleado
I will always love you
Siempre te querr
I will solve the problems of this village

Solucionar los problemas de este pueblo.
- Tambin usamos el futuro simple para expresar decisiones hechas en el
mismo momento de hablar:
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Ingls bsico
Ill take these
Yo tomar stos.
Ill have a salad
Tomar una ensalada.
Its too dark. Ill switch on the light

Est demasiado oscuro. Encender la luz.
Ill answer it
Contestar.
2. Goin to
2.1 Formacin
Para formar el futuro con going to necesitamos usar el presente de to be +
going to + el verbo que se conjuga. En espaol se traduce por la perfrasis ir
a + infinitivo:
Im going to tell him the truth
Voy a contarle la verdad
- Para la forma negativa usamos not (no) detrs del verbo to be (ser, estar):
Im not going to wash my car
No voy a lavar mi coche
Sarah isnt going to sell her house
Sarah no va a vender su casa
- Para la forma interrogativa colocamos el verbo to be (ser, estar) delante del

sujeto + going to + el verbo que se conjuga:
Are you going to invite Peter to your party?
Vas a invitar a Peter a tu fiesta?
Is Jack going to play tennis with you?
Va Jack a jugar al tenis contigo?
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Ingls bsico
Afirmativa
(Voy a trabajar)
I am going to work
You are going to work
He is going to works
She is going to work
It is going to work
We are going to work
You are going to work
They are going to work
Negativa
Interrogativa
(No voy a trabajar)

I am not going to work
You aren't going to work
He isn't going to work
She isn't going to work
It isn't going to work
We aren't going to work
You aren't going to work
They aren't going to work
(Voy a trabajar?)
Am I going to work?
Are you going to work?
Is he going to work?
Is she going to work?
Is it going to work?
Are we going to work?
Are you going to work?
Are they going to work?
2.2 Usos
- Usamos el futuro con going to para expresar planes de futuro. Normalmente
nos referimos con el futuro con going to a un futuro cercano o inmediato:
I am going to have a shower
Voy a ducharme
I am going to throw this rubbish
Voy a tirar esta basura
- El futuro con going to se usa para expresar intenciones (normalmente decisiones ya tomadas) :
Im going to visit the USA next year
Voy a visitar los Estados Unidos el ao que viene
Im going to buy some books tomorrow
Voy a comprar algunos libros maana
Decid comprar los libros
Pasado
Los voy a comprar (Im going to buy them)
Presente
Futuro
- Be going to se utiliza tambin para hacer predicciones cuando hay algo en el

presente que nos permite inferir el futuro( a menudo prximo), es decir, basadas en lo que se ve venir en ese momento:
154
Ingls bsico
Look at those clouds! Its going to rain

Mira esas nubes!Va a llover
Oh , its nine oclock. Im going to be late
Ay, son las nueve. Voy a llegar tarde
Look, Fernando Alonso. He is going to win the race
Mira, Fernando Alonso. Va a ganar la carrera
Recuerda
Para hablar de algo que has planificado y vas a hacer en un futuro inmediato, debes
utilizar la expresin going to. Es decir , el verbo go en Present Continuous.
Cuando quieras hablar de un futuro no planificado e incierto, debes utilizar will o
wont (negativo).
155
Ingls bsico
Responde
a las siguientes
cuestiones
Ejercicios
1. Poner los verbos que estn entre parntesis en futuro simple:

I (go) to London
_______________________
They (tidy) their room
____________________________________
Henry (study) German ____________________________________

She (play) the match
____________________________________
They (live) in Norway
____________________________________
My aunt (phone) me
____________________________________
We (speak) English
___________________________________
You (cut) yourself
______________________________
The exam (be) very difficult
____________________________________
The birds (eat) the bread in the garden _____________________________
2. Formar el futuro simple con los siguientes verbos y completar las oraciones (be, buy, do, get, get up, give, go, have, travel ,win)
Diana ________ a new car.
Sam __________ rich.
Carol __________ to Monaco next summer
I __________my homework in the evening
Sue___________ to university
She ____________ at 9 oclock.
Our team ___________ the competition.
Jack ____________ you a ring.
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Ingls bsico
Victoria and Sam ___________ married .

Claire ____________ a baby in the future.
3. Formar las siguientes frases en futuro simple segn las instrucciones:

I/ go / out / this / week / (negative)
______________________________________________________________
When / you / come/ back/ (question)
______________________________________________________________
I / think / that / your / daughter / pass / the / exam/ (negative)
______________________________________________________________
Where / you / stay / in / Valencia / (question)
______________________________________________________________
I / promise/ I / drive / too / fast / (negative)
______________________________________________________________
We / miss / the / train/ (affirmative)
______________________________________________________________
Tomorrow / it / rain / a lot / (affirmative)
______________________________________________________________
He / believe / you/ (negative)
______________________________________________________________
I / be / there / next month/ (affirmative)
______________________________________________________________
you / come / to / my / birthday party / (question)
______________________________________________________________
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4. Convertir las siguientes frases de going to en negativas:

Im going to help you.
______________________________________________________________
Your friends are going to study Maths.
______________________________________________________________
My neighbour is going to play the flute.
______________________________________________________________
Its going to rain.
______________________________________________________________
Theyre going to tidy their room.
______________________________________________________________
Im going to wear a fashionable dress.
______________________________________________________________
Tom is going to phone you tonight.
______________________________________________________________
She is going to wash her hair.
______________________________________________________________
He is going to study engineering.
______________________________________________________________
We are going to buy her a present.
______________________________________________________________
5. Elegir entre going to y will (futuro simple)

I dont think Valencia _______ win the league next year
My brother ________ work in a pub in summer
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Ingls bsico
Be careful with the ball! you ________ break a window

Look at those boys on the bike! They _______ fall down
Next weekend, we _______ have a party
I _______ visit you if I finish the exercises
Susan _______ buy a new dress for her sisters wedding
I ______ help you with your homework
Tomorrow it ________ be rainy and cold.
Sarah ______ take part in a concert next month
6. Usar los verbos entre parntesis para formar going to (intenciones)

We (not drink) much alcohol
______________________________________________________________
He ( learn) French and German
______________________________________________________________
They (not eat) fast food
______________________________________________________________
We ( find) a job
______________________________________________________________
I (leave) home and get my own flat
______________________________________________________________
I (study) hard
______________________________________________________________
She (give up) smoking
______________________________________________________________
They (stop) arguing so much
______________________________________________________________
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Ingls bsico
I (not buy) any clothes

______________________________________________________________
He (not spend) money in pubs
______________________________________________________________
7. Ordenar las siguientes frases, luego pasarlas a negativa e interrogativa:

get married he soon will __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
are fly to going to Miami we ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
will she come the party to _________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
they going to car buy a new are _____________________________________
______________________________________________________________
this year have a holiday I going to am ________________________________
______________________________________________________________
You a friend bring will ____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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Soluciones
1.
I will go to London
They will tidy their room
Henry will study German
She will play the match
They will live in Norway
My aunt will phone me
We will speak English
You will cut yourself
The exam will be very difficult
The birds will eat the bread in the garden
2.
Diana will buy a new car.
Sam will be rich.
Carol will travel to Monaco next summer
I will do my homework in the evening
Sue will go to university
She will get up at 9 oclock.
Our team will win the competition.
Jack will give you a ring.
Victoria and Sam will get married .
Claire will have a baby in the future.
3.
I wont go out this week
When will you come back?
I think that your daughter wont pass
the exam
Where will you stay in Valencia ?
I promise I wont drive too fast
We will miss the train
Tomorrow it will rain a lot
He wont believe you
I will be there next month
162
Will you come to my birthday party?

4.
Im not going to help you.
Your friends arent going to study
Maths.
My neighbour isnt going to play the
flute
It isnt going to rain.
They arent going to tidy their room.
Im not going to wear a fashionable
dress
Tom isnt going to phone you tonight
She isnt going to wash her hair.
He isnt going to study engineering.
We arent going to buy her a present.
5.
I dont think Valencia will win the league next year
My brother is going to work in a pub
in summer
Be careful with the ball! you are going
to break a window
Look at those boys on the bike! They
are going to fall down
Next weekend, we are going to have
a party
I will visit you if I finish the exercises
Susan is going to buy a new dress
for her sisters wedding
I will help you with your homework
Tomorrow it will be rainy and cold.
Sarah is going to take part in a concert next month
Ingls bsico
6.
We arent going to drink much alcohol
He is going to learn French and
German
They arent going to eat fast food
We are going to find a job
I am going to leave home and get my
own flat
I am going to study hard
She is going to give up smoking
They are going to stop arguing so
much
I am not going to buy any clothes
He is not going to spend money in
pubs
7.
He will get married soon . He wont
get married soon. Will he get married
soon?
163
We are going to fly to Miami. We

arent going to fly to Miami. Are we
going to fly to Miami?
She will come to the party. She wont
come to the party. Will she come to
the party?
They are going to buy a new car. They
arent going to buy a new car. Are they
going to buy a new car?
I am going to have a holiday this year.
I am not going to have a holiday this
year. Am I going to have a holiday this
year?
You will bring a friend. You wont bring
a friend. Will you bring a friend?
Ingls bsico
Tema 11
El imperativo
El imperativo
El imperativo
El imperativo
El imperativo
Los verbos en ingls tienen tres modos: indicativo, subjuntivo e imperativo. El

modo indicativo expresa la accin como un hecho real. El modo subjuntivo
expresa la accin como algo que depende de la voluntad , deseo o estado de
nimo del que habla. Y, por ltimo, el modo imperativo expresa fundamentalmente una orden o ruego.
1. Formacin
Lo primero que nos llama la atencin de la formacin del imperativo es la
ausencia del pronombre personal, cuando sabemos de la importancia de los
pronombres en la lengua inglesa.
El imperativo slo tiene dos personas: la segunda , tanto del singular como del
plural, y la primera del plural.
- La segunda persona afirmativa se forma con la base del verbo (infinitivo sin
to) seguido de los complementos pero sin sujeto. Si aparece el sujeto, normalmente figura al final de la frase:
Sit down
Sintate / Sentaos
Look at my car
Mira mi coche /Mirad mi coche
Come here, Mary.
Ven aqu, Mary
- La negacin se forma con el auxiliar do + la partcula negativa not (puede ir

en la forma contrada) + la base del verbo y sus complementos:
Do not go = Dont go
No te vayas / no os vayis
Do not move = Dont move
No te muevas / no os movis
- La primera persona del plural afirmativa se forma con el verbo let (permitir,
dejar) seguido del pronombre personal complemento en primera persona del
plural (us) y el verbo que se conjuga en infinitivo sin to ( Let us) tiene tambin
su forma contrada (Lets). Para la negacin se aade la partcula negativa tras
el pronombre y delante del verbo a conjugar. Tambin podramos usar la
estructura Why dont we (por qu no...?) para sugerencias:
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Ingls bsico
El imperativo
Let us go to the theatre
Vamos al teatro
Why dont we go to the theatre?

Por qu no vamos al teatro?
Lets eat something tonight
Vamos a comer algo esta noche
Lets not go
No vayamos
- Podemos utilizar do precediendo al imperativo. Es una forma enftica de

expresin (la construccin de imperativo con do le da una mayor firmeza):
Do come
Ven (con insistencia)
Do sit down
Sintate
- Normalmente, la segunda persona de imperativo se acompaa de please

para hacer la expresin menos drstica y ms corts:
Dont leave , please
No te vayas, por favor
Open the window, please
Abre la ventana, por favor
2. Usos
Bsicamente en el uso de los imperativos (rdenes, sugerencias, invitaciones,
etc.) suelen presentarse tres alternativas:
- Cuando le pedimos u ordenamos a alguien que haga algo, se utiliza la forma
bsica del verbo sin el to infinitivo. Otra forma para expesar rdenes o peticiones sera I want you to do something (quiero que hagas una cosa):
Dont smoke
in the library
No fumes en la biblioteca
Be quiet
Cllate
Close the door
Cierra la puerta
I want you to close the door
Quiero que cierres la puerta
168
Ingls bsico
El imperativo
- A modo de invitacin o sugerencia. Tambin puedes utilizar Lets... cuando

deseas que alguien haga algo contigo:
Have a drink
Tmate una copa
Feel free to take what you like
Toma cunto quieras
Have some coffee
Tmate un caf
- A veces se utiliza el imperativo para avisar, aconsejar o para expresar deseos:

Dont worry, be happy.
No te preocupes, s feliz
Just be patient
Slo s paciente
Go to bed and sleep
Vete a la cama y duerme
Get some exercise every day

Haz algo de ejercicio todos los das
Have a nice journey
Ten un buen viaje
- El imperativo sirve para informar a alguien de cmo hacer algo (para dar instrucciones, para indicar el camino, etc.):
Go straight on and turn right
Sigue recto y gira a la derecha
Add salt to potatoes
Aade sal a las patatas
169
Ingls bsico
El imperativo
Responde
a las siguientes
cuestiones
Ejercicios
1. Ordenar las palabras para formar frases correctas:
Homework / your / do
______________________________________________________________
Open / dont / notebook / your
______________________________________________________________
The / blackboard / at / look
______________________________________________________________
Teacheryour / to / listen
______________________________________________________________
Walk / on / grass / dont / the
______________________________________________________________
Up / your / rubber / pick
______________________________________________________________
Up / please / stand
______________________________________________________________
Weekend / have / nice / a
______________________________________________________________
Car / take / the
______________________________________________________________
Work / go / dont / to
______________________________________________________________
171
Ingls bsico
El imperativo
2. Escribir la forma negativa de estas rdenes:

Close your books
_____________________________
Listen carefully
_____________________________
Open your notebooks
_____________________________
Be quiet
_____________________________
Raise your hand
_____________________________
Write your name
_____________________________
Take out your book
_____________________________
Sit down
_____________________________
Take out a piece of paper
_____________________________
Open your pencilcase
_____________________________
3. Construir estas frases usando la expresin Lets como en el ejemplo

Why dont we wait here? = Lets wait here
Why dont we have a party?
______________________________________________________________
Why dont we have a picnic?
______________________________________________________________
Why dont we put a tree in the garden?
______________________________________________________________
Why dont we make a cake?
______________________________________________________________
Why dont we eat chocolate?
______________________________________________________________
Why dont we send cards?
______________________________________________________________
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Ingls bsico
El imperativo
Why dont we visit the family?

______________________________________________________________
Why dont we go out?
______________________________________________________________
Why dont we drink wine?
______________________________________________________________
Why dont we visit Paris?
______________________________________________________________
4. Escribir la forma negativa de las siguientes oraciones:

Lets go for a swim
_______________________________________
Lets play cards
_______________________________________
Lets go for a walk
_______________________________________
Lets lock the door
_______________________________________
Lets get out of town
_______________________________________
Lets drive fast
_______________________________________
Lets have some fruit
_______________________________________
Lets speak English
_______________________________________
Lets wait for him
_______________________________________
Lets go to sleep
_______________________________________
5. Escribir las rdenes para estas frases como en el ejemplo: I want you
to go away = Go away
I want you to say that again
______________________________________________________________
173
Ingls bsico
El imperativo
I want you to give me some popcorn

______________________________________________________________
I want you to help me
______________________________________________________________
I want you to look at me
______________________________________________________________
I want you to get out of my way
______________________________________________________________
I want you to call the police
______________________________________________________________
I want you to pour me a whisky
______________________________________________________________
I want you to do the housework
______________________________________________________________
I want you to turn on the television
______________________________________________________________
I want you to have fun
______________________________________________________________
174
Ingls bsico
El imperativo
6. Unir para formar oraciones correctas:
Come
a seat
Take off
in
Have
yourself at home
Make
the television if you like
Turn on
to a beer in the fridge
Help yourself
your coat
Dont hesitate
to ask if you need anything
Dont sit
there. Thats the dogs chair
175
Ingls bsico
El imperativo
Soluciones
1.
Do your homework
Dont open your notebook
Look at the blackboard
Listen to your teacher
Dont walk on the grass
Pick up your rubber
Stand up please
Have a nice weekend
Take the car
Dont go to work
4.
Lets
Lets
Lets
Lets
Lets
Lets
Lets
Lets
Lets
Lets
2.
Dont
Dont
Dont
Dont
Dont
Dont
Dont
Dont
Dont
Dont
close your books

listen carefully
open your notebooks
be quiet
raise your hand
write your name
take out your book
sit down
take out a piece of paper
open your pencilcase
5.
Say that again
Give me some popcorn
Help me
Look at me
Get out of my way
Call the police
Pour me a whisky
Do the housework
Turn on the television
I want you to have fun
3.
Lets
Lets
Lets
Lets
Lets
Lets
Lets
Lets
Lets
Lets
have a party
have a picnic
put a tree in the garden
make a cake
eat chocolate
send cards
visit the family
go out
drink wine
visit Paris
176
not
not
not
not
not
not
not
not
not
not
go for a swim
play cards
go for a walk
lock the door
get out of town
drive fast
have some fruit
speak English
wait for him
go to sleep
6.
Come in
Take off your coat
Have a seat
Make yourself at home
Turn on the television if you like
Help yourself to a beer in the fridge
Dont hesitate to ask if you need anything
Dont sit there. Thats the dogs chair
Ingls bsico
Tema 12
El adverbio
El adverbio
El adverbio
El adverbio
El adverbio
El adverbio desempea dentro de la oracin las funciones de modificar al

verbo principal de la oracin, modificar a un adjetivo, a otro adverbio o a toda
una frase:
He ran quickly to the park
Corri rpidamente hacia el parque
He is a very good teacher
l es un professor muy bueno
She got up pretty soon
Ella se levant muy pronto
Unfortunately, he came late
Desgraciadamente lleg tarde
Simplemente aadiendo -ly a un adjetivo formamos muchos adverbios en

ingls. Son los equivalentes a los adverbios espaoles terminados en mente:
Slow - slowly
Lento lentamente
Si el adjetivo termina en y, se cambia por ily. Si termina en ic, se agrega

ally:
Happy happily
Feliz - felizmente
Basic - basically
Bsico - bsicamente
Algunos adjetivos no se modifican cuando se convierten en adverbios, tienen

la misma forma, pero se distinguen fcilmente por su funcin en la oracin (
close, daily, early, far, fast, high, late, long, wrong)
This is a fast car
Este es un coche rpido
He drives fast
Conduce rpido
Hay seis tipos principales de adverbios que necesitamos aprender:

- Adverbios de modo: happily (felizmente), sadly (tristemente), slowly (lentamente)
- Adverbios de tiempo: now (ahora), then (entonces), already (ya)
- Adverbios de lugar: there (all), here (aqu), nearby (cercano)
- Adverbios de grado o intensidad: rather (bastante), enough (suficiente), quite
(bastante)
- Adverbios de frecuencia: always (siempre), sometimes (a veces), never
(nunca)
- Adverbios interrogativos: when.? (cundo), where.? (dnde), why.? (por qu)
179
Ingls bsico
El adverbio
Vamos a explicar ahora cada uno de los tipos de adverbios.
1. Adverbios de modo
Los adverbios de modo nos van a decir el modo en que la accin del verbo ha
sido llevada a cabo, as que preguntando how (cmo) conseguiremos el
adverbio de modo dentro de una frase. Se sitan detrs del verbo, o detrs del
complemento si lo hubiera. La inmensa mayora terminan en ly. La mayor
parte se forman a partir de adjetivos.
Slow + ly = She drives slowly
Ella conduce lentamente
Quick + ly = They speak quickly
Ellos hablan rpidamente
La diferencia entre el adjetivo y el adverbio es que el adjetivo nos dice algo de

un nombre, mientras que un adverbio nos dice algo de un verbo, adjetivo o de
otro adverbio. Adems el adjetivo va delante del nombre y el adverbio de
modo detrs del verbo:
Hes a bad teacher
l es un mal profesor
He teaches badly
l ensea mal
2. Adverbios de tiempo
Los adverbios de tiempo nos dicen cundo ocurri la accin. Para identificarlos podemos hacer una pregunta empezando por when (cundo). Se sitan
al principio o al final de la oracin. Algunos de los adverbios de tiempo ms
frecuentes son:
After
despus
Again
otra vez, de nuevo
Ago
hace
180
Ingls bsico
El adverbio
Already
ya (frases afirmativas)
Before
antes
Early
temprano
Late
tarde
Next
despus, .que viene
Now
ahora
Since
desde entonces
Soon
pronto
Still
todava (frases afirmativas)
Today
hoy
Tomorrow
maana
Yesterday
ayer
Then
entonces
Yet
todava, ya (frases negativas

e interrogativas)
They are still waiting for Bill
Todava estn esperando a Bill
He hasnt come yet
Todava no ha venido
They have already finished
Ya han terminado
She phoned me three days ago

Me llam por telfono hace tres das
Yesterday we went to the beach
Ayer nos fuimos a la playa
Bob will soon be here
Bob estar pronto aqu
Bob will be here tomorrow
Bob estar aqu maana
181
Ingls bsico
El adverbio
3. Adverbios de lugar
Los adverbios de lugar nos dicen dnde se llev a cabo la accin. Para identificarlos podemos hacer una pregunta comenzando por where (dnde). Se
sitan detrs del verbo, o detrs del complemento si lo hubiera. He aqu algunos de los ms frecuentes:
Above
arriba
Abroad
en el extranjero
Anywhere
en cualquier / alguna /
ninguna parte
Away
fuera, lejos
Back
de regreso
Downstairs
abajo
Everywhere
en todas partes
Far
lejos
Here
aqu
Nowhere
en ninguna parte
Outside
fuera
Somewhere
en alguna parte
There
all
Up /uptairs
arriba
We went there on Sunday morning

Fuimos all el sbado por la maana
Come and sit here
Ven y sintate aqu
The children are playing upstairs

Los nios estn jugando en el piso de arriba
182
Ingls bsico
El adverbio
4. Adverbios de grado
Los adverbios de grado van a modificar otros adverbios o adjetivos. Para identificarlos podemos hacer una pregunta empezando por how much? (cunto).
Estos adverbios de grado pueden intensificar o disminuir el significado del
adverbio o adjetivo que estn modificando.
Almost
casi
Completely
completamente
Enough
bastante (se coloca detrs

del adj. o adv.)
Nearly
casi
Much
con mucho
Only
solamente
Quite
completamente, bastante
Rather
bastante
So
tan
Too
demasiado (se coloca

delante del adj. o adv)
Very
muy
Very much
muchsimo
The music is very loud
La msica est muy alta
The shelf is too high
La repisa est demasiado alta
Im not tall enough
No soy lo bastante alta
I completely forgot about it
Lo olvid completamente
183
Ingls bsico
El adverbio
5. Adverbios de frecuencia
Los adverbios de frecuencia nos dicen con qu asiduidad se lleva a cabo la
accin del verbo. Para identificarlos podemos hacer una pregunta comenzando por how often? (con qu frecuencia). Se sitan delante del verbo, o entre
el auxiliar y el verbo principal en las formas compuestas. Con el verbo to be
se sitan detrs del mismo. Algunos adverbios de frecuencia pueden aparecer
al final de frase.
Frecuencia
Adv. ingls
Adb. espaol
100 %
Always
Siempre
80 %
Usually
Normally
Normalmente
60 %
Often
A menudo
50 %
Sometimes
A veces
20 %
Occasionally
En ocasiones
5%
Seldom
Hardly ever
Raramente
Pocas veces
0%
Never
Nunca
Otros adverbios de frecuencia son:

Once a week
Una vez a la semana
Twice a month
Dos veces al mes
Three times a year
Tres veces al ao
Every day
Cada da
You are always playing football

Siempre ests jugando al ftbol
184
Ingls bsico
El adverbio
I never carry an umbrella
Nunca llevo un paragas
I usually have lunch at school

Normalmente almuerzo en la escuela
He is never happy
Nunca es feliz
We go camping once a year
Vamos de acampada una vez al ao
Recuerda
El adverbio never va siempre con el verbo en forma afirmativa. I never get up at 7.
(Nunca me levanto a las 7) (no I dont never get up at 7).
6. Adverbios interrogativos
Los adverbios interrogativos se usan al principio de las preguntas para ayudarnos a determinar el significado de nuestra cuestin y la respuesta que
esperamos. Son:
How?
cmo?
How far?
a qu distancia?
How long?
cunto tiempo?
How often?
con qu frecuencia?
When?
cundo?
Where?
dnde?
Why?
por qu?
How was the party ?
Cmo estuvo la fiesta
How far is it to the shops?
A qu distancia est de las tiendas?
How often do you go on holiday?

Con qu frecuencia te vas de vacaciones?
185
Ingls bsico
El adverbio
Responde
a las siguientes
cuestiones
Ejercicios
1. Insertar el adverbio entre parntesis en la posicin adecuada:

Im late (never) ____________________________
They go out at the weekend (seldom) ________________________________
We dont see her (often) ________________________________
I have a bath (always) ______________________________
Susan arrives on time (usually) ________________________________
Our house isnt dirty (always) _________________________________
They go to the cinema on Fridays (always) ____________________________
You feel sad (sometimes) ________________________________
Our teacher smiles (hardly ever) __________________________________
My parents shout at me (never) __________________________________
2. Formar los adverbios con la terminacin ly:

Quick
_____________________
Bad
_____________________
Sudden
_____________________
Heavy
_____________________
Happy
_____________________
Lucky
_____________________
Angry
_____________________
187
Ingls bsico
El adverbio
Quiet
_____________________
dangerous
_____________________
3. Completar las frases con too + los siguientes adjetivos (hot, loud, fast,
crowded, sharp, high, expensive, dangerous, late, big)
The radio is _____________
The net is _____________
Today it is ______________
Shes driving ____________
The restaurant is _________________
This T-shirt is ______________
This knife is ______________
The ball is __________________
Dont phone Ann now. Its ___________________
Nobody goes out at night. Its _____________
4. Escribir el adverbio de frecuencia que hace referencia el porcentaje:

Nancy and I (20%) go out for coffee
_____________________
Desi (80%) has an ice-cream
_____________________
I (5%) drive my car on holidays
_____________________
It (0%) rains here in winter
_____________________
We (50%) take the dog for a walk
_____________________
My sister (60%) wear make-up
_____________________
John (100%) gets up early
_____________________
He (5%) buys clothes
_____________________
188
Ingls bsico
El adverbio
They (0%) understand my Spanish
_____________________
Megan is (80%) tired on Monday morning
_____________________
5. Elegir la partcula interrogativa adecuada:

_________ is she? At home
_________ does Tom get up? At half past eight
_________ do you study English? In the afternoon
_________ do you go to the cinema? Three times a month
_________ does he study every day? For two hours
_________ does Tom wear jeans? Because they are comfortable
_________ do you go to school? I go to school by car
_________ do you live? In Granada
_________ are you? Im 33 years old
_________ is the weather like in January? Its cold
6. Elegir la forma del adjetivo o del adverbio:

He drives very careful / carefully
_______________________
They speak French quick / quickly
_______________________
Isabel is working hard / hardly
_______________________
Peter left sudden / suddenly
_______________________
This is a library. Please be quiet / quietly
_______________________
He shut the door quiet / quietly
_______________________
The teacher speaks clear /clearly
_______________________
The sky is clear /clearly
_______________________
189
Ingls bsico
El adverbio
The teacher explained the lesson bad / badly
_______________________
Brad is a careful / carefully driver
_______________________
7. Elegir entre el adjetivo good o el adverbio well :

He is a ________ dentist
He works ________
I like watching ________ programmes
She speaks Spanish _________
Its a very _________ place to live
That was a really _________ book
He always drives _________
Im a bit dizzy. I dont feel __________
Youre a very _________ writer
You write __________
190
Ingls bsico
El adverbio
Soluciones
1.
Im never late
They seldom go out at the weekend
We dont often see her
I always have a bath
Susan usually arrives on time
Our house isnt always dirty
They always go to the cinema on
Fridays
You sometimes feel sad
Our teacher hardly ever smiles
My parents never shout at me
2.
quickly
badly
suddenly
heavily
happily
luckily
angrily
quietly
dangerously
3.
The radio is too loud
The net is too high
Today it is too hot
Shes driving too fast
The restaurant is too crowded
This T-shirt is too expensive
This knife is too sharp
The ball is too big
Dont phone Ann now. Its too late
Nobody goes out at night. Its too dangerous
191
4.
Nancy and I occasionally go out for
coffee
Desi usually has an ice-cream
I hardly ever drive my car on holidays
It never rains here in winter
We sometimes take the dog for a walk
My sister often wear make-up
John always gets up early
He seldom buys clothes
They never understand my Spanish
Megan is usually tired on Monday
morning
5.
Where is she? At home
What time does Tom get up? At half
past eight
When do you study English? In the
afternoon
How often do you go to the cinema?
Three times a month
How long does he study every day?
For two hours
Why does Tom wear jeans? Because
they are comfortable
How do you go to school? I go to school by car
Where do you live? In Granada
How old are you? Im 33 years old
What is the weather like in January?
Its cold
6.
He drives very carefully
They speak French quickly
Isabel is working hard
Ingls bsico
El adverbio
Peter left suddenly

This is a library. Please be quiet
He shut the door quietly
The teacher speaks clearly
The sky is clear
The teacher explained the lesson
badly
Brad is a careful driver
192
7.
He is a good dentist
He works well
I like watching good programmes
She speaks Spanish well
Its a very good place to live
That was a really good book
He always drives well
Im a bit dizzy. I dont feel well
Youre a very good writer
You write well
Ingls bsico
Tema 13
La preposicin
El preposicin
El preposicin
El preposicin
La preposicin
Las preposiciones son palabras pequeas que nos ayudan a establecer relaciones entre diferentes elementos de una frase. Pueden mostrar una relacin
de movimiento, tiempo y posicin entre dos o ms objetos dentro de la frase.
En ingls tenemos preposiciones simples, es decir, una sola palabra y, preposiciones compuestas que estn formadas por ms de una palabra. Las preposiciones normalmente van delante de los nombres o pronombres en la frase:
Sally goes with you.
Sally va contigo
En preguntas es frecuente encontrar la preposicin al final de la frase, especialmente cuando empiezan por una palabra interrogativa:
Who does Sally go with?
Con quin va Sally?
Cuando usamos un pronombre relativo, tambin es frecuente encontrar la preposicin al final de la frase:
Sally is who we go with.
Sally es con quien vamos nosotros
En este tema vamos a clasificar las preposiciones en preposiciones de lugar,

de movimiento, de medios de transporte y de tiempo. A continuacin vamos a
indicar sus principales usos.
1. Preposiciones de lugar
Algunas preposiciones describen dnde est algo o alguien. Siempre van despus de verbos estticos. Las preposiciones de lugar ms importantes son:
In
Dentro de (espacio cerrado, objeto, lugar abierto (con lmites) pases,

ciudades y pueblos. Expresiones como: in bed, a street, the world, the
newspaper, hospital, school, a book, the middle of.
On
Sobre (una superficie con contacto fsico, en expresiones: on the left

/ on the right/ on the second floor).
At
En (lugar determinado, una posicin, con expresiones : at home, at

school, at the bus stop, at the airport) con acontecimientos, con edificios cuando estamos pensando en la actividad que se desarrolla all.
En expresiones como: at the end, the bottom, the top of, the dentists
a concert, conference, a party, a football match, etc.
195
Ingls bsico
La preposicin
We were listening to music in the bedroom

Escuchamos msica en el dormitorio
The pictures are on the wall
Los cuadros estn en la pared
I always study at home
Siempre estudio en casa
Veamos la diferencia entre in, at, on:
I was waiting in the car
Estaba esperando en el coche ( dentro )
I was waiting on the car
Estaba esperando encima del coche
I was waiting at the car
Estaba esperando en el coche (justo al lado)
Otras preposiciones de lugar son:
Above
Por encima de
Against
Contra
Among
Entre (ms de 2 personas u objetos)
Behind
Detrs de
Below
Debajo de (no hay contacto fsico)
Beside
Junto a, al lado de
Between
Entre (2 personas u objetos)
In front of
Delante de
Inside
Dentro de
Next to
Al lado de, junto a
Opposite
Enfrente de
196
Ingls bsico
La preposicin
Over
Por encima de , sobre (sin contacto fsico)
Under
Debajo de ( puede haber contacto)

The book shop is between the bakery and the sweet shop
La librera est entre la panadera y la tienda de golosinas
The flats are above the shops
Los pisos estn por encima de las tiendas
He was hiding venid the door
Estaba escondido detrs de la puerta
2. Preposiciones de movimiento
Algunas preposiciones describen el movimiento o la accin que ocurre.
Acompaan siempre a verbos de movimiento:
From
De, desde (indica el origen de un movimiento)
To
A, hacia, hasta (indica el destino, el punto final de

un movimiento)
Into
En (cuando el movimiento finaliza dentro de un lugar)
Out of
Fuera de (salir de un lugar )
On
Sobre (cuando el movimiento finaliza sobre una superficie)
Across
A travs de (de un lado a otro)
Along
A lo largo de
Down
Abajo
Over
Sobre, por encima de
Past
Por delante de, pasado, ms all de
Round
Alrededor de
197
Ingls bsico
La preposicin
Through
A travs de
Towards
Hacia
Up
Arriba
I am from Granada
Soy de Granada
Tony flied to Barcelona
Tony vol a Barcelona
He went to the cinema
Fue al cine
He went out of the pub
Sali de la taberna
The book falls on the floor
El libro cay al suelo
Recuerda
Con el verbo to arrive (llegar a ) no se utiliza la preposicin to sino:
in (si el destino es una ciudad o un pas)o at (si el destino es un pueblo u otros
destinos). I arrived in Spain (no I arrived to Spain)
Con el sustantivo home no se utiliza preposicin: I go home. (no I go to home)
casa.
3. Preposiciones de medios
de transporte
- Cuando queremos sealar el viaje en un medio de transporte usamos las
siguientes preposiciones:
By
Si se hace referencia nicamente al medio

de transporte utilizado y no el vehculo
198
Ingls bsico
La preposicin
I go to school by car / by bus / by bicycle

Voy al colegio en coche, autobs, bicicleta
- Tambin:
We came by road / by sea/ by air
Vinimos por carretera, mar, aire
- Salvo en las expresiones:
I go to school on foot / on horse
Voy al colegio a pie, a caballo
- Cuando se hace referencia a un vehculo concreto usamos las siguientes
preposiciones:
In
En (coche, taxi)
On
En (autobs, tren, barco, bicicleta, metro, avin)

On a bus / train / plane
In a car / taxi
- Cuando queremos hacer referencia al hecho de subir o bajar de un medio de

transporte usamos las siguientes preposiciones pero siempre depende del tipo
de vehculo:
Con car, taxi se utilizan las expresiones:
Get in (into)
subir
Get out of
bajar
Con train, bus, horse, bicycle, motorbike, etc.:

Get on (onto)
subir
Get off
bajar
Con un barco se utiliza la expresin:
To go on board
199
Ingls bsico
La preposicin
4. Preposiciones de tiempo
Usamos las preposiciones de tiempo para indicar cuando ocurre algo. Se usa:
In
Con distintas partes del da (pero no con night, at night)

Con los meses del ao
Con las estaciones
Con los aos
Con los siglos
Para indicar cunto falta para que ocurra algo in five minutes
(dentro de cinco minutos. En expresiones como in time (a
tiempo)
Im going on holiday in July
Me voy de vacaciones en julio
I dont work in the afternoon No trabajo por la tarde

I got married in 2000
At
Me cas en el 2000
Con la hora
Con las fiestas o festividades
Con night (excepcin las dems con in)
Con expresiones como the beginning/end / moment
Con the weekend (fin de semana)
Are you going away at the weekend?

Te vas fuera el fin de semana?
200
Ingls bsico
La preposicin
At Christmas children get presents

Los nios reciben regalos en navidad
I start work at 8 oclock
Empiezo a trabajar a las 8
On
Con los das de la semana

Con fechas completas
Con el nombre de un da seguido de morning, afternoon,etc.
Are you busy on Friday evening?

Ests ocupado el viernes por la noche?
See you on Monday.
Te ver el lunes
The concert is on 2nd April
El concierto es el 2 de abril
Veamos otras preposiciones temporales:
Until / till
Hasta ( un determinado momento)
By
Antes de, no ms tarde de
During
Dentro de, durante un perodo de tiempo,

contesta a la pregunta When?
For
Durante, perodos de tiempo, contesta a la pregunta

How long?
After
Despus de, tras
Before
Antes de
201
Ingls bsico
La preposicin
We didnt speak during the meal

No hablamos durante la comida
I went to sleep after the film
Me fui a dormir despus de la pelcula
Theyve been married for ten years
Llevan casados durante diez aos
Recuerda
No usamos at / on / in delante de this, every, last y next. Theyre going to the mountain next Monday / this week. (no Theyre going to the mountain the next Monday /
the this week)
202
Ingls bsico
La preposicin
Responde
a las siguientes
cuestiones
Ejercicios
1. Elegir entre las preposiciones de lugar in o at:
Fred is _____ hospital because of the accident
Susan is _____ the garden
The boys are waiting _______ the bus stop
Mum is ______ the top of the photo
The girls are playing ________ the street
Did you see my photo _______ the newspaper?
She had a toothache so shes ______ the dentists
I am _______ home
Were meeting ______ the traffic light
There are many different cultures ______ the world
2. Elegir entre las preposiciones de lugar in, on o at

My flat is _______ the fifth floor
I live _____ San Francisco
Its the third door ______ the left
The label is ______ the tin
Philip is waiting _______ the bottom of the stairs
Hes sitting ______ a chair
He has beautiful pictures _______ the wall
Paris is _________ the river Seine
203
Ingls bsico
La preposicin
Can you see who is _____ the door?

He arrived _______ London
3. Completar las frases con las preposiciones temporales in on o at:

_____ the afternoon I have a snack
I arrived just ______ time
We want to go away _______ Easter
I met my husband _____ 1990
I read an interesting book _____ night
I start working _____ nine oclock
Im going out _____ my birthday
What are you doing _____ the weekend
Im playing tennis _____ Saturday morning
Im going to New York _____ April
4. Unir las preposiciones de la izquierda con los opuestos de la derecha
Behind
on
Into
out of
Under
in front of
Up
down
Next to
opposite
5. Escribir in, into , by o to en los huecos:

My friend jumped ______ the swimming-pool
Come ______the house and sit down
204
Ingls bsico
La preposicin
My wife poured the coffee ________ the cup

The bird flew ______ the tree
There are a lot of museums ______ Madrid
I go ____ the supermarket twice a week
After holidays, George returned ______ his work
My friend is ______ the park at this moment
We are walking ______ the street
Betty goes to work _______ bus
6. Completar las frases usando until, by, during o for:

I slept ______ twelve oclock this morning
_______ the night, I had a lot of nightmares
Susan was waiting at the bus stop ______ one hour
_______ the holidays we travelled to Germany
I waited _______ three oclock, then I left the school
What did your husband do ______ the holidays
He should be here ________ midnight
I always work _______ the bell rings
I am waiting for her call ________ hours
I must be at home ______ nine, not a minute later
205
Ingls bsico
La preposicin
7. Completar las frases con on, next to, between, above, below usando la
tabla:
Hay nueve personas que viven en un bloque de pisos
ALICE
KEN
SUSAN
JILL
MIKE
DIANE
GEORGE
TINA
CHARLIE
Mike lives ________Jill and Diane

Charlie lives _________ the ground floor
Ken lives ___________ Alice and Susan
Diane lives _________ the first floor ______ Mike
Jill lives ________ George
Mike lives ________ Tina and _________ Ken
206
Ingls bsico
La preposicin
Soluciones
1.
Fred is in hospital because of the accident
Susan is in the garden
The boys are waiting at the bus stop
Mum is on the top of the photo
The girls are playing in the street
Did you see my photo in the newspaper?
She had a toothache so shes at the
dentists
I am at home
Were meeting at the traffic light
There are many different cultures in
the world
2.
My flat is on the fifth floor
I live in San Francisco
Its the third door on the left
The label is on the tin
Philip is waiting at the bottom of the
stairs
Hes sitting on a chair
He has beautiful pictures on the wall
Paris is on the river Seine
Can you see who is at the door?
He arrived in London
3.
In the afternoon I have a snack
I arrived just in time
We want to go away at Easter
I met my husband in 1990
I read an interesting book at night
I start working at nine oclock
Im going out on my birthday
207
What are you doing at the weekend

Im playing tennis on Saturday morning
Im going to New York in April
4.
Behind in front of
Into out of
Under- on
Up down
Next to opposite
5.
My friend jumped into the swimmingpool
Come into the house and sit down
My wife poured the coffee into the cup
The bird flew to the tree
There are a lot of museums in Madrid
I go to the supermarket twice a week
After holidays, George returned to his
work
My friend is in the park at this moment
We are walking along the street
Betty goes to work by bus
6.
I slept until twelve oclock this morning
During the night, I had a lot of nightmares
Susan was waiting at the bus stop for
one hour
During the holidays we travelled to
Germany
I waited until three oclock, then I left
the school
What did your husband do during the
holidays
Ingls bsico
La preposicin
He should be here by midnight

I always work until the bell rings
I am waiting for her call for hours
I must be at home by nine, not a
minute later
208
7.
Mike lives between Jill and Diane
Charlie lives on the ground floor
Ken lives between Alice and Susan
Diane lives on the first floor next to
Mike
Jill lives above George
Mike lives above Tina and below Ken
Ingls bsico
Tema 14
Los verbos modales

Los verbos modales
Los verbos modales
Los verbos modales
Los verbos modales
Hay un grupo especial de verbos llamados modales. Los verbos modales forman la negacin aadiendo not, igual que los verbos auxiliares. Forman la
interrogacin inviertiendo el orden sujeto-verbo. Admiten contracciones, carecen de participios y de infinitivo, no aaden s en la tercera persona del singular y van seguidos de infinitivo sin to.
La lengua inglesa necesita los verbos modales para expresar una variada
gama de ideas y matices que no quedaran claros si utilizaran solamente los
tiempos verbales. De ah la gran importancia de estos verbos. En este tema
veremos los siguientes verbos modales: can, must, may, will y shall.
1. Can
El verbo can es un verbo modal que significa saber o poder. Este verbo se
utiliza siempre acompaado de un verbo principal en su forma infinitiva. En los
verbos modales la tercera persona del singular no aade la s que incorporan
los dems verbos en ingls.
They can play the guitar
Saben tocar la guitarra
He cannot type
No sabe escribir a mquina
Can you draw?
Sabes dibujar?
- La forma negativa de can en presente es cannot (o su forma contrada

cant). Cannot se escribe en una sola palabra. Cuando escribimos en ingls
formal usamos cannot, pero cant es ms usual.
I cannot go to the party
No puedo ir a la fiesta
They cant swim
No saben nadar
- En las frases interrogativas can se coloca al comienzo de la interrogacin,

con una estructura similar a la que vimos para los verbos to be y to have.La
respuesta breve sera: Yes, I (el sujeto) can o No, I (sujeto) cant.
What can you see?
Qu puede ver?
Can you speak German?
Sabe hablar alemn?
Veamos cmo quedara la conjugacin del verbo can:
211
Ingls bsico
Los verbos modales
Afirmativa
Forma
contrada
Negativa
Interrogativa
I can
I cannot
I can't
Can I ?
You can
You cannot
You can't
Can you ?
He can
He cannot
He can't
Can he ?
She can
She cannot
She can't
Can she ?
It can
It cannot
It can't
Can it ?
We can
We cannot
We can't
Can we ?
You can
You cannot
You can't
Can you ?
They can
They cannot
They can't
Can they ?
- Can significa saber con el sentido de tener habilidad para hacer algo o poder
tener la posibilidad de hacer algo:
She can cook
Ella sabe cocinar
My sister can dance
Mi hermana sabe bailar
I can change twenty euros
Puedo cambiar veinte euros
- Tambin utilizamos can cuando queremos preguntar si podemos hacer algo

(pedir permiso). Cuando usamos la forma negativa entonces significa prohibicin:
Can I go to the toilet, please? Puedo ir al lavabo, por favor?
No, you cant
No, no puedes
You cant come to the party
No puedes ir a la fiesta
- Cuando queremos pedirle a alguien que haga algo usamos can:

Can you do me a favour?
Me puedes hacer un favor?
Can you help me?
Me puedes ayudar?
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Ingls bsico
Los verbos modales
2. Must
El verbo modal must significa deber. Tiene una nica forma para presente y
futuro, para el pasado se usa had to + infinitivo.
I must go to school now
Tengo que ir al colegio ahora
I must go to school tomorrow
Tengo que ir al colegio maana
I had to go to school yesterday
Tuve que ir al colegio ayer
- La formacin del verbo must es similar a la de los dems verbos modales.
En la forma afirmativa se pone must seguido de el verbo en infinitivo sin to. La
forma negativa sera must not y la contrada mustnt. La forma interrogativa
quedara verbo modal + sujeto + verbo infinitivo sin to:
You must stand up
Debes levantarte
They mustnt eat in class
No deben comer en clase
Must they work every day?
Deben trabajar todos los das?
Afirmativa
Negativa
F. contrada
Interrogativa
I must study
I must not talk
I mustn't talk
Must I study?
You must study
You must not talk
You mustn't talk
Must you study?
He must study
He must not talk
He mustn't talk
Must he study?
She must study
She must not talk
She mustn't talk
Must she study?
We must study
We must not talk
We mustn't talk
Must we study?
You must study
You must not talk
You mustn't talk
Must you study?
They must study
They must not talk
They mustn't talk
Must they study?
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Ingls bsico
Los verbos modales
- Este verbo modal tiene varias acepciones . Se utiliza para indicar deber u
obligacin, incluso puede ser una orden. Tambin se utiliza cuando estamos
seguros de que algo es cierto (una deduccin o suposicin). Must se utiliza
para indicar que es necesario hacer algo, expresando una opinin del que
habla o un consejo.
I must wash my hair
Debo lavarme el pelo
You must be tired after running

Debes estar cansado despus de corer
We must hurry
Debemos darnos prisa
- La negacin es must not (o su forma abreviada musnt), indica prohibicin:

He mustnt sell the house
No debe vender la casa
You mustnt do that
No debes hacer eso
I mustnt be late
No debo llegar tarde
3. May
El verbo modal may se puede traducir por el verbo espaol poder. May se usa
para el presente en la forma afirmativa seguido del verbo infinitivo sin to. La
forma negativa sera may not (maynt) y la forma interrogativa quedara may +
sujeto + verbo infinitivo sin to:
I may go to Paris
Puede que vaya a Pars
I may not go to Paris
Puede que no vaya a Pars
May I open the window?
Puedo abrir la ventan?
- El verbo modal may se utiliza para indicar que algo puede ser posible (posibilidad):
It may rain this evening
214
Puede que llueva esta noche
Ingls bsico
Los verbos modales
I may play tennis tomorrow

Puede que juegue al tenis maana
- May tambin se utiliza para pedir permiso de una manera educada (peticiones corteses):
May I make a call?
Puedo hacer una llamada ?
May I open the door?
Puedo abrir la puerta ?
4. Will
Ya estudiamos el verbo will como auxiliar de futuro. En este tema will toma la
acepcin de querer, ya que en realidad will tiene el significado primario de
voluntad.
- Se formara de la siguiente manera , para la afirmativa will + verbo infinitivo
sin to, la negativa wont + verbo infinitivo sin to y la interrogativa will + sujeto
+ verbo:
You will start work at 8
Empezars a trabajar a las 8
I wont go to the beach
No quiero ir a la playa
Will you give me the book?
Quiere darme el libro?
- Es muy frecuente el uso de will en forma interrogativa para peticiones corteses e invitaciones, traducindose por querer en presente:
Will you close the door?
Quiere cerrar la puerta?
Will you sit down?
Quiere sentarse?
Will you have a cup of coffee?

Quiere tomar una taza de caf?
- El uso de will en primera persona expresa la idea de voluntad por parte del
que habla (promesas):
I will phone you
215
Te llamar
Ingls bsico
Los verbos modales
I will take you to the cinema
Te llevar al cine
I will always love you
Siempre te amar
5. Shall
El verbo modal shall originariamente significaba deber. Como veremos a continuacin tiene un variado nmero de usos y matices y por eso en ocasiones
la traduccin adecuada ser un futuro o presente:
I shall be thirty next week
Cumplir treinta aos la prxima semana
You shall have your dog
Tendrs tu perro
Shall I call the police?
Llamo a la polica?
- La forma afirmativa es shall, la negativa es shall not , contrada quedara

shant y la forma interrogativa se formara por inversin del sujeto y el verbo
modal.
You shant go to the party
No iris a la fiesta
They shall not pass
No pasarn
- Se usa siempre shall para preguntas en primera y tercera persona, cuando

se quiere expresar la idea de hacer una sugerencia, pedir instrucciones a la
persona a la que se dirige o para ofrecimientos:
Shall we go to the theatre?
Vamos al teatro?
Shall I carry your bags?
Te llevo tus bolsas?
- El uso de shall aade a la idea de futuro el matiz de promesa, orden o amenaza, segn los casos:
You shall get what you want Tendrs lo que quieres
You shall have your money
216
Tendrs tu dinero
Ingls bsico
Los verbos modales
Responde
a las siguientes
cuestiones
Ejercicios
1. Ordenar las siguientes frases:
cant / uncle / swim / my
______________________________________________________________
piano / he / can / the / play
______________________________________________________________
dance / they / can / well / very
______________________________________________________________
Spanish / speak/ and / can / I / Japanese
______________________________________________________________
cant / elephants / write
______________________________________________________________
friend / can / my / run / 30 / kilometres
______________________________________________________________
we / pizza / cook / can
______________________________________________________________
any / musical / cant / she / play / instrument
______________________________________________________________
can / fire / make / he / a
______________________________________________________________
cant / I / my / homework / do
______________________________________________________________
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Ingls bsico
Los verbos modales
2. Escribir can o cant en las siguientes oraciones:

I ________go out tonight. Im busy.
__________ you come to the cinema tonight?
You _________ park here. Its no parking.
___________you tell me the time, please?
She _______ speak English well.
I _________play football, but not basketball.
_______I park my car here?
Where? I __________see him.
_________you help me with my homework?
You __________smoke there, but not here.
Sorry. I __________remember the answer.
I __________speak Spanish and Italian.
3. Completar las frases con must o mustnt y uno de estos verbos: meet,
help, learn, speak, hurry, be, tell, wash, buy, take:
You _____________ to drive
You _____________ patient
You _____________ to her about the children
You _____________ anyone what happened
You look tired. You ______________ a nap
You _____________ this book. It is really entertaining.
You _____________ . We are late
You_____________ my blouse. It is a delicate garment
You ____________ my brother. He is very nice.
Its a very difficult exercise. You _____________ me
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Ingls bsico
Los verbos modales
4. Encontrar y corregir el error de cada frase:

I know she can does it
______________________________________________________________
All students must studying
______________________________________________________________
She cans speak English well
______________________________________________________________
I cant to see it
______________________________________________________________
She must to drive slowly
______________________________________________________________
She may go not to the cinema
______________________________________________________________
He must to study all day
______________________________________________________________
May I to smoke?
______________________________________________________________
He can helps you with your homework
______________________________________________________________
You may going to Spain
______________________________________________________________
5. Escribir frases con Shall we? (sugerencias)

Lets go out tonight
__________________________________________
Lets have a holiday
__________________________________________
219
Ingls bsico
Los verbos modales
Lets spend some money ________________________________________

Lets have a party
__________________________________________
Lets go for a walk
__________________________________________
Lets wear funny hats
__________________________________________
Lets see a film
__________________________________________
Lets watch TV
__________________________________________
Lets buy a new carpet __________________________________________

Lets phone Jack
__________________________________________
6. Completar las oraciones con must be o cant be

Hes taking photos, he ________ a tourist
He is still in bed, he __________ tired
Hes running, he ____________ late
Shes a terrible football player, she ________ good at it
All the doors are open, it __________ cold
Hes pale, he ___________ ill
They dont want to eat, so they ________ hungry
They spend a lot of money. They ___________ rich
They are kissing each other. They ___________ friends
220
Ingls bsico
Los verbos modales
Soluciones
1.
My uncle cant swim
He can play the piano
They can dance very well
I can speak Spanish and Japanese
Elephants cant write
My friend can run 30 kilometres
We can cook pizza
She cant play any musical instrument
He can make a fire
I cant do my homework
2.
I cant go out tonight. Im busy.
Can you come to the cinema tonight?
You cant park here. Its no parking.
Can you tell me the time, please?
She can speak English well.
I can play football, but not basketball.
Can I park my car here?
Where? I cant see him.
Can you help me with my homework?
You can smoke there, but not here.
Sorry. I cant remember the answer.
I can speak Spanish and Italian.
3.
You must learn to drive
You must be patient
You must speak to her about the children
You mustnt tell anyone what happened
You look tired. You must take a nap
You must buy this book. It is really
entertaining.
You must hurry . We are late
221
You mustnt wash my blouse. It is a

delicate garment
You must meet my brother. He is very
nice.
Its a very difficult exercise. You must
help me
4.
I know she can do it
All students must study
She can speak English well
I cant see it
She must drive slowly
She may not go to the cinema
He must study all day
May I smoke?
He can help you with your homework
You may go to Spain
5.
Shall
Shall
Shall
Shall
Shall
Shall
Shall
Shall
Shall
Shall
we
we
we
we
we
we
we
we
we
we
go out tonight?
have a holiday?
spend some money?
have a party?
go for a walk?
wear funny hats?
see a film?
watch TV?
buy a new carpet?
phone Jack?
6.
Hes taking photos, he must be a tourist
He is still in bed, he must be tired
Hes running, he must be late
Ingls bsico
Los verbos modales
Shes a terrible football player, she

cant be good at it
All the doors are open, it cant be cold
Hes pale, he must be ill
They dont want to eat, so they cant
be hungry
222
They spend a lot of money. They must

be rich
They are kissing each other. They
cant be friends
Ingls bsico
Tema 15
Formas no
personales del verbo
Formas no personales del verbo
Las formas no personales del verbo son el infinitivo, la forma en -ing y el participio. Se distinguen de las formas personales en que no pueden expresar por
s solas las relaciones de modo, tiempo, nmero y persona. En este tema
veremos el infinitivo y la forma en -ing.
1. El infinitivo
El infinitivo es la forma bsica del verbo. Es invariable y suele llevar la preposicin to delante (to write, to speak) escribir, hablar. La negacin se forma
anteponiendo not (not to write, not to speak). En ingles, el infinitivo va normalmente precedidio de la preposicin to. Sin embargo, hay algunos casos en los
que el infinitivo sin to parece adecuada.
1.1 El infinitivo sin To

- Se usa el infinitivo sin to despus de los verbos auxiliares y modales (do, can,
will, shall, must, may, etc)
Do you play football?
Juegas al ftbol?
I can swim
S nadar
- El infinitivo sin to se emplea con los verbos de percepcin to hear (or) , to

see ( ver), to watch (contemplar, ver), to feel (sentir). Algunos verbos rigen infinitivo sin to, por ejemplo, to make (hacer) y to let (dejar, permitir):
I heard a man sing
O a un hombre cantar
He made her cry
La hizo llorar
Let it be
Djalo estar
1.1 El infinitivo con To

- El infinitivo puede utilizarse detrs de determinados verbos como por ejemplo: agree, begin, choose, decide, expect, fail, forget, hope, intend., learn,
manage, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise, remember, refuse, seen, start,
try, want o wish:
225
Ingls bsico
She forgot to turn on the light
Olvid encender la luz
We decided to stay
Decidimos quedarnos
He learnt to drive
Aprendi a conducir
- Siempre debe usarse el infinitivo con to con los verbos modales have (got)
to (tener que ), ought to (deber ), used to (soler, acostumbrar) y con el futuro
be going to. Tambin en expresiones como would like, would love, would hate,
would prefer ( me gustara, me encantara,...) :
Im going to do it
Voy a hacerlo
Youll have to wait
Tendrs que esperar
He would like to meet you
Le gustara conocerte
- Usamos el infinitivo con to despus de las partculas interrogativas how,

where, what, which, when y who:
We dont know how to say goodbye
No sabemos cmo despedirnos
She explained what to do
Explic qu hacer
- Tambin se utiliza para expresar la finalidad o propsito de una accin. En

espaol, la finalidad se expresa con la preposicin para:
I came here to dance and sing
Vine aqu para bailar y cantar
I went there to learn English
Fui all para aprender ingls
- Usamos el infinitivo con to o un pronombre (o nombre) + infinitivo con to, despus de ciertos verbos (ask, choose, expect, mean, need, promise, want, wish,
etc.):
You asked me to buy some clothes
Me pedisteis que comprara algo de ropa
He promised her to be her husband
Le prometi ser su marido
226
Ingls bsico
- Siempre debemos usar un pronombre o un nombre y el infinitivo con to despus de determinados verbos (allow, force, invite, order, persuade, teach, tell,
warn):
Ill invite her to come
La invitar a que venga
He told me to be happy
Me pidi que fuera feliz
- El infinitivo es muy frecuente detrs de algunos adjetivos, como pleased,

upset, surprised, easy, difficult, etc. :
I am very pleased to see you
Estoy encantada de verte
This theme is easy to understand
Este tema es fcil de comprender
2. La forma en -ing
2.1 Funciones de la forma en -ing
El verbo + ing puede ser un gerundio o un participio presente. El gerundio funciona como un sustantivo. El participio presente funciona generalmente como
un verbo(formando los tiempos continuos), pero en ocasiones hace las veces
de un adjetivo:
I was reading
Yo estaba leyendo
The book is interesting
El libro es interesante
Travelling is my favourite hobby
Viajar es mi aficcin favorita
Se forma aadiendo la terminacin -ing al infinitivo ( to write writing), ( to

sing singing).
- Si el infinitivo termina en -e, se suprime la -e:
make > making.
227
Ingls bsico
- Si el infinitivo termina en -y, sigue la regla general:

try > trying.
- Si el infinitivo acaba en consonante precedida de una sola slaba tnica, se
duplica la consonante:
run > running.
- Si el infinitivo acaba en -ie, se cambia por -y:
die > dying
- Como ya hemos dicho la forma en ing tiene el doble carcter de nombre y
verbo. En su calidad de nombre puede tener la funcin de complemento de
una preposicin. Normalmente detrs de una preposicin va la forman en
ing, aunque hay algunas excepciones que lleva el infinitivo con to:
I am very interested in collecting stamps
Estoy muy interesado en coleccionar sellos
Recuerda
Las funciones la forma en ing son:
a) Gerundio: Se utiliza en los tiempos continuos (Im reading)
y cuando el verbo va precedido de preposicin (a machine for cutting grass).
b) Participio presente: equivale a una oracin de relativo (The boy talking to her mother...).El chico hablando con su madre
c) Se utiliza para formar un nombre a partir de un verbo: meeting, ..
d) Para formar un adjetivo a partir de un verbo: loving letter, stinking room...
2.2 Verbos + forma en -ing

- Es muy frecuente utilizar ing detrs del verbo to go y come cuando hablamos de determinadas actividades. Y tambin detrs de preposiciones:
We went shopping
Fuimos de compras
They go swimming once a week
Ellos van a nadar una vez a la semana
228
Ingls bsico
I dreamt about winning an Oscar

So que ganaba un Oscar
- Se puede utilizar la forma en ing o el infinitivo con to despus de los verbos
siguientes: begin, enjoy, hate, like, love, mind, prefer, start, suggest. La forma
en ing es ms comn que el infinitivo:
I enjoy travelling around the world
Disfruto viajando por todo el mundo
I hate studying Maths
Odio estudiar matemticas
I like swimming in the sea
Me gusta nadar en el mar
- Tambin se puede usar la forma ing o el infinitivo con los verbos start, begin,
continue y prefer. Algunos cambian su sentido como stop o remember:
He stopped smoking
l dej de fumar (cese de actividad)
He stopped to smoke
l par para fumar (propsito)
Remember to visit your mother

Acurdate de visitar a tu madre (acordarse de hacer algo)
I remember visiting my mother
Me acuerdo de haber visitado a mi madre (recordar haber hecho algo)
- Usamos la forma en ing tras las expresiones cant stand, cant help, its no
use, its no good, its (not worth):
I cant stand listening to pop music
No puedo soportar escuchar msica pop
I cant help loving him
No puedo evitar quererle
Recuerda
En espaol traducimos la forma en ing por un infinitivo, pero no se puede sustituir
la forma en ing utilizando un infinitivo. I go fishing (no I go to fish) me voy de pesca.
229
Ingls bsico
Responde
a las siguientes
cuestiones
Ejercicios
1. Completar las siguientes frases usando call Mary o to call Mary (I cant
_____= I cant call Mary)
Ill ___________
Im going __________
Can you ____________
Shall I ______________
I would like ____________
I have___________
You ought ___________
I want ___________
You must _________
She forgot _____________
2. Formular preguntas comenzando con Do you like como en el ejemplo

( I often get up early = Do you like getting up early?)
I often write letters
______________________________________________
I often travel by underground
______________________________________________
I often visit my uncle
______________________________________________
231
Ingls bsico
I often eat in restaurants

______________________________________________
I often dance
______________________________________________
I often go to the cinema
______________________________________________
I often watch TV
______________________________________________
I often listen to the teacher
______________________________________________
I often wash my hair
______________________________________________
I often drink coffee
______________________________________________
3. Escribir frases con I went to the to Elegir entre estas expresiones (get some medicine, meet a friend, catch a train, buy some fruit,
ask for a loan, get an envelope, watch TV, learn German, dance, get some
petrol).
(the bakery) I went to the bakery to buy some bread
(the station)________________________________
(the bank) _________________________________
(the disco) _________________________________
(the petrol station) ___________________________
(the supermarket) ____________________________
(the post office) _____________________________
(Germany) _________________________________
232
Ingls bsico
(the living room)_____________________________

(the chemist) _______________________________
(the caf) ___________________________________
4. Poner el verbo entre parntesis en la forma ing o infinitivo:

Carmen and Pablo must (stay) at home
______________________________________________
I like (draw) very much
______________________________________________
He is interested in (read) detective stories
______________________________________________
She wants (study) Law at university
______________________________________________
She pretended (be) angry
______________________________________________
She cant (swim)
______________________________________________
She refused (buy) this expensive picture
______________________________________________
They decided (buy) a huge house
______________________________________________
I usually go (fish) in the river
______________________________________________
I hate (play) cards
______________________________________________
233
Ingls bsico
She hoped (pass) her exams

______________________________________________
Peter forgot (bring) the tickets
______________________________________________
5. Completar las frases afirmativas e interrogativas con el verbo to be +

adjetivo + infinitivo con to:
I / pleased / see you again
______________________________________________
It possible / leave late?
______________________________________________
It / impossible / learn this by heart
______________________________________________
Japanese /easy / understand?
______________________________________________
It / lovely / see the girls playing
______________________________________________
This recipe / not difficult /do
______________________________________________
I / surprised / hear this gossip
______________________________________________
English / hard / speak
______________________________________________
234
Ingls bsico
6. Poner el verbo entre parntesis en la forma correcta:

I would like (come) to the party
______________________________________________
Jane decided (give) her mother a present
______________________________________________
Lets (go) to Los Angeles for our holiday
______________________________________________
We would love (meet) your children
______________________________________________
He promised (love) her forever
______________________________________________
Can you (help) me with the cooking?
______________________________________________
I dont want (go) out tonight
______________________________________________
It was easy (decide) what (do)
______________________________________________
He hates (sunbathe)
______________________________________________
The policeman tried (help) us
______________________________________________
235
Ingls bsico
Soluciones
1.
Ill call Mary
Im going to call Mary
Can you call Mary?
Shall I call Mary?
I would like to call Mary
I have to call Mary
You ought to call Mary
I want to call Mary
You must call Mary
She forgot to call Mary
2.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
you
you
you
you
you
you
you
you
you
you
like
like
like
like
like
like
like
like
like
like
writing letters?
travelling by underground?
visiting my uncle?
eating in restaurants?
dancing ?
going to the cinema?
watching TV?
listening to the teacher?
washing my hair?
drinking coffee?
3.
I went to the bakery to buy some bread
I went to the station to catch a train
I went to the bank to ask for a loan
I went to the disco to dance
I went to the petrol station to get some
petrol
I went to the supermarket to buy some
fruit
I went to the post office to get an envelope
I went to Germany to learn German
I went to the living room to watch TV
236
I went to the chemist to get some medicine

I went to the caf to meet a friend
4.
Carmen and Pablo must stay at home
I like drawing very much
He is interested in reading detective
stories
She wants to study Law at university
She pretended to be angry
She cant swim
She refused to buy this expensive picture
They decided to buy a huge house
I usually go fishing in the river
I hate playing cards
She hoped to pass her exams
Peter forgot to bring the tickets
5.
I am pleased to see you again
Is it possible to leave late?
It is impossible to learn this by heart
Is Japanese easy to understand?
It is lovely to see the girls playing
This recipe is not difficult to do
I am surprised to hear this gossip
English is hard to speak
Ingls bsico
6.
I would like to come to the party
Jane decided to give her mother a present
Lets go to Los Angeles for our holiday
We would love to meet your children
237
He promised to love her forever

Can you help me with the cooking?
I dont want to go out tonight
It was easy to decide what to do
He hates sunbathing
The policeman tried to help us
Ingls bsico
Tema 16
Anexo
Anexo
Anexo
Anexo
Anexo
1. La pronunciacin en ingls
Vocales
241
Ingls bsico
Anexo
Diptongos
242
Ingls bsico
Anexo
Consonantes
243
Ingls bsico
Anexo
2. El abecedario
(pronunciacin figurada)
A (i)
B (bi)
C (si)
D (di)
E (i)
F (ef)
G (gi)
H (eich)
I (ai)
J (jei)
K (kei)
L (el)
M (em)
N (en)
O (ou)
P (pi)
Q (kiu)
R (ar)
S (es)
T (ti)
U (yu)
V (vi)
W (dobliu)
X (ecs)
Y (ui)
Z (sed)
244
Ingls bsico
Anexo
3. Los das de la semana

Sunday - domingo
Thursday - jueves
Monday - lunes
Friday - viernes
Tuesday - martes
Saturday - sbado
Wednesday - mircoles
4. Los meses del ao

January - enero
July - julio
February - febrero
August - agosto
March - marzo
September - septiembre
April - abril
October - octubre
May - mayo
November - noviembre
June - junio
December - diciembre
5. Las estaciones del ao

Spring - primavera
Summer - verano
Autumn (UK) fall (USA) - otoo
Winter - invierno
245
Ingls bsico
Anexo
6. La hora
1:00 It's one o'clock
1:30 It's half past one
1:05 It's five
1:35 It's twenty-five to two
1:10 It's ten past one
1:45 It's a quarter to two
1:15 It's a quarter past one
1:50 It's ten to two
7. La fecha
Las fechas en ingls se forman con
los nmeros ordinales. Hay que distinguir entre cmo se escriben y
cmo se dicen.
Se escriben:
14th June 2005
June 14th 2005
14/6/05
14.6.05
Se dicen:
The fortieth of June, two thousand
and five
o bien: June the fortieth , two thousand and five
8. Das festivos
Easter - Pascua
Halloween - Vspera de Todos los
Santos - Noche de Brujas
Thanksgiving - Da de Accin de
Gracias
Independence day - Da de la
Independencia
New year's day - Da de ao nuevo
New year's eve - Vspera de ao
nuevo
Christmas - Navidad
246
Ingls bsico
Anexo
9. Lista de verbos irregulares

Verbos que tienen las tres formas iguales
Verbos que tienen la misma forma en el infinitivo y en el

participio
Verbos que tienen la misma forma en pasado simple y en el

participio
247
Ingls bsico
Anexo
Verbos que tienen las tres formas diferentes
248
Ingls bsico
Tema 17
Glosario
Glosario
Glosario
Glosario
Glosario
afternoon: tarde
brave: valiente
animal: animal
bread: pan
answer: respuesta
breakfast: desayuno
apple: manzana
brother: hermano
armchair: silln
bus: autobs
arrow: flecha
bus-stop: parada de autobs
aunt: ta
busy: ocupado
bag: bolso
buy: comprar
bakery: panadera
caf: cafetera
ball: pelota
cake: pastel
bank: banco
call: llamar
bathroom: cuarto de bao
carefully: cuidadosamente
beer: cerveza
carpet: alfombra
believe: creer
cat: gato
bell: campana
cheap: barato
belong: pertenecer
cheese: queso
bike: bicicleta
chemist's: farmacia
bird: pjaro
chess: ajedrez
birthday: cumpleos
child: nio/a
biscuit: galleta
church: iglesia
blackboard: pizarra
city: ciudad
book: libro
class: clase
boss: jefe
clean: limpiar
box: caja
clothes: ropa
boy: nio
coat: abrigo
boyfriend: novio
coffee: caf
251
Ingls bsico
Glosario
cold: fro
entertaining: entretenido
computer: ordenador
expensive: caro
cook: cocinar
eye: ojo
crowded: atestado, lleno
fashionable: de moda
curtain: cortina
fast: rpido
dance: bailar
film: pelcula
dangerous: peligroso
fire: fuego
date: cita
fish: pescado
daughter: hija
flat: piso
difficult: difcil
flower: flor
dinner: cena
flute: flauta
dirty: sucio
food: comida
dish: plato
foot: pie
dizzy: mareado
forever: para siempre
do: hacer
friendly: simptico, amable
door: puerta
fruit: fruta
draw: dibujar
fun: diversin
dress: vestido
funny: divertido
eagle: guila
garment: prenda de vestir
early: temprano
girlfriend: novia
earrings: pendientes
glass: vaso
egg: huevo
glove: guante
electrician: electricista
go: ir
endangered: en peligro de extincin
good: bueno
engineer: ingeniero
gossip: cotilleo
engineering: ingeniera
grass: hierba
252
Ingls bsico
Glosario
hair: pelo
joke: chiste
ham: jamn
juice: zumo
hand: mano
key: llave
happen: suceder, ocurrir
kill: matar
hard: duro, difcil
kiss: besar
hat: sombrero
kitchen: cocina
healthy: saludable
knife: cuchillo
heavy: pesado
lady: seora, dama
help: ayudar
lamp: lmpara
hesitate: dudar
large: grande
hide: esconder
law: derecho, ley
high: alto
left: izquierda
high school: instituto
letter: carta
holiday: vacaciones
listen: escuchar
home: casa, hogar
living room: saln
horse: caballo
locked: cerrado con llave
hour: hora
long: largo
housewife: ama de casa
look: mirar
housework: tareas domsticas
loud: fuerte, alto
hungry: hambriento
love: amar
ice-cream: helado
lovely: encantador
ill: enfermo
magazine: revista
important: importante
make-up: maquillaje
island: isla
man: hombre
jacket: chaqueta
married: casado
jeans: pantalones vaqueros
match: partido
253
Ingls bsico
Glosario
message: mensaje
petrol: gasolina
midnight: medianoche
petrol station: gasolinera
mini-skirts: minifalda
picture: cuadro
mirror: espejo
pink: rosa
miss: perder, echar de menos
plane: avin
money: dinero
plate: plato
mouse: ratn
pleased: encantado
movie: pelcula (ingls americano)
popcorn: palomitas de maz
neighbour: vecino
post office: oficina de correos
net: red
postcard: postal
newspaper: peridico
potato: patata
nightmare: pesadilla
pour: verter
noise: ruido
present: regalo
noisy: ruidoso
pretty: bonito
notebook: libreta
primary school: escuela de primaria
oil: aceite
pupil: alumno
old: viejo
push: empujar
open: abierto
question: pregunta
orange: naranja
quick: rpido
pale: plido
quiet: tranquilo
paper: papel
rabbit: conejo
pen: bolgrafo
rain: lluvia, llover
pencil: lpiz
raise: levantar
people: gente
read: leer
person: persona
ready: preparado
pet: animal domstico, mascota
remember: recordar
254
Ingls bsico
Glosario
repair: reparar
song: cancin
right: derecha
sport: deporte
ring: llamar, sonar
sport centre: centro deportivo
river: ro
station: estacin de tren
room: habitacin
stick: bastn
rubber: goma
story: historia, relato
ruler: regla
street: calle
run: correr
strong: fuerte
sad: triste
student: estudiante
safe: seguro
suddenly: de repente
scuba diving: buceo
sugar: azcar
sea: mar
suitcase: maleta
second-hand: de segunda mano
sun: sol
send: enviar
sunbathe: tomar el sol
sharp: afilado
sweater: suter
sheep: oveja
sweets: caramelos
shop: tienda
swimming-pool: piscina
shout: gritar
talk: hablar
singer: cantante
tall: alto
skirt: falda
teacher: profesor
sky: cielo
textbook: libro de texto
slow: lento
theatre: teatro
small: pequeo
thin: delgado
smile: sonrer
tidy: ordenar
smoke: fumar
tired: cansado
snack: tentempi
tomato: tomate
255
Ingls bsico
Glosario
tooth: diente
walk: pasear, paseo
toothache: dolor de muelas
wall: pared
tortoise: tortuga
want: querer
town: ciudad
warm: clido
traffic lights: semforo
wash: lavar
travel: viajar
watch: mirar, ver
travel agent: agente de viajes
water: agua
tree: rbol
weather: tiempo
T-shirt: camiseta
wedding: boda
ugly: feo
weekend: fin de semana
umbrella: paraguas
wife: esposa, mujer
uncle: to
window: ventana
underground: metro
woman: mujer
vacation: vacaciones
work: trabajar
vegetable: verdura
world: mundo
village: pueblo
year: ao
wait: esperar
young: joven
256
Ingls bsico

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Editado por: Ediciones Cartuja S.L.

1. Reglas para el plural

Tema 2: El artculo determinado e indeterminado

Tema 3: El verbo "to be"

1. Usos del verbo to be

Tema 4: El verbo to have

1. Usos del verbo to have

Tema 5. Los adjetivos calificativos

1. Colocacin de los adjetivos

Tema 6: Los adjetivos determinativos

Tema 7: Los pronombres

Tema 8: El verbo. Tiempos presentes

Tema 9: El verbo. Tiempos pasados

Tema 10: El verbo. Tiempos futuros

Tema 11: El imperativo

Tema 12: El adverbio

Tema 13: La preposicin

Tema 14: Los verbos modales

Tema 15: Formas no personales del verbo

Tema 16. Anexo

El nombre (o sustantivo) es la palabra que designa a una persona, animal,

Algunos femeninos se forman con la terminacin ess:

The blue books

Los libros azules

The girl is beautiful

The car is new

El nombre slo cambia su forma cuando distingue entre singular y plural.

1. Reglas para el plural

- Cuando el nombre en singular termina en y, cambiamos la y por i y luego

Pero no cambiamos la y por ies para formar el plural cuando el nombre en

- Pero no ocurre lo mismo con las formas abreviadas de palabras extranjeras:

- Algunos nombres que en singular terminan en -f o -fe forman su plural en

- Otros lo hacen de una forma regular; simplemente aadiendo -s:

- Algunos de ellos aceptan ambas formas de plural: -ves o -s:

- Algunos nombres, especialmente nombres de animales, tienen la misma

Trousers(a pair of trousers)

The police are coming

Persons no se utiliza en el ingls hablado, se prefiere people:

Es una persona amable

They are nice people

Son personas amables

Algunas personas son muy tmidas

(no Some people is )

3. Los nombres contables

There are many cars

Hay muchos coches

- Incontable es todo aquello que nosotros no podemos contar. Por ejemplo

Tengo algo de dinero

- Adems muchos nombres pueden ser contables e incontables a la vez

Hay dos corderos

Es incontable cuando indica sustancia mientras que es contable cuando se

una barra de pan

Cuando el poseedor es una persona, se emplea una forma particular, que se

En la formacin del genitivo tenemos que distinguir dos casos:

el libro del estudiante

la casa de mis amigos

la habitacin de los nios

Cuando nombramos a distintos poseedores, solamente se aplica el caso

Esa es la casa de Mary y

Pero observa la diferencia: