-

Auances en
;
psicoterapia
psicoanaltica
Hacia una tcnica
de intervenciones especficas
Hugo Bleichmar
I
Psicologa
. Psiouiatra

1;pot'"0i.
Psicologa
Psiquiatra
Psicoterapia
Llltinros
ttulos publicados:
l3l. E. Bianchi y otros - El se nic it social como proL.eso tle ayutla
l12 C. Feiras
1
M. T. Mrro. ,4f,." rimil t.n^ tt
tl\i,tenkt
l:1.1. V. F CuidrDu
.
El st mim, n nr," ,
','
lll V Bruce\ P Creen -
Arr1,r.i r',1
1.15. L. C:rncrirrr y C. La RUsa Lt,itio Ptn,,rtt
l.1o N. I.ejermcn. H. Arroyo, l\,{ Maisaro y V . Rrggieri - Auistno i fantil r otos rusomos
& lJurn'll'
137.
t38.
r39.
t40.
t4t.
l,+1.
| 41.
t,15.
146.
t+?.
1413.
149.
t50.
l5 t.
51.
r5l.
r5,1.
r55.
t56.
157.
151J.
r59.
160.
l6 t.
t2.
l6-'r.
164.
165.
166.
t6t.
1613.
169.
l7l.
t12.
t13.
t]1.
r75.
116.
t1'7.
l7l{.
)vl. Prez Pcrcira y J. Ca\|rc El d?suffotb
tiiil.dtt(iLo
lo\ os (i(fo:,
tn h prin,ra ufun.tl
J. S,'5. . Arcc
)
A. Pncro Mamal le p: ,l,'air jurntnt
J. Mui/es/o\ i( / - Prrc,'trntl,1,'qi psi t,ilhini,. lt
!. Corsi Vilntnt tintlir
A. M. Washton
,
1 Jiq n a td ot orut
A. Barlos Ltipez - A6arz4itho, t- Ntturulqo. .titryu v etulua(itt
A Bados Lpez
,
Agor'fobia. ll-'l rutamienbs
tr,higiot
\.
larmd(o
k;
!i<t).\
M. Payne - Teorat cotremporneas (lcl
trab4o !o(.d
R. Coromins y M.' J. Sanz - El minuty.ilio
lsrn
I su enkrrno
D Adamo y ou-os
(conipt;.
Pscolopi de Ia ot irin poli
R. J. Strnhrrg - /ri,rrirr:r en
|\tLtl,,!kt
S VinogrrJ,,! y S Yelom Garir ,i ut Je
:i,t'trapit
Jt
atut,
L. S. Grcenberg y otros - I..t(ilitando l cambkt enotional
J. E. Azcuar
1
tnfo' Altr,,,tu \ dcl arcnJi,tjL tttt'Lr
J. Cor.i
)
r.trl'\ - Vn,len,.n nttwlnu t l
frtt,t
l. E. A?co^ga - Los tuktro dl l wa( e 'l tk)
J. Currrmirr:r. y utro. P-\i\4htptu tt
Xruf,^
t,u n
,t
S. M.Nmee
)
K. ). Cer
en
- Ln rer,qid t,,w t i'n i uit hu r, \ i
B. lnh(ldcr \ J. Plpet Dc lo l,'f i. .1 n ia,, d ltt t,
\:i
n.lL t,tlt,tv-ntt
F. Torr\ de Bea -
(;rrt',,\
l ht^ \ h
A
r.\
R A Nernteer1M J \frhone) - (',)n.n.u,
tttiltk,.n
l'\ilth,ntltit
C. CplLrn
)
R. B. Crplx
(
,,n-,ulht \ 1.,'htb,,t,j,.t,tn r *tltkl mlntnl
K. E. A.en j P.'fofi\o - lnrcr\.nit,'tt
ltmilit
D. Stern - L r.y'r-itrt
'nt
,tl
R. Dallo\ Irr.rr.r
/. t tcolt i]r:.lnolltttre\
E. Hurl,,(l -
P.\t\1ln<tu l J,tt\t-nt-it
J. W- Wordcn_- _/ ratmoto el Ju.b: sesofttmienb ps(t)kjaL\,
\, tetupi
J. Po(h y A. A\ rlir lni.niy,h-t,4 p:,i,irn\,t
F.. Crr(!tmDrune
)
utru\ - f \rr.
/,p.lt.,./
h,ri,' \ r .. :1,, q u t r t.q i t'
.,. Rojxs Befr,ride/ - T irn r y a ,t
,'r,,Jnn
tttt.
,
R Si!rk y ,flfu. -
Tun t ,ltit d lu tlttirnt
H. Bleichntur - 4v.nk\ e
l'-tittt(t,tpt.t
p\i(t\tt,tlli

F. Lope/ y P. Poblacion - L/ .f('rl/r/, t

.\:tqrut
{nird\
frn,rmt
it,ts dplitd t
?n piL^oterulia.
D. Glaser y S. Frosh'A bux, seuol inlottil
A. Cesell y otros - 1l io de a 5 to
A. Gesell y otros El io de 5 a l0 ao!;
A. Gesell y otros - El dlolesnte tle l0 u l as
M. A. Caudill - Crnrrle el dolor antct tle que el dolor le tontrole d usted
l:. Casas - ln.fo,rc'io:
ltrtrycivar;
piL\)so(:iale.\
1.. For^n - Dilemr^ tiyi cn DLlidrkt
l). Greenberger y Ch. A - Pade;ky - El control d \u esta.lo e dnmo
Hugo Bleichmar
AVANCES
EN PSICOTERAPIA
PSICOANALITICA
Hacia una tcnica
de inte rvencione s e specrtcas
\ilp
PAIDOS
I
A So'd.
Pot'
L'l
"P.1ltllicl1"
A Sc11l()tlc.
p() l()s pa1t*!tas
,1 linilce. At tdtl'4.
.l(ric'. .Jttltttt
I'A(lclt
l.' licii. 1997
l.' nimpnsin, 1998
(.)rtr
r4rr\ nrtrrc pr)hihidas. sin lutoriacn csc.ila dc k'slirurncsct
,(nrylrl ,,, hr,1$ sm.nmc\ erabl.rids cn tus teycs. l .cr'xiuccnnr krlt
.'
r,
'.l-1..r{n,,h','
F{.
u:lqtrtrr m.r.,.1.,,.Ill,.(.lri n,.,,,,rcr,trJ,- t"
'rt,','rr,,ll,'\
rlI.(,'ni!r',,Int,rmJrn,,.\
hJr{ hu!r,n!t(ut.m,.. c,,1(( .r
rcr nlr rl(tuiloo prslmo
!bli.os.
()
dc kxlas las ediciones en castelluno.
tidiciones Paids Ibrica, S.A.,
Muirno Cub.92 - 08021 Barcelona
y l.ililorirl Paids, SAICF,
l)cli'nsa, 599 - Bucnos Aircs
lsBN: l3.l
.19.-{).r94
X
l)t pisito [rArl: It .1.941/1998
Irrrrcso t.n A M
(iilic,
S. L.,
(18l
1l) Str. lt'plul dc Mogoda (Barcelona)
IttlPttso crr lrslrarir l,rintctl in Spain
SUMARIO
\Br'.r(le( inricnt.,s .
lnlrl \lu( ( r, )n
El rcr.lrrccirnismr en psicoanhlisis: c rrxr(lel() chrctlil-especulatir o
l'om]irs clel re([lcci( )nisr)ro en psic(rp.lr()logx
f Jn alternxti\,1: cl rn<xielc m()cltlhr-tnrnsfolr]racional
1. EL MODELO MODUIAR.TRANSFORMACIONAL Y LOS
SIJBTIPIOS DE DEPRESIN
]5
fll scntiricnl() cle inr<ltenciu/clesesperlnzl para la rexliz.lci(-)n clel clcsct 15
I)itfentcs canrinos rle enlrxcla a la clepresi<in 13
'l
lansfirnrcioncs cn(re l()s
(lislint()s
cilcuitos
(lue
crn<lucen I la rle
presi(in 62
titilitlucl th'l nr()t{cl() nn)([l.lr cle.fiiculej(ir]
(le
c())p(ertes 6l
(i)nsectclci:rs
pall la terirpia <lel m<xlelr nx xltlr-h ansfirnraci< nal clc
llr clcpresiirn .......
(
CLralr()
(as()s
clinicos: espccificiclcl rle ls intervenciones tcruprticas. 69
2. EL MASOQUISMO. S1
Sul)tip()s
(lc
rltas()(Flislll() . l-l
I.ls(xrisr]r() en la intersrl)ictiviclcl 90
Articulaci(in cle rrxrtivaci<nes en l()s cas()s
(le
rnaso(}rislll() . . . 94
.\les<xuisnro: finra rlc cor-ttr'ol y transfi rrur;tcirn cletensiva cle h situe-
('i,,t'l
tr.rrllr.rti(.1
l)\i(1f(,r.ll\r., tlt I ll.rsr,lrts1,,
llcpetici(in tlc vincul<>s n)s()(ist:rs en Iir sit!lci(in terapuIi(il .
M:is allir clcl
(l(se()
y el principi() clel placcrr el sr.rjer clel clisplacer.
t
Tn
caso clnicr cle fil.lir rL la hrxrxscxualiclacl . . . . .
IJI srrjcr clel tlisplecer y el scntid() cle relitl:rcl
I.l clni<u <le mls ll
(lel
dcsc() y
(lcl
principi() clcl plrcer
11
1.1
1-3
17
20
9i
99
I0l
105
107
111
1li
I
,{VAN(-tJS LN PSICO'I'I]RAPIA PSI(]OANAI-I'I(]A
.J.
T,O REPRIMIDO, LO NO CONSTITIIIDO Y IA DESACTTVACIN
SIi(ITORIAL DEL INCONSCIENTE INTER!'ENCIONES
'TERAPI
ITICAS DIFERENCIADA
li.sl,rl,,s
,
rr rlclir il
lil \rrAirricnk) y sostn tle la fincii>n clescante.
,l\lt'Llio l'rrcilitack o nretlio
rroveetlori'
(.irir(t(rsticrs
clel terlpeutu y h c()nstitttci(ln cle I tirn<it-rn
(leseantc
llrrr clt,rrlrr
(lel
psic()l rl.i lisis: cl
(lesnrroll()
cle unt clni(1t <le lt Ill/kt
s/.q4(,i/ f cU(liana
(illrpotencilr/desvlllinliento)
(
itlncsis clcl sentilrient() cle p()tencil: clticit y conflict
llill):r) lcrxprtico c()n ls creencies r))iltri(cs psi(n]rles.
\||rl
'r)l,r
(,
lrislr
triir
l.i(
nrlirl\.1
l'.rtologirr
rol
iclcntific:tci<-rnr su ttt<clific:L<i<in
l.( \':lnlllienk) cle la represi<in y c()nstitLrci)n clc l< nct c<rstituiclt en el
i
(i rl)\cl(.nt(.
tx sl(1i\,1r( i(-)n sect(n-ial
(lcl
inconscientc y IJ I
ilttctg.utg
freucliant
(,()n\((u('n(ius
pltla ll tc-rapia cle lx rllttltiplici(l.t(l cle estl(l()s clel incons-
r'il.r)l (
l'.ll(,1()giu
xrr
cfficit. p()r trlrLln1. pot instripcirin pittol(igicil
(
I] (,1
inc()nscientc.
y
l)()r
c()nflict()
l)r)s
('.ls()s
clnicos: tincllrment()s y tcnicr cle Ia tenpiu.
lrrlr( lirrilrricn) entre clficit y conflict().
l)()s l(r)ris solrre la rclcirn cntre llngusli y cleseo.
Ir)l( r\(,n(i()ncs repllr(l{)rls: xlgtrnr)s stthtil)()s
4. F]I, TRATAMIENTOI AMPLIACIN T'E I.A CONCIENCIA,
NTODIFICACIN DEL INCONSCIENTE
l.r. IL\r.l(nri.ls
(l(
nlrr'
(l(l
inr,,n\(i(nl(
ll\ I., L)It,rI)r( I.Ir'r| ,n
nr(,(
rr)(lil,L i
1., ,\ (
l('( l(,\ rn(1
,n\(
r( nlv tlt llr intt'r'J'ttr'tlt,. t,
'n
Nt'trr'.rlirlrtl nlticll
)' rosiciirn
emocitrnul clel teraper.tta
Vr. nl;rrl rrlcrlir',
(lc
le interpletaci)n: l)ahnce enne cl
lla<el
cle la repe
tir r' t r ll
l)l.r(r'r
([
I ..l'i.
l.r s t'li r t()s t n t l ini onsc irnte
(le
las intcn enciones anliticrts
'li;rlr:rirr
r'l l.r tr';llrsli r'nr'jlr: Ill transleren(iit c()u() resislenci
f.,r rt pt :ion (l('l ( (
rr(
(
l)t(,
(lc
c()ntrxin(licxc(in en psic()xnlilisis.
l.il
l):rrti(
rt)ir('i()l] .tr'trr:t <k'l px(iente
)'
la cresti<in cle lit regtesiiln y la
.r., ,r
l.rr i, r lrl'rr.
l'rr':r rn;r IirrrrrrrIrr'ir'rrr rlt l.r lcglrr litnclurncntal
117
t20
72,-
1ll3
tJ0
t32
136
l3s
r i5
116
l.i7
ti2
l5()
t62.
163
169
ti2
1l
1ll3
I ti5
190
192
t94
195
zo1
zt)t)
ztt
213
2t6
\
L lgresi\ i(l(l y l: representuci(in clel sujeto 22)
Angustis
(tc
rLrk )c( )nst:n'?cirin . 223
Sentinlient()s
(le
cLlp.l)ili(la(l 226
Agresivirlatl ! nurcisisln() 227
La
"egrcsivicluci-instnr'Dcnt(
(-(rD()
icci(in s()l)rc el
(fro y el pr1)pi() sLiet() 232
Agresir iclacl e intent()s <lc sepiLnLcion-inclivicltrcion 2.1-l
Agresiviclacl y sa(lisn() 23+
Iigfcsiv,(hdylaterrlpt.rlsitlnltl
(iim()
est insclila I inten(ionliclucl agrcsivir cn cl inc()nscicntel . 238
Llplicrcionss pera la tetrpia
(lc
lit desc()nstruc( irin de la grrsi\ i(Lrcl en
rrxllitlrlcs v c()n(li(i()ncs
([rc
la rclivrn. 23)
6. PSICOTERAPIA DE LOS TRASTORNOS NARCISISTAS 213
Sulrtiros tle tlask)rn()s n:rrcisist,rs 243
El balancc lLrcisist.r: prlgonr <le ficzas. 248,
Iirlxn(e nur(isjsta intraps(lri(()
.v
str relrrciirn (()n
el
()l)ict()
rxtcrn() 250
I-.1 n:rrrisisr<: crlcligr I <'st(cttir 25'i
La < ont acliccir'rn
1
la kigica cn tl in.,rns.rcrrtc 23i
C(npens:lci()nes nirrcisists inc()nscientes. 25;
l'sicoterapi
(lc
l()s trast(nn()s r-rr('isistls 2i9
Exlnrcn crti('()
(le
la
()rientx(
i(-)n ta'cnicu k()hrtinl: indclrci()ncs. Iimit,r-
ci()ncs \' c()ntralin(lic:tcir rcs . 261
7. I.A MODIFICACIN TERAPUTICA DEL SUPERY 27i
Supery n()rnrativ() y supcry(i incliferenciackr 277
La relacirin del sujct() c()nsig() nlism() - . . . - 279
l)os rnocl:tlir.laclcs
(lc
csfru(llrlu(i(in clcl su.)ervri v l1l lctir't i<jn rlc llt
ruglcsivirlatl . 282
Mlrndrtt()s s\rpe[_v()ic()s rttorelcs y n.lr('L\,\t.t:' 2t]
La proltillici<-rn superyoic:r <rrur:r crccnril nrxtriz . 2ti()
Resislcncils r la rn(xliflclrci(io clel
\Lrnerli; 2lJu
Mcdificcirin r-lel sLrpery<-r: lr clcsiclentiflclcin 291
l)rrs firoits
(lc
cntcn(ler la rrsrcicirn liblc. 29.1
,Srrpery(-)
:rrrrilirl o intcrprctucirin clel strperyi'/. 2q7
SUMARIO
5. IA AGRESIVIDAD: VARIANTES Y ESPECITICIDAI)
DE I.S TNTER!'ENCIONES TERAPUTTCES . . .
8. PSICOTERAPIADELDUELOPATOLGICO ., .,
F'uncioncs que cl
(r)jeto
pcrclickr cr-r[rpla p.rr el sujet().
Prclicla tle
(r)ieto,
prdi(ll en c-l elk
9
221
.10-l
J05
307
{
t
I
:
i
l,os rlL;licit tlcl sLrjeto y Ia fijci)n al obieto
ti'rrrtrr
<lilclcncial entre tlixci(in prir))ariiL y fijuci<in secunclurilt?.
Lr
'..r',li,.l.r
rlt.l ol'eto in(ern,'.
Ilr r':rso rle claloraci<-rn de un cluel() px)lgic()
l.lrlx[rrcirill clel
(klclo:
el trxtxnient()
9. AIGUNAS DIMENSIONES PAf,A I]N MODELO MODUIAR-
'TRANSFORMACIONAT
EN PSICOPATOI-OGA Y PSICOTERAPIA .,
lll sislt rr;r pulsional-clescunte: ln()clalicla(les clel desear y c()nterlid()s te
rtr.ilrrUr cle I,,: tleser t
l )(nrinrnciil. c()nc()r(lancials y c<>ntraclicciones entre clese()s-
llslir(lr)s
(ir)l()ci()n.les y lngrrsti:rsr el sisteD,)ir clc aleta y errcrgencil
iltlsitlrtl irlcctivu cle ls icie:ts: insrflciclx i cle la cxpliclt( i(-)n
(iel (lcs
lo AvAN(it;s l:N
pslco'r-liRAptA pslco.,,tc
l)Ll7tnicnt()
rll((itnisln()s cle <lefenslrs
AGRADECIMIENTOS
lll n(xlel() psic()Pat()la)gic()
(ltte
Prescntanl()s
en estc librl,
)
stls c()nse'
cuencir\
I)r'ir
lx tcnica
(lcl
tt1rtl))ient(). sc hn icl< tirljancltr rl lo Iatgo clc cs'
t()s llill)()s tliez aos cn lis
(liscLlsi()ncs (lt( ('ll sct))inri()s \'aL-s()s lltn)()s
tcnirlr en /t7l.l.s
-a(
r(jnillx <k liscttclt
(k'
Lhta'llttst'tdttz.t tlal l'sitttti-
/'.s. .
(r)n (uyo
n(nr)l)re
(lcsei-ll)irm()s rcn(lir tril)tlt() 1l()
(lll(
signili({-) pxlit [,1
cdlrcucirin y el pensuttrienr clti(()
y
n() clogulitico cn Esl).Ia y Am ca l,rt-
lin.r el !D()vinrienf() ilnptlsr(l() por l'.\ l':sctt.4t da I'ibra )tsctitttzt l-lrs iclelts
(lLle
cll)(er11()s s()n, cn pre. tln
(()nlintlici(in
,v Pl
(
)[tn(lizilcia)n
(lc
lrltl)il
i()s
nfcri()f(s en qtle lrill)iinr()s s()stcni(l() l ncr"esicllL<l
(lL'I(nll'l
en ctlenl;l l:l
c()n1l)leii(l(l
(l(j
l esltllctLll.l
(lel
in(trnscicnte
-hal'Lill:ttrt(ls
<le tultilllts es
taclos <lel inconscicnte-
l)itl-x
tn lll()(lcl() en
llsic()p.tt(
)l( )gi1l en cl cttl los tlis
tink)s tl-itst()rn()s filcln cntcn(li(l()\ nr,
(,,ru', ('.llugt,l'llls L\t.ln( r\ sint crtlxl el
rcsLlltx(l() linul tle Lrn
Pr(\'es()
c()l1lplcj()
(lc
llfticLtlcia)n
(lc
sistelrl\ nr()ti\'l
(i(nt1tlcs.
l'cr() c()nstittryclt. s(r)re l()(k). tltr nLcv() dcsrr()ll() en le lnea clc
nLlesllils
l)rr()(tlPllci()ncs
il(1(liles: c(illl{) iil'l(llllcnlar tc(-)rictllcntc Lln l
I)r'lL
_
tic lcrl)a'tt(i(x qttc:Lll)crc Ls inlcicncitlncs 1()i'l()(1)[(lcs iPIi(ll(l!s lt n(' il))_
p(r'tx
(lu
tiro cle curlclr<r
I):,ic(
)Plllol( )!li(
(
)
()
cslltlcttlrrl clt
llcrsonalichcl
<tcl
pll(ientc. F'r! n(l.Lluent?ci(
)t] tc(iri(
(ltle (lcl)e
ser segr.ticlll. lrrtio ricsgo cle que
dmos cn el
rlltno
cte las afirrnci(ncs
gcnerxlcs.
ror
un tletalle tlc las m<xla-
lirhrlcs rr. nicus tlc iutcrv(nt iin qLtc l-cstlllcn set llls nl1-ls cs>tt ficlts posillles.
t!nk)
l)itril
cltrla configrtr;tcirilt
psict lpatoIl-rgic lt c()ll1() pr:l sLls vlLriitntt's o srll'r
tii)()s
Fil tr'.tlrujri intclectrt.tl. ittln(lLle sc hltgrt en solitltlio, r'ctlr.tierc tlc ttn .lintlt
cxtcrn() eslinltllantc.
I':s cl
(ltle
cnc()ntrll ll1( )s en eslc lrl()lllenk) fecunclo
r:tr:t
cl psicoanlisis en
(lLc
l()(l() cst.l strjet() a t'cl isitin. en crte el resPck) p()l sLls
gnnrles
>cnsackrrcs.
pot lo ntttcho <tte lrs tlellenr<s. n()
(()nstittlyc (r)st,lcll
Itl p:tnt rr'tt se tt'atc clc rlrlnzlr ntlis all;i tlel prrnr el ctte Iltgltttln l]llsta vel
ill rcs)(]fl() llts rtr]sionltcllts
llQl'nlitlts
s()stc,l(ls cr lils griltl(lcs rel'ist:ts clt'l
l)si(()xnulisis PlLra
tcn([ ilnll ulLlcstl:t
(lc
[1] vtllli(lx(l :ttttt.tl clc llt
rrrx[lcci<in
te<-r'ico-t lnic:t. I)er() el crlcLtcntro a clistltn<ilt c<ln acttell,ls
(lLle
st.lp.lslln.Ln
Por
lo rtlisDro qut Ln(). n() cs slttl<icnte.
'li<los
necesitanxs clc la inrlecliart z
clc h ptesencia tlc seres tttc
(ltn
Lln senlicl()
lrofirnclo
1t ntleslr()s
Pr()y('(1()s
109
3ll
.l1.1
J15
319
321
321
326
i11
.lJrJ
3l
l.i l
.l4J
i49
312
J57
359
-16
i
J61
l6l
3,-)
.18 I
.19J
lirs lnALrsitius cle clesinteg[acin y fragrncntlrci<in .
l.()s tslx(l()s cltxcirnales: formas cle c(nnunicaci(in y tlc accirin solrre el
i,l r, !
v
(.1 suiel( ) .
I I .llrl',( rl()n.uni(ntr] r[(
(li\ ()
lrl srsl( rir rlcfnsiv<:r clelensas en el inrrrnst iente
y
srt clifi-renei c<n los
k['rrs ollscsivlrs cle aglcsi<in a seres queri(l()s y la p()tencilrcln imxgiml-
r ,.r
(
l(.1 \rj( t( )
(
)rg:lr)iz(i()ncs psctticlts supr()(lina(hs: relucioncs intcmas c1e objet<r
l.l sistr
r.r n.t[( isislll rnl( rn()
Ni\ ( [s
])irritiv()s
cle orglrnizacirn clel psicrr:srrr<r
l{r'r rrr'.
's
tlelit it
}1)r(1)\
I'('r'tin( n( iir y relev:tncir cle I.l intervenci(in terap'utic.l: el riesg<> clel tra-
lr.ri,r r,n l.r p<ril(riir (le
lrt prrt,,krgi.r
AprlNotcr.: A
I lna gua para la presfitacin de mateial clinico a suprvisin
APNDlcr,. []
l,rr un
lxiicoanlists
del porqu de la adhesin a modelos reduc-
('onsaas
! )htr:urts
lllblkrgralia
t:
^vAN(
trS l'i trst(_(),r t:R^pA I,sl(
()^NAt_i1.(
A
l'llr' t llr r'l ilg|(lc(.inlic.)1(
) .r nti f'.lruilix y. so)rc tr )cl(), a Elilce. por ttnt() c( I_
I)
rrr(1.
\
l)()r
lir tcrr)urlr
(lLe
sicnll)r'e rlrc pr.t rr<.e lcrla seotal(l rnte ? su
()r
rlt trtLI rr'.
\ l I ttit'rsidul
l\Dificilt
C:o till. (lr.risiera
cxP,es1r nti graritu(l p()r
c
.r1r,4rr rrilricIr. (i)c(.iinrcnt(
p()r lx (r)trljilrrz:l (lcl)()sitldu
eri lp.sr.J xl
(le
sirln.r
Lr t'otrro t.nfirlcl ,..olaltoratL
rra enc:lrl{.rdrr clc irnpartir.el ct,.",, p,r. el que
st- rlrrrrlt itl liul()
l)r()l)j()
cle l:r llnivesiriecl rlc
"Esper.ialistlr L_rniversitarir
c-n
(llll)i(.r
] l)\t( r )l(,riil)jx
l)si(r ):nl liicu,. C(-l &).k). nt rec()n().inti(,nk
lit ltni
rt lsirl.rrl r':l lrr:is trlh tle esta citcLtnstllncii
clerivl clel clinll hrl))n() c lnrt-
l(\ lLrirl (l(.(.slrnul(),y
rc
l)el()
quc presi(l(,el
tral)ii() c()ti(lirn() rluc cn ella lelr
lrzttr . lr nros \ pr()fi,s().cs.
INTRODUCCIN
EL REDUCCIONIS MO EN PSICOANIISIS:
EL MODELO DOCTRINAI-ESPECT]LATIVO
En
Jrsi<rnniilisis
c()cxisten
(l()s
grxndes tcnciencirts ltcttc.l dc c(jnl() ltl)()r
(lar
cl
('ump()
espccfic()
(lc
invcsligxci(-)n
(lLrc
al)ri() el csttl(i() sollre el in-
(()nsciclltc.
llnlt. u lrt ruc rcsull:lrr \.ili(l()
(len(nuilrtr
"(lo(
t illit l-cspcct ltiva,,
sc cafar(tcrizll p()r nllr Llnxs p()(lts cxteg()ris nlLl\'l)lf(ltti\lls y. it palltil-
(ie
ellas. c()Drenzalr un
l)r()ccs()
lle tip()
(lc(lt(ti\'(). qLe (\)ncltt)c
cn lln sisiem
crffacl() cD
(lLre
l(xk) se explicr eu l)ast a llts pletttisrts iniciltl,.-s llltjo la mocla-
li(llr(l
(le
i(rslificlrci(in
(lLre
!n epistc n r( )l( )gr se col()((
(1)t1I()
"(()hcrentisol()
cpistmic(),,. I-ls
(l((
ir,
justifi(llcion clc ttn c()n(cpl()
(n
funci(in cx(lusi\'
(le
h
c()hercnai
(lLre
tengx c()n las pr()l)()sici(),lcs 1l ntcri( )rllentc cntnciaclils. nls
alLi de crulcluicr
()l: (u(-sti()n uic'ti lll si5cnlx
(l('r('cDCi:ls
a(ePt:(l(). I)(x()
ilrp()rt pra el
(irs() (luc
el pr(xc(li)rient() esPcculllti\'() sil.l cicltlt l(-)gic
()
(lLre ()cLrnln
en(nnles sltlt()s cn lat inli'fct1( i. recliltl:tt'el rtst> r-lc tln tl)tfllli)
iz:( i(in
(lcsl)( (ll(llr
que rrnc lr tlisnril. L() ccDtral vit-nc cLttlrr por rtterer cles
clihir la complejiclacl lt prtltir <le cxtcg(ns
(le
tlll gr(l() cle lstrecci<-n qte ll
que sLrceclc en cl interior clc esa contplcjirillcl cs clcslltcncli(l(). I)cro, solrre
tr>tkr. pr )x prctcnsi(-)n
(Ir('
llls cutcg(niits inlrrtcls
Pcrlltititixn
cntcn(ltr
tocla l clniclt, tlesrle lts
(
Lrit(l)s
l)sic()p:lf()logic()s
llxsta l1l t'( nic.l
(le
lil ctlrx.
suponinckrse Lrnlr rxci()nali(la(l cluc srlo ellas pertttitirian. A cstlt fi)rl)la cle in-
l(-nt.rr.rc(r(lcr al
(()n(xir))i('nt() se rtplica Ia ctticil
(ltle
lirlltla i\'kin. ...rs
sielrpre.rl)stra(1ir.
Jlrlc.
-ideol'rgic.t
,
cs sictllPrc siruplifl( :l n(e"
(l\l()tin.
l9lr.
pag. 15. entrcc(nnillackr en el originll).
Aunrrre el
l)cnslr-Ilie,rl()
sil]ll)lilicantc D() sc ig()t c()n lils vcrsi{)rrcs cn
<r,rc los
rrincipios
< )lg! 11iz.l(k )res s()n ltl)s([lc)s. I)()lllin. tlrnll)ia'n.
(Lllu(k)
Ls
valiables explicatir'.rs re\-istcn hs ltnnas ltlis cercltrlls a lo cttrprito y ollset
vable. crranckr se crcc
(lLrc
c()n LrDa p()cils clirttcnsi()nes trxlo cs clecltcil>le.
seln srs I llircsivi(lir(1, le sc,xra Iid.t.I, cl n:l[( isist))()
)
sts !icisittctcs, r la in-
tersul)ieti!'i(l1l(l
'el
tlis(u|so clel
()tr(). ()
Ll estrLl(ttra clel yo
'cl
strPery. P(n'
tant<, l;r cuestit'rn no sc rL'sLclve
lx)r
()ptr
p()r el
qlr)pirislli(),/P()sitivislllo
en
(1)nt (lc
h ft]zritl pttt'at \)
1)rfur'i
sLlstcl)talLl:l
(]t'l (ltttg()r;ls
tras(Lnclentales
kantians. cn cr.tc la rxz()n tc(-)ric.t serlt lx
(lLle
dcterurinrl:t el tlollrinio cle lt
cxpericncia r la cuitl p()sil)ilitit, y quc la histri cle la cicncia n()s aPorta
p-uel)irs s(r)rx(lirs clel rcclucci( )r'l isrr en
(lue (lesentlx)ca
cl trllPirisrro.
lr AVAN(.I:S ]N PSI(,('I'I]RAPIA PSI(]oANAI-'I'I(]A
ll( nl! r
(sl()s
lil)()s
(l(j
pensantiento sinlpliflcxnte, sell el
(le
lrs
(.atc!l()rs
.rl, rr,r( tir\
() (.1 (l(.1
cttll)ilistrx). se h.lll.L Io <rrc se lte cluclo en [[erner el "pensa
||ll( Dtr) (r) tl)l(-),
(Nl()rin.
1977), que lrusca entenclcr ks sistcntrs cn ltase lr I
.utir rrlrrr'ir'r tlt crrnlponcttcs. l'ticltlacia)n qLle n() resp()n(le i propiedacles ahis-
t.r rrs tlt,lrirls a lcvcs cle cstr.uctLra
,
<.(nr)() I< sosttrrrr el estnrcturalisnro logi-
(
i t.l . sirr{)
(luc
se pr<rlucc Dreclientc proc-t-r-os que se \'an encllclenanclo en rc
rI s sr'irlr,s t. cn patirlelo, pr-()ces()s en l()
(lLle
rr]e(iiante trilnsfi)n)uk.,ncs 5v
r,r',1ll
l)rl,f)rt(l:r(lts
crtlergentcs. en clrre lray letr():rcci()nes solr'c hs pafles. en
,lrr' rlrr.rr l()\ it'cn()s tlcnrltinck>s
"recrrsir.os,.'
stos r'rrclr'en a tege
rrlrrr. sin rLrc lt:rya jatnlis vrrelta cxacta a l() lnisnx, la orglrnize<.iitn clel siste
nr.r.
(
r
(r(
tl lrzul interuiene hacienrlo quc algunes c(url)inxci()ncs tcngitn h-
rt.u r rlt.itrr<Lr cn el cilntino las cr.re sienclo una posiltiliclecl nr lun clcvenicir en
.rr trrrlizir rrr clc esa poten< irlichcl. Pensrllicnt() <r)lDplejo
([re:ldquict.e ((
rt ,
l,rrrr.r rlt
l)i11i(ullrrizxci(ln
en el cstuclio clel psi<uisru<r lo <rre se conoce
<,rv tttlttlttritlftl. cr)ncel)ci()n
(llie
cstl)lc(c qrrr el firr:ci.,n;uDicnl()
(lci
Dtis-
nr(, n()
(k
l)L.n(lc
rlc trrros
>rincipios
rnifrllrs
(lue
tils(-cD(leriitn lt t()(lars ls
l),rrt(s
sirr) rlt llr rli<lrlrcir)n compleja cle sistcntas cle cot))p(rtcnlcs ccla trno
(, )r sr
lrlr)l)ilr
cstrLr(tur. crnteniclrs y lcycs cie fincionatick r. l,lrrlrlcura cle
Lr r r r r r I t r I r r r i r I : r r I c[,]
rsicr-risuo
(llle
enfcntu a clos posiciones: h
(lc
l)escirtes,
,rrl l,r rr.go. r'llr tlc l-'r'anz
_[oseph
Gall c|.re sLrp() intuirla, ]un
(uan(l()
sr cl(sl
ll, ll, (l(.1 (,)r](({)l()
en I()s
(1)o)ienz()s
clel sigkr xrx lc priv<i tle Irs nreclior, rue
lrulrr'.rr
l>t
lrilirl) (l(fitrl() (le
una lase cit,nttic. |leLrcl
()pki
<lecicliclalte:te
lr
l,r r.nr'lxio rlc le rrrc[lariclad. ttrr ej.: el sistellu in(()nscicntc cs clife
r( nl(
(
ill(l(.1)(.o(li(\ntc rlcl sisteltr cle la crnciencir. ca(la Un() regiclo por srrs
l)r,
l)i.s
l(.\1s
(lc ()rgxnizckin y
fin(.i()nlr)icnt(),
llL't.()
?l.ticL.r(k)s.
'fatnltin
cn
Lr,lrrr'.r , n tlanlilisis <ue hece clel
.Hcubrt (le
las r.ltIs", chrncle urrcstr l:L
, , rrrvlrgr.r rt i.r \' :rfticlrl(i(in prrr:r ll prrxluccicin rlel sni<ne cle un ntllter<: nrrr1,
l.rrrrh,rlt.rlirrcrrsi<nes:
rlcseos clc clivers()s tip()s. .ngLtsti!s, rlelensas rnlti:rlcs,
r'fisnr()
ir)irl. rcgcsiirn. jrrego clel significilntc. paxl clcl significaclo incons-
, it'nlc tlt, ( i(rlrs fxntusas, experiencixs vivitlrs, etc. Dintensi<tes que tiencn.
r.rrl:r rrrrr <lt, cllas. su propio origen y lnea dc clcs:unllo.
lis l.i( lI( l]l)crl
(
19119. 1992) cl <ue n}l'ts hr insisrick en psi(()an.tlisis s(r)re
l.r irrrxr|t:rrt'i:r rlr cntcncler cl fll ncion nticn ) psc1Lrico coru(, integraci(in (le
\rsl('nr:rs
ll(fivir(ionulcs riilcrenciecl(lls, se>l:lrl.tles, 1tfiicL lil(( )s, existien(l() rrna
" rrls:iz:rcii)r'r jclitruicu
par;t l:t.fitttcttttitt
J,.fiutciolamiuit) de cada uto
,, r\ s/./r,/r/(/s.
'lilnll)in
c()nsidcr.itnr<s la rt,lci<in crr? l).r .?-sftrlld.\., su ten-
:ir rlrrr;irrricrr v lil \:lriaci(in en llr cl<rninancia jer:'Lrqrica
entrc ell()s,
(1992.
|,rJi
l), (ursi\.r
t'rr <,1 origitel). C()n(epci(in srltrc l articrrlu,:.i<in
(lc
sistem.ls
l.,r,,(Lr ,r1,(1.,,1,\l.r ,.rfl(i(l.Lcrnlsi:r(|rr(l(1!t){krrir:(xsi
ll]]snn)
t)rl)
D()
l)()
rDx
|,,,1,r,,L,Lr,'i,.,
)rrIklrt( !nr)I)(r'ur) crr(xden.llrrr(nIl)
(l! pr()((\()s cr (t!c rtr(l pxs{) g(n(.
,,trr,,r,,,1,
t,,,.r
,tr(. l,)\\i1tlll(Jr(\ r)rrxn.
cl r'itrinn)
(l(.
los cuatcs ts cluz degenerrhr (.(nr,
,1,, r,rr rrrr r.rl , lr,r,r.l,r Is,, (l (,r)(.cJ]lr)
dc r((rllsr\,i(1,(l en lx grillrllililjlr gdnerati\,r. ],,1()rin l()
ur'l\,.., r'1,,,.1r
t,.
I l,fIIrl. l,) cn Ln rrl\cl grnerel
(]\knin.
l9:i. p:igs t86,1iJ?).
INTRODUCCION
llx )ti\ ci( )na lcs divers()s
([Ue
\.1 Stern
(
19U ) halte firm-rlado clrlrotente en sus
tsluclios <lcl cleslrrollo infnnril clcscle una pcrspe(tiva psicoanlliticnr....Mien
l[ls qLrc ]() existen du(las alcclci de que tccesitatrx)s r-rnlr concepcirn solrre
Lr nxfi\'cin, sta tenclrl qLre scr leconcel)tualizncln en trltin()s cle l)tLtch()s
sistcrras lrotivacionales cliscretos per() interrelaci( )nadcs... Nt srre el pensar
tluc toclos csk)s sistem]s I<ltivrcirnales se
(leriven (le
un unitlrio y nir-tt sis
t('ma m()tivxci()nal. En leliihcl, lo que alxrl,a resulta mirs nc.esari() es c(n]r-
l)ren(ter
ca)nl() est()s sisteotlrs ol()tivaci()nales cfltergen y se intelfclil(ir)n.Ln. y
r'rrltlcs tie:rcn rrna posicit jerrqrLica
supci()r o inferiol, clruante qu contli-
(
i()nes y il t1u echcles,
(prig.
2-3tt)
P()1
()tre
pafte. fireru clcl cerlrp<> clel psicoanhlisis, Chornsky,
(lue
convie,te
Lr rrcltlaritlcl en elerucnr clave pra enten(ler n() s(ikt ei lcnguajc sino el psi-
ruism<> en gr:nerrl,r clestaca tlue el c()ncept()
()pLtes),
al qut: lllunx
"principk)
(le
lu rtnogcncitlecl,,. continx d()nlimnclo proclucci<xres te(-)ricils tan cliverss c<tncr
lrrs tlc J)ieget o la clel crtr.[rctisrro cle Skinner tChrtrsky, 19S{, piigs. l-1(r). De-
lense clet'iclirllr cle la m(xllrlri(lad que se xp())'ir s(ilidnrnente en lu eviclencia que
sc va lrricncl< camin() cn la lrcttaliclacl soltre el crnrci'niento cie cm< funcic>
n:r el apl[rt() psqLric(), y que peflIite xilntur a l)anrasi():
"...N1estft)
rol)usk)
srntickr clc integr.rci(-)n t)lentul se cre x pllnir <le llt lcci<in c()n.ertacll
(le
siste-
nrxs a gr:ln cscxla n)e(lintc c(nljllnl()s sinc )nizxclos...,
(I)utu:Lsio.
1994, plig.
')-).
Es
(lrcir.
r'r() Lrn()
()
unos p()c()s princ)i()s r>rganizlch>res clciiDiclos crnr>
l)Urrt()
(lc
I):rrti(la
slno ittlclltucin, ncci (tccrtadaL
sitlctltiztcu de s\b-
sistrlnns. (lrc.
ltl n< cle var unrr cle ks
(fr()s
y tenicnd() origr-t prr)pi(), se vJn
t l-rc<ntranrhr en el pr<>ceso clc afiiculaci(-)n. Es aclu clonclc el c()ncept() feu(li.t
n()
(le
sc es
(rnnplenrcntarius.
qLre se ticn(lc u rcchlcir cn su aplicacii,n .r rqr.re-
lkr <1ue se dillix nicantente cn el proccs() ev()lutiv()
(le
ca(i suiL-) y n() c(nl()
lcnr-xrteno (lLre (xtrl)in ()cLrtle
en ltr sint roni. cs tlecit cn lx llrticulxcin en el
)resentc
(lc vlrius clirncnsir>nes psqtricas, ltclquiere tockl su
yak>r.
N()s cne( )ntlilr]()s, p()1 1 n ), irote el pelNltieltta co14 ajo y l ntcclt ari-
tlttd,
><u
ut'r laclo, y cl pensxntieoto ccluccir>nista, siltlt)il)cante, p()r cl otro,
(ltLe
detcnlrinan estrategias heursticus y cle justificecitin (lilcrenles.
llespcct() al
l)ensanlicnr
re([lcci()nista en psic()anlisis, ste se acompua. tlccLente[)en
lc. clc
(fr()
pl()cr(limient(,r cl al\rso e i(lc()l()gizuci(in clel tit<r rlc cleiinici<nes
(lLc
sc
(()lt()Ccn
c(rI() estiprltivirs. Dcfiicirncs tlel tip().el iD(()nscientc ss...".
llen'tncksc cl eslncio <1ue clcjltnos vlco crt )e propie<lacl que cacla aukrr en
.uentra c(n)x) sLflcicnte. en vcz clc
jntentarsc
clescril)ir Ltn existente lne(linte
l()l))Llaci()nes clcl tipo
,,la
firlma en cltrc.filllcittcnt l<s prt)ces()fi inc()nscir-ntss
cn l<rs crrc L't,)tlro t,rt(,/tsse clrlcte[iza por'.-.. lo qrre alrrire le posibilicla<l
tle tlesclilir r':trirts rlocilicl:Lclcs cle firncionarrrie) c()n [.ls respectit,xs arft-
lclorl( qre cntre cllas se prrclucen. UD \rz
(lue
sc dcl iclc qrrc el incons
2.
^
ul punt() quc un()
(le
srs ll)ros lln cl lfrlo dt ,tk\ltthttAl)l1)acbrr k) thc.\ttktt oJ th?
l1rl/
( (lh(nnskv.
l9tt).
I
li
ll, AvAN(-lis liN Psl( r)l:RAPIA PSI(.()AN^l-ll(.?1
(i(nt( (sll (r)sir.
c()ntinuaci(in sc usa esta clcfinicia)n
PI:l
arril)ar ir c()ncll
sI )r)L s
(lr( (r)
rcli(llld s()n nLlevas clefinici()ncs. lh()r'x de las con()cicllts coll)()
l)(
rsitsivls, cs
(lccir.
clestind.ls l
Pr()dtlcir
efect()s dc e(lhesi)n cn el interlc
(
Ul{)r:
(l:l(k) (lu(-
cl incrnsciente es tl cts-.
-clcfinic
il;l estiptllativa-, y ,///4
tu(t5 tlt!(, l lcr,,srr...
-la
llaurtl cl:irrsula tlc clatsrtrlt o cle exclusi<in- I el
lsi.r):rr:ilrsis
sc rlcline por cl
jnc()s(ieDtc.
entr)nces
(
Litl(lt is,-
(f
c.rr.rLl(riz.l-
rrrr <lt'l irrrrrlts<iente n() es psicounjiisis y los <ue n() lLceptltn la tlt'firrici(rn
l)r()l)u(sl:r
rro son psico:tnllistlls". lk)r tllnto, Ltsc tlt <le[inici<nes
pt]rsLl.tsl\.ls
Pr'orio
rlcl l('n()lis1)l() i(lc()la)gi(\) t'no cle ls necesiclrtcles cle la ciencir. Lu cle
linit irin <lcl inc()nscicnte p()(lrl c()nsistir en considemr lt ste c(nn() el
gllca(le-
nlr))i(nl() si.nill(?nte, o el luglr cle la fintasa,
()
ios resk)s inasilltilllles cle
lrirl-lr)l('rtl()s cle cxrericncilts o tlc tensajcs recillitlos. o lo c1r.tc prol't>cll rc--
r'lr;rzr r'r'r lll a(tcieD(iil
1
pr el)o es ext lttitlrl tlnll vtz
(ltle
esttl\1) ljn sl.l. r)
, l lrrgrrl rlcl crcligr y del ttlt, o las signiticlcioncs ctte r.tn
lnxetlittlicllt(t
hel-
rr(lliuli(\) tlclr<'ria clescifllr.
()
cl reslltl(lo icliosincrl-tsicr])
(le
Llna rllc('itlti!-l
(
r(':rlivir
(luc
sigrrc las rcglas clc l:r rtetrfirra < la tllernitnia, o cl ent ttentrr en
tr(. Lr lriokrgi<o v [() rcpresentci(l ps<trico. l-r ctesti(in n<> rltclica cn crrc ta-
l,s r r rr't'rcior':ts no rcflejen espectos clcl tilnci()nil!)tienlo inc()nsciente sino
,rr, rrt tltsr[tiCulltt un l()(lo inteBIit(l() por sulrsistel'ls
(lttc
tienen
(listinl()s (()n
r.ni(ll)s \ l(ves
(lc
frnci()nxl'r)icnt(). l
P()stularst
c1int t-lst'iente cl1 sitl(ttl/tr
,\'
rrr l, rrrultilrliri<ltl. se incut'te cn l<s <tefect<s <rte le lutn si<lti cttesti<na<krs lti
l,(
lls.Uri( nl() r('(lLrccionista: esne( fic rttente. sc
(lesllficnden
las ecciones y le-
Ir(,,r(r'i()r)( s
(
olrr l()s sLrl)sistemes iocrnscientcs.l
l\'r()
(rxr r()(la la valiclcz qtrc pudiera tencl lo cltte elirunlos, cle p<ro vale
l.r r'pistt rrrolrgu crn(l() n() es etlpleecla en el clnlo espc'tfic{)
(le
investil{-
rirr rlrrt contill nucstr() intcrs. Si l ePistelr()log;l sirve, as c(nr() lll inter
rlisr irlin:r. r)() es p.r invoc;trle y trtttlcrnos en el plltlto gcnenl clc ll crutcli
rurr \ l:r lrlirr I r:rci<'rn sLgeret'lte, <1r.te lr.leglr nt, <llt lttgltr !
(()nsccLlell(l.l\,
sLn'l
l):lril
irr(lUirl:ls en el
1)rtxeso
clc prodr.tccin cle c()11()( il'llicnto
Palti.Lll:tr
Es l()
rrrc llt'r'u ;r Sllltriell
(
199-l) a alcrtar cuc an quecl:t tttuclto c:ttnintl por rec<lr
r'(r',
l)(s(
l su cntusiasor() por las posiltlcs aPlicacirnes al psicoan:ilisis cle la
lcrolrrciol't cl)jsternolgica actltal. espccialmcnte las clelir'clas tle las lccras
solrlt la trruplcjichd. P()r ntleslrit pe.
Pllrtirlros
tle l iclea cle <1rrc l:t atiura
(
(;!l srtg(r(ntc rlljga intcler'tLIrrlcnte e ltqttel tttc lrt fi tlttla stt clesltltolll
\
I);rrlr(
lllriTir(i(in iista cs it titc ttrriL rue clcse:nr<ls ilrtpritllir I nlles)
Pr()-
I r u.rr(1,,,r iIrr,r'rlimrx
(l in.()ns(iune ts tul trsrr, o.tl psr(()xnilisi5 cs l .()str" Irtreslr'lr
,'-.trr'\r.r.r\rrr.r lr li'flrr:
'li(nc
usl((l rirz(')11.
((-)rn() poLlrix (lisc(rtirle.
rslii cn str tlcretho clt
lr,,'r r.rl .,1r.r, ! r
r'r,,.r
Lonclirir-rn rlt cue trctlc ch|o qLrc cllo signill(ir: prrra nri.
(lcntro (lel
..,.r,'lr.r
,t,! , r^,r(.rr1,,.(l('lirr().csrrptI,.(lutcl n1(\nrs(ienrt
()cl
Psirorrlrilisis
s()r Iitl .osx'
l,,,,rr.r l,{,r,r'.
r.r,
rr,.r i,
(trrr'
nr^
itr\l.r
lliruur tl rxP) dc l.ls sirl)in1r (lel incons.irDlc v tl
I
A r , ,
'
.
'
r .
'
I
'
. ,
.
. , . , , | . | ,r!,1,^.rr.r\tr.r .r \Lr ticn(l.t
Pr;r
pasrrr ll nrrLic. .R\'nd()se
(lr.ptra's
s('r cl
,,rvlrr. l,.l,r,rru,,t,u rr,.r.,l,k
ln,,l(t(rk,s
(i(
r(t(rcli()s qLrc inlr:n(.lrrxn vi(rird()5 'l nrrkr r<lir,r
,
rrr
l.r. s.rl,rrr.r. hr,.,1,,1, I r.r1't,,. rrreLl.ttrrr r.:ttilcs.
tNl R()l)Lr.(iION
ycck) de lcvirii(-)n (le
la psicoplrlog;r
tsicoanaltic.it
y
cle la tcor.1
y
te(.icr (lc
l:t cttra. Y. si nos fireru
lxrsil>lc
intenrrl,. prrr l, rrrtnr,.-, llcral nuestras
l)r-()pLlest.rs
hasta el nivel clel cletalle, aquel al c1Lrc sc llega
ltor
un esfle,z() dc
<lescemlcr clel lenguaje trascen(l(nte cle l:rs granclcs afinlci<>ncs
jcncriexs.
llxy, 1l resl)ect.). Lln utetfi)rit a I quc n()s llentos ficionch: el psico:rnlr]is
lr ()
I)Lrc(lc
scr lguien e(luivllcDtrj a un birlogo
(lc
lx t.u cle lrr cvrlrcirlr:
rue rliscutc los grancles ptincif)i()s generalcs cLurn(k) est.i con sus colcgas
1.
Itrego. c<xr cl prcicntc. psx r a()nvcfiirse en un
jatrlJnerc
cltre clescor.t(x.e la
rurica clel illx)n()
(lrc
entpleu y slo se preocut:r
tle crr:'rntas veces
l)()r
sc
rrranu lr aplica. con clu cllu:rci<in ccla vcz. y
(lur.)tc
qu lupso. sln pcgLln-
lrst c(i l() lrcIxn lxs pr()picclu(lss
fsic<t<1utnica cle l sust:rncia cue clltplea
sol>re les prrricriacles espet.tic.as r.le cacla phntrr eD
l)rticulltr 1.clel
sLrelir en
ruc slrr se eDCUCntr. Ilsr;rrerle rle llr cspccificirlucl rrrc nos c(rt)pl(r)tet(t.ii .r
r clestle l:r tcor'lL .lc la t,ctllcll hxstu l pf()pucstil <lc tirrruas
(le
intcl.\cnci(in
ruc. cr.ranckr se llLs filnrrla cn el nir,el p?fiiculllizil(l( ) <lLrc rtesclruxrs. n<
(.o-
kren sicrnl)l-c en
1:xrsicirin
vuln<lallc iientt- a lll
(.riticll (le (fr()s
prir(tr..untcs.
llzi)n p()r L ctul hl>itrlltnentc se preficrc utantencrse cn el plano <lc la tetr
|ilr de l cur' v n() clc las lirnrras crncrettrs
(lc
intcncnci(-)n.
l)cr()
l)rsr-,n()s,
par ser c(rterctes c()n k)
(luc
veniD)os cntrnciancir. ll txa-
nlen clc
(r-)lI)()
rr:lpilrc(c el pcnsiu)licnt() recllrcr'irnist clr ur
(.:ullp()
l)rrti(.rllu'.
('l ([e
Lr psi(( )plLl( )logia, y', srlrlc rk:. c<-nxr st
xrrh.a
tirrnrular rrn pr()\.cct()
[)()-
sili\'() qtc n() se resttingictlr l
()l)ictxl.le
sino <trt [c c( )nt[rpr( )pLlsieflt
(ttr()
n1()_
rlckr cluc Iticicra .t\,l-tzr en h clireccion
(le
inlentir supcfilr sLts lilltitr! rL,n(s.
l,,Rtrf^s t)t-t lo.lrl
(
r ti,\t\Mr, t:\
p\t
(,pA.t.()t_()(,i^
(lLr:rn<lo
s<'t k):
I)r()(e(liori(.trk)s
(l(l
I)eosxlDlctlkr
rcrluc<.irtnistl krs rtrc
rl<ttinlrt cn psi(1)p.lt()l()gi sc t()nuln las catcgoti.rs clisicas <le la lcnotrrent
iogia psictril-rtrica
-lristeriu.
olscsjoncs. firltias.
.lsicosis.
ct(..-.
()
xlgLlnxs
nrs re(ientes conro la clc xn()rexiii, catcg()rits
(.()nsllUi(llts
exclLsilantente en
l()nl() r l.r c['sctipcitin cle sntrltlrs. y se las sruetc a un cltltle pr()r.(s() r,ul-
rlilicrrntc:
cl de rrttificcrcititr c ult,qr .ktl
./iu.zadtt
y cl dt past )t tilc.tc iot t .
En cLrrnl() l,t uufcrtct;t q!()riul.ftzku.
lus ctcgcras s(r) (.()Dver
t<ls cn cnicl:<lcs h(nogclnc:rs: cicnkrs
(le
tnbrj<rs ir:rlrLirr clc /i his<,rilr. /
rr('Lrr()sii
()l)csi\:r,
ltt i<ltit. lt tlcpresir-rn, /t r-rorcxilL. /t psic()sis \rcnll)rc
t n singrrler'-, clest rrirllincl<se la conrtlejiclacl y cliversiclacl <rrc hay,clcntro cle
.(|it un!
(lc
clls, lo rlue de tenerse en clenta llcr,.:rri lr prcguntlrrse qrLi, hav
tk'corn y. sol>rc t<xlo, de clilc.ente entle l()
(lU(,sc
clcnrIina lristc,rie cle
(r)ovcrsi(in
v rcluclla cuy() l'.tsl.l() vbresaliente es lr scclucci<in coLpo[rl <r
rlc tuelruier ()lr()
tip()
v el exlt
jbicionisll]o,
o llr irDtrresia
(lis()(.iutivil, ()
el
rl(spertir el clcscr tlel rr'o
>ara
lucgo fruslrrrle,
l):u-u
uilsl.n1) ll erDrin(r()
gilts r]) <lcscrilcioncs qLle c()ntin:Ln vigentes;
()
<lu es l< quc cstl)lece lx
(li-
IS AVANCES IiN PSICO'I'IiRAPIA PSICOANAI-1'ICA
l( r( r( iil cntr-r la clepresi(tn qle sigtle al fiacastl en un proyecto en el <ttc una

rt.r'sor rrrli<lart nxrcisista puso la posil>iliclacl cle iclentificarse con el yo icleal y
lrr rtrc r-tsrtlh clel oclio y stts efc'ctcls clestrltctivts s(r)re la rePrescntl( ia)n cle
l()s r)lr()ri si{nific.rtir<ts y clel sttjet(),
()
clel scntilllient() dc inlP()tenci qtle pr(
rhrtln krs paralizantes rittules ol'sesivc>s o una filia mltililnte. t cle la le-
I)r(
senlll( i(-)n clesvakrizacle clel sttjeto tlr.te ttn otro inoctll<-r clescle petllte'
'; '
'.
lrlr
r.'l ceso rle /a antt'exit,
xcaso
n() existe Llna profr-tncLr cliferent i;r t:stttc_
Irr-:rl. rr:is ell clel clentttinaclor c()nliln int(nllaltic(). cuantk restllt ser l cx-
r't.sion
rlc lrn trst()rn() narcisista de insxtist-acci(in glolrel clesphzltlo a llt
irrrrrgcn cotroral a la qtte ilusoriatnente se intentil rcprltt lne(lintc stl xdaP-
lr( i( )D l rn icleal cle clelgaclez.
()
cle sentjl)lienk)s cle ctrlpalliliclacl y lenclcncias
rr:rs( xluisllts que itponen el atttrsecrifici<,
()
de c()nflict()s intcrPcrsr)n:rles 1ll
rrtlt'tk'<lc l rir'liclacl eclpicrr y la lucha nar(isistx por el pocler. t clel inten
t( )
(l('
r({cncr la machc fbrzancl< a sta lt <ttc se pte()ctlpe ptlr la elimentl-
r ir'rr. o or;rndo constitrye Lln clefnsa fiente e las angttstias pl la scxtralicla<l
\'
ln)r l)()s('('r'Lln
ctterPo con pcchos y rerklnclez en las firrtllrts
(llle (lesPierten
t.l tlt st < tlel
(f
r()
-l()
qtle trata de se r evitlcl<l lrle(lilnte cl apllnamientr> tue
l,r .rrrrr'xirr
l)r()p()rci()na
.
()
ctrancl() es un intento <le inclivitlLtacirn y clc se-
r.rr;rr'i()n
lrcnte .t figur.s extemils avasallantes <ltlc lthtlgan el espacit'
r'i.1tri
r .
1 lr crrrt rgenciu clel deseo clel sujer. figuras a las ctales se recltltzlt a tra-
rr's rk l lrlirrrt-trto
(ltle
lals rePresental silrl)a)licallllcnte o qtte h:t set1irlo ctll<
rrr,uLrlirLl
rlivilegiacla
cle intcrcatll>io lttctivt ctn ls Ittistns/
llrr r'r:rrlo;tl tcnrirneno de
pt'lso tt ficuciritt. las categor;ts psict)pxk)lgicas
,ll,. r',| t'l ttttjt'cle los clls()s, s()n enticlxcles scparallles
y ()p()nil)l\ (
ntrc si
,l, nt|r, rL'lrn sistcma cl.lsillctori(). tien(len rl ser c(xrel.lc()n(llls, tllllt ll ttnll,
( r,n
l)(
r-s()r)irs c()lrcrctas, pltsl'tnclt>se hllltr ciel llistrico o clel <lst'sil'r t clcl
,lr'rrtsirr < clc l rtnorxica c clel bordcrlile, txllll)in en singltlar. tlste trrrte-
I.rr'ir'r cnltt'catcgttra nosoltigicx
y pclsonl hlce olvitlal rlrc n<l llal ningr.rnrt
r,zon ni tcorica ni enlprica pxrrl qtle una nlisllla
Pcrs()nll
no puecla
l)recntal'
sinrultlirl( 1lr)cnte rasf.l()s
Pcfienecientes
a hs cxteg(r-l
(lc
hitcrix, nctrr')si\
olrst sivrr. li-rlric. o clepresi<in. inclepenclientemcntc
(le
qtle sicurpre ptrlamtls
(
r)(\ )r)lrllr- rtn pre(l(ruini() cle un agrttpatllient() sinl()rul s()l)tc
(fr(), ()
qLle
Ple
limruos rlcll-til ltl prc ienic. p()r rtz()nes plilcticls. por l<ls sntotllas cle trlayol
1r':rrrrllrcl.
M:'rs aitn, categorlrs qLle aprcccl-l c(rl1() oPtlestals, p()ngillll()s p()f
r lrsr nrt llrrcollt v
Pltran()ilI,
pucclcn c<rxistit cn la nlisllrlt
rersona.
ntl s(llo en
l.r surtsion sirto cn I sincron cle trn lll(),nent() tlctenrlinaclo. '
r l.(,l.r ,r,rl.rtr'1k tr:rl)u)s ()lnc .(nno )ili(Lr(l -___(1)n.trr tn
(i:r (le
dos
()
nri c(rtr(lr()s
l)si
,,,t' rr,,l,,ri,,,., rr,l rrr.rrr )
I)ir(
i(lrlr- err Lrs 11!islxs
PsiqLr
i:rl I i( .rs es
(lnrse(Lrcn(i:r (lc
lx irIP()si
,rr '"'rrr l.r ,Ir( r ,t(i l( .rl(11:rrr:r I'rLr('1)ir de qlrc lxs
(rrlcll(nilrs si
(nnles s()rr rt(()flcs xd)itrrr
ll'r.,t,' r(rti(',,' rr.rl,rr.rr rL' lrrrril(s. strs st r
Perlx
)sn i()ncs \. cD espc(i.rl. lils rirnst('rr( i()ncs
,.,,rr,.0|.\\,,rr'\.,,1,,,'r,rl,'s(r(slrr(tiu(Lrsuls(rin5ercincnrrncstrr.rcttrr:r.
ltr(le hper-
*rr.rl,,l.r,l,rr,' l..,1,-.l,,,rl.r, rr \r,,rrrl)lcii(l:r(1.
LIna vez qLre el ckrble p(rceso lccluccionista cle ttttificack)tt t.t httlt(U(ni-
zdctt
.fi'zadq
y
(le pers()ltific.tct'rl
tiene |-rgal srkr hey <ue dar un pascr
rtr'ts para lrtrsclr una eti(f()g:r nica: toclos Ios ctlclros agrupacl<ts con< <l
sesiones
()
tirbias o cleptesiones ten(lr:ln una calsl nica para cacl rnr cle
ellrs, liuitacla a Llna o, en el n'rejor cle los clrs<ts, a unos p()c()s f.rck)res c?r-
sxles segr'ln ca(la escuela- As. sc cree prxler explicar a /a llistric.l p()r un lte-
canisnrr
-la
[epresia)n-.
()
p()r r]n c()nteni(l() tenrtic()
-el
conllicto sextrll
v srr rechaz() ric la sexiLaliclrl-.
()
p()l-Lnr cle las finlas cle rehcitin con el
rtrr
-el
tleseo
(le
fiustrxrlc . etc.;
()
se cree pocler clrllrcterizar al clepresivo
lxrr
la fijaci<in
()rrl
y/() pol la aglesiviclacl intr()yectacla.
()
p(-1()s sentil]ticntos
cle culpa,
()
p()l un trask)rn() en la rcpresentacirn clel .sr,/l o a/psic,ri(1'. p,)r
la frlla en la represirn. < en lu funci<in paterna
)'la
firrclusitln,
()
p()r l()s nlc-
canism()s pucsk)s cn
juego
pulir clsscsti[rar h realiclcl.
()
p(n la e\ai\i,n, r,
por el tipo cle iclentiflcaciin proyectiva y su lnasivichcl. Pxra p()l)r lu vtliclez
cle las teoras supuest:ls conn) explicirti\'.rs se apela a prcscntr clts()s en quc
krs fact<res invoclcks cstlll-i.rn presentes, sin rrrarar cn el Irecto <le rrre ctra
rls sirnilrres n() muestran ll flctrr'c<nsiderrclo calrsal. o qtre cste flctor se
encLentra trrnl)in cn otros cua(lr()s absr>lutalnente
(lifrentcs
cn sLl sink)Dta-
tokrga.
-lliple
error, en)nces: personificcion clc la categora psicopetoltigic.a,
tnificci<in firzlch sin rec<n<cilliert< dc la nttrltipliciclacl clc sulrtir,.,
1
eti, r-
logia irnica que no contcrl)plx l<s clifcrcntes cr11inos
(lc
psicognesis pol krs
cll:lics sc llcga a los srl)tip()s. lllr()[es :r Its cr.rles se le agrega Ltn cr.rrk): la
pr()pucsta cle un tipo clc tclapia nirrr tur- cecla escuela lrplica tnonocorcle-
nente a t()cl()s krs casos. Recluccionismo cn psicopxt()logix y psi(oterxpia xl
<rre, clesglaciaclamente. resultt tln diflcil cscapxr. y quc n()s acecha k)d()s
los psicoanelistas, yl qre recaentos rn y
(frx
Iez en ellos inrpulsaclos por
rrolcles clentro de l<s crrales n()s l)ctu()s habittaclo pensr.
Con relaci()n ul reclucci<nisnr< en psicopat()l()g.r, el pnrltlc[Lr no sc s()-
Itrcirla ccurrienckr al cr:ncepr clc nrLrltif)ctrriuliclucl. es <lccit, llLln)cnt:rn(lo
cl nnlcro cle fuctores que intcn,eu(lri.rn en la proclucci(ln rtel cr.clr< c-n lase
:l sele(ci()n.Lr lo n'rejor cle cecla unl cle'las explic.lci()nes cti()pxk)gnicas
,,-{.111
sas ir-tlrapscuicas, intery)c-rs()n:es, flrntilir'cs, scriales r. inclLrso, ltiokigicas-.
Sin luglt a cluclas c's nrej<lr consi(lenr nLrch()s factores <uc un()s p()c()s, prr()
tel aproxirnaci(rn
(lei
sin rcs()lver la cuestin clc fitnclt: curiles son lrs c<lr
I)()nentes,
las climcnsi<nes cle an:ilisis <1trc clct)nen y c()nfi)rrrun c(la estt.ttctu-
ril psic()p!rtol(igica, cnrcl est:in lclaci()nil(k)s es()s c()llponentcs
() (lirlen:ri()ncs
rtrtre s, y c(-)nx) se h.ln icl() arti(ulitn(l() plLra
(lltr
la crrnfigrrracirin pxfii(Llhr
(lue
constituye l rrtnliclacl l la clrc alu<lcn Ixs
(lifrcntcs
den( )nl inl( l()ncs L]
t('gorixlcs. Aclers, cues
(le
esos c(rllp()ncnlcs s()n exclrrsivos cle cclu es-
tru<trrLr. cLrilcs no. y resultan capaces, en ctr. lir. al xfti(Lll$c c()n
(fr()s
( ()[rp()nentes.
cle gencrar
()tt..ls
cctnfigulacioncs psicrrparlrigicas. Crrncl() lla-
\':u11()s resp()ndi(l() a esk)s intcn-(){xnles p(xlrcn)os cntcn(ler canl() lls ttrcto-
19
^VAN(.IJS
I]N PSI(]('IJRAPIA PSI(oANAI-ITICA
\.rl.r, ,rl \rsl(.r:l (l( lir lengul
-v.
lles(le ellx. lr]'.rr(n
-selc(ci()nln-
ll
()l)jct()
,i rI st., ('r) ,li\(l('s
l>rofitnckrs
qLle rsrrpl'ln l c()n()cr]ienk)
(l(l
sLjel().
l\'r()
ln)(l(
n)()s ir ris allli clel ejenrplo.
(jrc se s()stiene en un luct)\.ric
(ltre
llr'1p
()ligirllrliluDcnlc p()r la cinciencia. v cDtr'arl enk)nces en un terit()ri() k)-
rl.rr r.r rris sigDilic:ttirr par? nuestra xrgunrr'ntxci)n.
./tlfo.tl
stll)sistena in
, r )I\( i( nl( ,
('llnlctcfizll(l() p()f tener c(ntr() c()ntenid() il rcstos tialgmcntllrios
)
lrr
irrir li)il rk trnlinlciin de slrs elenlenk)s en
(lue
la c()ntraclicci(in n()
r'rrslr'ni olrr,cltr't,:r ttn crcligo qLe paeexistal i l()s
(r)lltponentes y les
()t()rgue
rrrirrilit.rtkr. (.\is(cn ()tr()s
contenitlos y fimllx
(lc
funcionamiento dcl inc()ns
, r( nt(
(lll(
nl((slfi1 c[ c<lrtccionisnxr
([c (lLr(]rcr
circLrnscril)ir a lt<ttel sttl'tsis-
t rr;r l.r t rt.litLcl (lc sL fL nci( )naliert( ).
N(ls rt,lt,rirrs:t rrrto sulsisteltt incr:sr'iente en tttc ll Vigen(i
(lc
lit
, rnlr.rr litlir n
('s
csencil p:lra p(xlcr
(lllr (
uenlit
(lcl
conflicto c(lpico, clel Etli
lrt
t1'l)tttli(h)!fi liinl() elcmenk) cluve en ll teora freucliana clel inc()nsciente-
lrn
(,1(\'t{).
si
l)(r-(ie(()s
cleseos inconscientL's el sujet() sicnte culp.r ln(()ns-
, r{ nt( \' ir,)r('nzas cle ser castig;tclo
-nx(l:r
([e
]() ctlal. insistirlx)s, lleglt a str
r Drrr i|Dt irr,
(
n lll
(luc
una anflLrstix incleflnirt
Puecle
ser lo r,inico qr.te clonli-
rr' . /n() nos lr:rlrlu trclo elk <le qr.re en el in(r)nsciente ha,v rccles c<rnctP-
tu.rl( \ (
r
(lu('
lit .ttlut(licckin entre l() que se clele cleseal y arttell<r <tte cl
.,lll(
tr,
(l(\(ir
ig( a()rtt() prirrcipio organize([()r'1 L]n inc()nsciente erl
(ltrc
Ltlllt
rrrrrt r rlL'tr'r'rrrrn:rrl:r no cs simplemetrlc tra tr)Ljcr sino
qtri
ntlclre"
-!ln
ar./r/_
, r
/r/o
crrtcrrrlilrlt. sol> en el interi()r clel sistcl
('()nceptu.rl (lel
pirrentesc(r-.
l1,r L rt . i|l(r(li(tit, rn contraclicci)n c(t lo tlue me estii periti(l(). rxz(-)n
r,r
l.r , rlrl si lir L[sc() ven(l[,r rn
()t]-()
firi()s();r cltstigltnlre.
Acits()
es p()sil)le
,l l.rl)r ///(i)/?sa/irl/, clel in(est()
-no
el cle la prohibicitn conscicntc- sin
llr.r
()rJlrlizil(i(in
onceptual inc()nsciente
(lue
e-stal)lezc.r lls relaci()nes
(le
lr,rr
(
tlt( s(
(),
l( )s intc[cl)rl)ios penr)iti(l()s y pr()hil)i(los,
1,
las c()nsccLrencixs dc
l.r rrlr:rr'r i()rtl l'()r tlrt)
ye
n() s()n simplcs ftill]lrrcnt()s significantes sin() re(les
r rrrr'rlrLrlt.s in((rrs(ientes
(lue
orgrniz.rn las [elrtciones
(le
Par(ntes(() ]'qtllj
r'r'rrritr.r
tlili,r'r,n< ixa .r lt vccir'rl <le tri tlu<lc.
).\
r,tt t,l itt)uscicnle n() L'xisttct .'otllr(t.licci(itt, c\no sc pt)dri! (.fPlicor
Itt tuti'tltttl rl( r(t.\ttucirt ltcutscen( rlt? ntl ca la
()P()sickiu
f
{.il(().'ir$ta
h t,s tl* it'tlttt, s sc
Picrdc
el.fitlo se
l).ts(t
tt l.t catcllu'.t .la coslrutk)
(ltte
es
t'ttlttlt ttttt t h',q ttdttcicitt? l)es(le cst,r pclspcctivll, n() deja
(le
ser n()tl)lt:
rrrr'st
IrtrLr
s()sl(.ncr
(lLe
cn cl inc()nscicnki no hey conlracliccirn
y,
al nlis-
n r ) tr( n rln ). ('( )n\ (.rtil- l lngustia
(le (lstrilci)n
in(()nsciente en rlr()t()r
(lel psi-
,rrrsrrr,, Arlt nr:r:. ,<s ttte. inclttso. cal)ril hxl)ltr
(le
dcse()s inccstlrosos in
(r,lls,
i( rt(.\7 St lli
((rrlr:l(li((i(in ni c()ncel]t()s e\istie[rn en el inc()n\(rent<, si
r.l r orrr r.rt ,I,. rIrrt' rrr:rrrr:-r es excl!sivllrnente cle pal'.'t no estuvierJ in:('r'ikt.
,
,,
|r'llllrt(lr.r
, tl,',1Lrr'r'l stlj() \e
l)u(lier'.1
ilc()stitf el] stt fantlslt intrnseicn
t(
(()n
Lr r\rr.r nrri(r rLrc clcscorxrcerlt
(ltrccs
slr t-t'tadre por :o existi el
(r'rr((I)I.,I
nr.,lr, rrrrr rlrricrr turnbii'n lo lrace l<uel
(f[() (lue,
p()rn(tP()-
,1, r1,r,rrr' ,()|||,,
I,.r,Irr'.
tr consitlerara p()see(k)r
(le
ningn priyilegi() c()n
rcsPect() iL 1. v d< clkr sin ninguna t.ulr.r , r . r r r
.
. r t , l . r , l ,l, rcnglnzlt pr.p:rr'-
tc clel padrei"
Afinla qtre cn cl inc<nscicnte no ha! c(),ttrl(li.(.iol. rrrc t.rr cl no exis-
ten concept()s, que cilrece <le rccles articnlclus cie significlckrs
-(.(,ntr.t
t(.()rr-
ZtCiones reChLCCionistas
(le
este tip, r c. 11s vst.lttt)s J r'gu tnent.rnrlo-, Crt
(irce
a tantas clificultaclcs en la te<fia
_v
en la clnica qrre uno cle ks re(.ursc)s
e los <ltre se apela p:rra tratar de reintegn eslrs climensi<nes
-slts
(l)ntcni
tlos y firrnrits
(le
titn.i( )m[rient()- c()nsiste en
rrclenrar:
.Eso
n<> es el in,
c()nsciente. es cl pl!c()nsciente,. Cotttr lleltxts s<steniclo en otro lrtgllr, se slrn-
cionra as Lrn in(\ntscicnte
.\,erdu(ler(),
y
()tro
de nrcnor linlrje l
([Lle
se
elenllina prc('( )nscierr Ie. Pc,() estc ti)()
(lc (lefinii'i(in
estipLllfi\il. ilrl)itr.ril
IX)r
tnft), cle
(lU(
cs< no cs cl inc()nscicltfe sinr> c) prcconscicnte plesenli \,-
tios problemas )rp( )rllrnlcs:
1. Pr()duce c()nflrsi(in tennin(r(igjca 1ll c.ln)l)i:lrse la connotecit-tn cuc cl
trino inc()nscicnte
-usa(k)
cn senti(l() sistclDtitic(), es <lccir lo repritnid(),
incapaz cle c()ncienci:r salvc levantanriento cle l:r represin tiene cn l te()-
l freLrlilrn. No hay un solo trabajo cle Frerrrl. Ln s()l() hist()rial, cn cue uL ha
lrlar <lel inc<ns<iente cn ttot() siitellir n() lllucstre cnt() en l se c()nt[xp(xlen
(lese()s
entre s, c(-)nr() cirrk)s dcsc()s cnt[rn en c( )utrx(licci(in con lit proltilri,
cir->n, tatnltii'] icrscicnte. y c()nx)
(lL-
esas
(r
)nttat
(licci()ncs
entr(
(lesc()s
y
prohibiciones sruge.
>r>r
ejeltpkr. culpe inutscientc, t:ln in(onscicntc (lLlc
cl
sLljek) sc lL)c.tstiglr
l
hlrce fr':rcsar srrs posil>ilirllrlcs. Itclo clk sin
(lur
trn-
I.t
(l
ltren,,t' .rtisl:,, r n.r i('nlt, rle,1rrL l., t-st., \'lrri(.n(l(,
-
2. Se vxca ul inc(rnscicnte clc trclt k lelilci()nilcl() c()n el
(.()nflict().
se ex-
duye el confli<{o ccntl cn psicoanlilisis clcl inconsciente, ya cuc el c<rn
flickr inconscientc s<ilo prrcclc existir si hay
( (
)nt[t(lic(.i(-)n entre elellrn(()s.
Entre Lrn signilicante, enftc rn.l tlitz visuill. t.i( til
()
Lnll pxlitl)ra cle\[)t\)\Lst.l
(lr:
signiflclci(in
-palulrrl
(or))()
c()sir-. y
(fro
significxnte no
-ruecle
hrrlrcr
()
l'jiuil uD
(\,
IrD nIr\rD pir nrlj(lir(l rl(l.r , I I L I I r
j
|
) I I
( I r I I I
(
i
(lr ((nenid()s y
tiIlr.\ rle lr)
.i,rlrr)icnk, (l(l
rD((rrs(irr)rr. \.r\ Illei(.hnr.rr. H.
(l()())
Ilr) rnc lil)r(): cn rl (irpilUl() \1. Ll
:rp:rrri(1() .I-r
.( nnrir(li( (l(in y
l,r l()Sicll cn cl in.(,rs(icDlc.: fn cl .PitLrloIX.cl upxrrl(l() .:l sisrr-
nI (l({i,nsi\r): (lefenss ( cl rnr(rrs.irntr v sU rlilrcnci, (() )r,s nrc(lnisnn)s (le
dctnsirs. t,lr.l
k)s
(liiercntcs
cstx(k)s
(l(l
irilns.ient(j. en
(l
crPnLrl() lll,
(1 :lplrl(l()
.1)es.l('ri\:r.i(jn
rcc,111
(lcl
rr.,rr\ i(rir(
)'
l.r / ///,,\,/,/( lr,,r,l. r'.
.\'.r!,r(.nr,.
I CL:rn&) 1.rcud hrl)lir dt
(
lp in(()ns('ienrc. pura no dc;rr drrdus de
(tu(
la Ul)l(:r cn
(L in
(rnrs.icnc
rcprinrido. s.r Lr n(frcin sinrln-)lnx
-r'(rr
Lr r'(lnn)n cn clsttll:r n( + (trc
t!.ir!e
I)rrr
rcfrirs( :rl i.(rr\(icot( \islenliti.(). rct)nri(lo.
\
(
rl
ffr.()ns(.irnrc
(Po
cicnrlo crr /./
ro )./(,//r). v()l XlX.
t)rig
ilr \f:is xrin. ll pI)lnnrrr cn I:ll,1l)h,t t t'ctkiDti' L,t ) ,t-\t L,nL,
r(nlplrzrI h cxlr(siarrr
^enlirrrcrll()
in(()nsci(rr(( (lc (Lrlp:r-
fr(,r
ncrcsicLrrl clc
(irsrr!\,. (.rn
rn.
ronscLcnre qrrt k, <rrn:r(lef.r Uno dc loi rrril\r(.,,1^r:i(.Lrl(' (n
t)s(():rn.rt1is.
(l(i
rl:rr,, rtrrc h.rl
r).r rnr(ulx(iarl (r)t,c (lcsc().
rrr
rrn Lckr. h tttltlndLt,t rncrstrenrc dc tsir rlLsr: iro
rnfrcncs cn rclr.ir',n.r (rrflr)\ r(l(.xlrs v. ltcri()nDrrrr. l,r ne(csirIrd dc cusrigo par..r u)rrrar.iu
(\rlpir.
l:strr(tLrx. en
((ls((\rrn.r.
r qre hxv rrn crrhg,r rlt \:rllnllri(es
! prin.ipn) (l(,c,)n
AVAN(]ES
EN PS'(:O]'I]RAPIA
PSI(-OANI
-TI(]A
IN'I'RoDU(.(-IoN
putrl)lc ir la mala fe <le nirclie sinc pot nccesiclacl l(-)gi(. cs clecir. pol llt clis
cor<lunci crlre
(l()s
coniLrnt()s: el clc rn tc(r'a rc(lu( i(Ll

cl de la corttplcji-
chtl tlcl pacienrc."
Si en vcz cle reclucir :rl in(\)nsciente r lnr
(le
sLrs Itoclaliclacles, sl tn veu
(le
hxcer l() mislll() c()n psiquism(), sc c()osiclerlr a ste c(nlx) un.l estrLctu{.l
rDrclulrrr en qLe sc rrti( rln m[rltiples
(lir))(nsiones y sist(Dl.ls m()tiva( i(tnlrs.
elkr pclrtrite psns;rr cn un.l psi(
()pirl
r )l( )grr :-tr hasrtcl:t tn Ii sint(m1l(r( )gi. (le
l:r psitrriltr'
(lesc[il]tivx
sin() en ll llIio()s
(lc
lxs varil(llts c( )nflgulucr, rnc r
([Le
csrrlten cle la crrlinac i<-rn rle esus clilDensiones. As rrrrro signific un :l\ ltn
(c pera la |reclicinlt cleiltr cle )Irr snl()mlls coDro Ia palitlez
()
Lr k)s
()
la as-
tenilr
()
I()s vnlrik)s c(r))() elcmen)s ch\flct()rj()s p:rri
nisr
r centlase en
las crinclicioncs fisiok-rgit:rs v biotlLrrIri( ir s-nrct.rl)a)licls
(ltc
l()s
()casi()nirn, (()n
k cultl se pu(l() c()rtsl;li crtr la ltperenle trnitlcl lenttui'ric cn( trl)rir tr-tit
lrrrrltiplici<LL<l cle cor-tcli<irrnes cLrsl('s,
(l(
igrral nrenett lesr.tlla inclistct'tslLble
ir nlis:tll:i
(le
l()s grLlf)anrient()s psi(luiiitric()s sint(lrrrl()l()gic()s tlue son fe-
n(-)uren()s clc superficie. resLlltl(l() ilnul cle plocesls qLle le sLl)y1lcen.') lil este
sc-nticlo, ls clesiflcaci()ncs psi(lri:itricas c(r)x) el I)sM IV
(Anreri(1ln
l']sychiiltric
Ass()(ixli()n. 199.1) r lrr
()l.-10 (ONIS,
l9()2).
l)esrr
clc st incltcll.)le rtilirLcl
1-r:rIlt
I:t <riclt Dtiolr )!l:l
y
l):rir
(icrk)s
tiP()s
(le
invcslig.l( i( (s,
I)()setn
t)il li-
ritcin cle firnclo ctte n() cs slrpcll)l( por'krs rcfinanrien15 ';(jsiri ts rtrt'
pu(lierirn s()lxevcnir
(\\'icliger
,v
Sxn(lels()n. 1995). Aclerttlis. sL
(lescn(
Lrenhl)
con la psictferapia cs:rl)s()[lt(): al no esreciticrr ni los crnponenles cle las
cst[Llctlrlrs psicopatoltigicas que clcscriltell ni ls concli(irncs l)r(xivx(i(-tillcs
ctrc rigiDlrron y ll]at)iicncn es()s c(n))p()n(ntcs. Ltnll lez (ltrc
s(] hl
(ltrlLt(t,r
(k)
i un pai( icrtc
(on
cl rlilrgnristtco rlt rlc-rr'esit-rn nr;t'r . firlri:. in( )r(\1., tt.\
krn<r clt, :rnsieclacl gcr-rclalizlcla. o ctt:t[uicr
()tl().
n() se pttccle clerir:tt rL pur-
tir
(lc
rsxri cutcg()ras ilir'rgn plln clc ltc<irn
l)si(()ttrxl)Lrtic().
P()r
(ft()
lr(l().
krs cuc practican lil psi((fcrpi:l ctxn(k) cn)plexn.l(luellas
(ateg()r'ills
l() [ra-
(cn c(lt() ueras fiirmulas intrtx[ckrri:rs en ial c(nntrnicil( i(-)n
(r)n
sLrs c()lsgts.
ralir
lrrcgo
(lcsenten(lc[se
l(]talnrcntc clc ellas cn el lr:tlxlj()
Psi((ler.rn(julr(i
(\rti(liitn() (r)n (l
l):tciertt(j.
l-o rlLre cs
(()nscclrcn(ill
n:t[rl
(lc (lrc
I.s intcr
vcnci()rlcs terllputi.lrs n()
l)uc(lcn
clirigi|sc a
(aleg()riils globaics sitrtr rr /r.rs
ti. \lirs rirn. si cl
((nrllict()
sr pr)dLrur s()lxrrrnlc cLrirn(l() Lrnr r1'pr rsunrr.i( )n 1ltgir rl ptu'
'
trt.otk, ' \t't it u)t L,n tt't,' .t)t h,,qalitkttl t t,,uk nitk'\
ltl)b!
tt)t) L) r.\'clttkk)
lrttlt
L' tkt Lt
,t,tnk tlLl \.tlx,t'tlc kt ttr)Lh,ttLkt
()
l{(rrs:ilk,n ll.l )rlrr(l( t:llrfn(ll cs(,:
((rr{'el]t() (l(
|r(x!s(.,,ru,
(i( (l!
su
(c('./x(i(n.
i,,
(tur
l( lr:r(c (lcilnir
el
.:rp.r:r) pii(lu(r).(rn,) Irfl irDrlrl() dr lrrl)xf,
(: (l((ir
trrr rtt)irrrl(,
(lc (1.r
!li(ir.i(.(1ttrir(:rnricnl().dc(irr(g(n'izuri(jn.(l('((nrl)nru(i(-)n.(lcnrerr(urir(i(h.es(lerrunc(rr-
lrrrrrir
dc prrxrs<rs dc lt'tDsl 1.tci.)tt. dt rLrtos. rlt inlinurir(rn. dc emr'gi]s \'tnklxs I:ll]lo clc
.rlu(rr
(rrD()
cle a(lent). dc l() x.luxl
((,n() dtl p.rsr(k)
(ltolrssill(.
119. prig. lJlt3: la errrsnu
,* (l( ln,Lrssilk)n. quicn seirl.r (tur
rl tcrnrino /,7r)/\/irlxl. /r;,/ d(]l)r' s(J t',rttntli(kr
.scg
l c(r1
t
('tr,)
,xl.r1
fr)pLresl()
pi)r \ lli,rr.).
2i
lr
r rllirto. tinicxl))L'llle
c()lrl)inaci()l
'
El conccpto
(lt
c()nflict()
inc()l-ls( iente re
',rlt.r
incortt
r:rrillle
c()n h tciis cie
(ltle el in('(rllsciente
estli Ii))))x(l()
p()r lcsl()s
.rrr sigrr ifir:rcion. I)()r es() cuirn(l()
I:r(,rn enten((i() el inconsciente
c()lll() enc-
,il,r,,L,.lni,,
signilicante clej(> cle laclo l' tetrr tlel c()nf-lict()'
f'n este
()rden (le
,,,.',.-
r.(-,,r,r
..'
-r,,alr,
cntentler cl sLlPery') inconscicnte
--encarril'llllienk)
r,',rlrr.rtiriz.nlrrl(l
tlcst.-1,'rrs'r"lriiri'i"nr\ti
rn <l in'r'ns''ilnt'
n"erts'
,,, r, i,, a, ,,r t,, .airin?
l,a 1,lreferctrtr'r
Llc l'l rLlctlti(li(l
'-[c
grt:et"
!
c]el
(l)iet()
rk.l ttcsco scxLllll cs stilo ttn
1l[olrletlut
cie I:t c<rtrciencia?
()
/es
(lte
csas
prc-
l( r( n('i!rs. rlttc ittrrlicen contr'tp()sici()nes
con aqr'tello
qlte n() s(
(lesea ser' n()
(
iliitr rnclx(llls en llr proilnclo clcl
in<rrnscienrel
.i
ii .. cleline clc l1)anerl re(ltlcci()nista
al inc()nscicnte
c()lr() rust( )i\ \ig-
,,1i.,,,,t.,
a.l.r,,.j,r,
^
t()(la
siRnitlcxcia)n,
cerl(i()s ctlxl(ltliul c(idig()'
y si-
',,,,lt,in.,,nr.nt.
sc l rticrlll
crl l noci<in tle <tte c-l psicoltnitlisis
se octtplt
,l,il i,,,., ,,,.ai.n,.. rnk)nLcs
l.Ls c(,nsecae
rlcilrs n()
l)Leden
dcil(r
(1. Irxcee
\(, tir:
(,n Il sifL!cia)n anelticl no n()s p()dl'etll()s rlcrtper clc l<lttcllo ctte pot-
, I lrrrir i< t rl() scl-i:l cl rtllier
plrl-rio clei psicoen:ilisis'
Ni llts creencilts
l)'lsicas
,1, I strj.r,,
(ltrt ()rnizx; su llis pr"ftrnil'
r \cnltnrrcnt(
''lc
iJcrrti''l'ttl ni la re-
,,,,..,
',.,.,,r,
.lt'l ,,t1,,. nt l.s l,nf'st
ls rlllrtt'llt
i'Iglnj/'r(lir\
ltlr Ii( nt'n lll
I ,, , ,.,,,,,,
(lL'\lttlirlirl'i,) Lle cl.'c"s scxLt:lles.
nreisistas tl Il()slilcs
ni l'J intcr-
'rrl,
tiritLr<l
('t] (lLle
el str,et() sient<
qtle cl
')tr'r
\r(nt( LlLl( cl \icntc y
(lLc Ic
ri ,i, ,, ,,,1,,1r,,,,: Lr.nrr..le
1.inc1.
rtre dcsc,,n,tc
(lL( ei\t.r !\t.rl)k
('icl-tcl(). ni
i., ,,,,,,',,,fri r'"i,,c1 cn clttc xnxli\tJ
) 'rnrrliz'ttl'r
\( \'rn-int'ltllcn(l()
trruttla
r(.|ltr,(,t
\\
l)r(),vect()s
1,
sentlfcs. ni el crnflicto inttaPsi(ltlic().
nlrclll dc es()
,,,.,f,
...,,,, .: rl centrliclc
lrt ollserl'aci<in v r'lc'ltctlello
(ltL'llily qtlc i'llr
tl)u'ltn
tlxt tlL'stt4ttr"loLlt>
cst() strii sinll)lcll)('nte
cltnlinio
clcl
Pt(
(1)n\(icn-
r, v,l. l
1,,, l)(
tltnk)
(r)je)
l)itrx
l'l psic(fcl'll)ia
-cn
tlespecliv<r-
y n()
l)xl'l
,l
i.',rlrnliiisi..
Al cxcltrir-se tocl<l ttn territrll'io se pr()(lLlccn silLtaciones
sil-l
',',ti,t,,
1r"r,,
llr ta'cnicrl anrlticrt crtetl'tntl(
'
!('r1l LrniL't:'
p'rtihiliclLcles las clcl
'il,nr'iotlcl
rrtlltlisl. c el crre llrlllttlrit'
r'[s t't sesirrn
'"(lelilr
tlLrt el
(]ese()
, ilt rtlt',r o.
(tlilD(l() t(xl() csl() st: revcllt c(llr() iDstlficjente
r:l s'llt() lrltlsc() h'l_
, i.r r'l t orr:t'io
)
li)rl))lls
8r()seris
(lc
acttl:cin
bajo la coltrtacl:t
(lc (lLle en l()s
r)rl( iL'llt1,'
gr':r\c y sn la
lsitrrtct'ltpi''t
si sc
[)()(lt'tll
xttat'rclas
l:ts libertlcies'
1.1.,',,,,,,,','',,.
,,,.' 1.,,'u'i,',,.r.I'''t.ttIIr
(l(
l'l
'l(
\cr lllrrrllll<rlt(
l(trllilrl('xr(
t
\ ll(.ilt,l('ll
..rlttsecttcncis
Plil.tiC.ls Ir.lrll
cl tr.lt'Initn,-
l\,r trll,). y t,s tn sln-
t,,,,,,, .,,t, sl tlclre lecr cn tr'tlo l< ctte tlrttcstl lt'. t ttat-t(l() se reclLl((: el inc()ns_
,
'.,,,,
',,
,,,,
srr lor tlt sl fitnr. il rnllr. icnltI' tlcbitlo a tlr'te ll clte sLtce(lr
en I
(
lfaii(.r
(1,tr(lrilt.t (rx) Ir)\
l):ci!,ntcs
-gfilvcs
Y tl()
fl'ilvcs-
(lcsl)('l(llt sicl))ptc
,.s,, rrrrxl, t,, r,.lrrcitlo. n() r(
P(lc(le
ir nrs ltllli tle lirnrttl:tcioncs
gcnclxles
,rr( r(.r
(l( l.r t,,,tr.r rlt lrt trttrt,
llor
lo tr'tc l<rs cas()s clnic():'
(lue
sc ptll)li(iltl
.,i
,r r r ! n. r"
ln
(
lr
rt r.rs \ trr( lils
(
r'1
(ltlc
f.lltit l'l dccriPci)n
clel
pt r''ct'so' cn qttc llts
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,L l,rrr,llistlt
(tlllll(l() n() son excluicls
r_le la
-rrest:nt't
r' ion t't'
,.rrlt.rrr .r,l.rrrr,
rrl .rlltlltl.l\
l.l rlisotiltt'ioll
el)tre k) qtlc se s()sticn( tci'riLll_
,,,,1,r,, , t,,,rr, 'r lr,r,,,,,,'l
P,t,
i(,llt L{)ntr(l()csD)'\i'))ll
ll()
l)()l
'llg()
inl
l( AvAN(,LS llN PSI(OItlR^PtA PSI(,OAAL1 I(.A
t t' t!,t)1t(ttt.'5 csPcL Jicos. d los utlulos <lre
(()nti)r[-L[r
en sL llicrlxci(in hs
(
sl[u(11l1ls psic()pat()l)gicxs y cle persona liclacl.
r"
l r! ntc lx cstcrili(Lr(l pr[ I
nsi(()tcrl)ie
cle las catc.qoras clisicas de 11
It rrrrrr-nologil psiqui.'itricx sc cae iecuenterente en el nihilisl'D()
(le
s()stener
rr( < l <liegn<istico psic()p?t()k-)gic() \'
(le
pe$()nllida( n.) licne ningln.l utili-
rl:rrl, sin rcprrrarsc
(lue r.ii se prescinde
(lel
lrlisn() l<l ni<rr ctte queclx es l
scltrr rlr ;r cit,gus tlt'l secl()r
(lle.se
rl>sen'
y
solc cl
(lur
se inlt'rven(lrar. se'
k triirn inrrrrlsacla p()r aut(xnlltism()s acerca cls los qne no se |eflexiona. El
, li, ritrrr'rstico sc c<nvicrtc.rsi en ,npe[.tiv(), pe() l clrcstin cs
qtr
tipo
(le
clirg
n( )sti(
(
)i Nucstra
()pci(l)n
cs cl.rra al respect(): tcltrel <r.te rcsrrlte tle disp()ner clr
r r(
)(,r-t()r'i()
dnllo Llc dir))ensiones clel tipo tle las Drencionarlas sLrDlnr-
rrcnlc rr:is lLr-ib. las qtte ilentrs rtrplixnd() cri krs citptttLrs siguientcs y a lxs
rrrt rros refi'r'irenx)s c()n m,ts rlctlllc en el cle(lica(l() l()s sistcluls l)r()tivaci()
ll,lts. I )irr'rsir nes
()
c()lDp()ncntes agrtrpackrs cr] sul)sistcmals <trc -L trlrr
ri rrn
rltx-r'so
clc lr,-ti(uhcii)n gcnerxn sul)tip()s cle petsonrliclacl
v
(lc.u.tclr()s
l)\r(\
)l)ill( )l(')r.li(
(
)s.
l)lr';r rrclrr-lrr
(lu
querelr()s
(lecir
c()n pr()ccs() cl( rticulacin clc c(nrlp()-
r( nl(\ o()s \,.r1(lrcr11()s, c(tnl()
I)l-illler-
ilttstftLti<ln. clc Ir Irkxlrt'tica
\, espc-
r r.rlrrrr'r(t'. dc la granl-rti<a
flenelxti\'a.
p1tru lt-r()str:tr cr-rmo el nrtclelo trre esta
rrllrrr.r rros olrccc
l)Llede
scr
(lc
u(ili(lxcl prra
l)crisr.
ks culclrs psi(()l)irt()l(i-
1,.irr)s I)ijllrr()s
(luc
si ilpelalDos l1r l)i()qurni(,r
)
.r l;r gr'lnl-lti(x n() es p()r-
(l(k
ln
s( llr(ts
(irc
scitn capaccs rlc
(li[
[csplr(st:t l las
Pfe(
)( Lr
Plci(rtcs Pr'()-
l,r.rs
r! Lr
rsirr
rr; rtologa ni cle llt psicoterapil
-sienlpre
hity !iesg() en llt
.rrr.rI r.qrr
v r',1 Jx i,)rpr)ftci)n
(l('
l]r()(lcl()s
(lc ()tr'()s (llt)p()s-.
sin() p()r(lle n()s
,rr,rI
stnir'(lr
(nientaci(-)n
la firnlt cn qLre esas cliscirlinas. solrre todo Ia
1:r.rrrrrrIi(
rr
l{cn('rilila,
;rlxclltn <ienos plolrlcnrus
(le
gnesis y
(le (lc\('ip(ir)'l
(l(
r'sl rtt( ltlt'.Is.
Si tr)rlrltros
(ulqrlicr
text() llctul
(le
l)i()(lu]ri<rr. sr prrccle r>bsenar algcr
Ilt
nr tlt' illll)li(uncias: las strstancils rlue sc firrnrun cn un
(ng.Ini5ru()
i!()n
(()nsi(l(ll(|r\
rl px)ducto. el rc-sullrck final
(lel
en(uentr() e inte[rc('ia)n
(le
(friis
susltr(irts
(lLrt
c()nstituvrn sLrs pre(Lrrs()l's.
(ar([:l
un() cle llts cr[tles rie-
r)( su {)rill(!r en su propia crtrlena t1e
l)r(c!lr-s()rus.
l)ate represental el pr<re
:o rlt' lonrrr< ion tlc tulr strstncil cltclt. si se c()l()c:r l st.l en rl
(enrt() (ic
un
r1r'rrlirrr st arnul)l't)cl)at
(lue
es c(rl() un nu(l() tcrr()\'iiuio
-
Irtger <le llegacla
1'
r k.
r.r
|lrr llr- t.rr t l <
trc
conr.'rtgc rtn r'rcl clc cir( lli)s i'ltcl
( (
x-Ic( tat(l()s ,l(re , ,'-
1irr.rn
:r llrs \(!slln-)(-i:rs precuts()ras. las c1tre, c<tro
(lijirr()s,
l-crrtiten t l()s cir
lr) lr,,.,,rr,'.rl rtr'll(l(tl)SM-l\.;ur(lucnnpli(nd()Lroentll(i()nirdecu(lxd(tenerclr
, r Dr., l r
l,
,. r Jr l.,l .r,1,
'li
, r'
(l(.
1.r rri\,)r: lirnirr(r-)n qri,r cl .J( l:
(lcjr (lt
lx(k) cl
(nr(li()(lrlir
,r,'l|\.r,,rr \,1,.r,.r.. r r'\lr||t(.r
(r(11()s(r-irsl(nn()s(lel.rpds(rulidu(l\hen!1rur(1(\trl(li(){c
lr
rr..,r,.rlrl.r,!
r,,r.rl \ rr,(\rrl)l(r1 h llirlx(n-)D cn'c sus cteg(ns ni ls li)rnrs
(le paritic
,,rrr',11,...',,rr,,r.,i,rt,i.,l.rl.,rn,rL,) lirs(:r(g(rirs(l(i cte i.
(
l'.rrir un c\:rnr.n (lttrllx(io,
r.rrrt,,,l,.,l, Lr
t,rtr,,,l,
\,.J.,,1(\rrt)ri\(,(,,n()Ll(. lirs rlii(uhxd(,s orelo(l()l(')girirs
(lel (jell.vex'
L ttooucctN
27
cris cle sts prccLtrs(nas.
A srr vez. xlgLn()s (le
estos prccLrs()r_es
ptreclen
en-
trat no s<'lr en ]os circtit<ts quc
conclucen lt la formnci<-rn (le
esa sLstancia,
.sin() en rlltch)s ()t()s
cil.(.lir()s, (lgpcndicn&)
cle con clLr prccurs()r
tnrer.rc-
ci()ncn paru que se originen pr(x[lct()s
muy clivers.s. E.s l. patictrlar
c.,bi-
ncirin rle c(rltponentes
Ia r1t:e clerl lrrgar I unlr r <tl sr,st:rncia. l. stsren_
ciI. Lln r'ez finua<lr,
se
((rl)in.l
c,,n utrJ\ sLlstJn!iJs.
orglnizlinclose
en
trniclucles
Dtorfirlt-rgicrrs
-tejiclts
\,
(irAlrD(
)s_
,r,
linr..ic.nalrs
,
\i
n.r:-rn,..r
rn.Ltllrit,) rtrLr ,lili:rcnte r[,] .rntt.ri.r.
\r,r(, (.\ (.1 ,lc
l,\ c5
tt(lr
'\
(lc
l.t gr.tr)t.iti(.1
l.jenrr.ttj\.t. stos nlttestln lrlgo <rre pas:t tcner ntrchlr
rulis relevlLncia pLlil cl cilutp() cle la psicopatologir'v
la'psicrxerepiu.
l,ara que
<rtalcrricr fiasc prrecla
llegar exi.rrr:cs irlprertinrlilrl,: ,',,. ,.
.,ri,,1,,r." 1,, ,,r_
Ik ulci(in (le
un corp()nente ()
rilul,, sint.rttic,, ,Lr. i,. 1,, ,lrg.rnizuci<in
cle
la frrtsc y c(-)m() se uncn l<s elelr,ntos p()l.ei..
en r.astr,llanr, (\)nc(r.cl1ln(.i
clcl generrl
y nttrcro <lcl articrrlo ton cl del sustnti\,(), p,aaaal"nl.i,
clel rticu
lo crrn rcspeck)
lll sustalttiv().
c()n(()rclitt)ci:l
clcl l.erlxr a,rn 1,, p.ra,rn"
a.t l;u_
iekF , iLlnt()
xl
(()lnp()ncntr
o rnr-rcllrlo tirnokigico
-orglnizacirjn
clc los fine_
llrils- y ill colnp()ncnte
selnalntic()
--aliccionxrio
clci ta,ntrinr>s y t.cglas clc
(rginiZt(i()n
rlCl seni<lo. CL(rntlo nUestr Ol(ntc (r)nstrLl),e
r.rrttt lilsc kr <r,re
h<e es lr icular una scrie cle m<itlLrks
rrtilizanclo reglas <le.,rr.rin".i,rn
y ,,r_
r'lt,os cle l()s (1)up()ngntes p<tr
poncr
tin ejerlplo. ls tjltses .sul (le
clsll" y
,sl
cle caza,.
(lue
rcnliten it
(los
lnun(l()s cle signif)caci<in
tan clifetentcs, sin
etrllrltt.lo pa icipan rlt'Itr ;)isua orgnizacirin
sjrt:icticu
1., tin<r1,.,liri:trcnc,
s,j
tlifi'r'cncian
sitttpletncnte por
Lln
(a(ictcr
-l.r
.s, ()
lx
.2,,-. p.rra
(.()nstrLlir
alll-
lrs frirscs se rcrrricre (lte
e\ista c el psicluistrr<t
Lrn:t rg,rnlzacin
tie nitirlrr
los, jt:rrrriclrttcnte
a.ticulad()s (lue.
<leacuexl< a c<im<,,L
a,rrirln"n. pu"Orn
fcnrinirr (lincl()
cios prrxluctos
a lsr lutlurentc (lifcrsntes
en rn nivcl
_el
clel
sclli(l(r-.
igrtalcs en otro
-gl
sintcticr>-
1,
(.x5i
igLlles cr) Ln ter.(.er()
__
el k)
nok-rgico.
_
[]n dilgrallx qtte rcprcscntasc
l hist()rix generttiva
<lc unu trtse coloc_
Ii-l ll astr en el centr() (le
un recl cle firrnt:r arborifiLnc.
ct\,s [lllits seritn el
rrtnr
cic cncuentr() (le ()tflts
cdc\ lr.lrrrrikrtr,s (lLtL-
l)-rl)firlri { r.lginil(() k)s
( (11p()ncntes.
ln este scnti(l(). la gralulica
gcner:rtivx
ofrccc Ut.: lD<rlelo c.on_
,.cltrlrl.
crl srili<l:r firncianteo:rr.ion,
tar.a
L-i cxlllnctl
(l!,pr()ces()s
(.lxuplci()
\'(lc slrs prlxhrct()s.
Iil grrn
li,rir clcCh<nsky.
srr rcvolu<.i<in
c,; Lnginsnc.
t ,
nsisti<-; cll esrtclir t,l itpitr()
lcnrratir,o,
es ricc ir-. krs
rrocesr

(lc
lllticulx_
t irin
y
I raltfi-tit
c icit t c l. mente clel ltirl)1.nte_( )yentc i,,r".",
d" pr()dL(.i1.,
t rrn rn ciertr> nnrcn> rlc re.qlas, un nnrc.r iotini <lc lirscs. Itna cle sus vcn
l:rjs..n() la nica, con rcspect() tl estftrc.trrralisnxr litgiistico
raclicr- en el he_
L,lro (l(] (lLrc
sc p:tsr 1!s Jlr clcscripci<in (lt
c uctrl..ls Iingtiisti.lrs
conro enticlu_
tlcs
\a constituirlrs l exrnrcn rle los pr.ocesos
,,.,. g"aa."a
esi; ;structrlrs
r.\knrijiun
\ Hen\'. 1975: Ilrcsnan. l9it2r ClrrD.kv. ilOs, 193. 198_2r Hallc
1.
,nrrs.
197ti). Clrtusk1 y sr.rs clisr.pukrs c()nsidcrar()n quc l lingilrsrica
erx
l)ill-lL
(le
l
rsicokrga cn unlt p() en (lue
el estnrcttr:rlisnto,,ai,
,.,rn al",
lri
AVAN(:ES I:N PSI(-O'TIiRAPIA PSI(:OANAI.Il'ICA
,k'r :r lrt
1.rsi.r
rlingiist icr
)
r k>s procestx tlc gnesis'
P\'ilegixn(l()
la ditlen-
'i,,r
sintionic cn clesmcclr()
clc llr cliacrc:nilrr
l'urtitltltoraalapsicoparloga,afincleln()stratc)m()entenclerelrrc>
r, s,r rlc :ttlicr.lltcitin
tle ccrrpotlentes, v en Lln eienlplo
que s(ik) pretcn(le
tl.rr rrnl
1'rLitrtcrl
idc.t iltlstr.ti\'.
l)ensetll()s
cn algrticn !'n qticn el cr>rllpo-
i(lL' t.qtt.sit'itltttl
cltscrllpca Lrn pepel it'ttportanreLr Bl ittlr'rlso
'tg|esiv{,
rrrr.rlt'
cncontrllrse
c()n
(fr()
c(n)lponcnte
Presente
en esrl
Pcrs()nlt'
ponga-
,ru,.
r,,r.r.,,
lil repfesentllcia)n rle- s tnisnl colttr r'tlnerlllc Llillil' en pe
lrgr',,. rrte si sc rtiittla. r( stt \''cz, c()n la t'elrese ntecion cie ttrt ntttntkr tn qttc
1,,. r",.4.,,n vengati\1)s detcrlllinilr.l
el tctLtlt lx rcsptlcstx tetalitivx
p()r
l)irrt(.(lL'l
()lr()
hecie el qttc sc <lirigir'a. En cuyo caso el illlpttlso aglesivr'
pt'
,lr', rrlril,irsc cD sLl exlei()rizit(iritl.
<ucclrt:tclo
lccaliztlt en rl tlltrnclrl
cle la
l.rrlirs1t
y
ll
J:rcrstlnl
poclrit irtteginltr nlit 1t()s itfllcsiv()s <rte ntl lleg:trl'tn a
, rt.ili, izlttscl. Esc Illisrllo itlpltlso lgresivo, rticLll2l(l() c()n cl te()r l1 lctll-
t1,,,,,,,r p.*, recesitlt(l(),
sitllttltlin'.-anlente.
cle etctivizalse
c()nll:l el
(fr()
re'tl
lr,,
,,,r',,.,r.ia,a,r,,
(llc
c()nvi(rtc cn hrtllilllnte
tl strnlctersc'
rltccle
clltr lr't
i1,,, ,r lirt-ttre. et-tcttllielts cle aglesi<in: salxrteo clt las clcllltncllts <tcl <lltr<l lrus-
ir.,, r,,,r tl. stts r.lesers. p()sterga( i( )nes
itlstifi('dlts
cttnlo si depenclielan cle la
r,.rlitLrtl cxlctnr
1
no tiel propilr striekr' l'is clecit' lo tuc se sttele tlenorllinar
,r'r:otttliclrtr.l ,t,rit',,
"g."aiur,
c
(lLlc
se xglcde, cnlre
()tr:l
ti,,ttllils l))e(lillll-
t,, ,.1 litstrar encrLltier.turuente
iil
()tr()
en sus tleseo:,. I)cro si cl iurptllso egrc-
r,r , , :i,,rg. . n tt na personllithcl rue sc sit ntc
(nrlnipotcnte y autl>legitirl tacla
'
,
,,,, .,: ,, l,rs tlcllis crllrrl cliliies y c()lll() scrts lt los cltte n()
'lsistr
ntl)[ln
,1, r,.,Irr,
p,,tlrli cxl:tnclitsc c()lll() :tgresi(-)n Ilulnili(stll tuc el sLrjeto c-xllillirl
,, rrr rr'grtllr v sin cttlpa.
trl iilptrlso egrcsivtl, articttl.tclo lt clestlrs sextl'lles
lttccle
<lriginar ciertas
l,,rrrr. tlt sr.lislto o ntltscxtlistt'ttr'
(ltlltnclo
se :llictl c()n llt lenrlencil llt
rtn)\'(((ia)n. llt attt<clticlt
)'ltl
sentillricnt() cle cttllllthilitllrcl
pLlc:cle gcnctar
.,,rlin,.lt
lrtirtlucci(in
l)xi() lx preskin clel sLlpctyo- replesentac'ionts
cl:l
.r,'tr, <r,nr,,'tnlllo.
inclignrl. clllnino, crrn )rt clcplesil'rn c()nsigLlicnt(:
l cr': fir
rrr,r. r.rs<xlr,ti:,is
(lc
().rstil.l(r'Ienclcncia
a ):t ttrlpltbiliclacl'
P(n-otli
Pllrte'
,trt no tlctil'lt cxclllsivxnrentc
<le la egrcsilitlatl
sitl()' c(''l)() tll()str'Ir(]lll()s cn
tit tullc rtl-rs eclclante.
(lc
c(nl(li('i()ncs
cle gncsis Iutty clivetslts' cntre otr:ls clel
ll,\(lC.ll.lrtltrr.l.rl(,]!)]'k!n()li('nc(llllr(Dlf(ltl\t]trllrl.rtlllr,slr:lllllilr:lliilJll
t,,uri(lrl:r
(trrf
I
)t)!rs().
(,rr n'rrrxle lrrcres
prrir (lxr (Lrtnl r
(l(
ltl prrr(ltr((i(')n I
I,,',p,.
^i,l,,l'.f
l.'nsLrlrit n,rtLrrnl.
(']1rl
Prl\
ilesn'j q(rc llj
(f('81r
1r lx sirlrll\is ! el riP() dc rcllrcin
irrIrl'r.r. l. trrr'.rtrl,.rr
\i\i(-)n r\):r\
lcnrrrl
-Px1's()s
rnllrPlcstn.(lLr
se rr'ri'trlrr) !listirr
r,r.r!llrl,^,rrrr.r r,.l .rrt,rrrto|r.--.rcrclk)(ltLctlriis1()5inrer(\ir
flr
(lctr :LL!(nr(!l)(](ln
(lcl
l,n,t'rr'rrn "
{'r" ,,r"'
'^rlr'
rrrr I l "l'rLrr
l'
\r l,',,,,r'nr.r,rrrtsl:r rrgrr\i(l]d
(1nll() Lu1
(()lnP(nltnte ts evi(lent(r
qtrc n()
(()nslilu
r, ,r,,., ,
',r"l."f
lr,{,,tlr, t rrr rrrrrr llrnlr rLnitll(i
(lc rrntrlisi\ rr lir nlntrr
(k-
trtt
PL\rlx
elt-
rr.ur.ri ,,r,,r,rrrr,,",,'rr,l,.rrrll)'rrrt.r{slrrcrrLi((liLrrn)s
licc
'u
PrPirr
hi'lrmrr gl.ne
r rtrr.r,Irr,
,LI lrrrl.tr
'r
(lrl,'r, rrl{'\ nrl'lrlxr5
'f-r{()DuccrN
29
,li.,t rrsrr clc Lrn
(fro qrc ir':r>culti en cl suictr) l.r iclenticlrl glollel rle ,nalo
1
, r r llr.rlrlt,
l.,r lgtesiviclacl. efiicul:rcll con lt clefns. pr()yccti\'x
-n()
presentc por
rltuirl ( n t()(k) el munckr ni sulfli(la rt ta\'s
(le
unr [lnica c()n(licia)n c]e gne-
'.r.
l)'rrluci:i
un:r rept-ese ntacia)n tlel Drtncl cn ruc ste. l iDrlr.llcn v sr
rrrr'jrrrtz.r clcl sujer. es vist() c()ol() iltxclntei es
(lccir,
Lrn crrtclro patanoicle con
rr k .rs tlc pcrsccr-rci(-)n: o. en
()tr-()s
crls()s. cl ilttpLlls() itgresiv(). integr.lcl() en Llnr
"
r'', rnuliclecl c(r fileltcs nreclnisln()s clr ltk)c()ntr(r, clurir ltgr'1r l() quc sc
(,ll((( (\)tn()
tirflrrci<-rn [e:icti!1.
(jn
<tre ckrnrinli l:r rDrabiliclerl
]
sLpLest()
, rirlrr<kr clel otlt. r a Litu:rlcs tbsesivrs y rreclids pre(11Lrk)rixs. I\)r
()tra
fxr-
t, . lrr rgresivirl<l clcpentlcli en los cfect()s que tienc solrrc el psiruisrrro clel
lir'r1.)i()
sujeto rlc'rtes tlirensiones. c()ln() l;r reyor o r)ren(n tcn(l('nciil 1l l
rr'.Lr(\in
),/()
al rlrrginrirr-tto cle cstir(l()s
(le
ti:tgrrrentcion ricl sr,{ y cic clesor'
1i.U)izirci(in ps<luica. o la tenclenciu:r llr p('r'clirh cle la scpancin entre pr()
, L so
>rinralio
y secLn(larir).
),
x h iDvxsia)n cls stc por c-i primero. l)r<resos
,lr( r)() s()n
((lsec(renciit
clc la rtrc-siviclltcl
-cl
err(n'(le
(-ccr (ltr(-
a lnrChx
rir,'siIirllrrl. nr:rrrtt tenrlcn< ilr rt la trltguentrrci()n
()
ia per<li<la cle llt sen.rrr'r,rrr
, rlr(' pr()ces() pl-irnari()
)'sccLln(hrj()
sin()
(lLlc
cstlts pr()pie(lxclL-s. sLrrgi(lx:,
lr)r
(r)n(licioncs
estrLlcturirntes tlifi-rentes rle l egresivitlecl, l)1tj() !-l irnpcl()
,i. r'si. se rctuirlizxn cn ur'r.
(Jc
srrs
rosibilitlrrrles.
lln c()nse(ucn(iil. el
(r)orp()ncntc
r climensirin
"irlllrrlso
agresir,<, r'csult:r
(.rl)irz. (le
ircLrcr(l() L ctlcs sean krs otros cttxrnentes o cliutensic-tcs cle lrr
l
r'sonliclud con krs <Ltc se c(mll)ine. clc panicipel cn llt crnstititr'irin de ct-
,lrrrs olrsesir'<rs. liilritrrs, rlerrcsirrrs,
I)tun()i(lcs.
(ls
an()re\i!, ct(- l-()s
(luc. p(n'
,,lrir
l)rtc.
n() tienen p()r'(lu tener
(
)l)ligrt()l iu ltreote a acul corto su f:rcr'
I,\i(()gentic()
ni t:rnp()c(). cn cals()
(lc
cNe s intenenge. c()rll() el qrc
(lcsrnr
,
rr, el pltpcl princilal. Vr>h,cmos irsistir en
(lLrc
k)s
( (np()ncnles
.ljrcsi\ r-
,l.rtl.
terrror a ll venganze
(lcl ()tr'(). (ulpll.
rrrrvcccior't.
lue('lrn isr tI( )s
(le
ilLl)-
,,,r)tr()1,
tenclenci:l a h frlgnrenlec'rn lujo lu
1>resirin
dc h xnglrsti, paru
r r( n( i()nirr algu-r()s. 1l(r ) / crld t t() dc clk stt ptrtitt bistot'.t g?trt'ul t .t. r)
., .r. lrislrli:r cle llrs c<>ocliciones cue le rlieron <>r'igcn
1
ttrc llrs
roncn
cn firn-
'
r( )r\rtlnicnt() cn lx ctLxli(l!(d. Aclclltl'rs cle [c(lLlcl-ir. plr.t ctlen(lcl' sLl
l)xpel.
cl
, r
l)cnsa!l()s
cr-i su xllicLllx(i(-)n
(\ (li[rensi(rn{is
tsencirtlcs corrro l relacion
,l,
l sLr
jcto
c()n el otr()
-cl
cuDrPO cle l inteNul)ictivi(l(l
(l)unn.
t()95I qrr,
,,rrlrcirrl
r['srle llr ctltrcltltr'irn clc, llr scxrltlitlcl v
()Inls
viriill]trs (lcl (lcse()
lr.rslir lls vicisitu(les clcl Fi<lixr
y
l:ts clifrcnrr's strltstlrtctrrras clcl
Prrluisrrr,r
P()r
(fra prrt(, cn l1 ill'ticulacill entle
(litlcntes
sistcl)ls rotivacionales
l,rrltlcr
Ileler c<>incidenr'is
().
p(r'cl cont!xli(). inc( n))pirt il)ilid(lcs
('n
sLrs l-cs
l
r
,(
lr\ ()s
iincs. l)r rr
Inrrter
trn cjcrplo. tlc l:r cr lbinc i<in crte Ls :r-tg(stils
(l{
rrl((\)nsenrci(in y cl apt,go itl
()tl-()
c()llt() un rlc ls lirnas plirilcgierlas plta
, ,
'rlIrr-rcstarlis,
rol
ttn lackr.
)
el lurcisism(). por el <fro. pucrlen surgil clis-
t rr rl:rs c onfigLrrar-ir >nes. Bn rlgunos casc>s. tl sr.tjelo irrrIrlsir(k) p()r srs angustixs
,1,'.r(l(rxtnsrt'lrci(-)n encuentra cn cl trtro
(lLlr (r)nstituv(
r:1 objeto
ltrotector
ll) ,{vN(.tis llN Pslco'l'llRAPl Psl(-oAN^l atlc^
(l(
l 1l)(() turtl)in r ll pcrs()na quc clesenrpea las tirnciones de objer
'tel
{y'/
(lu(
lc espcculilriztl o con qttitn sc fttsi<>na. apr.lntltlantlr> cle c'sta lanerlr
:'tr stlltilnicnt() de vala y legitirlliclacl en sus dese()' Acr't hay coinciclencie en-
tr(, lr))l)()s siscllls
-
Lt()c( )nse cia)n v narcisisl)l()-. v en el
(]nctlentl-()
c()n
t'l olrjcto se con(lensan y stisf:lccn l:rs necesjclacles cl(. Lno y otl-()Lr
l)cro
tu
srrcecle si Ia llsqtretla
(lel (r)j(t()
qte c()ntmrresta ngllsliils
(le
r r r rlr conser,'acin
-por
cjemplo.
Persecut()ris-
resttlta incotnpatilrle para
trr <lc'I:ts Irlchlithtcs pr>si)tles cle lrrglnizcin clel l:arcisistlo en
(ltle
''ste
st tt-lsolicla en lx llle(licla en quc el 'Ljet() se rePrescnte c(nno altk)n()ll]()
y
,.rrr:rz <lc
prescindir
(lel ()t&)l'L()s
Ilre(l()s ciel sttjeto le i:ltpttlser:in lr:r.irr h lr-
sirn trln el objeto pero. n() l)ien sta se proclttzca. stfiir:i en stl n-tr(isi)l)l().
(()n
l()
(lLre
ten<leri a rotrrper el r'trcrtlo, parlt rec!cr ls en lits ltngttstias pa
lrnoicles <le las cLrales el
(r)iet()
le protega. Rttptttra c()n el ol)itt() <r.tc en el
(irs()
c|t
(lrie
ls tcndcncias i(glesiva seltn Ln c(llP()ncnte si{nilicliv() k)r:l-
r:i l:r fiDIt clc ataque al ol)jetlr, cle prtlvtx aciones. Per() si el sujcf() telllc
'tl
rrlrjc'to
rxllri
en(\xltrltl.en lrt ftrgrt fiibic I:r tlolrtlicl:ttl de:tlejerse cle l pant
ir)t('rlill lrc()nstrtir tln espacio cle
(n)lniP()tcncix
attltistx.
Si l()
(lLlc
inrl)ela :,()n l<s clcsetls nalcisists
(lc
rePttscltalrsc c()!l)() itl()-
\li(i('nte. cl sttjel
poclr
(lcsc()D()cer
sus nccesiclecles xtctivlls prilllli1ls
(lc
.rtg<r o scxttalts. con les consigttictltes
ilt-lgLlsti qttc se molilizan culrntlt>
( slrrs r)() s()n satisfcchs, ngLlsii <ltte cle acr.terclcl .ll grl(lo de tlrgr n Lz'rt'i'
''n
rI l
rsirr.risrtr,
l l tenclencit I ie regresi<irt
()
ill Lls()
(le
exPcrien(ils
(lc s:tti\-
l.rrlir'rrr con)rensutorilts.
p<xhn clcselltl<car en crisis
(le
piinic()
()
impttlslr ltl
sLrtt() lr:rci{ cxJlctiencils cle satisf-!lc( i(in stlstitLttivit
-dr()8.1,
iI-Igestx c(nrlptl
\i\"r. ('l(.-
rut:t
t<;clilicar cl cstcl() ilfecti\r)
(ltle
reslllt.t intolerl)lc
lijctrrlllos estltetrrttic()
Per()
qtle n()s van inclicltncl<r I itrrP()rtlLn( i:l dt
(()rlslluil
un. psicoPill()logii en <tte Itl clcscLitt c<nr> cnti(lldes etlnclls sclt
tisl( ) .ooI() cl tesrltacl<r clc h .rticLlxcia)n
(le p/1rce-(r.J, tlcl cttctlettuttliel()
'lc
\rr iir,,(-ilts.
(lc
eDcutnl[()
(le
c(nllp()ncntes, c(!(1 1t1](t c(l stl hsttt tct
8'r,t'
//yr
-stlc
()s
insistcntes tn csie pLlDto- y. sollre ttxk). cle Is rt'lnslorttra
r'rrncs rlc cst()s c(rp()ncntcs en el procesl> cle ilrtictlici(in de retr()accin de
un()s solrrt otnrs, y cle Ia cre.lci()t-l cle prol-lieclaclcs elllelgentes cn qLle la .trti-
r Lrr'jrn tiginlt rllg() qtic n() cstttlx plevirtltrentc cn njngtlno clt- los ll-ticltlos
(()rrl)(nlrntts.rr l)e all nucstra
Pr()pLest1(
clc r'rna p.slcr rprllo hpa nurlttlar-
lJ l-r'
(,rrlt:r(l\.1(nrcs<r strs tliclsrr\ lrirns:r(.i(mc crfre sisl(jnllrs nnfivxci()lrllc: ts
(,rr
I ,
rrl
lr I r rrr:rs Jcl c()rr(cP) d( .or)lli(tr)
0'(I1)
(lLrt l:'lrLrd
'lrni:rtrt
l)x' Ir \r'ic
'('r1
ll!(,,,',,ri,
( l,1,*(\)
y
l:r
In(rril)irrn.
ent|ctl
(lcse() inc(,rs.icnlc
('i(lexl(s (le l'L conrrtnrir'
l)'rr'r
,,{rx,.ri.)lr,|,,,i,rr, i l(11,,. rl sLPcr\,-) \'l rc:rliLtrr(1.
Prrrii
pr(firndizrlir (1n1 l,r o(xn-)n(lt(('r-
fllolrlr.r:r.,t(.Irir,)
(
rfr( ril(,]l!\ d(ls(lperyo ene rlesrr' rlel cl(<. rnlr( id(rrt ilrc:rf ir rci d(l f().
lr \,.r! ,',, tl,r(l')-_.
I).igs
lrfLl0S) cl c()ceP)
(lt rnrcrgcrr.is glr)l)xl(\ t{lr(xk)es
rIrl ,,rr,.,rrr, l,r.,,trl!,rrrl(:,rr'nlercltrsrlerrrne,r
:rr.lrrci.r
()
)tr\trrPLlcsl.t
) \ rtri'nr(1 r(r
)r!r,.
,',.,lrlr'1,- 1!IILIIIIII'\.I l;rs
rlte:
cn <t seno clc un sistenl dr(lo qtrc rsiiin xLrscn(c
,, \ r,r n . L,1,,, r,
t,.,,(,-
'
lt.rll.rrr
('r) Lsri(k'
(lc
.rshri( r{ ) )
rNr-RoDrr(:(ilriN 31
I ntusli1naci( ) ttl cn
qLle ei esttl(ti()
(le
los sLlcesi\()s
Pxs()s
clel lluir clel fin-
(i()naIiento psqr-tico y cle ls cstlttcturas quc vln surgientlc) clel misur(r serl
cl eje qLre oriente el
(liagnstic().
listo pen,ttitir' solr>crr a l.r
PsicoPxkr()9.a
(lcntr()
del epistema que ha hecll pr()gresrr a la cicnciL contenlP"r.in(.t.
l)(c.s
c(n1r() disciplina esti lltr.ts:!(l.l ltJ rc-specto. Nccesilrnos crlnfccci,trtL ll-
res
clin;'tmicos q!e llltlestren procestls seriales y en paralelo ---crn stts clirec
(
i()ircs y senti(k)ri de circtllaci)n- cle :nictl:rcilin
(le
c(nllP()neDtes. lrlapas
rlelineacl<>s sol)re transprlencias <tte, cleslizitnclose Is ttnas s(r)re Ias otras,
l)(rnritxn
en el espaci<l creackr por ell:ts
(lt)c
cie:rs c(nlll)inilci()nr-s c illteruc-
r'iOnes emerian como pr()cluct()s c(rPle)s. Map.ls qLle pclrlititiltn. tatlrllin,
(-llltxl
lxs t:tnslirlll;tei<tncs clc ttnas cstrtcttlas en {)tRrs
Si trernrrs clestacacjr las expresiones
pn)ceso. drticltlLlctl de cutlpotlelt-
/,.\ y, cspceixilrentc, tat$ftrnuK: iot\, cs
P(rqLc
n() se tat sil))l)le,l)enfL'
(le
rrnlL psicopatologa nlultif'ctrlrial. c(xll() sealanl()s tltlis arrill, centra(h en lx
t Ilule(tci<in cle firct()l'cs qtle :L(tL-l!ln en il situtltanciclld dcl
Prcsente
y,'() qte
s,., fircr<n acumulancl() en sLts efictos a lo )argo tle llt historilt Sin lttg.lr a
(lu-
(lus
es) cLlenta. pel'(), :l nLlestr()
jtticio, l<l dctisivo cs p<rclcr estllrlecer ks
rr,rrpr>nentes <) cli[lensi()ncs que carcteliziln l.ls estrtcttlrxs psiropatoltgi(as
r analizltr los t1-]tiltiplcs crlllrin()s
P()r
krs cttlties cs()s c(n))P(nentes sr !(rn\li-
trven, ilfiiculltn
-v
sc tlitnsfi)mlan cn el
Pro(es()
cle a: ticltlltci(tn. Dcscle nttes
lr() pttnt() cle
yistll.
existe pof l() l]rcl)()s ttru cl<llc tllcl a rcalizar, clc Il cLtll
, ste lrlrrrr r'\ trn It)l('nlr, tn t:. rlir'Ltirln:
1. Dcs s n t r l.ts . al?Horas
psi coPal ol g..ts |1t
(
)sl rd t t d( ) st r bt iptts
.1'.
t t
lrct<xk. locatitps de
ps co91rcss
.l'
lds lli lcitsott('5 sttb.''ttct'ttlcs tTttcse ar-
lkttlott pdnt ttfgttt'ar cx .//2t,pl). l)esc()nstrtlccin.
P()r
(fra
pafic,
(lLle
tl:[ lrrglr l nrlevlts configut-aci()nes diftlcntes cle l:ts categ<lras clc Ie fn<
nrcnokrgia psi(luiitric.. y rlrits ltcoltes c()n las
(lin)eni()ncs
ctte el psicr'.tnri
lisis ha lcvclaclo cott'to inclispensltblcs
Pllrl
cntenclct el psi<ttisttto.
2. l)ist ica' inlenvlrckrcs cra)cttticts bctsctcltts ttt ct)tttt Ltttcttlatttcs el
f
i!ttcitDtLulticltto clel
psirlrisnrc
-vts
diJtt'tc; ../r,.1.-. qtrc sc lli i.ttt .t
tttt.ttlilictr t spec/i< anttatta bs tt)t1lpo tkntlt:s de lds dilt'cntcs ctntJiltrt'ttcilttcs
l)\icq)dtul(Eicts .y
ela personulclud. Es cleci. intenenci()nes
(ricntrtdrs
x di-
rrensrnes
l'sectores
tle'tclrin;ttlrs tlc eslts cttfigtlrlci()nes. y no lr elllts en
Irlor1t-tc.
til pl1rlrlema ccntr.tl ck: la psic()tcrtPia n() es Ia detenllinlt< irin ctcl rurc<
lirr111
-1,t,"
el rrl'ter< de sesi()ncs sell I)revc, cle citr:ttirln lirllitacl r incle-
lini(l.r-. Sin lLgar'
(lLt(lxs
est() crnclicionl t<xlo el pr<rcso pttes incicle s<>llrc
l.r protirncliclacl a la <ue se
irLtecla
llcgirr-!', espctiallenrt, ri(r)lc lr)s lenrinle-
rros crre pocirn lrunifstarse. s()t)lcterse ll escrutini() y I tnoclificeci<in Pelo,
rurl
lr krs rspeck)s ti)rntitles^,
((y()
tcc()n()c)ricnt(
)
)
cslu(li1) Ita signifitackl
rn pr()greso! kl rtte tcruinar:i cleciclicnclc> el resultatlr scrt cl mc>cleltl psictr
J]
AVN(:tiS ljN PSC()r ItRAPIA Pr(-OANAt,TtCA
l)irl(
)l(il{ic()
([rc prcsi(h el tratmicnk). lo obarc(|o qlrc st st.'.
-v
del ctlll
(l(
l)cn(lerar
crLal(luier interyencin terapLtic. qlre tcngr lrtgat'. sca cn el luill-
crr rl rrnrt psicoteral)ia cle cliez, clr cien t cle l)til sesi()nes. Eslll ctcsti(in
(lel
rrrrrlckr
rsicopatc>lgico
cs lo crrc creeros s()sli). una crecisnte tenclenci]
lr r'rrrlistl que hlrce nr:is irinc:rpi en el lrrlrrc() del tr.Ltxrtrient()
([Le
en lo qilc
su(((l(
(lenlro
cle 1. En c()ntrap()\l\ r')n -t <st.t
rr,sicir)n
nLrr\tr,, cnfllsis scr'.i
srllrrc llr c<nprcnsin psicopat()l(igica y s()l)re I<s funclaDrent<ls cle unu tct-,t'i
r.k' llt crr Llt.
l'cr si Iublarnos
(le
c()lnprensi(in psic()pa tr )l(jgica. ssl{) nr)s intl-()dtL(e er
t.l
rloblema
cle Ia interpreracirin
(e
()ri dt()s <rre la tLni<u n()s vl
()flccieD-
(l(
). intcrpretllcin que n() es sirlo el clesctbdtrticnto cle un significlckr que e:
lrrre incltriclo e-n el clato oliginal. \'ertt vlle
l)Jl.
(r'ientlrn()s
lo cue h his
It'r:r clr la hemenf-rticu nos ha ense<k: la il:tcrpreleciirn
-en
el scntitlo
r[ crrrnrrensi<in
(le
u]r tex)- no pueclc knlr llt filla lr:rio llt ctrel llt cn-
It nrlir'r l 5( hleirn))ilcllc t> I)i)t)re] . cs cleci. L [cc(r]stt Lt(
(
i() clc tn sentirl<r
oliginul tlrrc va est:rri en el luk)r-(Naith, 191)a). l)a[a Scltleic|nrcher intc'r
l)r(llrr
crx le lecrxrst|r.rcci(n
(lcl
pcnsxmicnt() clel atttor. l)iltl)cy. p()r stl prrtc,
lrscl>rr l:r intcrpretci(-)n
()l)ieliva
en base l crr<rinricnt() cle l psi(()logll v
l.r lrirrg[rlia c]cl lrrtt>r'. Estc aut()r tir)}aba partc rlel panolrtD)ir intclectual
(lc
lr[ rrrl, rtrirr tur]rl)i''r
l)cnsal)lr
cn nrin()s
(lc
Lrn iDtetprtl:(i(il obietivl-t tttc
(strri:l
:lscl.luracl por cl seguif tll in Lr( i()stl)lente los tletalles tlcl <liscttts<l
y
el
((rl()((r
l.r ,u)'()r cunti(lxd cle cllttrs cle llt bioglafia cle'l stict(). l)er(), c(nll()
rl(slx(il Niith. la intr.'rpretaci<'rn va lnals all-r
(le
Lrnl| nreftl rcprr>clucci<in cle rtn
s.nlirL cxislente: lrr participaci<in
(lel
interpretlrnte y su hisf(ni(iducl.
),
la
P()
list rl)il rlel text().
(lefcm)jnan (ltte
lir sittxcin ltcltteni'ttlicrt
lx)scil
Ltn r.lrr(:
l('r
l)r()(lu(tiv().
clt el scnti(l()
(lLtc
sc gene-l:llgo 1 estrl cn el texk)
()ri-
ginul <rr|r<> lrxlmcn(c existente sin() c(r() p()tcncialidlt(1.
lSignificlL
est()
(ltte
lil inl(,rlfctxci)n sc;r pura arbitlarieclad, qtre la c()herenci clc lu vcchcl nl
mrti\ir (1)nslrui(h
><
cl interprerante es l() ni(()
(ltc
P()cler))()s
llegar a llir-
lirli' f,slir
rosiciirn
es l
(lr.r(
crilic.r (jectt(liu))ente Stlenger
(
I!)91 ) coto clc-
)()llln(l()r ctrltin rle los tut clenortritta
"lttt-ttlcnettticistlts,
(ltrc (lcsxtien(tcn
rtrc t'l inconsciente col-lstituyc r.ttr:L leliclcl.
(!)n (()nteni(l()s
t'leycs
1rr',rr,r.
(!)n estlr(l()s uritltiplesl en
(fl()s
tmrin()s.
(lLle
o() cs sillrPlelllcnte el scnticl()
()(Lrll() (lc
Lln c()nlenicl() nl:rnifiest(). l)()l ell()
Plrr
sLr pttcsta l
(lesctll)icl'to
l!'
ts llis lc|:cLracla l; stnrit-rticlt tlrtc llt ltet ltre'ntrt icl. ttna st'ritltit
(ltre
ll;lgir
lrirrrrrrii rro s()l() en [()s icotlos <r ert Ios sitrtlrolos sin(). c:'l)cciallnlentc, en l()s
llr(li(r's
-(n
cl sentirlo
(le
Picrre-. lu
jo
los c uulcs el incotlsciente se hll( c
s(lllir. (lu(
n() t's ir[rl a l]acerse signilicxr por cl c()ntcni(l() ul.lnifiest(). I)cs-
(l(
llr(.str'ir
tx
rsl)('(li\'1r. n(, dcl)cr))()s
()ptLl'p()r
lrr posici<-rn
Prestrntlllcnte
(r)
i(lr\!\t.r
rrrr:r ingonrrirl:rcl L-sli liurar
(lel
c( nr()( irnient( )-.
Pcr{)
trllul)()c()
lr.rl rrl.u lr.rr i,r l:r tcsis rlc I ullitr':rlictlitcl llrsolLt <lc l ittterpr(t.t( i,in,
(1)llt,,
si cl llr,rt('r.rl srrl,r( r'l <lUc il(tarx
-el
inc()nscicnte clescllllrit- n(, rct.in
ti(r,r l()\ llrrl( \ rh'rrthr tL krs trutles se ptlede trovet. Fln rclLlich(I. lx inttr-
IN'I'RoI)UCCION
l)r(lil('i()n
sc cncLtcrltl-it ;iclttpre cutre dos calllP(ls
([e
ficrzil: el
(lel
lratclixl
, ,riuiral
I
cl crirligo clcl interpretanlc. sien(l() la lesllltante tln
Pr()(luct()
qlle se
.r(
(
r'( lii l]'r'ls al pi[]c,"(), sin alcanzirl(). sef]n el interpretllnte se ensil)le
()
ll():l lrn(,r-
('n
cucnllt
(icfi()s factorcs:
l. I-l l)un(lxn(ilr del lrtclial r rl clctltllc clel corprts solltc cl cttc cjeli.
,u lirl)( interpretxti\' Aqtt es cl()n(lc el nf:lsis cle l"reucl cn segllir lllinLl(iJ-
:.urrr.'nft lo quL'lp()l-t el pxciente.
(()n()cer
cletilllaclillllcnte l vicla clel tllist'n<l
\ r(
l)irri
en cl c()ntt\tr) en qtlc es(
(lisctrrs()
tienc lugar
-le
siltlllci(in anal
rrr.r- n()s
sir'c rlc grri ciccisi\,rt.
-.1. lil
( (
n]()ciitt icnt( clc las rtr<rtitut iones.
(les)s y xngLlstixs
(lcl
interpre-
l.rrtr'.
(lue
serin hs tltte cliligirlin str lalrttr interprctatir' lt en tln sentid() Ll
()trol
, s rLtir'. su inc()nscirinte.
J
l:l r]<rlelo crnccpturl. llt te(n'ilt
(ltc
c()nttlLil cl n1lrcr)
(lc posilliliclacl
(l(
r)lr()
(lel
ctlxl cl
Pr()ccs()
tle lrt inletl>: ctlLciirn s( I))()\'el,l Ctllllt() lllris L()n-
\( n(i(l() cst cl intrlnret.lnte clc lrt r er<lecl
(lc
Ltll s()lil te()ri1l. l]l.is
Prisi,rntr(r
,l( sir si\tcl)n simplitlc:lnte y.
P(
lnk), lll,ls clesvilt(l() hecia cl polo clt ia lt-
l ,rtt'ltIit
cliLcl.
r. l, c()ncienci:r
(lLc
tcngr cl inlerpretltntc cle la
xlliiirnll
clcl incons-
, r1 rr(. (lifcrsntc tlc l
xrlisettti:t
clc
(rn
le\t(). en l llle(li(la
(ltlc
n() c5 Ln Llnr
L
(l
f('\t(,
(()Il
\'1ll'i()s scrlti(l()s sino ttttiltillcs sistcnllls cntrc i:tzll(i( )s
(le
rcPre_
.r'rrllrt ioncs
y
clc :Lfc<rs.
3.1
cepituro r
EL MODELO MODUI-q.R-1TAISFORMACIONAL
Y Los slfRTIPos DE DF.PRESIN
l.()s 1rst()rn()s tleplesirrrs n<s servirin para nr()strr l:rs ctnscr'Lteneis
!lu( sc
(leivrn
clc aplicrrr rn nt<xlel< nrr >c[]u r-tra nsfi nrrcir ':lrl I su eltci-
,l.rrir'rn
1,;
(lt('este
rr)(lel(). rll
l)cn))ilir
cxlrrirrr
((il))r)
sc vltn:ir'rllrntkr tli
l,'r( nlcs sisl(nls m(fiviL(i()nlcs. posibilitlt. u su lez. clcclilrir L:t <-xistenciu cle
.ul)lil)()s
llc cletrcsi<in y l()s clmin()s por l<rs cuales se arrilr:r :t los ruisnros. I-:r
rrltrrr-hrkrgiu (lLe
seguirelos c()nsistiral cn: l)
(lelilnitar
< u;-rlcs prcclcn ser
, ,,nsitlcrtrls
llrs prrpie<llcles bl'rsic:rs <le l()s trlrst(r-n()s clcrlcsivos. cl ncle<r
',,rrun
(luc
rlcle cie cstltr
l)rcscnle
t:n trcls elkrs ms ltllli LIe kr espcr'fico
,
rrr'
t['bltDros lruscar cn r'rrtllt trn clc sus vrfilU]tcsl ) estll.)lcr'c lrs r-rntlr)r,s
1,,,r'Irs
culrlcs se lleg,r,r lx
(()nstitLrci(),i (le
ese ncle()i c) in(li(ur lu Iirrn:r cle
rli( ulllci()n tle clifercntrs
(r)lU)()nentcs (luc
gencr.ln los sttllilrs clc cltplc
.r(nl
\'. esl)e( i.llr1Icntt. lxs trxnsti n nr.rci( )nes
(lLle
sutien tlurntc cl rccrrricl<l
I.r'
L i,r,nrlrtrt.. ,.,r..rrlrp,r.
I r sr NTINlrr.N-r'() 1)H lNtl,()t l:N(.rA/r)EsEspl-RANZ^
l vr - nttnr.rzr:rriN Dtit- ol:sll)
A ttn ctaclrr clnic() se kr pueclc carectrrizar t.lnt() p()r su sint(n))at()logu
, , ,rr r
Por
los mecltnisltt()s
(lLre
Lr proclrrcen Y s()stitnen. Lx l)ist()liit
(lc
lx
(
ieo-
, r.r lrrLrcstr-rl
(lLrc
sienlprc l.t prir:rclit 1l)r( )x irri ci(-)n pilr
(i('lit)litr
!na cnti(lir(l
,
' r()r
Ia arrtricrrci tlcl ti'nrlncro
(n
nLr(s() ceso
:or
i:r sinknklrge-,
llfir(ltle \tit tcntrinlt lrvt lln<l<se
(()ln()
ir-Isrrfi( icnte paril
(irritctcrizllf
k) cscn-
, r,rl tlcl fenrneno tln cLlt:sti(it. Fls la reztin
l
la crral en cl ces< cle l<s trs-
L
'nr()s
depresiv()s del)cr11()s luscL unrr c()n(li( i(in srrbylrcente
(Frc
puc(lx dllr
lrrrl;tr. ltl ltrticulltrsc c()tt
()trr)s ('()lllp()ncntcs.
ir las cliferentcs rllfixntes
()
sulfi-
rrs
rlc rlcrrcsi<-rn. Fll int( ri's
l)()[
l() estrLr(]Lrlll sLrl)]llccnf('no signitica trrc Ilr
'rrrt,rrerokrgi:r
sr':r rlcstle.rlrlt Jti
(lLr (lIlc(lenr()s
r\enI()s
(l('t(,ncr (lre
expli
li. l']1r1( (lr
Lrs i(l(irs expLr.ts cr1
(,\lr (;rptulo
trrcron pulri.x(ls (,r .Snnc
sLrl)tvpes d
I/, //rirr r lllci.hnrxf. 199(r).
(irI Ilrs rilz()ll(s
l)(lt
llls
(ltlc
en
(at(h \''lliltnte
(l'
k)s trlLs(()fn()s
(lcPr'\i\ !rs
\(
rlir Iir
l)rsc,)(iil
.1. l,r, tirrt,rn.
(ltle
llls
(!rlcicrizJn l'tr' clti>
tltre ies lor
rll,..lc pltse,lt,rci,->n
clc catllt unoclt'Lrs
l'ltsl()rn()s
(leptesi\'()s (()slililycn llls
r',ulrLs '[tint,ts tlc clin()s
(1q gnests lttc licnen rn tr()nc() c()nlil]l
tlcjetcntos
l)ilril
rllis lrtlelltnte
el exlttltn tlc cst()s sc(t()l'cs
pliiclllxfes pat!
(()n(cntl.ar
ir,,..r,,uu.11,,
c1r.te s prlcletntls c(nsi(lcrar
((nlx) c(lllP'Ll'ti(lo
Ilrlr
ttxlos cllos'
l,reLrci, el inicir c Dtrclt.t,ntalcttltt
(
lglT) i()
(lLre
c()nstirLr),
nLresrrlr
.()r tt
lrtcttsitin
(le l()s tlast(r-n()s tlertcsirrrs
ttr- clc il l:is ll clc l't cnulerrt
r'iort rk: sn(ottt:ts
l)lt
l)Ls(ilr ltnlt <rrn<liciirtt
lll'tsica en l()s
(lislirt)s tip()s clc
ri.
r(siirn,
.,,.r,.t.],ir,,,,.1,,
a strt c<nr ['t rertccitill lt l pr'rli<lll re:tl o irtragi-
n,Uilt rlt rln,>lriet,>
tlnll pcls(,-li:tl'rlll
'r1:ilcttllclar!"tlDlllll)stl-"lttlrrll'lLlu
ir,, t,rrr",t,, srt lttrtr'. trtl .i,rll,l el
'''r'
''le
trn" l'i lrltlt rtl tr itlt l clc
-'
Si
lrl,rrtttr-r
cl cstrttkr cleprcsirrr en tltrlltr"s Llt, t|LtLctt c\
P(rtLltr(
lI
f)ri)pi()
(lel
iil,r,r,u"n,, n,> t.sitlel en la prclicle ell si nisnla sino en crinlo t'sa
>'rclitllL
<rcclu sigrriiiclrcle. ctt tint:tslts inc<xlsl'ientes Y
ptllsltnlitn)s c()rr\ticnl(\
,lrra,,,tir,r,; l ,rt,t,.r,t cn tltte la
{tclicla
cs senti(lit' l-'L vercllttletrl
lr'clitla
clc
, ,i
i.:,,,
...'qui.r., .le..l..l p,.,nt,, i. r'ist cle la strbjetiviclecl'
(ilrc
ilrrlt()
x l per-
t,.t.,,.i,, ,l.l
(l!sc()
P()l-ci
olrjcr sc l(r l't
l)rescnte
nlr() inl(xrlrlll)lc
es
(lc-
(
rf. s( cr///J////lzl
llsi<ltlicalncntc.ll
()l)ic) (()tll()
Jtuliclo
l'st'rcs Lr clrtc Fretttl
\\.1r,rlr) r,n ltthb(k)tt.
stttlt)ttt(!
.\'
r,/,qll/ill
(
lgfl))
'
<lcstiL(itr llt ins:risirlt ilrle
,.rrg,r ,1,',ttthcl,r'trllo
lo csllc'.litr clc Ilt le;tccion ficntt I
>rtlitl:r
clc oll-
i,ll,,--
t,.t,, ir.,,ri.t,,tillle
clllga tlc nhelL'' t's r'tn estlLtk fi'cti\
()
inlcgr:(l()
I)(lt'
,,,, .l,,lrl.. a,rr,rr.cntc,
ttnr, i(lcllti\'(). sc lcl)lcstntil cl tlcsco
''lirlllirll
hltcia cl
,,1,rto c,,rtxr rr, re[izltll]cl y,
(\)ltl()
c()nse('Llell(
ill
(le
rcPfcsctllittst'cl
clcsetr
,,,rrr ilrr':tlizltblc.
sLll-!le Ln sentinlientl
cloltr<so cl l/co
(lcl)r\l\
"'
(ltr('
l|sr'(
Lrn:l cLrrrliclecl eslltclitx.
(liftrcntc tle le angttstia entc tl pcligro
(llten-
rrr'r. l')lifr I l()ltrlrrrn. 1992)
llsl( s(nlirrliCrrt()L" cle ctte rtn clt-'s<< tlttL'tctl!t tttt lttttt <atttntl
att la attr
tttttit liltidttutl trrr lrisllt <r.tltl'llritr
'lt"'' ''t
lrtll;l'/t't'
l()
(ltr'- c'l
(r)rllnlt)()s (I1 l()(llls lll\
(lel)rcsi()!r(s i lllultlrlrl'r',
I9-()l))' Ln tln't lirrrlrtci<'n
:rlrlrrclttir lt,
.ltfic )
Sntller c:tl't1cLzltrtn
eslt
(lesct ttrnl()
'll-)ttlliln(l()
lt tn cs
lrrtlo itlcul tlt' l,icncstrtr v Icli<icLltl rlofle r Srrdlcr' 1965r S)(llcr \"J()[ie'
I(X)). l'lslc clcseo
Poclrli
vlLtirtr en sLt
(()ntcni(lo tcnl'lti(\) cn l()(lllc
(1)nslittl
\'(' su rteili. t'nsistir.
clt1c
(fr()s
cn l()s sigLlientcs tiP()s:
l. l)ese<rs
tlc slttislltccit-rt-l
rttlsion;Ll
\'(1e
(lislllillLlci(in (lel
nl\cl
(l('lensi(in
lisi<lt t'trlertrtl
iFl'ctl(l l9l5( )
2 I)csc()s cle
':t.rcgo"
(lk^rllr1,
l9()9 t()-j l9ll0) <trr" rrLtirtn rl'sclc los
lis rlr)lltlL:s clt'csllll en clrtltltcto lisito rt-t cl olrjettr' r'lc cttrll'rr'tir
cst:trlos
AvAN(rras riN Psr(i() l-F.l1At{
pstr:<lrt-itl<:
l(. l lrli/,!,)i',\,l
l( rr)rrrr) srnlrr iL'nl()
r'rr
rr
lrLrtler
(\L{ r(r\r
f
rr'r t rrnirl'rr ir r'iird() cle
,Irillr,(tll( iritn,il,r\(l',rrirr'r
.rl,r
1"'l"''
'n
lr rnrrrrr lrnt'L rrrutLr'rnt['lr(rrtl
lrirl)l('dtrcn'
,,,,,,,,,',,,t,
,,,L,.,
l.rr
I r( l( rrrs( .r rrr ({irrirrrrl() i(!'liv() xti'r1n'()
]_ NI()t)tit.() M()DUJ_AR- t RANS'()Rl\lAcl()NAL J7
{ ]lr()(i()nalles. ltsl:t [rls rlese<ls ntis ptcrl<igicos clc tirsi<-rn lrl)s()lLlt
(\ln
ci
()l)
Irl()
(pa[t
L]i r'e\ isi(-)n s()l)re rl tcrni rlt "lrreo,.
\'itse Prkes r rtrs. 199J).
3. l)cse()s ,rr(isislsr
(lc
rcc()n()ajD)jcnl()
):
\,al()rcin,
(lr (lue el
()t11)
, , rnvrlicle el ex Iril)ici()nisr))()
l{rnclioso
rlcl stjet(),
(ie
fisirin crn el
()l)jc)
idc
.rlizrLck, clc triLnfi) edpic() solrre el objet,r. ctc. l)ese()s nalcisists
(lue yrn
rk srlc cl orgullo cle scntir cr.re se ckrminen krs plr4rios irrrl>rrlsos, ie: cnrtr'ir.
rrcs. cl firnc'ionaurien) rent1. cl nlcclit <ir<un<lantc,
() (lc
scr-lr(Lr o rtpre
, i,rrk. ctc.. hrrstrr rt lttttellos quc clrr(terizirl l.ts firtras patol<igi<irs clel nluci
''rsllr()r seI un .// i(tcil cle pelfi'<<i,rn fisi(:1. nrentill o rrror'1, r'ccil>ir
.r,lrrlirci<in inc<;nclici<ln:tl. tenc c<rtlrrrl
()lllnip()l('ntc
s()l)te trn() rtiisrrlo o Irs
L ,l,i(1os { Kernl)crlt. 1975: KohLt. l9-1. I()--). l- n() rclizx.i(lD cie este tiJxr rlc
,ltsr'os nrcisistls rlrr )rrglrr a clepre-*ioncs cn ttre
treclorlin
e] sufrirjcnk
r.r(rsista
(llil)ring.
l95Jr
Jl<bson.
l97l: K()lrlr. l97t: l,rx. l98t)).
r. I)csc()s relJCi()nx(l()s
(on
el l)iencsti[ clcl olrjeto. Si cl sujcto sc xlril)u-
\( ir si nrisnr() scr cl cLlsante rlcl do o suh-inrient() cltl olrlcto. plre(lc s()
l,rlrcnir
Lrna
(lcp[.si(')n
rn
(lLre
pl-e(l(mrin(l los sentil])icnl()s clc cLrlr:t
(Alrra
l,rrlr. 1911. 1911: Frcr(1. 1917:
.llc(r)s()n,
L9-1: Klein. 19J5. l9-iO).
lislx clrtcg()r-izlt( i(nr <le <lili'cntcs til)()s d( (l(sc(ls
n() cs
(\lr:rusti\'1t ni l()s
,1, \(()s \(l ))lutuitllcrtlL'cxr'ltvtntr,s. iln r'icrlo grir(l()
(lc
sul)(r)()si(r(r) L'\i\tL'
, lllf( l:rs
(!l(g(r'ilrs
\' \'1r'i()s tipos clt' rlt'sr.'or
l)uc(lcn
('()cxislir (
n ur). rrrs,rl.l
l
rs()nir. Asi.
I)(
rj(nllll(), l:t no rclrliz,. irl-r
(lc (lcsc()s
clc l)cg() o rI clescrs
,l, sirlisfila(i(in
>rrlsirltl
prtcrlc ser vili(lir r)lrcissticl)cntc, es
(lc(rr', (1)lll(,
, rrrsrrcle porlu inhrtlilidltcl tlcl
'lr'opio
sujekr cn r)l)tcncr kr tuc rlcsca. conto Iu
l.r' 1. 5
(lese()s (lr (()ntf() (nrlnip()lcrrte \()l)r'c cl olrjelo o solrrc sr'rttrsrtto
lil c(n rel1()
(lcl
scnlinrient()
(le (lcscsl)(
rilnz.r en
(
urn) l l rclrlizulriliclucl
,1,'l
tLsco cs l.r rcllresent!ci(-)n
(luc
l1l p(rs()n:t sc hrrct tlc si rltisllt:l
(tnlr()
Ill
,l,
,rlgtrien sin
rrr<lt'r.
inll)(fcn1c
:lrlu
nrotlific:tr tl cstlttkr
(lc (()s:s: ttoltctle
,r ,h'ktr tl<'<l<,s<<tr ni k)gt'Ltt'tltc \tt
(l!st\'
t! r&tlicL'. I-]r cl
(stJ(k) ([])rL'\r\(,
nr,
,,1,r
txisk- t-lit r el)r(.scn llci(')n
(l(l (r)ict() ()
r))ctrL
(lcl (lesc(). siu().
\ s()l)ac
r,(1r,. (icrtit
r'(l)r'cscnl;(i(-)n
(lel
stljc) ct Ll,;rnl{) .t s\t
lx)dcrl)afit
tt,ttlia(tt'slt
,1"\t\).Ptl'ttinlfx)ot!1tatlt'st)ttk)s(tC()ttt(titit,tttos.lllat1l()st)<'.\-lt,ir)sl'or
,,rr.L
l)ir-tc.
<lcbickr lr le cstrctlllr inlere]acia) rxistcnte entrc lll rcl)tesenl( i(in
,1,
I \uick). en rcle< itin l poclt'r <1trt' s(' iltrilrLrye p:tm rltcner l<, tlese.tclo. v el
rrrr ll tlcl Iint'i<nllienk) lortl y crporrl. en Ia tneclicllt en
(lLrc
cl
.ui({, , \(
r,
l,r(
sclrln c()ni() iltll)()tcntc sc
(lcsxclivlln
l()s llt()\'illlicrlf()s lluc liclt(l(r) lIllci.
,l ,,1)l(,1() (lel
<lest,o f)c ulr l:L inhibi<iirn v ulruli:t <ue c(mstituycn
(()nr[)()-
''. ,,1, .
. (
n(r.rle. rlt l r':t.r,1,, ilL
[)h'\r\,,
llil)nDg
(19.J).
cn ttn tLulrajo rLre signiticr-r un l)()fie signilir'rrtirrr. lirc
I'r',n('r()
rn
(,rl!rtjzitr
cl prpcl csencirtl
(le sentir)li(nk) cle intlxrlcrtr'irr, incie-
l, rsr()rl
(\nt1()
rtircler) clg la clepresiorr. ltsr
((r)r()
err rn()stfill
(lLlc
nrr r's la pr-
, lr,l.r rk l olrjekr lo clefinitorio sinr l1l rcpresenta( in
(rtc
lrt
Jtlsona
se hace tlc
r rrr, nlir (\)nr()
intpltz <lc all('nz:lr sLs nretlls. cntre elles le presen< ia y c'l
1i AVAN(-tlS EN P5l(()'l LltAPlA PSla()ANALll l(.4
rrl()r
(lel ()l)jct().
Crnsiclerir qtLe la prcclisposicii>n l la clepresitin cstar
(lx(la
lrr
le fijacirn l expericncias clc imp<xencie/inclefensir'rn, cue clcjan su trtrclle
t n el
rsictrisrtto.
cle mcrlo clue c:rtla vez <uc Il
Pers(
sc siente illlp()Iclrtc en
It,lrrciolr 3 sus rspilaci()nes se rL'ucti\'rraln toclas lque]llts cxperiencias. relles
(,inrirBinilriJs. en qrre clonrinr-r
(se
seniirltieni(). l;ts irp(fencis x(ttrlL-s ti(-
n(n
lxso
p()r(lue
l)()nel)
eo ltcti! i(l:t(l la rcllresenraci<'rn
(lel
sLljcl !()[1() llll
l)(
)tcnte.
Sintctizrn(l(), Ios elerucnt()s <1ue confitruarltn <l t1i1o tlcPlesivt r cn tan-
l()
(\)n(lici()nes
neccsafits cttc <lefinen sLl cstrllctLrrit s()n:
l. Bxisler(ia
(le
un
(lcsc() (lre ()crLpa
un lugrtt central en la c<onrtra li-
lrirlin:rl rlel suict()
-fijaci(-)n
l tn rlcsco tttonr
tr-rlit
r r rttc no
J:rttcclr
ser rrrl-
1rr'nsetkr
o tcenlP[lLZl(l()
l)(rr'
()tr()s
c{eseos.
2. S(ntinlicnft) cie irup<xcnrir
1-rlta
realizar t'sc tlcsco.
J. llup()tencil pare llr realizuci<-rn clel clcsct trtc no tuccla testringi(h 1l
ln.(s(ntc
sin() ctrc abarca tatlti(:n el littttrol es clecir. sentitnicntlr clc cleses-
l
tilllll.
r l.us tr ]st'crre ncils nr()tivr( i()nllles
-elulirt
c- iDhilriciu
Psi(',r))r)triz-
r.rlr'r1irls- tristcza-(lel senliDric)r() clc itrr pr rlcnr. ilt. tlcstsPel n z:.
Sr'
rLr,,I
rc(()rre 1()(lt l:r clnt<a clc l<s tr'slt nos cleprcsiv()s
-Ltn
sr-rlt
( (
)n(r ir(
l(
rrlrl( ) serr sLrficicntc
xrrl
rleuostret tLtc' Iu gcneralizat'itin ts alrusi
\,t . \'('lt t()(l()s l()s r'rtsos crlttt>robarturs la prtsct-tcirt clel scntiDlienk)
(lc
illl-
lf(
n(iil
)
ril'scspcranza yrlta l;t rcalizeci<-rn tle ttn rlcscr 1ll
(ltrc
sc estli inten
strrrrt'l( Iii;rrkr. Ir()r
()tril prrtc, tleltnr<s tlill'rerrc ilrr entlc: ll) f:t(t()!(s
(ltc
rrrnrlut. n
),
r)st,en!'n l csllclr) rlcl)fesivoi krs c:tnrinos
P()[
l()s
(tlcs
s(' lle
!l .rl
(s(ir(k)
clclrcsivrr lt) c1 c:ltttkt <lctrcsivo; ) tl itt.1()
(lc)ci\'():
/./cl
< ttttrln L li t ico <k:l )resivo. inl(gr'(l()
l)()r
intent()s restittti\.()s
(lclrlsl\'():r.
!()rlr
Plitationcs
clc ia cleprcsiir
)'
lcncllci( secLrn(lri()
(
IJil)nf, 19iJ;
.lc()l)s()n.
l97l:-J()ll
)'Sndler.
1965). []s decir, un c(nIplcj()
I)r()('eso
(lt
arlictrl.r( i(in en-
(r(
cl cst(l()
(lcpresiv() y c()llil)()nentcs rlel
ltsicttisttto
talcs c()nr() l()s tip()s
lrrliculercs
r.L' clefenss ctte tlrrlrt stjet() puc(llr
l)()ncr
cn
ir.rego,
rl cl papcl
(lrc
rl
()tr()
rr.te<la
clesctttpertI ct ]s fin1111ls cle r,Jgslltl)lcccl tln tsl(l() clc
<rlrrilrlrrirr , csti(l()\ Lle ?vtLt u. t)It
(lt'l
rlt'setr
C()!rIrrI(er1r(,s p()f cl estil(l() <tcrtcsivo. Sc
(rlt-lr(tcrizat
P(r'Lnit
triPi< c()n(li_
(i()n (lue
t()rlr. a Llna Lniclltd: 1l) scntiDricnft) clc itrrJroter-tcirt
Pxr
Ia rc.Lli/.tci(-)n
clcl clcsco; D) tna crLllichcl espc( flcr
(le (iisplltcer
ttre el lcngLtaje
(ralll (lc
cllP-
tuI l).lj() ta'n]rin()s c(nll() trislczlt. pen!. etc.i c) la inltjlticir-to
rsicotrlotriz,
rcsttl
trLtlo rlel ltcr l
(llc
al senlisc cl
(lese()
c(lx) irrclizlrle el psiqtlisrnt) n() cs
irrrrrrlslrtir Ir,rri:r Iri:rctivi<l;tcl. sc i'st h cliligitllt rrl ctl.ucntr() crrn cl
()biettl,
sr';r t l rlt rt ir io rk' rrt litnciirn
(iel
suict()
l)r{)clt.1(
tle
rllrcer
nr'cr\t\I.r.
lrr( dt( .tl
(,st.l(i() r.ltlrr,.sirrr
(l()l()11)s()
sc
P()nen
en iLcci(-)n cli\'ars()s pr()ce
sos r['lr'rrsrr,,r
(lr( (nr
frr r.:lc(i()r-l 1nte el r-Ilisol(), inlent()s cle salit clcl sufri-
l:L 1.)Dljl o lot)u].Alt
jIR^N-,:()RlA(
()N.tt.
rr,'rl,) rl(r'rloclucc
(Brcnncr.
1982: Grinhrg. l96J; Halnal. 1977r I loffnran.
l')').1.
I.(()l)s()n. 1971r Klein. 1935. 19,i0; Kohrrt. 1971: Sk)nc, 1986). lh(k)
{ l') lli l()51) ILrl.) sclck l rlia coercitiva cont() intent()s cle recrrperar cl
, ,1't, t, ) lr\i\lcr. txr)rl)in, esfreros restituti\()s al intentar rehacerse L srcccli
,1,, rrrrrli.rDl!, l [ntasa. hacientkr
(lrre
stx l]t()(lill(lLc los acontecil)icntos tal
, , ,ll( , 1('f( )t \ i\ ick)s. illl)riuli,r(krlcs rl crso clifi,rentc. :tlt{)l:t \,:t l)l)j{) cl go-
l ,r,
rr rI l clcsco rlel sLljek)
(
ltenik. 1990)i
().
en
()r()s (aLs()s,
apelueirtrr al llan
t,,, orro ll.rurcla rlc alxilir:r lls pers<>nas clel el)t()rn().
()
.i los aut<trrcpcoches
,1,'l1
nsr\1)s
(lLe
c()nstitLyen vcr'claclcrts ltrt()cltstig( )s pra liviar sentinrient()s
,1, , rll)ir v reclrperur el anrrr clel super_r<i
(Rack
192J. l95l).
l',rr':r srlir clel estackr cleprcsir o sc pucclcn acti!r
()tl-as
clefensas trre. e su
\,'/. li( rr(tr st pr()pia hist(iJ
f-lcnrrxtival,
frc( Ll rltl cr ltcnte se-lull>lc rlt, las
,,,r,lrr
r,lcs <ltri pr<>cltrjc'rrr el cstaclo tleJrresitr) pct() c()r-l cl
(Uitl
sc itli(ltliU)
l',,r ltt rttltkr. si plnL tLn suic)
(letcl'tuina(l()
lx s.rtis[x(( i(in tal clcvino cn rn:r
l, ,rrrr,r yrlir ilcgiltclu
(lc
cnclritr l lngltsti en ger-reral
-lo
cLre rlcpcn<lcti tk,
lr lrrsloiu grner:rtiv.L dc la fijaci<in a l s:rtislrccin
(r.l
, cun(k) srlrja cl es-
t r, I r tlt
rrcsivo,
la lLrlirriit p()(lr,i c()nve ilse en el sntrml rlue clcsencaclcnlr
r.r ll l,o si lr lrtlillti cntrilsc cn c()ntrll(licci(')n con rleseos nar(.isistas. seitn
(le
r rl r ) r.slrrti(
(
) o tle <rntrtl tlel crrclpo,
()
c( llngrstiils lrente al clescont.r>l v la
! rrr,r sigrriiiclrrl<> lt \,c(es
(luc,
t,s t,l qtrr.: sc
()t(gil
ill lttrc(ir) l:lrrlilr'icr .
, rl,) (('s.
lrtt:r
int(ntlll- c()oIl)ensrl. el strjcl l:r xltcrnar1-l
(rrt
lir un,r<xr.t.
l',,r
()lll
liilrtc.
si l ten(lcncilt tlel srrjeto firera a h tirga. a la creaci()n
(le
estl-
l, rl(nl.lc\ en rue el pensll-y sentir clisl-rlltcl son evitaclos, l a(liccia)n a
lr . rlroglts llan(luilzantes poclrt qrreclar c<tnt defens:t privilcgi(la. l,ctr) si
, , srrjelo trrc sr.rlie cl cstx(l()
(lcpresivo
ha usado l hiPer ex<.il ac.i<-rn crnO cx
I.(
r).i:
(le
slisf:lcci(-)n, rl
(lrrni't()
1>ol
cl cual se encurrila el psicuisrnr: lh<
r r lr.rio cl strhinricnt() (leplesi\'()
potlri trrnsislir en u-l ilpclxci(in lr lls rlrr>gus
'
.lflrrul:lrttcs ()
x cxpcriencills
(lLlc
revistatn ese c:rri-l(ter
-hilterscrr(rli<tacl,
,,,rtrlttr'tlts
[)sL(1)paiticas.
ltrclrrPlrttr. ctr'. .'[ixkr lo cr.rll rtresttt. Lln,r \'(z ot:ls,
, I , r rnrplejo pr()ces() de arrticlllJcia)n clc cotttponcntcs
(lre ,1In
c()nti)ntland()
,
l , urclr c!nico crLe ca(la px(ienle llluestr,l.
l ly o)(ncnk)s cn cuc cl ili cto
([cprcsiv()
plrs. lt Lln segunclo plano v cs
r,', rrl)l:zl(l()
ror
la ansiedecl rssLltntc clel scntiriento r-lc helllrrse cn
religrrr
1,,
.rellrr rrrr'roclrl sobrelenir irl sujet()
(1()
L.(tsc(.ucncix clc llr
rlcli-
,l r
([
ur]
()l)jc)
scnti(l() lrxst:t csc ol()lllcn)
(rn]t()
pr()tec((n-: o
ro|
le prtlirll
,l, lrr nfi.rnzu en l cxpuci(l(l <tcl sujetct pl cnircntr
(listintos
tifos cls pe-
lr:rrls. Fln estc senti(l(), si algr.rnos cLaclr()s
(lsprci!()s
c[nicos tienel] [lL itnsie-
,l.r(l
a(nn()
(no (lc
sLls c()l)tp()nentes cc'ntrules,
()
rnLeslran trna tirlri-r grnrr.-r
lrz,rrl en cLre to(l() c:[tsa tclt1()-.
()
prcs('ntn p e()('! pci()nes hipocontlrecas,
.rrt()lis (llc
no cxistn ntcs rlc Il
(lepresi(in.
es p()rque aclrrello rc c<-
llr. zo sitnrkr rl] senti|)ieni() rlc introtencia p:rl'u reulizer el clcsco trLtn
llllI)rr'llrlrn(k) )(lll iir repfcscrltJci<-rn ciei sLrjer. iriclui(k) sLr sentinrienk)
(ic
l,f(rr(ir l)llru
cnfientar I re:rlicl:rcl y krs peligr'<rs quc ir))aginiritmente pLte
39
l1) AvANCLS l," lrl(-(rl'lrllAPIA PSI(
()ANAI-l-l
l(.A
(l:n
vlnir
(lcl (rclpo.
l- feprcsentl(i(in tlcl srrjcto cotlo inc1p1lz. infri()r. (l-
lril. rlr':r ls rrrnclicirnrs pllt'a que t(xl() resltlte lnlenllz.ultc
(l]leithltrar,
19ti().
llll
(st()s (ls()s.
la inhilticic-n
(lcl
cstr(l()
(lepresi\1)
cs t.eenrplltz(llt por la agi-
tir(i()n \ l l)il)ctaigilan(jir riginltchs L'n li expe(titti!a fi(tte al pcligr(). l-ll es-
t.rrkr cfr.Prcsirrr cJrvicnc cn lirlri:r,
l)er() l)1ltr
cllo cs neces:rrio <lLr cn csr 5lrj!.t()
l)1lrli(
ulr ltat t un pr(disp()sici(in
ir la ntislll.l
-p()r
ejelnpl(). la l.eprescnta
r ior rlcl ltrrnclr c()l() pcligr()s() l)lcrlisxrsir.ir>n l lu firbie qlrr trlll)in p()-
stt stt
rnri:t
ltiskrr'i:t gcneralir lr en lil
(lu(
n() exisle Llll (.1lrnitl()
tit.l!r) rtt un
l(r'llnisDl() univcrsal.
l'r.rr si el sufl_ittlicr')t() se ploktngl.
t los tccnisnrs fesitutj\1)s n() 1tl
(.r)z:ln
r( rc(Llpcratr'cl objer
(r

l.{cnc11r
llt ilLrsiirn
(lc (lLrc
sr lc.tlizlu.:l cl <le-
scr. lrr ltinr:t 1nca clclensivl clcl psicuisrtxr c()nsjste en clefensas tlirigicles c,n
(()nl|lr (l(,1
flrn L i()nx|)jcnt( ) lentel ntisrno. ten(lcntes a rInlir el pensar v cl
\('rrlr.
I
(vl(1rzl/'cl
lls(lLislt)().
I-,s tle<.r, clclctsrs qLtc t() est:in clirigrclls t,rr
trnlr-.r rlc un c()nteni(l() nlent:ll cn paLrti(ullr 5in() cn (.(ntt[1]
<lcl firncionl-
rrriorto
rsicuicrr
mits gloltal. Fis lo <1r.rc crrLrcst<tnclerl rr les clcst r il.lci<tnes <le
\l)ill f l9.l()) s()lnc le l)sc hntrl
(lel
ll.)spilu Iisrr )1),
()
cn I|()\\'ll)\'l l9S0) lt Iil Iitsc
ri tIstrrnexirrn en el pr(rccs() cle rittlo. f]s. il Dlrit-r. lo <1trc r-rrls Dttrestre.
.rr(lr(.en utrch() luen(r' gleckr. la c]iriclt cle cs()s
llicicntes
(lLlc
l)tirecen
rrr( rlr)\ \'i\'()s, siD l st(zil ni lrnsieclcl, rrrc crIrr.ttIr estlin
(n
lt.lrtlrniL.l)t,,
.t.
n(.r,llr Ut]ir a( )n trxtr nstercn(.iaL cn
(lUe
el nalist sicntc rtre
I)r)(l
-ln
I).1\.ir
.r.s sin rrrc nir(l.r sLr(1rdiesc. sin
fiue
sc srlicitesc n1lcllr r-le i,l. Pllci(nts (lLl!
r'rr:rlrtunlls r))(llenl()s rlt,l tl:rtntiento. rlcslrLri-s tle silL'nLi()s l)Iiis
()
tIrt)()s
rroLrl!rrrkrs.
l.r resltrrtstlL a ll
ltr.egunt:r
<lescsltciacla cle
.ien
tluc
l)icns'1.
cs:
.r'rr
rrrrl:r". N() rs e\iict()
(lLlc
n()
l)icnsen
en nadrr peLo lo tLre clit.en s rellcjlt
l)iul(
(l(
l() rlLrt- les sLrr'erlc:
(lc(lttcctizn ((lcspr'()\'rcn
clr inr cstir icntt I lilrirli
rLtl) L, rlrrc r':t trnsctrr'rit,ncl<
Il()l
sL lltcr'ltc. t[,rll<xlo
(lLte
l()s
l]cnsJlllrr.n(()r
<rrt rrrn cir-t ulrrnclo picltlen significecil-n ull,ctir':. ALln(lre es fl.ecLcntc que l
l[rllrrl rk'rsi{)s pa(icnres cligrrl)tt,s clrre \()n (lePrcsi()ncs
crrinic;rs. sin enrbr-
.q()
ri( ttiltilri.r r.lc trna crnclicion (spe(ixl,
Lln cstaclo
r
rs<lcplcs i\.( ) cn que el
l)fii( lr
irinl( ).
l-lui:l(k)
p()r el prirr(.ipk) tlel
ltlacer.
parx al)()lir cl sLfl.il)ticnt(). t(l-
rttinrt :t>lrgancir cl cltscr v l irl((tivi(l.l(1. Le clcli.-ls n() s(,(ljrigc
!,t c(rntftt
(le
trt,-ltsco etl
l)alllicltlxr
\in() cn c(nttlil ck,h firncion Llcsclrr.Ite en st ntl\nrJ
I
(lc
l.l rlrlcctiz(i(in cle <ltcla pcnsenticnk).
Plrll criix ltoclalicllrcl <ltlensir l
ltrrr
l)()n('r)r()s
l rlt nruiilrr'ir-rn cE tlcctlt,ctizttcitit libiiuul tlel pettstttlitttto.l-
lr lirLr(s(tur1()lrcniir.()g(lcn(l9j-)(le5(ril)(unIli)|irdcdelcs:r
lLli!(l.r (.t|rn(lo
rl p:r
(
r(!rl(. .rl,rr,(1,)
Inr
(.\p.ri(nfis (tr)(.
l( rrsUh:rn in(()lcr:rl)tcs, rrr]ljn,r p()r lln)tir (,t
I)cn.,rf
o
\'rrr l.(l(.n.rl(,,11(r.rc.rrr,.[rv,rrrrn.rJL.no(\prri(n(rr.0(l(L((rr,,\.
lrlrr.rJ(q,r(c]
l).rr
r( r)11. r'tn ir'.' . (
1ti )' ( , r cn(t(,s srn(, dc
([rr
xrru]l (.1 p( n\:[ \' cl s.nrir. c( l(, qr(, n() r,ntrn
(
r \i
tr,rtr
r..'r' r'I( \.r: r(t)rl srnt](r(n1r' rlc l.r rcrrlidrrcl ni \c pcfr ire !t dcsln()|() (t( trnrirsixs.
\r,s.lr.,r r1,,,i.,r \r l,,,tj ([\.ri]J(.()e(lcnr(u,rirtinrrllr\lrcrnir(l(lrt.)ttLti:.1(l;)tihi
1lttt11 ,l
ltt\rIr
\1,, !
tl(.
(.r,rtr (,\ (Jr
.icrl(, (tu)\ (t(prrsi\(F (,
se tr.rr.r (l(
tcD()nr(n()s
l]1, Mol)lrt-o MoL)LI AR- I RANSI()lt14( l('NAl
.tl
1)( l)('mos
(lilcrcncirl() (lc
lo
(lLle
sc Illt ll:tnltl<
'xtll(lLle
xl
PCnsllliL'rll('
cn
,
ll
tr' 5t prc:'Llpl)ne ttnl intetcionaliclltcl ltgrcsivli in(\nlscientt'
l',,t rrr t'l ttfirsi; L'tt lt lintc'ttsitjtt re'tliztlilidal tlcl l<'set?
Si la tirt:rlLtla
(lltc
estl)lLce ctte l:t clcprcsi<in es lx reacci')n a la pr(li(l
,1, u
()l)ia,:tlriti
lrnlt \'il
(l((isivil
l)ii
I:t
(r)lli)r(si(in rlc l:t rlcprtslr'tl' n"'
,1,'l
mos
Plcgtlntrlt
<1tr progleso significrl la intttltt<cin
P()l [)iLc
(le
Ir, rrrl. clcl
(()nccPt()
Llc
"itls.ltsf
dclie cdrgl lc atthelu
()
sc' t()lllrr c()llx)
,
t,
rk'cur'ctctiz:tcirin tlel ti'n<ltrcnr la tirult b.rjriles ctr:lc se si('nrt'lit rci
Lrz.rlriliclacl
(lel (lcsc().
El lnlite
(le
llt tirttlltl:t< it'rn
'rc'a(cln:t
l:r
1>r'tliclrt
cle <ll
,
t,r r'csiclc rn
(lLlc
tr() nos tlicc en rr.t ctlsiste cslt -clicci(il-l' s()lllentc n()s
l, ,l,Lr <lc l;r <ntlicirln
-):r
>i'ltlitl:r
tlcl <,l,lctr>- tttt'tlcsenclitlcnlt tlrlr rcllc-
, r,lt
(lLlc
L,s dcjaclu sin cl.u.llr. lin.t
(.()sit
es
(telinil ull tn(irllcn()
P()l
ll(ltlell()
'1,
, st'tilL sLt xllleacllelltc
() (lttts'l inrlc(li1lt't
()
incltls()
P()l
sLts
(\)nst]r'tcn( i'l\'
r
,,tr.r ll:r.srl() pr las pltlrit'tltrlt's
(lel
I)lisrl)() l-is ttn sitttcion similltr lt e<1r'te-
ll.r (n (luc (lij('r.tllx)s <r.tc <'l cntoje< ttltiellt()
(lc
lll
Pi(
l ts la rc'lcci(in
(l( (rsl
1l
r .r,r'it'r't stlat. I'ctrl
ctt
ctt c(nlsislc esc cnr()iccitllicnl(
)/ [ia vcz
(ltle
esPc-
, )l.r)l()s
(ltlu
tls t\l)rcsi{in clt llt rltstrlillttt ir-)n r('sLI]lx ilitillle ctlltilttr Ilt
r rrcstiglr'ion v cstu(lilr krs pasos tisi(\ >(ltl lll icos
P()r
k)s
(lllllcs
Ilr r':rcliclil
,l.rr llr
ltrocItt<e
c. itlcltls(). exllllllrl.tl',,lr.l\
(ltLlsll\ rlLl! r(.t\ir'n'n cl lllisl)l()
, l, rr) illrn(lLrc no sgllt-l tlttlilttir-rn srrl.tt
til csltciitlclrl t,.te ltl
rtrrritl
clclcstclo
(lcPresi\1) (\)t-re\ln)n(1s x \ln serl
Lrrr( l]l()
(lc
il1llottncie
1'
tlcscspetanzll
Prx
rcxliz'l cl
(ltsc() pt'll)ife
(life
,, n. iirr cst c()lr(li(i(;n
(lcl
s('ntilliL nl()
(ls
illl)()leDC
(iL( sc
l)!le(lc
cxPel'i_
,,,, nllr'atrlt( el pcligr'o,v cttv
lrocltttt'l1()
(lt'Prcsi()11 sino
Illitlico
[:n I:ls r'risis
l,
l,:rnico
llt pcl's()na lnrl)i'n sc sitntc ill)P()lcntc c ill(lcli'llsil. p{jr()
})'lrx
c()n
r,,,l.rI tllt
l>clillro
tlLl(] txPcrilllcllt!
(\r1()
Pr()\'enienlc
llr st-rllr tlcl c\ltri()r sin()
,1, \r
l)r()l)ir) l)si(lLlisln()
\' ctlcfP()
-sc
vlrlvct' k'.r1. i llnlltlstiil crur'l:i sin Ii
o,rr( \. n(irli- etc.-. l)e l)l()(l()
(lilc
cl sentiltlicnt()
(lt
inrP()t(llcill
l)"l'
si ttlis-
r,,,, rro scr:t sttticicltc
ParJ
(:truclcrizr le <le1.ttesi<in si n() sc ltcir'tsc dc
(lu''
rrl., (l(
illll)(fc11(i:l sc lrrll:
I)l-ai
rc(iz:tr el
(lesc{) (lc
illll()l l(sl)((1()
(l('
tD
()l)_
l! r,, scl i'stc Llllit pcrstxra, tl
1lf(lpitl
yo tlcl sttjcto. tn i(l(1. rt(
-
l)(n
Lln
| ,1,). r)
l)lrir
enflcnlllr tln
t)L'ligf()
interll<; o txlcm().
P()l-
cl
()tr()'
tirrt rcsretr lll entinli('nt()
(kr
illP()t(nci:l
llrrlr
la tcltlizltt it-rn tlt:l clcscrr
,
l,rrt
tlc estlthlcter 1lgLlnx precisi(in clicionl: llt irlrpolcn<i:t
PLtc(lc
sel nl('
Ll,,,lrzrrrIt. capta(l.
pl.c\'lllentct( t]tc p()r cl p5i(luis11() cltsclt' tn
((lig()
nlll-
r'.r"t.r
( ()lll()
tcsfinl()ni(r tle irllci<i<Litl.
()
cl il(cl)t{) c(llcr ll
(l
l)icn(stilf
(lcl
., ,ti l( ). ( rl la prcocttpaciln
P()r
el
(lxo prti'riikr :l st(" es
(lt('il prulotttinat
,,.
',
rrtirricntos r.lt' ctpel>iiitlacl si l)icn ll() es inli'e('Llente
(l[lc cn I]ltlchos
, , r.r, h',,. tlt
Presir'<;s
cst[-n sinlr]tillclll)ent
Prescnlcs
llts ltngllstills nrcisistls
'
1., , rrlrrrlrilitllrcl. existen
(fr()s
tll
(lLle
el
l)red()lllilli()
()'
in(ltls() [:t t'rclttsivi-
AVAN(JLS IIN PSICo'I-IJRAPIA PSI(]OAN A I-TI(.A
(lir(l (l(
un()
(lc
ell()s es tot.ll. AIlLnas personitljd(lcs narcisistits. .lqLclls que
\( lriusln u la clcscripcirin que Kc(nlterg
(1915.
19u(r) hilce clc estc tl.ast()rno
llrnl;rs:rs grantiiosas, (llnipoten(.iaj (lenifllcin (lel (r)jeto,
egresirn rles-
lru(1i!'ir. rtc.- se clcpritDcn cLtanck) n() pueclen slrist:rcer.srLs fitnta:i.rs
;rtn-
tlioss, tulnckr <]c'ben soportar kr ts
y1r'.a
rrrnlr ltrtr. illlcitil-t cle no prxlel
,l.u' r'ictrilr sLlcltx su gresi(-)ni
()
sci,
(.u1rn(k)
no ulcnzan lx i(lcntiilcxcin
ri. scrrrlrr ctr un vr iclerrl
(nr)uip()tentco)cnte (lrstru(.ti\'().
I)()r cl c()nh.ario, en
(tr()s
tr'st()rn()s cleltrcsivos los inptrls<ls lgresivos en
(()nlr ([cl ()l)iel()
s()n
(
r(.slir)nircl()s clesclc el strperyr-r. gcneranrlo inlens()s sentimicnlos <lc cullr
t.:rr rclx(i(in lr la ciifelcnciu entrc lngustill\ ntrcisists
).sentirllicnt()s
(le
L'rrlrrlriliclacl. en st.l l() ccntral cs ll prcocLrpuci<in p()l el csta(lo clel
(r)jct(),
l,r
s sLrfiinrien). Pct() al ruisrtto tietnlto. (-Llrtrd()
sc siente (.ulpx.
Itir). tlnx
r(.1)r( scntx( i(in clel strjcl c<nc lltlkr. llgl'csi\'(), cliin(), incligno. inr.aplz clc
r:rtisl:r(er los icleulcs cle ltctn<lirci.
'llcs
scntinticnk)ri ric- intlccrci<rn st: cs
rrrrlt t n vcz
(le
l)Lren()- in(licxn
(lue
la autrel.eluaciirn txml)ia,n estri en
iue,
Ho,
(()rr
k) culrl la
-rrcocupaci<in
por la vxl()ra( i(in
(lcl
srict{,
-nan.isisnr
.rrrrrrprui a las pretrul-raciones por el
()l)iet()
cuanct() sc rxpcrintentl culpa.
llr'lrrlt(), krs senirtienrs tlt cLrlpll>i)itlrrl se
(.1ictc-zln
por un <Lrble conr-
lx
)n( trl(': prc()cLrpuci<in pot el
(r)jrk)
y prc()cupxci(in por la vllia
-nrt.isis
))r, ri..l suelo-
5i
(,1)rrsent.tlnos gllic?Itrcnte
cst! ckllc rlillrensirjn clc la <Lrlpabiliclacl srr
lrrr'tlD lintrt,
(,n
Llt() cle cr.tvos
rok>s
esfuvierir lll prcor.rrplrcirin
.x:t.el
ol.rjclo y
i-n (
l
(fr()
lrrs
cocupacictnes
nllrcisistxs clcl strjer por sn vale. ol.rscants
rrtr'r'rr .rlgtrrtos cltsr>s lr> rtre
c.(l()ljna
c\ el scntin)j(,nt() (lc
pfe( )(.Llrit],()D
I)(.
(
l r )l)i( lr). y (,nt()nces
la culpaltiliclacl poitrlrir en ntrcha rn m()\,illlicllk)
(n.icn-
Lrrkr lr lrlrtc llgo cn f:r.r clel ohjeto
-intentos
cle rcplftrr.irin
(Klein,
lgJ7i .
lrn r'Illlrir. cLtxn(l() l() centtll s()n 1()s seqtiIicnt()s cle inadcctrrrci<in n.lrclslstil.
i l nu)villicol() pscr-ricr> ct lpt,nslrl( jo sc desL-ntcnrlc clel ol>jer v. par re-
t rrx rrrl el alxrr clel srr:rcry<i.
1-xrcLiin
generar, por ejernplo. ?ct()s
(lc
lult()puni
t irrn. Si algo nos nlu(]st]it la tlcccsirjlrcl iDc()ns(.iente clc castig<t c-s cuc cn ) la
rtr:r'rrrac
ion va tlrrs cliligith a c()nscgLlir el per.ckin v an)r del super) (),
.l rE-
(
lrl)tr'.tr Lmil ilugen cle lxnclrrrl. cle <.onfirlrr lrs irlurles cle pcrfi,cciln. 1r,
Itutcl t crcla<lcnnrente algo
tor
cl
()l)jet().
Est.l ck>llc clinrcusjr'rt cie la crrlytalti-
litlrrl
-Prcocuplciitrr
xrr
el
(r)irt()
),
pre()clpilci(in
nr(.isistil- explic pot
trr('los scntiruient<rs rle c u lpa ltili<l:rcl puctlcn econrpanrsc fircLrcnteluenfc (le
\entilnient()s (le
Vcrgli('nza.
(Ilc
cs itngrsfix dc tip() nxrci\ist.
Nli(ntras no existe < ulpa sin tlgLn niYel cle trstom() cn cl :irel clel nitr(.i-
sislu(). puc(le ciarss sufrilrient() nllrcisista. con l.t
(lcpresin
c()nsi!{Uientc, sin
:t( ntir irnl( )s clc t rrlralriIidacl
(lJil)rillg.
l95Ji
(irilclher.g
],Sielunsk).
198-{i.J
.olrsrrD. l()71; KrlrLrl. 1971, 1971, 1<)79: Lax. 1989r St<ikrrw y Lachnrann,
l()JOi'li)ll,ill. l9H..i) f)(
f)resi()n
c()r.l sentiluicnk)s cic crr\-raltilicl:rtl r]) <lepresi<in
l)Lrirt)(,ll('rlrtr'isisl:r.
(,l (ul(luicra
cle las clos hav un tleseo que sc sicnte
trrrr: ir.r'crrliz.rlr[.: lrir rrt.:trtl rlt.l ()l)ict()
nltis Ltn sentinlier]k) clc Yrlr urtl del
IJI, MODIiI-O MODUI-AR
JI'R,\NSIiORMACIONAI-
13
,rrtr t r
-clcpresirin
clrlposa- o cleseo tlc iclcntifi( .cin con eJ yo icleal
-cle-
l
,rlsion
nlrcisista.
l)cfinirla cle est r)laner la esencia cle l()s trastorn()s
(lepresivos
-
senti
,rr('nl()s
(le
irl-rcltencilr y clesesperanzu p.Lrx Ix lealizLcin cle un deseo:rl que
, (
st:r intensalrente fiia(l(>-, lnte toda personrr <leprcsivu re'sulta neeesrirr
Il,rr(c!r'n()s
i()s silluientes interr()gantcs, cla<lo <uc ello impliclni disrintas la
rr, rrs rle alrorclajt' terapulico:
l.
El
deseo es irealizable por les culliclacles clel cleseo. por c()nstituir, di-
lllirtt()s. Lrn desco cull oltict<t-meta
(js
cxceriivitntentc elcvaclr, aleil<lo en cle-
nrirsl
(le
las posihiliclacles cle esc suiek)'1 Es clccirl pelsonalirhcles narcisistrs
(fuc
p()scen nx)(lel()s gin(li()s()s c()n I() qlr. lrspir.rD l i(lcntificase; o i(leles
(l(
l)ienestirr clel objer, de p(fecci(in y cuichd()s ilimitacl<s que lc
(lel)erxn
\( r' plcsti(l()s. sirtien() la peson: cuc serr'a su oblig:rt ir-rn hucerlo.
2. El cleser, pese 1 no salir cle krs ruc se srclen consiclelar norntales,
es
rculizable p( ciclt:ts c:rrilclcrstj(s
(lcl
st)ict()
-reprcsentlrci)n
rlevalrarlir
(lcl sujek). severiclxd
(lc
la c()ncicncia criticr,
(lifercntes
tip()s
(le
pxk)logias y
lr':lst()rn()s rlel clrcter c<IDr> sttteclr. poI cjeDtpl(). cn Ir)s trasl()rn()s
()bscsivos
(\xlll)ulsiv()s
seve[()s.
j.
;Es
senti(l() cr:ro irrelizalle pr'fijaci<in lr situ(i()nes
(lcl
pusrdo <uc
hacen <ue tl presentc scu crptacl() l)xi() lls [eplerientrciones prov<lcaclas por
rrqrrellas experiencias r k es prlr un: rclrlitlcl l(1ual
(ltre
rcsrlta lrpalrtllante
-Plesenci:r
de unt figLrru
ltrt()l()gica
a l1r
(luc
sc estil s(nDeticl(); situlciones clc
gr.ren:r. dc persecuci(in fientc a Ilrs cuales p()c() sc pLle(le, etc.?
i.
Pol
cttel n() se pue(le reernplazar cse clcseo prx <Nrr:?.Culil cs la laz(rn
enxr(ional de lil flilci(in ese
(lcse()
pirfficulur (luc
c(rr! ierte sLl n() re.llizci(in
en culsa
(le
clcpresion/
I)IT'HRFNTT,S LAMINO\ DI, I,\ IRAI)A A I-A IIEPRI \IdN
Si Ios sentir)ient()s clc irrealizabilirlacl clcl clesco t'rnstituyen el n(rcleo co-
rn rle t<clo cstaclo deprcsivo, se
rurclc
ilcgar a este nclsr por nrltiples
clrn]in(), ringu!-x) cle lcs cuies es concliciirn olrtiglcla. El
(liilgrr
a 1 intenta
tlar una primera pr()ximllcin pxrx lx c(nnprensirin dr las
(listints
r rr: qu(
c()n(lucen a lx
(lepresia)n,
l)r()strlrncl() interrelaciones entfe clistintas condicio-
nes clrusltles. EI rliagftrlru riel>e scl entcnclitk)
(()rr()
fixr))] cle tr.r]smiir lll
iclea cle qrre es por ld drticliacitt .la cofilpotrcDte\ p'el ancacla tnieutt cle
pt1)c(\os lit,ct soti,
.l'
.la su.r,sit,ts tans/)nltciones. qtre se llega ll estt(k).le-
presiv(). En l he|ros incltticlo varios ficck)rcs
-tr.lst()rno
nxrcisistll. .rHrcsivi-
cLtcl, angusti;ts pgrs^ec(k)aias,
(l[icit
],()i!().
realirla.1 tltr:'iicl, il'rll('(luisnr,,
culpr, ctc.-. seck)rcs qle, a su vez, poclrian representrse cacla um cle ellos
<x'trpanckr el
(ert'()
clc un <li:rgrarrra sectori.ll en
(lrc.se
nl()slrtse c(in]() sc
fae-
1t5
AVANCIjS t:N PSICO', ljt{APtA PSI(_OAN^l,t r'lCA
rir. NloDllI-() MOI)Llt,AR',f R^NSt',()Rl\IA(:l()N^l-
n( r:ll]. Nrrcstr'() intels ra(lica en seallr el ntotitneltlo
(le
al]unes p'()ces()s
([
ltirl]sl()rlttaci(-)n, lrs tlLte m son tlrii(lirrcci()rtxles. c()ln() h:lcent()s n()taf nre
tli:trtc le l.)iclirecci<raliclltcl clc les relaci<rcs consignacles entre 1()s sectores.
l. .4!:ta'tr'i.ul.y .l.,ptvs u
l.a l.cilici<-rn entre ag|csiricl:rrl
1'<lePtesirin
Ir:t sickr llrgunrentc cstrcliacla
tn
rsitr
lanlisis, nr existienclr. sin cl))billg(). acuercl() lrcerclr rle qu
ltaptl
rlts('riln(J la pritnela en Ix
(xrsllci(ir
clc Li segtrncl:r ni clc Ia clircccirnalicll<l
r[ l
rtrxeso
cLsrl entre arlas. I-es posiciones xl r(speck) hs por.lcnros en-
r!!:rt1iu
(9ntr-()
r.le l;ts sigrrientcs )ncsi r) Ia agres_iliclarl
(r)lt()
tnr cortliciio
univer-slrlnente prescnte en t()(la clepresi(in. y cuLlsll l)isi(a cle la Il'lisllta. M.
l( k ir t s l rePr csentnle rrr:'is luclic:tl rlc esi lnea
(
Klein. 1935. I
f
.i0..
u unrlr c
l( )s
l)
ire [( )s p()rtes fielon
(lc
Al)[han] t 191 1
. 192,i )t l:) la egtesir, id:rcl cotno
(,rrs.r (lr(,
no se
ruer.le
ciejal lLrera clc'le comrrcnsirl
(l('L (lcl)tc.\i',1.
Irt:ro
(llt( (s
l)tc
clc Ltn ptoceso: fl-ustm(i(-)n, ral)ir. intent()s lx)stiles pxrll
(r)tener
l. t.lilicltci<'rn <lc.selrtle: lrrego, cuantir cl
1o
cs inr'lrr:rz
-l)()t-
tz()nes cxtcr:
rr.rs
()
irrt r-r]1rs- clc alclrnzlr lls lnctlts, lx gresivi(lacl es clidgich en c()ntr1l
(lc
l.r rr'rlt sr.,rrletir-rn (lcl
srio, con I:r consiguirnlc pr(li(li (le
iut()estitu,
(.Jlt
rrlr:,t)n. l{)71. pirg. 1tt3): c) la agresiviclacl pLrcclc cst.u t()talntcnte uscnte.
ri, rLr lrr r(nl:rl el
(lcscc,ts()
<lc l:r ttotstiLr
(llil)ring.
195-l): rD llr .t.rrcrrr i
rl.r,lrrrrro sc(-undaria. pLles clrn(l() cxiste cs
((11()
le rcstuestl a la tllla <lel
0lrl|t() (rlcrn()
qlc pr()\'(x tirkrv rrhiu nilrcisislx
(K()lr1.
1971. l9:r).
l)(n-nurstl- p.-tc. entendiendo h aglesiviclacl c(I)t() un() cle los e-rtltinos
irllx)rlir)lcs
rr
los rtte sc prtecle clesenrlocar cn Iu cleprcsi(ln. iun(luc pxr-
rrl:t t l Lini<o, Jo <ue nos intecsa. solrre t()(l(). cs tlrl).rirrr
((irno
y pol cu las
rlistirtrrs lirl;rs cle igresi\ i(ll(l son cepaccs clc pr()v()(ar cl sentituient()
(le (lc
s('sl)urnzil e in)p()tcncil para la rellizaci<in clcl cleseo. Nos sen'iri cle guia
r.tr-rr
llt cx'r<lsrcirn el cliltgrenr:t 2. l)ifeten(ial'elt()s. lts lircs exporitivr,'. \',1
(lu(
lle(Lrcntcnentc estiln as([iack)s. Ios efrctos que pulx el sLtiet() ticne lx
rttcsil'itl:t<l
(uiln(l()
reclc solrre Ilt leprcsent;tcin clcl ol>jeto o sobrc l.r re
l)r'cscntxcii)n
(lel
sujek).
Jlor
r-rn laclo.
(le
[()s elcct()s
(]Lrc
f()see
<unrkr cl <[e-
s('() xgrcsiv() es dclttddo sobre cl
()tr'()
exlcrn() rcal
()
cuau(l() sL- cling(j L,t,ntru
('l
lirnci( )namienk) del suict().
()
sel, n() sirnplertcntc c()ntra l reprcscnt.tci()n
tlcl sr.rjetr> sino hati sus fincirnes llenfitles
()
cor-xales.
l. /)(,sH/.,. dctct oro dd obiclo axtartk) cn ,to t'4ki24(k)
Alr'hnr
(192i)
plantec-r tue Ia aresivicla<l clestruyc rl ol)jcto, drs([il)ien-
tlt las Urntlts:ts
(le
tx(lus olal
r
anltl
(lLle
cleter'Iinan qLe el suieto si(nrJ rlLt(r
(le\lr()z(;,
itt.rritn'). ll[lt()
y
ni(lul(i rtl
()l)jcto.
por lo cr.ral cxpcrxDentxrx cLrip.
N()s()tr'os quisimlros
plecis r
()tnl
clilllcnsi')ni
si sc piel(lc el
()l)iet()
es s()l)re
r, xkr.
xrxre
al
(les.{:lsiilrl() irltcrniltllentc lllc(liilnte l crlica corxlsivlt
y llt cles-
, ,rl,rlilr.i,n
-itrpiisaclas
por Ia rtgresiviclatl-
se pielclc en tl\t1f<t
()bicto
t'ttk)
,,1-urlr, i , el rrl.,j.,t. cs s.p.rte
(lc
lil rtt()estilrm
clel sujet., s,
(lesvrl(xizllcin
r,r'ru-r'li solre el prt>pio sLtcto. Veanl()s tln l)reve ejel)lpl(): se tratx-(lc tlllJ
Px-
, ,,',,r.'quc
p,rr riilliil,lcl ltnclda en Ln n'Itcisisln()
>atolrico
atlcltlllt a sll llra-
,,,1,,. ,jr,rvcclrar,.lo
clLlqtlicr
()P(fiLlnirlx(l
lura
clenigrrtt'le'
c()nvi incl()le en
,,,,,, i,r,',,g"n intern:t ttitltllllente ciesval<iztcla
I'er() c(nlx) el urriclt era' ll mis
,,,,, ricnipr, <ttc riv'rl, trnt p()scsi(-)n nxl'(isistx
(llleicl1rI1n' lllt1)' rrl tcprescn
,.;,''.'a,r,lr,r.r,ar.l,, a,rn ltlgtticn tlcsvarrizcl.
sentlt
(lLlc
elh lrl)iil tiltcasacl.
, rr lrr licla, n() pu(lin(l()se lcspelllrse
por la :'upr'tce lrurllt elccci<in
r:tctltlcl
\
ln,r
estt;l xtr;tl)rt(lx cn un lclrtcirin
(llc
vi\a cl1r() insatisirck)riir
Fln
(fr()s
,, ,,,rin,rs, ,lgre.iui.lacl en ctntla clel olrieto
(lc
irllr)r illrl)Lllsllciil
I)()r
(
ll'tlcisis_
,,,,,. ,,gr..ir:i,l",l
(ltls (()odttca ll lit perr(li(lll r'lel olljcr en txn-t() ol)iet() vl()ri-
.,,1,,. c,rn la atttoclesvalot'lcia)n
y clel)rcsi(i11
c()nsigtliente'
t'n cst(r senti(k)'
r,.r,l.r rlis Pr'()Piil(l() cttc l;t expresitin tlestrttccitin
clel ollicro' n()
P()ftlLte
I1l
,,,t,,n4
i,Lntascc con.stt cl(strtlc(ia)n fsi(x I)' llts ril firrttrs del sl(lislll()
l,o(1le
()
n() lrilcc
()
.,
sin()
P()r(lt
llt
(lescalificacin.destruyc el
(>l)ict()
'
',i,,,i,
,,itr,,,1r,,,t".1o
<1uc cs in.lisltnsrrlrlc
pru- s()sterlct cl nxrci:iisrrr(,
(lel
stl-
l,
r, r lis Ltn
Pr(xcs()
sit)lilitr l
(lLlc
ticne lttgltr en a<luclllts
pcl-s()n'ls
(ltlc
ltt1lc'ln
, ,,,,,,,,r,llrrr.n,.
xrt
rivaliclatl o enviciia lL kck lo trtc les rctlcltr natla lcs restl
r r r.rlirsr. ni p;s()ns, ni illstittlci()ncs'
ni actividildcs;
ningitn proyc<to <ttctlit
1,1,,, ,ltl .lttesti<,naricntt
. clc la clenigt lt<'iotl '
Atlt(l(c
y (lcsll'tc(iil tlcl ol>ictlr
,
1,,,
, , ,ralL,ce a tn llltln(k) !c()
(lc
ol)iet()s v'lli()s()s v estimulrlntes' nlun(l()
(ltlc
, ,,,lllPra(l()
P()r
cl stlicl(, c()ll tlll lllLln(l() ilrl:liinlt ri( ) polllatkr clc olrictr>s
,,1, rlizrrrlos qttc'ric sienten, cn c( )nsectlen( iiI. ctllt inlcanzalllcs'
lln xlgun()s
,,.,^. lrr
,destlttr
ci<-rn, tle l<s
(r)iclos llcgil lt scr tiln gcner:tlizacllt ttte nlttle cs
rt,l(
(
il)le. cttetlanclo
c(nlx) ni(() clesco, clol<ltosanlcntc
senti(l() el
(lc
cn-
, ,,rlr.t ills()
(l(le
sllqtle clel ltrrirticntl
y Ill ilpiltill'
r*,,'"r'i.tr,,t cn
('()ntrll
clel <tl.lier
(llte p()denl{)s
Pxltictllrizllr
'rttn
rltri'
'i
, r., ,irrigi<irr cn c()lltlil rle tn
()l),ct()
(l(9
es Lnlt
Posesiitt
tt'tt".'isislri
() \i l'<t''lc
),t, t'l rhjatrt da lu
(tctit'i(td tt.ttcsis/a Hs lx ditcrcncia
(lue
intr()(luiirn()s
en
,,, ,lr() lrui)a) s()l)rc el n:lr(isisnlt
(
lllcicll lrlt
,
I!)lll) cn
(tlc (:ll-xctri/'lltl,s
, l.r .
/nN{/(),('s
/allt lls/ls c(xr() k)(l() lttttcllo
-pelsonlls.
()
c()s:Is- c()n l()
,,,, ., ,,,",rric,rc tn:t rcL<iin t:l
(ltl('(l l)))i)
()
l()s frll()s
(lcl ()l)itt()
ctl c!cs
1l,,r rt
(
irr'r s()l)le la tcprcsenlitr'irn
clcl suieti)' Es,
lxrr
cjcntplo
-ltl
(lllc
rePre-
, rrt rlr.r
(l
tiritri(l()
i)llal
Ii
l)a(iclte
!gnci( )tlilclll t))tls itrril)tl: es )t> ctte ptterle
r1'rlr(,lr
(lll Irir
lllra
stts
fa.l,cs
tln cl lll()olcnt() ett ctte tecillc tln
Pt'<l)li()
r"
l,
,r ,.1 (
ntrlrri(), ait,,,,ral,, ,lr"reac Llnl e<ntlcna s()ci1tl
p()r ci(rtx c()n(ltlctll c()n
,,l, r.r,l.r lclrolallle: la villl dcl
()l)ict() sc sttllra ltlgclrraicamentc
lt la
(lcl
Pr()-
I'r,,
.rI, Io.'I-: crslt. cl ;lt)t(rlnitil' la c<leccitin tle lil>xs o
Pintrlrirs
()
scll()s'
, ,, ,,',,,ttit,,y.n una plrscsiirn narcisistll
lis unx p()stsi(in nxrcisista
el mig()
,
,,,
'., ,
',lrilx'
lnte trls clt'llls prrr st:r flltlloso lic()
()
exit()s()1
el senlimient()
.t()
AvANcDs liN
pst(io,t.rRAptA
pstcoN^LTIcA
('s (lc
in(rentenk) (le
l: airoestilna, clc fisirin c<n la vllor.aci<in rlrte uterec.e el
()lr().
IgL.lllDcnte
constituye una p()sesi(in
narcisista
el grLrpr>
aJ ,r,. .. paara_
,r('(c pxrtid(). lglesia. ut()virDienk) i<leolrgico. ctc._, y.t qtre
el
luicio
tle vr-
l()r. negllti\1)
()
p()sitiv(). qrre se l.taga solle
"l
gr,,p,r.aa,rar.,,ltr.
la per.,tna.
(;()
l p()srsi{in
nr(.isistll cxiste rna iclenticliciitn parcill, exclusivarrrenre
en
rrnlt tle sus clintensiones. l cle su v:rlut por elkr n<ies necesri(, (lue
seil LDa
rt,r'sonrr.
prrclienckr
ser ctrllquier (()sa
u
()l),et()
nratct.ial.
1.1
(l)ieto.fu
ld.tctt..14d tlutTsstt, cr.r clrurltio, cs a<1uei qr.re peDlte ,rz_
/l:?/runi xctivi(la(l
<1uc otora val()m(.i(in
nalcisista aJ sLict.'Es
el ,rl.ret,r-lnr_
lnll)lcnk) parl Lrna llctiviclu(l rlel strjeto ctre lta sickl narcisstican]eote catecti_
zlt(lir,
()l)ick)
stn el cu:rl l :rctir..irlacl ()
tLrncia)n no
rtrrclc
existir. I)(, ejerpl(),
cl rrr<,r1ro
(lel ()tr() (lle,
l<iclrris cle poteer
clc plecer cr<igent,, posiltilit;r
el
s(x( ltillcisistl (lc
sentir ([tc
cl sr,et() p()see llr prtencia
tle pxtcltrcir.el placer
rk..t.se otrr el
()tro (lrc
es<.r.rcha y rcsp<>ncle. sin el ctral el placcr. narcisista tle
Iltlrlrtr
t'cic c(xnLlni(.ar
es it]cxistente_
l)c igtrrti nraner.a. cl peciente y
su cucr_
l,
r prr:r
el c inritrno. o cl pilrno
,
la llisicl pa! e) pi;rnistrr:'cl
alLnlnr,
)
I.t n_
s( nilr)zir
l)rt-l
el prr>fcsor pues
le p()sil)ilitn
ir stc
(lre
sc clesplicgLte trna ha
lrilrrltrcl
-crnrcirtrient().
capxcictxd peclagogica,
cliscrrr.siva.
ctc._ tr.re le
,,t,,r-.r r,.rlr.r.
pjit
.t .ln,ilrst:. t lsteri,r,lrt, rtn p.((i(nar
l(.rcl.rt.t pue:
n(.r
lt_
l(
l)r)n('
rl) :t((i(in sr
(ilpr(.i(lad
rlu pen,.rr y su s.rl.t.
prir.r,.rn,ll,rie<ll
ei
jLeg<t
v
(
l
(1)rlrin(1lnte
para un clcportistn; el ltutorl<ivil part lrn corretkrr clc cnrle_
r.rs. r'i ltr r
l'lrm
el pacite o lu rn:Lcl.e. cuanckr llt pateinicletl y lu nr:rterniclacl
s<n
. lrr
jrl:rrlt
s nir(-i.sistits (lue
testiu(til.ln
tle I r,:il rleJ ,u;cto
l){..\L
c:lprtcr-
rlrl
rrr-rr
ik.scnrperi:rrl:s.
S()n objelos cle la activiclarl narcisista cLralctriei <fl
rr {)
rrrrlrsion
()
a(.tivtcla(l y las personas
i,
()l)iek]s
qUe (.()nstitltyen
parte
i
(,
stittivit (c
stxs- <rie pcrnitrn
<1uc unlr lirr.rt.itin <l<tth <le !.tk)r naR.i_
sist:r.
rrrrl<r'ttl o intelcctulrl. se rcalice lll
()l)jct() (lc
l aclivi(li(l nltr(.isistu
(ic-
s( nrl)cr)lL. r.r't cu.rot() a llrs hrnci<nes del sujet(). (.apta(lxs (les(le
cl c(i(lig() nllr
(
i:,rs(:1.
(ln
P:rltcl
eclrriv:rlentc al tlrre tiene cl oltjei cle la ptrlsirin:
pcrlrrirc (lLlc
:r lr':r rt t, sr nrct: <l tl7eto tlc )a pulsirin
cs e<lucllo
xrr
k r ctr:rl
irretle
a lc:rn
zirI sU lctil"
(l'rcu(l.
1915c, pr'ig. 11t, cursiva cn el original). Si c.l nirrcisis t<)
('s
l)ia
el se ltrnt.tno
unlr litcrza t]t( )tiva( i()nll tiln in-lp()rtnte
<rrmc kr es la
s(rr(riicltt<l
cle ls Ztlas erogcnas, tartrbin
toscc
<r,|lt,, st srrs objers es_
xr'litrr.s.
il l()s
(e
ca(ll pcrs()ni (lue(lit
fljircl:1. l_x usen(.ia
cle los objelr>s cle
lrr lr< tivicllrd nirr(.isistll rxplica el clesectrililtrio
rrofLnclo
clue sc prr>c[ce
en al
l.llrl.ls
l)(r's(,n.ls
druante los fil-tcs de semn o las vacaciones.
Si sc
llrr'r .t
(5k)s ()l)ick).\
clc la a<.jt,irlerl n:rcisi.sta
_p(r.
cjertrtlo,
itcr-
srn)ir\ (lu( (l(
)iqrlrn sLr trtlxrjrt r> prrfesitin
a la cLrc pelterrelen
en rlllntr> a llr
lrlllr rI irrrlrtrrrt.i,r (lLrc
tcncll.a. o
1r,r.
l"r.,rnciici,rncs
tn
(lLe
;e
(lesar)lla,
o
l)r
,r l. r ( s( , t:,i t l
( ( r , ll
l)(,nsll
ntlttcrial cltre
()t()rga-.
lr cirs esos xtllques temri_
rr;rrr
xrr
lr,rr t r \r,lllrf;tl sri({()
itnp()tente pul.l la rcalizac.i<in
cl,l ,,,1
(la.re,,
n:ll
(
isisl.t
(lr'
r'.rliz.rr i.rr
lrllsol-till
(lu(,
clepcncle cle esos oltjetos. La
tropia
profe_
so o.rrtir
trl,trl ,tl).1(
( (.( (
)nl() nr
'".:rli<sa
en Contfaste a,ra,rtr", qUC qUeCl;Ln
I.:I. MODIJI-o MOI)UI AR-'TRANSFORMACIONAI- 1/'
rlvestidas como rbictcs icleltliz:<los inltlcanzal)les, rlnrlr ltg:t:t l insatisir-
(
il)le crg
(lc
xnhel() r)rencionli(k por l'reucl ei lllhbicill. sntt
.\'atr
.rl/r.s/lr.
Bs la clep|esi(ln crnicir que prodrrce la pemranenci.r en cllalquier trx
lr.ri() xl que se clescrtlificltrc y que pas.L x realizxlse l)rt()c
'(ticrrlrcntc.
T()cl()
rr.r(JLre o
(lescalillcaci(in
l()s ol>iers cle la uctiyidcl narcisist dejlr un v.lci()
(
r) cl sLrjet() para la ptresta en ctivi(lcl rlc las funciones qrre clepenclicncl,r cle
, sc (r)iet()
c()ntril)uven a s()stener no sirlo llL auk)eritina siro, tltnlrin, los cli
r('rcntcs nivelcs
(le ()rguniza(i(in
clel psi<uisrrro.r*
llt AXt"srildd.tclttdclt contttt el obictu e-\lct' o ttol
Si lx pers()nlr n() sa)l():rtacr l represenicia)n de los obietos clentrr cle ella,
|r()
(l!c
act(iil la rgresiviclacl en el munclo extelno,
(lcstlU)'enckr
relaciones
l.riliiLles y
(le
rlnistad, lelxci()nes lalrrtles,
(
)p( )rt Llni(la(lcs cn Il
yi(la
[cll.
r,,lr elkr rlescDrl'<)cx en sitLrilci()nes clc
(leterior(),
cle irlpotenci para Ia rca-
lr;.rr ir'rn cls rleseos cle alror. de rec()n()ci[ricnro. <le krgrrs en el lnrLncl() ex-
r, rr(). Lr
(leprcsi(in
cs. en est()s cas()s, el rcsLllta(k)
(le
Lln tixcxs() cn l clelt-
, ,,,n <lc c<nclicir'res
(lLc
pcrrian la caliz:c'iir
(le
dese(rs que s()n crnfrles
t
, r ir lx pers()nir. lis kr rLrc se ol)setv con rrruellas pers()nas quc pasan grln
l
,
u l(
(lc
su vich tacan(l() l<l tttc en stt ncglci<in
()rlrnipotentc
consicleran cttc
, ,,rlloLL(orente prrcL'rin Iecrtrcrur, pera clcs-rus. a cierta e(litcl. r'uan<k ll el-
lr,l.rrl irnricle cl !)antcni,))iert()
(le
lis ilusi()ncs clefensivs. sentir t(xl()
(()luo
,, , rr rcdilblelrentc per(lido
I' lprajit'tltrcl rlirigidu coutra el
p,'oPio sttick)
lrr
(k)s
tralxj()s lr. uy cliletcnles
-uno,
clcsr'f(rllath cles<le la pcr\nccr\'.1
.1,
I , , r)f'lict(), Ilr egresivirllcl
1,
llrs crrnrctelsticlts especiles clel strperyti
(Kern-
l" ri l9lttl)r el rtro, enlrtizanclo la inlportxnci ck' las f;tllas
(lel ()l)l(t,) (xtcr-
r,,,
(
Al:rrks()n, 1993)-. cl plrl clel nrasr>cuisuro cn la gncsjs
(le
la cicprcsi<in
, , r r( l.r(k )sanre nre ex:rniinack
(\'rsc
ur)rl)ir GIick y ,\lt1,cr. l9ltlt). tssras
',,trlrtrr'i<ncs. irs c(nlr() el c()n(x itient() qle tenet()s (erca
(lc
ls rel-cio-
',,
,rrc
el sujeto establrce c(msig() misrr()
(llollas.
l9li7; l.'aithairn, l!52;
l r, r,l. I92J), nori penuiten aLicntr.rrn()s en pol rr,r Iu ag[csiviclatl er c()ntra
, 1. I
l,r,,l)()
sriet() clesempe:t ull p1pel tln irtD()rfxnlc en la
(lgtcrnlinci(in (lc
l, ,1,
rltsir-tn.
)r. l J ,rriLr()
dc [ ir(j|i(l(l nir(isislir \(
(lL,hc (lilr(nriur drl ol)ick)-(l!'l-s./ d( liol]\r qr)r
",,rl.rrrz.r
ll sicr()
()
que l(j prflrlil( tirsi()r11rrse c(nr slr
ltr.rndi()sr(h(l
-rug)
pxrcoll i(le.|'
L l , l r 1sr()s &,s c1r\,)s i,
(lu(
sL nr)(lfi(.r c5e .i:rlrir(lrtc (s
L .prcscnrr.itln
(]cl srrir) t:l
I
r,,,1( l.r :r(i\i(lird nirrcisist k) quc rrnxlili('x c\ el
./it
cn"dnti!tk)
(lcl
sur1() v.
(()ncooli
'u
r(.Prcienllci(')n.
l
ti AVANCI]S IJN PSI(,O'fI]RAPIA PSI(,OANAI-!I(]A ll_ M())lir.() Nt()l)Lrt_At{-'t'{ANst:ol{MActoNAI_
'
L, , ( .,rl.r(
l( ). l]]icl'ttrlls
(lLrc
el sujet() se repesentll c(rlt() estancl() en unll
n(,si!j(,n
,,ll , l.r\()rirl)lc
(lLe
el ol)iet(). g()z.lnd() o disp()nienck) cle a([lell() cFtc ste c.lre-
',
r.r l:n s(,llun(lo lrrgar. cl sujer se rep-esenta c(xno infictor de ciert()s lltn-
'lrr,
r, sul)r,f\,()i(()s
-nr
cllrar:is, nr lrarlts sufrir. protegeris. vucluris. stlvarhs.
l, r rs lt.liz. t'to gozar;'rs si el
()tr()
n() lr> hlcc, crc. . Iln(lat()s que le Inccn sen-
, , ,rl ,.rlr[', tant() si pr()v()ca) el sllfiinrient()
(lel
ol)iet() c()lllo si n(), l() .tyuchn ir
,lr ,k l nrisru< xunqre i no hlr,va siclo el
(atls?nte.
En tercer tnin().
).est()
, ,'.., rrt'ir1, cl sujct() tiene que iclentilicalsc <rn el sufr-irnicnt
(lel ()tr.(),
scntir
'
,,rrr,,
rr'<rio
lo quc lc pxse. pr()yectiil' s(r)tc el
(fr<)
experiencias sitnl)(ilic
,,r, lll(
(\luivrilentes.
Sin iclentificci()n v anl()r p(r'el objeto n<t ltay cr.rlpl aun
,
r,
..
r rrnrplan las ckrs conclici<nes nrenci()n:r(llLs'1tntes.
Ln
(
ururk) lti origen cle l()s sentilnient()s rlc crrlpel>iliclecl. si scgtrinros .r
lr, rrl. r,sfc Iirc tlinclo e lo largo cle su rltr su c()nccp(.i(in acerca cle ctri
l, ',,n
l:rs
('()ncli(i()nes
<lte los gencntn.
(ilro
strr'eclc
(\)n ()tl()s
tenras. ial
,rrrrI
iiclucl
(le]
pens:unient() licuclien< ha claclo iLrgar lr ct-ric-ntes clentr()
(lel
l,,,,.rrr;ilisis(ltlesexp()y.lnenLln()t(fft)(lcsustlcsnoll<s.Flnl-leu(l,p()
, ,rrr(s lcc()n()cer. por lo nrenos. cLt:tr() c()ncepci()nes sollc el
()rigcn (lc
la
.,r,'.1
,tt t ullxt
(lcbiLlt
a kt cttctlitluel le ks leset)s t)lsci? t?s
l)( s(lt sus prinrr()s tr'1rl).r)s Freucl
(Caa
71, ttJ97r 1909) consi<ler cr.rc cl
, nrrri(rt() clc ctrlpelriliclacl es p()r lx cxisten(i1l
(le (iefi()s (lesc()s
scxL.rlcs y
1,,, lrl( s
(lLlc
entraln en
(r)ntra(licci(in
con las r cpresentaci<>trcs pret,ltlcntcs en el
'rt,
l,, lisflt c()ncep( i(-)n dr: clue l:r crrlpe sc otigintL p(n lll cxistencilr cn la reali-
lr,l
rsrtrri<a
de Ln
(lcsc()
repuclialtlc halllr srr txrrcsirin en h firnr:LtrLt, rrnl
,, ' ,l, srrrxrlla<lo el nrrlckr esttllcturI, <ur cl sr.rpery<i salr rnris rlcl ello ---<le
u.,Istrrs in(estlr)sos y'Itostilcs cuc el
1.o
(l;reu(I.
192.]). I-e culpaltilirlarl,
tu, Ir.u'r'ciera
n() tcncl lirn(l.uucnto parr la c()ncicr]ci.l. s lralh srr
jrrstificlrcir-rn
,
r , l rrc()nscientci cs
>or
lu fanlasa lxstil clel sLljct() en
(()ntr:r
<lel ol)jcr clc
,,r,,r l. rrlpl scria. cle este oxrckr, le crnsectencia ntulll. kigic.lr. de h crra-
l,,ir,l rlt.l dcser: clarlo cue kr que se clesel cs tlilnsgres()r. rcsullr:L natrtrI. n()
I
"lrr.r
scr'(le
()tr()
ln()(k). <ue le
rcrsonu
se sir-rtietr crrlpeblc.
t" , llrt
lx'lct
crdilictckitl trrc se baca clL'k i tpttlsos
.t,
desros
It r'()
jLrnto
csta c()n(epci(in ntLrulistx cle la cLrlp:r. c1r.re lrcucl lt il nt:ln-
r, r,'r rr lo lergo clc locla su
()l)n,
pl.rnteil
(fr-l (.rlrs.l
rlc la culplbiliclacl, <tre no
, l,

r 'r rt lc ya <le llr cte liclcl clel clcse < I
(
) irtrpltis() sin( ) clc la coclificacirin que el
Il.lrr lr:r]a
(lc
'st()s. Fln Iutrodtcci(i1t dal trurc'isisnt<t cli<e:
,l;rs
DustD.r illr-
tr
"r,rn(s
\'\'ive0ciais, Lrs ntisrtt<s inrprrlsos v ltx)ci()ncs cle cleseo ctre ttn
19
l,.r
-rttsonlt
estli sictlprc en tel:rcirirn consifl() [lislra, actttand()
y
()l)ser
\rin(l()sc..lcttlanal()
)'
reaci()nxn(l() llnte su actLtalci(-)n' As cotllc c()n Lna fi-
gr: cxlrrnil sc
Plc(le
tenel unll ilctittl(l l)sic
(le
'tnx)r.
de lcsptJei(;n
(n
(u\1) (s()
t()(l() lo qtle aqu'lla hace es consiclcrll(l() c()n llllcn()s
()i()s' (),
p()l'
(
l
(()ntrlri(). cle lx)stili(l(1. cle if.aLlal lnxnera en lx rclaci(in
(lLle
l
Pers()nl
tie
rr(
(\Dsig() ruistllt i.l ctittl(l cle l).lse ptLecle ser cle all-Ior
()
clc
()cli()'
En estc l-
tirrr tltso. ltnte la lllcn()r lir.tstraciitn el st-tjetlr se castigll. sien(l() la llrlstiliclacl
( ()rsili()
ltrism() la cue va cretnclo. en cxclal situaci(in. el .trgtllllenk)
qtlc se tsa
l):llir
ir:ll1ciind()se.
Nr se tllt
(lue
sLl suPcrya) lenfl tn est''indxr
)'l
t1'll\li
ttricl,r con lcsPect() al ctllll sc c(xllP1tra lx representa( i(in
(lcl
sLict()
]'
(lrlc
ctl1rnckr constut ttn
(listanci
entre sta y cl icleal clel
!'()
se sientc insxtisl'tc
t.iol llsti en tcci(in, cn cllltl)i(). lO que lrrcucl ciescril)isra conu saclislx clel
srl)( r'y(-): Llnx lctitu(l l)i'tsica clc hrstiliclltcl
(ltlc
elcva el esttln(hr con el
(ltle
se
rrriclc,
()
relrlja h replesentaci<in
(lel
sLtjcto t()(l() l()
(lLe
ell ncceslri()
I)ara
cn-
(.()ltlrilf la
()p()ftLnid(1 (le
cfiticarse. serir estil lx)stili(la(l lx
(lLlc gtilll:i. ten-
tlt nciosrttentc. hs exigencilts
que se iriln
Plante1rnclo
l sttiet()' Se cltYarn
Irs irleltlcs o se tlcnigrer al prtpi,r srrich'
-.t
\Ll r(Pl t\unti r( ir )n-,
(le
ln()(l()
rrr,. lu lrteta cnlrc llll)()s se lllllnteng siellrplc ltl)ie '
l.:r rtgtesiviclacl llltjo la firnllit de c()ntinLla ltlttocrticll n< s<-lt cleteriora l
r,
,r.sl.nt,tcirn
clel se'l sinrl ctlc tetltllin ejel(e tln itnPltct() negxliv() en el
li!t(
k)tlttl1cttb tlel scfi El sLljet().
()(liatn(l()sc.
c()nsLlllle stls cnergrls tn Lln'r
r1rr. r'r',r inttlna, .ttlcl e inhil)e su
y()
-Pr()dllce
clllcit
yricos-, ( ()t1lln(k)
(lr:rl(lui(r ln()\'illlient() hlcill h lelllizxcin
(ic
sLs
(lese()s
ll lrrnsettlcn''i't cs
(lr]
slri('l() cDrp()l)re( i(l(). incapaz cle l)rin(tr stlstent() a stl Ll)estiln:l' Fln l()s
('irs( )s
('n (lLre
el stljet() sc finaltrlente caraz tlc caPtllr c"r() se hall atectlo'
Lll] s( r)lir)ict-rk) dc gtnLin ple()cLlPaci(in
,v
ctrlpa poclri't sollrcvenit' Grinlrcrg
Ilr irsistitlo cn lx ilnpoliancia clc tenel en cLlent no sciltl el
llrlces()
cle clttc
lo < rrrrs:rrk r
lor
la pi'itlicla clel ollieto sin() tltl]ll)in el clltelo ptlr llls paltcs clel
\()
(luc
s('t cxPeril)tent.t(l.ls cour<l prcliths 1l cttlsa de h prcvia atlr' r'tgrcrir I-
rLrrl
((iinlrelg,
1963).
No clcscrtntos extendern()s en tn exlnlcll Illals
(lctll(l() clc ctittlo la agrc
sir itllrl
ruccle
conclLlcir a la tlepre'sirin,
Per()
creclll()s tlr.le kr expttt'ito
pct'ttti-
t,. r'.'r ,tt. la < ltlllll es srilo unl tle Ias vicisitttclcs
(ltlc
sigtsn lt la llgresivichd
r rl,. ringtttra ntincra el cxlllin() ol)ligl(l() cttc ttrcclia cntle rtgresivi(lx(l y
(lc
rrr'siotr.
J
(.1tll\t
|
(hl)t1'sijtl
l)igiul()s,
l)rrir
(\)ll)cnzlr tl anlisis
(le
l()s sentil))ient()s
(le
ctllPal)ili(hd'
(lu(
a\l()s
(sliir s()sl(rli(l()s
P()_
tlnll ctlLlcttlrlt dc llt fnnfeslt en qlle
P()del]]()s
riirc.r'ail r',r'i,,s
(()t)ll)()rtertlcs. tln
Prilller
lttger, ttnlt dol)lc i(lenlid'ld qle el stl-
ict()rlril)tty(
xl
(
fr() \' i! si tllisll)(). lll
()tro
es vist() c()!n() tln scr stlfriente, infl'liz'
!
tl
I
I
5o AVANCtiS liN PSICO',litiAPA PSICO^N^l,illCA
lronrlrr'e lolcrlt
()
ilI lllen()s
pl()cesa c()nscientel)lentc. ()t1
(iesapl'()l)'td()
P()f
(fr'() c()n in(lignll(ia)n t()tal
()
ahogad<ls ya ntes que clevcngan c()nscientes'
Alr()rlr l)ien. es flitil expresar la clifl'rencia entre esos cl<s bonlbres, qlle con-
ti('nL llr c()nciicj(-)n tle la reptesi<in. en tlllin()s qllc lil tc()ria cle la lillirlo ptte-
clt cltrruinr. Ptrlettt<s clecir cuc ttn<l lut crigicltl en el inteli(n cle s tn ulectl
x
cl <nal micle su ycl llctl-IllI, lnientras que en el otr() falta csa firrtnltt i<-rn cle
itlt,Il,
(
lrrcucl. 19l,ia, p:ig.90. ctltsivx cn el original) Lll eie
(le
la explicci(in
t rrsir.le- yl en la cttirliclecl tlc-l inlpLrlso <> clel clcset> sin() en qtle el iclcl y la
instllncir cticrl evaltacltrl s()n
(litt'entes
erl tln()s y <)ttos. Cttantl<l pocos
lrnos clespus l'rcltcl firl'mule llt seguncla tIlic:l, es) irnplicarl
(ltte
cl(:lcuer-
rl<r:t rr-rro se cleslrolle el sttpery, tttt gual ett lo(k)s bs .tt.ctos, se
(leterllli
rirril
(l(c
se.itntr
()
n() iul>4. AqLr h:t1 ttn cetbit> raclic:tl tttc ticnc illlPli-
r'ltt'tr'tls parlt el trat1llient():
ya n() 5\- tl'lt.t, !
'olr
"'rur'rLrt't
rPlicanclo la
>r'irrrcta
conccpcir-rn sollre l:t cetlsa clc la ctrlpallilicllci, tlte cttanclo el :ln:llista
tlt'st ul>re
(lue
stl
P.ciente
ticne ctllpl inconscicntc clclc lluscar exclttsiva-
nl( ll(c ()s <lcse<rs teprilliclos sin() qte, lltlll)i'n.
)
ccntlalll)entc. se
P!cgtlnta-
lri lrt'rrcu de las ttzones
rot
las cttales el srrpeq'<i coclific ctltl<
'rgrtsivo
t'
rl:rniro alg<
(lLtc ()trll
pers()nrl n() Ilar. lll analista rtte tenga en
(
ttenll cl ca
ri(l('r L'()clifica(k)l rtte el srtpcryli ll;tct clc- llrs
(lesc()s
n() lc transulitit:i al p"t-
ci( nt( I1r c()nccl)( i(in
"p()r
tcner cs()s
(lcscos
sicntcs culpe" sint> qtle lt' Ilt'r'arit
ir irrl('tr)l{1ltsc
P()r
qtl stls cleseos son clptlcks clcscle tln:t
PcrsPectivrl
(l(le
le
Irrr't scntir tlitnsgtesor. cttliles fiteron hs conclicitnes ctte ctlntrillLtyel<ln a
(()nslrLri un sttpcrl'r con ciclt()s i(lcillcri tilnic()s. unll c(nlcienci:l crli'l se-
vt l'lt. trn sltclisttxl clcl stiperyr en c()ntrit clcl
,l
cltte llttsc:t cualcllricr <olrtalla
l);lrr
ll(rtc1tr.l')
() ( !tll,.t pu' illc fic.tcLitt
t"rcr.rcl. en el cap. V clc El
.l\) .1'el
allo i923)' afirla refirinclose it la cttlp''t
ir'rc( )ns( isnte:
"tlnlr
pa ictrlar posilliliclcl cle intltil sollrc l se tiene
(-tran(k)
('s(
scntir)ricn) [<;c ctc tttlpa cs
p|cst(k, valc clecir. el reslltucl< clc l iclenti-
litlttirtt ctn
(nlJ
pers()nlt
(ltle
xnta() fire olljcr cle ltnll invcstidllr-1r er)ticI"
(l)lig.
51.
(ursi\'lt
en el <>riginal). tln estc cus() n() cli
(ltlc la persona pol sls cle-
.,,r' ,,
r,r'
L rrlificltcirin tttc el sttpery'l va hltciencl<l clc sts c<nclttctls lle
grrr- lr llr r'otrt lttsion inc()r'lscicnte cut es mal<1. sin() quc sc trta
([t' tlnlt idcn-
litLrrl lrrsi< rt glrlral, la cle ser malo, agresivo. La l)latriz inconsciente cle cue es
r;rl,r ur'tr'r'ltr'll
r(
l)rcscntci()nes
en st c()ncienciil cle cltte ltiztl tltl < cttal cosa
irr:rr[,rr.rrl,t tl, rtilIi el
()l)iet(). lt ltg:ltviri. elc- l)( t]t(). gent:Lrr''i r'tn't
1,, \,'r* l.r
"t
,,! il, l
t).t(
i,rrl(
(lrrc
Pre\cnl.tnr)\
cn
(l(.rpittrk) s(,)re cl strPeI]
Prrrlr
trn
ttr'rrrl\lrl r( rr
'l(
r,tr, lr.r lrrrrr.r
(I
:rl)li(rlr e\l( c()nceplr) 3 l' terlrrx
(l(l
'ruicril1
)
riL'lfr lillx
(l(' f,'r\,r r,,,
,, r,-rrlr, ,,nr r,rrtt t,r l:r nrivnr.
EL MODtrl,O MO,JULAR- I RANSIiORMACIONAI,
51
r(
l)c.\cn.lcia)n
incr>nsciente tlel sttjeto e()lr)()
(l.tin()
<lesclc Ia clrte
lor
pura
,I rllr<cirln r pxltir
(lc
un prejuicio se terttlinarri conclu-vc'nclo. en c.l(laL
()p()r-
rLrniclacl. <tre sc es lrltlo, sicnclo l< cue hace
()
sicnte en es?
()casi(in
la excu-
...r
tLre p.;mrite firmxf ]() que se crc.t previattrentc.r" ste es el crtso cle krs
,rre se iclentiti<lrr con patltes <u)pt>sos: cl tlese< lil>iclinlll
(lrigj(kt lllrci.l cl ol)-
t(1().
guiand() lx iclentificuci(-)n, cletenrrina qtrc (!ln(lo el olljeto es
l)lLkra)gic(,
'.( in(orpore, incliscriminaclDente. xlos los lttrillutos cltll <llljeto. entre ellos
, l \crtirnien ) clr ctrlpal.liliclacl. l':nll>in It itle-tificcit'rn se pttecle proclr.tcir
r,,, trrn lo quc ei
(fl1)
es sin() c()o h irrtagcn qttc el tIr'o signillc:lti\'() in()(tll.l
, 1l
(l
suiet(). hcinckle .rcel qtlc es lll:ll()
()
lgresiv().
,lt .ttlpq por tttt'o.l'cccii .l(4 oltqtt<'41 oblelo
l'.11 Dt tclo
.)'
ntlcu tctl rt. el atttorreproclle. lll atttoinctllpacitin, cs el rcsul-
r.r,I r rlr la intr()\'(cci(in tle lu lgresitir-: tliligitll tiginalmcnte cn <rnt:l clel til-
i,
t,,
(,r
h crncienciu se aLr)rrepl()(ll, en e[ inc()ns(ientc se rc-lt<xha al tllr
I
r,
l)()(ir pcnsl$e qtie cst.t crtnclicirin cs igttltl a l cles< rit inlllcdi:rt.llllcnte
,r r. .rrriha. chclo qtte en cste tnl)ai() Freud plllntca la itlentificacitin secuncllt-
rr r r r cl r>lictr
>erclirlr,
es clecir el rcctrtplazo cle la ctexis cle olljeto
xrr
la
r, l, rlilicxci()n. l)trt la tLti'lencil rl(licx en qtle ctt I )uek
.1'
tttt4clttcr1-t l iclen-
rrlr,,r.ia)o que sLrfie el ytt ('s
c()n el
()l)iet()
cxterno clestinlllillio cle la .rgrtsi'-,n.
, ,Ir'ir-con ct objeto al ctte se le reprrha. En cttlllio. cn lt
'cltlra
prestt
,l r l.r irlentificlre i<-n cs tl] ttn
()l)icl() (lLlc
sieute. l lllislllo. ctrlp:tbiliclacl. tis
rlr,, r.xistente en cl
()l)ict()
cxtern() rel {l s(Jntinlien) clc cttlll:t- clttc, ll
t,r'
r
lll( il(e h iclentificackln clel sttjeto c<>n csc ol>je> cxtern(), el sllie) t(nlla
, ,1'r,
si llgo trre firnna prtrte clc esu iclcnticlarl
-{l
senlirlient() cle culpabili
'J,,1
N()se lil.r clc llt lg:'r:sirn introeclltcla sino clc It>s cfectrs tle l itlen-
lllr, r( l()r estluctur-lnte
qttc (()nstiluyc
irl sttieto
Pxrcillllrcnte
il iltlltgcn Y st
,',,
trrrzrr
clcl
()tro. (:()n
stts cttlpas o stts utieclos
-ejctnrlos
de le autplie gatne
,1,
t,.rlr)l()ga
clr.re se
ruetle
cleslnollltr p<>l el tecanisttltr clc la iclentjtlccin
\llr ('rnl)itrg(), csits aLat() c()nccl)ci()ncs rle llt ttrlla, qLe cn FrcLl(l n(, st
,,,rrr.rlxnren
sino qlre se sLlmun. eo
(listintas
cscucllrs ps ic<lanaltit as pasln a
I
l \r() lirr rl irtrcs l(ti(ion.rl dc t)r'r r,
((nn()
rlirrrl:irtrnrls un l inr()(itrt( n-)n llr r\i-
,
"
l, ,rrr inrinr\rcnt(' L'n rL( hrrl trt.Ptrs lx i(l(r)ri(tii(l dc nrrrl() lrr rnlis iilll
(llr
c(ul(lLricr
un
iur(
iGsc,rtiri!ni( ), Lr .r xfinllir(i(in
(ltr(
tn str (xr:i(l(r xbslr:r().
(rnrx) (rccn
, ,,,rz,rrrrrnnal.lacnc rti inlinilits Icr:i(rres. 1)r(rclr:r. tlrnrl)i'n.
(ltre
el irr(1rr)(i(ne no s(-)1,,
,
",, t,,
( (truillrlidud
t1nl)or'( )'csp( ixl t) por scrncixnzr sin() qtrc rLlrrcc l)estrl(ltrcnn)s irde
,, ,,r, r'r 1:r .irr
(le
treu(I. slc trsu lx nr)Iirrin k'( [r vuehc ir rtrlrrrrr
Plirrllr)s
dtsPlrs-,
(,lr:r
ii(Ir( cl 5tnld()
(lc
rc):rr(.rr
(ltrc \! L!.r (lcl inLi)lr\'ilrnl('\i\ltrrl.li(r)
(lcl
r_
r.,,,,1,,i
rr,,il. l() (les(riptr!.rortnt(j inc(nrs(rurltt c(nn(, l(
Pcl1tn((1cnlt
rll
Prc(()rr*
l"nr. F(i_
, ,,,1, ,tu( r(luars del in.()nscicntc
(lc l()s rcs&)s ccrrx(l()s s()l)e si rllisnr()s.
Ptrrl)s
ignilicnrl_
, ,, r1IrrrIi(:r(ll). c\islc
(rr()
sul)sislenlir inc(nls.icnl(
(cl
l.c fictr(lixn()) qtrc lirncion dt'
,,. j,l,
I
( ()Ir,)
r(.1rlnr()s Llr c\l()ner
rl AVAN(]IJS IiN PSCO''IiRPIA PSIC(]NA] I I'ICA
( r )rrslilultsc rn las explicacrnes quc se itrvoc att clc nlanela cxsi e\ciilsivx. En
(rr)ll1r,))()s
ir i un esPectr() tltte la cles<ls cl prlk; ctte ocltparia lr escLrr-l klei-
rrirrnlr. r.'n la rlue cttancl<> cl tn'.rlista
(letect
culPl itlc()l'lscicnte lttst:r tlinl-
rrrlsrr.rgtcsir.o
rerrittriclct {) escin.lid() \'. en cl
()lr'()
polo. acttellos rtnelistlts
(l(('(r('(n
tlLre h cttlpabiliclatl es sictttpre el lcsultacl<l clc llL incttlp.rtr"n
p"t'
r.rrtc
t[ le figr.trt externl. ctrsiclerltnckl <rtc tl conflicr intr:tpsirtric"
ittt'glt
Lrrr
rrPt'l
sccuncleri()
-K()l)Llt.
P()r
eietnPlo.
Nlurks()n
(
l99J). en tut intercsrrllte xrticlLl() s(r)r(j el trlasrlclttisttl<l
1'
Ie clc-
lr'(
si()D,
(lsslirca
t'l efccr cLrlplllilizllnle
(ltle
llgtll()s patlres proclttcen en sLts
lrii()s il t[l\'s cle mostr1trles stt
troPic>
sLllt-ilrlient()
]'.lrril)Llir
i'stc ll llir. o al
lrir(('l(5 scnlir en f;la si cl hirI clrr evi(lel)cirs tle
gozertrscrIeliz
(ilrlr
tlir'r. \lrtrkson:
.Est()
lel scntinriento cle cLtlpltllilicietl ) n() ts sirllPlctrltnt(' llt
r't, rtt'i()tt clc ltnlt llntasa in((]scientci clc tttlttlet lil)iertla
()
cllclll)ic'tl,
(]I sL
lrirli( nl()
(lc
los
-,;tclres
cs lltlil)\tid() tln nio clttc I elkrs no les
lrtrlr.tcc
pllt-
rtr,
(
r:ig.
9J2, :lgregxcl() tuio lo ttte cstli cl1(re
l)rlrttsis)
Ai lcsPt( t"
'rri-
\ir'.r ll)(rtirr tlos cjelt>los. LJn() es cl ctls() cle tlnlt clolcscentt
(l!Lc
L1)nlit)z-l
slr lrillllnrienk) 1c()nsrctlenci tle rtna clellresion scverat. it-l(lLls() con irlca: tle
srrit lcli't Al <lx <le tt ierlp() cl1lPic7' rl scntil-sc lci<'r' ;t sltlir
((rn
'llill(t\'
,r
xrrit'r
rcltnuciar sus estLlclio n()nllall)lcnte. tcner xlgtln()s trltIcntls fi'li_
r ls I n rlirt lccilro llt llurlttcil tclefinita tlc su tttaclrc qrtien rllc nl.trlitl(\:l lj\
t()\ rll\'l)rt:()clrl)itcllt por X". Y< ttle alrllr Y le pregrtntlr <ltti'cs lo cltre stt-
i |LlL. l\lt' tcspontler
.X
cs rlltl' egotst. sa)l() le intetesa salil
(()n
I()s -trllig"\
)
rlrr crlilsr'...". listlr n)Lltt cixlillib lrt trlrtvor rtlegrlt cle srt llija. sts till)i(l()\ in
l( trl{)s
(l(
inclepcnclencia conll inclitlrckr'es <le cgr''isltlo.
(lc
[]xl(hd l)1rIx
('sl
l).lr
i('r)lr' l()
(le(isi!()
et cl canlinr llltjrt su crltcit>n
-)'tn
(sll
lnelt ttltlltia_
r\x)s titc
|<rler
it tleslltcnclii'nckrse
(lel
xl)rilz() ctllPill)ilizxnte ltl clrte la so-
nt(.ltil sLt nl.t(ftc.
l'll
(fr() (lls()
es el
(le
tln
llciente
c()n ttnlt cle>resi<-rn c rrctcr( )k )gic'l inl
lx)rllrntc.
l)csptls clc varits alios cle anlisis. pol firl enrpiez:t ll llcral r.tnrt ricla
rrrr'l1. rr
-rotlct
gozltt clc tclrcioncs scxtrltles. lln
(li,
\'iene c()otcn) 1 lll se-
si()ll (l1
Llnll llttella cle'iD() v ille
(lice (ltte
ticnt Llnll citlt
(()n
ttn ntucllltcll
rltr,. lt gust:t.'Iircl l:t scsirr IIlls(Llre hrrio cl t)irltll
(lc
exl)ectilliva
()l)rc t'sle
( )( r('r)tr(). CLran(l() rctu)rn lt l sesi<-n sigtliente, llega cleplitDiclo. sintin(lose
ttt,tl \'o picnso
(lLle
itlg() atn(ltlv() tttel
(n
el en(!cntl() tlrn c:rltltckI crl )lt
rttutlt;ttlt. se l()
PrL'gtnt() 1'
tDeclice
(ltle
n() l-e
Pregtnto
si pllsti algtl espe
cirtl clcsPttis
)
luc lcht, sin rincrrlar ltl tlLtc trte clice c<xt su cstx(l() cfcPrusi
Io, rttt :tl rr>lr'cr lt tlts cnc{)nlr l stts
tlttlrcs
tll h ltrz lt>agltcla en cl slllt-rrl
rI llr < lrs. Lr rttclte ezltnclt cl rosario
1'
e'l priclre trliranclo
)()l
l1l vel)tnil. Ftu
.rlrr r'urrrtk,.r'lt'rrlrrrgrllrtlegrirr.ttrtntlosesiutit)lltl
por tlt'jrttlos
rot'tlstt
lrrrrit lllo rk It rrtrhr'(ltrc teni'. cLre licliar cotl ttn paclre
(nfnl-I().
F]st.l sittla-
r r,,rr ,lc r1,
1rllst,rn
stctrrr<Lrlirt a l:ts r icisitLltlcs clel olrjer
-<lcstlt'
cl sitii-
rr'rt, rlt l ,rlr ro. r l rLrt'rl:t signilicatlri crl)o ttlltkr-- se vtclvt x ltPr()!ltlcil'
(rul.r r,lnrrllrl(l.rtlt t rlrrr';t t'l lt tln. cn la elltllrese cn
(lLle
tcl)xi:l, Ln cles-
IJI- MODIiI-O ]!TODU LA R-'TR AN SF'O R ]\1,\( -ION AI-
riir (-n ()r'il
sL(ursitl,
(le.\tir()
qlie ller':tblt !tlri()s t()s clescanckr. No llien srt
Lr r\l.r(l() esti-i asegure<lo. aun antes cle qire rxurra, cmpiezx a sentirse lllal
Por
,1,
.rI
u los c(nIper()s cle tr'-tl)llj<t. con kts qite licne
(rnlt
relecitin rtrtrl c.rri-
,,,,',r. r a lrs qLe siente tlue abantlona en slt itlcha en c()ntrt clc las concli
',,rr's
duras <uc prevalccln cn ese iugar. fln el clso de este
P1(ciente. 8ozxl'
',,1'lirrrl>l
rtb:tnckrnlu a puclres suflienlts a sI infi)fiLtni()- C()stal ,llLlclx) trilu
r
,.rlllitic()
clue pttclicra r'cr qtre cl srtiirtrien clc sr.ts paclt'cs eta algo <lue cle-
',L.il:r
cxc[sir :t rrrcn lc
(,(
ia p.ol()gr rle e]L.ls v
(ltc
cst.tl)il lltris rtll:i clc stls
, ,..ilrilirlclt:s el rerlcclial k.
P( r() si lry un .:lnll)() en .k)Icle el sLict() inf]ntil
f)Lc(lc
c,\i)cl il))cltl) clll
xr
algo crte cn rcalirhcl cs cl resulteclo n()
(lc
l(i qLle l llltce sino clc la
,r,lrrrJr clt Lrn
()tr()
cs e el clc le sextt:tliclcl. Cttanclo rtn:Lclrtitlr act(tlt tle lnrL-
, ,
r strlLrctrr, c()n\( icnlr
()
inc()nscicDt(]lllcnte. ctllr stcctle. por ejelllplo.
,rr lrr n'ritrdlr cargerh clc cleser sextul ctre clirige a unx nilt. especialtlrentc
,
('l
rn)rllcrlt() cn
(ltc
'strl r:nrpiL-z:l : rlesrollr firrnrlts <ltc clcspiert:tn el
,1, .,rr r-lc ecluI. l.L nix pirs:t rl sentir q(re str cuerP() es el <ltte provoca. Le t'tti-
r ,l.r tltl()tr'o. sr.l intencit oa Iiclci, fcfirlrrr-r
f),,r
tllJIi-tr'trn
(ucrP (l(e
Pr\'
't
,
| , )l)s(!\'(l() por lrt prr>pilr i c()lr() si Ilterl el
(lte
inicillse h seclttccirin
I
,r, , lJlt iclulr'. [991]).
, tllnt t14tit't
Lrrrl)irn i)()1t() lrna ofistitltle txt)licit.i(-)n srlc sl sentilicnlo <lc r'rtl:llt-
I ,,1r,
I r,l
(luc
ticnc en cucrtlll los
lrrtrestls
intcm()s trr's tle l<s cLllcs se
()d_
rrrr ,.1 nir\o. nccesitanck clescsperrcla[renlt senti$c
Pt(l(gi(k)
y ttte clo p<lt'
,,
,.r,lrts.
plcliele pensul rtre l es t)rill()....toll.tn(l() solre s el pcscl cle llt
,rrl,l.rrl rue purccc lcsi(tif ett stts obiekrs. [)e cstl rttncr llttsca cxcttlpar a
ll,, k'sr rrul<lacl:
,,.
c) Il ,)rc(lirlit en
(lltr
ticnc i'xito cn ello. es r(((rPen-
,, l, ,
r
rr r'l sentri('nt()
(le
scguliclerl que tLn llll)icnte cie luet]os
()l)ict()s
pr()-
, tf( !Il.rtlct:l ttn.la(tersti(11,
(iltirl:tirn.
l9'i-3,
llig.65).
tlst() ss lcillizl x il-
, ,1, un prtrcso conrplcjo rlrte I-'.rirl)rlim
(lcn()rrline .<leletrs'.t
nt<>ral'{pitg.66).
I rrrrr,. sintien<[ cltre e'l es el makr y no cltte stts
ltaclrcs
son s:itiicrr:'
() (lue
n()
,
I
r, r( r\.
l)Lrc(lc
t)ltntelref ll iltsirln tle cicrctf ttn ciefl()
(()nlr()l ()lrnil)t,ten
, ,,l,rr'
lrr rcltliclcl:
"Si
trc
Portr
bien... si no so)' nrlo... crtt()nccs, llle Ll(r<rr.it'1.
, , fr, ,..tigurin,. I)e c.\rr n):lneir el seDtirse <ul.):tblc sc llrt clnverfitlt cn tnlt
l, l, r.,.r.
(
rr rrn Dtcclio ilttsorio cle recapttlrltr Ln scntitllient()
(le
c(ntr()l s(r)le tl
.,,, ,,,l,
irs (
(
)nte(irtrie nt()s. en unlL r'sfu-attcgiit Incnt.(l in(()ns(icnt!- pillll cn
, rr 'rtrrrL
ionr's qLle lpre((n c(lr() tt:ttrttrlitic:rs
Pxi
el
l)siquisl]l()
(Clr()lstein
li,r .1, \, l()9 l). Killinrl() scale tuc elistc Lrn tiP()
(lc (!lPx
tn qtre cl ni()
t,,,
lr, r'
l)(
)slrr
(ite
l es mltl> prlrqttc la rttclrt lc altanclonti cttc p.'ns.rr sinr
l,l,
.r, nlr'(lu( lc brrnclon v
(lLe
n() et:t a su al('.tncc llaccr ncl pxr.t (\)ntrx
,, .r.rrl,,rl\illirrtrn{). l9ll9). I){n
()tr'()
litcL>. h ctt)p:t
((nr)rectl ()(lefitl.ir'p.tr.r
))
1
)t AVAN( l:S IiN PSI(:Ol llRAPI^ PSt(iOAN^-11'lCA
l:1. M()l)trl,() ltl()l)Lrl-AR-'I RA N SI() R M AL I (
)N A , ))
',
r rrr(
(i\
s( nlinricnt()s tlc ttpl tle las
'cleplesiones
qtle tieoen llls h clali-
L,l ,1,
r.rlri i p(fentc, rle ilupotencia-clesesperanza en conexja)n con Irt rttp-
r,,, ,
'1,'
rr.r rL()iigcn itlclizach...,
(pfl.
2()). I-ax
(l9ll9)
afir:lle qrte cn las
l,
l,r,
r,,rrr.s 11.tr(isistns. I()s sentillrient() ctc vergiienzl y htttDillltcirn s<xr los
L,', l,r,
rIrnrjln, rrl,ts
que l()s
(le
ctlPa,
(plig.
tttt).
1,, .rrt( r'i( nos olt)iit il hacel.
P()r
l() n)cn()s. .llglnl pretisi>n sollrc la cli
t, ,, I, r.r
(
nrrc l()s scntilllienk) tit ctripa r'de vctgucrrze. tln tclltti<in c()r l<s
, ir ll n r,
,l]l
(
)s
(le
vergtienzll. Rizztlt()
(
1991 ). cn una luf)lil revisi(in del tcllrlt cn
',,
,lr\( le c1lo la vergiienzl fite ct>nsicleracla en l litclattl!x
Psic()analtic.
..,,
lrrrI rlrr....1r Yergtienza eslii rclaci()na(l tDlll 4ttlod olttatci(;tt \\'<t y
,r,r1,r)rlenoserlttetcccck>rcle(uliresPllctrfc(liva(lesc(l:t.'(P:ig.304,
,L .rr r,rg|cgacla). Con
"rcspttcsta
xfecti\':l cleserlda' se reficre it ctll() se n-
I , I
'
trrc
cl
()l{)
re'sp()n(trt xnte
P()sil)les
l)lil()s dcl stliek). Llst: c()nccpci(;n
(le
[, ur,,
(l('
ligxr l vergiienz] al nlttlisisrll() y. ols csPe(licllllenle' I llt ilnP()
,lr,l.rrl rlt lograt las tuetas filaclls pol el i(leal
(lel
!'o.
cst clcntr() tle la lnea
l, rr,lLrdti p()l'()tt()s Llt(r'es
(lloLtcek.
19911 l-crvis. l917; Mollis()n. 1989;
,r)'Jl, r \ r)l!()s. l9f)J; Wtrchtel, lqfJl; lLlll))scr. 1917). Hly ltnlt tliluen'ir
'l
'lle
'
, . rrt irrl en cl scntilllicnto de vctgiienzrl: kt
pt1:5('ttc(t t'eal t).fittttdstall. de
,t,t ,,tt' sguific.tit'ct t1rrt'scrct tasl!p.la l.ts.f llos dcl stt(-'k). Es
(lifi'rcnrc
en-
, , rrlt rior
-tl
sullcryri-ctiticrt-
qtll
\entir (ltlc ()Il-o ()l)setrrt
tlttltlli('n esa
,,t, r,,ltltl.
Qr.rc
en cl
(r(s() (lc
ix vcrfjcnrlt n() sc trlli
(lc (rl
sinrple
P()
, , , r{,
(le
l
l)r()Pia
criti(1t clel sttle,<i solrle cl
()t1()
l(, prtlcl).t Ia flrltrl ctt' re-
',
, ll/.r (lLrc 1()(l() stljet()
I)()sec
fiente a stts filncitnes cxcl-elllcnticials
trtlnrlo se
l,,JJ r , r) sr)lc(l(t
1'
en catllbio cl ct))lxrilT{) tttr: le etlrllarglt
(l.lll'l(l() ('s ()l)sd-
r,1,, o rr lrginlr <rtc
lttcclc
setlo. l)lr txnk). [1] vergiienzll cs ittlgtlstrrt n.tr(lsis
t
'
, l(t rlatytb('tit'i(1.rc1,
\
n() rllcft) sentinriento clt infi'd(-idil(l
p()r tensi(in
'
,,r, r,1 itlclrl
(lcl y() y Llnll cierta rtPresenlltci(in
(lel
sLjet(). Iis tlccit
,
clttc llt cttl-
1,,
i l.r rclgilenzt sc clifercncilltr n() s(ii()
l)()r
el tcllrll
-Ple()(1l)x(
i(in
P(n
l:t
rlrr r['l sLricr en la v( rgiienza I cr-.l/
l]lc()cltpaci(ln
pol el cstaclo
(lel ()t1()
e
,,l, rrrrlrr'rrciirn
(()n
el stlliilttient()
(lc
stc en l-.r ctllplt- sino tanll)i'n p()r lll es-
r,,r, ru.r (n jucgo:
en llt ctllra sc trlltJ
(lc
Ln
l)Ll-o
((l,llllict() intrtlsqtticol cn la
,
riiu( nzit intclliene o la presttt<ill fe.ll
(lel ()t1() ()
lx ilnti(ipx(i()n fltlt:tseacla
1, lr
r|r'sqtcilt
(lllc seril tcstig()
(lc
llt plrclt vall
(lel
stljt).
\l s(nti!rricnt() <lc ctrlpe potlrit agtcglirselc cl
(lc
vergtlL-nztL ttrlnrkr se
t Lri1.r\\'.r (lLlc ()tr'()
c()rlst1rl tanrl)in llt lccil'rn pLrnilllc
1
tltir:t:tl sttjcr corr cles_
,r,.r,r
lirr las i trltr.rras cn qtte la tgresivi(litcl cs flttrlenlentc c()n(lt',nl(111, Lln
l,
r'rnrir
l)()clrii
sentirsc
(tlpl)le
si at.lca) rl xlgtlicn
).
aclellrlis. scntir
\'rlircn-
, l ,'\l;lr cn
ittcl.Jr)
st) \alil, lrllser'tl:t
l)()r
l()s
(fr()s
rttt lo trrnsiclerltn nllkr'
, r1,.(
r\'(rl()s. taoll)in.
(lLc
cu.tll(l() el sLtjc) sielrt( <ttc tlln(r al <xrtl
xrclrli
, rlr
(
rlpr si su
pre()( trpllci(in es l'Itsicatuentc
P(n
el l)iellestar clel tlr. ctl
t, ltr
r\L'(-Lrt(i si tel)l!- ser citstilil(l()
P(
csx .tcci(ln, y vergilcnza si I() qtle
|
,,.', l,
'n
rirtrt cs el crcligo narcisistx en
(ltlc
Ia consiclcrcic'rn clc stt I llia est
lor
, ,,, rr.r rL'cualquier
()tla
consi(tcraci(ill. lcprescnliin(k)se c(xl1() indiglr().
.rrLrter rrl
()l)jct(),
pxra c()ngraciarse. t travcrs cle l Lrtoacusacin. con:rrtr<'l
lr( ll1( il
(luc
se estr'l iter,'()riz.t(io es algo <tte no slo finciona nivel inclivi
rh:rl rirr Il>i(,n <r>lecirr. Cierl:ls expeien(ils histlicis los fllgel:rntes tk'
Lr I ,1.rl \4stli:r. p.r cl(rrpl(,- l,) r('\tinx)ni.rn.
Alr<lr bien. llr ctrlpa prcxltrce (lepresi(-)n
no s)l() porque llafl sentir in-
rlil.l)() irl srict(). r>
rorcltte
nr> satisf:tga una inlren itlel tle lonclcl con llt cual
(
l suiet()
(lescx
i(lentitlllrsc,
()
p()rque genere (l()l(x p()r cl sutiinrient()
(lel ()l)-
i(
l(). sin(). lxllrl)in. p()r(lLie puecle lctivar concluctas Dras(xlristlrs cle srrrleti-
ori(ntr) r
()l)iel()s
pat()l(igic()s, cle irt()plivirci()ncs. clc autocastigos. qrc ter-
r,r);r')
l)(-l)lccr
senfit ilp()tenle al sujcto palt l: rctizltciir
(lr
su clesc().
A trr\s
(lcl
ci|cuito clel llLrs(xlrisRl(). p()r l1(s c()nsecLcncias cuc stc tIrgrnl,
rrrr.' l:r culpa prticip.r c(r() flrctrir relevlnte en la
l)r()([rcci(in
(le
la clepre-
sirln. l)t'r cl !))s(xluisn() c()nstilu\,c tn r'onclici<in
((nplcja
er que l crlpa
ts sr'rlo rn< clc ks fu<tores qle l() deternlin.l. Fln otrls palll)rxs. e iltLstrnckr
cl prr x cso cle urticnlacirn clc comp<>nentes
(lrc
c()nstituye nuestr() hil() rcctor
(
n
('sr(.
l-irl)1i(r. cl sentiDrient() cle culpabilitlacl. c()n
()rgenes
,rrLly clivc's()s,
rorlr'.i
o rxr i iculasc c()n
gl
n):)so(lris))()- l,()
(lLrtl
te'srlt:t nrccs:rrio cs ntr>s
lrilr l.r gnesis <le la culpabiliclacl y clel mas<rtrisnur. los fuctorcs y los <arli-
n,,s
P()r
krs quc slrrgen una y
()tl'(). y
las firnrras dc rticullci(in cntrc rml)os.
rr,r h rlur'icnckr cl un() ir lar
()trl
r) \'icevers.ll
\ .l lo
(14\'$tin
?sda k)s lt'tstoltos,rla^/ls
A
xsrrt
clc que la eglcsiviclarl y la culplr han <rupado Lrn lLglrr
nr(enl
(
nl(' ('n
l litclirtrr psic()analtica s<l')le l;r clcprcsirn, vri()s auk)rcs hxn
(
ues-
lr()r)rr(l()
(luc
scil,r c(nlrp(rsntes inclispensltbles pirrll I()cl()s los tipos tL'tlt'prr:-
si('r
(llil)ri9,
l95Jr HuVual, 1!71;.fac<lrson, t97l: Kolrtrt 1971, l9;-. I9:9.
l()l'i l ) K()lrl lre insisticlo en la existencia cle clepresiones cn ls cuales |l cul-
Prr
rtrr lirtnra
t).rrte
del lrst()l-n(). siendo. lll,ls l)icn, l()s sentinrient()s
(lc
fius-
trirr')n
('lr
tl Lrgr> rle irspirlci()nes nrcisisas l() quc c(rrstiluirx el ncls()
(le
Lr tlt prcsi<'r. K()hut
(
19t't0) resumi<i, ncrrtiricanrente, la clifi'rencia cntre cl
srrlrirrit Dlr
1u
culpl y el nxrcisist.r bajo srr firn]rulacin cle <ue existen. por
ur l.rrhr, r'l
.lrrDrlrte
crrlpirhlc" y,
l)(
el
()tro. ql .h(n)rhre
tralgi(rr,. c()n sus scn-
lrttrr( l()s rlt vrr<iO. cle t:LIt cle un .sc# cohcsir,o, ctc in<lra<irlltcl dc rl:tntener
r
lr(,\1\'t()
\ Lrn i(lenti(l(l quc lc clote tle vitaliclacl. li)lpin
(191't3).
en un
rlt t.rll.rtI r r rrso r'lini(\). plesent a rn px(iente cuy()s r]slir(l()s
(lcprcsi\1)s
n() se
,l l,,rr,r\r1tiicr)r)s(lcculpani :r 1ircsi\ idid sin() ir rllirit csftrrctrrral por
l.rll,r ,l, l,,s
()lrt(
l()s
l).rrcntales
en l 1<rultcirin cle rrn .sef coltesivo cl-xLz cle
llr,ltli n( r llr .lltl(x slirIt:t.
hlrrrlrrl
(
lr)15)
(iil(,rcn(iir
cutre lts
(leprcsioncs
en las cueles llu\ mls
ll \i)l\(,r(,!!,s \()l,r{
(
l r.rIx (1r
el c.rpitrrlo
(lc(l(r&)
xl nrx:(xluisnr).
I'ln(nrnck horr en ks trlsrrnos l1arcisists. en la liteuttrlir psicoanlticlt
st strclen englol>el bejo csa <lcnonrincirin
(l()s
tip()s cle r'ooclicioncs: por rrn
l;t<Lr. rr<luellrs cas()s car l .rcteriz:l
(l(
)s p()r pcnnncnte l)jl Llt()estilna
()
p()r l:r
tlilicLrltacl par.l rilntenel s()stenidullcntc rn irnxgen rlrlorizch
(lel
sujet(),
Irgliindokr p()l- ln(rcntos per) requilienclo cle continLr(]s srlrinistr()s cxter
rrs o cle rfrencias clc letliz:tciin personal ante el super\1i. c()n en()ne
()s
r rl:r'irir sn el baiance cle su ;rrt()estinll
(Occli.
1979. 19u1r
(leck>
v
(;ehrie,
l))j: K()hut. t971. 1977i Sacks. l99l: Sttkrrn v I-rrtl)rnn. lt)io). l,or el
lr). lis
I)(s()nirli(lrtles
tlrte clesrliegun Lr
(nrnip()ten.ix.
gr':rlrcliositllrrl. rleni-
gt':t,. ion clel olljcto. y qrrc krgr-.tn urrntener esa gl xo(li( )si([rcl r.n llrse u firertes
0l( (
il|lisor()s cle escisirn t Ketnl rr-rg. 1975i R()scnll(1. I 961 ).
I-ll clu in() trre clescle Lln() Lr
()tr()
tip()
(le
t,llst()rn() nila(isistx c()n([tcr x Ia
clepn'si<-;n t.llll)in es cliferente. C()n respecl() el prinrcr grllli(). (
ilt ctcrizl(lo
xrl
rrne polrre representxci(jn
(lcl
srjet.), se puecle llegal rL la tleptesitin rlc ckts
l(nrlils: a) clircctanrcnte. potcur- h polrrc rcprcsenttrcin clcl srrjcr lr'e sen-
lir
(luc
se es imp()tcnte. inc'apaz rle lcnzer el objcto <lcl clrseo. l 111,5c clx
r,rt >trclickr;
llt clepresiirn es cracil. finra pac cle ln pelsonrrliclecl; /r) incli
rr't tirr))rrnle. p()[ lais c()nsccurnciits
(lLrc
sr' <lerivan <le ]lts rlrfi,tss ptcstlrs cn
rrtllo
I)r)r eientpl(). p;r[l n() cxp(r-tcrsc ll sitLllci()nes <Lte
>rorlLrr'eD
tr,ntoL <r
\( r'q[i('tzl. Ilt
tcmrn:r
sc inltilt. cnuD!r-, .r
(r,nl.rL1,,\
infrr'rr.,.,,,'],rl(s \ it e\
rr'trcn<irr:
<lc aprcncliz:ric. <on cl c<nsigrrienle enrJrtII-t.inrienl<I cn rl <lcs
r''r lL r rlc frrncirtes
!
[ecLlrs()s r oi<cs. Crnclir'irin lal
(lLrc
sc k. <iclrc :rgrcg:rr llt
1x
r<lirlrr tlr opofir.rniclacles en l:t viclu rcul p:u11
1)r'()\'cclsc
t[ l:rs glatificut iones
tl:lr(lsistits ct-te la tlLrttbaltlntc atLrt()estinl rr<lrie-e pereje. trulrej(). ctc.-. l,:r
s(
(
u( r't(-i 1r'llsk)rn() nrtlcisist, xngLstis pcrse( rl() as / \'ergilenz / c! itll( in
li rlricl tlficit \'()ic( )s
:
pa'r(li(hs en lx reali(lx(I. con<lLrvc cn sentimient()s
(lc
irrrrfcncia v clescspernnzu pxr lll rcxlizci(in cle-l rlcscot p()r titn). cn
(lcprc-
.r,l
1.. <lclesin es, enk)n(es. srcrndria unx li)l)ill rrIililttc
(lcl
suick).
ll)lri:r ltc n()
(lcri\'11
prin)iltiircDti (le
un trast(r_n() en Ilr Icprescntecirin rlcl
olrtr' sirrrr
(lr)e
tiene su LiIrsl c]
(lr(,
cl sujet() es rerresenlrrtkr ('(rD!)
ltti
rl(s( ul() t(,nte :l(lLr1. C()nr() nlc cxprcs(i rrn
1r:ttientc-
(tnr
infiniit si(l)i(lLax
r' ilrni:t: "Si
_frttzlin
nc lc tjr:nc nrieclo l()s le()na-s rs
ll()r1lu(
s( cr(t, larztn,i
L s rI t ir', lrr r eprrscntlrci(-)n r':rkrriz:r<lu drl srjct()
(letelinil
el
tocler'
<rrc sc lc
.rllll,u]1. [rs olrjckrs.
(]ultnrlo
sc Lrtiliz rl
(r)itk)
exiern()
(()n1()
Ln:l fi)rntll
(ltl
.rl\rrt.rl;rr llr trrrklestinra
()
lus
()lr'(n(lxs
lll sr.rpcry'<i t'n iirmta rlc lrgros persone
I s. , rlr[rricr Iirll() en estls clos rnrclliclaclcs clc rrrrttpcr-tsltcion clcscltlt<rl rlr
Lr ,L
lrl.sion
(Airti
v llcrnp()ritrl. 19lllr Illatt
1
\'larouclas. 1992: Illtt
)
(fr)s.
l,)sl. lll,tlt r ZrIoll, 1992).rr I-u polrre r-cpresr:ntlrc irin <lcl sricl() puecle
(.()ndr
,ll .r l.r
(l(
lr(
\it,n ir lrx\',s .lcl circUito rle lu egrcsil'icllrcl. l)tcrlitizlcl.
lr,,r
c.r.r
r,rr.r
r[.lr rliI r'sr.
(k
l srfrin)i(-nf() n:r(lsjslil sc p()ncn cn l))itrcha (1)i(lucls
v
,,, ..;.
t
',
,( o,!.1 l,* r.rl'.!t(i\
(l(
It|rlr (n ( (rrr|lulo
s(r)re o.i((f(r.[)r1r
(l(. 1( l|lsr()r'rx)s nlr-
AV^NCliS rN PS(.(, l.llAPIA PSI(-(){NA11(.4
l:l ()):1.() l\l()DLrl-,{l{jl RANSt:()RM^( l()NAl- 11
I Lrr r,,r.r: irgr('si!'x:r rtte.
lot
los senclcros incliclclos ttr:is arilla
-ctl'lndo
tr't-
,,, ,, r r,,s tl tctta cle l:t irgrcsivicld- c()n(lrl(cn x [,t
(lcpl'esi(in.
( ()n
r(sPecft) r segr.tnclc> grttlo clt'tlast()rn()s nr( isists
-grandiosidacl'
,rrrlf(ncil. cleniglaciitn dcl
()l)iek). (jtc.
.la
(lcnlesin
n() es cr)ni( r sin('
.lLr'
11rtllpr cttandr) c{)iapsa unll grlnclitlsiclacl qtls l)xhx scrvicl(]
Pxra
ncgxr
, r, .rlirIr<l
-v
l:s limitltcirnes pers(nlles. l-e cleprcsir-rtt es conscctlencia cle k)s
'
1,, t.s clrl nrcisisnr() tlestrtctivr sol)re las rel:ttioncs intct personlles. la in
, r r,n tln [t reliclrl. t cl ctriciltclo cle la prc-ri;t
lersonlt
t 1].! /slLN pat\k t!l()t'.ts l.llptxsitt
'
l,ls irrgtstias
pclsc(Ll)rias seltn el tenl()r.tl
(rstig()
dcl reti-()
(lc:llll()r ()
, I r . (
lislintils fi)ntlrls
(lc
:lgfesin l'crllal. crrrplrtal. ctc
-
s()n cerltces <lt: llever
, Lr ,lL
rltsi<in
p()r e1
(urrlino
inclilecr <le las cl nscc Ltencilts qtle ticnen s()l)le
I lLrrr( i()nrI]licnl() ttrcntel: pemr.trllan llls slll)lilll:l( i()ne. cl tlcsanollo cogniti-
, ,
l.r' r. rrpacich<lcs cxl)resir'.ls emrcirnrtlts
y
reiltt itlltlcs. ls hltllili<l;trles ins
1'| rrrr( rlllcs en lrt cl:t itl r'rn ilt rclliclcl el proPir) scnti(lo tlc reltliclacl
(r'ase
.l'
r:ir,rrrlr
.3).
Ls rlrft'nslts
(lLre
sc cti\'ll
llttlt
tlisnlillttir llts ltngttstias persctrt-
ltgrcsir icllrcl. c\il.lci(lD liil)ic1l, rilLillcs
{)l)scsi\()s. Dl.ls( )qtlisnl( ).
}'()tt-()s
, r .r, ,r'n()s (:rrit(tcr(rl<lgi<rrs- [itnitltn s< l'i:tttlentc l:ts clt-rllt iclallcs
(lcl
slict().
r.rlrzrinrlt1c, lrrt<intlole sentir ilnl)(fcnt.
xr:t
tkrulinltt n< s<il< la tc'tltclrtcl
,
I r r||r<i<in cr)n l()s
()lr()\
significxli\'()s sin(). t:tllrl)in. stl
Pr()Pix
tlltnte
-t(l-
,r.rr ior'rcs
()l)scsivlls.
:tngLrslills hipoconclriacas.
ett.-. P'tr'l pr()veer tlnl ilt5
r r, r)n: cl
(ircLrik).lrlgtrslills
Ptrsectlk
)rias ./ e\"itltci(-)n fiil)ic,'inhilli<
irin/tia
'
r , , t n k rgr os nitr(isistlls /
(lctcri(
lro cle la re
llre
senl.lcia)n
(lcl
scl I cleple sirn.
,,,. ,Ir tlL unlt inclicrr'i<->rt tlel plrlel cttc las angttstirls persccLlt(nis tiuncn cn
Ll,'rL rllr.r\r,,n,h , rlgr r n.r. tlerr't
.i,
'n,''
l\'r() lt(l(lu1is
(lc (st( ('tcct() (lq
llls angLlslils
pcrsgattk)rias. a lne(li1ln()
()
I'r1rr
rLizo
sttclen prrxltrr.it cttltclLrls clcpresivlrs tle llt' ntttclx llis inltrr-
li.Ll,r \ cr)n clttictcr crisixiir.o. Nrs tcli'litrlos it l:
()l)(,'\'.(i(;n n() infrectl('n_
r, ,l( (\)ll1{)
!rr1:r
l)els()nrt
lls(lstlt(liL frcnte il Llrl lllfcal rclllizilt, v tellli( n(k) n()
rrrsl.r('cl'1r lus li{r':ts ntc ls cltelcs clclrc teclit
(Ll(nls.
expcrirucnt't Lln
, llrrticnl()
(lc
inl'trxcntitt. tle aplastetrlicnlo. tlc <lcsr itltlizltci<ill: cs clecir' ttnl
,, r,rion cleprcsiln. C,r.trtcLo
(ltle
c(r)lPltll(lc scrlt illlient( )s disfricos cle ins
rr.l.rrcior-l stlrrc la tetc.
PrcgLlntas
nci()nxliza(l()riLs acelca
(lc
si ese til)() clc
r, r1\i(l.rd rs st
.ver(lJdc[
\'()cllcin', con ttna pri fitnclizlrcit-n crecientc clel
'
rr.rrlr'o r.leprcsirrr
(ltr('se
cxplicx pol<ttc cl tenlor
(lit
ltlglLl lt tod() lip()
(le
dLF
, l rr
>rreliiantcs
e inllil)i( i(in cn l .tcci(-)n. con el c()llsigtlicnte clcterioro tle l:t
rrrt()(stilll. l-: tclltcii-l elttrc llrie(l(),''lllp<fc'tlt
ilt tlultr:si<-rll se c()Illpl.tlel):l
l,,rllrc
tlilliu:t(ll l;r situcirir xtcll]()l-iziotc, v n() s(ll()
P()r(ltle
sr' l:l rcltlice
,rr, r ult lLtso .tb:tncktrin,.l()l:.t. )a tlcplcsiirn
(lesil):rr:(c
ilnlecliatlelltc.
AV,{N( t'S liN
pSlL()lltRAPIA
PSt(jO^NAt-iftCA
:L MODIIT,o
MODUI,AR-'I'RANSFOR]\IA('IONAL
59
or(.icntJL'ii,n
tle lrr rt'rli'l'r'l'
l'J\ l'rnr'lslJ<
'le
Irt
p''rtlte:',
''
rllR l'r rr: rlitl rtl t'l
ir.ch,, <ttle l.l vc.ln Ll'll)'
i"t"".it'tl
't"t,"t..l
i''t'""nu
Jlrrrlrrl'((t'rJ
.' p"r el
:';l;,,,il::',;';";; ;r"re'l'.r"rr*r'
't""'
::
"'1.:::]j^:]]l:l;'
;:J]l',Jl;.i:..
i::.":'.']l:.i[::l,iix,,,-ilJ.*l]ixlllx:,1.::
n:l:';":
J'j'ii"'
'""ri"'r"'
""
r^
'rlr,*,._i'i,,,,,.,
llrt.rrpy
clinir
Ilngl.rr(rr.r).
p,,r Ll,^.rnulis.r'
(lilerL'ntes
(lrrc
;,:':'::;,,,,;;:.,;.,n
i'i*
""'r'
''r'
^ill:,:';::l::ll
ll;,;il;:
i;;'.il ll,
l'1., *::'li'li,,:
ill'i,,tlil,
;l
iil,;
;,'.,r.'
intr,." n'
'''n
r
'|
c\rrL
(
rtrr'r
.'rcr
'rtrn'r'
'
cntocirul
clcl nio
lerlue<
tntLi"'""'
iq;t'l
ttr"
"
'ntlt'''c
r l cositlera-
:l#;."'i"
;;"i;
;; i',
jl.t-
:::lt.llJ;:;:J.:',.'ii::::I:'i:'l::,,[']J:
s,nri,, i,!rp,,{(.,,r1'i'.".
lr|.l::'il.ll]:;'ili',],;
:,;r'.;l\.,,..n(,rs
l.r lrisr,,ri.,
rt(,t().
'",llilil'1,,],.:.,i'l"ll:
[;:::il
: il].:';:.
i,1"" ,,. i
"ii"
''
Asi
'lr
r..' r'!''|\
'[rnJ
'(
'(
r-
nr orcst:trllt-
(l'fcIl(1. l()].i1.
',,,,,,,n.,,u..t.,
('xisIiI lln
'\cnlilli(.nt,l
..:
'.],,!:,,:
l,..lI;.i::'..n.,,,nr.,"*'''..l''-r"riLltntit'r'rL'it'n'r'nI^t:ttllt'qrr(1r\r{e
sienten.
.--.-,.,, ,."i.,p . ,rrr; c.oncliciirn
cli-
hl
*. ntinri.
nt,, tlL irtrp''t(nt
i r
Pt!(
Ll( lcn('r.
:tr''"*'
i
tll
I'l',-)l
li'rente
(le
la antcrit:
lt'pt"t'n'
J-'"' sc ic['ntilit''t
crrn r-l ott"
\in'r
(r)n lx ilrx
iJ"'I,,.l,r,',,,,,,,..;,1,:l't"".'l'i'il:l;::l,:'l;,ll:.:l.l;.:;:l;i::illl::,l:
rrn I rtol'usLllt-l(lr)n
tlrl :tltlt' tt
:li''*':,';l;.;.;ii,
;,
':
''
.''u
",.l..
n u
't
t'n
"'rt
r rrplit ir
'rr'r'
rne'
Ire
'
lr't't't
( I
'|.
i)('ns'rl
e,r
pa.ltes
(ltc tr'lnrrnllt'(11
.-i''*..rt"'
i"i' i no
lluccles"
pal:t ir-vi.ntltl
<trl<r
,i,
;:.;.;,,
cn er suc,
."*lll'i:i:,,i,.f
*::::1:i;.!,"'lllllil:,:::lllj[:
rirrrtr
ct
,,1,ier,,.*'.:."1:-:',1
l.l.i;,';:,:::,,;;;'; i,, iir.nt,.r,,
<lel rr,. n<, a l,r clcl
tlr
(le
l)r
,tcn( i-l LILIL
siclllPlc
(l(lL
stliet().
(t.
Dfic:it
-trtctts:
c(t
llit
l
(
)' ilt't tt ilicLtckitt''si'xDio^
Fll sentirlicnt()
(ls
irrrP(f(-n(
i'r
1>'rrrt
l't re-tliz
r'r''n U:]-.:'.:,1
pttctlc ser la
c<nset.rtencil
rlt trn cii,ilcit
aar,l
-,r,,
l)Lrr.lr))cnl(j
LrD lr.r\li
)fll(
'
tle l clrcscn
tci<'rn
clel sttieto-
clc t"ttur"t
't'
f..
,i..
'
'tl
t'i"t'J't..t....
tt'g"iriv
t\' expresivxs
(lc
L.rDrrr('ri')n(lcl'|'\(\r'r\lt)'..'*^'l';:i.'''l,,'';:;i'''1'l.l''''lt,'"'''in\lrtrrrrcntrl''
:i.ll;;,,;,,,,,,:,;
j.ii,.,,,p,,,:li;li::l*l;i:ll;ll,]:'JI:l'ii;1.*.1
llx'i::;:,x,'i:,ll::
lil,lx;illll"
i,,ii,,"ii. i,.'*,i'r'''
r']r""'|n(r"!'|(n'|''
('r r.n.
ci()narlicnt()
y()ic()'
'lxml)in
:';it"
J lti ..*t"ti"
'r'lrrc
r:l
papel tle' lrt
iclentiticxci)n
en h cslrtrcttrrci;n
clcl
1.:'skrisrn<''
clei el canrir.t<r
xl)iert()
pllra
estttcliar
krs clficit
y()ic()s tt'r: iit'rt""
fti iclcntiticacirn
c()r)r() clrttsA:
ha-v tlficit
()r i(l( nli[t(:l(
i('n crrn
plrtlrt
t
tiut, f" p"*t-ntlln PLI(
\ nit(lie
pttecle
int'.lrp"tlr
li,l',J";J':;;,,,..'i1n,ii,.,,,'"'''q""ll'rtlrtt.str''n()p)\('('r'r'
; l::l
l,olrl
rl? kl idar t lificac it r etr ld deprcsn
l;r iclcntificeci<in, aclenhs cle intervenir c<IO fict<r inclirecro cn la gne-
sis tlt llr tltpresi<-rn al cntrut crmo element() est[Lcturnte para cacla r.rno de
Lrs l'u<1rres pol los que se prrecle llcglr lr la clepresirin, inler\ icrr tambin cle
rni nllncrr
(lirectx:
Il i<lentilic r'ir->n con paclres clepresivos cs conclicin irn-
ln)rt:r)lc
cn la organizac ir-rn tlcl cli-rcter clepresivo. I-r rtpresentircirin clel slt-
t()
(r)rr)
illtp()IenIe plrra rc'lrlizar k; rleseaclr>
>trcrlc
tcncr srr otigen cn le
rrlt rrtrtl<uci<n c()rl un
()tr()
significativo
(luicn,
il sL r'ez, sc si'tti<i irrl)()(cntc.
llr)'
I)crs(nr.rs
criaclus clcscte sLr trl.is tcnrprana infntil b:rjo orensllics, tnns-
nriti(l()s x lril\'''s clr mil lilrrnus, in(()nscientes y c()ns( ienes,
(lcl
tilx).n()s()tr()s
ro
xrrlcnros,
o
"jlr'nlts
kr
( ()nsegL
irem()s,, ctrc el sltjeto irl(()rp(n c()llt() Lnlr
l.r rnr'cpc irin cle firnclo qLre inrpregne k)d()s sus cleseos. hat irt<irsclos vt ir n-
I i( il)lr(liu))ente conur irDposilrlcs. Renuncia ntcs
(lc
intentxr
lxrxue
cla por
rI scontuck cl resttltcl< ncgiti\'().
lil
repel
clc Ia iclentifit:tcirn en la psicogne'sis cle lrs r'rlttlros
nsrcup.f,,
Iruirrrs nr
()(up1i
en psicoanlrlisis el ltrglr rluc nrestfi)
irtici<
Icece. l'osi-
l)l(,Dr('nte h), c()ntril)uick) a el]r> cuc totlos krs histr iales fi(uriianos y la clcs
r rr>r ir'rn clc lts fnctores qtte interrentlfiltn en h psi(()gncsis
(lc
Ios
(listint()s
Iril.\l(Jt()s
-qIrc
cs e,l lDorlck psj(\rpilt()l(-).(lic() rrrc rlrlinit l>lrr.-na partr'r.lc l:t
lil( r:ilurir
l)sic()ilnlllirir':1,
urin en l rctLraliclacl- c<ltrcsp<tnclen a r,rna p<rclt <lc
l,r ,,1r' tlc l,'rclrcl currn<kr cl c()n(cpk) cle iclentificlci<in lttin no cstaba plena-
r.rlt rlcsiurrlllck. Fln llt <lcucliL cie los vc-inte. crtanckr ,<kr cl eclifickr teti-
lirrr clinitrr solre la firrrutcin cle sntrnas se hlltl
,'r
rrnstruick, Freucl
s(
()(Ll)x
clc uranera sisterrltic clel fcn<ineno cle ll irlcntificaci, ,n p,:r
r.jr.l]rlrl<r. en I'scololaa de ls ntasus
-\'
allisis dal
.t\)
(
t921) y en l,ll
.to .t'cl
dh t l())11.
l.ir irll)()rt.rncia que. a p.l ir cle c'se nromento. F'reLl(l le
()t()lga
a ln irlcnti-
fir:r<ion cn la firrrncirin clt'l <rrcter
(vasc
llauclly. l9ti3). in(lica que hit)'
rn.r \'(ti l('(iri( u n() sLr ll( icnl enr(nte explorlcla ni arlir':rcla il l
(lnica.
Res-
rrrt,r.rl rr
xlcr- clepresr-11crro rrrc
Ireclen
clescr D
>r'ri
rt r
l)ir(llcs
Ll(
l)r(si\'(,s
n()
urc firrrilrr rr lu lricn tkrcttttcr(lr,l:t <rlrrclcin entre tlertcsi<irt
l).rrcrilirl )
(le
rrr':rrrrr
lilirrl
(M()rris()n.
I9tiJ),
()
x lus ctnsccttencils cle ll fultrt
(l('rcsl)rcstil
.rrIr'rlrrirr rtrc krs paclres cle]rcsiv()s tienen pltra las nectsiclu<les t'ttttrionles
r[,srrs lrii()s
(Ar]tlr()ny.
I98-J). ni 1r ll atlrrsfera cle tristezl v <r,rlr:r <rrc gcne-
.rr tNl.Lsorr. l99f).,U,ls l)icn. rrri inters aqlt es sultruyal l itltntilicat irln
,l, l rrrr,,, , r,ro nt5,q() cffd( l!t"d,qr'co, crn lu clcpresi(ln par(nt1. Ilcliri('n(l()se
.r r.\t.r r ll( str.n. Ar]rir I"reu(l
(19(r5)
lrll D<ir
.l-o
que sr,rcctlc es rtrc lalt's nirios
.rl,.rrz.ur sr sr'rtinri( nl() rlc' lrniclltcl c<n sr lllaclte clepresivlr rt() rtt((l1lntc I()
)lrr.
i \ r rlutr\ i,r sirr nrrrlirrntr: el reProdtrcir clt <r//<.r.s el estark tlc rlnirrt clc llt
rrr,rrlrr'
(r,r1i
li-.
(trr\i\.r
Iltii).
llroll
r,rxlrI
l: irlt ntiilceirin no se limita a intenenir t'n lu crns
llrrr ,,rr rk l.r rr'l)r \r'rt.r, rorr rk'l srrjclo: tarml)in l() hacc
qn
eurtr lu t'c
,l
AV^N.IS ItN PSICO',TIiRAPIA PSI(lOANA l--l l(:,\
l.,s tlcticit y()ic()s
Psicologic()s
()
dc
('lLts
orgillica
-<llll)()
ccrel)lal'
P()
,
jlrr.llo- pucclelt. li su vez. ssl caPtcl<s clestle Lln penpectiva nxr(isist e
inllrt srrr cn un calllin() qtte conclttce a la cleprcsiirn ptlr el l:rcl<> <[cl nrcisis-
lr()i r \c(cs
ltrtr
el circtiir tle llt :rgl csir iclatl
(ltc
p(rnen en nl1lr(l), En este
strrlirlr. lr uglesiviclacl tltte no es es infiecLtente
()l)serv.tr
en los clts<s tlc cl:t<
t r',.llul rlt tltle pensxtse qtle tenga c()n)()
(ttsil
cxlltsivrl ix
Perttlrl)rrr
i(in ll-
ri<;Lrgi<r <lrc
il('l(
:lrene se in\()( sin(). tl)l)in. cl sc[ tl clttensa lien-
t(,:rl sufrinlient() nrcisist
(ltle
la
(:rPtlici(-)n
cle Ia
rr<lia
liniitacin ilnn()nc.
t.n
(
icl-ts pers(1ls
(le
ccllt<i crr cletet'ilrr cclcllll
()lgiitlL()
sc crrlllrlclx la
'r'r'uencil
siguiente: cllicit yoitrrs'trstu)rl')() I-trttcisista ,' agresivitlacl clclcnsi-
r,lr r.lrteriorc cle rcllcioncs intcrperson'.ilcs. xisl:tlllicnt()'(l(jl)rcsi(ini
()'
1l !t
Lt's. r'( tli'il<it yoico e: talttltckr rcilli.sticillltenc r.lenclr Iugar': tn lirl'ia <lrt
D() s(
()rigina
en Ln trust()tn() iltlsolio clc los t-ccttrsts v()ic()s sin() en Llnll
(\nrsllrtu(i(in clc tclles insulicitnci.ts tlel vo.r'
Atlcrrlis <lc ll)s
(()ttlicr)s ttre ptotltt<en <llicit roict;s. lr l itlentiliiciiin
lon ligulrrs yrlrcntelcs con clflcit. cieras sitlrllitsis ctr ttn olljcto sirificlrti
\()
(luc
Ltsttrl) litnciones \()i(s llclerllillll
(lte
sllis no sc <ltsltrtrllcl. Lll lrr.
(l(
sr.l('ijrlrr(rli en l)lsc 1l
Ptsil)ilicirtclcs
llttlurltlivas
Pcl-o
tilllII)i(ln il llls
rrlt'ntificlciones v 1l.ls
jnterlt((i()nes
c()n tln
()lr() (lue
Pemlite
cL c'jercicio cI:
lirrt ioncs. prrccie cqtte<lltt' rutrlilal(l() si Itlly lfi liisk)a-x) cll
(tlll(ltli!,.-l (k
c.st:l
lr( \ (lilrtcnsi()nes.
l.(t n\ tl.td !.\terttI trrttt 1(iti.d.)' Irt
(ll'pt('skitt
No tllt clucl:t cuc'cl ltctltccittliL'nt() \'ivi(l() il(l(ltliclc sitlllPl( \tl signi-
littior nlercccl ia frtnts clcsrle cl ctal sc cal)(x \'. 1l sll vcz. la littslr
n():Llrgc rx((si\:trIlcnte
I)()r Ptlr.r il<ncr'-r(,n
itltr'.trsrtrtic-r sin" tlrtc lraten
. L()nlIil)u(i(-)n ell l()s disltlls() parentales c(rlscientcs e inc()nscicntcsl
rltris esrccticeIItente, llLs trtntsis inc()nscientes cle los
llaclres
(Heilrun,
l9:6). l)rl)cc:()
(lc
c().ltin(l i<la
1
r'Lreltlr,
(l!'
ilsilil:l( il)
(le
l() c\tern()
P()1
l()
inl('rt() \. clc cruttiltci<in cic l() intern() a l() cxtcln(). l)elo lunqtte la rt:ali
<llttl t'xtcior es tleclilttiz:tcl
lot
la inttrt-trt' c\istcll siILlci(lngs el't tlttc
'tttrc'
ll: rcsrltrr rr.>alrrrllantc,
jrrgentl, tt:t pitttl central
l)rlrll
l1l
(
reaci(in
(lcl senti-
tlit'nlr cle cl:sesretanza e inrP')lcncix. Llts sitttci()ncs
(le
(nretilllicnt()
Pr',
,l, rr tg.r rlo. stlltc tockr en lits tt!P.l:\ tclul)ritnrs <lc I ri<l:
-3unqle
Par
r:rrl,l r( \lrirgi(lits rt stas-, i
Pers(rls
pat()lr->giclts. slitlicas y lirni(lts
(Per-
s()r l)()rl.,r
(
nl(rlls(ldes setiltsc inr'licllntcs. lt contlicitnts cl(.lh.tlld()
rl.,r rL s.rrr.rirtr. rt lrts rtril firrntrs rlcl <lokrr lisico o
lsi<rtito.
se inc(r'P()llIl
ltt ll
rsirrrrsttr,
(()lrr() s('!1liuienk) ile finclo tltte hace scntir a ll person:t
'1
I'.rr.t Lrr,, \,rrr, ,i ,n lL. ,rrrrllrrrl('
(l((('Lrirrnir(r,xrc5 (lc lrs lirxr. ]
(!c
J:r *".*i,t,, .."
(1, 1,, ,t,! rt o|,,, , , L r
( ' , , r . r . ,
j
r 1
( 1
(
rn{ \:i.rrrrr,rs (lt
ctruslrrn-)n. vxc l)io l}lci(hnllrr. l99l
ut- rlf oDriI_o i,toDUl_AR-'t RANSr:()RMA.toNAl, 61
,l(c
n(lx prre<le Itlcer ficnte a la relitlcl. r,ivitlll es cro trltttttclrra
(lli
lrring, 1953). En c()nsecLlencia. crlirlclr.riel es(lLleDrr
]enerati\'o
que tlxtasc cle
, Irr euentl clc Ie <leplrsir-rn <lr.rcclara cateltte clc algr cs!'nciaLl si no se incltt-
rcl;r cl pipel que <lesempel l.l hist()ri1l rcul
(lel
stricto. entenclinckrse por
lrist()riir re2rl t.lnk) k)s su(cs()s qur le ha t()cilcl() vivir c<no los ap()rtcs ex
r(,r-r1()s a iu c()nstrLlc(i(in <lc Iu frintsi inconsciente, c(rrx) p() ejcrnplo I1
lrist(r'ia
(le
Ilrs irlentificaci<nes con ls fintllsrs inc()nscientes
(le
los pi-
, h es.r'
Es
(lign() (e
hrr<er nr>tlrr rr.re lr> cluc el
rsitr>anlilisis
cl-rirr sugicre srrlrrc
l,r inflrrenci clc las cxpcriencilrs trlrrll-ltic!ri cn le genesis cle Ia rleprc:i,'rtt. <n
cspecial las qrrclitlas tcnrlrln.rs. tienclr Lrl respalcliiruport:tntc en l(rs ll.rllxz-
rlos clc llrr>rvn y Hirrris. Est()s irrl(nes. uiilizilnrl() s{fisti(.r(lxs hcrrarientrts cle
.rnlisis c1>icleniola)gic( ). cxaD)itrxr()n l in]p(ntilnciil clc le ptclicla
(ie ()l)iet()
(n
lx g(ncsis cie ilr clepresirin, t.lk) cn lll tenlprnx intinci <r;n< ulterir'
n)rntc
(llr()\\'n.
1991). l)cflncn p('rclirlrt en un senti(l() rLntplio: pi'rclicl:r clt'unu
1x'r'sone,
clc la salud, <lc un iclcal <ucliclo. o la
rentrrlraci<in
clc la exrcctetiva
,uc sc tcnlr solrrc cl gnrclo clc rr rrttrn rrttiso clc uD !!r_Lr'() cr)n rcspect() ll slr-
i(1().
()
in( i(lentcs
(lLle
cursti(arn sl sentilricnt() dc iclenti<llcl
(lel
suiet() {
l)arf.
(rl).
Usk)s cstLr(li()s lllLrcstr.ln rtrc la
Pi'r'clicla
clc llr nrcllc.
rrro
srfrt'e trr{o ll
l.rlt;t <lc ligtrrr sr)ti1ut:l 1r(lccul(llr son VIIjIbll. s it])l)(n-lnfcs cD cr.Lnt() lir
PIetlisPosi<
irin u llt clel>resiirn F:n cu.lrlt() lrl tixr clc t,xLlnlit,v lip() clc clcrre
rrn rcstr[tlrnlc, I]r-()\\'n
]'
[1rais :rtittl1rr't: "f]n
(stc
a()r]te\t() cs intcreslutlt] qLc
lr:rl cierr tridrncirr <r.rc los lipos clc cxJtricrt< ia lerlprril tlc p['r'rlicllr
ruc-
ilcn ttnrr inlllrc-ncie tn lt
.fi'utct
<lc le clcplcsir-rn... l,n clos cstuclios sePltlrrcirs
Llt
rlt<itn{cs
tlcrrcsit<rs. llts {crttp[tnlls c\i)c,ici( i:s clr Illtrtle
(rle
IrgLrr.r
.i
nifirtivl) s('rnc(lr
(lLlc
cstrll)rn es<lcil<llts ctn ttr ctterLo clc <leprcsir'rn
Psicr-rtita )'Icnlprl[)xs
cxpclicn(ils clc scrateciort cort rto tt[tdr'<t cle rleprc-
'i<in
ncrrriticr
, (lig.
-. r'ulsiylr y crrnrillus r cl originul: la lilrsc tnfrc plt-
rDtesis cs aercgch ).
I)lrfrL tclnlinitr csfe arpartit(l() solrrc llr r'elrlitl:rci
y
srr inflttcrtcia cn l:(
(l(pre-
ia)n, hl\,rLrc- Ilrcet n()trr'(lue cl hcrJro cle rrrc en cl
(liaRr1)li
I Ireyu sitlr>
siDtplclrlentc c()l()(lr(Lt
(()ln()
LID sc(1()t Iis olrccler'e cxclusivalll(]ntc x Iiu)it1l-
,ioncs glliliclts. I'irrrr hx(rrlc
(lcl)i(lx
i(sti(ilr
lrl patl <lc h rcili(lx(1. i'sl:r ('r)
t h ilt tttc haltl sick ) ul)ic: r(l.r
( (
nlr( ) un sqgun(l( )
(lirtgrr
n) clcbu
jo
clcl tlirrgntrlt 1 .
L rlricntlo sus
(listin)s
seck)rcs.
)
(\)n(ll('t(llrn(l() (le
runcl- ilrlx)l-tirote :L
('l(llt
Ln() ck elkrs. irtte:rr'tu:n(l() r'()n lls litnl:rsrr c['l siet(), s(r))eli(lirs Is rc
l)rescntJ
ci( nrcs strtgid:rs rlcl interjucgo cnllc rexli(l(l \, 1:rnlsix 1r l.l 1rl(llinriii
tlci
Plrxesr
plll)ari()
_y
(lc
i()s esi.lck)s ellr( )( i( )o.rics
(lrl
sljc).
l+ I).r:r LI rc\isjr-)n
(lr
lir r,)r)rplcJi(lx(l rnrplr(r(l:r
(j
h rt(r,Dslr(1(i dLrr:rtc Il rtr
,r1( nt() rDxli(
() (lr
l()s 'irLrnrir\ inIrrlilc\. \ 1rse lirrrul{cr \' trl()rr I L9ijs)
62
^V^N(:llS
lrN PSICOTliR^PIA PSI(,OANAl,-I ICA
'liuNsFonucloN
:s IiNTRE Los DISTlNros ctRCUrtos
QUIJ
CONDUCEN A LA DEPR!]S1N
A[r)(re se ptLecle Jlcgar u la deplesin ir tr\s de cLullquierr clc l()s cir-
cuit()s nrcnci()n(ks, rle li>rra inclepenclientc, siguicncl() l()s enc.tclenarrricntos
(tc
pl()ces()s propios
(ie
crciu un()
-c()01()
se nlucstrl en el cliag|urra 2 para
la lclack-rn agresiviclar-l, derrcsir-rn-, es posible
(lLe
est()s circLrit()s se xfticu-
len. c<lrr l() ihrstra el cli:rglana 1. l)ebemos <liferen< ilr cl()s r11()(llrli(lades
<lifrentes de articulaci(-)n: l) c(Io una ser'fu contple,rcnlarlI, cuyos c(nl)-
ponenlcri s()l)redetefluinxn lx clepresiiln; es clecir, la rleplesi(rn ctro el rcsul-
tcl< cle Il p.llticipaci(in simult,lnex dc varj()s fact()[esl 1r) c()r1r() rn.l sErie
sL,ct?tl(ktl en I:r crral tn cir(Uit() procltce r()nsc( Lrencits y l
()virttirDk)s (lc-
fi'Dsi\,r>s. qrte, en uD
l)lls()
ultci()r, ictivlrn
()Ir()
cir(ti()
() gr_tp()
(l(,
r'r(Urt()s.
Ir trtc, a srr vez, ltcri\':L at
()tr-()s,
que pttcclen tgtr(xlrtL:lr s()l)le l()s plcccclen-
tcs. I nlL sucesi(-)n
(lc
pils()s y circlit()s
(lrc
finrlulente c()n(hrccn l l.L depre-
sia)n. Ilustreln()s esta sLrccsi(in
(le
eslul)()nes y t(arnsfi)r'rtruck)nL's rrcnci<n:rndo
rrlgtntits poces posil)ilich(les.
lln tr:lst()[n() nrcisislir, y clentr()
(le (lste
el pertencciente al sul)tip() en
rrrt cl t-lenrento centrll rs Ia polrre lcprcscnl.rci)n clel ..,1/:rr
(lue
cle pot s
l):rsl:rriir
l)r'
pr<><ltrcir cleplesion
-el
suiel() sc sirnte no vuliosr>, infi,:'ir'-,
ts rlrrlrlc <1r.rc c()n([Ltzc:t x stit lL tlvs tle rtrrs cir<rrilrs. l)<I cjertrplo,
raIa
int(nf:lr
(()ntrrrrcstrrr
el sufliruient() nxr(isis(r
(l(t() p(r'la polrrc rcplesen
trrcion <lc s, v sin cluc t()(l:l\ a hiy.r cleprcsion, se p()nen erl lnr( ll.r
(lcseos
igr-csi\'os clestinaclrs u cLcsti()n[ lL k)
()tr()s
trentc r los cLlalcs cl sljct() se
sicot(' infeti()r
()
quc tiencn ctnx finLlirlacl intentxr
(l()t.lr
al sujelt> rlc un
s(nlil))i(Dk) cle p()lenciu y rle r':rla l tra\s
(lc
verse colrl() terDirk>
r<>r
los
cle'rr;is
.r))ejor
lral() y
(lrst:.t-ctivo,
es clecir
>ocleroso,
ctre tli'bil c infe-
r()r,-.
('()
l< crll el nr(^ in'icnk) psttrico
raslr
lrh(na a r:rnsclrni, p( lirs
\,ius ctrc lu aglesivicl.rtl inrPr.rlsa, con tocllts hs c()nsecuencilts qLrc ':rt,r r-
l)li(1l.
('ntrc
ellas la cler'csion. co[r() vi1l()s cn cl apartacl() a!]1cs ivida(l/
(le-
l)r-(,si()n.
I)cr() si. u plrtil
(lcl
circuito cle Ia agLesiviclad, sea por
l)t,yc(!i,lt'l
()
lx)r'rcsl)Lresta
rctrliati\,1r en la reelicltl p()t pafte clel ol>jeto exlern() agr-e
rlirLr, st llcgase a .lctiv:r
(l
cilcuit() de les lrngrrstius persecutorias. la llega-
<l.r rr Lr tlt'rrcsirin poclru solrrcvenir por lrrs -rsccrrencias rlue ese tipo rle
,rrrr1rsli:r i(.rrc. O si la lrgresir irl:rcl <l:t Irrgat () l sentif tl r)lLlncl() c(r)l() pe
lr1r,rso sirto i
(ltc
sclL cl sujet() (ltien
s. r( prc'\ente r sr rltisrttr)
(onr()
peli-
!irt,\() \'(Lrriin() p.uu c()n sLs ol)ie)s. al x.ti!'1lrsr cl circuit() cle la cr.rlp:r, con
srrs r.nsr,r'ut rrc ils cle rentrncia o clc ltrttrtcastigo uras()qLista, ent()n(cs s!l'rn
l' \.r\L/1, sll
t)n)pir
l)il(nir grncrirti\':r en rlL,hxt dircN(,s
(lnrinos (uc
corr(h(en
x
(\.r r.t, \, rr.! !)
(1(l
srl l(iurtrli(r.n')n
(()n pr(h(r. rtLr( lrcncn nl rcprL,srnrit(n rnrbirl
lr,lrr,l(.su
!.i/ r ul:r(i,r
(lc
r.r
(jcsrnrxri( (lcs\.rIririr(lir
en cl srieri) p(,r
t).rclrcs t)xrr-
rr(,i.()i. (\tn.rklr,
r,rr r.,,,rr.rti,:r\
'.r(li.fln)
del suf)(r1'('). c(.
,t. Nl()t)tat_r) !()l)u_{t-, RANs,j()l{\l.4cl()NA, r,3
, .r rs lirs vixs
r|ir
ilegiaclas por llrs <1ue se rncaminrr el ptoceso psiqrtrc,r
!r r, r.r lrt clcplcsirn.
lll
(fr()s
t''min()s. algo clue c(mrenz) pol el la(l()
(le
Llna p(r)rc lcPle-
, rr,l( i()n
(lel
sLrjr). al lLrticrlarse (()n l1l .lgl-csivicl:tcl lxrcc ctte el ctttino ltrt-
,
r.r llr tkrtesior: \'r n() selt el rrrc clelillrrlt cle llt prirttera sino clc Is sLr(csr\.rs
,rr, ulrr(i()nr\ rrrc le lrg:csivilucl
rtrrlicllt
ir cstl)lt(icD(lo
-tilguuli
()l)lig-
II (\rl ()tf()s ((
)lnl)()nent( s. l()s \luc I.lrlln''!,)
(\r\ln
\i'rrr,
I ri
,l1l)( )ncntcs
, ,liglrrkrs, uni\'crsles. cn )al():.Lrjc). I)(
()tr1l
pxltc. un trllst()llt() lrrul\i\t-l
,
rr t l sulrtipo p(r)rc represcnt.icion cl<'1 .szl pLrcclc inciclir en llt
rloclttcci<-rn
<lc
'
, li( il
)1)ic()ri.
los rtrc como scill;lnx)s lntes inicilln una \'r p[()l)ix liircill el
, ntirienl()
(l(j
i:Drotencilt 1, tlest's rr: te n za
(ltlc
se rlnilicst c()m() clel)rcsia)n.
'Iinetrrs
<>lrr clc ks serfotcs clgl cliagrrrult l. el r'ortcsltxttlicnle lt lrt
,,l, nlili(J(i()r)r crllt(l() 'stil li(trL ltgirlrrtt patlrcs un
(lLicrcs (l()luioll
cl srrr-
rrrr('nt() (lc
irttr<*cnria. clkr
ltttttlc
Ill((t sentil :ll srli({()
(lLlc
l()(i()s:'(,rt rll.i5
l,nltlosos
rrrc 1, llcrrinclolc :l tcnr(r 1r llts figtrllrs e\l('nlrts. al r-cnLrrt!l.ll it
, ,,nrl)ctt. n()
lnr
ns(xlLisnl() 1]l()[ll sir]() p()r llngLlslirr:
l)cr-sccLr)fias.
sc c
L\,1 crlton(es rl .ircLlil() rle
('stas.
<rrc
I)Lreclc
c()n(lLl(ir x l:l
(lcprcsi(-)n (cli
'ir.rrtte.3).
lrllt,^t,)tt \i())t-r) \t()t)t, \tr t',..1R,1r tlir
r(,\ r)r r(rr,r,r)\t.\tt,s
N() o()s irtl(t('sir
(lglcllrr-n()s rttlis tn ccr:cr t()(l()s l()s s(ck)res cltl rttoclc-
l,, nr()(lularr'(luc
l)tcscnlllnr()s I)11r
l()s lrllsl()t11()s clcptt'sivos nl LLs rnltiplcs in
r( rr(lirci()nes
(,ntrc
k)(l()s clkrs. l,o <lrtc
(ltercill()s
resill:lr. s()l)rc t()(l(). cs l.r
r ('DtlLje
cle c( )ncrptl 1l lizlu-
(lr
est( ()(l() ls fuetzas
(luc
1l(I(rn cn la g('nesis
\ liLnlenit)icDt() cle ls clclr'csirrrtcs. \'
(lrc
Pcrnriln
cr)lcn(ltr l:ts rtlrsrrt.r.
, ll lanl]in()s
(lc
l)r()((j
()s.
n()
(lc (itl(g()ris
cstn(irs.
I)()sil)ilitltn(11) Prnelr';rr
(D
r tltscr-i1rcr<'rn
(lr
ca)rlt() se
ll.lslr
(lc
Lrl cstir(l() il
(fr().
cl< lrts ttztnes clinrirrri<lts
,I r'sls tr'r'tsti ttrrl( i()ncs,
(le
l()s (ir(Lik)s (ltc
sc xrti((rlrr
ratl
llcgat lt llts
nrlsrnrLs,
) l)r
.().&r1, t c/t el
l)ta,ratllc.lll
nupe gcnc|al cle llts clcPr'ttr,
'n,.'t
((lrJgl'rnar
l) 11() sc
(lcl)c
enten(ler ex( ltrsivlllttcntc cn un clirtrcnsir-tt ltisti-i
,,r Iriognilica. (s (lc(
il'. c()nl()
(
il-crii()r.i
(Lrre
sg firclr'r
('nca(lcn.r
n(l( ) cn cl
l)l-
'.rtlo.
sit tiu))l)ia'n. y esrncilllorcte. rrtxr rle'st'r-ilric':rl()
l)r'(\'cs()s
lcl///'.
,lr
l))ttiicnc'n lls t ottclici<nt s gct)cr.lLl, rf-l\ tlc rlcrtcst, ,t't l.\t.l rL\l11
(lL-
trr-)
, oIltirIU()
l)f()(cs()
(l( (()nslaL((i()r'ti
Ilr
r<'r'sone
n() s()lr s<'lrP(scrtlr .r \i uris
rlr
((rtt()
ilrtlx)t(ntr p()r
(trsl (lc
Lrnat rcprcstrrl.rc it'rt t <lcl
resarlo
c,rt-tt.It'lacl
(
n rl psi(lLli5rro
-str
es un.r
l)l
(-.
sin()
(luc
lus tcgllrs b:tr lits ruc lttn-
, rr)nx su psi(luisn)() le
(()n(lL(cn.
una
)
()lril
vcz. it la [cpr(x[ctir-n clcl scnti
rllit'ntr clc inrPrxcntia
y
clcsrsPeIl ] zar.
Un urorlclr gencul clc krs trlrrlos rlcpresi\'()s cn lr))inos de afii(Llli(i(in
,
1.' clrcuitu)s ;r\ r(li. ar nucshl)
ittici(
). i enten(lct l()s nle(.rtis))()s qtre stllrt'ltcetl
.r lo ttr( rlc
()lIll
lIiitrfa 1rl)rc(L'r'ii sitnl)lenl(nlc c(nll() r'llt(g(ials
(l('tlnll
ti
l)l
AVAN(.1:S
LN P\l(,() l.l:RAl'^ psl.oANA.-t
I(.A
-\()n(lt en firnr.ir'n
<lc llrs cir
(rcn:,,i,,n
rl,\ a.,.*,,,n..'i,,r.',:J,ljlllil;l,ll;li,l'l;',i:lTllilH,:lli,l
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l.rt.(1
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\,,n (.11,.(.(\
rl,
;lativll_
llgllr()s ile krs cirr.lios rtrc en cl a.,ua,u"
rra,r.rri,,,l,r.,rn,l,,aa, ,, .,
<leprcsitin.
Igulrlnrentc.
si l:L fur
c<,nir,ui*
i,, gr.,".i.,r..
r,',il]:'l;:,:,:]
;:llll"i,,,:::l.l lll:,lll::,1,j:,iTi:ll
t](rs clLre vrrruos
tl(scrilricrtl<;
No ltasrrr efir.rlar tuc l l.uDilia o Ilrs crrncliciones
cle vjrll sr <.atltr-es clt,
lr<tlrrr.ir
tlcl.lcsir-n
Haa,,l,, ,')a,..,.,,,1,r',,1,r,,,
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l-_st() ,,'igili.li
i,,.:.,,'
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r irl:rtl. llr r.trll.. la engtrstilt
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l>rcri,rri,,l,,,tat p.,,.,,,,,i.;,tt()
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< tt I )tt<'lo
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tlt,scrilritr
le intr.ovccr
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r't' l-'L l'ttl|t
(rrn,stls lll!nslllcs
. rlrr.rlrilrz-tll.
'.
lr.rlrl.t ltl"rzr'l'r
't"
iit"'''
(rlrl'ltli(l n\\(''i(l
''l
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'lt
;,:.,1;.,1 ..t::'.
'.
i,,,i,.,
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\(/ rlrr( \.
|'r'h'
rrt'rltzr'
,rigr,""tt.f"
l.ts rllccs illlolilcs
'l(
\Lr Irlrt\(
x
lLrL\lllr
r' lu lir! l:l(lilrlc
(rnll.l'l71tr 1t
lLccrclLltc
lll \ llrricsl_llr\t
il t(]n(-l Lll1l rr':llt'' ir' tl:is c()nfli(ti\'
\
'r\Llli\'l
't
1\',AN(.:S t:N lJ!t(.(tl llRApt^
pst(.t),rNAL.t.t(.A
( ()r),))iu().
)ltiil slt srr-pfcsa. plt(s nLln(.ir hltia tcnitlo le ntenor esperanzl. en
(\)tt() (luc
n() er:l t.rn
(l(,l)il
c iotp()tcltc
-(,n
sus p:rlal)rxs. .rrna
pecue:r lral_
srt t'rr tncclio rlt, l:rs ol:rs,
l:sl()s (as()s (lini(()s
nlLl(,\t(rn. ll ntcstr() tntenrlel.. (t-)tn()
tcstlta in(lis
l>r'rs.rlrlc
<lisp<nc-
(lc
ull rr()(lql()
rsict)at.l<'xai(r)
(l.e
c\pli(lu( l()s ruriltil)l( s
(.Dlirr)s
p(r'l()s r'Ullcs se puc(l( llcgtrr.u los tlifi,r.cntcs sLl)til)os cic clcprcsiOn.
l)r.'to. lr<lcnris.
\,.,:,tc es el esrecto soltr.e el
(luc
p()ntnx)s
ftxlo nirestrr etnftt
sis. srlo elt le tctlicla cn
(lLlc
rrtiliccnl()s ntrxlells <lc intcrr.(,n(-i()n qLc seirn
r''Pc, llcrs c firnr'irin rlc lrr <rrnligut.ith
l)s
i(! )pllt( )l(-)gicu scr:i titctilrlc rrn:r
l,\r\
, ,t( t.lPt.l r.lr, r,,ntr. r n,! r.lrf,'n(,t\k.t
CAPTULO II
EL MASOQUISMO
;C(inr()
cs posilrh: trte rtcrtcllo trtc resLlltll
(l()loros()
-lisic:l
o psit'olrigi
cllllI:'nlc-. cLtt plo<ltlt:e lruritillltci<irr. ctte prilll <lc slttisfltcc'to:l
se;r l)Ltsccl(
lctivrl rll( lltc
Ixn-Ltnll l)crs(xl )
cn( tlcrlll-e en cl slr liitticl'ttt ple(islllllentc lt
t'ttlslt tltl pllrct r'l t:'ttlr
(:
lil gr-'l11
l)l(g(lnt1l
s!ll)\rlccllt('l inlercs
tlt Frtltcl
(190,
l9l. l9l9lr. lgllrr)
Pt
el lttlt;t
(lt:l
llls(xltisl)l()' v la rLtc st lontlttlrtn
Irxkrs ]rs LtI<-cs
(lLlt] st l)an octtt.ttir tlcl
')lisllr()'
I:l nlas()(lLlisll)()' en sLl sen-
ti(l() lrris cstrict(). \'
c()ll1()
l)rinlcl.
aproxitnacit-tn
PLle(lt
scr
(-11( terizlt(k)
c<tttv l'.t btistltterll
(()lls(ictltc
\'
()
in'()nscicotc
tle srttiinliellttl fisict < ntcn-
tll, <1,.'rttrl,lcrjtriiio..tr.rtrxllstigrr
():lLlrPri\'(i')n
l)(lr(ltlc
esr:
(-()n(ii(-i()tl{s
son r.,xlilir.trcls
-r,l
srrjrro lcs
()l()r!ll tltl sigllifitltcllr-
dc llliluctl llll
(ltlc. ljn
1 jr,'cl.
gcncllln
rl,ttcr.
lil clislllrcer cs llt ulrlicil-lt tl instrtll)(]nt()
Pllril
ll olrtcnciirir cle placct ,,.,..,. ,,,,,r,1r.,.
P()
Lln
(ircLit() c( )lllplicil
(l() cs llr rtte I)
nlrllt)rtlt(j sc l()grx. F-:'t() ll()s \'3 in(li(1ln(l() r'e <tte cl llllls(xlLtis11()
n() cs(aP'l
k)lirlnrcrll(
(lc
k)
(luc (tl
I)si(r)llniilisis
(\)ll()('cttl()s t'<tt\\<) ptittcPi) tlcl
ltlttcc'r'
l)(r'lr)
l))('t)()s tlt rrl .le .r.rs locl: tlitllt tlcs llltit lll ttrltl se lrrtll i llt tttt ts-
i"lrl.c.,u. lo <1r.tc gtria cl tllclt(l(tlillllicnto
tlc los
lrtxt'sos rsitrritos
es Lt
lrscLrttllr tlcl
tLer:.
l)1)r l()
(ltlc
s(l c\'llllen n()s scl-\'ir' c(nrl() illlt(xltl(
('i(-)n
lL
ln:t ctrcsliirtt citrc lo <lcslxrltl:i, la tlc krs
Ttoccsos
(lispllceDlet(): l ls firrs
c1.:
",tg,,.ti,,
(luc
si cstlin nuis all<i lL'l
pt
irtt:iPtu) ('l
lld(:o
cs
(l!'(ir' l
Pr'()l)lc-
o)lili!
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!icrrtl .rlllo crl l()](l c()11 tItt'rtlr'iirI
(l(le il('\'x esti
(len('rrrirrrt\l')n
a,, ,,,a ,'l clisrlltr'et'r'lt
n()
(s
L1 iDslr!llll('nk)
plllil l; rlltcncitln r'lc
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sintr
lLlgO rtrc sc l1'pitc, irrsistcnl(]lrltnt('.
sill
(ltlc
lling!n
'L()t'l
<le p)acer sc pro-
.l,ira".'t.,r',"
llucnrc,
e'l ,:ltl nrastxrtisttxr.
(lLle
il()s
l)cr,r1itilli
c()llll-lIst:lrl()
con
ecrrcilrts conrlicitrncs
(n (lllc
cl sttflirrrienl< no
I)(l('(lc
cxPli(ls(
sinlplcolentc
lrtro llt iitr.rl]Lrl,.t
lllal(..f [)xIll
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l):l11l
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,r,,,,,,urr',la,rr",,t.l
(()ll)() si ficri llt tinicrt c'llLtslt
(lLlc sll)) il(L- lt la:tt'tgitstia tle
lus olrscsknts,:L
1a lti,lortlclr. .tl srttiluicnro llclrtnctilir'r
r I:Ls
l'csa<lills
clr
lrcrse'c
rtcit-rn.
llor
titlrt:tlgunos ejetttllkrs'
'st-i
cs Ltn,t .entr',ll
lltrlt
"l
llsito:lnlilisis
t ttt'" tllrs olrligll e lttl':nll-lttt'llrs en
cl tc'r'itLrio ck'lrr t1r.tt cstii ntlis rtlLli ttel cl!sto
('l (t:ll (r)n
tr)(l'r l'l iolP(1xn
.,,, ,,," l. ,.a,rr,r.-.'rr,,,
-sill
(l (l(\Lt)
ilriLll l)llrl('(l(l
inc(ls(i(-l)lr
ll()s l(]s!l
tiir'rr ir)c\1)licl)lc-.
sirl cnll)arg() r.lci:l r-tn tllltrgcn
n.fi!atd tL'se()' sin cl
8J
AVA\(.trS tlN
p.()-f
IitrAplA
pst(1)ANAI_i
f l(.A
ti r_ Nt AsoQu tsMo
(lLt (u.rl(l(licr
t(xl() ott() tcr].ik)lio (lcl
itr(\n]s(.i(nt!, rcsultxr.11
tilntl)ln inexpli-
r'rLl)l(, Estc
/i/(,lzl
.lt,l dt-sttt es cl
(Jrc
cxigit.ti r (,\in)en
tlelllLrIr !rn.i vcz (luc
IIrr'llos rcvisrrclr
el tlc,ttt lel dLtt <)ue iDrrrrlsu
y
s()sticnc
los Icn<inrem_,s
l)txs{ xluistats.
Alxr<:ilclonos
\'11 l Lt ttlcll clc tlcst.rnsllrrir.
lx cllteg()1.x <le ntasurtrrslltr ,,
(l)lstarrnI()s
rtre lrej. esre tnuin() cn l:L litcriltLl-x s,lxe cl reru \t rrLr .,r
rlrs ctrrliciones nttr rlili-rtntes: /)
(.t).tn(k)
k tlUe.e l)Lrscl it Ilitva,s del sr-
liinticnt<> cs c] plccr (lirc(.t().
c()llt() sc vc t,n el lltsoctrisnto se)irrltl,
()
cn
(,1
c:rso tlcl ntasrxLris,n() nur(.isistl
cn <uc cl sLttiiltlirnk; ()t()rg.r
rrntr iclentirltrtl
l)11.rnterlt.
.Si
sLrfi. y Ir t.ler. .i
rt,ht.. cl pltr<.,r.. si r.lrstig,, .ti cilmc, sl ,]e
(\l)()ng():ll
retucli<r
<lt lrs cicllti. \, nt(.
(lesJ)r(,(1(.Ltl)(
tlrl lliisl]lo. ctli()D(.1,s.
sov clili,cnte
)
rnc
(lrL,kxLrs jos
rlcIls,,. e, rk,c.ir,
tllrrur.
n:trclsistili ,)
ctrrrrrlo I;r nrtte no es Jlr lrirsctrecie
clc <lisrl;rccr sir.ro logr:1r.. nrcriiantc cl strlri
,.ient(),
cl escaper.cle Un srtiiltient.
nrx\,(.. Cill(,'oriit est rilliln.
(lenll.() (l(,
L t Lal sc ltelllr lo <uc flcr(l (iennrin-f.r
nt.l\!^lui\rn() l()r.ll
l)()r
s(,ntinli(nt()
rli.t'ttlr:rlrilirl.rtl:
ilnt(,() ilts()p()rtiLl)lc
tle lrr <.rrlP s(.i!)1(ulil
tttitig.rIl:r t,.,clilrD
tt'l:r lrirsrrrr-cle (lc (.isli1l()
1..ll
rc,trn.ilr lrl
rllrr.t,r.
l.ista ,a.gl.,n,1,,
".."ra.,,,..n .l ,s. I.rlritr-'rl (lel
tr,lino lr.rs(xlris11t{).lrliga
rr una arrrl.riieci,rn rle, la r.rac
tr. r'izrrcion (irre
llicilllos ntis rrilte. vtr crrr ltr nt( f i\.it(.i(-)ll irrt irutLrlsa llr ltirs
rrrrtLr
rrr tir. tlel clistle<cr prxlri s<,r rilnk) cl I()gr() clcl
tl:tccr.rlir-c_t.t.
r..r.<r lrr
rltsrirrrr<iort
dr Ln trf)() especlicrr <lt.tlislrllrtcr (lrc
rl srlict() l.:l)c ltLrn l)irs.
l)()r lu( \lr;r
l)ltflL-.
si I)rr.l a()nscr\i,1)r)s
cste :rnr>iiftrrl
(lel
I(t.))irrr) i.lsrnlLli
r))(), l() l) r(enl()( excltrsivltnrcnlc
lil cL: no ilplrr-liifn()s clel lcnguajr rrrrrrlr.tr
litir..
ltsiir'rnlilisis.
.rlt(lL(,s:rlricnck
clt I:r nc<csiclti ck: clil,.it.tnc.r cl.-
rrrr.nlr. l:rs <llrs rtclicionts rent.ion:rrl,rs
Ilr (r)ttl)r(.nsi(ln
<lcl tttlrs<xrisnto Irlt evo[t.irlrrir
n()litir(,rtcnt(. (l(,s(le
(,]
ltl( )nlr'! ) L.n
(lLtc
sc enl(,n(l11 cxclLsj\ llr)lcntc (.()lll()
rlt,rir.eci.
t,D
ltriDtcr
Irrgltr,
rlt lrrs
ltrrlsiont,s
scxrlrk,s. htrst:r l :rttrrali<llrci. cn c1r.re Jrel. un intc,'s crcr.rentr^
s,lrr'tl
Pllrt'l
(lLe
cicr'tas sittirci()nes
inter-r,:rs,r,.rri.'s
traL,liticas licncn s(r)r(
r'l suto. <tricn.
l)allll
ll(litl)t:tfsc 1l cllll5.
()
l)ln-:l
((nttr.lareslarllts.
necastla tl.lln\
lrrr'rrrI l(l tkrloso (n
l)li!.(.ntcr()
()
l)i)sL.itr lt(ti\.lntrnlc rl
(lisl)liL.cl.p()[
lenl(r.
.r
(la( (.\t(,.t.U,,lr
tlt,llit.cril s()il)r(si\it.
[,.s l.tr.c.s trrc t,tirtizrtr.t el cal(1ct
st rr:rl rlt,l tlls(xlLisr]x)
I(),lltn util <lc ilts lnclts lcUriitut,rs pllli la ((nltln_cn
srr!r tlL
lrrI
rlUi sc lusca I() (lisl)l1t(.(
1]i(,r.()
-lll
(l(,
11iqtrl tt tut titio lFt,,,Lt<l.
l()l')l))
.
(n (Jll(,cl
nlts(xlLlisnt() cs
I)(n-lit
grlill(11(.itin
scxtlrl ([ue
pl-()(lu(.c.
lstrr'rrrk.srltrllrrriciiostlrrlra)oslulrLl,-.lltlrl,.,s:
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, r'l
(
l9-l{r) \. lul)l)iL.i(itt.
sit()i1d.l,L
t,NIst11( I92()) lllt l:r
triDtcr.:r r,,rtr,,l.
JIria
ttlht th,l
l)nlkl)()
(l pl (u..
l-rcrcl Dttrstre cn cl
jLrcgo
crrr: un nio ltlrliz;t
( rrt r'r'1Lrrrr(',lr( (()rl
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ill-r-('tc
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t,rrl,r
.
,rrr.
lrrr.rliJttr,t.st
tr-()r.crlirrrit,nr
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lil
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r:rrlrr,sr- ltlcjtr)rtr sin ttrt,l
Plrlitl
lrr.cl t_tttcllr p.u..t irnrr_
ilir1. lqrr.rl t rrlrL.rr ir. -rrr('.k)
(rc
cr.rxtirin (rL,
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lrlr ltrl .r l.r |r,rr'Irr ir'rrI Dc-tt:rl (lc (.irl.lils
sitLaci()ncs
fu.1lLln)i-lliclls (lLtc
l)
Ic(eliit rll.is olrio qrrc el sujct() lt.ltlrse clc olr.iclltr
l)ero
(lue sin erttl)irrgo rc-
.rrtrtlrr Lrna v
(fl-
\'cz El sujer lepltr lo cuc srrliir-r pitsi\'lu't)rrnrc pala eckrririr
rrn rl<rinio srlre l() lftlLrliitic()
() pillri anticipst lt su rrtuencia.
lls:t linc-e cle corllpfrnclcr por <u se lrusce kr clistlaterrlcr() tiuDe !(,nli-
nui(llr(l cn la ohlrr iicucli:ur \'r'Lclve a str ltrlieuclu en ljlliiblciu, stttt)llu
.j'
lttllt!5lltt. tr':tllaj() cn el cttc sr <ltitt'rn.r.r crlrt'(' .llrrr\tr.l .lLll,,t,r.ltr!'.1 lil
(lLl(
srr
r'c(l r'rin(l() cl stjel( ) as s(l)l-ct](lirir
rrir'
trntr sittrlcir-rn <rrr' clcslr()rda sLs
I)r)-
sililirllilcs lriolrigitrrs y,o
Jrsicolr-rgicas
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iingusti.r sci cl sLicl() sc llnlicil)lr Drcnl.llnrcntc ir l()
(luc
trrcliell
scr la rc
r'rticla cr llt sitL:l(irir1 trxul)liiti(ll. lt
(()n\'()c
lcr'<l
clc Lrnlt tttlrn(l1t graclLIr<ltr.
(J
\e:l (lu(.
l)()r
el
((,lu()r
iL
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lllg() \'Llcl!i\ lr :()rltrrntltr ill \ui(,t(). stt. tnrls-
(icttc)rntc.
lrit:D(l()
(lr
1t(lclirnlfsr. lcjos rlt cr'rtar l<xlo trrtlrclo <tr kr rlis
l)llr(cnlcr().
salc lr llr l>tisrrrtrllr cle
('stc
reIlr
iIll('lllilr
(l()lllinl().
A ntcstl() nr()(l()
(lr
vcr'. scguir rcl)iticl)(l() c(rnr() Lini(.1 cxrli<trcir-rn rlcl rne-
s(xlLrisnl() Lril
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scxrrrl v lilniltrtsc
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.\
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(
fi'cu(l l()J[r) irrrlirtr lrc[11>
tltt rn.r linelt
lrruilrl.
Lr rtt(rncnl()
(lc
l r,lirlx lrr'ir'rn firrrlilur:r.
l)il-
(()ngt]lr
v
rc(lrair cn csc llr(rn(r'11() llr
rrohlcllitir'lr
lttrclrr rrr:is irttotttrtttc
(lLc ((tstitLl.l
cl <cn1ro clt'le olrnr .t prtr'tir c[, I <ltlrclrr clrl, los vcinte: rrirrro cl
nsr(lLrtrn,'
irli)rtl] Lrr:r iutgLrsti
(lLrc
to cs s<ilo.ruscnr'itt <lt gr:rlifir'lrci<in rlc ltt
trrlsir'rn
sr'
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(lt)(
illllctltrilt] \r inl(,gri(lit(1.
l\
()lri
l)xrtc.
t,l rrllrsrxtrisnt,r no
rLrtclt
rlt'srirr'rrllust,(l(,1 slt(lisnl()
(
lllltrtr.
l99lr
(;r'ossnrn,
l9()li I;rg1r(lrc. l9(f): Lcrin. 1990r Siks. l99lr Stoltrrr,
l9-5) no stilo
'rorrlr<'t'l l)Llc(,r's(, l)Lr('(l:l
(r)tctrr (lu11)l(
l :rctucion u.t:rr
tuistrr
rrI
l irlcntitl<:rtir-rrr
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l:r
ta|t,jtr
srirlicrr
-ricrrLrs
nlils(xlri\f.\ milin li sr)ris. Lr t,ttlirli

t,l
rlrrrcr
clel s:i<lirrr
'.
rsirrnurlos
con el olrjeto. se irlt,rtilictut ctr i,slr,ttl1is
(lU( (\nt I()
(lLlc
lcs
l)irsil
lt cllos Dtis
rr]()s
,
()
lrrcrrt
Ilr osr'ilr'ir-r
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Llrt nrisnl() sLticl() entl-c le trrkrr<ion tle lrne
Ix)sici(-)rt
nrlls(xluistlt t rrnlr slltlir' sclr ti-t<-tr.ttc
-lirz:uttL
lt sLt
l)atr!l.l
.r
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ttrc lrnrllts
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()
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'
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n()
l)\re(lcr)
s(,r'lr)l()-.1(lis. silt()
rortrru
cl sLi({() c\l)Lrirucntit. r'Llrrcl< es a,l nlislr() <uien sc inlligc cl
(1tstS().
r'l
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ck :tgrcclir gocc sliclirrr
()nlnil)()lrntc
rIl srrrcrrr' jrrtlo
al
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rrlrs()(lLristl ck'srnlirs<'<ltsliglrckr
r,rr
rrn pctsolltjc
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r.,nr'lLft'te<k clt csc
rl)cr\,1'r. llstx rnrplcitllrcl tle:l li.n<lnrcrr r.s lo <1trc st lltlr rl,-
(.rl)lur.r
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5i (ltcrrrlx)s
ul)('r'i' Lnil ncl rlcscrilrr'irl li,r'tortrtnologir:r (lcl
t))il5(
{lLisll() \
l)cnctr'arr
cr) Ilrs rarz(ntrs <rre kr irurrrlsrtn,
(lcl)c!rll)()s
tcnef
(r)
cuc)
tl t ur'tl r's el tiro dc plat'tr lruscrrrlr 1r llr\a,s
(.1
slrlrinritr-lto o tlcl clisrLrccr'
st AvAN(.1 S t.N l,Sl(l()'l l:RAl'1.1 Plil(()Ai\AI-l'l l(-A
lil, fAs()QUlsM() i5
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srrjr't, rrl clispl:rccr EI clilslrttn-i illtsr los
(hsli1)s
stll)t)()s
(le
c(nl(lici(nles
(lr'\ir) gcn(]ran(kr flrntlsis Y C()n(lLlctlls D)ls(xlLlistas.
)'(ltl('alulllizil[(n]()s
ll
( r )rrlit)L:L'ir ),'1.
1. .1 l.ts(n
I
t ! is ulo t t t r(: s isl(t
Iil strfiiuiento. la priracir-rn clL'l)lllacles
(lt (lifi'rcrltc
tiP(). lil t()lclil-l(i1l
irr)lL'rl cl{)l()r. el esl()iLi\nr(), los:tclrs tlt sar'rilici<.
I)Llc(lcn
scrvil
l)ltl1l
lcxn
zlI u-tlr irlenticilcl
(ltlc
])crtl)itil
ll l
l)crs(r-lil
I e
l)l
escntll l'sc c()lIl() \tll)tj()r 1l ls
(lL'rllis.
srlt isi;tcien(l( ) ltsi
(lcs(()s
nxrcisislirs clc t'xrt'r,.ionltliclltcl. tle grltntliosi-
Ll.rtl.r F)l <lisplaccr cs urlilicltck cottto
ltlttclr:L
tlc Irt cxcclttoneI
(:lli(lil(i
ll(r
Ilrirlil
(lue
sc tenchie
(n (tlllrll()
e fitaicz:r i:irlt <,lllcnt1, o:r l.t ti<lt'li<llrcl :r
(ic.tlrs
c()nlicci(es iclcrtlizlclas. Plrtkin
(1980)
lrlllii <lei scl'ltilllicnl( )
(lc
'sLl-
l)(
ri()ri([:(l ticl,,qlte l(ilnzn cielts
lersol-taliclltclcs
1)lts(xlLlisl1ls. l:s lo cttc
\(r))()s e1 1l(ltell()s qtle crcaln situllci(n]cs en
(lLlc
s()n [tcl]1171Ll()s r llrtllrille-
tlor. ltrsclnck cle mncr pr()\'(xrlti\ ll rtn:t rlrlginltli<lacl <ttc Ies ll,tg-t t,-'nlit'
t slrcr'ilr]t's. I n cjctttrlo
(le
estll
('(n](li(
i(ill
('r
el
(lLlt
n()s lll()slllll)il tlll
l)-
(
r('Dlrt. iD\('stigral()r tr) c')
(lrrlll)() clc llts cictlr'i;ts lsices, <ltticlt
I)ill:
\('lll (lLl(]
.'l r'lr <rrtl<.r krs rttrrLckrs
(l(
irl!estig(l()r cttt r.t' hltlrlt lirrtr:tckr tn sr.l illi-ltt
(
r.l y-, iclealcs tip() \lrtrie
(,ttric-
tc,.'ll.tz:tll:l t(r(l iiYll(l cc()lla)ltllL.L.
(i
'lrli.
lll.rllUllrr)te. \'i\11 tn a()n(li(i()ttes p[c(tLl-ills
]'ltrrxstrl)
al st csP()s.t.l Llnll \'i(t
rL slrcrilicios. Es.ls
l)r'i!.tcionrs
c()nstittran
pallt l Ia ptr.ttlrit clc clut verclarlc-
r:lnr('rle crll tlD ilrvcstigll(l( )1 . lc stl'r'ltt't
PlLlll
()t()rglse
rtltlL i(lenticlltcl cr.te tli:
lr)-lirlu conscgrtir r lrlrt,.:s cle
(lcscLll)lilllienl()\
tttt
jarll:is tcltlizltllrt A ,altrt
(le
lr:rlllrzgos cicntific<)s.
(lL(
sc le ll()strul)xn cs(lLi\()s. st xlelll)11 1l tlnll \i(ll llli-
\L'rirl)lc
l)ucs
,s
cs c()Dt() l()(l()s l()s geni()s tlc l ciclcie lulllrn ririr.I( 5t c
iist(n(i.l ill rl)iin(l()r-r() tl,rl sulrinrienl() cstiLl)aL
(l(.tcrlllinat(le
Jlor<r.tc
sln \tu c
l( (lrail que llirlrcr te:'ignrt,.lo lr !c$e sinll)let]lcnte c()lll() Lna pers()r.l lu.i\. \ill
nil]grin Lasgo clue le pcrruilie{e lcanzr cl scntinrient() clc e\ccP( i(milli(l(l
rlt'st,rkr. Crlro clict Anzicit
(196u).
tlt cst()s cltsos ha1'gltlrificltcin. clirilti-
zrr. ior clel sct iLrfrielttc
\() sisnrl)l-c rcstltrr Ili,.il tlazr h linert
(livis()rill
cntre cl o)as(rllrisrll(, I1-tr
(r
isl.r \
('l sa,-rificjo, cl cslirsrzo o ll rtnrlntir rtte iurplican llr clettl'sa cic
rrnr, irltlrlts
()
rlLrt \()n r(ltr(ri(l()s
l)irril
lll
()lfel(,()'l (lc
cierllts l)lc{s l..l
(li
l( r|ll( l.r
\('l)lrslt
.'rr rlttr',
(n (l
lr)lts(xltlislll() n.lr(i\istx. el sLllfinlient() \'e1 L
l,)\.r( rlr( l() son llt
1rr'ttcltlr-
(rn gcst().
(iLc
l:t
I)('rs()nll
sc()tlcce:tri lttL.tlt.l t r
I lrLr
('lt^.Lul,r'(\ (trL(
r(.lctcrrr(rrle lr.rrr r'ttrrrrLtk r'L estLrtlrr, rlc'ltr rtl1r(x
(linxrrrnir
,'\,:r,.rrr, r'rr( f.tirtrri\r() \ n:rrrl5isrrn) irr(rr(x)nirrtrrr^
(.1),J.ix1tnll r
(l(x)l)cr
t 19ris,.
(lLri(rr
r, .,,,,1'.r' r, r,l ,n,s
(,,rrr, .r11]ll)rc rnlrt[r/r(lx\. li.rt.Ir :cnrrl rlLrc l()s 1r(rncn(^ in:rs(,
rLLr'r.r. rrl,rf.rs,l, \(\lir 1{,rn,r\ p:rnl,-)gi.xs. c(rrslrll\cn
l-'rle
(lel Lleslrrr(rl) r)rrrrirl Eslx
(li
I
(
.
r , r ) , | . , r r r r (
rrr.rv
(IL \rr,, r!rn.rl \
l)rl()k)gi(()
L\ IiLrlrrn s(reni(ltr
P()r
Krmlx'rr(l()sS)
krs clcus cle su grancliosiclucl. constitrrr,'enclc instflrmcnk)s inrlispensables
para olrtener LrD cirt1l i(lenti(h(I. lln canrbio, en el sacrifici() o cn cl esfirer-
zo no patc)lr-rgitos. el suflirnicntr. pr>t rs inrportltntr que sea. n() es l)Lsc
(l()
cn s risr))() sjn()
(lLre
c(mstirLrve cl pt((
j() (llre
l1t pcrs()lrl se r e olrligcl lt
Il.(gaif.
niirV ir
lr(s:t[
\(\'(), plr[ xla:riz:r'krs olrjetiros
(ite
Ie s(n] illrPa)rr.lnes.
L() nlrri()r llucsttlt qLre
1.)or'rrreclio
rlc l:t <ontlur'l c\ternll n() sc
rtrccle
iLrzgr
si
(icrts
ll((i(-res s{)r't
()
o() s()n exprrsi(irl
(le
ltlrts(xluisnl(). \I1,, ,lLrc
ell< clcPcnclcr:i clel sigrrificeckr tlrrc cL slro ifi< io tengu cn l:l flntasx. lil suPr.res-
tarnrentt rttiis
l)rr1)
ilrll()r parcnlxl.
()
llr lLlllistri l)ltrenl( lllcntr
(lesintefcsxcl. ()
Lr generosiclerl. ()
l lrLlt()linril( i(in en cl
rleccr.
o cl s<riflcir> r'cl cslirerz() en la
uilitllncilL rle t u.rltuicl til-ro s()ciir). r(ligi()sn. polftica, r'icntfica- pLc(lcn [e
|ellrrsc ('())()
ltliuifi'stir(i()n r['rttrrsrttrisnto ntr(isist;r LLrin(k) ]t() fcsull!n in
r,lispt'ns:tlrlcs
xtta
l bierrest:rl ricl
()tr() r) pir'.( tl(lrnr:ir Iirs itctls
i)1)i)tiesils.
\'
I)efsigtr('n.
(11 (rlll)i().
pf()\'eer rr l.t
rcr':or'Lt
cle tttrt iclcrrticILr-l iclealizltrllt. l-]s
nrtr' rlifi'tentr'
(lue
rn r)Iil(llc
Jr;rclr<.st,srcrilirrrt lxrl
l:r lurniliu p()r(lLrli sc
sicnlc i(l('r'rtill(11(lll 1)
(r)n
llrs 'lcccsirllr<lcs cle los clrruhs
(lLl(
si l() ltir(c p(n(luc
ilsi se lrLt()c()nt( D)l)lil c()nr() resp( )n(licn(l( ) un selicleel. ll nlucisistr nr:(!-sit.l
vcls(. v
(luc
Ir rcun, clcserrrcar r'l rl cle Irucn
r:rrlre.
rrnigo. nilitlrnte. cs
rr'itu 'rirtcloso. l)t:rsl)n
c(nrl)r(nt)r'lir.ilr o crn scrsihiliil:cl slr.ial. I-a vicl lro
lrenri. llt tltsrlr'or.trlrltcir-rn
l)()r
l() rltun(lan(). la nlttgitr:rl:rllirl
()t(n-gltn
trr)ar
i<lenti<lltcl t
(!rl\tilLrvcrt. (r1 lt()
l)()(1ts
<,.lrsi<rnrs.
(!rllrrrsans
rlc lrr-Lt srrrrrcstlt
gran(liosi(h(l
(lu(
s(il() sr s()sli('nr nrc(lirntc ir(lui'lllls.
F.jtrttpkr clt'nras(xlLlisnt() nlrtcisistlr s<n
(icrt()s
sLe()s
(lrLltn()s ('n (lrc
lil
l)ers(rll
s('sLLllcrge c()n
PI(('r
cn Lrn lntsear
(\)nscicnf(
r-ltr:antc el crral sc
r(]l)rcscntll rrto sicnckr
()l)j('t() (le
Lrn tl-1lt() injus) p(n pi11L (lc ()tr'()s.
l,() llx-
rmlli\()
(lc
cslis iirntxsls clc scr pcrjrrrli<edo. lrtruillclo o lelcgclo cs cl pl
(cr (r)rl (llr('s{),r
!()n\1)(ir(l1ls v sc clplrntlcn con vcrclltclcrr feg()clc(), cn Lln
.rrplio t'scCn;rr'io cD cl ttrt'sc r';rn srtcrlicD<lo lxs iDilrsli(is
(D (()nllil (lel
st-
Ittr.;l)r'rntlt
r:rrli<u utrri cl pl:tteli'l)ol un lltrkr. crt cttc el \Lict(). \ictil)lt
(lr
lrrs ltgtesiortes p()r-llllrte
(lc ()tr()s.
5( tucstr.r lr sr lltislr,
(()nt\,
\'ir[u()s(). c()nl()
inr-:r1rrz tle r'a.tlirirr lxs
(r)n(lLctas
in:r<lt'rtrirrlls ruc lrtril)Llt ('
ri los clent-rs- Aclc
trts. cn lal nlc(li(lil c-t
(lilc
sufrc, se \' rnlln(l() s nrisrrxr. rn Lrnlt rclllci(-)n
(-(lsig()
nlisnrr) etuirltlcntt l:l
(lt('
rlgLrnl
!{cntr
tiene c-n lu rculiclcl cor-l
:rrucllos rt los r'tIrlcs
()frL'(c
sLr sLtfiir))icnt()
r:Llir
rctilrir rr rlprrnsiin. ..ri,, r'
(Lri(llr(l()
c(rl() ('('ttrpllrli(1lts. Fls l;r l<Dlt inlrars<ltrit rlt'lr, <ltc cn ls rel;-
(i()n('s inlc!pcrs(-)rI(s
(r)nslilL\'L'el
urkrrlrtr lrt ir['r'rtitlitcl cle rjrtjrr sullicnte
l)irtt
()l)t(rlca
cl lrnr<r rlcl
()tr(r. (ltllrn(l()
los
tecllcs
ltrtn r,tocglrrlo clrrino:,<:l<l
si sc sr.rtic. i sc cst;i cnfcmro. i sr ticnc lrn clificllr:trl. cl srjct() r(l(ltriere lx
I)rr(lisp()si(
i) r lntilscltt rttc si lt
Pesan
clesgraci:rs vcncl:in krs rlcml'ts:t
((),ls()larle.
L()s csccltti()s inlaginlLri()s
(l'cil(l()s (lLrantc
l<s strr<s cliLtrnos
srn ks cir tecr )n( )cimisnl( ) r alltltnzs
Pr-el
sectilicio. recil)ir
()ncl()lencils
l)(n
l mucfic tlc seres <treficlos, \isilits p()f cstal entellr().
(tc.
Arlenrris. Irrs frtxslrs a l:ts rttc nr>s cstlrnx)s [cJirirn(lr). err rltre alguicn es
S() AVAN(lLS LN PSI(.()1lillAPIA PSICOANAI,I I I(-A
Ll_ l^soQUIsNfo
vr(tiiL
(l('triri(i(rl(s ()
agresi()nes injLrstilicrrrlirs. prcden constiluir cl prillrcr
Ii( nlln)
(llr('es
sl]llLri(lo p(-(fro eD el rue rl csr'enario <lc lrt fintrrsir r'rli:
(
l sui( lo
l):ls
l vcngurs(. alxrre
justitir'ltlaurentc. (ltl:r1.{r:rvi()
rc(il)i(l() ir tr.t-
rcs rlt'un
( ( )ol
fr(
)r'l.uD iclto sclico <uc qLle(l.l lc-itilnr(l(). lil lrrasrxui.'rtto h:t
si(l() Lnir
(()l111r(l1l
par'lt el satlistuo
(luc
rt()
(s
itctptxll() \'tlrrr
tlelre tcIrrcsen
lilr-s(
((rl)()
vengltnzr jLrstll.r'
). ,llats()(ll tistlt() tltr)rdl
I-e errrcsiirn t)ls( x
l!
isltr() rttr.,r;l lite Lrsll(ll
lx)r
l-'retttl
rltrrt
tleisr: lt
lr<
rrcllas
<rrnrlir'ior1c\
(n (luc
tnar pcrs()rlir int( fllx
(lisnlirluit
sr.l s( rltinlr(n(r r in
(1)rscicnte clc culplrlrilitltcl nrecliantr'cI rturleljuici<>. rl sLrliirni('11(),
()
l)r'()
rrxur-rrkr <tre
(tr()s
lc cstiguen
(Fleu(I.
192i). l'll suflimicnto sr l)usc1r por'-
(Jrr('.llivi
lrt cLtlr:t ul pusr cl sLrjet() lL tc,lcr el nrisll)()
(lcsti!r() (lLrc
cl olrjeto tle
(u)1) suflinrienk) se sicnlc lcsp(nsl)le. Unu nrrcleliclr-l <lifL'rentc, arrntrrt
tilrrl)ia'n
(lentro (ie
estll citeg()r1 de nls(xluisnr()
PoI
culPa. ticnc lLrgur cul
ckr tl.Jtlacer cs Ir no klcrckr porctte or':rsirrnlt sentinticnl()s
(lc (lrr'(frl)
n()
q()zxrx (lc
igrltl rrpoltrrniclacl ()
estirJ sLlfriL'r(lo
lor
el grxc clrl srrjttr,
(luir)cl()
l()s
'rltrlrcs
)lrn hc<ho cslirczrrs
('n()r'nres pir'i ltyrtrlltl lr srrs lrijos.
cu.rnclo i'slos los hn listr sufrir
nr.r:rvrrclLl,r's-
elk rc:rsi<rr'lr trnrr rliIi<rrllrl
r.n Irs ltijos
lrlrrli l]()rlr:
el
rhccl
llcr':r
(()tl()
(()nrplrnluttc llr irtt:tgr:n cle krs
l)lr(lr(
s srcriliciin(lose, la lisir-rn
(lr ()tl'(
)s scres crrerttes, l( ) cllxl st:
(r
)'t\ rcr'te
( rl
unir
(lrrga
ins()p( )rt.ll)le
(l\llrkson.
1993) L:t gente
(lrc
sc s()nle(c,
Por
culIt.
ir l()(l() til)()
(le
xLrt()pli\lrci()nes ilts racirItliza ba)o el argr.rntcnto
"\'()
n() nc
tr'silr' r'rltnck. rrr vcr<l:rcl, se Trata
(lc
llt ir:rrosil.liliclltrl cle <tfie<r'r'sc lllgo <1rtc
si rlt'scar-t. l)crr
lrtecle
llc.{1tr Lrn ltl()ltrenlo en cttc cicctivatlenl( D() sc rle(e-
sitr i lrr conoclrrii(l ni distinllls Iilrrts cle pl('cr.
(1r
Llo
(
isr il){)li(ia)n
(l('
( st()s
(l('
c()s. rlrr,litirln irn>rrlsuclrr
PoI
Ilr err)Ir \'
(lue
RLrir,(L
rtn puIul,-'lisrxr
r()n lrr :rlxrlr<irr tlel <lcsco sc\Llill
(Lrarn(l()
sl('crlLrsit angLrstilt.
Iil nlrsoclrrisnro <lc los
>rrrlrcs
s('trlrnrnlitc no s(-)l() p(n rrt tlc i<lcntifi<e
r'ro rrr l lLrl()l)ri\(i(in rr.rc cllos sc ittll)()nen sin() nle(lixtizx(l() por cl scn-
tirricnl()
(lr
itrlr:rlrilicllrrl rlrrc engcnclrt
(n
l()s Iri)s cL.rn(l() s(()s gtizen cle
:rrrrr'lkr trtc los
lradres
crcccn. l)()r cl
(r)ntrri().
clrand() krs
>aclres
se lcs
rt !loz:r'. r'l
rrorio rlacel
rluccla lr:gitirrr:rrkr L()
(lLlr
rt()s llevn ll rlrirtizat a(ltc-
llr r'rr rlrrt' nrtc l)rs vcr'cs sr: In irrsisticlo. ltl crnsitlettrse tltte e'l senliticnkr tle
':r l),rt.rJ,\(trk'.r\il,)rrr,)li\'r)rrr):rsr!trrji!)rr)rrirr(r\i'lx(\i(lLI),1 lrul(nri\ntr) n.rr(r.r-1., !I
,rn LI,1 rr,r,''l,tLr.rrk,rr<ttc'p! nit(
(trr(
l.r
t)(rs,,rr.r.(
r(l)rlsrnr(
(()rrr() un lk)tt ttrtttl.t,]
.t!rrr1,1
lt \r(l.L .rl.rui(n qLrc sut)(rir :r l(^
(lcllr.i.
PLr(\
s.rl,ri:r \1\1r'r)(t(r. ll.r\ Lrn :rlir(lt
(lcl
lrr,r \r\r,t, .r r.
l.Lr.r
lenzur rLil scntinr(nr(, (l( supr'ri,nidr(i. lll
Dlir(cr
\.r n,c5sirirpl(
r(flr( ,.1 (l(
l.L ,,r,rl(l,r(l (,.1
de l:r l)uc r
((!Ii(l.L ,)cl pluecr scxurtl u urr(ror.
'rno
qL( cn cl
lrrrl,,rrsr , ,r r, r. st., r, li \ (.\(,s plxicr( s sir\ r.
l).rrr
tlrrl()(r )r)tc)rpl:rst I cxhil)r\c c(,n() peo
cLrlplrbili<llrcl sc llcl)c r h lgrt'sir.'iclarl rLtc lu enviclia
ror
cl grre tlc krs paclres
rlcsrcrtare en cl slriet(). l)es(lc cstl conctrciirn. el g(xs
(le
los p.tr.lres. es-:rc
< ilrltcnr el p11)\()(it(k) p(n' lil csccnr
>r'inrali.r,
scrirt l:t r':ttrs;t cle J:t
>crtltrlrrt
c ir--t rlcl strjeto. N()
(lll)en (lt(lxs (l( (lut
cn
(,clsi()nes
es 1sr. pcr(r sin
(l(jr
cle
t(ncr en cLlcnt
(lue
n([r hltl'tttiis pt't rttt tt<l:tnlente traln(lLlilizrt(lor'r:ttlt ttn stt-
jet() (luc
vcr a lrs
)lrcll,es f.l()21n(l().
aLrr
(Lrrt(l()
t[lnsi)1-irI]c)tc
I)trcdlt
dcs
l)cr'tl'sc
Lln sci]tilllicnk)
(le
e\clrrsir-rn. I)crr a rnclici<-rtt. txr11l)ilI.
(ltle
cst('g()(e
cle Los
')ltrlrcs
no selr trlilizrLclo p(n-s)s. inr'ltrso sricliclrrctte.
(()nl()
c()ntf:l-
I)!est()
l pli''lr(irin 1l l
(lLrc (()n(lenlln
lt stts hijos.
I-a xut()l)r\ ir( i(in rlc
tlaccr I)()r
scrrlir)licnt() clc < r.tltrt la
ttrtlirnr>s
vcr cot-t
r lluiclcl crr trrir
i()\crt
ri,.' alletlcrl tlc fo lt rtt s 'h-'ct(ll
P(
tl) ttllr.lr<i cle
lrn()r'c\i1r r1(r!i()s1r. r\r.lrttlis tL
('s(11 .irtt()rlLrl()l()gi:r
i)l(-scnl:tl)it
tlr rrrtrllt,.'t
(luc
sc hltl)(r
(!n1\'cl.li(l()
en r'('ilr'r-i(lx] rttr
rrrcli:t
cotllllrltr rl.l(lit
l)llrlt:r
rrrlrrlll.l
nlienllirs
(lLc
p:rr'.r I()s clel]Iiis cril
(lc
grrln gcncrosi<.lerl. Iin utt ti.tjc <ttc lrizo
irl cxtrtt,ct(r, crr rt'z tlc
(\)rrll)rrst
Llll
()l)j( (()
tttc lt gttstti l< lizo
Illtl
llt he_
rnn. llr
(ltc
ttil) rclirl()s tluc clllt Ilttllicr':t
(ltst(l()
t('ntt. I)t[r1tc Llnlt st-
sir-rn, ctrc sigtifitri rn pr-()grcs() elr llt corrrcrrsit-rtr
(lc
sLl
l)lr)lr)gx.
(()nk-).
rrr.'sl
clt Lrs ligrinlrs. rrrc l lrcnnlnr rrr lrlr ccibiclt cl
rt'c
lro
rot
pattc
rle LIL Irrlrt'r))icntirs
(lLrc
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clel tnas<xLrislto en tllin()s ittcrsLtl)jcti
\()s. (..,lil
rrrrrr Il ll,stilirl:rcl
\ ll)ilt'lk)
P1,.r,nll
(lete.,ini,]
(lrc
cl s.jcl()
ilslrstll(lo fl'ente a esa aglcsivi(i!lcl Iruscue el sufiirrjenkr ctlx Lrnl fi)nul
(lc
in
tluc ir culpe
y
1r1r)()r pol p e
(lel
flgrrr:L
flLlental
x la cLral lclre. Flsta lncr in-
l( rsul)ietivl corlo explicaci<ir-r clc le gncsis clel rnasocuismo es ret(mrx(la p()l
\l('nikcr'(citrcl() pol SchrLcl-Srrels. 1982) qLien
(lcstc (lLrc
la :tctitrLd p:uen
lill Ir()stil cs intcl'nlrli21r(l r' cl sLrjeto se nrallr-itla. s(nlretin(l()sc
-v
rcltajlinckrsc
.rntc el obicto c\tcr-n{). l-()s padrcs sl'rrlicos tlcl lutr.lr Dras(xlLlista sr.relen clelar
irl)ieffa l:r tsp('tnzr clc
(c
cs posilrlc ol>tcncr rrtrr v rcclcncir'rn clc llr cLtl:r:t
ir l[\'s
(lcl
utrslcrilici(). Es1>ecificlrntkr nllis k) ntcri(r'. p()clcnros er](1)ntriil-
Irs siguicntcs srrlrti>os clc nlirs( xlLlisnr( ) cn rcllrcir-n x 1.r intqrsul)j({i\ i(l](ll
7. .llttstxtt is ttto tk'li,isto.uttL, ld
l)(t's(ct!ci(iLt.
cl sLict(). usLrsta(l() ru'rtc cl
()lr().
l)Lsc.l rr-tlaclrtlc rttctlirtntt llt
(]sttlltcgi
in((rrscicnl(]
(lr
insl)ilxrlc l.islirllx
o clrnr<stllrrlc ilLle n() ts algrritn <1rrr'l)Lr((l ri\'lizltt
l)()r'!rrrlr Ix)sici(;n
()
sst:r
lus. lls l()
(luc (larsi(all]rcirt('se
L'slu(li(-) cr-r
Psitolrnrilisis
(rtto
r-cnrnci rlcli'rl
sir l tlesco o rtl
rlltttt l)()r
artrlllrsti
(le (alstrx(i(-)n:
tl sLic1() sc c,)tP(,lLrLnr.'
cc. sc criti(lr. sr trr[rc rn ul]l
l)()si(ir-)lt
sul)illterna.
(('(lc
sus
(l('r('(l)s
arnte el
()tr().
se DrLrest[l a1)nl,) in(ill)2.
(1)r])()
igrl()Iilr)tr. l']s
(lt(il.ll(l()l)tx
!1r\'.1n]<n
1c ll(titu(lrs c i<k'nticlilts
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le pcljLr(licxr v I)11(cr-l sLirir
'rorrr.rc
csc sulii
rilicnl() cs, c()n t(xl(), Dtcltot rLrc cl
(lu(' ()(ilsi()nir
llr lrngtrstilr
llclsc(rrt(r'ilr.
flstc
1ip()
(l('
rclx(irin se
()l)sL'rlx
crt cl vitcul() <rrc lrlgtrllts pcl's()n:ls u.lrtticn(rl
(()n
unlr
l)lrrcj
srirliclr.
ralinoiclc
v nr(isist.:r Ie cuc hen uprcnrlickr lr tcncr
slrtisli'tl)lrs r) st nrrr(isisnl() grlraiJs Lrl)i(rsc crrr< inlcrircs. Es Lr cltrc sc
lrrlla clcl[is rlcl tiro rlc
l)lrfli(il)(i(io
(lrr('lrlgus
l)<'r-srres
rcrliz:tn <r[rnrkr
se cliscLrle Ln lclllil:
,l() (lLrc
\1)\'lr
(lc(ir
rs un l()nlcr1t...,. lls rl Lll(xrcl)ajlt-
rllienk)
(lu('(irr;r(leIiz:l
il I()s scflLri(l()r('s <lc ltlcres
Itr'ltnoirlcs
ll l()s
(lLlc
tliltn
rle corurllrccl cn slr s(lisrr() nrLr(isisla. Iis t'l stlrreqsfuclzo. tuc llcga a krs l
rrilcs clc lrr c\trl)Llil( i(in, rtrt :rlgtrnas
l)('r's(nrls
llrccn cn sLl tlxl)lrj(). trck elk
l)()r
cl le(n
(lLre
lcs ir-is1-riIlr cl
lroclcr
crrc tril)Lrvrr a s!ls sLll)cri()res.
2. I.i)nlut d? c()ts?,!!!ir ttutr tlal obfekt.y'r' Dtotl(
(r
st!
l)rc\LlLttt.
t:r\
tst urrliti<in. 1l
(lilrlct(ilr
<lc Lt <['str'il r:rr cl arltr-terkr xrrlcli(n. l:L
(\r]cltc
l nrs(xlLrislx n() lrirtil
(l(
cvilar tl ltterirt sirn)
(lLrr
cstli
(lcstirlll(lll
rt olrttnct
cl rtnx rlc
(fr() y.
csl)t( i]lnrcrlc. slr pl-('scn(i:I. I)iLl(1)ud
(
196i) rcliltll rl
(1ts()
(lc
Lll]
i)ll('icntc
cr.rc lc infirr'rtrt.
((l
rr. \,,rrris.r. (lu( \irrllI)r( t-tLtr,r cnlcrrtt.
crr rLrr'hrs n1l('slrrs fisic os. tlc los clrrc sirt cllll)rg() rt() rtltnilicst.r rtingtut
tleseo clt: lilruse. Ilefirrr
(lLre
sLr lltll(lrr,cr.rirl rlc lll. iD(lLls() sr
I\cr.r
.l rllr.
s1ist1t(e 1()(l()s nlis
(l)ri(lr()s,.
lil prrr'icntr' ('sl:i
cn(1rrl(l() a(r
(lLrc
l)1lrc()Lrrt
cs(Lrclla sLrs slrllirttier-ttos. I)lllc()Llr'1 i() enlirrt(lr
(litriLlll(ntt
c(nrt() tllr
(ats() (lIrc
en(tlt(lr clcnltr clc lo rrrt'[-agrLc'lrc hlLlrie dcsc'r'ilo r'ortto.llt
rrsicir-rrt
rtlrhisrs
llr nlirs(xlLlislil". En estlrs
(()n(li(i()ncs.
[r xut()1lgre,\i(-)rl r))its()(lLlis11l cs unlt fir
ll
(lc
s(r)()rn() 1rl
()l)irt().
llr Linice firrnl l.lajo lu citrl i'sls n() al)xn(l(x xl su-
ido
nns(xluistx. ltlrlins
(1988)
li hcclro hioclrpi(' cn quc
.llr
rr,-.r.i,-'n
1
r)lll-ltcnioricnt( ) <lr una cleyrcDclencix
(luc
scx r ielrlc.
rol.
lltris
1)cncfiicla
qur
I
I
9l AVA\(.IiS IIN PSI(-o'fIJRAPIA PSI(-OANAI-I tI( A
s(ir slr li)rnl. cs unx necesi(l.r(l vitlll l)alsicl,, p()r I() que el sujet() se aciaptarir
ir lir
l)irl()l()g:r
(lcl
{)l)jet(). xun l pre(io cle uuklutilulsc v clc inlligirse ttxkr
tiI r tle srrlr-ilnienk)s con tl clc no pcrclerle.
lll sufrinrrnto puerlc ser tirlnl)in Lln lirnrlt rL: r'incrtlo.
(lc ((rp-utir
Lrn
tstrrtkr r:nrtxional c()n cl
()tr().
tln cjernpkr lo cor-tstitr.rlc la gcntc <lrtc sc lrlint'
prrle suliir', p111 c(rrpfiil'penlrs. []s el
l)laccr'(lcl
cn(Llsrtl-o
(()n
Ln -urrS(, .r
trrn cl tue se l.illtcntl. cn vrlll1t(ler() alxezo agriclrtlce,
(lc
c(-)rrr() r:s cl nrLrrr(i()
r rlc Ilrs pcnrrrias personales sufri(lxs.r" 5c rc-rrorlr.rcr L,r til)()
(lc
rncul() lil)i(li-
rizlrckr crn trnlt Inlclte
()
Lut pirllre
(luc
c(rrlirti(i l nio o l clolcsccr-ttt en
(()nli(lcnlc
clc sr sull-irrricnto. fil hijo e. alrrezuclo
ror
cl erxtt-clcl progtr-titot,
(
)('('rrlr(l() en el nrrncl() cle sttiinlicntr
(lc
a'stc, c\l)crinrct-rt:t cl irrtinir
rluct't-
rlt l cnt'rrentro en ll intinri(lxd. clcl sentiricntt cle scr ulguicr-t
'ir
ilcgiltrkr rlltt
rt,r'ilrc lus <onlklcnci:rs. l,o <rre crrecla inscfilo cn ll urcnle cs <r.rc t'l sr.rfiir
jr.rr-r
l()s (\)nstitlrle una firDl
(lc
llsegLlrrse la
Ptcse-ncilt
<[:l objtto. l)or cllo nr clc
lrtrros rlcjarnts lleler'por la sintp[ilicacion rlr ctter <Ltc tl llLs(,.liri\r. sL
r-r,lrrcionlr sicrttrLe
(\)ll
I)ers()nirjes
sl'iclicos. ustittrtcnrlo l r'llisi<
I\lr't-l.r
\.r-
tLrrrr;rs<xrristlr. H) trlrtll)ia'n tni(-)n entre cl()s nrxs(xlLislxs tr.ticrtcs. gracies el
strflinric
((npxrti(l().
tl>Iicncn ttn stntiuricnk) ,.le intimiclucl. clc c,s1.-ti,,
(1)nrl)r'ti(l()(lLreg,-:liifi(xlcn(le-n(iasrrrut'rrirtitirasclttn(Lrct[()lisi(1.,1/a/-
stxl istto c()114)urlirlt) ploctt't't ltt tttkit tludtttlc al sttfiittticttlt <lLrc n
\r'(1 s cs Ix nicu iclicicllrl cluc les clterla il cit .Ls ruachts ilierr()rizcls
l)(n-L11
rlrriri sliclir. rrtilizlul(l() a srrs hijos pltr: csc
l)lrt(
e' c( )rll pensxt( r-i( ).
I)('r-ltr()
(le
est:L nr<cllirlacl cle l)Lrs.Jr tl sLrli in)ic'r1( ).
rttcs
clkr c()nn()tlr lil
rlcscnti:r
rlel olrjcto. \'xlcnstcin
(1glj)
relxt.l cl .xso
(lc
ut-lt
ltr-icnlt.
r'rilttllt
xrI
rrnrr nLrclre
(r)nlr()lir(l()[1r.
l)rL[r](l()11t.
Pel().
rrl n1isn1() liellll)(). fLcrlc
(l('
rlrrc(r.
lll sLrfrinricnto ilre(l(i ins( t() cn lir rrcntc c(r() plescncia clel olrje'to.
lijrrriorr lr Lrn situil(i(in
(l()lorosil per() qLrc gillrultizlr cl vincul()
(r'.rsc. (.tnr-
l)i(.r. liislrcr. l9l I ).
-\ lit)t'Dt(t
(la
Ddulect l4 rletlizdci(in alolry(,/oj ciert()s rlas()(lLI\l.r\
\.1-
(
rili(:rn sr ('(rt1pelencia. sc l Lk )(lcs\'xl( n izir r \' Crcn Llnll iulitgen cleltrr.'. iltcla
tlt sr rrisrro
l)xr-
nrr-ltcncl Lrn inlgcn i<leulizcliL dc un
()l)jck)
r-lcl cual po
rllr rl,.
rtnclcr
v por e'l r.ual sentirsc pl()tclli(l()s
(llelliner.
195lJl L<esensttrt.
l()5-i 5(xirri(lcs. li)5llt St()lor()\\. l9;5).
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tlll
(lc
r\perinrent:tr Lrn ssnli-
rrit rl() tlt scgrrr'1clecl.
(lc (\)nt[.rrrcstr
ngustis fi-rbices v petenoiclcs. cl stt
l(t(,\(
r'liirilr
(rclrn(l() pcrs()nics clioses ltlttc los rttt sc lrrrruilllt. trclo con cl
lrr
(l(
!illitliTllr un inrxgcn grlrnrlios:r dc i'sl()s v Dlitlrtcrr('r'rr'rritrlicla le
')
l.L l,'rr.
(l( (ir'fr,)\
rrng()s rs 1:r c\Jrrc\r(-)n
(l('Urr.r
t)(r\,,rirltrlir(l
rnx5(xtLrisrr se lc(u(ntr
.r .r,rL1!],,,,r,\ilr.,i(ail,l(l()uIr.Lt()itUst,)rn)rn(,s(l(trnlrnrrrt('rrrrrl\(lir\k,llirr,l(('l r('l:r
r,,,l, l\LLlrr rirr,, L(l(rr,l\ (te Lx n:r.i\irx(i(ln
(1ucsLrt)r)nce1 prrrtcr'trtIcr l:L nrul(r r(d{)lo(tuc
r^r.k.u.r,1,, Lr Lr r.r
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cscu(hir .(nrnr()
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trr
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I)(n
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lr,r\ \(. t,||rl.r
(. \LLlrrrk,rl{r
lil IIAs()QUts-!J()
rrol>ie
lgtcsir icltcl en conlr ciel olljcto por las rrrntlucras h<tstilcs clc ste.
\glcsir icllrcl hacil cl olrjeto c1ue. cle ser cxpresatle. ilnten.rzLrit Lln? t.ellrcia)n
:irrbi<tic senti(l c(n,o'it:ll. hs l.l relci<-n rlc sL,Iisi(-)n \.(lc uLlt()(lcnigt.aci(it.l
(lLrc
critil)lccen 1os segrrirkrres cle trr.r[rricr \(r1.1 ,,llt,r\ir]tLtnt,,1t.,ltico
o reli
giosr
trt el lcler. En csl()s
(.1s()s
restrlt:r notultle llt s()flstica(lx esrutiflclrci<->n
rlc Lrs n<r'intienkrs clcli,nsilos: el srjck), p(n-scntirse iltfi,ri(n.. nc(.csitJ .lpltn-
till.lr Ilr lrLrt()estiltr lc<lilrntc lu tirsi<-rn r.olr unlt inrlgen iclclrlizaci:r.
pcr().
p.11
(()rtslnir
a,st.r. sr:
(lrnigr.rn
v s()nlclen 1t t(r(k) tip()
(lc
iltllilllrci(res: p.l.lt.
lLrtgo. e tr:rr's cic llr lclac.i<-rn r.on Ie figrrra irleulizurllr trrc hlrn contriltuickr u
t r-cet.
r<
xlrr
lrrt
it ixr r clc ulgrrnlrs lt iglrjus ,:lc srr gr.lrncliosirletl. St( )l( )R )\\
(
19i5 )
scriailr cue cirttils ntulcres, lujo la infcrioriclarl tlel conr>lejo rlc castrlci(rn.
sokr kr yrutrlcn conrl)cnsar u ll.lt\'a,s
(le
nllt1tctcr ltr itlrlizr..iot-r cle rrna figur.a
rrrrs,:ulinlLr .l-lt
Lrni(')n rrr cl irlcltl llilic. cs lrrrs<arlt ltro rrn rrritockr mligic<r
tic r'er:tr'lu-le rr,rttscntlt< ir'rn clcl .sc,// rllu'lrcle V l.estltLl.xr llt rtocstitnlt hcricla,
(
)l)\'iil tIcnte. no lte\, r'llztil] plllll:ltl)Llil.('ste
ntc(.nist]]() cx<.lrrsit lUentc lr la
rruier yl (Jur
la cxpliclrrion cs igLllllc,ttr lr>licultle:tl lrontlc.
). .llt!st)(lttisDl() c( )tur t.fi ttttttt ?tcUl)(rtLt tlt,l stdisu:rl suict() se sucriflc
l)irlr
lril((,r scr)tir rtr iult tl otlr.
l)rr lcrtr
cullr,
.rarr
lrr'erlc strfiir. Us cl
ails()
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1ls ltnrtsilrs
(luc
sc
l)ri\.!tl
rlc ltet
l)1Lril
n() slisfir(.(,r cl
(lese()
rlc krs
xtclrcs:
o rle lrr
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>ltr..r
r.rslrg.rr
lt le
lt[tjtr.
()
renun(iitn r slil V parti(il)l
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<ltrc cn relrlitlttcl
s
(lcscrrlr
lll('cf- (()ll
tltl rlc lrrniner tl
tlttrcr
cle l:t
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(.())
l-r !lLt(r L.slll
rlisgrrstecltL. lln xlgun()s cusos sc
tucrlc
lltger. lrl srric.iclio corr tul cle trn.uinarlc
lx vi(lx l
()ll().'l'ttiltxrs
<r.si<n (l(,(\)n()(.cl.rl
t.lrso c[,un l]\lisf.
.rr.olirnrl:t
rnenl(
l)crlufl)it(lit.
trrt cr(rntlo sLl ltellntrD: l(
(r)lDLllli(\-)
cire sc ilra lr c.sltr le
clijo rue no kr ltarrr clc l)l1l,t((). tlnil sctlllutil ntcs cle le Icl sc t.ocit-r dc ga-
solin
I st
rrcnrlir-r
lircgo. lLlricn(l():r los ckrs <llrs. Fls cl sLriciclit stirlir
lrra
,[
.r',,r1,.rl,lt..rl
i,tri' (l(
I),,r
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listlL nr<rlltlirlar.l tlc rlesrxtrisnxr <rttxr IirnlL cnt.irlrittll rlc slttlisrlr. cle
vengllnzli. cs
l)lLl-li(
ul:l t)cntc i))l)(n1altc
(.Lt1ln(l()
ru Llltii
l)crs()nir
sr
(.(ll-
l>inen rasgos s:-t<licos ctn lirlticos: tclnienckr ltgrcclir.<hrcctatrent( tr(nc (lLtc
Irlccrlr lu-r-uirltnrlt l fi-liriclacl rlc l iitl
rt,rson:r
ul nt()str..rrse srrilientr.:. I n
rltr'ientr
s()lilt 11l(,tcrsc cn r.alDlt c-lrcl \.cz
(lre
!,stltl)ll r-,nojlrrla corr lil
l)ltrgjx,
r'rt,rnclr tn llr r'lts rrn clirr:r srlll.io ll
(lre
n() tucr.lr r.e,nuncier. Crenckr la
IIUr:ju
lt
Prcgrnlalre
tLr(, lc pasalre ltsrrncllr rlt la l]Lrnrre ten hrrltitr,[rl
}rra
tsl( til)()
(lc
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nrc
ltslr
ncla". rlc linlr <rrc no rlltlte
xrsiltilicllrci
ll st p.rr(]j clc lre<tr lrlgo
tor
clla. I)rr:fr-,lilr sufiil si crn ell() l()flrtrxl)il il lii per
sr-r: cle llr crlrl st crrcr':r rcnger.. Algrtn:rs
l)llrcjls
estiin carer.lerizlttles.
lr.tci-
surrcnle.
Ixn-estl
triod:Lliclrl clc r incrllr: uno tlc krs ckts sr pr.it,:r rlc cuek;rricr
>osibilided
tlc pl:rcer
l)llrit
lllr)stt.ll-(lLlt: cl
(fr()
a lc lu alrrrinlrdo l rirlu cle
urrnera itrcp:traltle. S(rl pefs(r1.rs (lLlc
l-ccllatztu crrrl<rriel intenkr clc repara,
ai()n
l){)t l)r'te
<icl otrri.
tr.rliriencllr
cnc.erttrsr cn st sLliinrient() lntes qLe
93
95 r)l
AVAN(ilis r:N PSlco l'llltAPlA Psl(,oA N A l,ft lcA
lt- tIAsoQUIsMo
l)(,flritil-([rc
el stLPLteslo grcs()[
(lcic
cle sentilse ctrl-:alllc. A \,eccs. rl pxrtir
(l(
ci(r'lx
()ii'nsa re(il)i(l.t nl.lltrxt(). al)an(k)n() trllnsi)ri(). inflcleliclacl. etc
-'
l,r
rtrsorrrr
clccitle
rivir Lln:l \i(h n'lal'g(le si trrn ellr
(.stigll Jl
()tr()/'1l
eD h
lt:rli<lurl o cn l1l frtntxsll. fil ptopio stifrilrnen) cs
Plxccntcr() I)(l(s
c(xlstitlrve
r.l lrtut con el
(ltt(
sc attalc:l l
()tr()
AR r'r(rrlI-A(-l(iN Dli r\1o11vA(ll( ) N Iis IiN L()s
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oli NIAS()Q(jlslvfo
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l)(.!.lz()nL's
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:l isllr(l.tnlc nte ls llrotir'r'iolrts <ttc ittllulsen :l ls
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t'tntltsi ls rrl l\()
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lo ircr rltntc Ls
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c()l)il.ticiPCl] r:n lll
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(lcl
luxs(xlLlislu().
(\)lll()
l() flilll tctllar-r''ttk rlis
lirt()s irLrt()l-cs
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1991r llrennl.tn, 19521 llrenllc'1. 1959i l"itll):itri( k Hnl\"
l)5
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(lu(.s()sticnc Slltlt<l
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l('11l(' 11 \ isi(')n s()l)(
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nrrlrt Irt trcccsiclltcl
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s()(lr.nslr)()r lx lil)i(linizlrcia)n
()
sc,xlrltlizlcion tle la lrngrrstiu v el c()ntr()l cle h si
I LrCi(-)n trllul)tltric
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() (
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se tcr)le sgf s(l)renclirlo
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lotkr lo rrrc cstli
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fitere rle llr rrrltnllcl clel su-
l(t().
Lrnal
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ls Iir'rrlts rlc r'nlir'r-rt:rt
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1
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<trr si ILrtrl
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un scnlir)ient() clc
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I)ar
lorlcl
nr:ger la lrostilirlacl
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cl lrxlt]at() el nino sc ve ol.lli-
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l(): rlI()rlr(nt()s
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^
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llI l)Lrhicr ir\iciir(l()
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1
AVAN.IiS tiN PSr(,()-t tiRAptA
pst(i()ANAI_il
tcA
l|r
()s
tn Lrn pl(iente cu\' ntclrs lc <lal>:r
ltaliz:rs
l>rutales. pallr lueg,r. turi
innrc(lillxrlcntc. llerurle l lreo. rtxrjelle le cara. peirurrlc el tietulo tlrrc i<r
lrt's.illr. lt'tntir-lr-tcl() t()cl() en Ln1l csccnil en crrc kr srstr-n solrre srr inlcll
nriL'dlftls le lceliciela. HI pxcicnle tena tcnrlcnci. ye en la virla aclulte. u
riurlrner rcl<irnes en
(lLrr
se lacia rltrrtr' paru lueg() g()zrr c()n la rc
r'rrtr'ili:L<i<'n. l)e rttltcl-lr sintilar. tn l!rn()s
(.tLs()s
cle ltlrrsr serlral. la sitrrt
r irn clc tnieckr cs cr()tizai(lt: se sol eclintcnsiontL cl plltccr
l-)xm
c( ttIill.r.est.rr.
cl ricclo. Estl liljclincir-n v st:xrllizacii-l clctcnsit u cle lx:ugLtsli pcnui-
(('n.
(lcnilis, neglr h
ltlrtia
lrrstiljcl:rtl
,v
n() scntir relti:r cn ul-rtrr clcl olrje-
l() sii(li.o, elinlinntkr cl c()nflici() tcl)i(l() con cl ntisnto. l)cntr()
(lc
sst prrs
l)('(
li\'.1, []rrljner
(
1958) cltrllttcriz(i el nt:rsr xrrlsltx r (()l()
I l.c.l(Li(nl
<lt'lcnsiva. clcbicla a ls nc(csi(lil(lcs liltirLinlrlcs
(lcl
sric). .tlte c sit(lisDl() cl(,
lrr txrr persona. terninitt(l() pot acleItusc trl suflirlrienk) <uc lc cs r.crLruri-
tkr. AukftrzDrient()
(lcl
l)si(luisltr()
<uc cr-e r'l
(lLr
l)fescntill)x
Lllt
l)il(.icutc.
rttt.t rlt cLt!lts c()n([l(lals rciteracl:r. (1)nsistr.l (t
!l(()sI.rrs L1,lt sus jel,s. pcl.-
sortlrjts <irc si I)ien elt tn
l)rincil)i()
rc( ltilzl)ll 1L \rc(.es l()s ct-lcr'llrelre rc-
ltttlsiros-.
lttego krs tcrtltinarl)t cnc( )lltl-ll n(l( ) lrtr':r(1i\'()s. Il]t sLtcli(r
Ir(,Illttri!
rcl t'l rrc:rnisnxr cle'sexrtrlizlrr unlL sitlrx(i(-)n panr rrrlletlc el cal'icttr.tcrsc
(rlr)r'i().
S()(-) <1r.rc r.rna liclxc cl-11 pcrsegui(l.i
lrot-
rrr-r r.ezeclor. Ijlllr scntirr cl
rr,.,.ir clc lu lrelrt cillo si frrelu
1>r'oltio.
[jn Ltn nlonlenl() rlck. Lt licltrr st
,l,r l:r vu,..ltlr. ntire ltl cezcl< nlicntrlts
(\ntliitar (1)frien(l()
\'rlltrevc.rlc DIt
rrr'r.r sirrrplilic:r
\'lrilci()s1l l:ts ortjlrs". Ete kr <r.rc llr
l):lcicttc
lrclr liclrte:r los
jt
lcs rLrc tctttie.
\ovitli ! N()\'ick
(19J7.
l99l) lLiD insisti(l() cn rtre cl nio, ul lirtr.rrsrrr
.rnlC lrr c'litlttl rct()t-nu ii solucionc,s
(nltnip(f!-ntes. (lr(rncllr
cl suick) lltllil
(
r1
I)()rll()\'cr
h resl)ucstlt :tli,criva rlcscecl cll sLs
()tl()s
signillcitti!
(
)s lt-
rlrt s rlrrlcsives
()
ailtsi()sits rrrc solo sonren crrrnckr salen
(le
csl()s cstx(l()s
l n{)
(\)nr()
r'espucstll lu srnris clel nio . le reliclacl rrre rLornine lu virl:r
r'trt<x i<rlrI
(lc
cs()s ni()s estti
(x(l1l
por la prcscncilt
(r
scntintienk)s
(lr
nl
l(slrrr. I n px(iente (le
N()\i(k s()slcn rLre
.llt
inii'liciclacl er c'l okr clel lllr-
g.rr',. l.rr rlc:trip<ir-rn
(lllc
Ililacn lts N_ovitk urerc('c scr leslltticla cn cxtens():
l()s s(,rllilllicnt()s clt epego
1'scgLrritllrcl
clcl nir con las ligr1.as sign ificltt i\ xr,
rrtr'tllrr'r lrsocieclos al sullituicnl(). pLtcs estlrr c()n cl
(fr().
o cleseclo. clltllc-
r lr irt xollcrttenlc cl sLlrillicnl(). l,s
(()n(lLt(flis
r.rt<afirntatir.s c lnlunt(rs
rI rrrirr irltlrcir-l-l
(lcl
ni() s()n c)il)ct-ilncnlxrl:ts
lot-los lxtclres
c(nlr,.tgr(sl
\.rs \
('()n)
si Iir(][rn ctillrrles t(strLt(l:ls cn llnx l)ittlllt por el potler. I)ltcl<r
rlut r'l r'rrtlol cle l nrtlrc solc el crrerPo \,lll r]rcntc del nio es lrl.tr'unre
tlrir'. r'l 111.1, \' ll ltrnle lerntinlLlt si{ind() scnli(lals
(\)l()
poscsiones cktri
rr:rrl.rr
xrr
llr rrlrrlrt.
(()ll
l()
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cl nir en vqz rlr crritlerse sc ataLCI.
(lLc
cs
rrr lirnr,r tlr'lrltrr'lrr tr l:L l1l(lrc. llrr-rtt-t lclo. e] r'incrrk de s()n)etirlticnt( )
,,,rr csrrs rrr;rtlrt.s iltrlica siuultlineantcntc rl
>lucer
cle la ltcncion ruu u.-
trrs tlt.rlit;l rk lrrnt,l <usi exclrsit al lrijo, clackt quc cn est()s casos el p:r,
rlr'r'strtL rlcsr.rrrPr,nlrr rtr't
>lt'lcl
secLrnlllrri<
l)()rqLtc
es cx(lLricl()
()
se Lrt()
(\clulc.
El scntin)ic'lt() cs
(Le
triLnfi)
(nInip()tentc
pol csta cxclusivi<1acl en
L relrtcir-n crn la nraclre. Hl sLrfliuicnrr rucrlt nrer<:tclo con el pluccl clc l:t
ptcscncia tlcl objer v dc 11r prcfren(i.L
([e
se expcritltcntl r]t lll r\('lLtsili-
rl<l clel r'ni Lrlo.
(llenn (19lJ.i:r.
l9lJ-i1. 19i19) htL rrstreclo
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trLllLrs
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,:lc otr'o tiro s<n ufrr'rtlLrlts Dlc(lin1c Ln primcr intent()
(lt
iclentiilc.rrrLrn r-irn
cl agres()r. tlancl<l lrtglu l seclisro.
(luartrlo
ellr no es
Jrosihle.
p(r- r-:rz()ncs
<I:l strpcrlr-r
-scntinricnt()s
tle cLrlrabilicl:trl . o clc la presir-rn clel lll)icnl(
el agresor es clenlrsill(11)
l)()(lef()s().
sc lc trlllc . se apcle al
(\)u(lLlctits
l
s(xlLrist:rs. Fln
(]stc
set)1i(l(). n() rs intl-c(ucnte rlrsr'rtr tr Ln ni()
(lLc.
tlll)l()-
so
ror
llr :rgrcsir-rn pelentel, ul no porler llLccr lrclu
ltere
rcsronrlrr lr elle
con lrgr-csiort,
lrslr
lr golrearse s ntisnt().'ltrlillos o<ltsir-n rlt conttrl.lltr
(()rlt()
Lrt1l
-lrcicntc
cLrancLr sc cnlirrecill crn st f:rnrililr tcl_nrinlLlxl p()t g()i
reelse
l
(l)rz
c()ntr:l la pater-1.
(irnclrr<llr
<Lrc <rrnclcnsablt srs gtnxs clt
golreltr. str rtlic(l() il lLLacrl()
ror-llr
tLttttl)itzlt cxtern.. \'sr
l)r()llil)r(iirn
sL
Ircrlrit'u
cuc Lr Il(il scntir cull)l)le.
(srigiin(l()sc
trrccliente lu :rur:rgrc
sirin. Unlr conrlicirin si|iil:tr cs l:t <r.rc prcscnt<i cn Lnlr
()crsi()n
rrn nino cle.i
rLn()s
(lIricn.
obligrtrkr
roI
llr llr:rclrc lr irse:r ckrrntir. fll)i()s() p()l- tcncr
(luc
s()
lltelclse llt uk;r'icllrcl cxteln. tLCrl)t(') tr tcg r-lclicnlcs la orclcn
ltelo
cli
tirnrlo:
,Finlonr'cs
n() \'()\'ll
I)()nrl-l:r
clrlrcza soltrc la allrlltrlt. roy lr dr-
rril trn lu calreza licr clr l r'arn1". l.rr rnlttllc. contpre nclicntlo cl scntitk
cle ll corclttctlt rlel nio. \'l)r-
(\)ntrrrrcstitt
lo tLte
roclra
cotr.,rllir'se cn
rrnlt rtlrcl:rlicllLcl nr:rs(xllrista tlc rnll'cnlt silLtxai()tcs cn llrs <trr: sc senliil in1
l)(fcntc.
l(,<lijo:
"Si t'stlis t,t'rojtrckr tont]tigo nO lrlgas.rlgo l]tlll()
Purit
li,. A l()
<rrc cl nino tcsrrrtrli():,iFln{r)nccs t lt() \'rLs !
l)()nrr
Il clrlrczlr cn le ltllno-
ll(lx!,. l, ltrrrtrillr'irln nxr(isistl
(le
tc'rer
(lue
<;lreclcr'cl rnlr orrlc Ilrllr
sickr cnfrrntlrcllr prinrero rnetliltntt Llnlt Iltntilsil ntls(xl!isl v lrrcgrl ntcclian-
te
()ll1l (lc
n:Llr.r'lleza s:i<li(lt.
Sk)l()r()\\'
(
l9i5) ttrtlrii,lt <rnsi<lcr:r. rccogicr-rrkr rst lncx cle rlifi,rcntcs
Ll)rcs.
(lLrc
rl
(l(nrlini() (ltrc
cl nllts(xltist:r cjcr-<e solrr-e cl ritr.tl .r,,,rlul.t-r
cs rrnlr Ii-rne tlc olrtcncr Lut scntiltiicnt()
(le (\rttr()l
nligrcrt r'(lc lriLnli)
(ntr-
nilll)lente s()l)rc rl rnLrn(l() e\lcri(. Iis l()
(lLr(,s()sticnc (ixrcr' (
l9ijll)
xL|lr
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cl sLtjrt() irltcrttx rcstalu[rr 1t lLtrtotstinr \'rlucr:l(ltL p()r lcncr
(lLlr]
s()
l)()11!r'rl
sLrliirllicnl()
l)(r_l)tLrtri
clc rrn ol.)jcto crrrel V Ic(hitzltnlc ttreclitUttc el
(()nvcrtir
cl sufril]lieltt() el't cg() siut(inic(): cslel litrsl|ltrkr r tlItz:rck sc n-
\i('r'l('cn el lltoclo prcliticlo cle ltrrtrlLfiflIttti<ilt llllts( x
lu
istll. Fln csl()s cs()s, l
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rrclt. Irr'oso tlr.rr tlkr scr'lr clcbitlo I trlgrrtr.r llortt<.rsxrttlirlacl <lt, la rrre no )r:r-
l)rii c.sllr(lr) r:lle:rrlrr l:rsltr
(.s(
lll()llrcr)l(). I;rr.
l)ril]lt'tLs
srsj(rr(.s
(stt\'icr'()n
clorrrincls
>ot
llr lrris<rtcrllt trl-aLlstinlr <lc
rrr.tcllts
tle srr strprrcs{lr ilclinlt
<ion lrrrroscxtr1. Al nrisnxr ticnrl)(). 1()(l() esrr crl rnuttltrlo trn Lrn-t clr-:r
('\1,(1 l:rlr\.r ,fr',r,. r,, i,r \k \itrifllrr \\'.
lin
(l
lan5(1rrs() tlc tr'llt scsion en rLre LI
I)irci(ntc
nre lrlrll'r rr tr-u clc
nj nrir)x)\il tlc Io inttlnlinrlrlc rlre Ic
luccio
t'l llLrso rrrc trrrs( Ll-ri(-)
(lcs-
clc llr sesir-rn rLltr:rior. v lllri(,nr[rse rcli,ricl< t l scsjrin ltrttcrior-\'r-I tjst.l -r
kr clcslrlectivli ctrc lralri:r sickr str trlrclt'r. lc scnrrl su <itsco tlc tst:rt unicl:t
rtl. ill
(ucr'ln)
cle ri rtltrlit'
rtr':r
acari< i:trl.r v rccncrlr. Inrcclil:rtr'lr clcs
rtts
strcrilt (lltc
estii L()n Lr) ltluir lr rrric lc rrr'lr-i< i:r sus scn()s c(r cn(-llrc
stnsuliclutl. S('(lcspirl-trr.rngLrstix(lir.
l)ucs
p()r pr'rlcrx \cz ticnc l()
(lue (rce
scr trnlr utliflllitcir-rn clc- tr.rc cl('c1i\ lLlrnlc ls trlre sl cLrtrPo clt flr rlruicf. !,rl
(se
llt()rt)cnk) sr rrtc
1:rirtntr:r'r
lli chrclrt sol.lrc i cl tcrtrr l llt Irrl,srxrr.lirlerl
no l:hlt cst:l(l() rr:)r)clr s<strnic[
ror
tlcst,os
(le
lxl nxlurirlcz. c(n() l
l)l()l)i l)arcienlc
lrlinlr-r rl<,rtlt cl r.rrricllzo. r lls rslrs et.tLn nrirs r.ottrplictl:rs
v no liabrilt si(l() lt)i
l)r()l)i()
scnulnlirnl() r'l ctrc Itabie gcnclarlo cl surno. hln
()tf()s
tnllin()s,
sc
trirtlrl)x rlt, rrn lrorttos,.,xrllrliclrrcl cltrc
rlirttc|o
Ii:rlr.t
rcne
tr:rckr cn l:r crrlr'ir'ncil lr:rr l.r firrtrLt
(,r'
tcnt()r', rtn:r r'.2 rcsrrr,:br:t)rrtlrt tll)lr cl-
lril l)rrrrr-l clcit'nsivu.
)
ri s(riillill]i(Dlr)[rrlucsinrrlerncnlcllirlriulreclrrer
Crntril\tir lr tsr'rinr
(lc
l(\inlirr l lur-r-el]r r(r: LL |ciresitin. pclntiticnckr quc
kr r1r.re hastlr esc r11()nlerll() cra intclc( tulrlizalau'rn aprtteciet.t en k) otxtriflcst()
clel sueno lrejo srr filrrnl
('er(r(nlr
r( kr rcprnitkrT
().
cr clrlllrir>,
n()
se trtil-
!l
los
Avr\N(_tiS li\
pSt.()..liRAptA
pSI(_()A\^t_t
r(:A
l,- NrAsoQUrsirlo
respresta clxrlr e[ p( n qu xcl(lLixn rin cxra'lctc[
(r)sesi()n1nte
Y, cn csPeci:rl.
cLlr'll p()(l ser ll caLrsa
(lc
este sentinlient() cle
(llc
kr tctui<lo solrevenclre
inex<ttllcrttcnic.
!ln est plciente exist1n
(lctcmrinx(lxs
crecn(ias trlt-tgiclts ltcelca clc que
si pensitba algo. cso ilra a crurrir. I- l:ln c()n()ci(lx
()rtuiPoten(ia
clel pcnsa
ntient() en ella ltslrnra l foua conr'reta.Si v() sicnt() lllg(). es c()tll(, !lnr ln
lLricia)n.
,v
(lespus ()cLr'rc".
frlrsc clrtc la paciente guetclaba colll() Lln tes()l() s(]-
cret().
(lue
ltlrlrilt cLtltivack crrn plecet rlescle pt<tretie p:rr
((nIst:-\'ar
tln
sentinricnt() clc prxlcl rlre l rcriliclcl. per()
(ittc
tnlt vez c()nst[i(lll c(nll()
(fccncix
rcl(lLriri(-).
(\tl()
cn el c:tso clcl lrirrencliz tlc lltttjo. tln ilLlk)tll-llislll()
rr.rc lu Iraclr iirn(.irnur en c()ntIu sLr\'. l,1r crccn(Lr
(nrlniP()ltnlc.
hij tlel
r|in-
i ipio <lel
rlrtccr
r rlcsctl:i <le set c recla tn sr.t inici<. ttna lcz clcs-trcntlicla tlel
act()
(lcsclrnle
tr.rc ic rlio
()rigerr.
\'c(nlvcrti(llt t'n nticlco nrislo clc stt tirtlta
rlc ptnsrLr. trrrrr'nzti pr()(lLcil'strs ctc(tis r.tt<ttlilic<sr si
tcnsltlta
(ltc
se il)x
:l ll)()rir'. un(lLr('cs< nr firgre clcsr:rLr. cl lter'ho tlt ltelrtllo pensl<lo cra in-
clir'cl< cle rtrr iba lt sLr(('dqr. Fls() es lo <lrrc riclte(i(-).()n llt lrr trosexrt iitla<i,
r> r'on le
rosilrilitllrrl
clc <rtc stt tnttrinr()ni() se rottrpit ra. o con t iertls icies hi
)oconclrlc:rs
(lLrc
pr-csent(i cn
(fr)s
rtt()lttettt()s
(lcl
trtrlnticrtk)
l)c,-()
(lue
cl('yclrl
(ltc
st' il)ll t)1(ni[.
()
lt
(()nlt:flitse
cn trn:l lr(nll()scxL11.
() (ltc
sc tcrnrinril srnritn(l()
(lc
stl inxti(l().
() (ltlt
tllLlficl1] t'n cl patto. nil llc
gl :tc]iuarrn()s
(]l
cx[ial(r'olrscsirrr rlc ess tr-ccntilts. Hltl rltclla gentc
(ltlc
sc scl)l(r
()
cs lr(),D()scxLrl v kr vivt clc nrtr\'(listintll nrllncfll. Iin cl
(its() (lt
nLrcstrx
l)lt(icnlt,
c:t(l:t Ln()
(1(]
I()s lcrll(r'cs tfll, 1l st \'cz. tlspil-il(l()
(lenlf() (lc
(fr-il
serie
(lc
I)cltsllr)licrtk)s
(lr.t
Ic lclnrinrl)n
(ln(l()
stl callai(1cr LIc ins()p()tI
lrlcr
.;l-is
tcfrilrle tr.rc rrlgo:ts lc
Prtecla Pasat'x
url!,..cs ttl]rt |trg[icnz:t lollll...
clcspuis rlc cso no
lxrclri'mirr
il rti(li( rt l
(arr.ll".
sov
trnrt tlegcnctrt(lal,. "iltri
vi(Ll
(stli
l'r'Lrina(lrt!,. \erclclero sistcnr ctxlificclor
('n (ltrc
es1s crtenti.lr.tt'
tttl)an
(\nrl()
l)Llllsl?tttatccts.
(k)llln(l() (lc
stl
(1tlll:t (lc
ltorrttr-a atr.telios pcn
sitnticltl( )s
(lLc
s\ccsi!xrncnlc iltan octtrantlo cl
(
et'ltr()
(le
stls
P1c()cLl).1(
t, )llcs.
sistcr)il c(xlificll(l()r surgi(l() l pllrlir
(lc
lx i(lenlifi(rci(irl .()n tn:l rtlll(hc
([tc
c()n\'rriil l() c()ti(lin()
('n
nr)ti\'o tlc l D[is inlcnsx ngLlsti.t \'
(ltlt
lc l)al)ia
tlanstirn(li(l() unlt rcprrscntll( i(-)11
(lcl
ftrttt() c(ll() rllcnaznte.
I'ln el cas<
(ls
cst:r pxcicnte sc nrc fLre lrcicntlo e\i(ltntc
(lLlc
ls str<.esi-
vrrs olrscsir'tts restrltlrlran clc l rticLtlci<-rn
(lc (lnx
selic
(lc
clenlcnt()s. ttrn-
grrno clc los culcs er tlc
Jxrr-s
r.itrfl(icntc
'rltr':t
txltli<et tl cLl(lr(): s(il() sL
c(nrrl)ina( i(-)n les prorlucirt. Hn efl'cr
l. l-lt cckrsitin sint()t1ut()l(;gi( ar 1L\'() hgr rr't Lrlt tt()rrrcnl()
(lc
str vi(llt cn
rrre r.rna serualiducl hltst tsc inslantt s<firclrt hltb:t logftrclo l)fir\(
n-r\,'
parlll
(\nlvcfiirsc
en centrl) rlc stt nrLtnclt ernirit'tltl. llrrllsll?n(l()
(()!l
sLl
(]o'l
prrjc a clLrc sc pregrrnlase s()l)rc sLr
(lcsc()
1.
solrre tockr. si sr scxrutlicl:ttl era
la cle tne pcrson:t
.clccente,.
A csts rqspcct() n() lcstltil)a ttn cltt clcsdcltle
(lLre
sr xl)uel1l ptclnil. uluier nrul pctlurlracla. hubicl trltnjfi'stltcl() slt tem()r
109
'i:.
rris l;ic'1. (lLre
ttti inter\ cnci(-)n labi. sici. llr cusante (le
lil cristaliz.rci(in
tlt, Lnlr crectcia
en lil p:tcieotc.
rlinckle sLr tin: escnicr En csre segunci<r
(
irs().
|l
flr't:ls.1 it<,uscxt:rl
n() I.r cstitru
1)1.()tcgienclo, r r,, r..lr. .l. .l"ra,,,
Itr{ c'( rscl Lr:tlc-s inceslt()s()s.
clc rrn t.:rnsfercn(.ia
er.tic./ Ilstu\c
enI()nccs
irl(,nt() lt t()(l() kr que cn cl rlisr.rrrso (le
Ia pacicrte pLl(liel.
in(licur till cos.
l'tl-o n< ltc- ne(esxti()
tltltr clcsr'cl
r,.lt rlrre r,ipiclamcnra
a,n,-;l
1-,,en"rntia^t,,
(r)ns(icnrc
p1llecier()n
taies f:tltlrss. (lLe
se c(rvir-tier()n
cn rlrsesirnentcs.
rror
oclinclole
en()rnle !.el giienza.
Sitltci(-)n
n() cxentil (lc
ir.onar lo rtre cn
()It.()s
plt(.ientes
lcrrticrc clel rrra
r r- tlt krs eslircl.zrs
.lar.a
lraccr trnerger io clcsagraclalrlc
r l co'nc.ienci.
cst
1'.1
1,, pr(:r-nl.llr,rl
.rn.li.r.
),,r In,(r,,rr,:
,,. 1,,1,,,.,..,r,,.,,.
,r(.li,f. rl,.
.lllr k lrtsclrra
A esrr iltr-. crcr t*ar.ientr.
t.cirr ,ri Ilrrg:r rir.nlrcirir,r.rcrcir-
tllt cn ks c'linrtcs (lel
:lnlistil <lctu.tirr
rltrc. rlll(, cn l:ls l,r,.ne. novclas pr
lir[rr.rs., s,ltt ,.lr.lntt,nl.rn,, (lUe
t()(l() lo crrc st ie pr.esentl
.,.. coartecl:r, nr
Itr)trrJ \(
(tt\ef\ti,ntst..
ntu trrotlujo il
l)rnsltrcn
le tl.enslcr.ctcilt
negllti\.11 l)lj()
l:r itlca rlc
(lut
ttuik) l hotxrse,rulrlicllttl
<.r< cl
1,raart.,n,,,
"n,*r,
rr,,nticto
clt
nri s(,r\'ln pam
enc.ul>rir.clcsers
Ixrstilcs. Nr,.rln.nl.
ta paci.nt"
rnc clispcn
sr'r rlcl cslircrzo
tlc hltcerlOs c()n\LlL-lltc\.
st
-tngrrsti.tlr.r
"rt.j"l'," "an,nriart,,a Ir,slik s puts terua rr.re ellos puclicran
1i,,,..r-
,.ligra.
"l
vn)Li.;.
l)c(,
(lc
cLrxl_
rrricr
nrantrl no <lcjaben cle estlrr cn l, ,.,,,.r,ii.nii".
Siur1rl",n.,rt'.,
l()s rctcnirt,
.in
t rfrr'<srukrs
en Lr)
l)rillef
r1r()ttlent() par.a lrrr,go s lracr,rkr Fls clccir_. lto cs
Ll l).l rt h,l)rinri(i()(
(lrin(l()
n()s uce<.lilteluos;rl
tritucr
at clel ntilisis. lu
Jlrr.icntc
tuccl<_r
(
Dll)ilI]z:(lil.
corcnznclo
el k,lti(,r.
t.lr)tl)lun (rl)sL.si()n.int..
.lu .Lrc pirclier.lt
r.rsrtt
rtlgr: clrrrnc
el cntl)ilrilz()
tjl
P.
T,, \l nti,llt,,,i.,np,,..l
ritcnsiflc<-r
llr
'rrrgLrslIr
c[' crre ptrrlicr:t
n()
(]Lertr
lrl nraricro. aa ,,rr,,,n,r."ra
aral,rtr,,
r. .a, ,,ia_
r:r rrlrlig:rrle
lr Lrna separa<.ir>n jLls)
cn cl ll()ltcnt<)
en l1Lrc tt.llt." fr,,,,'rf
rlrrnrIr.
l)lrLrt enl()n(.cs l()s tern(r-(\ lr, )rr, ,c\Lrlrlus
It.rlrr.ro ii"".,r.,raal,lrr<,f"
,u
r r tlt'it
ttc irt. n() p()t'(Lle llUlrie[rn sl,.l, r]Jl),)r.l!h)s
siDr, llrsir.rrncntc
por.<tre
tl
trrrlr.r:rz,
Ia hlbe tc:rscgrr.:rd.
en sr iclcnti<lacl fe,tenina.
rf,t",ir". lr" nu._
\rs
l)f(1)(Lrl):lci(1es obscsir':rs
c()ntril)Llln
a lurccr
resar
la hotncse,riralidatl
lt
r s(
sun(l() pllln().
A parlir
<lcl nacirtriento
clel lrijri se inici<i rrn nucvo
rt,r.r<
rl,r .1 lirs rngrrsti.s
lri.r.c.nclr.i:rt.as
pusllr(m
l a., .ir,rr,,i"ri"l
clc Is se
sirrtts
Yo, il csil llltlrrl. ten.r scli.ls
clrrcis c,,u..1
a,,rrin,r,:ii.ia,r.t.
lrur,
r.tl cltlris rlc cecl oltsesiOn ()rr.() (.()nlcni(l()
tcitil,tticl
clc] ,,,.,-,,,u.tt,,.,u.,
.r( tuils( n
(r)
t() tlcfcnsa
_cl
lllc(.llnis)l()
tlcl tlcsltlltzartrient,)--
fi,a.,, ,,n" a_a-
r)lr(,r(
i()n.:,uli(i('rtc.
r)ilrir rn er yrrorrrcnlr
n() cr:r trt() r, ."2,-,,.t ,it ...,, tr,,
rr)\( \rrI o lrrlr,rrsexLrl
inccstL()s(),
orlc ]l lrgr.csir icllr<I. < cl e lrs flriilts nlLr,
, ir,r\f,rs (
n lit
)(,rsr)nllli!l.t( clc Ilr
ncientc.
lll lnxlL-l.illl
clr krs sLrcrios
1. krs
(l(
t.rlL \ (lll(.tt;lt.t
(lr
sL inflrncia Dc
1tcr.l]titlrr.t
_(lctr()
(lr
f,r a"l,,,,r,,.1ua'._"
l(.(r (
t
,
, I I
(
I
(
I I I I I ) ( (,II
ltLl(,stl-lts (t)nstfLcci()ncs_
lirn,:rrntc.n
cie ll idcll (lc
l.ts r''.x.r'rlrr,
r.rs Irioulrill.as y (lc
l(,r nr(.LJnisru^
.1,. 1., p.rt.i:;;.-.u,..t,r,"1r"n
,h ,rrt, lr'-r.,tr,t.r,t .r \,r\
l,f(r
.l).r,
i,n)( ,
L
I,r,.)r,n;.,
:;,,:
;:,,;;,,,;1.,,,,
r,"
,,n,,
I ll)
^v^N(.is
IiN
psl(ior.liRApt
pscoANA_,r.IcA
(k (u(
"scirs rnil plrtr c(no tu .t.r(11e,.
pero
he un hecho casual. llg<> ccltri
r;[ ntt,trl ,(,sl() (liurn()
cie un sreo Io tlue agrcgil algo clccisir.o: l]rh:l estil_
r , r
r:r.lir
ixr nc'r tr )n Lnlls lt lrigas cn an c()n\.ersacicin
sr,re ir.ur.sextaliclacl
r.n (lll(
s(, lrlrn vr-: iclo jri(.i()s
neg.rti\1)s, lo que lc llcva a preguntarse
clen-
lr, tlt,strs clrrllrs si cll cs scxr1rlnt(nt(
rlcccnte-: -N,
r.n.,c,
r,i ta,tltia,n clc
sr.('s ltr r t:osrxralcsi,".
lis intp()sirl( Ll(tcrntin-rr
"r
rc .x.it,r ..,n tlrl <.rnversa_
r'ion o sl-lo se lsLst). CLralclrrier.a qrrc sea eJ clls(). un.l vcz firnrrriacla tal
I)r('grnlil.
por
cl heclro cle clcel en c]
tocler
intuitivo (lc
sU pensxQ)icnk)
pl
r.rrtrri l<i otrrlto,
\
porqtlc.ltt.lu
e flt d<,c? ciat, c()ncltt\,_e: .Si
.1i.r,",,
<u. ,,ry
lrloscxrrI.
si tengo csu intuici(in,
es clue rlellr..,.1,r,.
y
rri x, p,e>".a.1
nr( )l)(.nt( ) sigrrienre.
2 ArLrello qtre n()
(lcl)r
ser Il h<r<sexraliclcl_.
<uc no clelcr ocrr
rrir.
l)(,)r
su tislta cruliclacl cle prohilticlo y iror-rorrrsrl
_rone_
cn rnarcha el pro
r cso tlc r igilancia en ltrs<.tr cle inclicucl<.es
tue testitnoniaran
s()l)[e sL exis
l(.n(i:. Adclniis. cn est:t
llil(.iente.
(r)llt()
cu
()tr()s
clls()s cltrc ltcros tct.ticlo
olx )rtuni(l(l
cle unalizer. la iclclt rlc
(luc
tlg() tcn.il)le
()t.rrn.c-
clc inrpn,r,iso
_,n
(sl( (its()
cl clcscrrltril,iett. (le
rn pres.nt
l.,.scxrrlitl:tcll
cstit asen
l,r(lir (
n un creenci tlxtliz pasionlrl
clel tip().alg() lrrrriltle t.lr l srceclrr r ves
,r
(l(.s(ul)r'i,. (lrecn(.i
ntatriz (lLr
se c()nstrLye l tlir!.s
(lc
nril ruensajes clcl
tr
r.
rlt :
"llcgri lt sll cllsar
)'se
cn(.()ntr() c()n sL Lttaclrc rrttcl.ttt,. .estal)
ll,y l)icr
| [ rl(..sr'Ulrit,rrm
Ln clincer",.se ac()sfu.) clescanser un rltk)
!,{uv() Ln inl[
r(, (lr(ll().()n
exple<i(-)n
<le lx-ri,l-r
rsrrrrlt-,.1,
l1,)r
cl \Ltj(,) (lcl)cn(lienlr
lr.r

r
igl (.sl(l()
lltecliv(). El nio pLrcrlc
n,, salrr 1,, <rre cs iu tLr.,nc. el cin_
, L r . r'I.rrrflr'r., p.r l. rue rl pes()
rnl(x.i()n1ll 1. clerivu clc l scrrliltic
cle
|slJs
I)lrllrlr[rs
sino rlc ia tnirucle y.el cstrcnrccitn
ient( ) clel ltcltrlkr rue l:rs sig
nr llr',1 r'r lr I lcr-riltlcs.
J
(i)ltslrili(lo
clc este nxclo el h<.rr. ie hiu<sexrralirla(I.
en lx )tentc
rlt.nUr.sllr
l)li(.ientc
pltsll genet:t-Lln
pr()(.es()
cltrc no p<xlni sinr l.ek.zallr
lrrrscrrlri
1>rrrcllrs
cle <uc lc glstan
hs nrLrjcres, les ohscn.alli
en l,r,,,. t,.n.n
,1,-l,
lltr-rrrr,'.(\\u(lrin.lt.,i
r s
lrr,Pi.rr
rr..r, r.i,rr,s. \ (.nt(,n,(.\_
,rl igrr.rl ,,r..,.1
ltrxU,r)(lr'r-(i,.tluz.l(1,
rn :rr srntioJoga_
n() tr(lx[1i cn clesct ltt it. c.r I r si
Iut rr r.lr..lusilt
<lc ella. y p()[ en(lc gmvc.
kr tr-rc en relrlichrl lc paslr e tocla
ttrrrjr.r'rr lroltlrrc: (lllc
sicntc lrtcci(-)n p(n. los cle su pr.opio gncrrt,
rlue erl
Ilrr.r ll() ll i)lr() rasg(). ini.lLtickrs los corltoralcs.
I I t)it \'(z <r-rc lo Icniiclo
-lil
iit(lc(.t:nci.r
sc>irral. lt:rjo ti.nt clc lrto_
v ru,rlrrLrtl--
rrrttlc
rrurLir-. ylr no ltay n.is garuntias..l.oiias
las segrrriclacles
s,, r,rrlr.r[ :rr
(irntr
cleca lit pxcicnle: .Si
lLtst:r IxDoscxLlli pLle(l() scr,
_cn
l.lrz,rrrrl,, t.l ltislil,-,
enkntccs cs (.ucsti(.)n
tle cstltr alen a l" espel.,r clcl
1tr.<ixi_
tlr,, sr((.s()
lt()rri)l(, (lLlc
en sLr trnr i<.t.irjn tlclte ol:lligatoriertrentc
slltlet enir.
l..r lrlri.r ,r l:r lrrrros(\LlJli(1.(l
rreplreti
cl clrntit-l< l rrls filtias. (lLre
n() sc_
t,ttr rrr rr'rrr'rrliz.rr rr'rn rlt, la prirtte
-crr()r
ciel
(.()gnitivislll(
) 1s()ciacl()tistil_
r r i l t( rirs su\tilu( iortr. s rlt ti,nsit:rs
-crror
clel al.rrs< rlt Ia tcorlr rlcl ciespleza
ri(,1)l() (k
li.nst\1) sit() (\
)nse(.1)enciL (le
ttna tcestlLctrrac.it,n
clr I<t cLre cl
ri r. M^soeursMo I 11
rsicluismo
cree c()mo p()sil)le: p(n(lue alxa trrci lo h<rrille pLre(lc
()crriri
la pacientc pasa cle una fobia a cleslrrollar unll p.lni(r)ix.
L crcenciit uratriz
flisi()n:ll.
.si
esto sLtccdi(i, a1ua puecle pas.lr cualqLlicr
Cttsa,. exrlica el cliD) de I)(rrr<>r-cuc surge ! pafiir
(lc
ciefi()s a(()ntcLrnlicnk.,s
en la vich.
)'a
qLLc xl)rcn unil selie intinita cLrc lnantcnrlri cn c()ntinLa z()z()-
llt.a al sujet<1. l)c igtrel nunera. la
ranlirbia
(lLc
lparcce .l plLrtir (lc
lx ntLlerte
irlrplcvist:l cle un scr trrcliclo puetle tener sL l)xsc en el sentitrlient()
(lc
qLte
.si
<crrni<- eso, crralctticr'c()slt pLc(lc sL('eder". N() cs la ntueltr cn sl riu\ltt-r,
ni le pr'clicla clcl objcto pr'(le(t(n. sino la rrrpttrra <lc' lrn sentituiento clc segu-
rir-larl t'llL ilpc]-tlrrar.r la scrie cle lo inesltrmtlo
],sllricstr().
Cctx vc-nros en el c:ls()
(lc
nLrr\t[r
lr-lLintr.
(i(jrt.\ (r((n('Irs
11t:ttri(cs
pesionelcs
-.lo
<trc piens()
()(Llfrc,, .si
lllc
()cltn-c
kr <tre no clclicL ser... es
terrible,.
,si
lgo tlrn tcrlil)lc
()cLnre,
cnt()n(es crlLlclrricr c()sa plre(le src(!
clcr,- poncn rn rlllrrclll Ln proccs() <lc l'igilancilr
(lLtc
cotviertc crrakrrier
coslt cn lt<rrcllo trnil)le
(re
se he
tlcjtrzgaclo
(lle
va s()l)rcvcnir. Sistentil
organizeclor clel senticl()
(lLre
cs
l)llfliculat-izu(l()
txnt() p(n el)is()(li()s tlc su vici
-(lLe
n()
(\)nsigno,
trrrs
kr <rrr clesco rcalztir a<rr es s(il() Un cicr) sccl(r'cle
l.t t'sttltcltlrd
kat
lo'rtl l a-l t tl lsfi11ldc it)t ttl clc srrs rbscsirlcs-.
(r)Dt()
p()l_
llc( )ntc('ilr lienl
(
)s vi\'i(l()s p()r sus
xrrlrcs
entcs clc <1ue ella nacictr
-llgo
liga
do a l scxrralitla<l-. y <le sus clcscos ctliric os en unu siiLracia't col>lit'acla
por la serata< ir-rn <L: srts
xtr-lrcs.t'
L1. su_Jti l() r)rir- r)rspr-AcriR
y
Iir. stiN'r'ILx) DIi {liAr-l)Ar)
l-x
((nvicci()n (lLc
sc licnc de <uc algo rcllll]tcntr cxistr rst inlluen(iu-
tllt tlnto
rt>r
cl pl1ccr c(nlr() por cl clisplacer rllc sL rci)tcsttlt( i(in sglt
(itl)iz
cle
-rrodrrcir.
t.ll llr('taotc k)ln c(nltct() crn cl rrttrtcl< \'(\)n s(r
(
Lttr'p() trll
rs clc ls scnsll(i()nes <lc
rlltccl
o dolol rr.re a-sl()s pllx[r(en. l,lr
[rr'.tlrti,,n
n() es ni neutr.r ni unilil)lcr srlc tl Iirnck clc lo crre ve, rlc lo <uc oye. clc
kr crtc ltrtclc, tlc kr tuc pelra. <le l()
(lue
le gust. clc kr ruc
irlovicnr
clc ll
cencstcsil. sc inlp(ren a<r.rellos cstinttrlos
(lLtr
p()sccn le c rrelitlarl rlc scr'
ltla
(-entcr()s ().
p()r
ql (1)ntrltri(), (l()l()r()s()s.
ttl pler'cr y cl cl<l<r acttiltr-l fcc()'t:lu(l()
(iert()s
estnrul()s
(r)
r-cspect() al reskr. contribLryern<kr a rlcllnir c(tl() lral l()
(ltc
leng ess craliclcles. l)cscle cl crrnienzr tlc ll r,icllr el
iui(i()
(lc
sxistcn-
< i:t cstli srlclcl< ls sensa< roncs rlc
rlltccr 1,
tle clolor. rrlac i<in tLrc se ruan-
3 r.
(lx(l:r
vc/ qu( n()s rclirrlnos I Lrs .rcenrirs nrutrx(s
lrsirrralrs
r lrs (lurx)s
n
(tcrcmri-
quc nun(x p()dr:in tr:r(hr(ir (.\ir.lrnrcnlc ((jnx)
cstiin irrs.rit]s 1:rs nurtri(cs inc(rl\crc)lc\ per\) (lLre.
xl rnen()s..(msliruycn
--{
n k)s rannir)()5 e IieLr(l rcprcsrnt]( i()ncs inlc rrc(lils. (lcrldxs.
(lrr!
n()s
DCni(cn
rprl)\inurrx)s csts.
l AVAN(-IJS IJN PSI(J('I'IJRAPIA PSICoANA-'I'I(,A
ticn( irr,r .u.ln(lo el psiquisrrx) se llxga c(tplejo y cl
(l()l()
\, ei plcet no
r'rtrt r-jrr r,lt ltrsivarr1entc l pultir (le
t.eccpk)res s()ll,Il'itic()s sin() txtll)icn. \
l)ri,-
\ irl(.r)l(,nlcntc. trlo clispla<.er
1
pJ:rcer clacios por la significltci<in.
Si lrlgo rlucle- o si procluce pl:lccr. cnt()nccs existel v cLant() nlis intensos
st rrn rr<ullos tank) nta\1)l'scrat h c()nvicci(in solrre Ie ealiclacl <lc lo <ue est
rLllr<lo <ls esas cualiclacles. El srtrgil)licnto cle la clpeciclacl clcl
rsiqr.risrtro
r-lc
(
(r)n(xrr (lLle
algo existc indepenrliententente (le (lre
lrllzca
o cluellt, es cle-
r il clt, ltr
resin.
ser-r un krgrt> enornte, kr quc estit t,inculackr a atuello rrre
st,tllnrltine senti(lo de lealitllcl. I)eto
iLlnk).r
cse scnticio clc rellirhrl
tersis
lirii si(r)rl)re Ia tenclcnc ia. rlilllc rlt- lrcrrcr.clr u l()s
(lislint()s
srrjctos. cle JLrccr
rlr.
x'nrlt'l
ll crcencia clc <tre algo cs real I
rartir
tle l:r cLrlitlecl rle
rlac.er
<r
rlispllrcct
(lue
s\l tepresentirci(in gcnere.
I;r rclltci<-rn estlccll entre el plac.er v kr crrc pasa l ser l(.tl)tit(l()
(\)ln()
r( ill cl placcr guienclo
1' sclcccionanckr e<ucllo <uc r' a scr crccll c.rrxr tc
ri(,r(l() cxistcnci- hlr siclo larganrcntc (r)n()ci(lit
v
g()zll cn Iu actullirltrcl <le
( ()r1s(.ns().
l-11 expresi(in
"pcnsar)ticnl()
(lc
rclllizilci(in rlc tlcseos, seril l:r fier-
l('l('lr(l('r'tcix :r
(fecr
c()nt() qrre es rcal lt<rrclkr rtrr t.ausa
rlaccr.
I)rlr cllo se
Ii( n(
(lur
lel)ritnir. pr()\'cctllr. rcnegr. ncgar. har.cr Lrso rle krclts los lucc:r-
rrisrrros <lt'ti,nsirrs cle krs rlr.re rlisponc el psirrrislt<t. Lo rlesagrt<laltlc lien<lc
,r st r' t lr'ltriclo cle llt conciencia. pc,1) talnl)in r srl.c()ntt.ilft.(,st(lo cn tl in
(('n\(itnlt.,
en el rue se ftll'ican realiclr-lcs <.<nfirrnrc l <leseo. A este rcs
r'(1r),
l()(l() t'l t|abejo clc l-'lerrd s<lre cl principio clc plur.er
tuccle
ser rnten
,lirL trrrrro cl intentr rlc clur tirnclntent() l1t tcsis clt <uc krs sLuios
v l<ts
sllrl() rrs s()n realizlcir-n cle rlcscos.
l)ef()
espccixlt)lcntc cle cstltltlcr.er ls lc
rr.s rrrt golrit'rnrrn el inconscicnte. cn rloncle x(lul intpr(,gnril lilelncntc.
sirr rr'sllitlirncs. CrrLn(l()
(lesllrr()llat
l
()p()si(i()n
pl.incil)i() (le
ltle<.er
it,i:r.irs
rrirrr
ilrirr rlc ealiclacl en bltnttlacirntes sobt? k)s l()s princpit)s
dd suc(,u-
l)strlrtitt)
l l9l l) cleja bien estallecicl<
(lre
el in(r)nscientc se r.igc
tr.
el pri
!D( r(), sin rrre tl scgtrnclo sca krllal(l() cn c()nsiclcrr.i<in. I)ic.e:
.El
car:ictcl lttis
cr.lr':uro <lt' krs plo<esos in(()nscientcs
(teprimiclos).
al crrc cacla invcstigaclor
no st lrrlittilt sino vencinclose :t s tisnto cr gran estitcr-zo. l.esult:l cntcra-
rrrtrrtt rk'l lrt'cho <le cue en cllos el cxllnlcn clc relitlurl no rige
-rara
narla.
sirro rrrt Lr lcrrliclacl clel pcnsxr es c<lripurecla :r le reliclcl efcctila extcr.irr.
r cl tl('sr'o lr su cumplimicnlr). lli lc( )ntccilnient( ). t:rl c()lI() sc
(leri\
siu ll.ls
rI l r iljo irlrt,rio clel principi() clel ple<.er.,
(prig.
2.i0).
I:l lrlt(i()nllntieni() inc(xtscicnle aJlrret.ea <lc rste ln<clo rcgrrleclo sirkr
l',,r
r'l
lrirr'ilrio
rlel placcr,
v cn l s(')l() tenclrlr clrlicl cl rlesco. Esta trrnt.cJr-
r rorr rillnlr. llrsta 1920 cs refiuul:tcla crtrnck F'rcrrcl
l)itsu
a [ec(n()ccr l.l
(
\i\l( nr i,l tI
P'ocrsrs
(lue
cstl'in ts ll clel principio clel pl:tccr cn cl se]()
,1,'l
rrr,Pr,,
irr(()ns(icnte v en srs ra nr itlclci{ )nss nt.ls
(lirc(ias
c,.t cl prerrtns
r ir'ul( \ l:r rrrrtlt.ntir. Cntltio tcr-l.ico rue, sin cnrltargo. no nt<rlific rnlL
:r'rrit.rl.rrlrlt
lrls
rrrx.csos
inc()nsciL'ntes
v la cle sus clelir ackts sotneticl<s a su
lt'.\:k)lrt, .t(t(h)rstit(l()c()ntoocttrriettdoctnt<t'atocurri(k)(tutliz.tdo)_cs-
c'attificctcb L'n el prcscnlc de suc(,(ler psi(lttc(). Es lo qr-re velnos en los sr.rcn,rs
tr.[ll)1-ltic()s
1'
lls pcslclillsr l() terni(lo aprece
((rno
1'e
reulizeclo
()
cn pro
ceso cle rcalizacitin. f-s I()
(lue
txrrrl)in c()nstatamos en el deliri() petrc(Lrl,ri ),
en rrre el sLlicl(). tslrliend() cl .ltxqLre. pas x cl'ccr qLle eslir siencl()
(r)jet() (lel
lDislll(). \'est() hxstx un gra(l() trl <Lre llcga l c(nlsh-lrir la escenif)caci(rn lttci-
n:rlorir quc l< r'rrolrrr. L) en la Iriponc<xlra. en tue sc \'an falrricencl< ctn
vicci()nes srlre lus suct-silus cntr llc(ll(les
(lLre
xruenazaan l suie).
As cortto l)arv un penslrnrienk) c-n el que el
(lese()
gobierna
-pensa-
,nicnk)
(lc
rclizaci(')n
(lc (lese()s-.
cle iguel menere cxislc
(fr-()
tipo
(le
pen-
srrnrient(). rle irrnfl lrrcirir-l clc k tenrirlo o. nrejor an.
p('ns.mleltlo de rcal-
za.n dL, lo toui(/r. cn cl scnticl< clc cuc acuclkr'cuc pr'()(lLlcc !lngu\ti.r. rlLre
sc ttnrc. sc tftlnsfornlir en escenillc( i(in presente vir icla c(rll() rclrl. Si cl pcn-
slln)icnl()
(lc
relizirci(in clr clesc<s tlelirru l realiclacl
1'
la hlcc nlinDc;
,1. cle iguel lnll11t.r-11 rl
l)cnsn)icnt()
(le
rellizxci(in
(le
l() tcr11i(l() segLrr.r Ir
((rr\'ic(i(in
<le <r.re es rcxl.
(lLc
c\istc k tcrnirkr. I)(n
()tm
paffe. si en el in-
(()nscicntc
htrbiera s<'rkr pcnsanricnt() dc' rculizcir-rn clc clesc<s. l:t lr-rgtLstia
(le
(str-(i(-)n
o ls rnil firas clc lls lantrs terr()rizrntes n(, tenclrn cul>icla cn
('1,
scrun sirnple c innrc(liatnlcntr clcscchlt<l:ts.
Se hlr hlrlrircl< retfi-ri< u rente clel
.sujtto
c[lrlcsco,,
I)lrrx
in(li(rLr
((-r]r()
Ios llcclrnistlos clcl tlcsco ticncn su,ct(l() il t()(k) ser htrnrano t'c<into cktri
n.rn su flr n( i( )nxnlicnk )
l)si(lLi((). ,vlt
tttc l:t
(
)rg:LI)izaci(-)n a lll qLrc hxl)ituxl
nlcnlc designlulx)s c(rIt()
I)ers(nt1
no
rLtc<lc
rt]lis <r.te seguir. sin el rlrcn()r
(()-
n()cilllirrlt(), ks cnrirrs
(lLe
el
(1ese()
lc irttgrltc. Fln igull senti(l(). llxv un
su
cl()
(lel (lspl.tccr (
uYl cxisten(
j.r
n< estr'i <lach p()r nin-an cnte pers()nilicir
hle sino
rol
los
rr'<rios
nlccnisrtl()s
(ltle (leternrinltn
tlte Io tctnicltr su-t r ir i
rkr corno reel
1
ectr.nl. Si s()nr()s c()nsecrcr1l(s
(()n
lat crrnccrcicin cle <tte k:s
l)r()ccs()s
inc()llscicntcs fincionxn lrejo la ckrblc rcgulacir-rn
(lcl
princil)i()
(lel
I)lllctr
\'(lr kr <ttc estli ll-ts rrll cle
('1.
cnrn<cs n() h.t\'()tr-() clln)ino <uc el clc
refir'mlrlur'.
l)(n
scr
l)urcixlcs.
tocllrs llts cxplic:tci()ncs
(lLre
c()n(cptualizxn l()s
ii'nr'rren<s
rs<ui<rrs
norrnalss
l
petoliigicos cxclusi\'[r(ntr clesrle l:r pcrs-
rcctiva
clel
(lesc().
I)lrra t()llrul un solo cjcr:rplo: los sLteos
(lr
mLltrte
(le
se-
rcs
(lreri(l()s
no scr:in sicnrpre leflei()
(le
cieseos clc tr.tc cllo sr-t,:'ccla
ltltrt
(lescnll)rrxzlltse
clel lival cclpico
-la
cxrlic:rcir-rn
(lue
Irrerld clieu cn l 1l-
lul)r.'t(tci(;u r/s 1r)i J//(r)(./s
(
l9(x)). cs clrcir lrntcs
(lcl
cxn)l)i() te(-rri(()
(le
1920-.
lln n()
l)()(:s
()p()
uni(h(lcs exl)resan Ln() clc krs nr:is gran(lcs tenx)l-cs
(le
Ll
inlnnci: el
-rcrcler
lr l<lrcikrs <lu( l() s()n )(l(). proteccirin v ulivio flentc al clt
lor
1
ll angustie. ftentc dc sLllllinistr() \'itlrl \,
(lc
stisLr(( i(-)n sexLral v nar'-
(isistl.
fll scntinrient() cle irrp(fcncia-(lcsx11)irrf). rrl cu,: f'r'crrrl
(licr.r
lrnl),,r
tlrnci
(clltl-1rl
rrl uli<ltrlo c()lt() l)Lse cle Ll ilngusliar scel. r'ecla vcz
(lLrc
es
rcxcti\.11(l() cn cl ilr(()r)scirnir se escenitlclr. sg rc:Liiz cn ls itril \'arriilnlcs
(le
Ios
rcliglos
a [rs rue
(llrcclll
expuest() cl sLrjrt() p( la tiltr rle la inago rea-
scllrLrantc.
Lln c()nsccLrcncia. cr1ln(k) se
lrhnti
rtte cl slren()
()
l()s snt(lrrlts s()n Ltna
Ir_ MASOQUSnr() r1J
llr AVAN(]IJS IJN PSf(JOI'IJItAPIA PSICOANAJ-I'I'ICA
lrl, IIAS()QtllSII() ll5
(lt:
rna slrpLrcstlr pulsi(jn
(le
n1llertc qlre serr lx
(lLrc (r-clLri
llls lltntasas te-
rorillcas. l)ero inclcpcncllcntcnrrntc
(l('(lue
st
Plrnk)
tle particla te(irico fic
rl inarlccu<kr. clre hiciera sur-gir toclo tle la intencionlitlacl ltgresiva. cptc tc-
clujcre sus cxpliceci<tcs al inttrjucgo
Pr()vec(
i(-)n, iirtr'()vcc(ir, el cxmP()
(lrc
intent(-) encutlr-cr-ll pertincntei el clel strjcto qttc sttfre en vcz clc gozltr.
Igr.ihr)rntc La(:ln. x prsl-(ic sLL reenrplz() clc llt ntr tl ir'ci<'rn, clel trrnflicto
I
cle toclo lr
(lue
pxltir clc stc sc rleserc:tclenr. \'de Ln cstltrctLlulisnr( ) l()
gicist cn
(l(s
l tc()rizllci(-)D pr()glcsx x plutir
([t
cillcg()r.ls t l as( el](lcnllcs,
un t<cl<. srl)()
(lrc
hltlri rn nr'is ulL't rlcl clcstt stll)jtti\1)r lcclefini<i c'stc c
lriz< clc l olrscsi<in rlc rcl)cti(i()l'r un.t
('Lcsli(in
rcllcxitlltt. SLt lititar.ir-tn cn
r'sle pLnt()
l)rc(is()
cslLl\1). sin ctrrlrargo. en Ilrtcc{ll clepcnclct clc Llnll tnli(lx(l
rrti<a: lu olrscsit-n rlc rel)rli(i(in
l)(n
l iirsislcr't(ii
(lcl
signifi(l1c. .r)un, sl
i'slu tireu algo clc polsi
y
n() re(luiri('r.t clc una litr:rza rltrc llt irttprtlsc. Sin la
\ erticrtt(
(l(l
fi'ttr. lt l:t r'rtrtl l,ttt rltsrr'tc ialre. loclo cttctla tl'l llrl.l
lrr,,lri
rlcl inlluncntr clcl significentc
rtitttcnt
i'pota- o cl,.' Io I'cal ctP1l tllte-
r'io c[' sr.r ol-lr. ''
I)(n nucstfl
l)rlc.
rcsult c\i(lcrrlt
l)()r
tl tratlltlllicnl( ) rttc ltcallanrtls cle
llrcer rlcl lcnlll
(lLrc ,.ll nlis ulLi tkl clcsco no inrrlitrt cl trlt,:erlc rttlis rtlLi tle
l()s irl(t()s. f-s
l)tr(
islrrrl( ntc
rot
cl
lttxlcr
clc Irs lili'r.'tlrs. en eslc cs()
(lt
I()s
(lLr('ticncn
e1 scllo cltl <lisl.)lltr'cr'. cttc st inrPLtlse Iu t'()ttttttlsir-rtr Ia rePcti
ci(-)n. fllt
(sk) sc1linl()s lrclrtl, no
lror
llt ltrclltt'ititt a le palrtlrrt <lcl tltltcstrr
L1'tllr,I)!rr(lr.r r['r.rl,,ltz,l! l,r ,rrglrrr(r]l.r(rr,rl
\'rl,'
lr'rlllll(
\rl
rll\l\l(ll. l.l \'lr
<rrc rn el
rsirr.risrtto
lltl ltlgo. llt r'rrtlitl:trl rlc ltli'(1().
(ltrt
n()
l)Lr('(lc
scr-rc(lLl
cirkr ni l siinifi(Jntc ni u llr significacir-I. n()s
l)rrc(c
eitlt( iitl
l)rll
cntcnclcr
<rt cs kr
(lu('nrLrcvc
ll
jrrcgo
rlc lils r('l)resrrr(llai()ncs Y Ilrs trrtsli)tnl.l(i(rn!'s
(lLrr
stils r"lut srrlicn<ltr
si
|)riltcil)it)
tk'ltt,r-1,;t
rL
enttlo cs clciclt c(rr()
('xistcntc
v gLlt lil
rr<xltr<r'ir-rrr
clt'l
Psitirisrtto.
irllcnlii n(l( )sc r-,.< lrezt lo
(lisl)l1r(
cnltr(
-
\ /,r
.tll
(ld
l,rt
k ipit )
(
/t,/
7r/c
c,r'rlctcntrir t o
(
lur
sc sigltn igrtek's tlctrrtcr()s Ltl(lLte
c()n sign() c(rrtmri(). c)l()t(('s rnl)ars iirttrlts lrltjo llts cttltks sc ot'gltrize cl pen
sarnricnl()
l)si(rxl
tcntltln rttc st'r <'r'1Lr:Lclrts crt
('rl(l
sLricl(). r iinclosc llts lrlti
cr.rlltcioncs l
krs
rr-cck
rrrrirrios. lrcutl st o,.ttl-r clc clcs;trt-ollltt c\lcrtsltlltentc
trnlr rlc ks
>olrs.
cl rlcl yrt itrr'irio ,-lcl
rlltr'ct.
\'
solo <'ttLtrr< io cl tltlo.
(1)t
I()
(ltLtl
lrlr'iri unrr Ince lr
rrrlrrntlizLt
itt,.'tltlrt'intcntlr tcspttiltr l
1tr'cgr.trrles
clcl
til)():
c()nr()
cstl-r irrs(r-rl() cl tlisl')Lrrcr'. r'itrll,. s son les t rct'tcis lttlttl-t(L\
I).t\rt'_
nalcs tttc l() s()sli(]ncn. co|ro sc
I)ltslr
rlc sts rt Lrs lltrrtltsias pr'1icllltlcs
(itlc
crr clrdlr sr.rjrto rtvisl,.'n ls p<.'srtclilllts. les lrtnltsilts rlc pcrser'tt< it-rn. los lcttttr
tcs h iPo( oncl'err rs. l()s s(nti licrt()s
(le
irnl)()tcn(i. tlc irttl>osilrilrtllttl. tlc inrt-
J5. Iln
('sr('.1'rrtLrlo. irili'rilrrLicntLJrr(rnc
(lc
L,\ r(lir!r,,(
(L('l.rrL.Lrt rlr rlt's11'rrclet:c dc
K.rn. r:\ liL i,)st)irir(i(,r rk'esrt Lr rlLrc
l)resiilr
su
()1n.r yir (tLr('Lir
.r1('g(irr
(lc
i(, r.rrl.
(iclii(l()
L orno kr rnrrrsilrli . :L l:r
(trLc
sc .r(r c(l!r ix \;1, )
tr
\ r rrr.rr(rrriirl(:1. no
rLtctlc
Ltlricrtt.r'
'rnU
r,,trr,
r(ilizll(i(-)n clc rltscos.
()
Unrt tr-itnstcci(in cntrc el
(lese()
1
h clclcnsl. sr estl
,. ligitrttlo un()
(lc
los casos
llosibles
rle lo cluc c()rlstitLye unu <omlinatori
rrris :rrrplia. l)ueclcn hlerse inicia(l() por le lrsquecla clel placcr
([irect()
)
It'rlizru-sg stc <rrn trna pe'crrea clrlil nreci<-n, < en el caso cle qrrc e-nrcrja clis-
.llrtccr
secuntlltrio porclut' he_v tenclencias cr.rc sc lc
()p()nen-
llegar.se a
unrr lillul
(le
conlpr()nris(). Pcr() txt)ll)ia,n
l)Lle(I.-n
ini(iame c<t\\to lspldc?r
l)rDldri()-no
secunriarit:l Lln
(Lcsc()
c<nflictirrr- \,(lue(larse en a,l. O ptr)
tlitr'irsc Ln lrltcmllncilr entrc el
l)lincipi()
rlel phcct y cl rnl'rs all:i clel print i-
>to
clcl
rlaccr.
c()m() sc ve cle ntanerlr privilegilld cn l1r pcsirdilln en clrre l:r
rcrsccucir-rn
se entrcl.lzl rrrn llrs rlil lirnuas cn cue el sujeto apllrcce csc
lttrrlo
clt clllt, pr \r()lvcr ir rccnc()ntrlLrse
(()n
krs ptrscgtrickrrcs. y Itrego vol-
r',. r lilrrrsc clc ellos. y es en rrnu scri( inflnitil.
I)or'igr[tl rezc-rn rcsrrlta rlitr;U iO intcntr cxl)lic1 1()(l()s l()s
(Ltar(lr()s ()l)-
s( sir)nlntes
-se
prescntcn bajo ntocleliclacl h ipr t rnclri:Lctr. tenx)rcs
(lc
itu
I)ulsi(ln.
crl()tipis, ctc. c<tx; si fLc[r lllrnteni(l()s
Jxrr
rrn clcsco crrc se es-
lrrilr r'rlizrrnck cncrlricr-tlrnrcnte. Lo rrtc fitc exrlit'ltcirin rrnivctslrl entcs rlc
lki.s rtllri rlal prttL:ipitt
tk,l pktct t'l lt)20) no
')r.recle
c()ntinuur tcnicnckr cse ce
r.r( l('r'unlr vrz
(lLre
sltl)cl]x)s
(llrc
cn l()s pro<esos in<rrnscicntcs n() rigc ex(ht-
i\.urr(rltc cl
l)rincipi()
cicl pleter
()
e
(lcsc().
Sr-rkr trn cicr'1t Llt( )n):ltisl( )
(lc
nu(sl[l lc(niz:r(i(-)n lrace ctrc cl
Prirtrer
Drorlckr <rre gLa ntcstt1) pct]s.ll1llct'l
ti) lDt(.
(
l rcltLk)
(lel
j)lcicntc scil la lrs<1ut,cla <lc rrn significlrr-kt in(()tscienlc
(
n
(lr(
sc cslarx rexlizlln(l() un
(lcse().
Nos llenrrs ac()stulDl)f(k) tnt() a
l)ctl
;r
(
r)
(sl()s
t'nrinos
(llc
lxs in tcl prctlrci( xtrs llrs:rcltrs cn cl
ltrincirio
clcl pla-
, t'r son l:rs
(l!re
sc n()s <ctrrtcn nlis Iirilrttcntr:. trrntl< c'rr rcaliclacl lrt rcltliz
t ir r t[. rk,scos
],
It [clizltci(-)n dc k tclrrickr
-sn
el senti(l()
(lrc
sc
(l1r
c(l()
rr';rliz:rr.kr. r'oor cxisticntl< yli- se rel):trtcn cl tcikio cle lo inconst'irntr.
l. < rrrr. o us ru-t- Dlr- l)rrsr() \'r)rir-
pRrNcrpr()
l)lit.
pl-A(:HR
l)(s(lc csl.r perspcftiv. r'csrrltu inclisltcnsalrlc clcsarrollal una clnic <lcl
rrrrs :rllli tlcl
rrincirio
clcl
.llaccr.
n() p(n(llc eslu firrla <le olgenizar lo ps
rttirrr
rrrr-rlrr
(lcs\
inculrse clcl plin<irio <lel
rllrccr,
(lc
l()s cntrelxz.r nt ir nr
(
rs
r(
(
ll)r'(xr)s
(,ntre
1lr11l)()s,
l)rf()
s
l)()r-(lLlc l)tr
lLn()s srrjctos el placer. l:t
lrrrsrrrctLr rI ii. sr'rkr
(\)l]stilLlye
Llnu dbil ct)rricntc Lle agu
(luc
slltgc cn llts
rlri( l:r\
(l(r(
llr tnornrc rocu clcl clisple<er Ic
rcrnritt.
Vicllrs lr>llrstacllts
-tor
l:rs
r(
l)r(
s( nlir( i()n('s cle peligr rtrt rkrnrinan cl
l)si(luisll(). Jtor
la crccnt ilr rrrr:
1,, r lrsrl:rt t'trlclo \l cstli
()cLnicn(l() () (luc
cs lo tire oc urlir:-r inrltli,ctillc
nr( ot( lrst.r pr()lrlcrtli-rtica clcl lll.-s itllti clel princiJri() clcl piaccr cs Ja purle cle
Lr .l,r.r IrcLrtli.rlr trrc solo prrrlo scr cslxrztlt.
lltrcs
krs grrndcs lrislrr'ialcs
ilrniiris. l.r r.rrlitlrr'ioD tle los sintrrrs.,-lc ks suets <Lrr.:cluron
(lcntr() (lc
Irs rrolrlt s,rrlL ir1,..s rr lu rcfirrlu<ititr
(lel
I920. l)r()l)lrotticlr rrrc nlrc.e la
ol.r tI Nl Nlcirr. rrrrrrrrrc su .()n(cl)ci(')n cn(l()!{rt'lis11l le lit'icrt srrltsiclillilt
I lar AVAN(.llS l:N PSr(.rrf Iilt^PA PS( r)AfiAt.1 t(,^
rlt.'r'rrrcil-rn'/ \iir,elenrrs al tclru de las creencias l'r'rittlices en cl clrrttrIr sol>rc
lrr rtlrlirniclr. l< nr r'rrstituitk.,
_r'la tlesctivlrciin clel inconscientc pelr. cle
dl()rrcnl(), [()s lenus <lel ntasrxrrisrn<t
]'(le
Ltn lltlls:tll;i clel clcscct n<ls lrn he-
t'lr< rvrrnzr en el lp()rte c1e prr.relus.l nlrestr.r tesis s()l)rs l.r c<npleji<lecl clel
ir).(rscients y tle las firc-rzas
(lre
l() nrrcvcn. ls crlxt
tara
cntcnrlcl cl psi
(ltistt()
cn l.lrr()
()rlniztci(')rt
rxrrlul;r cn
(lUc (listiDt()s
si\tcnLs l()tivi\'i()-
rt:rlcs sc r'ltn rti(ulirn(l(). sufi-ienckr tlLDsti )fluilciotlcs en el pr()ce() clc lticrt-
lcir-tr.
CAPTULO III
LO REPRIMIEO, LO NO CONSTITUIDO
Y I-4. DESACTIVACIN SECTORIAL DEL INCONSCIENTE
INTERVENCIONES TERAPUTICAS DIFERENCIADAS
!ln estc
(alpitul()
()s pl'()p(r]cIl()s cxl]rinxr illpLlns ctcsti()nes
(lLre
pLle-
rlln scnil tic lirnrl:rnr,- r-kr tarnlr)
J)irir
ult;t tcra
(lc
ll cLrrlt rr)lrro par:t rlelinri-
t.rI r. ul-rics s(m ls llriltil)lcs tiln(i(x1cs
([rc
cl tcftlpcuta clclrc d <u trlil, p|c
ralanclo
ltsi cl leffcr() part tl <aptLIkr sifluiertc cn el
(lLe
intenlxrem()s
rr()sll-rr
(luc
cl trlrtllnricn) unrrlilirrr r' rL'is allli rlc liI)litlrsc a ser uoir !D)-
I)li(
i(ir
(le
lrr concicnci y rLte tlclrt lert(lcr, pr;r str c(r)crcntc
(r)n
lil tcsis
clc <1uc cl in<rrnscicnte es dctrnninlntc. Lrn uro(liflcl(i(ir-r <le 'stc. A fin cle
cntcn<lcr kr
(luc
slr(e(lc
('n
ci trxt:lnricn). cn
(lLre
l() interno cicl p-l(irnt( s.:
cr)(-uentr con kr ir'lerno
(lcl
leirptutll, rn
(lLr (l(
Ls c(tctcisticl lr Y ritir
tu(les dr cst( cnccnlto cl ptrx eso sc
trrl|li
en<:tt'tillLt hnci.t ttn nrtrlifl<'ci<it'l
clr la petologa o llltr'i un itccntL1tci(in rle l Ilistlta,
(rtltrtrarent()s
I)(r-rc
vislr el papcl
(lLlc (l(scnrpca
llr reelitletl extrrn cn la gncsis (lc
l pat()lo-
gi:1. Si el tntlr))icrll{) e5.
(,lr
I()s li'rt))inr)s
(l(
Ilulinl.
"ur
'ltcv()
(rrttitnr().
r'i co
l Ir;rv,,J']cogrcsis,
(lilciclrnllr.
S., 19i()), ent()n(cs cl estucli()
(lt
l:ts <nr-li
ci(n1cs
(lLre
interlicnen rn l1r
(r)nstitucianr
clel
rsitluisrno.
espccialnrcnrc el in-
tcriregr) inl( rn(/r:xl!-r'n(). pl-()\'rc clc rt nrtclek cic r,'alor it-ltpretiltblc para
ror-lcr
oricntlr[nos s<ll< l;rs tircrzs rlLrc io<itlen
f)r
qttc sc pr((l: rccstrLc-
tLlr.lf sn Ia t(lxlli. En lo rtrc sigr.re. cl le<t<-,r rlclct':i tener c( )ntin ulutlcn(e prc
scrtc la fcllrcian cnlrc el tcraP('utu v cl prcicnte c(r1'1() tel(in clc fonclc cle los
clesltrrollos
(lrc
\'arYilr()s lreticnr.lo sollc Ilr relr'ior
(ntre
cl nin(),v cl rttecli<r
(luc
c()ntril)tyc:r c()nstitLrirk)
l)s(luicrrlrentc.
p.:l ir l1cien(l() Ixs trilsl( i()ncs
c()rrcsp()n(lirntes
(lut
pcmlitxn dili'[tnci1rr.
rarafiescanclo
x
\,innic(xt,
.ll
.te-
r:prLltx sLll( icntcnrrr'rtc l)ucnrr
(lel (lu('Iruc(lc
llrger lt sct lcr'.lpe\t.l
(lecicli-
cllrnrr'ntc r:rk>. No
>ortr<'(r'clrD()s
(lLre
cn lir l('r'piar sc re(itpilrl( L inllncia.
tenia,nd()sr ec'ccso gtL<ias il [l rcgresi(in Lna rc\iviscenci:t cle krs
lrrnlct,rs
cst:l(li()s e\t)hrti\'os clt lu nlcnte. o rlLre c-l pecitnte cn psicoxnlilisis sca el nio
cn \'ncul()
((r-l
figtrrrs
.larenl:tlcs
represc)tcl() 1tl)(n'il p()r el itDirlista. \rr,
n()r-
(luc
I:rs
((nt(lici()ncs qLre cslLr(tL(iln cl
r:irrtis
o ticl slrj.tl), s()l)rc t<rckr Ia in-
flLrcncin clel
(fr()
cxtcrn() pttlsional lrlc(ti\'() y cliscr.usivo. qtte estlrvi(r,
rn pre-
scrtes en lrr ir-lilurcia. \'uclvcn .l estirk) cn rl
l)fessntc
(le
l terxpia, d
lill
ltttlo qtrc L\t d t-i|c,tt
-t'
to
Ix)t
er)c citit tl<'l
ptrsudo.
I.ln llr olr|l fictrriianu cl <rntlicto intri)sqlrico rs l.ilLls! esencirl dt Iir
rN'l llRvljN(:loNlls
rl]RAPtlf icr\s I)l':RliN(llADAS
I 1()
lts AvAN(lllS li\\ PSI(iol'lit.1PIA PSICOAAI-'l l(:A
lrr!.luslilr
)
h
rlrtoLoga.
lll llroclckr estlrlecc unlr cl:r[r sc( Llenci]i ciefio till()
<l,. tl,-sr.rrs
-sexLlallr:
!
ilfr'tsi\()s- cnfriln rD eontltcliccirt
(()n ()tras
raprc
s( rllir( i()rt('s tite toclitican es()s clesc()s corrro ina<eptables. Jo qlrc gencre an-
ltusli.
(l(ltrnrirlnclo qrre el clcsetr selr rcPlilrli(l() t'<r.rc tlcsclr
(l
in(()n5(icn-
t(' r-cirl)irrezc clcfiru'naclo. conclensaclo con la dqfns1r, irajo la lirrma cle
sintirrlrs Scr tlificil clcjar'(lc ver lil rclr\'.rn(i
(le
estc nr,clcl< \'sL
(,n()r-nte
)rxltr r'tr"t
cDten(lL-r l()s !lllt()s
(llic
I c]r-riclr nos prcscnl:t. l.1l
(tcsti)o
rgsi(lc
r'r r'lltr krs orgencs
(le
l()s elcnrcnk)s
(iuc
a()nstilr\'rn l()s
l)xfes
(n ,'n,''i
(
i()n
(l(,1 (()olli()
ilttrps(lir'() t. s,rlt torkr. r'rtinlL it-rritlc ll rcrlidrl estrl-
rlr v <Llint< les prrrias ptorlttccioncs clel psi<ttisnro nlais lllli
(lc
lo ruc se
.lf)(ntir
(l('s(lc
el cxt(,ri()r. II.r51 ll'191. IicLl(l <ltrlru tr-<lit< tr trruelLr r1r.rr sus
)lr
(iL-lrlcs
l)istri(ls lc
jnfirnr;ilio
- <1rrc lrel])ilrIr sirlo olrjer clr sg<lLrttr,r
l),,r
)rrle
(l(,Lrnx
figura signif)c.ttir:r-. A pitir
(lc (js(
l])()lIcnlo. cl rcllr r-efcl.i-
LLr rr turt realiclrl trtnllizllnte cs
l)Lrcsl()
cn lrla tk'iricro, llcgirnck I'rcrrl
l:l c(r)\'ic(i()n clc qut- sirs
lltr'icntcs
se lrLlk)rngiutaut. Ilrlicrtn cl rectcrk int
Pttls.rdrrs ltor
stts cltscos. l,tr flrrlrrsl.r inr.i)rr:r.ir..nlc (,r)tr.r (.)t(rn((.s
cn l. 1!,()Iil.
lirrtl:rsilr t1r.rc parcceli:r t('neI rnir gcsis pft)pirr l
])rlir
(le
la pLrlsi<-I-r. ,\1. Klcin
(s
Lr rrl)rcsertttlntc rr:is lt<llrlttla <lt'tsl:r tonr'<'ririn
(n(la)gcn
<L l:r f_lrttrlts:
lrlrio llr
[>csiir
(lc]
rnstirtt()
-s,.,cs
cl ta'llin()
(lre
rrsa
ltr:r
r'nclaverlo cn kr
l)i()l()gi(\) r
jnnllto-
cs tlct ir'. cle.rlgrr ltlrsoltrttrrnenlt inlcrn(), sc.tlcncr:ln llln
l:r\iis
(ltrc
cn(rrLrrtflt) rtt;is o ttcrtos iri)())1) cr't l rclirl:td. ll lll qLc
(lrlinliln.
'l
irrl( ) cl
(lese()
corno la prrhil>icion sLugililn cle algo intclior al srirk) As, cl
r;r.lisrtlr tlcl sLrl)ct\1) rs c(siderilrlr)
lrrr'
Klcirt crnlto origire(kr rn llr
rroyrilt
;rgrr'sivirlrtcl del sujcl(), rLrc tcsultlr scI cr rnsectrenc'itt. il su \'rz.
(l(l
instilrl().
I)ts<lt rstrr pcrspcctivl, Kl<in es Iicl r Lln:r
(l(
l:rs lirr'lrs c\ist(nt(s
(r-l
Irrtttl eslrcck e lrt rcelitllrtl: stlr
(lcscnrlx'
ttn plt.lt1 sc<uncllrri()
(rrl
-cs-
l)(11()
irl
((ili(I()
\ x llr .rngustiil LncrL tr.re rcflejrr cl irnItcr qLe tu\'() cn
l..lr'i t'l tr:rlrejr> tllas oll ?l
Prit(ipio
(ld pld(ct
(1r)20).
I'cr() csc 1r':rlrrrjr clc
lrrt ucl r'r irlcnr'ilt, en sr recLr'ti(-t lllisnl:r, sLs rsr'illrcirnes respe(t() l pxl)cl
rk ir .xltr'n
),
l() iltlr:rl_l()
(ir)liur)z
r
l)rtir
(l(
sitLt:r'irres ltitr)):ttic;rs c\-
lr' rr;ts
-Ls
cxpe[itncilts
(lt
lils r]cLlr()sis triturliiti(lls
(lc
farrrr1l
gtriltl)ln l re-
fI rirrrr-.
Pcxr
con<ltrt,e
(()n
cl r'na(l]l)[ilri(nl()
(lc
llr
Jrrrlsi<irr
(lc
ll)Lrcfi(,.
irlu() irl)sr)lLrlilnlentc ilteIn(). Vltir'r.,cs
y
r)t:rlizltL'i()nrs en cl inttri()r
(lc (]se
tf
lr,rr rtrt sc' r'r'rtocltrcen etl l()(l()\ l()i cs(rit()s
(l('
l,r't'ttcl <lc'llt <l<cllr <[ l<s
\r'int(. :rr irlgur)()s nrr)ll)cntr)s. sc intlinlr pol io intcrno
)
(()nstitrci()ltirl:
c
0n(),lr(rr l() c\lrflIo. L 1thlit'itjtt. stt()tt!
_)
duNt(slr
(
1()2(r) clilelctr,. i.t sD
Irl ,rllllll:tt.l o(',lr(-)1icil
),
ilnBListill rc.tlisilr
-lrngrrslilr
>r'orltrc
itllt r())t()
( r)ns(
rr( ll(r.r
(l(
ill]r r'('irlidrL(l ll1]l(rzltlc l:.t1 |il )\)'1,/ tlLtll()2)) enLtn(ilr l co-
rr, u rrl.r . r I r r r r r r r r
'
r r r r r ,.le cllre <,1 yo rlclt li<li.tr <rrrt cl t,lirr
-es
tle< ir. los <lcseo.
(.
rrrr,rrls,,. . r'rrn
(l srrpeqrr
\'('()n l r('lid.r(I.
()
serr, cl yo
(lel)('cnfrent:[
a
Ir rrrlr'rr,,. r'l r,lLr.
rr.r'o.
tlll)ilt. .l Io txlerro.
llnl,r*rs r.D l.r Lllt.siit c()nl() ccilci(),1 csraillll!,nic enrltigcntt ,,/i//s tcar-
lir.l.trl r.rlr'r.r r
r.rx,l
tlt'l
()tl() (1)Dl() (l(tcanlinltnte s(nr. il par!_tif
(le
esc nr(r
[Icnk), ].s lincas qlte polelizatl'ttl, c(l r()(11)s lls rr'licalisttt<s
l crtllrtniclarl
1r.ia,,".,Ai,ia,,
t.,rs'rltrticllrios
clc l fltntsilt \'(lel
c()ntli'to inlrltpsqtic()
es-
grintell c(nll() llrgLltlrentos.
ctlt'l r'alic['z n() sc ptlc(le clcsc()n()eer'
qlc lil rcll_
jl,i".i"..i"nlp..l',rrpteclrr
ctcscle ttn ctligt> intern(r'
(lLrc
Ir cxteLn. !tir't
Ptr-
;";.;;,ir:,
"1g,,
i,.,,,.,',,,,
qtre lc
()l(g
trr) cic,t() sigrrificautl'utlt.-]-l:lll,.:'
,
l:r lttisn)lt rocli<.itil
cxtcrn:t n() t()(i()s l()s sLitt()s expcfilncntn
Ix lllisltl'l rcrt'
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llirlinl
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1951, l96t{) Winrri(1lt
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(1971)
son
i,r. u,f ,rrirr,,, tttris clcsllcrtclrs rlt tslr
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ritttion: llt rec.rcl:t en cl cnckrgcrtrrrtr,,
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tr la fll.t clt,l rlcrlio
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Lacl)Dlnn. lgio).
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L i <lc ciLr. ciert.rs firnci()ncs o cerlrr'icracrts
n() sc desirrr()ihn n()rnr:rlnlcl)t(.
).
l rltrrn. l)c rlr cl tr,in.
"cre[cit,.
Strkr.rv esirrrcc.e ra nccesicreci cle ,n
(ris-
li(i()n,cnlrc'llr
ltsirrrutologe
qrrc es cl
Irrocluclo
cle tletcnsas t(.ti\,(llls p(n.
t l
(rrlliclr>
rnxl)si(lLi(.()
r' ;r<r.rclltr ctic rlcrit.a <lc inl cletcncirtn en cl rk,str-
l1llo. cot] h c()nsiguicnle tccnic
(lili,t.cntc
(lc
t,itttuicn) par.r carlu untr cle
(strs
l)1tt()l()gas
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1.
l,aclillutn, lgtil),
llg.
5). Iicli la r>lrra <le Gccl<
(
l()49. 9lil. 1913j. lt)9J) esl:i cletlir.;rrllr rt Lrr.rrr l>srrrecllr
tle esPrciiir r[i,
lilx) (l('
intcrvenci()ncs
s(r l.ls a>ropiuclrrs
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le ctrrr:r tlel clcs:Lrrollo er,,rlr
lr\ ,
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se
lr.r rtrtrl.rri,, (l(l(ni(l(, (,r) , r(, .1
({.rl).
i,
f),)r,l(
lr.,'ri-nLl,, r I I , . r r ) ./ , r i , , I rn,l (lu
rrlr,'l r
ll,.r'r,'l
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un.l ti.Hti,\t,rn
I rt cj(ntpkr tuc krs eukrrcs rLrc lraltlan
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tor
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lr, llll!rr!, s(,1)r( l:r(,Ud cs t.L tc.tiz.r1rrc:
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r r.Ir
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de Lr puiutrrrr
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r.lriln c()I() pr())tipi(\) cs cl cs()
(le
Lrn
Pal(ientc
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Lrn c()l()r
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! ttnr ct.r-
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c'l pu<lre clcti<liri trrc no rlcl>:t cstu(iirl ptes.nttnc:t llcrrrtra ir na(i, \'(lLre l()
l]rcjol. scria
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Ptil)li-
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Pr()lue!irrn
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(le
pr()\'tcrsc p()l s D)isnn). I-:t rlc>resii,n cr,rnit.r
rrrc desaroll() cste
l).rcientc,
\
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le
(y,n(lLlj():t luscar'cl tlalan)ien). no erlt
cl resultrk
(lc
srr x.r'rsivicl(l \' :lt(lLlc\ el objer ni tle une renuncia por cr.tl
rr
r.lc lus
lxrsilrilirlircles
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Iir viclu Ic otlct sin() la
(r)ltsecLren(i:r (ls
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l)entr()
(lr
est liuca dc
PcnserDicnto.
ktlts los c.ts()s en
(lLt
ha lLIIli<l<
Lri tlellcit
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nurcisizlr< ir-n
-por
t:tllas clt los
1'llttlres
cn c'srcculltli-
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('()nr() \'uli()s(),:l rl
>ol
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stel() r'rln
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clesr:t-
k'izckrs- scrun cntcnclickrs
('()lll()
lr\ft)nr()s
ror
cllieit. Es tl crLso tle ttn:L
rac
ientc. lrij.r
(lc
una DrLrjcr
(lue
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rn cris
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l)
cicntr sc cri(l en la Ir:rlritrrcir-rn cle scn icro, no
rutlicnclo
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clli
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olrselr':rn<kr los cLrrurlt:trios
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gitirrricllrcl
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rcLs sis sttritiicntr;s r'iostgrrricLtlcs,
(\t:rl)l
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irrn<i. rlc Llnlr irlrlgcn
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srnliDlicnt() llisiur clt lgLsrii
(lur
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li(ncn .r sl.r
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('n
cl scntiLuien)
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stguricllrrl brisiclr
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(lc
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l.r. Lrnt,.r.t. rlu( 1,,
t).lrli(ul.lril.rn
Las ligrtles signiflclltivils
-rttc<lcn, >or
lartt(). hitl)tr I:tlluclo. ctltltr-ttrrrr sr.t
su (irusir. cIl iP(nTlrr.rl srrjctrr llrs trrtlir'ioncs
(lrrri
l)crr)lilen
clcs:t'r'oll liltr-
r'rorrcs cscn<iles pe|lt cl firrrr i<rnanricrtr clcl
ltsitluis[Ir
l)ert ctt:t1tlo no: rc-
r- Prr(.1,.r n,r
(l(ipr(\
r.rl,k,rl< r1Lrc <,1
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dr ll hr.t<,rLr ccl LLrl ul lrr.rri:rtl 1.110(lrhrrr.(lrc,n()(s,,1)hgrl()rkr(lre
s('.urn0|1. .(nrsrirrrr(rtk) cn
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lx
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It |irrros rr lir)( i(lcs tlel psicluistno sc
1-roclra
pens;tr ([e
sc tetl cle Is clc le
lrsirrrkrgit
r'l.isir'lr ,, clc tirnciones \'()i(.als talles
(.or))()
r)te,I()[ia. pcl.Lcp(i(rn.
(rn)lr()l (l(
llr Drotilirlecl. etc. En rcali(l1l(1. la relercncir cs;r clrpeciclacles nrr-r
(
lr() rr:is
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p(r-cjernpkr. ltr r.egrrllrctrilt tk, l trtocstinta. clt I
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l)ii rln(ir-))s (D
el
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el
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r ottto cjt' tlc srt con<cptiin
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y
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crx l
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ltot
le
l)rrli(il)l(i()n
tlel
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extcm(). Si nr lrrrltict..t ul]
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nr( r:r ir ll('crlc
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y hliltil, kr Lrnteu quc
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(.xntinlrr
).
lr-orirzrr, clrricr-r
1.rtlir.r,n<r
sirl)( (r-)llr()
hlicrkr. Fll oii(). si t.c(r)gicr la iD)itgttt rlt,s cn ltlrsc il sLt ful(.i()
rirrli(,nk). llt ltDjca Ieprcscnllrcir-rn crrc p()(lril tet.tcr es lx
(lr
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n()
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l()
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sicn(l() l()s
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S()lirrr('ntc
l)r)(lUr
cxistc Ltn
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<lesclc alicti lc cr,tr rrnlt iltLsiLrn
)
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(l('ttnit
rctllrtlel pr<fcc.lr arrlor.trlrtlirllr rLrr'lx,lljl(, (r)nstl-Ltir
llts lin
r'iorrt s trrc sr. le str>rrntn
(lu(,
l)()see
. rJtrc lt, lr:rcr (.(,(,t (lt(
tu:rnck llLrc
rt lrr lttltnt>s c\ l))irii\ ill()s(). rltrc cLrnil cllr ls
>rirnctgs l)its()s
(,\
.) c(-r1,-
rIrr .lt .trrrcllrs- (lLl(,(uill(l()
ltellrtr.e.r tt.ts sil:rl:Ls ts Lln
(,ril(l()1..
cnt()n(.(,s
(,1
nr(). l(l(,ntlii(ll(k) (()n (,s
iIllgcn <i., sr <1rrc 1,., r.ienc <lcsclc.riitcrlt, l()gra
gn-
Itsilrsrr.rrsr (1)1sig()
lrsl]l(). La 1iLk)rslinlll
(,ll
sLlrr
(t)nti(,ltz()s
cs sic,lll)r.c Ltil
rttlrr'ior trl <r.rc cl rtrcrlio rxtrrn(r l(,sLlltll rlt.lsirrr N<r l]lr1,n:rrr.i:isrrtrr
ltIr
nlllri() irs(,guf:l(l() I-o rLrr lrrcgo sc il.ai
(r)slrLt\'(n(kr,
1t<rr
intcr-rLrliza..r()n. scr..r
(rrri
,)ririr(lil crre desck il(lcntr()
(\nttcD)l)lc
lll sujct() ({)n
il(llDi[i(.i)n. ll.t\,
(luie-
rl( s rl()
l)()sccl
esai ii)llllil
(lc
nrirlLfst
>or.rr.re
c'l
()l)j(l()
e\lcl.n() fitll(-)
(n ((nttll
I rrril rrl rlcsarrrllc tlc h./i t t tc kitt utt!o?slec.t tl.tr2.nl?
. I
I
)( t t i,qt k t t t t 1, t t t o t I
(
l.t d t t.q t t st i
(
I
1.,) rlu( L'D
l)rinler
lUuir clclrc pr()\e(,f el
()l)ielr) (,\tcr-t().rl
nio es cl lrp:r,
, irrr.rrttiL tIto rle,l lnllt,slrr
rsi<rrltiolrlgiL.o.
inclrt\() inl(,s rlrr., l
Irrllcrnlilirr
ll.ll( r\r\f.l t(nr(, t(.lc\':l(1(i.1. l.l ninrr no
lrrrc<k..r(}|
sr ri\nt() nistrti:ftrtcl. llr (r,i
rl'rr, r.r
frtrlsirrrlrl
ni
(lllllllt
las angrrsli:ts clt srr: tint:rsits.ltcrroriZntes.
ui cl
rl,,l,,r ,lrr':olrlt.rit,nr.cn
sLr
(.1(,rp()
c()ll()
(r)ns(.(.u(.ncilr
rlc tlivers:ts t.rrrrrrs-
Lllri,.rs
'l
i{.r\(,(lu( (\iitil
Llt
()l)ict()
e\l(,l.l1()
(lLlc
1lP.l(ig(i(. <lrrc tlisrintrllt el
Ilr,rl(,,t,U
l)sr(,rl)i()la)gi(1).
(lur
lrege vivil rxl)rri(n(i.ls (,n (lLlc
cl lDlllcstr n()
lli lr,.1 rilrr,,. l|)l)i,itsirlir()qU(,(tLrrrip(l{)-l)lr.c(t(,:Usiriii\isL()nljuirtririm\\\rn
r r , , |
( | r I . , | | / . r ,
,
Lr lr L i.L.r:rrir tlc l llll:r
(l(l ()(11)
signilirlti\(,-c,r sLr (irs()
tu lrrucirc
rrrru
t)rr^,,.r
rl \Lr1,,1,
|\(.|l Ir1{nl()(1(cn, (,n
fch.i()n
((r)
c\r,,r)
123
sea senticl() ni c()nx) inflnit() 'n st r)lagnilrcl ni ctc l(). \,quc peririt. rluy \(
inscril)a en lr nuls profirnclo tlel
rsiruismo
el sentinrient()
(le (lre
el sLrfri
lricnt() pLrc(le ser
(l()[rinacl()
v tcrDrin] en alfln r))(nnent(). Ahora l)ien. r(F
es l() qur lc pltsa e ltn ni()
(luc
p()r
I)crtLrrl).l('i(in
(lc
i()s p(lrcs rs s())dj!l()
il l: c\periencix reilerlr(li
(lc (lc
sL lllltlcstitr crecc
)
n() tcninJ cn Llt Ltp
s()
({Lrc
sci tolctllc'l Crlnclo cl nrirlcst
l)crsistc P()r'(lLc
l()s
I)a(lrcs
n() si-
lrcn r'rnro tr'11rt(luilizr'l()
(),
f)ror,
s()n los <rrc lo
I)r()t()(1lrt,
cLllrn(k) cl nin()
llolir
]'en
\:ez clc ser
(lrlnlir(lrJ
l()s
()lr()\ signili(:rtiv()s rer((i()nlln
(rrl
sLr
I)r()
l)iil
ilngusli
() (()n
ira \'\'iol.'n(iil, cnt()n(('\
(lu
es kr tue
(lLc(lli
in5Lt() un
sLr psi(luisnroT I;r txptri('n( ilr tlc <1uc la ungusti n() ticne inrites cn sLl lll.rll
nitu(l o en su dLr.rcin
),,
solrle krclo.
(ft(
utpliCat t!n.t sitt! ak)tt
lrlg*)i.r
Pu'dcs\ol.tr
ld dlt:usld. lu iru. kt hrrla dtlobjab e.r/cr,o. Fls k)
(lLrc
en-
c(mtLLIIt()s eo xqlrell()s px(icr-ltcs (llrc
sc lltgusliltn lLntc lir tngusli pu!, su
l)r'cscn(
i1 rs cilPtlt(lx
(()rlt() (lLte
se[i:rln-Lrnr:l(l(n-lt y
(lLe
n() tcnrlrit fin, rt qtrc
temcn Lrn
(Tisis (lc
1lnlLsti1r rn ll (llr, (r)n
la lgomti)l)ia
(\)nsiglicntc,
l)ues
irnginn rr 1()s p()sil)lcs lestig()s
(l(
llrs nrisns conr()
(riic()s.
no srlir'itos ni
(lispLrest()s
x yll(lxr sin()
(1),))()
ligLrs te lls cLrtl(s sicntcn vcrgiiEr)z-l ,
liico.r"
tl
rrrrl
clc< isirrr
(lel ()l)iel()
c\l(rD() c\ r'rxlificrit cle nr,rc[r r)().rn]lu\t,.lD
Ic lir (iliLlJ(l intcrnlr v
(-xlcrnir.lllnt()
llr firnli ill
((tx)
l()s it(1)nrrcirl)icr)r,r\ lI.l\
(r)ti((i.rn(,s.
Asi.
r,rI
tjcrttlirr. <rt:trrrk
(rn
ni()
(lc)r
r(j:tli,/: Linx trrcil cs(()l.t'
)
li(nt el sentinlicrtt() tk <qr.rt tl ti('nrlx) n() lc lrlcenzar. si sc crt('Lrerttril
(()n
l!{uicn
(lue
lc tnsrilt
.lrutno.
P<rngrinrn()s
i lla(erl(,. o
"}rr
tc li:rgr cl tli
l)Lj() r)Iirntits tti hccs tlrl rtrsrt-. r
"l lr:rr'enros
jrrntos,, ().ltil(-es
l)rirrr(r()
(s().
t(nlls lir rilel-icn(l1t
]'lLrcg()
ltlt(('s
('s) ()lr(r,.
csJs inlc cnci(rtcs c[l .r.lLrlkr lt
pcrnliten ir
()rllllnizn(l()
rn
l)crsl)rcti\'ir
solrrc kr lrlelr'elrlc cle Io r'xigi<kr
l)c!1);(lu su(c(le si sc t:nclrcntr:l rntc
l)(lres
(lrc
sr ll('nrn <le ansicclrrrl r cli
ccrl
,\'1rh()riL
viencs
)'rc
L tlir'es1".
().
cn un nivcl nlLlclt() nl:-ts g(netirl
_v
(lq-
(
isi\'()
(lue
estos eiclrll)l()s
(le
la
.)r'tuea
c()li(li?ni(la(1. si
('uirn(l()
ticnc
(lrc
cn
carr t()(lirs las
yi('isilrdes
clcl litlirr sus llce r( a nl ient()s er'(-)li(()s rl {)l)ict()
incestu()s(). su agr('sivi(l1rd crr cl rir'.rl . cn
(slrs
c()n(li(i()nrs Ial il(1ilu(l
(lL,
l()s
p.(lres cs
(lr ()(li(). (le
titti:. rle ltnrrr lrtc l scxullli(l(l cn el.lulliriir, ;cs )t
Ir-cr.i<-rn clel ni() frcntc r sus clrsrrs uD
l)t[()
pl()(lt('t()
(le
srr psirrrisrro o clt
rcrtclt
tle- la respLtest,t clel olrjrtrr c\lcrn().r'ttc krs ntjsnros. ck'l;t lrr[-llrclr o
int()l(.rr(il ntc l() rllrL' c clclrrlrrll
(,n su r)lrn(l()
(rljr)r'irtrrl'
lil l_ililo rrr> t,s
ni
(n1r
vi(isitr(l intclrtrt ert srr
lltlrresis
(llk:i<lrrrrr.
197611)nit:urll)()(()cnsLrc()
(lifi(xci(-)n
n1cn:rz1rnte, kr <rrc sc
(()nlJ)r-u(l)
p()KlLre
(Lrxn(l()
t'l rrctlio rxtcr'
39 Fln nLres:r e\pericn(ir. rx(i.r \(7 (tu( (Ln pir(i('lc prcscnlr ltrnrn x sLrllir 11r.,.s. (l(,
l)ri
i(()
(, lir c:rllt r c tt rne(lio
(lu
rxrst)r1e. silLr(i(r1r\
(n l;rs (tLr( sc ilriLginr
(l.rrr(l(,,ur (s-
ristirr\.
()
qLri(,ncs.
t)(
s(r p:rri('. lsi \cirn l nrtrn(t()
IN'l lil{VliN(ll()NLiS I'F,l{,{PtU'l lCAS l)lIliRIiN(]IADAS
l)t AvAN(.la liN PSI(-()I LRAPIA PSILOANA-l'I l(-A
IN I IJI{VIJNCION]JS'II:RAPIiUI'I(]AS
DII:IJI{IJNCIADAS
125
Ir()
(lel)e ser lelllif{eutcrlcl'll!'tllitird().
\ll
(lLl(
c()ustitllve el li)n(l() qLlc
Penni-
te L-stc truLlnlllisrll() nt) sct pta v sillll)lenlcltL'dcscslttlcltllllotc ''
(l-apln
che. 1981, prig. 127r piig. 1J2 cr.r l cdici(rn eo castellan())' Pe. con la clife-
len(i imp(xtilnte resPe(t() lts tltores !trltes lllenci()n(i()s
qtle
Par
LrLpll-1g]re
(
l9S-) el-tlaLrrttl
Iicne por h sexttrtlida<l q\re
('n ftn.rlli dc et.tcrgrt
pur:t. no liglttlrt. itttplanta el
()tro.-ll ('l
sliel()-
.,1 t t
!
t ! sl i Lts
l,('
t's t t/l)ri.is.)' r/1lso,lioJ I l<' l d<'stt rn k
(llncit
sc csttl(li! l xngtlstix
1)crstcttt()[ia'cx(lLsi\'ltll]cnte
<lt:scle tlne
tc()rix
(ltl
crrnlliclo st ctcc rtte ll t r.trtlidlttl
(le
astll
(lePen(lc
cl(' l exlstcncie cle
rltsros tLrtnsgtesot'as
s(x\till('\ \'gresittrs.
l'< cllo. ilrs-.tttltlis(l(s
(lLl(
:c !)li(n-
t.tD
l)()r
csil
lx'rsl)c(tivx
')Llsclll-1in
si('lPre el clcsclr sul\'ltcente call't vez
(lue
se enclcnlrcn
xntc llL xngrlsli. Iis lo rlrte llatlt Fretcl cn l()00. ct L'l itlt(r-
pl,ttL lrii (' l )s slt('/ir).
( ) cLiin(l() cx:ttninltl.)lt cl r'aso cle St ltt cllct. cn qLl(
'ltri-
lrti. srr sr.'ntj:trient()s
Prrs..rtlt()rj()s
lt stls clesct lttlltrscxttles' Sin clrl)ilr
go. S<lrrelrer litro
r.tn prclrt rue le llltc:t ltlglttla dc llts t()slls qttc tlespns l'
r:a llr
Protltrctiviclatl
tlc stts l'antrtsi:ts.
l)r()\'cctlll)ll.
<lespllzltbe
l
si,tll.lizella cle
,r(rrirles fir.llts. Si st ticllc cn
(L('ntll l()
(ltrc
cn l ltctLr:rliclacl sc s1t6e s(')rc
c)
ltclrc
rcltl r.lt Stllclret no se
.>tterie
tlgs,.tlotcr e)
.>lt>el
tlctisiro tllte cl-t
su
rrIrgilt
lrlvi(11)l] lxs l()fitlls !l
(ltle
s()nleli(-) e str hiio CttlLnrlo S<lttclrcr
tclt tuntrtss pctrcctlt()li:t
1
<tte tlr.tc hrtll tttr I)irls petscgrticltlt.
('sl:ll)11
re-
u(i1ll1(l() en slr tltlirio.
(list( )rsi( )n(llL nrenlc.
I)ir
llrn( )ic luenle. cicll;l l-cllli(l1l(l
irislirtica. lttrn<tre eilo r lilet'lt t()(l() ll)
(luc gcntrir srt cnli'tlnecltl'
l)cro le siltr<-irn t's tr)cllve Itt:is cotrllir':ttllt cttancl> el stict() li(n.j qLl<
(list(si()nltI le rclllcscntltc ir-ltt clcl ttlljcr llgfes()r v vcrl< ullt l.lticno plrtcue
cs cl nicr ol)i({o
(lLrc
:roscc.
Sllcngolcl
(
19791
(lcstcll
<t't<'. al ser el peclrc rr
llr n]lrclrt ctrc ill)Lts:t
).
lltiillIttll lisiclr
yro
lsi,.
olrtgicl't]f ltt irl lr)islll() ri('l))P() l:
Iigrrllt a Ia tuc cl nino citle v<lrer cn l)Llscll
(lc
ltlivi< cacllt vcz
(lrrc
cxf(ri-
nienta lLngu.sti:r..cnk)nc(s
cl nit ricnt
(lLlc
r(nllPel
(1)n i()
(ltlt
cl lta expe-
rirrt'ntclo r <lelre.
Ptrl
ttcccsicllt<l .lcsesperacl:t.
(llptxr
ltl
P[()gelrit<tr
-deli
r(!lLatttk-
(()t()
lr(r('no. Sirltr llt ltrrltgetl nlental clt- r.ttl
Jlrocttillrr
lluentr
1rl'clc
a,vttcler rtl nio t'nfreniar l! xtcrr()rizilllte intensiclltd clel tetlor l'1 ra-
i,i,r ctre lcsttlt,t,r cle lrts errericncilts tle ser rttt r'ntcntlt(l( )
" '
C(1 l:r finllliclecl cle
s<lrr'.'rivit. cs)s ni()s <lellcn lttllnttner en ltlgttrtl
p.ll1c
(le stt olcnlc la iclelL
r.lclilltlc clc
l)il(ltcs
l)Llc'rr)s Y
lll
l)r(l)csll
tl:litltltc clri tttc torllr cl tclr.l tk
lor
1
rxliri se Irxnstilll.Lrr'l
cl-l l)l()r. l,a nc'cesitleti tlesesllerach clc;tli'rrlrse a
l,r
[)]'ot1t(,sal
(lt
xtclres
lrttenos v alnl()f()s() es lll fitente clc llt uray<lr lcti\tenci'i
:r los.sticrzo. rlel leritPelttlt cle <lcslucr:r llt trlnr iccin tltlirante" tpiiu' 539'
cu[si\:L c]el itl(-). Alrcl-{i Sltengolcl:
'.\l1is
tr(1.. cs)s ni()s' en trDi c(nnpLtl-
si(-)l.r rt l fcPcticin. se tlir.igcn lt
()tIll gente
(ltq s(l toltLlfll(l()fe-s.()n
l:r c()n
tinr.r experitlir. tlelilantc cle
(lte
t51l \'ez ellos s scritn rrnratk>s'
(pg
5'i2)'
rr t::rclecLlL<lo ella nio.:t r,irc con
ibilo
c[ x(erciu'rien) rrl <lie <lc <ie-
sco. Si cl ohicto clcl clcsco caccir>na cr>n
rler'cr
y resPtest.r 1lg1sc1
-1
lcrJlrzu ni sol)rccr-()tiza-. el nir lt k)ca. l() acxricia con placcr
l
picarcla
c()nrrli(c. A sLr vez. si
(l (r)jck)
rirul contenrple la esccn
(()n
)lerxocilr cl
nin{) sient( cl
rhcer
nlrcisistlt clc
Pecr.rcos
tlittnfirs s<lrre tl livul ctlipico, lo
(prc
lurx)rtigL cl suiirricnto cle llr glan clclrl clc sulrt'r que 'st( \e lieva l
lrrtc
clel ler->n cn la replrfiici(in cle f:nt-s.
"
Iil
(r)ict()
c\tem() prrecle apac'igtter la angr,tstia clc clLrtslt intcrnu r)
(
\tern.
llLrnlentlttlll r. inclus<. ser rl
(lLlr.
llr ptl)trxlr. l-lr iltlt tle s,lti)t'.1
l)iiI(1tI.il
rnlc
('l
cstu(l() em()ci(r-lal clel nir
-r.lr]c
k misrrro
l)l11
lx llrltlr cle enrlrlia clel tc
[rpcLtar c()] r(spe({o l sLl pacientc
-
clejlr lilrr:rckr irl sljcl() a c-\igcn('r.ls tlll()-
rionales qre le sol:lrepas:Ln. Si l:r f:tllrt crnl)rit(l tlcne lr.tgltr en los
rtroclr:s
(\1s(i(Llti\'()s (le
la caxrcitllttl dt 1()lrriu y cr>nltollr In lllgilsli.
gsti
r'lt>lrcitllrcl
(l( ,ir
Lrto:rpacigurnr ient{ ). l)() llega lr organizrrr-sc. Ilirn
(1959) (lrstrr.(-)
ll inr
l)(n1:rn(ia
(lc
l
(xp.rci(lil(l
cle l nraclre
(lr.('()ntcncr,
le anguslirr I los cLrr-cs
rlc,l nio. cLnrl<lles u sk,s Lln significaclo. lrr'i['ncklos
rensebles.
cs clccir
sillri>r liz-ahlcs p('I ]r)crrte
(lcl
riro. Esli funcirin
"r'rrIincnte,
clt'l; nrecic.
rrrc Ilion
(
l9i9)
(len(nnin(i
,c cr(,
-cnsLcri()-.
Posilrilitu
Lln pr()ccs() en.
rot
lo lren<rs. cl()s ticml)()s: l nraclre sc kktttific:tt con lo <luc el ni,, rxpeli-
rr(ntir y se'lo tlcvtclr,'e trilnsfi)nr(k) cn irlg()
(lLrc
l len(r illl()ril un significlr
rIr lo sta tlci rstuck, ruc lllnrr-r tcr()r'sir n()!l)l)re,
(lli(r),
l9(r2).
(lrccrros
(Jrr'({)n
ell() Iri()n
(llt (Lenta
de cslld()s Dtcnr;lcs en <ur la lnsietl;Lrl no tie
n(' rri rn
()l)et()
ni un:r rtlriclcirin clisccr:ilrles
l)1llil
cl suirlo. p(n i()
(lre
n()
x.r'nrile
ningunu clefi'nsr. Ansiccllr<[ i'tfirrrrrlrrrlr crre rs l:r
('ril)ta(i(-)n (i('ur
l( nsi()r) rllcttirl rlesotg:rrriz:t nIe.
l)cntr()
(le
Iln llllu_(1)
(r)nccptrlll
rrlu\'(iii'rcnte. p()r I()
(lLrc
1 r-s
g,1in-r
r:rlrlc, cl conceJ:rto de.s)stn, I l:nlclitt,Q
(le
\'innic(ttt.
lrlrrclc taltbrcn -r Lnu
lirn<ion <iue cr.rnrple c[
()l)jct()
extern()] l rlc cllnlrr tankr cl suiiilli( n) fsic()
tonro cl psicLritr>
(\\innj(r)tt,
1960).') I-lplilcl)r trul)jn
(lestl(i
lu inrp(r'
tiu)(r.l dcl objcto cxlernrr pilrx ( ()ntr'rln-cstaI
la anguslilr clesorganizltnte:
"A
l)rrrlir
(lc
ell(). cl pr()l)leml cle l lonrlcl. <lel rtporrr. clel btlitt4.
(lcl
lpego.
rr) lt((uer(lc ('l l((1(n (tu(, 1( )rtrfos solnrt.rckr trrL,!{,Iinull1rcDr ug:t rrnu rl,lr['lt,rrur.r
rrrrrrrl:trloInclc.tnr)(,(lrlinlrr(irirl
(tu( ()s (stiu( e\pli( lncnrt reiiri('n(1().
Ir(,
(l ()tr().
(tI( riLs|r(l('ir Iir rtlx.r(nr
(l(l
irnxli5lx
(1)n \r pr(i(n( l()s el(r()s(tLrc p()tcn l()s if()s
(lt\in.Lr
l,N(t,i \iIrr)\(l(s( l)i(rr(l(). llrr e\(
t)ilrrrn,.rr
pirniiulrr. l:r\ ((\(\u(rk'irs
trlo
(lrl!('rrtcs
I).r.r
(
l
tr
r,
('rr(( (1( .r (l .tn.Lli\1rl(, r,L.(nr.rl.rrn,rlx\r(!\1!r(tir\!lrrrt.t:jir.(irrr\t)r(.ifrll\lii(jir(1.(()
(
1r1,, .rr,l.
'
.r\ r, n ) r.rnstrr( r.r r)tgxri\ ir ir
jrw,l\
ef
().
yr r el corrtrrr|ir,. l.r. rr)scrvir ( (
n1 Irxn(tjlj
(l.r'l\ 1,,1(1.Ur(jr r. cspfri1nr(rnr. cs('irp:rz rlt rcc,rrl(xcr |ruinrlo h r\rliLhd. lc,s
(lc
lrner un
(
r.r,l( r rr'1l.rri\,) ,'s
I)xrtr
dc
'rrr
pr(,(lJs() d( crc(rnrient().
(l( (l(]s]nrnl,) (l(.1 \uni(i() {l( uul()n(r
rrL.r rl('I'i\irrr(fi,l|('lrrr)
^\i((rrr(,LrnirLrrrrp.Lcltcnrx([('cprcstl((rr|rir(er.r
.(rn (r)]cn,
,1, L,.r,tr:,l.L,l rrrr\r\r.r Ltrr(
|.r)rie
r sr lrtr)cl
l)i.rr
cr
([
] . n irrnr:Irct, r in(li.P(r)..r1)l(, prr.r
,lr|L^rrr,,Ilo,|, rrrrxrtes cup.,r'xludts. cl iiilistr rlclt srltt L Lrnrlrr e sir nrisrlrl lUi\ri,r.
rl l'.I, (lr\rI)r(N.L\t)(r1()s
d(' lrl lirn.i(')n r(nninrt(r rl(l rrrlisl. L;rsc.\nrrrrl l)iirs. l1)9rr
llt
Av^N( t,s l.N
pSlco'I
I t{AptA
pSCoA-At_it
cA
IN1 ll ltv l:NCl() N llS
'l
l.RAPEU-l l( As DII-IiRliN( I {OAS
lrr !uR(.t\ltNroy\,sl:N Dt r.A trN(l\ DF\LANTt:
l2t-
Slrt,ngokl s()sticuc qlrc si lnte ll egresirin,v 1l)us() cle unr cle los paches,
crLan-
rir l 1;,, inir.i. ,n eslt,z. rle pfotcst.
cl lgres,r.re enfirl..e. recr]tina il
llill(, (l(,sL
rcr<.<i<ir.i c inclet.Ltrllr,
]
cl
()tr()
pr()gcn,)t.perolltne(c
pr:\t11),
,.,'rrr.rli,l.rnrh,
l.L .r.ti lrl ,lcl .rg|t*,r.
-\c.l
pi,r
l,.r
r(,,,, p,,r 1.,,llp.lrtrf \ll \.1_
ilisrrro-._a.s
el nir pasil I sentisc cr.rlltll)lr por: srr resprresta, <lackr
ttrt,stlL llr sickr coclificlt<lu corlo <triginacle n() clt l()
(lue
prcviantente
le hi-
(i('r(rl
sin() cn \L pr()piil nralcla<1 Slrcng<>lcl rck)r)r: s rrnlitcsis ck,F-lrirl>ajrn
(lu('(trlllliz(')
el
,lrklavark
clc ceel-o,, <1rrc cl nirio lcaliza
trrr:r l)resclvarr
el
t ulr'rllr clrr el rrl>jcfo
exter.rto.,l
Ilr relxci(-)n el tittrrnricnr. Bxlint o96i) alcrtlr r.citcr.acl.re
nre :r(.er(.x
(l(,
r'r'rrlrrr cl nalista
lrerle
scr.ilrtrognjco. r.ulrattttetizlulclo
l pr.icrtle (lLc
t())
lrts :tljlt ioncs crrltal;ilizlntcs (lcl
:n.llist y
les IIL<c sr.yu..r :r tr.:t,,is cle l in-
lr(r\(.(ci(-)n y lar i(lcrliz:tci( )ri <lcl ltnlilist.t,
>,.res,
.s,,.,
on ks llte<.nislos clc
ilt'ltnsa nt:is c()lltnnlentc
rrscks en trral<rrier
l)itr.eiil
en
(luc
Lln nticllll)r()
o>rrnrirkr.
cllil. tiene <rre licliar con
()u.() (luc
cs:rl:lnlt:Ltlort.:nte
p()der(
sr .
rrig.
107). Agrcganrlr>,
"A<rri solo
l.trrscir
scl-lrrllrr tuc le pccrrlilr.r.lcsigtlrl-
rLtcl cntr-c un xnalli\til tltriz:is l* asallackrr., srgur. rle si. <Lrc kt sllc t<rcI., Lrsr,r
rlo s lgngLlalic (
intcfptct.lci(rtes
tn lrlrsolLt rrsistenr.ilt
l.
Ltn
l)ilr.l(ntl.
(
t\'il nic clet'r'irin rcsirlc rntrc atrcnclgt cl lcngr.Ltjc- lti)1u.ct-ll(,ltr(,ntr
..1()c().
rlt'l rrnalise
()
ll)lrn(l()narr sas rrcsecs
(rc
i\t(ril, intlitlr ctrt cr t*rr>rt: lrnerticrr
Jr.r .rlclnzlrkr cl :irc tle Itr l':rll: lrlisi<lr" {f):il.l. lOr-)
(
iclt()s
Pxci(ntcs
-c,pc(
ilt lnre nl(. l()s
(le
estru(tLt..1 tllcltn(\ )li( _.
(.Ll,lt-
<Lr
Pt,<iben
(lLte
ei t[ltllnlicnt() n()
l)r()sl.csa
() (lue
slts tcrl)erl;rs prcscntan
l:l[s lcalcs. se iten-(r-izn no solo
trtr
rl <.onf]iir< trrc itnplic.uriu cl tr:tcr srr
irrslrris,ir(('i(in
;r l:t ltz sin,
l>r^rre
crr. Its rlrrce scrtir (-lrrcnlcs (rc
trne figtt'r
l)r()l(,(1()rlr.
l):trit r]Lltt(ncr la iclelt lizlrc i<in clcl ter.rl.rcr.rtlr ncccsit:rn
Ir(,llsllr
(luc
l t,rncllrtta clc ste <lrclcc.c
a rrz()ncs clc lrucnlr t(.ni(.r, quc e. i,lrell r,l
l)i(
l(.nt( el <rrc cst:r Iullanck. l.n cstc senti(l(), cs nrtaltlc \.er. criDxr krs pa-
ritlllts licntlen lt ncger l:rs litit<.i<ncs
r la pato|rgitr
cle sus tcr.rr>cLrtus. I)or.
rfrir
l):llt(,.
si :ntc lil ngUstir (lrl
peticrrtc.
el trr.rPeLtl
l.rcrrrr:rrrc<.r,fi.o.
in_
sr. rrllc o ltlrilruyc, llt rcsronslrlrilitlltcl :r :r<Lrell jLtsto
rn el motlrnto en trrc de_
scsx llrcltrrrcnlr-- sc lc picle.lyu(l.
ilcl.1 rle Drenel:r siDlillrr.r Ltn()s
ltaclres
crre
r'rrllclo
c'l lrijo r trclve u crrsrr itcrick o hr:lillecl< cn lcz dc <.ui<l:rrlri le rccibcn
r'r'ilir'lrcl.lr.
llrcit<klc scntir'(l,e k s,ccrli<1. es
lx,
sL ctlpit. Cutrl. cn el
fr,l:rlli(,,t() cl tclirl)eltar 1(.titat
(lc
cstl l)l.ncftl n() lien(,(,n cLcnfl
(lLc.
vcces
ls rrrrlisrt'nselrlq,scletel
el ticntp() en ctrc sc upa<.igrtr le angLrstilr cle acuel
(
n
(lu(
sloricnlal sllieto l cxlnrint criI lrasirkrsLt prticil)1t( i(-)n cn l c
,l, rr.r r.rrsrrl (l(
r(r)ntcci,riL-r)t()s
intcrl)rs( )n:Llcs. ,.,,1,, icsLrlta.l,, Inl tcn.inl
l,r,ulr,
rlrtrl,r ;ln!rstii, \' rir. llt r.r.l-rj r(j )trtt-r s,D \.tl)u .'.tl cs .\( Dlrtir.i
r.l 1,.ll.r t i ..r],i.r)
1l( c\lir i(trir Lt( t,irirtr;rirn. \1.c.(.1 cII)llI]() \rrr(. 1:r ([,prL,\r
f)etenHli|rxxr()s cn
()tra
frrnci(-)n ciei
1-rsicluisnro
t.rn centr'.rl cortto lu que
s()stiene el cleseo. P:tra F'rcucl, corlr el
(lesr()
sLlrgl cle [e prrlsirn ----elcr))cn-
t() limtr(fe entre l() fisic() v lo psquico- cle las zoms er(igenas. para extcn-
tlelse clesrlc alli lus nr.is cliversrrs activiclades humrnas. el cicseo estalr tse
grril(lo. l)()si(j(')n loclriu IlIis cli!l lx cle l\1. Klein. cn
([rjen
cl rlescr> cr
(ilsi
e(lLli\iLlente lrl clcser aninLrl: clrtclo qr.re c\iste un
( (
)11( )ciD)ienk ) lnnJt() rn-
conscientc cle krs cilganos genitalcs srrrge lu xl)etenciil pol cl lglno <uc s:r-
tistrrl lrs s()licitaci()ncs
(lue
cl psi(luisl)l() ecilrc de las zonlrs clrigenes clcl
pr()pi() sLrict() l,x llDtirsll inc()ns( icnte sc r'rtsiclerl
(()r))() (r)rrelllt() (lc]
ins-
tinl() \
(le
llrs rlcrrr.rrt<irLs del
(Llcrlx)
lriok-rgico
(Isil(s.
19t,u). l'istl enckrg(nci-
clacl r-lcl <leser se
(n(uentr.
s( )rl)r-enclcnlelllcnte, telrrl)ir) cn Llk)res
(luc
conx) \I''innic(ft
()
Kr)llrt hilce'n tnto ['nfirsis cn cl paPel <]uc llr :calirlacl ex
tctnlr rlcsentpcri:t cn cl clcsrllo clel indivirluo.
(Irn(l()
\\'innic{)tt. en su tr.r-
l)xj() -)r./r)/r/ril/ dcl
) t' lnttitts dc,
/Ltlr.rt.1'
t crdtttk'l1) s,r. llihla
(lc (l()s
tjl)os
<ie ot,gutrizlrcir'>n
(lcl
sujrt() sLlp()nc Lln
.ver(l:r(tcl
o .scf netr.rlirl, esrontrireo.
(luc
cs illx)rt(k) o clefirmltclo
P()r
Ln nlc(li() inaclccrlttl< ,!'f nattual cue rc
sr.rltlt rccrnpllzlrck) p()r Lrnlr lortlrcitin rlcli rsive. cl
.ilrlso
sli
(\*innic()tl.
1965). Su teoru
(lr
lir -regresi(-)n
irl servici() rlel vo" r'eflcjrr csa conce>cir-:n: cl
srliel(),
(lc{()utt:L(k)
rt
(rt
rtl()rrterll(r
(i(
su
(lcsrr11()lk).
<lelrc Iiiccr ttn: tcgrcsi n
trrupa'trticll rttc lc
rclrtritlt
fcl()r)r.rr cl <les:t'lrllo intcrLlrrll)i(l() rlcsc[ <l
rtrntcr
c-n cuc la clcfintrcirin tuvo lrrg:Lr. p:u-lr rcc()lr-cr alxrnr Lrr c11lin()
(lifi'rcotc
rrrc le Ilcve a llctuirlizlrr Ll <uc cn l helrr ro pr()\'(rf() per():lx)rtir(l().
,\lgr) c(lti\:rlcnte cn(
(
'r
('ll(
)s cD lllrlint
(
19()S) con cl coner''rto <le "lrll. lr
sica".:rl <rrc ya n()s lrenros Icicr'i<lo:tntcs.
'lirrlu
I clnicr llos sclllll llt imp(r1lln(il tle las iclcrrs
(lc
Winrli(1)tt
()
clc
ll:llint s()l)rc ll defirmaci<-n <luc srrfle el srr clcseuntq por le acci<-rn clcl rncrlir
cn
(luc
sr clesarrolll. El concerto <lc,r'cglcsirin xl scr\,iLi()
(lel
),r),sq
revcil
(.(xt()
[)r(i('(litfrttcnt(]
liP()rtltnc cn cl lrirt:tnigrt() tlc
Pers<n]irllr)cs.:<'r'e-
raultcnrc trt\rn)lttiz:r(lals
)
(listirtt.(s (lr-x(tef()l)artiars
llrtr':tcllrs
ror
la olrscsi!i-
<1acl. la cs<lLrizoiclu, o ei bt<xueo llli'ctiv(). I'cr() l r'erclarl qLc e,r( icl-r'u11 css
Irnrltt la r irncs rt()
(lcl)cn
cegatrn()s cn ntreslr() rcc()n()cintient()
(le
cLrc irupli
can rln ll<> gratlr rlt c()nccl)ai()n Drtur-lrlisllt r()usscittnilrni: el l.)trr'r't slrlr'jc
crre cs <lt'tirnrrlrtl<) p()r l() e\tcrn(). lLlg() pr()l)) (lcl sLict() ;tti'.t itr[usccd-
tlt.'nle l)tteto
.t'g.u'urtzat(k)
en su
()l'iljc,r
l
cxisten< ia. l-() cxtcrn() se liulit:rra
lr ser un
"nlcclio
fu< ilituckr"
y.
si no currrple est frnr ir.
qnl()nccs
s()l)rcvicnc
la patologa.
Llt c<'tccirci<-rn lrrr'ltnianl cle L :tlietat it-rr rllnicnc est: i(lc1l r()r.\.\c:lt
njana: cl scr htrnritllr cs xlicnlrd()
I)()r
el
()tr().
cltstl?(l()
I)()r
cl lcnguic
(lLc
ic
olrliga a transitar por Lrs.clcsfilarler-()s
(lcl
signifl(.rnte,. Crstrecin inr.rgin.rlr-r
por cl pcso cle le ligtrl.ir clcl rtnrt castracir-r-l
('stru(t!n-lrl
P<x
el peso rlcl icn-
guje. Su concerr'ir-rr-r rlc la ori sc l)lLs! cn rtrt llt fitnciolt clcl rn;tlist cs Ia
ls AVAN(:liS IiN PSI(_()l liltAPIA
pStCOAN^l
I I tCA
(l(
l)(Irnitir'(lLre
el
(lcsc()
elleri. cit(Lrlc. sin
()l)trtnlt[o.
Nrrtvamenle lo cxter-
,r().r)r))o ol)stcrkr. clirrrr. clistorsir-rn cle algo bteno rlUc cstart eD cl sLjetr)
(rr() cxistcnte l
(u:tnt()
pr_()ces() (,n
circLtlalci(-)n. inlrotaltle I ctncli<.in cie
rltr('ir() sc lo pcrttrrl>c. N()tal)le c()ntl)inxciirn cle Rousseu
-l()
l)relt(, ittct'n(l
(s (lisk)rsi()nad()
por h cultrrre
-
y
cle Hcr:iclit h persistcnci! rlc algo in-
nr;urrntc a peslrr- clel f-luir inces?nte.
"
,\ll t\tr, t^ I Irll)r,t |, vt:l)o
pR(,\
rt t\,k,
fls
suficientc rrtc cl meclio rxtcrn() n()
()l)staculice.rlg() (lLtr
est.l[.r lse-
guta<kr por !n pl()gr-rnrir intcrnr <lcl sLjrk)
-r))c(li(r
f:rcilirecltr- o se re-
<ttierr' tle elg<r
(l!rc vrrvi r).ts lrlli Y st.tr ]11 tlt?(li()
Plr)t.'atlt
'qLc
llp()rtc l() que
sit cll no existe? \' lrcrttos st:xll(l()
(lLlc
lat tLt()t:stilttil n() sc
(.()nstrL\'c (l(s(le
l(l(nlr'r),
(lLtc
el tr
>ltr
igrrr ruientr r cle lrr lrgrrslia r((luicrc
(le:llg()
r\IL,rn() qLle
llr rrrttlttlc. \'elntrs rrlr<lt
(lu
cs l()
(lLr(.
sL(c(lc cor: l:r./)olclrirt tlcsc:tr-ttc.
Sr sLele accptr
(lue (icas
fLlncirnes !ricus o rlcl suterlri
ruccictl
ser
r['sr'rttreacllrs por el rfro.
(lLre
cicrl()s astcclos cle cstils stl)estI.tclLras nLn-
(.1
s( hln
(leslrn()llil(l() () (lLre
hitn:itLr <lclcgeclas (.n
cl
()tr().
'rrto
exi.itc tlifi-
, Lrltlrrl
rera
llerr' lr lirnrk cst.r
(\)nacl)(i(-)n
solrrc llr r'r:lrtc'i<in cntrt.
(l()s
psi
,lrrisrrrrrs
t'(,\tr(r l()(lls llrs tl,ttltrsirtcs rrrr.rlt clllr st rlerirn. Lr til
y
l,cl
tlh'tlt))j) \'cn lit Lr)nli-[er](ia X\\l { lgJJl)) Frcutl r.lirr rrn yltso signiliculrrrr:
.rr)(Jt('ltntu\() Ilr rnr'epci)l] tlc ttrt cl tr sr clcseroll
lnr-un
pt()(cs()
(le
rl.trlttttr'ion intcrlr. sin elll)1lrlj() c()l()('(i Ill i(lct)tifi(.ltci(-)n ctt< lttr.or rele-
\.lrll('cn slr
(r)nstitu(i(jo.
Itcienclo lo lnisnto cn clttr.i<rn l sLtpc.)()
()
sc:. cl
(rl)l(1() (,\tct()
ilttetr'icnc pasltnclrr tr tixntlt plirtc <lt l:r cstLtrctr.1r. n<r sollr-
llr(-lll(
((
)r](lici( )nli ntk rle
rot
sus il((l()llcs siDo sien<lo
((nttl)()nct1te.
Sin cnl-
l:tlltl. n te pccl() lrl cllr
:lalr-r!tlr
L(r()
(luc
ltrct'lr ltlgo
(lLte
n() tr\
jcll
t)i
Ll( r)L'sis ni histriu: h:lre Lna titctl! rrriginlrria (lc (nerHi.
Lln resen,r(, LlLte
Irrtgo st'rcJ)afiira
>r[a
les nLrcvlrs crltLtctLtr.rs. l)cl.( si la pulsi(in cs
(lilrcnte
tlt l itrslinto. cst() lt()
(lepen(lr (le (lLe
l)lscm()s
l)ll)liLr cle pulsitin crrrndo el
instirtlo ruccl:L l)j:rdo e trn olrjelo o ru.rnrlo lt(i(luier Lln:l cierta retrcsent:rlti
lirl:rrl, sino polttre r'l
()ft()
llLllnll-l() lr<tir,:t v clcsr-olltt csttrckts ptrlsionttlcs <rre
\ll1 srr
l)1rfii(ii)-.r(j(')r1
L,slrltcl t tllL' D() r'xistctr e:'t el sLri,.t(). Al ruslx,(t(). l-t-
rl.rDr
lrr'( l()8-, 19()21)) ticnr el llt(,rit() clc ser cn psi.rxrlr;llisis cl
(lue
ltrt rcli)r
ri ll.rr lnrir:r ll(,r:i(lir( ll irIu cic qtre rrxllrs lus r.()sirs csti]n cn
((,rstxnr(,
UU) r\ cn rcxli-
,.,,,1r.,.1r) rL
t)('r\i\l(
(i.
c |r Lridtl
lrxl
(l(l(
Il)k). l-h (sr(.crlillo. lir inthcr.r
(l(,t1t,
,r, li.,..,lr(Llrll::rrrIcnr0e\lrLl(1rrllinr\\(,1)r{l.x(irrrc5iIlrlrrr.r,r(c\rc()n:ll(:r(nlr(,
1,rn,1.,, r,,rj ,L r l..r,.rn lrrLt cirl .()n((t)l,),.|1.(ii.I),, (irl
du\r,
l).r\.rn(1,)
rn r rl:r, .r\lr).r sL1
, ) r,-t,,,r , ,rL tl:r (
ntrc l.r nfrcsi(ll(l vluLltrrrrrn.l,r.rc:p()rr,r,I() r)jnYxriirntcqUL,(t..r [)ixr
., r,,1 ,t
t'r,-.'
Ir.r(i(,rs\rl)t(ti\iL5(lcl (lcs(r)
)i\
(lL.ir.
LrnI Untdr(l lr,r.rcdentc
(tu(
Pcrsr\.r Dc
t\'f IilivliN(-loNlis'l LiRAPl:u l-lcAs oll:liR,iN(llAl)As
rlrulado lll rllet.tPsicol()g Ircrttli:ttr prx n(l(lil'en a'st el poclcr ctel tltro en
l' cotlstttu{itt
(lc
lx
Ptlsi(in
en cl sc Ilrlll-lt El instint(,
(1)tll() p(nt'r1('i()n'r-
lichcl recrricre
(lrc
tn otr() ItLtllno ltensfr.tl':tlll.
l)()r
llle(li() ds ll \ itllich(l
(lcl
(()nt:rct()
c()rp()r11. cle llt clttici;L qLle er()genizx, alcl 111()vilnicnt() cie llrazlrs ctrc
ill-l-st]:ln, <ie la rirada clue lt:lcc \,ivir
)'crea
cierl.ts enl()ci()nes. l
lttcgrl. rlre-
rlirnte cl <liscrrstr
([tte
e\()(al v reestrtlclLlfll l() it!-Itefi()r \'
(ltrc
ltrrb?
'()tt
?)t
t s/dsr) l.t t'utl(l.t, rl'd<t
(lLre
n() est cn el sll,ct() ntts
(lcl
erl(Llent() l-()s
l)dres
trJnsn)itcr) r'it'lirlr-1. rlc:crr 1t) ti)tic(!ttt(')tl('lu !(ttt(itictt sttt) l4.l)to'
d th-l tl.|t\lt-- \'g(ncr.ltl ,rlg,,,ttt ltnttt l)r, Lxt\ll:1.
Si s()o)()s c()nsccLrcntes
(1)n esl tesis clc tttc I1l./lrlclairl clgsunte se c()lls
titt)'e en i(lentifi(ilci(in c()n ltt
(lcl ()tr(),v
I)llj() stl iaflLcnci.
(ltle
el ser lrtllllrt-
no sr i(lentiiic
(()n
cl
()tr() ((rtll() //c/o
(l?s.'It1la
.\'cttc
rccilt cl irttpacttl li-
l)i(linizlLnte tlcl otxr. se ve lii irllP()l-t.lncilt
(l(l( le\ iste
(lLle
l :'tjct() lc prtetlan
haltl ror'itrl<l cr1 stltr'tc
[)al(ll(-s
('ntLlsillstJ: (lLl(:rc
illll)licall en l(,cl(): \'ncLl()s.
it(\)nt(](inrier)l()s. ectivitlrtrlcs tll)il c()l)li(li. tlnl slitllt
((nl
il)lig()s, tln es
rcctlir
rrI r rlrli\li(
(
). Ll] ltc(nll(( illlicl-lt( )
(lel)()ni\ (
). tln clisc tsitln. ll lt rtttre clel
pclir-xlir, etc.-. !ls()s puclrcs \'rin
(rcarl(lo
tln rellli(lll(l atla(1iva
prtc's hltn
llp()fia(l() pxi.l l i(lcr'ttillcrcir-)ll LIn \'igori)s.t Iltncitin rlcsente
(ltlc c:lte(1iz.t a
csx rcali(lil(l Ahora.
<ui' llusrl
si 1l Lln() le l(x'Jr()n
Pa(lli:s
xl).ll-lll(l()s.
(leslita-
liz:rrkrs'/ lrr rstrLrctur'ci(in
(l('l sLict() dcscilrl((
(stllr:-l
en clfitit. lllstll lx ris:t.
I)ilr
ll
(ril c\islcn
(
n'grl llzi
(l()r'cs llirrlt>gtt()s. I(1lticrc
(lc
l))l
()ll-()
l)lrll
\tl
(le
sltrr<ll< I t)() illliallnlcnt(
(r)tl)l) (1'nlPllrlcttr (lllL'(('lnlr.trt.r
\ \llnrtllc sin()
c<rxr nrrr.Lrlo i(lenliti(xt()ri(). llil\ lrllilixs
(lt('ricn
Y
(lrrts (ltle
llpilf{xn lx
P()-
tcnciiiclcl tlc rcir lristlt ltacttla clcsepatct-cr.
Fll ellt. rx n[(lt() i]i(irtl innt(). re(lLicre str tlcsarrtllltckl, sr.l tntr]li.l
n() estli linlitrt(l rl lai
(lLtc
ttt\() cn sLls
()rgtnr5. stls [i)tl]l1ts <lt tttllllifestltcit-rn
l't() csl.in
I)r'(
li nlnll(1ls
y
sillllcrttcrttt lttego sc <lcsllcgllrlln
()
sclillll r(Prinli-
clas. Irltr
(nlrl)(lcfn()s,
trD snril:
el
sLli(t()
(lrvl
Il)rts lllLlsLLllllI
('s
I)r()(ltlct()
clel hrl.l h tillittgl )()scc Lll)i nlrlsa v cnetgirl nltlsctlllLr
(lLlt
es igttltl rt le clcl tlc
rrilscul()s es(Lrlili(l()r.i. sicn(l() :'irlll)lcl)ltote a'sle llgtlien
(lLlc
ticnc rcPrinlirla
)'
(()ntcni(lar
esl ntase
l
cncrgilt o. tnlis lritn. stlls n() exislcn cn cstt stl,ct()7 Ha)
un l)us() cn sul)()ner
(lLlc
l()
(ltle
n(f.tlll()s
(\)llf ) llLlscnte en Lln
l)1t(
ientc cst,l,
aunqu(. r(Prirri(l(). crt <l in<tlrtscisnle. l'll /rll l)ttil(ltt! <ltl tllo t'tclrticre cle
n
qo
-
rrtri s(' delicrrc )lt ltn;tlrrgt:l-
l)cr()
tl()
(!)rl()
ltlltt.tlt, tlcl glt))nllsi()
pxl
Pl(li(ir'y
clcsrtrr'oll:tr lo cxistentc sill()
I)illil
io(\nl)()mt tlcl otto la
Jlrtl
sir-n, la crlor it ltlicl:r cl, la ritrlitla<1. el
I)lltcct
(lc
c()llleI el
Pl(cr'(lc
l.ls
(lis
tint:ls ti)r,r.ls tlc scxr.tlitllttl. lin
()tr()s
li'rnrin()s.
Plll'
t(rl)ilr lg()
(lLe
t't.i un
cl
(fr()
\'
(luc
tieoe
(ltre
acltlttilit cxistcncilt cn t l sr.titto
)
(lcs:lrl()ll:lrsc. l,()
(lLlc
se
Pt()(lLra(
l)lisic1l ll)cntc
I)()l
(l()s
Pl()(cs()s
(lLlc
PLle(lcll
tlistitrgttir'st:
lor
ttlt
l:rclo le i<lentit ic:rt i{-)n:
Per().
at(lcrllli5.
P()r
l()s
('lc()s
cstilll(tlilnt('s estaLl(tLtlllll
tcs
(lu(
cirtit\ rctivicl.rLlL-s tlcl rxrrr gctlelan cl) L-l stict()
-p(
cjctllplo. llt ca-
ricia del
()ll()
c(x-ttril)tt)'e
(lL'Ill!llcl' (lecisi\
ll l crtlr el
('r()tist))(); igr.rel va)c
pxrr lx nrir;rda catgltla tlc
(l('se(t-. flsle cfi'(t()
(lc
l llcti\ i(lll(l clel rfro <1tte-
\29
Iio AVANCIJS ]JN PS(JO'I'IJI{APIA PSI(-OANA-I'I'ICA
(l.r
r( gislrir(lll cn cl sLrjet() n() sillplcnrentc c()l11() representacin recLcl(lo sin()
\t'.rttr./ituai(in, es clccir, c(rn()
(apacidaci (le
p()ner cn tck), cle eiecut.lr un.l
(
i( rlr x( livi(l1l(1.
I,: iilcrr clc un cll() a!rt(')n()nt() reslrlra clc h persistenci.r cn l:L
(r)ril
ileu
rlrrrr tlc l rrrnccpcirn tle un prat() psquico celrack srlrre s ntisll<. rle un
rill('isisn) prilt]xt'i() sin prcsenci.l estt.t(tur?ntc clcl oto. La afirntacirin <le quc
cl <lc st'r cs el deset clcl
()tr(),
c()n lx c()nn(t1lci{-)n lcani:Lna
(le
qLc cl
()tr()
r it rrc u nristificar y x licnxl Ln sricto
(lcseante.
no llrcc
jlsticix.ll
heclt()
(le
rLrc cl o/lrr inlcn'i(.'(l l.t cotlstl,ickiit
.),('slntct
t'atcin dd ser lesaattc. cn
hr
lintt
iit dcse tlc. nuis /lri la lls tcttiiticts dcl lt'sct. l)escle estx prr.spc(-
tirrr. tltllr) psicoenaltirrr. rlifi,rencia cic k insintirr :rniurI. cro <.entrr
Irrrcitnl pulsional
\'
(lescntc,
ticnc
(lLe
ser entcnclick crrnto algo <ue sc
( (rslrlr)(r
en cl encLlentr() c()n Lln sc,- pulsionll, rlcscltnle. Al sr.rjer no se lc
(
)lr( ( ('
rinicxn)entc rn sLper)'(-). clicrrc tlc contencir-rn cle aguas plcns
(lc
cner-
gir. sirro llts aguas y le energa urisna. N{) es ste el htgr pnl clcsulrollar ls
rrr<xlilit:rci<nes e las <r.tc ten(lrnt()s
(lLtg
s()nteteI nuestrlrs c()ncep(i()n(s s(,
lrh cl psirrrisrno si cn vez cle hablar
(le
-ste
((nln)
ente
(err.r(l()
l(, pcr't{-i\r:-
nr()s (r
trnlin()s cle intel..srl)ietivi(1.cl
(DLnn.
199)l es clccir', tralrejsernos
,,,n un rrrlel< <lc. por kt llcn()s.
(l()s
psi(lLlisnr()s cn intcrclcpenclcncirr prrl
sr()rLrl 'r
(ir
esk)
(lLcrcrr{)s
clejar sentetllr lil lil1litu.i(in
(lrc
vcllos cn t()(l1ls
Lrs
In)si(ir)ncs
quc s()stienen llt iclert clc rn ser
(lcscalnte
lLItt( )gcncrai(l( )
(l!e
\ i( r)( lr scf
Jrcr-ttlflreclo l)()r
el
()tr().
Ntrralisnx ingcr]u()
(lc
Lln sul)ucst() ell()
(.lslrir(l()
lx)r
el
()tr() ()
lx)l-cl
lcngrrujc \in r!.ncr t]n
(Ltcnt-l (lLt
c. cl
()tr()
y ci
I ru]rLrjt, los
(lLlc
c()ntril)Ltvcn para (lut
esc cllo sc gcncrc. I)()[ est r.rz(ln n!)i
l).rr(
(( (luc
lrr clcn<ninucirin
(lc
Winni(()tt tle nrcdio
_f
i.tc'ilittttlrr-.
(lLte (lL,strLcu
r'l lrtr'lro clc rltrc kr cxtelno n()
(lrl)c ()l)st:raLtlizer
kr <;Lrt cslti conto
r,,tcnti.r
litlrrrl cn t,l srrjet<r. <lcbe scl
(r
)ll)lcntcntal(la crn l:r itlcl tlc tttetlio
TtnleL,dor,
rrrl sc lcf ioc a l:l lun( i(-)n cle aporte al srjct() p()r peme rle lo rxtctn()
(lc
.r,rr. ll,r,rrr'('\t(.n')
I)u((l(. 1,,11,
p,r
\t
nli\lr,).
t.\I\r'r't.kl\t'tr
^\
Dt t tFrtAIt.t'tA
y
-A
((rN'l
U(t(lN
,)t: I r!N(.I(iN l)ESl-iANIIl
Si l: \'ilirli(ltL(l rlcl clcsco. sLl fiterzlr. cstti ilscgLllll(lu
(lesclc (lentr().
si cl cx-
tlli,r :.lo
trrcrlc
pctrrrlrar. enk)nces sc cnticnde
(lue
l()s p1.ti(lxri()s
(le
tl
, , rrrr t
x
ir'rr
l)icrscn
(llle
el ltxlistil clclre nrenttntmc ncLtl1) n() stik en sLrs
ll l.r
lNr,,,l()1rrl
(tel
.rh:r inrcnlr(l() r(,(lclin lo5 disrinlos (
:rdrrs dcsdc [r p(lspr(riv:r (t(.
I r , r r r (
r . , , I i
|
,
.
I r \ r
'
I . r
(
I l)(rrlr() (lr
tstu crnricl]tc. l()s tr.rlrirt()s (l(, st(r()r(^v lrln Lle llr\lr irt lir)ritc el
,.rrrrIr,,,,rr,,,trL.rl
t,]Lr
Lr
(lini('ir
_!
ll t(nifx d(l trrtlrnri(
()quc(l(fllrltl
rr)(xiekrcle l inr(r
rrl,.trrrl.r,lr\rs,xtr1\ Sl,)1()r(^\. l9S.r: S(r(rr).1()jti Sl(r(nr^\.. \.()l,1)s. l98l: Sr()1()n) \ I_r.h-
r)r.llrr. l')rir)) \ir(l(' sr.,,.(p.()n nrars i(li(xl ]l r(sPC.tr)
(tue
Lr
(lc (rr()s
lLrt()rcs rlt lx p5i(r
IN'I'IJRVIiN(]IoNIJS'I-IJI{API]UTICAS DIIERljNCIADAS l
jLricios
cle \,.r1()r sin() cn su afL'ctivi(h(1. La irn.Lgen del analista clsic() nls xll.i
rle cualqtrier maLnifest?ci(in clc entLsiasm(), r la clel analistt quc se restrinBe J
l)()ner
en plalrras el inc()nsciente repfilllick), c()rresp()nden .t esta conccp-
cia)n. Pcr()
,v
si el pciente es a)guien
(lue
mils
(lue
blocuear los sentilrienk)s.
que reprinrir un clese() existentr. ticnc rn da'licit en lL capxci(la(l
(le
entLlsiJs-
n).lrsc Y n() porcrre ello pr()cluzca culpl o persecuci<in, n() p()r c()nilict() entle
un
(lese()
y le pxrltibici<in, sin() porque careciri cle figuras iclentific.rt, )n-l\
)
L\
tirrlantes
-peclrrs
cleptimiclos. clesvitrrlizackrs pllnl quirncs n1t(la er:l c-
pez cle
rloclrrcir
alcgrr'1
llxst.r
en cst()s cs()s tlue el anltlistn scrle csto. que
srr
xllilrn
clescril:r a<kc rraclu nrentc el cst(l() nrsntill ciel pacicntc?
Acaso
ruos de Ir:tlrlarlc ncutrltnrcntc. c()n orninrlr 1lf('tivi(lx(I.:t un p.tci(ntc
f.lr.r
(lrien
csa r(titu(l
(le
krs padrcs lrt siclo lu
(Lsa (lc
su irtlt tle vitlitlti. nr
teptoclrrce Ilr c<rclic i<-n
(lrc
sc
(lcscll
cxlt)l)i1lr'1
hl iclel rlcl 1lnlisti xli'( tivxrlrentc oeufr()
-insistimts
en lu clifi'trntr-t ,-rn
tre nelrtraliclacl val()rtiv1l y tkultutlid1 Llli,clr zF- srlrgi(-) en I-'reucl anle pa-
(icnles (llr(
crilrl r)lay( n-it:u
jll
rrente pcTsonalicllrclcs clc les <rrc hov sctr.r
Irr.r(-
ti( c()nsi(lcflf cLt't't< htrdarlita. c()n Lrna e m()ci()nallidar(l tLuultu()sr. c()n
intcns()s an)orcs Lr
()di()s
cn ll tlanstcrencilL. l'lrr clkrs
(liscn(-)
una cstrutegiil
terrpa'Lti(u: les errsl<-r cn cl rlillin. lcs innovilizr-r c()rp()rxlnrentt. les l)iz()
rcnsrrr
sobLc suri srntjDlien)s. les corlrni<ri explicaciones inlclc(tLlllcsi cn
slrnrl, Ics
.cntii" (jrur
)ci( )nlllrucnte. I-ll cf(t() estrlrctLlr.inte
(le
1.rl m:lr1() ter-x-
ri'u1ico
solrrr- el psicrrismo
(lcl
l)acicntc.
nr:is ullli cle los <rlenirlos srnr-tnti-
(()s
ttansnriti(l()s por el enalista.
lrlra
scr pcltinentc
l)lrrx
l()s px(icntcs quc
l)r'csrntllt
l:ts t tltctcristiclts scrralaclas. En anrl)i{). plltu lxs crctc]-()plrts
rlcsrrli'ttivizdlrs,
Irlir
l()s <ur- srikr pir:nsan tn vez clc psnsar'/sentir. Lrn ter'-
retrta
fio. ccrclnxl. ctfllr-l(lil(l<; cn cl roi cit iclttLrrtsc()
(lc
la
l)crs()oit
screna
nrs allii cle LLs crrcitncs, lo cuc harc cs lclizar l litrritllci(in
(lel
.rei(ntc
Cl<rnclr.rsrn: el ttit el dc'
fitttciondtnicult)
t\ltocioltl
(lcl
dtlulsl.t la t1lt't1si
rlkl .lclt,.t.t,d tpo d<, tttt<tL iot t<'s desltlt gctcltts- (lcb.,
csdr nto.lttl do
lx'cl
(bclit\)
lat'.4)lti(o persc.qttk). lll 1lnlistx n() sc puc(le
l)ennitir
cl ser e[r(F
ci()ntlnrcnte igr.rel crrn 1rtlos ls pilcicnlcs, cs clccir. tlejalsr lll'r'1tslfr' Dt( )n( )-
(\)r(lcrl)cnlc
p()r sLl crtfa( trr( )l( )gia pttsonal o po[ la catat'ler'ologu
Ptr,r-
z(l
l)or
la cscucllr rle
reltcncncilr
ccrc.r
(lc
cLr:il es la irlcnticlcl iclcal.
(iarac
lclok rgas individlrlcs r.tkrtrinltrilts, clc r'ol
Jrlrfi'sionll
rttt le Jlevrtn.
rlt '1() p()(as
()casi()ocs.
a rcfizlrr le petologa clcl
racicntc.
I'cnscrrlos cn tlos
extrcll)()s: el lnelist vit1, lliperLftctiv(). exl)lr)si\'().
y
cl analistx
(listilnte.
fr().
intele(tralizlr(l(). A su rcz ulritr.rcnt()s
(l()s
tip()s rle
lacienlesr
el llana(r),v el
cs(luizoi(lc con bloqrrc'o af(li\'(). I)enscmos xll()ra en les posilrlcs cortrbinu
ci(ncs cntre csos lrnrlistas y cs()s p.lcientcs. AlgLrna cle les perejas fi-maclas
ir\)lic.rrn pr.r el
PiLcirnte
Dr:is rlc k lDisrlx). iatr()geni. Fln c()nse( uEn( i.r. r'e-
srrlta inrrrescinclible l' finxlttltcitin tlclt .! dal lardpeu /ll scl{rin cl tilx)
(le
pa
cientc y el DloDlenk)
(lel
trxtxnlienl().
I
l1l
liNA t)lut)A l)lil
psr(r)ANt_ISts:
Et. Dt-sRRot_Lo
DI: uNA ct_iNlcA
ttt:. t.A Iht.t:l.t)\tGKrfi
trR:LTDIANA (IMpr)TENCIA,/DES!'A
.tlf I E NTO)
(Il:lnrl()
('l
sentillliento
cle inpcxencia
d<rnina al sujet(), ei
(lesr()
pue(le
st, irltilriclr en et nl<trenkr ntismo clc sLl sulgintienk)
no polqu(
lrlya algo
rttt.Jo
roltlta.
es clecir prlr conflictr. sin pirr la crnviccin .t" ,1,,a n,r .a
lcnclr:i el pocler
o los recrrs()s pers()nlles
para llevarkt a ltrren
fin. Comr
,.'jcnrpkr
Dtencion:lreI()s
el
(.aso (le
un pilcicnte
que c(l)enz) sU anhlisis a
(\xrsccLencia
cle rrna fobi severa que Ic lrul>ia a<rrjlclo clescle ll inlnci.
ya
tlcsrlc las printerirs
scsi<>nes expresri clrrclas rlc ctre le puclier:r
lryrrrler prres cie-
ta <rtt'ri l>jrn el lrnljsis IIrlta rlcrtr>strckr
elictjYiclacl prr" ,r., g.,r,a q,,"
<onrx1. en ei ctrso cie i'f no seria as por<1rg
se tratal)a rlt algrricn
<rre ten_
tlr-rr glrn <lificultucl pra c()nt.L llc Jo cue le <r<urra y
1r"r.,
"1r,i,r,..lr"i
kr,1.,a
1rr
ruclicra
clecirle. L,l c()nlienz() cle crrcl:r scsir-n a,r,r.iit,,, par.rr erl Lrn lercla
tk lo srrplicio plrcs
ie
(l(nninal)a
lx c()nvicci(in
clc cuc ci nlttcrial <uc
-lrcliera
irl)()'tr scn' insuficiente.
a pesar cle lo c.Ll1rl tcnrrinrlt relatltn(l() sLtcn()s v s_
l)c(1()s
(le
str vicla iniantil (lrtc
I nt lllc plrccan
c()s
y
csclarece(lL)res
l-J hi-
l)()l('sis
(lue
ltr firr: al coricnz,, rlcl rr.rttntiento
frr.-,1tr.... lr.rlllta
cloti
tltrlo
tor
el ltic.ck lr
(lu(:
y() Dte rrt,lr\(,.
cttr(
(rt(rs
r.l;()nc: p,r-lxs (ludas
rltt( cn el li)n(l() tcn] lespecto lll ln:iliris\'it r)li. v(l!esU it(.liIu(l rle pr.csen_
l.1a\( r si iiiisnt() (r)tl()
in(.a(prz erl I:t {pi(.al :i,.lI()dcsctlificllai(-)n
rlelrnrlr.r plLr.t
.rI)Iir(rtI ilI
re(scguiclor.
1,parr
ir-rs1:ri[e i.lstinlil l)cr() no perecirr
<rrc ltlli resi
(lrcrir
l()(lx la cuestir-n. y ni siquier <1uc i,rcra Io nris irnportanre
Halia un
s(nli)li(ltt() cue ilrplegnalu t()(it su vi(l
1
qrre sc ltallal,i en la lrirse cle srrs
l(,1)iils ))riltiples
v lenuncis lrl cleseo: l s(,c(nsi(lctul).I
dl)il. iDtl)()tcnle piti.x
srrlx,rr cLlltlqrier
ol.sil'icrrkr. Iil pacientc rc-<rtrcl<.r
algrnas ana,cdot* telililres
crr rLre cl sentiD)icut() (lue
transntitix el ptrrlre
cre.n()s()tr.()s n() p(xieDl()s,.
c()n
t lst'ntitkr agrcglttkr
cle.criuro sc les ocrrrrc qle
yarl-r()s
lr pclcir crrseguir
tal
(r)s;r!".
lx.nsr)tient()s
qrc r.ar(.al)an Lo.t .recn(.i. blsic riel plr(L.e.
t..nsl)iti_
tIt rlt lriJ n).ncil.\
-l(clt.ts
rk,t.lLs,
t. lus tr:is inrixrr.ruotes. si qtc n el p_
rllc ni t'l
rcicnte
tLrvieruln Ia )en()r a()n(.ien(i:l
rie ello_. cle ijrre srlo krs
r f|{)s. los ejenos :r lu itrnrilia, tcnian la r.lLt:rciclacl
tle satisftce srrs cleseos. l,anr
, lkrs lrr vicllr sol<l p<xha crnsistir en ,-esignurse y renlrnciitr.
'lilt]ll)()c()
sc le clei<-r ir un cntpatllent() p(n-(luc su saltd supuestallncnte
n,, lt.
Irr.r'lDitir'
sopofiar
cl clinta fio clel ILrgur. y cuanckr clerpL,, .1u,.,, ..
11rrir
rrr)tr <;rrcr:r rtivct.sitaria le tlista<ljtlrn
con el lrguntent<t (le
que sel.lil
rrrrt rlilir'il
rrrrr
l I)e cstil nlaneIl1, llr rcprescntacicin
clLte el
>lteicnte
fire
,,,nstrrttntlr
rlt si nris:xr, clcsclc ei inicio cle sr r,icla. era l c. ilgujen iltl
Jn)l(
rrl(
,)ltit
trtst-quir l,> riUe ptrlit.r:l (lcscr.
")r) tro pueck sinctizill)a st
\( rtrrri(.nl( lrliri<rr
<lc illp()ten(.Ix. Fil
ltrxlcr
gener.etix) que
n()scc
Ltnlr c_ern
(r;r
nrrl'i/
r.r:i()0.rl
<lc este tip() perlrrit11
entcncler cacla uno dc sus sentr_
lli(.rrlrs
llllr
i.rlt: (l(,itrrp()tenci.rr
fiente al !lnlisis. la sexrraliclacl. l()s cstl(li()s.
'
t rrrrLrrrr'r' ir( ri\ (llr(l
(rLrc
iniciltsc. renunciancro
nruchas veces antes
cle enl
^vAN(tis
Iifi
pst(io-ntRApA
pslcoaLt.lc
IN',IiRVtiNctONliS',l'liRAPEUlt(:AS D|l]tiRliNCl^D,\S 1,13
l)rzir.
Senlinlienl()
(lc
"\'() n() pueclo, qr:e, l ilniculxrse con cl
(le
"srv clbil,.
rl:rlxr luglr a sus Dtltiples fobias: rlel>iclo su
jDtpotenci:r
y debilirllcl ctLrl-
<luier perscln:tjc c<rn el qr.re tuvieta el rrli'is nrinimo conflict(), o clritlquier as
pecto cle la rcalidlci que del)ia encarur. temrinxl)L por ser sentid() c()11() avn-
slllaclor.'r Cuanck el sentimiento de iurotencia c(mr() creencil l)isica se
rullicula con un cilcligt> f<-rbico. en qr-re lo central es la c()nsicieraci(in <te ios pe-
ligros clue ccncra el sujeto. el nliecl() clue toclo ello procluce estit clackr por la
crlparacirn
(lue
el srjet() rexliza entre sus pr<4rilrs fuelzlrs y las rlemnclas
rle i reliclacl exle(),'o c()n cl sLrpuesto p(>cler cle sus pcrscguiclores. Si el str-
ict()
siente qlre no
)trctle
l-ucer naclr, cnx](cs t()cl() lo exteior e i,l sc rDag-
nifice y lrcltlrriclc
1>or.lel
ubnulacJor.
La creenci:t "1rr nrr ptreckr...".
\',t se.t qlrc ltLylr surgickr ccrttc <lefns I
Pxrtir
cle Llnx p(lhilrirr<in stlpcry()ic.r
-lxL[a
lLplucar al perscgui(t() e iulpe(lil
ci castig()-, o
ralu
clisminrrir lu culplt
xrr
un
.p<lcler
hace'r, que sg 9,1uip.rr.r
a
"pocler
clalr o lt vcncer al rival eclpico, o <1uc provenfa cle la iclentificacit-n
rrrn pacltes
(lle
se sicntcn ilrlp()tentes. o cle la rsrnci<in clc llt lcprt.sentltioll
rlrte inocttlan paclcs nalcisistlts
(lLlc
n() l()lcran n() ser ell()s l()s ll)ic)\ qLt(
krkr kr
1>tteclen.
r'rul<triera qLle sea lx conciicirin cle origen, una vez qrre llega
est:lr c()nstitri(l
(1nnr)
nratriz en el incrrst'ientc, clcs<le all gcn<rrrr cacla
tno de Irs senlin)ieDI()ri
Ixrticrlirrcs
rlc iDtpotcrci;r cue prrel>lan I.r ,.r'ltit.n
ciil
(lc
cs)s
l:tcientes.
l'lerrcl c<nsiclcr<i
(luc
el sentinlicrlto dc inrrotenciar <les\'litl ien )
-l1il-
.fkigkail-
er ]. lg() trn cci]t1.al en el clesittr<lkr clc krcla pcrsonrt
(luc
.r p.rr-tir
<le clla sc p<xlrirr cxplicar la entcrgcncie <le las firmus prticul.rrcs (lc
lx iln
.iLstilr.
"' Hxl)lan(l() cle h situaci<in cle pcliglo qre
(lespierta
la angrrstia scal
r5. lrtiliTilnr()\ l:r(\|r(\i(j cccn(ixsnrirtIi(r.pu.xnlltscr,l .tntul()rlarslr(f.rl l()(luegr-
neru. 1o tlrrt pnxlLre. \ ,rni]l)11(, rl
(Irt
Pos((
fn.ilB(l,r
()
scir (stru(Ir;r (lrr
rr(ti.rnl( opcnr
r nnr.'s de strs rlrrtntos lL,t,l:r tros elultt,:nt()\ l.J !r(,cn(|lr tnxlrir..(nl]r) r.nd,.t pritn(lll.
I.n(:r
Icr)r.rr i.7..r(r( L
'
lino)r'
(iL,l:rrrl.r.iir\ (J( !)!e()1 p()(lcr (ilr
rl,\trrLrr,nr tutt!t) ttit)tsrR,tli.l
<t)n).1)]sc'k,It!\ -L tr.rrc: <tc prrccsos tlc
l).rh(ul.rIlzl(rarr
cr trrc se .Lrrrrtrlx 1()n,,tr.r (r((n
ci.rs nrxlri(cs- l'or or
lirlf.
no sc trrtrr rlc:tlgo ptrr'.u (ntc
i(ltxtj\(). Lrnqcc:k,\(l \u.(nll-
poncnrc pri,r(ipxl ,,
cl <rrc Ir otorgrr csp((itl(r(1.(1.:in,) c e:lrl(1UI1r5
(l( signrll(.1(l(,..rrglclirs
\iernprc.()n i(rrs( irtcc()s.
+(r. lll 1nin()
.d(s\
xlimicnn ) r()ncl qL(ren Lr c(li(n-)n (lr Annnr(n1u sc lrx tlx(lLr(i(k) lriro-
\rf[.r1tiur]c cl sienititrk) rlc dcs.nprro. c:rrtn de irvtrrll, dr s()(,(nII). Hn esrc scnri&) rcllcix.
rutlt,cuudarrentc. p( Lrr l!l()e1 scnrid()qrt1rlrlril\)\cl()s(li((()nitrk)sl)ilintlil(\\
l)(ncl
otr)
(l (\nrte}ir() (n (lrre
liL,L(l usll cl rrDrin():
(l sucl,) \( siuntu.;r.erle
(le
r\1rdx. fi,D t()(k). rl lr
nri,r() n() rc(r)flc \r)llrr( nrL ]rtcrltc
()tI1l (lirr(1r\n')n (]r!
i\iv.r
(n
hs
(lcsrrip.i(,ncs q 1(U(i xp()r1:l
pr cjcnrplilr.rl el
(ir(!pr() (l(,//trl./J,gl,(,it. lr) L\r.r(i() rntUx), dr i/)r|okrrl. [r vr\u)(jr (l( (tLre
rrr
si o:ro rl lir(trnr(' ', pr(rlc.irlir'(ir Ir c\i.tcn(ir (tu(,
I;r
l)ul\i(-)n
lr rn)r)()rre
(lcsllc
rl rnrr,
lr(n. I\n cl lrc(lx,
(lc (tu(
n(, pu(dr. de qu( i'l
(\ irrrl(t(ntc. co)n.rs \e rcqrcr(
(l(l
olt(0 (r
tem(),
(Be
si lxlt:r
,l(rr(r:r
scgrnl(l() licnrp( cl \urrriori(ol() (lc
drs\lLlirrlr!nl(,.
(l(-(l(.s.uul)11),
dc
(urrn.i:r
dc s(,.(!11) l)(n'rn(). si se rr(()rrrn 1r: clc rpkrs llcLrrliunrs r ks Lr( qrLc c:re hllce
(lcl
trrDin() LlillL)r1!ki! (le\'icnc ne.csrrio lrl(lLr.r1() r(nn() irp)rn(i d(sv:rlirrricnk)
(vase,
txnrl)ia'r1. Coslx Prrcir:r. 1992 ).
l.l r
AVNCiJS JN PSI(:O'I'tJItAPIA PSI(JOANALTICA
tN r'tiRvliNctoNEs l ERAPtiul-tcAs l)tlllRllN(il,\DAs 135
l)ued()...,
es metrlx)liza(lo
(lentlo (le
un c(iclig() nxrcisist qLle lo transft)rnta
cn
"si
yo n() pue(Io... y() n() \'.ll!l(),,. Pero l peslr cle que el sentimient() dc p()
tencil esta'r estrcchlncnte ligaclo al narcisisnrc lc> rttuestta 1a alegra clel ni<r
rnts
(rd.l
a(l(luisicia)n 1rx)triz
()
urental-. sin clnl)argo se trata de una articlr-
laci<'n cle
(los
estructur-as psquiclls cliferentes. con lt cual retollll)los tlna cle
las tesis centrules cle estc librr: l.t cslnrcturd mochtltu'clel
psitttisl1l().J'l4 4r
ticultckitl de cu?tpole tcs cala ttnt con su bistori4
fleikrultit'o
p)-opt- As,
un sujek), xnte Lrn p(xlcr cluc evala c()r()
(lLc
lo supere pucclc scnlir tried<>
*es
lo que vimos c(rn cl pxcicnte al <tte nos reterintts trtis:trila- o ltacer
cl ccntr r:ie esa experiencie cn cl scntirlient()
(le
infetiriclacl. inclticllt la ver-
gilenza cle cuc krs <lcm/rs se enteren cle srr inlcfirrir:lacl. lgttal sttcc-clc crrn el
sentimient() cle
(nllnip()tenci
tt tc pt ttcle tener c(nIx) clltctel prevalente para
cl strjeto cl scr una prucblt clc stt sttpetiorichcl. tle que valc tnris ctte totlos los
clcnhs. rut'elkr Jr con<rristar le clnriltci<'rn tlel testigo plivilegiaclo por
tunk), rcjistr'() <lel nrcisismo-.
()
c()nstituir ln cltfensa ft-ente l la persecu
cir-rn:
.no
hay natlic cltrc pttc<la hacettne elgn tipo clc <lao,.
Aun < uancl< 1l fin de llx)strl' cl fcn<iment cle erticulcitin
(lel
sentit]rien-
t()
(lc
inlp(fcnciil
(()n
las estlLlclrr.rs clcl natcisisDx, o con las anfaustixs fi)
l)i( ir-persrcut( )l-is, ItaVrtnros lt(enttrx(l() los csos cn tlttc la c()tnl)inrLri!rn sc
procltrr'e plcvalcnlerllentc a()n Lrnlls L
()tras,
es flccLcnte qttc ttctttra sirttttlt-
tlcatlllcnte crn lrnrb:rs- [ in casr
Particrrlar'lltente
intcresantc sc proc[tce cttan-
(l()
cl scntimient() cle irlpotencilt
(lrc
sulge por el fracaso rcal o itnrtgtnuri,r
en rrn lirea [cstringi(lll clt la :Lctiviclacl clel sujcto stfie la transtirtn-rcit,n
sc
neralizacka
-.Nr
l)L(lc
hllccr tll c()sa
(X).
..
.
no pr.teclo hltcct natla,-. Y ltte-
go cl
.no
pueclo lreccr nuri", vivirk s, c()n citrictcr l)s()lLt(). sc espaciali-
zu en el scr-ltirienk) "est()y
1rlrllpx(l(),. Est
PaIti(ullrize<
itin cle llt ilIP(fencia
clc-penrlc. veccs. cle ciertls
(
il-cu nstll ncias vivi(lxs. Asi. un
ratiente,
cacla
\'(:z
(lLre
scntia
.yr
no
rr.tcckr,,
-cttlltlttie
ra
(ltc
fLcra l1 cifctrnstan( i:l c.Pce r-
liclt <rtc crrllrjt[l a cstx c()nvicci(-)n e\'()cal)a en st lltntc Lrn Irtntltsa pr'i_
vilcgiada: ser sttficatk pot un petscgr.ticlot
ltotleroso,
l()
(lte
lesLrltltl).t, tntrc
()tr1rs
r-1lz(rtes,
(le
ltx)l))ent()s vivicks cn l r'clacirin crrn Ltn paclrc narcisist
(lre
par.r
(lcux)stf.rrlc
srt fttcrz lc apretaba
(()ntr
st pccho. lrxlel'tnclole con
lrrazos ctre el pa(ienlc rcctrcrdlt c<tx
(lLle
"ertn
gn()rmes,.
l;rs crccr-tcis solre la inrp(fcnci clcl sLtjel y st c()ntl-partidr, ls ct-ccn-
(is (nn4)()tentcs.
ri()n l()s extrem()s clc trn clirensirin <ue tirtttta ttn ttas
lirnck cle t<clrr lrt vicl i\cnt.tl. l,() qtta to(b sldo s( pkuttad a priitrcr lu!lo',
.y
dc t tuttr ittct)tlscialtle, .ulte ctukluiar.leseo rs si scr.i c.tp.tz da rculizdrlo o
//r). I-1l respLcstlr lr este inter,-oganle. captl(la
(lcntr() (le
un ca)clig() n.trcisist.l
()
Lrn() pctse(Ll)ri(). k llcnr;i tn cl
ttintr
<aso clc
jbilr
c <lc tlokl narcisista
y. en el segr.rnchr.
(le
trrr()l
()
<lc alir,'ir- Fll scntiltricnt()
(lc
iD)P()(cn( i.
),)
n,)
ptreckr...
(X,
lo rFre sca)" cs, cnt()nccs. unll cretncia mlr'iz rl)iertll 'J h parti
ct!lurz.tcilt, a hs mil inraginnci()ncs I.lntlrsnr,lticxs
(ltte
vro clotanck cle es
re'cifi<
iclecl e le X.
s(
l)rcltunta:
.CLrirl
cs el ncleo. ll significativiclacl,
cle la sitrraci<-rn cle peligro?
llvi(l(,ulctnente.
la apreciacin
cle nuestras firezas en c()rnpuraci()n (.()n
su
.lirgnit.(1. lx x(h)risi(in cle nuestrr> clesvrlimienk
frente a 1. clcs'llirrientr
r)rlrterial en el caso clel peligrr) realista. y ps<uico
en cl clel peligrr pulsional...
(ltt'stt
L'slilitctctt sea arrnect es indifrel e pqtu
el rct tltak... llanretnos
Itdlnt.ilicali\
Ln.t situci(')n
(le (l(,svalituicnto
vivcnciecla, (Frerrcl.
192(r, pl,rg. 155,
l:ts
lirrreras
crrrsivas son ltas. les segtrnclas clel original). lr<.ti;nf(). ctl,cnctq
-l,r'cLrcl
habla cle.apreciacitin,. (le .estinlaci(in,.
es clecir cle l()
(llc
cl suict()
tvlrlu. no cle una conclicir-rn objctivrr
cn lx irtp(fenci1.
cn ci icsvrlintjcn_
l(),
((ntx)
principio <ganizack llisicr clel psi<uisnro que cletcnninarli ltrs clis_
linlils_ f()[)l.rs te1)]i-lticls l>ajo las rLrc se puecle prescntlu
I angLrstia. l)or ello
li( r(l Ie atril)uye se nr srjk la cusa cle la angustia por le piclicla
clt objct<r
silrr <lcl anltelc clel paclre
v clc llt creaci<-n rle les rcligioncs t.V. lil.. vt1. XXI.
P:igs.
2i.
30), as c(rl() cle l nsieclcl srciel
-tent<r
itl
(f[()_ (luc (.()n(ht(.e
(()ll()
precllts()l.x
la c()nstituci(-xt (lel
sentinlicnt() (le (.ulpl (.57.
/t/.. \,(rl. XXI.
rig.
I2i). El senlitnicnft) (lc
irnp(fenci c()nstitltye cl lolcle soltrc, el t.rel sc
()rigilrit
l1r angLrstiil
(le
castra(.in
(,S7.
l:1.. lr1. XX. prigs. ijU lJg).
),
<lLrclk
(la(
lx)ne
en nrarclta llts fltntaslts (lcstinlr(las
1l c()n[r-llrrrslarr](), lllnlllslls a lrrs
(re
rlt rtrrri't .ilrrsirnes,, (lae
n() s()o un sit,-rl<,trrrr
clcl
jrrici..
sin. el rcsrltacl<r
tI L clcser
(.V.
tl.. v(r. XXI, pg.
3O), cn este c:rs rlcli,nsivo.
Altta lrien. si sc
(.()t)lpatr
la int)ortancie rlrc el concc-pto d e t Iillkigkcit
,rsurrit cn l olrra ll.eucli:rnl. espe<.ialrentc :l
fr.tir
(lc
lu ciclrcl tlc krs vcin_
t(. )()
l)uc(le
t))en()s que lllrlur l atenr.irin el p<r<l
lteso
(lre
tirnc et lx
(l
.i(il
I)si(r)anlticlr. Or'il
p.ccle ser llr -zin cle cll.?
Sir,plenrcrle
(lcs(.ai(k)
r. rlis lrit,n. cfectr cle rrnil
(.()ncepci(in
en
(lLr
sc cnfitiztr lo
()pucst():
un
y()
vrsl() (()nl()
p(xler()s()?
Si t()lntl1os iV. Klein. pr.ejcrrrplo.
.l yir, ,,,r,.,-r.,2.,.1,,
tlt'srk
q,l
1111;gn2,) p(n.cl inslin) (lc
nlLc,t(: lir clcfle,ri<nlr y. ltrego.
rr.,ryccra
solrlt,cl
tcho
tockr el por:ler
<le una lgresivirlacl que pugnl por exterioriz:rr-
sr'. lil lx.lr(, kleinino es un pe<uer> slntLr:ti (luc
pr,r1,..:ta. ciisrx.ia. tar.. sc
tI licrrrlc. l-o nlis elejaclo
ursiltle
clc la irtragen cle inrpt,tencia a lu cue lrr ////
.lh)s.qk?it
clcscribc. Algo sjtnilr slrcedc para la psicoiogrr (lel
y(): p(xler.()sos
(l(s(.()s
in(('stL(rs()s. n() Il)cit()s p(xlcf()s()s
rlcscos llrstiles
v tlccnisrnos rlt,
rIli nslr rrte
(()rI1() (enh-()
1k l !-,r7.(,r (rt.rn (1)ntinL.lllrnlc
-cli\.()s L:-
(:rr,
l)()r
su
l)lrtc.
c()n su ltr-rrr:r le sLrltjctivirhcl y
al ufeoo tro
J:rocla
teltro,
(r) (Lrr (ill)i(l:t
ill senti,li(,nl() ck,intp.tcnci:r,,rles\.lir.ient(),
l I: \.i.,.(nL.i.r rl.c
lircrrrl r'irlrlrr'fl
bujo la clenoltinacin
dc I Iillkipkcl. Se nccesital)a (lc
lr
.rillr(l( 7ir
(l(
llilrring
(195.3)
plrre <uc el c()ncel)k) clejasc cle scr unlt rnctl lllLr-
\, ,. .rl ,lr ),1( tl() inicil rlc l \,i(l y p.(licrx scr.r,rlJcark> prll c'(c-n(lcr t(xl1r
rrn,r
J!,urlr
tlt li,rronenrs.
lrl r. tinti(.nl() in(.()nscientc (le
iltrp()tencilr lt() s(il() cntefgc en l:r c<ncict_
r i.r,
r.rrtir
rrl.rrizrrrkr
r lrar.s cle tirltiplcs mictlos. sino (lLlt
sc encrent(t cn l1l
lrst rlt r i.rlrrs tk
rr-r'si.ncs
nalcisist.s, c()lllo
'ilrx)s
e cr capttrkr dccric.:rck
.r irs t|Jslo r()s tlt
rr.r.sitrrs.
En cstos cttsrs cs cl resrtltaclo clc clLtc el
.1r,
no
1.1(r AvAN(-tis l,N
pst(:o'tliR^pA pstcoAN,\Lillc
lrt clcfi'nsl c()ntra el sentimiento cle imlx)tencia es un fact()r tnlln,rtJntc
(n
lil cstrLrctLrrx( ia)n
(le
xlgLn()s ritL1lles
()l)scsiv()s, (FLe
n() son si|'tple
()culia-
t irjn e l:r con< iencia cle erlgo rec harck sino intentos clc crear un sentinliento
cl< <lorttinio solrre L:t realiclacl. Es la ftrncin rlrre rleseutl-reltn ciert(),\ clespla-
z1[llienl()s xl
(lct.rlle
en situtci()ncs
(le
angusti: ante U1 viaie en alvin, la t)rc-
tir. Lrk rsitlltcl rlsesir u en el-.rlfcgl() de l:t Drtlctl:
()
cUin(l() cs nccc\iri,)
Jlrc-
s('nl:r- rn escrito ante Llna aut()ri(la(l
(llle
se tenlc
-profesor.
tlnr rr-,nrrios
lrtilrfitos.
etc.-, el suietr> se <lscsir>n c()n )()s !peck)s filtrales tlt-l tnisrrx
-lil)()
de'papcl, tipografa. enculr<lcrn:rcic-n. etc.-. llst()s rlcstlaz.rr[rentrrs
lrirscienrien el r>bjetivo rlc ser rcullamicntr la concicncia <le Jas replcsenta-
tiones clc la ntLrete o los persegrriclores. rxplicari<-rn.l la qLte hrlbit.xlrr)ente
sc ill)ch. Nleclrnte la crncenrracir)n en lts rlctallcs clel viljc o en l()s ispcc-
l()s finnlcs dcl es<rit<. cn cse .\lrcf
.t'y')
ler h.tco prciL'o (ld
l'lll<'. se ltl-
(lLirrc
un scntimief() clc clrminio rrrgico solrre una rcaliclatl fiente a llr cual
t'l sucto pitnstr <1uc no puecie haccr nt<llL. l\)r tilnt(), lnlis
(lLtc
nt(.ilnisox)s
(lc
tlcli,nslr
-ocultaD)icnt()
I lil c()ncienci- srn cieli,nsas, en
(]l
icnti(l()
(lre
le
Irt'nr<rs <i:tckr cn
(Nr()
trl)ilj(): pr()ccs()s
(lc
tfir nsli )rltxci(in (lue gencritn tniI
rrrorlitltlrci<-n en el inc()nsciente, efl este cils() la crecncia en el pocier clel su
t({()
(
lllci( htl1xf . 19U6).'-
I)(' igull nrlrnet-l . lrnte el scntilnient() cle ir)tp(fenci.l <1uc prtxlr.rte l:r ruucr-
l (l(
llr) \tr'(lleri(k. 1 fclril if.litx(i(in
(lc
)os
:lrcrarttilos
rlcl enlierro l rnis-
rr() trcnrpr) cuc distrten
*(lis()ciarr-
clel clokr cle la pi'rclicla pcrrniten ucl-
(luirir
un scntiI)iento clc clrltinio s(r)rc Ln:t rc-lli(la(l
(lLlt: (on
!t nlltcfie se
llr()stf(l cstllr prlr firclir clel poclcr-del sujek). I-x hipelx({ivi(l.ld crnto <lctensa
l)iisi(
(luc
presentln algtrnas personas ticnc esc srnticl().
y:l qLe sc crce, gra-
t lts :r lttulle. qtre toclo re plte(le: el nt()\,inti(.nt() y Lts nril activi<llcles en lus
rttt st'cnrbarcJ ci sujek). y a las
(lrc
vlt
(hn(l()
algtin grackr cle s<tluc.irin. se
( .n\'r(
en en prlel)x inxginilril d( sr p()ten( iil.
t ,r \1.\\ l)l:1. \ \ I lVt \'I'r, t)l Pr)''l \( lA: lrl I t( I f \'
(O\t't-l(
t(,
lll s('r tillie nt() lsico cle p()tcncia pllr enfientaI l()s
(listin)s
pelig()s.
rrrc l:r lenl;rsiu y llt reli(i.rd
-stir
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\rttin.tl.
l,ir c()nse(LleDcia (lue
ticne paril
la terxpi quc el xc()ntccilnient()
riirgrLlxr
st t,.rc r'rt.rnti:r.,1).rtri(E\
Ir.s)nJlcs
resi(lr
r_i)
(lLle
llr pri!lritiru
i<le: lrcLrlia_
rr.r tlc l.r rc..trp.-r..rri,,n
tlcl err..cli.
rr.au.rii(i< p',."
.,iJr,;;.;;1,;'.;
sLr
lur.ricr-
l.rlr,l.rrl r' ,1, ,
f)(.(l(, \,
,n\titLn

,)i(.,r() s(, ,rr,t*rr--

re.rr,ii.r.r ;,, ,lll],ll]l',i,1"
)
';:"1:1",';'l;ll:l..J,,i:;:il,:i",ii
:l,]:1.1.'1:."j:
-:,:rli.r.
tr. nsL Lr rrr, p()r.rI(().
L,n(rc qt
rrirt)j(;(.()n
lo sir.rgullr.<le
la
\r\r'rl('r.r
i.rnt.r\nl-rtit..r.
r,rn l.L :rn((l()t:t (\r)ct_ct:, _ant,_a
,rta"a
lz()nes pilla
(,\it:lr
li intclc({ltirlizacirin_
\. lx pUesti
ul tlescrl>iertr
v el;r l rrrr.ir n .lc ls
, rr1
,),',.,\ rl.D( ('\.
\t l?, ( .l (
l.\Uf(,tr, .r.fI..,lrk..n
t.,. ,,,,i
r,,,.f,,,,.r,I1(,s
(lue
(slirs
s()n
cap:tc.cs (lc
gencr;ir.
I)rtxcso
tel.xl)i,rtic()
c,n tres'ticrtrpos.
crre no
Irrcrlen
ser in\ctj(l()s
cn sLl secLlell(.lll:
)ritct
icn)p(),
dc l: utcclttt
sitlgtl///t.exilntcn
detall:rcLr
dc_ rn (l)is()_
tlio cortrLcl<
cr-r rLrc cl
l)u(.icttc
in(li(..1
..rn .u .,,,r.1,,,tr.
f,l
rn 1lt" irntrrr,a
r,rL
l.r
.r,ri..
(lrr.,
rr.L.(lr( n,,,rrL.,[.,,,,..i.rrr_;i,;,.,i..;;,.':f,,,,,,.,t.,,.,r-
*..11,:.
)'r('.,ltfunr.r(1,'
f
r,r
tu(r,/r\ (lur.(.nrr(,n(11
,,,,,i, r,,1,..r,,,i.,.
. \Lr\
niF .ll'ilrrl,rr[''
I-pi.,rrli,r ririrlr,,..n
cl rlnrul,,'r,,,
,.1 ,r..r,,1,..,,,.,',,
t,,,.r,, .t,,1 rr.,t.,_
nri( nt() c,t qLlc es ir-rdispcnsl)lc (lclL-nrl.sc.
1,",t,r,,glitr,,rrr,rrir,.,i. n,,,,1,,
,,,.
cl st'",,,,, (l(-
inl)()cnciu
sc:, r irt.n. i.LrLr p,,
"i'
r.,.-,.,.r,".- a.,i,",t, ,
"n
au,
rk lrll('s, fclcj()lil(l()
tunll)in
ctn l,rs .lut:rll.,s
tlcl rrlntrxr.,,r'l,,.
ti.n. lu_
trtr'. <ui'hicieron
o tlcjaron
clc hr,.,-t. 1,,,
l)(t\r,n.j(\.,,n l,,.,,iu. in,.rra,,,"fr,,
i l' ;;[]1":fiiiTli'
;1,:1;:,;l,lil,;l:::ll;.;ljt
::il]-;1,, ^n";j"*llij
rtttttti;ts
precisioncs-
r--s inclu<lillc
l)c,DlInera
,,,t,ir,,la_nl"
_u
a,rrr,, ae
sLrt'lt'tltlir.
en rclr(.i(-)n
r.: l:t firtogrfa.,,,.,,n"
i,,r,,l.ln-rrt.-nr,i",,,.,ri1
ltLtlrr'.ts
xrt
l erttocirlt (l(e
desl)icrt.ln.n
cl ,rlts.:r.r.trl,rrut
*,.,,,,a t,, a.an
, irrl c[.uo;t sirLa(.il)n.
cn el tr.arer,i"nr,,
cl p.rpel ,r(]Lri\..rlen,.:
f,,.i,"r.rrp.n"
r"
r('\i\is((r(ilr
cier cpis.cri. ri'irkr
rr.s nrinit,s
rrntes.,,
.l;ir.,;i;;
c()n cr e_
r.rx rrt:r. rLrs clrrs:rrtcs.<.on
Lrs
rcrson.rj,
signili(..lti!,()s
.i.i p,"..1n,.
,, ,,,,n_
l( illli)s irntcs con krs rlcl
1t;rsedo.
En cstc ti(ltp() cle lo singLrlar
cle ll anc
rIrt:r 5.,,,,,r.
avtclur
ai pitcisntc pill..t
tr.rc la pelal.lrr
acliLrioa
cont"nicl<r
trrr'rrilrl.
ctun(I) liirscs gcr.t,-1rir.lts (tr)l()
"le li.isti,". ,estut,r
rleslrgr.itrl:t lrle
(
tltttigr. <r fl-ltscs
cle r.icr.r.r ck,l til.lo .clejert1rrs
ala ,,.,n,rr,,
ra,,..ra,..r,
a,,a aa
l.ts.tlrr:t.
11,5
espccitirue
cu sc rrriclc !l(,Lir L()n clles, <ue scntinticnt()s
\ rtt( s|t)s;(i()ur-s
en cl
(.uc-l)()
st.rl1.srs,,
cn l,r ,,p, ,nLrnrtl.rJ.
f.aa,,a._
l
,'t
f .lr r.rl r.l trr. rtrenk,
.[.] rl.lf.rrr
s(.r1, ,,(r(,
ri(.,,r,o,
.r. r". ,,,,,ii,'iilljl',:l;l:i:;:,::i]li:',::],;i;ll},l:1.'],,,,"
't rls.rt
r[
r:rlcrr.r'tlifcrcnrcs cnc.it,rLn
[s isxrs ]._ri,rri.."i,
,.' A" ,,,rp,,
lr'rrr r.r f. r'r) (.1 (Uc
sc ltsc.trn
c.ll4ttcllc_l).)(.icnl(
\, lr,rl)(_Lttll_
\ .tr t.r rrl( s, r'jr'r rrlrlil it trc.ioncs (le
sitl t.l( t, ,n!.s (.rl
q,,. ."., ,., r,i,rr.,,t,,
L,iria,,
ala
i,rl)t(.(
i.r lrt r'l <.lr.rrrr.rlr
cenrr.ul
cle i" uir.,,'l.i.
d ;;;;';" ,',;; ,,r..,r.:,r,r_
AvAN(_|s
ltN
pst( (rr.tiRAptA pst(:()ANAI__l.t(jA
IN l LltVIlNCt()\liS
-l
IR^Pl:U I ICAS DlIIlltllN(ilAL)AS 111
Ir:rn(i(), nueviLs ejcnlplilical( iorlrs \, \'xrir(cs sir't
(i(c
sc:n Itrrscltcllrs pcrrr tlrte
r':rn surgitnclo en el tluir
(lcl
trrtaluieoto. Si enlrecrnillel]urs
.rccnc()ntnn(l(),
es
lra
stlrrayar
(lLc
?Ln(lLe n() se tftrta clt trnu l)s<rtecla activll con\(iente.
si cltl;rr'r:o c] ir)rpir(t() rlrrc
rloclrrjo
crr el plrcientc l el Icrlpetli cl nl-lisjs
(lc
la sitlrll( iln crrc firc punto clc pl|ti<ilr <lc kr qr.re luego constitLrir'.i lrn.t:r'
ric cie clesctrbrirricl]t()s llct c(nt]() clelrler'lk)
(lLc (leterlllina (lLrc
se rcscatlt-
rir. rcenc<x':tnck. Ir 11s lL olrir r1r:urqr pxslrriir
(les pct cil)icl( ).
'[ercet
tigrnp(), <le llr gentrrlizltc it'n: testttttctl cle lo lecttickr cn l()s
(k)s
l)rinrcr()s
tiemp()s. ltlronr bajo rrn:t li-rrnula crerLrla
lr
cl pucienlc
t tl Iet'e
pr'rt11, esllc( li(.r
l)irrir
cx(l1L
l)icicnte.
(lue
sinleti(c lo cscn<iel dc lt(lLcll()
(lLc
sc lirc c-t:rtrinlutck) ,.()lt() xnac(k)f.1. l-irrnrtrl:rs clrl tipo <lc:
,flnortccs.
<tr:tn<hr
la
ltll\onlt
(luc
ll)c es illlp(nl.lntc se \':1,
()
rr() IIt('c()ntest:r.
()
rtl('(lcstien(le,v
c\tii en sLrs
I)r()pis
(()riils
tlejl'inrlonrc rlc lutlo. o sientc
() picr-ls rlifi'rentc...,
cnt((('s !r) si('nl() rlut] nr)
l)t('(l()
lltcr' 'l:cllt. :tr.'inr;ttlr trn s(ntinricl'll(t
(l
t[,slininr. <lc tlcbilirlcl.
(lr
ill]l)()lsr1(i1r. sicnt()
(lLrc
cl ntuor[ ss vi('ne rl)iti()..
ct( .,l
()
cnLrnci.l(l()s
(lLrc
1)ue(lcn
exprcsrrsc Irejo h tirrrra:
.\lc
rrirri
l
nre tligo.
lxl c()nl() r))c cleclr
>lr,i
o sellt l rr)is)x):
irr()
l() c(rts(gtri[is.... n() cs
Plrra
ti.... r'ti l() intcntes....
((l,n()
sc lc
()crtt('-..,."'
Si hcrrrs insisli(l() rr l: inrp() un(iil
(lc
Ir)s tres titnlp()s cs
rolcrte
rtlgu
o()s
t)lt(
icnt('s
(icnrlcn
lr fi.lgIr('11tr la crtcr'ien<ilt. ttrcrllinckrsr' <'n ia ltni'<-
(i(l1l
sinjU11r. rLisln(l() a(
(
)nt(cimicl-tl( )s. n() srt(n(l() c(rt(lLsi()ncs
(lLru
ncrrrri
tlul l_cc()n()(rr r.lIr nrc\ \ilrilLntc
()
!irti(il)ir' sLr en)ergrnci. Otr()s. !in
(lttl)ir). (s(all):r,1
rlc l:r vircr'r'il sil)gullrr. se rcfitgiltn cn fi-rrnlrtllts.tlcner:tlcs
r':r,r'irl:rs clc
(()n1(]ni(l() (r11()ai()nlrl,
irt(('lcctLlrllizci()ncs
(l(lc
cr so ill)strac(i(in
I)r()lecn
(]fl (1)ntrx (lcl
cncLrcntr() c(r'l I()s li'(I()s. I)()f
(fftl
Pafl(.
csJ l]lurlllJ
lLt)(lert(iir l ftrnciortlrr hltjo cslrs rlts rttrrllrlicllttl('s ,-I() srtn cxtltrsirrs cle los plt-
(i(ntts: l(ls tcrarpcLlls x(k)l((('nx)s
(lc
l)t()l)crrsi()res
sittrilres, per(lin(l()n( )s
cn l:l n'(d(f o pusencl<l ll)i(lxnrcn(c a ls lirtrnules gtnr:lltles.
lil stliDttctllt)
(la ptotc4.l
kt c.qxtc(1.!l
tl<, ltctcar rc<:tiJicttt' tl .ulalisl.t
l-ll t[rlxL) le[rl)utic< solrc el s( Ir(inIicl]t()
(lc
P()lerlci
(lel
sLrlet() n()
l)ue-
(l(,(luc(lllr
liblarlo rr crrc st: sirplcl))cntc rtn e'fi'ckr agtcgurkr t rlePtncliente
f). \i\(1rx)s rr r(1r.ur.I ir(t(r .rLgt itc r(nrnos 5(.1(nicn(k).le.tLc rlLrc inr,,r,trrrr. tl
r, ncepto dt crcrnt irrs u rxtr iccs cll .lrs/rr/r/.r'lrrl/rr,./:
(
r(l:r \ ( r
(trrc
n<r rtlc Irrtlrs lrrs crg. n-
(i,r\
rirl.i((. \ lcs dirrr,)s n
(l(1(
r r)rin.r(lir
(,r(r((i(-) ('
srr Ii' rLrLrr ln csolrrr<Lrc Lrr tirr
iLrl:r(i,nn'\
tirl,PU(,(t:r.
rr.ultrn tlc l.r
'ri'srIrtl
tI u\ln :r l,* iln(-
(l(,
l,r
((nr)rrDr(.r,r,,n.
tr,n,-
.( i,nrcs
(1.1I)(sirnricnl<,
t)r((r)rr5(r(rlte.
rrrt rrLrntr
1;,,clr:in
lrir(ltrrrr
(\:r(irr r(!r(( .(rn(, L\l.in
i s.ritx5 lxs rnliri.(s in.()rlscienlc:
D('n)
quc.()rrslrltl\crr. ul rtrc rrs. nlrrcsetrIrrri(nt: int(rnrc
'lI,l.,,l(-i\'l't''.,.|l.l*|\llll|,'l',lll\'lll,
I rl
AVAN(]I'S IJN PSI(,oI'I]RAPIA PSI(]oANAI,'I'I(]A
(l(
l.l r(,(.stl(lr'ltci<in gIlltrtl
a llr <r.te tiencle totlrr trraria sino que (lc])e
f()t)
\
(
rlirsc ('lr
liro esper'fico clel trutr)ricnt(). l)l plrcicnte rccor.rej los Incns.i(.\
y
l:s
(
iriunst.lncias qLrc le crearor.: un sentillient() cle impotencia, ast u(r)l(r
.r:.rillutli l lr)utillci(')n continua
(lre
ltacc cle ]u reprcsentlci(in de s uistr< r
rrl tlt,strtcrtler la
'al()rilcin
cle srs rtcursc:rs y clLpt,rf cxclsivllr]lente sLts insU
ll(i('n(i.ls. fll tratxtuiento clehc recrrperar tlr r.cptesentlcitin cle potencia
clc,l
n,f st,lrltcla l)rj() tucnsjes clest lr lificantes, lIrjo la fijacic)n ;r expelicn,.i.rs
l ril u liil lctrs, ltaj<ll el tcnt<tr.:l l.l aut()ltflntra(.i(-)n prtr persecucirir-r
o por ctrlpt.
St llr cnftizacll tantr el ltcclto rele\,tntc cle cue el sLiet() nicJ.llr lx castracir)
rttc sc lta rlcsatcncliclcl (lre
tiuDl)in i( ttir.qtt ld t)
Lttslt.t!Liti;.lls clecir. quc
P()r
trrltrr.
I)()r
()nletitltien)..t
ll]rns..t,cs imp( )tcntiziI]]fes. pr)r liici()l-l .r c(i(lj_
rrrs rttlillckes
cle llt reprcsentecirin
clel .rzl. sc lcnlrio p()l.D() aec()n()ccrse
Ir rtrr.si sc posee-
Si p:tftc ilnp(xtnte
-crnnckr
nt l cler.isir,- cle la crr s<l)Ler rcne er
cl tstcnurio cle lr relucirin ter:lpaLtticil.
(lue
cl
I)u(iente
prrcclu rivil le expe-
ri(n(iir (lc (lLlc
cs
(-.ll).lz
<lc huccr. l.t,ctifir':rr ut nlisttr cuanrk i.ste sc erlrrir(r
r'J o sr'r'oLrLll en tnlt
l)()sici(in
iDtrlectIrcla (\)DstiIu],en
nt()lltenl()s estructLt
lrrtts cltl sentinricnk) (lc
p()t!.nci, <le cflcac.ia. cl<, lcgitinticilrd. lis lo <ue
rk sr:rt.r Nlurkson
(l99J),
qLlien slr \icz rek)nra lu itlea clr,li)ll)in. sin cnrl).rr_
rt, rrr r,s L r cpe itabitr.rrlrncnte sc hx(e. Anlc las olrcrvirci<rrcs c.rticas clel
r:r
(
r( rl((. ilnlc sLrs rcclrlr<rs sc strrle r.rsltontlcl. l) (.()D
el sil(,Dcio
-tlLrc
no cO_
rrr'sr.,t[. lll
.(lLien
ax]lll
()t()lglt,
sltr)
(lLc
a(.irr(,it el mcnsltjr: inll)l(.it().(lad()
rrrt trsl(tl <lcfir1rt. tal c()Dto le cst()) lIl()stt-lrn(l() (.()n1itLrllc-ltc,
:xrr
elkr nO
l( (()l]lcsl(),,; ().
si n(), c()n intelprctltci<xtcs
en qllc se senltl cl <.ar:'tttcr resis
IInt irrl. <lt' trxnsfcrenci.l ncgativx, (l(
rcpetici(-)n (l(,
l)utr()nes
ne(lr(itic()s. I)cr()
rllr( l(.nl()r scr ntal clt()s itLin:
trt rltslr
ctttnrlt el
l)li(.icorc
litnc r.lrzon?
lllts-
llr
()n (rc
neliccntr>s el placcl trre ticnc cn cn(r)ntliir a] anltlisla cn ttn ti-
ll(), (()n (lrc
destaqucDt()s el Lrso clrre hce clc la sitLil(.in cxternr rclLl pxra
(,lrlt
Dt,l' s:tisf)cci<'tn lt.lrcisistit
()
s.i(liclll Ctccux)s
(ue
acletDs <le cst(), qLte
ln)(lrli
scr tr':rbejlrlo en un scgunclo tirlltp(), el
Jtr.rntcro
clcltc <rrnsistit. sinrple
!
(lir('(
tiLltl('ote, en Lln
(ient
[rsr(rl ri/-()n, cs
((l]()
trsle(l rlit-e". 1. crnt lrll-
th rlirr(isisl;r tlc crre se csrli IlLis lli clel Iticn
1
rlcl nrrl sinr
.rortlue
la hrr
.(sli(l:l(l ('n
cl r'ncrlt
\ cl r.csrct, llel scnticl< clc rcaliclarl son ctinciclentcs
(',r ('sl()s (:ls()s
c()n la iltp() ncil clel rlesr<lkr (lcl
scntilnient() (ie
p()ten(.i,
clir rrr irr r lr.gitinrJcla<[ tlel
tnr:iente.
No se plre-de
utiliz:tl cl
rrin<.i1tio
vlirlo <lc
rltrr' lrrs rrrnlcsionts c(xltrittriutsfcl(]l(.i.tlt,s
ill)pli(.itrt sr,ri()s l.icsg()s
(\)lll() (j_\
(
\r
l).r,.r
s;rlvagtrltrclirt
cl nltrcisisllr ilcl ltnlisllt. ,\lrches vcr.es sc lu8untcn_
t.r rrrr,r'l ,rnrrlistlr n()
(lel)e
ct:clcr a 1:r dcnranclr (lel pa(.ientc,
r.ctugiinclose en
rrt,t lrrrlrL !{(nclll
(ltle
n< rlisc,lrnin.r \i,hrL-,lu(,til)r, (le (l(nt.ln(lx
sc tr:ttit.
l't,r rr.r , , ,s:r
t s llr <lcru:rntl;t tle ltntor. clcl pacicnte
\.
()tra
nlu)
(lili,reotc
h
(lc
rrr.trrLl.r rh. (lrk.
r() s(, lt ristifitrc lrr expcricncilr
t rlr tttc rro sc r)rcgLrc ur.
(r )n(lll(
t.t r'r irr(.il (l(
l I(ritl)eLtat.
IN-I I]RVEN(]IONIJS 1'I]RAPUTI(]A5 t)II'IJt{IJN(:IADAS 1,i3
lll sottinicnlo
(l(
ttceqlacitr l)(isct
El seor 1.1'. cs rn h<Drl)le
joven (Le
vicne al trxtalDicnto p()t severos
sintouas ttrliccs: tcme salir a la cxlle, no pr.recle entrar en cl netrr ni sulrir a
un xLrt()l)s, lc xte[r()liz la iclea tle
(lue
le pue(lx sol>evenit-Ltoa tqtlicatclix
rtrc lc lleve !l uni nrrclte s)itir. l)eri(-xlicr)lcnte le cituinan pre(,Lup.(t{F
nes hipoconcirlcus fales c()m() el ter]ror ul inflrto c> al cn( er. Cuancj() liene
(luc
lrgLrr(laf en la sala
(le
csper se rngustia con la icleu
(le
qtre la secrctl
lia puc(la consiclerllle un.loc()
lxn(lue
nccesil() vcnir actr.. Fil c<rtienzo clel
tftrtrnic-ot() se calrilctcriz(i por le engrtstia <rrc le proclr.tcirt el c()ntarck) c()o-
mjg(): e!'ittl)x l))inlrnre ul entr.r
()
sirlir de li srsin. hacrt lltrgos sjlen(l()s, rt:
peti
"n()
s, pr(ti(rrurntc lrntes Llc
(()nlenzlr'ccl
tl:tse, se cltteclalta erl si-
lenci() c()nlinLlacin clc cltcl una cle lis intctr'cnci()ncs, con agitacitin
corporll rrre tcstir1()rlirLl)a su intt:ln(luili(l(1. l,os relatrs quc hxc de sLs re-
la<ioncs intcrpc sr )nlr lcs n()
(lejl)n
lLf.lxr' cluclls rie
(lLrc
st sentia ilnlen:t
z:rlr: I>s c(nnp!r()s rlel tllllrir lc rttitltbn
(()n
Llsti(li(). l stcgl'() lc tL_niir
in(lLrini, sLr pxrejl
('rir
insensilrle y l senta
Frn
tem()r clc ttte le ill)an(l()na-
se y clLrclalxr
(lrc
le
(luisierx
a pesar rlc l cleclicli<i<in v las rulestfas cle arrt()t
cLre l le clispcnsalrit. I)cns:tl:t c( )nscicn teDrcfrre
(ltle
yo n() lcnclrit interts cn
l
rucs
seeuranrcnrt hltltr
l)1r(
i('ntcs Dr.is infcrcsantcs. C()n rcpcc) il la
irt:lrgrn rtre tenil
(lc
si misr< cl rlc
ltrolrrnrl;t
instisfrr'c ir'rn: crc4. en c())-
tra
(le
I()d.l evi(lcn(i:
,v
cle lo rrrt'lt tleclt su pilrejlt.
(lue
el tnlt
Pers()ni
lll.
Al rcspcct(), se avcrg()nzlrl)!
(lc (luc
)'()
fijrse nri xtenci(in sollre c ttiLlqttient cle
slls
(ls8()s: ()(ui)lrl)rLlt
sLl
l)l-c()cul)!ci(in
de] llr()|)cnt()
-llr
fi))l:l
(lc
su n]riz
() (lg
sLrs lllan()s. \Ll cstltLllt. el(
-.'l:Llltl)i11
sc
(()nsidcr:tl)it
ttnrt
l)crs()nlt
f)()(
(
) intcligcntc
l;r histori
(le'l-l)..
rec()nstrlrjclu con cliiicLrltlttl, pttes el D)iilcrial
(lue
!POr-
tlrl)x xl prin(ipi() eriL cscrts(). pernliti(i. p()(() l
l)oco,
il clcspcjitnclo tln csccnil-
rio rr,re haciar-r conlprensil)le nlucl)()s
(lc
los
rrolrlcnras
cLrc Ic actrejaban. El
ruclre
It:tlra sicl<: trnu ligrttt lruy
l]:t)l(igi(.1
(lLre (lt(Ll
vcz
(ltre p()sxl)x h r))i
r(l s()l)rc l elu
ltlu
haccllt 'l,xr tn
(lcfi'(1() o pallt :iLlicLrlizarlt. EI pa
cientt, recorcl<i <1ur
(
Lrnd() ssl!l)it ilsusta(k) cl
t:tclrc
se lrttrlul>l
)'
c()n t(frl fal-
tx
(lc
cnrpatl lc nrostral)1r
([le
l
.nunc1l
ILtlrlL teni<l< ess ritlicultccs,. Naclt
tlc T.l'. rla lrdecul(l() para su px(lrc: sl r'itlicLLrl infltntil
l
pllcer cn
jltgrLt'cr'.tn
c()(lificlt(l()s crr<r itcliri<
(le (lLrc
trx
.Lrlr
r('\1)[t()s(,. tr] in(lLlict() clesrLtlcnecltl
qr( ro
I)()(ia
qtc(lrsc <lr.tielr>,. Aclctls. trrt ttltparatlo tlesitvorelrlcnlr'nte
(()n
Lrn()s
l)l-ittI()s.
lrrj()s
(le
un lltrn)n() rlcl plrrlre.
(ltlienes
rpLteslilnrenlc en
crn1lrn ltclus las cltliclaclcs
(rc
l l le t:rltalan.
'l
.l). hala incorporeclo esr nLrnera clcnig|urrie de nritxrse,
ltrcjr.ricio
gL<>
lrel tn rrntra
(i(
l
(lLl. (lcterr
r inrtlr:t
(lLle
cll(lil vcz cuc'cletenirt stt tcn,.i,rn en
Ln isg()
()
Llnl
(rtn(lLrclr.
rtl estl t ) jtricio
clccitlitkr rprio't. lcutrioxl)a
P()r
hx
ccr ullr c\'!thraci(-)lr neglltivll. Al istnr tiel)rP(). por
rro-vcct
it'rtl cle Lr
'
pini(,n
(lLrs
lcnr
(lc
s s(r)rc los cue le Kxlcltn
1'.
sollrc t<xlo.
ror
espcrar ciel oll-
lrl AVANCI]S IiN PSI(:O'I'I'RAPIA PSIC:OANAI-I'I'I(],\
i(l(,
(
\lcrn()
(lrtc
Drlnitestase la rrrisullr actitttcl htstil clcl pa<lre, tenllinallll pol
scrrlirsc
rcr-seguickr
y er,'ergr)nzado. SLls tet-I()rcs aJ tttetro
-v
xl aLtobs n() te-
rrrr rLrc ver con el esprcio sino con estar rtcleaclt cle figr.tras a lls qte sentl
trrro lltsliles. Haba espacializaclo
-ul)icacl()
en cl cspacio- el c.tratcter lte-
rr()rizllote
(llle
teniln hs personls qr.tc se encontralllln en cs()s csPl(ri()s. ln
t lrso srr ter< a tencr una crisis cle anglstia v
"tlar
el especl:icttlt, ctn el re-
stlturkr cle que n() senta a llt gcntc c()nr() c.tp.lz cle ltyr.ttlarle en un estrl(k) de
rttcsi<lecl sin() quc se lurlerurt c<tlt haba heclro cl p:tthe.
l)oclenrts clccir qtte T.P. no lutl>:t lttlcr-ririclo Lrn scntilllicnt()
(lc .xccPt,l-
(
i()n l)alsicx", cue es cl
(lue
pemlitc <ttc- un nio r ttn adultt n() cst
()l)ser-
vlrn(l()
(\)ntintturlente rasg()s perciltles en Irtsce cle I() in(lcclla(lo.
(inlx)
le
(liic
rr Lrna oportuniclacl. <lespus ctc clue trte tlescribicre lo -tcirrnorhl <tte se
Irlru scntick en Llnir feun,an] s()cial. cspeci:tltrtente
P(n-c(in)()
ila resticl<:
'Si
r.rstc(l sicnte antes cle llegar la fiesta r1r.te krs cletr)lis le vrtn tt rir-r-ctnlr> kr
Irer'u su plclre, ent()nces es corrrplcnsible ruc- crttpiecc lllinl'se. anles
(le
('r1lr'arr. trrtarn(l()
(le
ver si tiene !lna rttrrncll cn la r<tal por lo <rtc terllli,l.l cn_
tr ttlrir'trlola,.
(i)n
estc paciente lrttbiera siclt tln clr()l
(itq
nos lrrllii'rltns clctcnitlo en
t lrrllr tn cle sts insatisfacci()nes
()
tcul()res cn lrn nienl() tlc clcsh:tccr el sr
l)u(
sl()
(lesphzlrient() quc harl rlue cucl:t r-tn< tle ellrs ltr'iet cn cl incons-
r'i( ll(
()tr()
teDror
()
insxtisfcciirn percial el tr.tc cncltlrricra. N() se trilllll)a de
rrnlr |t l:rcirin uno 1 Ln()
-por
cacllt iclea <lrscsitnntc c()Dsciente cnc()ntfar
(
f ri
('n ('l
inc()nscientc relacionacl con clllt por clislinl.ts nl()(l1lli(lx(les
(lc
silll-
lolizlrti<-rn o cle contigiiiclacl x<()cilti\'- sino tlc Ltnl rePt L'selltllcil)
fll()l).r1
rlt si
1'<lc
Lna l eprescrltaci(in gkrbal clc
(\inr()
cl
(fr()
lc rirarlt. ltpairtlelcl
r tr.rl l:r nrlicuin;r proclttctiva cle[
-rsi<ttistrt<>
r'a cleclttcienclo t'onst'cLtenci-r.
r.rr
li( uliu('s
(lue
t(nnal)an h firrnra cle sus tnicclts c insttisfllcci()ncs. lgrtaltrlente,
l[rl)i( r1r esta(lo c]escaminltrlo crte cacla r'ez que 1.P se scnta
(
dticll(l()
P()r
hs
tigrrr:rs <rrc Ie rrleaban o por m lc hLtbiela clic ho cue clacio
(ltlc
a'l cfiti('l)a
(hr1lnr('nte
los cleml'ts. ent()nces sentit clr.tc los clctrts le nlirllln crn la llis-
nLr ir('lilr(j crticl. fln pri[rcr lugar, pot-<r.tc lo tsencial n() ere <t-tc l no pu-
rlit llr l'crse crtto;tlgttien crlico <t agresi\'()
(:()n
l()s
()tl-os
v
qtle ltlvierrl
(lLc
re
l)rinrir
('sta
representacitn cle s
1,
lucgo la ptol,cctase en la liLrra exlern.t. N()
(
lrilirl)il <lc une proyccci<'rn clefensivrt -- <lcsprentlets<' cle une itrragtn cle s
r'rrr c-li<rr v bostil y pr()vcctrl en el <fro- sino tlc ttna iclentific-tci, ,n cs-
x..rrl:rr'.
r'n <ttc no clilerenc iel)x rll
()tr()
cle s ttrislt: el
()tr()
lc ll)ir.rri.r.(rll(,
,l st rrilrrlrr s nrisux. Si l se cnsiclcntb:t fl'o, torpe o krlt(), trts s(ri.tn
l,rs irrr,rgcrrt s rtre los clenlls poseeran cle 1. Fin setrntlo )ltgar. porcr.te ctlltn-
tIr r ritir;rl:r :r lts tletu:is para krgntl. t]t(rl)entne.tnrentc. slil tle la silLt.rttrrn
tI r Iitrr:rrl(,
(r] ('ste
cas() s n()s cnc()ntfalll()s nte tln iclentifi< :tr i, ,n
-.)r,r
y(\'li\lr
,
r'lLr r'lir rrn clcscstrlckr intent()
(lc
c()nt[lrfestar Lln sentitDient()
(le
i|:rrlt.t rrrt i,r rrr| lt' rtsultaba ins()p()nrhle. lln terter [r.tger.
'por
encinlll tlc
l()(l{). si y() l<. lrulrr. lir insisticlo en <ue era l el
(lue
criti(l)
]'qtrc P()t
es() se
INt'ti Rv Ii N(. roN Es
't
E Ipur-tcs Dllrti l{INctA DAs 14a
senta persegui(l(). le lrul])iere vuelto a retrarr[utizr c()t)]() halta hecho el pa-
clre al ubicarle como alguien que tcna tn.llos sentilltient()s hacir los <lems.
En caml)i(). nris indicaci()nes knlabxn. entle
()tras
finlas. h sigtriente:
"Debe
scr nrul.cloloroscl scntirsc trn nrel por dentro, tan in.ldecuad(), sin pocler clar-
se cLlcntr clc tue pesc a t<xlas las peielrs con su paclrc, xl final ternljnr,.lccp
tnrk ct'l'lr irnagen cle uste(l la qLc f'l lc trensntitu c()ntinua[lente: qre era
rtralo r t<nto o feo,. Estc tip() dc inten enciones. en qrre cl analista haltla iclen-
tifl(acl() c()n cl scr stiiente. e pesar clel csqucllltisn1() con qr,re las present-
Dxrs. Lcstrltn plir-ticrhrnrente ilnp()rtrntcs pera acuellos pacientes qne han
sitkl scvcrarrtenle I [xLnratiza(k)s.
SNr'otv l
gtsl
ott
(ir.:NriRAt-tvA
l)s la risnl finra ruc en el p1l(ienle (lue
ac:tl)trn()s clc ver. en el cue 1l
iclca glol>al <le sel inclccrucl< le hacl rcenc()ntr.Lr falkrs en cualqtricr r.r.igt,
tlc s ntisrtto cuc ccntraran sLl atenci(-)1. de ntanem sintilar. en la fitnltacin clc
ticrts icleas
(
)l)scsi( )nntcs. inleI!'ienc tn pr()(cs() tle plll'ticr.rlarizacl,in I p.rr-
tir cle
(recnciils
rttatritcs pasionales. lln csle:lspcct() cl snkrllra
tuecie
ser en-
tcntlickr c<nr o<'trplinckr el tnisltr lr.tgltl cuc cn les granrrticas gencrittivils se
()t()rgr
r las tlascs profericllrs pot un lreltlrtnte: snt()lua y iiasc srn el eslalr<in
ltinto cle Ln ploces() gcncrirti\'() rn
(luc
Lrnii ti-rrrurl muv ulxtrctiva sufre
trrnsfin nrlrci()nrs y encuentra sisteltrs clc clcnrent()s
(lue
le lan
(Norglnclo
es
pcciliciclecl. Asi comr. en el cs() clc la gletutice. el contlxtncnte fitnolgiccr
cs cl qr.rc cleternrina
(\inl()
l fitrsc ser cle({ivrruente
lxrnitncilrdlr,
()
el c(u-
p()ncnte gr:'ili(() <tiru< srr-li cscritx. cle iglral rnanellt en rl
('s()
clcl sntcla
Lrna creenci.i lnatriz terminar enc()ntftln([o. ntecliantc rclas cle pamiculariza-
cir-rn. en cierta imegen clc rn pcrs(rlit, cn cierk):lspe(t() cle la rcalidacl del
cucr-p(). al
"firnenra,
cuc lc seNilr'r .lt: \,
'p{,rtc
l).llJ
cri.t.rhzrrrsr,.'' 1,,
'f
ejerrpk).
la crecncia l))lllriz in(\)ns(icnte
.(()rr() peligro"
-(r)\'illente
no existiencl<> en
cl in(\)nscicntc cn csk)s ta,r_min()s pr( )p( )sici( )n.tlcs. l()s
(llte
n()s vet)t()s ol)li,
gld()s 1t re(Lrrrir pxla trxnsrnitir l icle- bl.scr en el cloruinio espccficr> que
cn csc n]()men) csta'cn
jucgo para el sujeto.
(lue
c()nstitu),t su ficr cle aten-
cir-rn por las z()ncs que sexn
-cl
cuerp<t, h lncntc, l.rs rel.l('i()nes intcrper-
s()nalcs-, eruellos clenrentos qrre sicr-rckr
1>r<4-rios
clc cs()s d()llinl(,i sitlcn
pltra clerle tna firrma plLrticLtlltr. c()n lo
(pc
t<xllli
prr><lLrcir, si sc trrt:l llel
crrerpo. ll cleen( iat
.v()\'
x enlenrtar"l
(),
si se tnla dc lx nleute, el penslrDicn-
;0 I-rs rcgl:rs
(lc
I)iri(ulxrizll.i(')n
s()n k)s pr(xesos
n'l()s
(Lr;rlcs \(,Dr(,du.(] rl pxsaje
(ics(lu
lir iD.Ll!ir g(nr.rl lLrsrrcl rus() pfli.lur'<r(: uqrrJl.r pr(,([rrc N() s( sinrtle s leglus de
.(,rrcsp(nl(ie (iir (nr(
d().i irnrilo1r()s \x c\isltnrcs. si() (lL gerr(lir(i(-)n (lr
1() plrti(1rlxr p;rir
(lc
l() qLr(r rsrri cn un ni\ul rniis irl)slr.r.t(). liD este scntid() sr 1r.cx]n inls 1)icr I Lrs,r)tr(r.orrc-
glus.
u lus qrre sc rcilcrc Yrn I)itli 1l')j0) tn sLs cslu(li()s s(rnc nr..r()(s(ru.ruriti y grxrnti.ls
I t(r
AVAN(,lrS lrN PSIC(fttiRAptA
pSICOANAI.i.lCA
(() ,\'()\'l
l)cf(ler
l! llellx)lix
()
a enl()qLle(.er,: o en l:rs relciotes intctl)(.rs,,
nrrlt's se
ltoclr:i
pllticularizilr
c(rlx).rne \'t a al):rndon:tr,.
llrr una llistorir geneltti\'-h..tlsfi)rnlcj()nlll
<lrre va clesde la crcctr.i,r
llr:ltrir
l)ils()nul
lrasta Iu nuLnifesruci<in esle<.licu. I)()r p(n]er otro ejellrrk,,
rk srlt
.lricc
lo clrre nr> clclte... alg<.r tclriltle me v 1l
()cLlffir"
se recoLre cl crr
rrrirto r['ltrticuler-izci(in
l)stll llelrr a
.tengo
cncer" <.rrri lrijo se va a lrrrr
r,r'-. l)c r'st ninc,'u Ln s!-ntiD)jent()
tlc cultalrilirlerl sc pte(lc t1tstir.l]]lu.(1
llll l(lll()r hilrlctlrtclrlco
l)ues
l() lelli(l() el <:incer- scra el aalstig() quc (,s,
i su vcz. Ll consecuenci rle la infl.lrccin.
l.() il')lc-csllntc cs
(luc
Iit tutr-iz
trrcclc
Irrlter.sickr
rlovisllr .xrr
cl cliscrrrso
l:rcnlrrl
.<
uiclack. rLlg() te vr l
()(.irlrir,.
pclo lrcgo cl scck)r (l(
l)xl.ticularizil
( i(ln rcsultll rlcl c,tclrrsir'o rktrtinio clc cxpcr-icncies ezaroris cn l1t \ i(l clel su
j(l()
lit ltLlct'tc rlc trn ltltigo cn r.rn rcciclcnlc tr pol rrn cl-rnccr clc
()tt.()
set.cet
(:ur()i ()
un.l pcl<ule tuc cl suicto \i()
1 lt, irlplr,sionir-. o
It<l
t.l
ltrr,r lue]jt,
rI llr llr risa. cle llr al<Lrirrtia tlel inconscicntt en cl
])1)cesluient()
(lc
reprt:-
(,)lirci()l)rs.
[]na
truellr
rllis tle qr.rc [() cxfcr]() y lo intcrrro tl discrrnt> clcl
,)tr()
\ lr
l)l()(lL(li\itllrcl
clcl in<rnsc.icntc sc iirlic.LllllD prrrr 1]r,nrrrr las prr
rltkt i<lrr..s pxr-ti( ulriza(lxs.
|\t{,trx,t\ tr,lr Int NIll.tr \ (rN.sU If(,tr
il(^(
t(,N
l.rr irlc'rtilicu cjt-n c()n ligut-lrs p;rtokigicas
tlcsctn-ree rrn
tl>cl
clc plimc
r.r rrr:r!lnitrrcl en I:r gi,rrcsis tlc l<s clistirtrs <.rtr<lros
ls
i rr o l<-rgi(r )s. I_()s
()t()s
\ijtrili(irti\'()s
envLelven xl ni() en
(ln
ll.lncl() rle sigD ilir.trcioncs il l.rs qLle re-
srltlr rlilcil cscilpiu-: lllLtn(l() fi-rlico u <lrscsivo, clc risioncs p;rr-:uroiclcs,
clc
l)r(
()('ul)it(i()n(s
ltipoconclrilrclrs, (le
senlintieDr()s cle r.Lrl1>lrlrilicl;rtl. clt vrsrrltcs
lrrtristir'rrs s<lr'e los peligros rrrc k'r.rchan v clc ctno clcfen<1,.:ne cle cllos.
l{(
l)r(
s('ntltciones (lue
\,1u1 itupregn:tnclo cl
tsicuisnro.
(.()ntril)Lvcn(l()
1l l g
rt sis t[, lt tllntrsill
),
(luc g]cLcnlr:lt
srr errrcsir-rn c,n llr sinlrDarlogir qr.rc
l)r'(
s( lll.l cl sLjct()
(Kiras
\'
()tr()s.
l()9.J1. Or-igen tle I()s sinl(nnits rtre rcstrlte CIi-
It r't rlt' <le ll que tienr c()llt() cllLtslt cl crnllitto l. los
trol:rios
irnJttrlsos :tgre-
sir os o sr'xtrrles.
'lrxl:r
ltr ter:t tlc- filrr.ir-rn
(l(,.\iD1tr.\
(,D
I.'l(-It(l (,s
a)l(,t.i().i sus est_
rlirrs srlrct. lrr iilcritiiicacion (lue
c()nlienzlt ir
(lrsl)Llltt.lr
cn l <lcltllr rlc kts
tli('z
lrr;
(ulruir'rilr
cn 1921 c()n l,scolo!1t d? l.ts tt ]stts
l
oJtliss dcl x)
(lrr
ril t',-:1, l',,r (.11,, (n (.1 (.r\r,
lr.rniro rto L,.lLlLlr.r rrr.rlr.r
,rr,,,k.n
Ir,rlilr
\r(l(,1.r5
r(l(.nlili(.t(ioncs tlrrr intcr\ inirr()n ttr lil crc.t(.i()n rlc su rnrrnrkr li.rli_
r'o l{r'slll,r sor'rlt nclcnlc
(lLe
en Ln cals() tlln c()n)plel(,
).
llinuci()s()
(.(nll()
.jUJrrilr,
Lrllr'l:r lristolilr r['lrrs iclentiflcacit]1.s. l()(lLtc(,ncl )(ltenk) itdr.t1,
.r l.r ltrz rk l.t
f)r(,1)i,l
t(,()ri1t frcrrtli:rnrr. scrx iln[)cnsil l)i(,. Ilrnrltrro ti
Jlrpcl
<ie
lrr irIr.rrIiIrtrrr rr t., lrr li,tlrci.n
(lc
sitkrlllrs ticnc pcs() cn llt
(r)r.il
klcini.na
fx)r(lrL
\( solr'trlilr.nsirn
lo intelrto, el intcr.jtrcgo cnlre l()s instint()s (l(.\.icla
\ n[lrrtc, el Lonflictt intl.rps(lu ic().
(]Lrirn(l()
se cllrl)iezl .l
l)cnsar
(lLlc
el srje
rr) sc c()nstituye r prtir cle un
()tft).
es cu.rn(l() se pue(le entrcvcr tlttt ltt tut-
t:ttstitt. los lcntot?s
1el
srttttttt ptrcrlcn scr hts dal tlt.
lCriLI
cs lx crrlL.tcristi(a de cstx pu)iog p()r i iclcntiiicci(in?
Qr,re
ar:r-
r((t (\Ilo
llg() carxcterilrl: se trl
(lc
personalichclcs flicus. olscsrr.rs. ,.rrn
lirrlirsas pa[.r()icles o hiprronclriaclLs <lesclc la tenrpr:Lna iDflncia.
l)t()l()gii
lllrc c\tr(ctr ril IncDlc
-))Iis
l):i tls sus \'!riinlrs lc,r)liti(;ts, rlc qLre )ir lirl.)ilt
\(il (()n
un
()l)iet()
Lr
()tr-()-
la reencrntlrrntos. trn Llts tliii'r'cncias llcl c:li(). al
c\lln)inl[ lx pcl s( )n:l licll r(l rlc sus
rlclres.
I-o rlue n<i signifi<u quc no hlrya exa-
i crlrrcir-n rlc Iu patokrgia pol el conllicto o <Ltc cuanclo sohcvcng i'stc no
tclrsione trnlr ncLrr()sis lrtst:t csc tll()r]rrrtt() lLuscrltc:
() (lue
n() existlr p()sil)ili
rlrl cle interlcnetrilci(-)n rntre sint(nnxs p(r'i(lentiticci('rn Y sintoras p{)L con
llirlo. cttrr rxp(n(lfenr()s lllais l(lchotc.
() (lLlc
n() intervcngn las f:tntasas
(lcl suict(). crrvo rrLrnck in(erno, rlrVilrrttcnle. n() rs
(ol)i
ritic:l <l!l
(le
sLts
pltclrcs.
l,r,vAN r'AMtt.:N1(, Di r.A RIiptsr(')N
y
rrrrs-'t't ur:rris
l)ti Lt) N()
(I)Nsl-ll
trII)() |N IL tN(.()NSCIIiN',I-1.
IN'I'IiRVIN(]ION IiS'I'LJRAPI:U'I'ICAS DII]ERIJNCIADAS 117
l-,n la corrlciiclacl <lel inconscicnlt rlelrcrlos
([iflcncir, p()r k) ulen()s,
tr('s
(\)n(lici(ntcs:
I l.() s u(ldri(tt(tl( tll.tt-(tll( r'or r-r'sron<lc il i(llcll() rrte ltlbicn-
tlti cstltclo cn la crrtitnr'ia frrc r't'lcglrckr lrl ina()rts('ientc
lxr
la lrngrr'ti-r rlrre
prrxlrrclt str
l)rr,ttnen(
ill cn eclrrlla. l)rccisinrcnlc
l)()r(lur
iLr'rtes esluv() en l
conr'jecilt. rgsrlta r(lccu(l() cltnrrrin:rk sc(\rt(lilrianrc'tte in(..)rts(iEnlc.
l)f()(lucl()
(lc
l<r rrrc sr'
(()n()(c
c(rD() ftl)1ltkin 5tcult(latrtlr
()
sinll)l(llentc re-
lrcsirin.
lirc lo cue <cntrr'r el inters tle l rlrt licurlian
(lescle
str'
(()rrirn
zrs: l<s rlrscts sexL1tl(s r llrslilcs <rtt'(,ntrll)an cn c<ntrrlitcir'ln
(rt
llls lc-
prcs(,niitci( ),tcs <rlici:tlcs" clcl sLtjcto.
('s (l((ir', (r)n
Ilts t1r.re It'penrtr-ln t(n(r
unx i,ugrn vll-izrdl rle s ntisnr. crlrn upafilr(ls clc l:r rrnr:icn<ia. F]s cl
conllicto
Psruico,
pr)r tiur).
(()nr()
l]r()l()r tlc la lcpresir-rn
(lur
se (lirige
en
(1)ntrir (lcl
ttl)a,t < t ))t-iL'.'tt!()--
|
. l,o
(
)r!t uuiatttl(.t lta' i] tct)t lsc !t I lt': lo rluc nrrnte estLr\1) en l rdticnt'i.r
Jx:rr>
sc hallu iicti\,1) en cl incrrscicntc
l)r(xlLcicn(l()
rfc(tr>s. St cxistcnL.iu.
(lLtr
lLr l'c(1)n(x i(l:t
>trl
Frcttcl r))ris t:l r(lii r ))cntc
l)()r
ncccsi(lir(l
(lc (\)])cfcn1i-
z. sLr tc()r'1
(l;reu(1.
l()li. l9lilrl. le llcrr-r l
rirstular
l.\ t't!)tcs(; ,)t*itttltLt
t
l'inttttlittl
c<tlt<) el Drc(ilnisnr()
([lc
l() pl-()dLcc. represlin r-igilirLria a le
qtc lcr't(i()nr en Lrnlrs p()cas
()(1tsi()nc\
sin
l)r(rirn(liz:lt
cn rlle, p< kr tlr.rc
il Irrr un.r rc\isi()n rlllpliir ricl l(1uir
(lr
l:r r<prt'r'rn. \rs('t1 trrl).rt() (l('l.c (;uur
\
(fros.
l9u('
llli
AvAN(,rS IiN PSI(:O fIiRAPIA PS I(:OAN AI-l l l(lA
lrr'rlltncci(i
c()t)t() uir()
(le
I()s teulas frettliltnos lt la espcra <lc se clesarrrll.l
(l(l
l{(
(
icntc lc nte. y gr:r<ius s()l)[e k)(k) e l-aplenchc.r hlr siclo oltjeto rlt r,.
r)(
'\':r(l()
inlcr's cn trn intentr cle clariiir.ucitn.;r
llcc( )n( )ceot()s c()mo
()riginlrixlllente
inc()nscicntcs. por ejenrpkr, ias ins
Iril)ci(r)es (lrc
flenera
la ccir-tn
(le
Ltn otro qLle tr.tnsntite xl suiet() cic it\
rll)r(sc-lt:(i()nes eilrgl(l;rs
(le
fect() sin
(lLc
l() tr.1r)snljti(lo llry:r
xrsa<lo .rr
l:r .rrrrr'icncil
ni
(le
Lln() ni
(lel ()tr()
pf()tfl()nistll (le
l escenl r()nstitu)cnl(.
rlt.csas inscrircioncs. Si los paclles, xnte lt presc-n(i:l cle gcntc ujcne a la lrr
rllilil, lla(cn sentir all sLjet(), clc tttaner altsoltrtantente inc()nscientu,
-r lr.lv(.
rlt rrrL litgltz lirada tprehcnsive, o clr rrn k)n()
(lc
v()z xngustii(l().
()
de la n
grtliliratiirn ciel cuerpo.
() (lc
lln cn( ucietil nient )
(lc
lltscs. qrrc hablan rltl
!'((in() y. a c()ntinuxci(-)n. se retlcrcn sin tparente eonexitin c()ns(.icnte
(r)
s.ls siniestrus, cn cl inc()nsciente tlcl hijtr clLreclar cl rlr< inscritr (rnn()
una ll
g(ir ar)rcnazirnte, siniestru. [.]n l conciencix no lllry nlrla
(llte
r!'prcsente l
r)lf() l)l) cste
(irriicter;
incluso le il'tlrl.lcu
lx)dl:i
ser Ilt ric l:Ls con!cn!i()ncs \(r
L i:rl<s cl
()tr()
c()llt() llgtricn anltltie 1rl
(luc
se s:rluti crt un:l s(,ntis:r-,
l)(
.( ) rl sujcl() scntir lngLrsti,t ante su
rr<rxinticlacl
fisice, sc
tt:nclt:-r
tcnso carl.r
\'( z
(luc
tr'arspase la clistancia tnnill)r llr cluc rlelre t.star, o lc llelrle o lc mire.
l(r'lrrrilri su c(ntr.rck) sin sal>cr tlue lo estri lrlcicndo y ptxhi scntirsc' lg()l)iad( ,
, r'l tiltc, cn t'l rttetrr>,
()
cl
()tf()s
esplrci()s
rrlrl:rrI;s
cic scrcs riyirh;s in
( (,Ils(
icrtclrtcntc c()ll)() lu)lenazantcs Algo quc estt'r en sL inc()nscicnte,
(lllc
rrrrnclr lLre olrjelo clc cr'lcicnci, gcnerllrii ltngustiat v u<vinticnt<l dcfensivos.
l'( r() l()
(
)riginxrixmente inc()ns('iente, t()l))lt(l() en el sentitl< cr.te acaltaDtos cle
f( (r)tl()(cl--lrr
qtte nttnClt estLrv() en lit concicnCie- n() eS S(')l() Cfi,Ct() de lu
rnllrtrr'i clel olo. El prr>io lirncionur rlel inconscicttc c.r.cu, pr llrs clistin
t,rs li)nllxri cn quc c(rlll)int reJ)resenft( i( )ncs. nLrevls prrxlrrccitlncs rn sU
l)r()
f)r()
sco(). l'ln cste sentid(). el conscicnta es lUtal llt.icluila prolttctoftt lc n-
t r ) t ts(' ct t lc oig 1 rtrio.
Micntrirs qre llr llar'trrrl rcples(')n sc(.Lrn(lril r> rcpresitin 1
lnstcri(,i
(1rn(it()
l()s esf(crz()s clcl
Jlsic<-r.inlilisis
co s( prilter:(
xrce,
1,kr
\,l,lgrn-rriJ
tt('ttl( in(\rtscicnle c(nIl() pr()(luCt() rtc ll clcativiclcl cle la flntsi inctrns-
('(
tll('()cLrp(') lttego un lugar clcstlca(l() rncrcecl, especilllltente, los trrl)aj()s
tlt' l!1. Klcin, cn lr rctr-rllirlucl el intcr,s se estll
(ent[tn(l()
cn tor[r l<l rrrc l<ts
l);r(lr(
s lr:nsrritcn sin clrrc r-ri clkts ni rl sUjet() tenglrD l tcnor crtt-iclrci: tle
(l((,(.sl:i
s.e(lienrk. l)csclc tk)llxs
(
t987).
(\)n
su .()ir(.cpk)
(le
ob(lto tlz ts-
lt'tttttcioturl
(lue (leir
slr huella en cl sujct(). Itltsr:r l,lphnche
(
l9J7, 19921).
ft)i)J),
(t)D
l< nttttsctj<'s ettitrrrllcr).s, pasanckr por le extcnsa
trorluccirin
cle
ls rricnrlrrs tlt Iu cscuclrr tlel .szfi ins.liltcla p()[ K(rlt, ltay unit continLt re
lIrr'rr'r:r r'rr (()ntcxt()s
c)ric()s ntLl)
(lifi,Icntcs
lt lr<trt'llo
(luc
DLlll(.tr cslLl-
,-' (
,rrlt .ri r.r
(kllodcc
c)(lr l9r8ll-t)|[]rlrr. l,)l.ll).
,1 \i.rs( l.rrr n
(j()5.r jn\'e\tjs(ir-)r)
1r)cllp\r.()l()gic;r (tr( Silri ttlekhnr:lr{l!)S6) huccdeLl
i'tr( sr )rr, rilrr.,,r.t
IN'l l,Rvl:NCIONIaS
'I
ITRAPIiU I ICAS Dll.-IiRliNCI^l)AS 119
rr en la crncienciu tlcl strjeto per()
(lLe
es lo rlecisivt en Ii
()rganjzci(in (le
u i1c()oscicntc
!'(lLlc l)r(,vienc
(lci ()tr().
En estc senti(k), grn plrflc
(le
k)s in
l! rclurl)ios clel sujcl c()n el otr() sc inscitren
(lircctalrlente
en el ineUrrst'ien-
t!,
.fiottld
sack es dc ste. qre luego scr;-rn la lrase plra la creativiclarl clc este
sislentll.
Si insisfirx)s en la clcnrnincirin de oti,qitrtrio1l(,nla ittLotscientc cs
l'r'.tr'.\
rlcstatar le necesitltrl cle nr confirn<lirlr)
(()n
l() cron()l(')gicr entc .rnt(ri()r,
(onlision
que vicnc <lcscie l'reutl yr qre st h:rbl<i rlc epresi<-r orrgin:rri.r
()
pfiDil a. c(nu() tilr)rl)in se ll he trr<[rcitl<- c()n)() tienrp() nteri(n .rl cle
lrr reprcsi(-)n secrn(l.lriir.
()ri!.\irur(.tmeltte
trc(Nciantc sigDifica <ue ettrelkt
rtte se iDscribc cn IID r)l(rttcnl()
(i(]telrinl(l()
cn e-lpsirrrisDto Io lIr'c rlircr'
llllllente cn el inc<rltsciente. sin <r.r<.havu nscripci(io c()os( icntc.
(il.un
perte
ctt krs inter<anrlrir)s cnl()ci()D?les, pulsi()n!lles (.ntrc
cl suict() y sLrs
()tros:iigni-
llclliv()s, sexn skrs los paclres en la infrncix o ll plrrejlr o el tcrapeutr en lll
vitla clrrltrr, p()r tirnl(). tt ctnktiL,r tdad, ticncD estll cu:tliclrl clc scr rigin.r
ri:Lrtt(nlc inc(nls(i(nrcs y firntlantcs
(l('
in(()ns(icnte. Ntc!an1cntc. <lebenrr)s
agru(lc((r a l-aplantlrc cl sepurlr l()
()r'iginari()
dc
j:r
crolrg y el dcstacar
rue
.la
rcPrcsir-rn originlril cs unr
nrinrulll
in\( rin.ihn y ur.r pfinrrre lijlrciln,
(
l9ltl. prig.
7li), y
(ltc
"...kr
origin:rrio n() cs cscnci:rlnrenlc kr crre vicnc prr
ll)cr(), sinr) lo cuc cst:i cn el firn(lirDl(nt()l a plrrfir (lc
all. en ntoclo a]guno sor
prcnrlt <Lr< lo o|igir'tltrio cst prescntc, <le nrtner:r
l)regnxnte,
cn l()s c() llen-
z()s. l'c() na(la ticrlc rle inrposilrle
(lu(j
unlr silrilcin ulteri()r, eI xrl:ilisis.
p()nfr sn
jLlcl.()
l()
()riainlrri()
en srr
(,.!?/lci4
lrlisnta'
(
19U7, piigs. 157-15U, cur-
sivx cn cl
(n-iginll).
l-ir it))p()ten(ii
(lc
l(n))arr rn
(Uctli
l() r )rigiti rii ul)cnIe il)c()ns(icntc
(tI()
inscriPciirn ftn(lalnte /a, inc( )ns( ientc {lc n(r)nscientc
I r'o clel in.rrnt\Len
te, cs clccir.
(lc
sc(t()res rlc ste
_v
n()
(lc
sL c()nstitLrci()n inicil- es clccisivlr
p:u'a enten(lcr
(lu'srceclc
en cl trxtaDticn(().rnxltic(). L() qre Itilcc
(]l
analista,
nuis rtlll-t cie lo cuc tlicc c( )nscientcr)lcnte
)
(lel
signitlca(l() rniflcskr tle srrs
inleapet:r( i()n('s. tlc sus preattntas o clc tualtLricr
()tr
fi)rrll
(lr
intcIrcr'(ir)n
ta'(iri(11. [()s:lli'ct()s
(lLrc
cn i'l sc il(tivan, y <luc rlor,'ilizln sLrs c()nclL(ixs c(l
vez qLle entfa cn c()otaL(t() con cl pacicnte, van tcnienclo cnsccttcnti. p-rr'-r
stc, cn (
uy() inc()ns(iente se ins( il)cn esk)s intercan)l)i()s cn tank)
, ,t
igrn.ri.r-
nlente in(-()nscicnlcs
P(r'(luc
ni ltltlisra ni prrcirnr(,salrn ttrc esas influencjls
-ttLrttllls
[)()r
()tt:r
f)1Lrte
sc tstln
rrocitrcicrl(k)
NLncir ms vtiiicl:t lir exIe
sitrn i t t.()ttscet t la o[i+itro p.r'.\ retrirn()s .l llls inscrip( ir)nes cn el p( icnte
<le l<s intcr<arnbi<s psi()n:lles en el rl(nDrn) m()rrlent()
(le
lx sesiln. pLrcs-
to
(lLle
es lo tlte se hullu rtts excluiclo clc l:r c<tnciencilt
(lc
illt)lx)s pr()tirg()
nistis y (lrc
en( rtcnrra str ltrg:tr en cl in(()ns( ieltc sin pltslrr pt llt
(
r )nL lun(irl.
S()n rs)s elct()s inc()nscientcs. cstlucturantes, cn cl
I)tL(icntc.
cllrdcls p<-la
rclacit-n crn el anlistu krs que ntcrecen la truixirnu.ltcnci(in, por kr cluc v<f-
vererros sclrrc el te1 en cl captulo 4
("!ll
tratalrlient(): a0rpliacirin cle la
ctncic'nciu. r Dt>clifit ltciiln del inc( rnsciente, ).
l)(t
AVAN(trs LN
pslCO',
iRAplA
pst(_o,{N,/\L
l,ICA IN t RV IINCI()N lts
',l
'l
R,\P l1 U-r'tCAS DII:llRtrN(l^DAS t5t
j.
I/) l() )$crit(,ejt.'l
lttcottsciejtte, lo trc ccttstiltticlct:si
cutnd() el sri(.1(
(
rtlr'i (
rr (\)tt;tr't()
crn la sexrtalicl;cl. (.()n
ll c()Dj(la. con cl Dtrtnrlo, lo ctrt, krs
l):r(lr(s
l(. lrxns'litcn. cle mil nlancrs que esclpan x la c()nciencia
([e
un(, \.
rfrl)s. (,s
cl sentilltic,ltt()
cle.cuiclacl< c()n...". enl()nces lo rlue cltrerla inscriro cs
(lu(,
l:t
(r)lDi(l
v la sexuxli(la(l
),
el tuund() s()n fitcntc
(le
pcligr() y no cle
tlrr
rtr'. Si tr:rnckr cl nio v
(le
excursi(-)n c<>n los colltpacr.()s (lrl
colegi(),,()s
rrrlrt.s
r(cilten lar ir()ticiar c()n angLlstil y x partir cle csc nu]enk) c()nvtert(.tl
l(xl() I()
(l(c
erlcontnrr cl hijo en filr-:ntc clc pcljgrr>.
enkces los uontpan,
ros, r'l r':rrnpo. cl ri(). la
(.()nricllr,
la noche. cn vcz
(le
constituir representaci()
rt s clull:rrlas rle la ltntici:ltci(rn
<iel
>lircer rasen
e scr pelig:.r)s I evitr. a
(.()rl
tr()lr. Si el encuentr() (.()n
el clerp() clcL hontlre es para la njt.
([es(lc (,1
('()!ri(rrz()
cle su lltis tentprto:t infan<.ia
-espcr.ialn)cnte
p()l el ntcns.rie nir
l('nl()
. tncltirza <le rlokrr. clc invasi<in displtccntcl. <le eutltaraz< y sutji
rriL,nt().
(le
sUciecl:lrl c inlt'cciirn, eslas lcl)l.esentitci(tes
l-rr(xlLtc(,n
) tu its_
< t l)Litjl <lel cuert<t clel lromlxc y sus genit:rles (rnl()
lucnte cle placcr. En r.rn
nirt,l r::ris gcner.,tl,
c'l cdio delpeli,qt.<t ptrrlttca
lo tro itucritkiti tlc co7^\ t,(,
I)t't't't
t Irt< i()tt.\ .leI c(jdig ) daI pldcer.
Iis cliferente tlue el cLrcr-:xr <lc J:r ntr.rjcr o tlel lrontlrrc scln plrm cl sujcto
()l,i(t()
(k
desco l,<lrrc
rol
cuLte
()
pcrs((.r.lci(in
-<rnflicto
ilcl.la eliluinr.
rk l:r r'oll(icnci cse
(les(()
-leprc-si(in-.
),frnci<nltr
c(11() si n() cxistieI.
(lU(, (
ulll(k) cl clcsc<r y cl pilcer. tlrrttuscuck s<tlrrr- cl cucpo gcnitl
<lel <ttr<
rr() s( llrn inscrito
1.>t-tes,
cglu()
(lijit))()s
utris arri[, sc izi scintjr
(]rc
repre-
scrrl.rlxr sirlo ckrk>r
1.
peligr.o. l)c nrilnelil sit]lilx[, uoil cucsti(in cs re.rrimir cl
r|. s.. rL' .rternicl:cl c,ncl() a,ste, rr
-rcs:'
clcl
tllrct,r.
crrya realizac.iti' enfici
l);lll,
gcncftl
<ulplr
Jror
sentir.(lLle se LsLl(pll c[ lrrgar rlc rtltttli
1.crrc
es pxr_
rlLtrtr clg dese()s Iivickrs c.rtto incestLrosts.
(luc
si Lnll rulrrlrc ltizo scntil.(luc
lrs ll 11r', un castig() cie l)ios. rr-l suplicro, clue el
urro
tirc lrorrrlr<rsr>, quc
l;r trtcttci<in
significr-r:rlgo no cleseaclo sin().tsrlt)i(la (tln
lesignLi(rn p(r.
s(rlinri(.n(() cle OI>ligaciirn. L<,rluc sc Itx /?s././o t)rli1tura0)t<,1a
<,t cl
_
t t)tttt'i?ttta
es le maternidlcl conx srriiiltjento
).
l() qrc n() sc c()nstitry es la
tlr.il('rtr(l.lLl ,i rnt, )
I)l.l(
(.r
i(JL n()s t1 lr1()stran(l() este exlllc
(lci
pr(r)leDtx (lc
i() n()
(.()nstitrido
(.rr
r,l ircrnsr iente?
(JLtc
llL cstl.u(tLll.tr<.irin euxrc.ionui rlci sLtick). IiL c()nstitu(.i(in
rk srr rl<,sro n() est.i grntizl(le.
Gcneralnente se ltace lrincapii, en <1rre el
(l)l()
r's
(r)tr(itrgtnte.
<[re no lLry. un oltjcr pr.ecleterDtinacki y scgufx(k)
l).r.1
lislil('ct lr ll
Jtulsit'rn
pcr()..11 ltisnt() tielp(). se sLlp()ne
(lte
el tlesqo s
('51.(rr,r
:rs(.gul((k). l)c[(),
(lLt
sLrcr:tlc si cl cleser
(iertit
\ cspr(.fi(.1 lns(rll)_
r r r
r t lt t stt,. ro cl cleser en gcner.rl-
n() llegri I o5i1.".1 Fll icttrtra ctr>-
rr.l .l, Lrs
rtrrln.s
(s
c()nstitL\,en(e (niginlll (luc
exclLtl,r.y r.t() per.lllttc Llue
st lrtsi ilrtut
(fl()s
csl:l(l()s ent<r.irralcs y Iits rcnrcscntci()nes
<rrriesttrclicn
lr'\ l
(,\ \(l(
trl\
r:rr.r
<uieries c.l nrrnckr lirc registtackt <rrrn<r
-rcligr.os<r. l.
ellos
((,rl(,
inrlnf( nl(s r. ilttlriores, n() es
(lLc
replituan la represent.rri(-)n (le
los
rrl,l(1r,s,,,or,,.rlr(,1(.(il)l(.,.,.
I)r(
)te(.t( ) res.
1
l:r rcprcscntaci<in (le
s c()lrt() )'el.\:t
lr()s() y p()tenter estilri rcprescntaci()nes han cstad()
()riginarixnrente
pri\,,tdxs
tlc inscripci<-rn.
I)e nock qLe l() n() inscrit() n() pLrc(le confiLndirse c()n l()
(lLle
5 lnsrri-
l)ii) inc( )nscicnterllente sin qre el sujeto supicra que esk) estaha sttceclienclc
-inctnsciente
originari()-. existiencl() cntle inscril)ci(in
()ri{inari.l
}
n() in\
(r'ipci(-)n
unx reiaci<in fir:,: tte nte lncDte
(le
oposicirilt: la scxueliclacl se pLredc
inscribir contcl anlcnrznte
_y
n() c()ln() cxpcrienciat dc plecer, r-l crxttltctr c<n
Ios paches se ptrecle inscril)i[
()rigjnarilrrlentc
c(r)]() clisnrptiva para cl psi
(luisln(),
p(n kr cuc la
Plcsencill
cle st()s no sr. insctile c()ttr(r iirentc cle emtr,
pr()tecci(in y clc
racili(eci<in
cle Ilr angrrstia; el f;rntascr puccle inscril>irse
,.rrrno pcliglo. c(ruo deslxr-(le v l(). poL ejerttplo. c<xrro luente cle
llacer
ero-
ggn()
()
nalr( isjstt.
[-a no inscrilcron l
(lLrc
n()s cstl(ll()s r('liricn(k) cs c'lr':Lrtrenrc ciifi ren-
tc rlel trrnctlrto dc
lt'clttstjt
t.ll
((nn()
Ii cnlrnciarr l,acln. pucs 'slir
(lesigna
Lr n() inscrjp(i(-)n
(lc
un signiti(nnte tr.rncltrtntal, el
.nourlrrc-clci
ra<lrc",
rr.te
estblecera cl c()rtc e ll rclrci<in
(hral ('ntre
el suj({()
}
llL
,rnacht
fr-rlic,. rrrr
tc
(lLe
p()sil)ilitirri:l 11r
(
rlrtrlL(irin sintlx'rficlt. l)()r tlr11), il() c()l|crilxxl(ie xl tip()
<lc cxpcricnci;rs y ('s(lucms (lc'significl(ia)n (\)n (lLc
henx)s e'icnrplificuclo la
n() ins(rip(i()n. en
(lrc
sr tratrr <lc:tlgo <lel orclen tk' io vivcr-t< il sttlrjctir<r k.r
<lrc cluecll t'xcltriclt. P(
(f
Prtc.
L:r(.n h:r corrcllLci<-rckr el c<-rcepto cle
Iorclrrsi<-rn ctrn cl oligtn clc llr psicosis. llticnlllrs
(luc
nltcsttl)
(()i](cpk) (le
l()
n() ins(rilo tirne rn clllii(lcr D() l()(illizx(k) 1l r.llr cnli(Lr(l psi(()l)irt()l(i!icx. I)lLIx
(r)ll)pli(r Iits cos:rs lttirl rris. l,acrt. c11 sLl tii(ti( rlc crlYc|tir-strs l.'rrrizltrr<r
ncs en ll r'ercltlt,r' lectt[ rlc licLl(l pilr' ctcorDtrlglu-ils c(n() tri(l(nes ar
Frcutl rtl rtstr cle krs
rsicrxtnaiistrts.
sr)slLv() <1u< lo ttu- l rl,.'nonrir:th:t lir-
clusi<in corrcsronclie rr lu li,r'ztrli1,,q freLr(lian.
(Lrrn(l() ('ste
tr'nlrnLr cn
l-r'crtcl sr retcr'1{ cxl)li( ital nlcrltc lr rrlgrr <1ue cstrI(l() irts(rik) r[
(lescstintr((]
l)()r
cl sLirt().
(inrx)
s()stlr) l.rcLcl
(
19ui)r
"Alrore
lricn. rxistc Lro.r rrrxlltlidcl
ricfi'nsiva rDLrclxr rl.is cni'r'gicu
1'('xit()s.
quc c()nsist( en
(luc
cl \'()
(lc.\csti-
t-.t
Irent'et7i,tt. acl:lra cl trx([rcl(r'] le ri'ptesentacir-rn ins<lrrtable v sc c(rl)
I)()11lr
r()rlr() si Lr tcprcs(nllr(i(in ntnc:r lthicl':t c{ )nr pltrlci(l( ),
(l)ii.q.59).
I)(n'
tnt(),
('n
l'rerd h I eru cttittt,q sc rclicre explcitarente ill lechrz() vi(renk)
(le
Lrn.r rc[xcscilt.lL i(-rlr rrrc s ltu si(kr ins(rit cn cl psicittisrrxr. ricnlr.ls
(luc
en
Lrrc:rn cs la D() ins( l'ipci(-)n
(lcl
sillnitlcuntr firn(lxlI)cntll del n<rlrre-rlcl
Plclrc.
(s (lc(ir
Lullt lttrscttt i.;'
;1. lrl(c fir(rn
f)].r
s(\((n(rr
(tLr.:rL (cflrrrr(, (l('
li,rchrsl(nr
(,nrr:p(r\l(
l! l(nta.lr1.\
lreLr(lixnrt
,Iixl
rir ig:r ni )s (le \ri()s tc\)s
(1.
frer(l urr tamrnr) rlu(] cstx rn cll()5 l() l)rs(irntc ur'li-
(rrl.r(lo ((xr,,
t)i.r
Ir(crl xrlrstil,(.rl)l(\ n ts. r(n))j(, n,)
(1r\rrrrir .rlli nr lun.ir)D
(lrl irr(,,r\-
ricrn(
(lrstinrx (l(, l() rct)rnn1(l() Iegirnr()5
t)(r'duD()srLrkr
kr rLtc iur cl r(xz(,n
(l(
flLr *urin-r
rx) s(r)r, lir
t\r.()sis.
,r srlx'r.
(tur'!'s(
trrrh() \'relicrt x lir
jrnpli(..x-)n
r)rtls nc(esri:r (lc sU
li(rrsurlri.nt().LLlnclo.cr.lcc.llen()
r(n()(krlursitosis:rscl lcurrrn() l(,r-(.,'/i/,1( rl..l(n.
l(Xf)l).
l)t'rg
;is sc hu Lrs:r(k)
((rn()
l du.(i()n l.r qc rpxrt.c cn hs.rik)s ll. Sigl() XXI. 191;.
t).(i.
I {j I
l5l AvANclis tN
psl(io'r'tiRApt^ pslcoNAt.i
t(-A
I )tis,\('r'rvAct(iN sEaroRIAI- D!t- INCoNsctENTE
r 1,r,'li;tr;rsc r RhLrDt^NA
l:.i cl Sclnitontieltto del contplejo dc lilpo
(FreJ(|,
19241)) intr)chrcc r..r
t onceyrcit'rn srle el inconsciente que llen<i de perplejidad a krs analistas c[, srr
li(.rrl)() v
(lle
tien(le a ser
(lei,t(lx
de lackr por la
(lific(rllr(l
paru incorporadtr rrl
rrrnirrrtr <le [a teclr''-L
1-rsi<
olrn:rlticil S(':.tirnc rlLl< rn riefl lI\rn]rnt() el ct)t
rk1
r clc l'iclipo sulie una \, icisitLcl que va nis all:i cle rrn;r sirnple fepresirn. Alir
rrrr rr.rc <lelriclo a la t)lta cle satisf)cci(in espeada. a rrz
(lel
frcast cle l< rlt.
sr.:r(kr. cr))c restrltaclo cle su ir11p()sil)ili(i:rd internr. v
por ia urnenaza r[
(
irslrir( i( )n. el cornplei()
(le
E(lip( ) sufre un sepult.lrnicnto
-t.'nlctycu
ry
des
()d
lr
ttltt ) tlfuxcs-. un; ve(li(lsn cler,rlr.r,''n." Y rel.u.r: "l'rh, cl
lir()ces()
clcs
(r'ito
cs nrs qt-te Lna represi(in; eqLlivle, cLu(l() se c(rrsLlm icleahlente, a untr
(l(
slrucci(-)n y cancelaci(-)n clel c(nrple),
(p.ig.
185). I)cslnrcci(il y cencelacion
s(rr l(,s cr)ncept()s xllclidos p()r FrerLcl par:r descrilir un estacl< cle <rlss en el
iucrnsciente que es cliti'rcnte
(leL
rnxntenitlicnt()
(lc
xlg() rn esttlo de repre'
si(lr).
(lnx)
se clelt: cle entcn(ler cst()'/;.Qrte se lxrrra trclu hlrella er cl incons
(
i( )t!'(lc l()s cleseos eclpicos
1
sus telnol-rjs, qre las rcpresentaciones y afctos.
l.rs l:urlxsas que l<l confirnl>:tn deslplrecen
(le
a'l p(r'(olnpleto. (luc
cs c()m()
si rro ltuhicren existiclo y qr,re ctt:nck en \rrr
f)cr()(l()
lrltctior cle llt vitla vuelvan
.r r(,ilri[-ccer strs crrnstelac it.nes fecti\ils sc I]irta
(l(
i,rscril)cioncs I()lxlmentc
nu(\ is \'
(llrc
n() liL'nen nach que vcr c()n lis anteriores!' La expcdcncia clnica
l)iu(1-('('stiLl
en c()nlrudicci(in con estu idea: h tftrnsfsrencia, l reacti,'acirin clel
P:rsrrck
r infltntil
ror
krs
.restos
clittrn()s, h.r(
(n
difcil aceptrr'
(lue
alg() tlln signifi
(
Jti\( )
l)c(le
(lestLl).lre(et
)tuhrlente. I)cro rue se
l)ric(ll
()l)ietxr
rl 0titsis
,h
(
\.{L llf ai(in qLrc ]( )s Ifluin()s
('teryt
t tg' t
'.
rlr\ .r LIr, h r'lr7l /,? /c' r i 3
t-
impli-
|rrn. rro clinna lx cuesti(in
(lue
r trxvs
(lc
elkrs plantean Freucl: alp c1r.re est
(
n
('l
in('(nrscientc pue.le pardcr
li@rzd
-1,
.kur e cu5ltlttit-uito pt?t(:ttcia act-
r. l<lt rr n<fallc pues apofiu unx concepci(')n t()tlmenfe
(liflcnte (lc
[x s()ste-
nrrl.r
>{)r'i:reutl
hilsla cse lr(l)ent(): I() i,t(()nsciente c())t() c()nlintaurnte J(li
vo,
>r
t
jlLnrkr
por cr))erger.
rlr>clttcienckr
etect<s cleir'ckrs.
lis rrna prclicla cle firerza
I
cle p<rlcr clicientc en lx vida ps(lLri(ir de ciefias
.r,rr'lt l:rt irnes i(lertivo-llfcctiv.rs
(Ic
k)(k)s los rrrtt-es iLceptan
(le
lrrclxr arrn-
rrrc rrrr lrr trlicun clentr<r dc lln oLrrc() teririco qrs d cucntu clel tnrttcno. Asi.
1\1. lilL in lrlrle rlc l r'uelta l pc'rc>clo cle lrrrrgco clel stlisr< inflntil. crn kr qrt,
irrrrlir,r rrrr.'cste s(lism() sulie \.i(isitLldes, pasanclo pr roc:ls cn
(luc
esti'r plll--
li( rl.rrrx'nl( :rcti\'() y
(frus
en
(lLre
se halla en un segr.rnckr plano.
().
<rltnrh sos-
t( ll(
(l(
:lrt,.'ls u|tsieclacles clc le posi<irin rlerresira sc acti\rrn ls <onstel
, r,,rr..,1, 1.r
xrsir.irin
p:rlanoicle, eiio signific:r
(luc
st sc Licsu(fi\.. ltl nten()s
), \ 1 .r.i. r,,r.r .rl
t)ic(lc
parg. iSl
(
lx
(itlr.Lr (r)
,r, ll,,'1rrr(rr,) rrciu. tx'rso frx.lrs() irsc"l li)n(t() ctu'
r'lr(\rr((rr.(l(flx)li(i(-)n.(lcr'ilx).ct(..rrrrr]ntkrel
Ncfij<)
Z,'t) krsti,mrLnrcrr q'rt rn-
t(.r\rr.,. l.r .,rr,'r.,i ,I 1l( r(nnpcr. l,rlri/.l|. d!\ll(Ur.ll ct(.
I N I'}-RV I|NCION LS IIiRAPU1I(-AS
DI FI-:RIJNCIA DAS
Ii]
1). tr(rlrllrente. en otros nl(rtllentos.
lln este nrislr()
ofclen cle cosa' el c()ncepto
de
i.;;.-':,; ;.;;.;
t'.. J.l .lc'"rr''ll''
\rrli) \(
rlu((l(
cnr(n(ler
(Inrrr) It-(i'n'\'i-
,,,f,nt,, il" qu. rig,: piercle supremricie
r:n el psiqtlisnlo' cs reeulpl3zad()
por
()trtt
,,r*,.'prra li,.g,, u,rlr'"t a rel(lquirir
t()da la ftlerze
qtte [Ll\'() en stt llx)r]lento'
-Pir
<xl.a parte. si ei incrsciente
no se activase
y cltsactivase
s('ct()rial-
,, r.n,..- ..',"n irrr1,,<lsillles
Is variaci()nes
en l()s estd()s
pilsi()nales'
El ser hu-
rlltn() prcs.l del <rlio.
pitslt pQr nloorcnt()s
()
Perioclos
en
qtlc domin:t el estx
rk nilico ctte lJanrlttt'tos
an)()l
Y n() se Irta
(le
qtc cslr)s estll(l()s
sein
,,r"oa-,rrg"niirai,rncs
cle la c()ncienci't, Ptles
si el odi<
y
la persecLl( i(;n esttt-
,li.rrn
".iiit,r"
en cl inc()nsciente
nxdie
p()clta xlcanzar el,stte()
ni siqttieru
,l;:;;:i"tt.
y clistrlirlLrir
le vigiilncia'
El nio no p!)dra dorrnirse
en l)rz()s
rle i ltclrc c()n lil
(ltle
P()c()
inles halli tenitlo
rtn rcllt<i<ln
Pcrsc!(rt('ri'r'
"
no prxllit hacerse el 1I111()l
(llte reqtliere cic cntrega'
o
gn,el
l1(rlentl)
Lie ['l
i,rii .i
"n,,,
qu..e ha expcriller.rt:tclo
frente
al
()l)iet()
tenclria
cue atll()l.tiglrrlr'
;i;tI".
Ctltt asttttk imtckntl
iltcottsci('nte
desuctit'tt
-p'u'cidl
()
ltl4l-
tl('ttlc.._
1tl
(.tlltaltl<lsl1.
(le
llilnerll elll(jltntt
1l c(nl]() la
('()ntrircci(in d(] Lln
ur,,rr,, nrur.ulrr
rnlPllt LLn gr.l(l()
(le
relailtt irin tlel qttc sc )e.oPtltrt'
en cl tllo-
i;nli;rr;". li'r:;..r,*..,t,pl'''n''-'n P'rr\rIr'tn5irr)rtctlrrI
l''sqtrt r))clrr\()
rrc\r)(,n(lcn I lJ / /1ft''t//(.
tlte
'e
tt'l'tcr'<
l JlgI
iltl( liLn(
l)ll('ll(' lll:r:
l)(r-
.i""".'tr'1"
'.i.t,.,,tp.'.
l'
..'"'l'rs Ltilizrn()s rara
introclttcirnos
en t()(iils llts
,.rl-rclici,rncs .n ,,t.i Ilg,,
qtl( esltt\1)
en el in(
(nlscienle ltcti\'()
pier'(le lLlcrza
-,"t..
,',,r.,,., n;) e)cllclltr
l.rs crrnclicioncs
tl(lcct!'t(llls
plrrqr'tc pltxlLIce :tn-
;'il.,
it;.,.':.'r:.;"ii
.t 1,,
'','"''ru"
fretLclianrt
se hlla cl est(l()
(re (lescril)e
sDitT ortra cl lrostitltllslrlo,
cn qtl; ei lactllnte
antc I1 il-IlP(fcn( i
l)llr1
ilacer
r.,.,r.1,i.f
,,f
i.',,
i
rtrvrlegirtl'
I .icl clesco
(erlrliuil
P()r
(lesrtctivrll cl
(lescrlri
()'
.".,,r,tt""f
nl:rs g.',r.ral. k)s c\rl(litts
(lc
tl()wll)y' va nt iiliacitls l lltctante
r,,rr* n
p't.ii.i" iel
olljctrr libiclinell
()
de rl)its tr':lscen(lL-ncilt
clnici an
-va
qua n,r ra tfltta
(lc l()s grncles treLlmiltislll()s
! 1()s quc esl()s aul()res
se rc
fiercn sitl() clc xlg()
qlle tr.nscLlffe
(le
nlanelll o]en()s ltli(l()s
Per()
qte n()
(leia
.i"'pt,,,it,.tt.r",i,rs,
cl nitl< r tl x(ltrlt() rlnte l:L tittstrcirrr
pitra rcxlizr slr de-
i.1,,.
"r,"
L" impl)tcCi
interi([
y ]ir fJ .r Jel
, ,l)lcr() :,rgnr,rr.rli\,
) en tlru h res-
,,,n*t-, -.,
1,, rltte tl,. el
't
tltse.
\ll
(lt{r(1i\''n(l') inlP(l((l''til)letll('nlE
i'r(tr)
1.,. .l. l in.,,n'. ient(''
It(
stl('tllrll,rn lti'l l:l
/ i//(':qrl'?ll
!,ste filx)
(lc
l)r()Ccs()sl
rltr:l
l.'s qtrc
Prl
,I)i )neItli )\ l cl<n. trillaci<1rr
gkl.)al
,L ,.l"s,rtctirtc;tis('ctt)t'i.tl
(d
iltLUts'"lit '
tl''n
'(.!()
rsstrll'r(l('
l'r
(le('ltlcctizll
tirin en el seno clel
inconscic-ntc
del
(lese() prlr el ol:liettr rlebiclo a Ll cltlorosa
).r,.g"
j"
,,"1*f,, .rrerr(I,
1926)
q.e el
(les;o frustraci.
pr.clltce,.
y a la tlccr-
,".',L,.:,,1n
tle aqlrelles tinci<nei
clel sr'rjeto
quc generrln angusli oxlcisita'
iuJr,l,t
,r,,t
"f.i,
fogro clel plitcer <tte el sr'tiel<
I r:spcra ciel ejercici.
<le hs rnis-
ll.rs. l)(
()trl
?lrtlc.llt
(lesacttY tcitit t sectt'ittl
lcl trctntscctces
(lifi'rentc cle
l-l(.(isrrnrclisori.t,
l'rn inL n:(l(nl(
enqrtt'c[''nti''ler''Pr'ttttnr'tnJ!li\()i'
,,l.,"aa,"
ti" influen(i'trse'
f)igam'rs'
'lLlel[tr'
(ltr( el ct'n(ePtr
t !lc cl('sctivacin
sect<ri:ti del inc()nsaiente,
n() se op()ne [:L iClCa clc
(lLlc existan c()tnplej()s
l; I AVAN(-I]S I]N PSI(]O'I'IiRAPIA PSICOANALTII(-A
ir lt o rrlt ctir,rrs d(nDinantes quc pernlane( cn
()rgxniz.ln(l()
la vicl cle fantasia y
lir
(rrr(lu(J
nrxnifiestl drLrante gran pxt.te
(le
l1l viclu. llsto t's kr clrrc el psicoa-
nrilisis or()str clescle sus c()ntienz()s: l cotr]pulsitt h repcticin
(le (.iert()s
rk st os o lirntesas. L()
([le (ietenl)in(-)
le eceptacir'tn p( )r piu'tc cle Freud clel tr-
rrirro
,trrrrrplejo,
pala rcli,rirse ll
(rntstehci()ncs
t.rn fierterlente ctrgdas dc
(l(s('()s ()
tenx)acs tlrre el pensarnient() y l ac( i(in
(\)nsciente
puc(lcn cnten-
rl,.rst rrtto trensfi_rn:cirncs clcrir lclas cle srr presencia. l)er() alLn palra est()s
rrrrrrlcjos" hay' oscilaciones cn cl prxler e inllucnciu
(lle
tien(,n. I)(n.titnk),
xrl
rrn lu<lo pcrsistenci
),(k)llintncia
per(), p(rr el <tlr, r'ariaci(n rlcl grecl<r
t[' r'srt pcrsistcncia y cloorinancia en
(listint()s
nt()nlent()s. Ll |lrztin cle Ia per-
sislcrrcirr lr cnc()ntr(l() ltn)pli.r
jLstifl(:r(
i(in
),n()
ntcrccc que nos cletcnglrmos
cr r,ll: nl'ts <tre pltr-:r lrcorrler llrs fircrztts innr.clas: lo tertitnitlo nt setiste
i lr r
lrttgn
c()ltt() lllta cn pcna p()r arl( !nz:[ sll nlctrl l() trlrun]iilic() ( tLl.l L !r[1(,
I)Ll{()
(le
Iiicin
(Fre
c\ig( un tftrl)jo
(\)ntinu() (lel
l)si(luisl])()
plll'u inrentr
t lrrlrorukrl el cricligo <lc significlrc iones
-pr()(lLl(k)
(lc
i(lcnlifl(.x(.i(ntes c()n el
rr'rtligo cle krs pcrsot-lrjcs sign ifl( ativ( )s, rlc llr inlltcncirr cle la r.oncllrct dc s-
l()s s()l)rc cl sllir-t(). .le Ll nra(luinlrril cl-cllti\,.t
(le
lu flntasia inc()nscientc- l)aio
r. l rrre st tapta rl ruurxlo intcnro
'
cl e\tcrn(). un \icz c()nslitLri(l(), rlctc'nuinr
rrrt,r'lrigrn lujo srr
Prxlcl
cstrL( l u r'.tl]l c tcn(lenci()s() ctrelttrict
(,sttnul()
extcl.
rr()
()
illrn'l(). I-o rrre restrltl. en c:nll)i(). nc( cslrri() <lt trt cxtncn rttis cletalla-
rLr cs l l'511',, i(-)n srck)1il clcl incrrs< icnte. C) sel. l vlrt.iuci<in cn la firer-
z.r tk srrs crnslelr'irrts. iiackr qlrr: el
reso
ctre Ita toclo cn llt tr(r_a y la
r lrnitlr t'l fenr-meno clc corrrptrlsir-rn a lrt rrrctir'ii-rn lta
rror'<xarlo
trn rlcsctrick
hLtliro clc actrlle. I-a
(uesti(-)11
ts rlc trrst'cncltnci plrra l
l)sic(f(r-li-r.
\'.r
tLrt jrn-rlo
ul
(r)je{i\,()
firn(liutrcntitl rlc clcslrece lu ltrtrrlsir-l-r il l rrl)(.ri(i,,n,
t s r['t i tu<clifl< ar k> crre est:i itrscl-it<. sr, lrltr'c l <'r.t<,stii-rn cle c<-nt< r,rlvc tt c
fi\'.u ir(lucll() tltte h:r sr.rliickr lJ []nlctgdug.
lln tllo r:rdice Ie tr':rscenclencia rlc la pregunta
crr
cs lo
(luc
ctivil cicl-
l:rs
(r)nsl(]l(i()nes
iclecralcctir's ciel inctnsr'ittttc \,(lLta, c()nsc(.Ltcil(iit\ \c
I)()-
rlr'rrn rlt'rilar parl la tclapia psi<rranalticrL l
l)xttir
(lcl (\)n(xinlient()
ap()rtud()
PrrI
lrr rc,sIrestl x est pregunui, IIx) unl tril)lc lctivu(.i(in se(.torial, cntlclir
zrrLr. rrltitulaclu. clel incrnscjcr-rtcr clcstle sr.r
lopio
inttrior', clcscle lus estrLrc-
Irrlrrs r rcrr rr rfisiokigicls
,v
clcsrlc cl ltcclio cir< rrnclntc. C()n respc(Io la lLcti
\il('i{)rr s(,cl()l'i1tl inlnsc(. llr1(nlt.i(i(. rlcl inconsciente. clepcnrlc cle rrnl clc
l,rs
rltrir,rlerles
cle su firn< ionanrieltt(): el lil)lr
(lespltzalr)icnt() (lcl
pr()ccs()
lrrirrrrrlio.
r'l lrsclr cle
(lue
sr
l)asc
dc Ln.r reprrscntcir-rn lr rfr:r
'ror
las rela-
r iorrr's nris cir( Llnstlrnciirlcs cxislL'ntes tntfc llts ltisn)s: scrnejanza firrtel,
r
(
r'\i\l( l( iil lentp()t-1rll o
Por
tl
jrrcgo
cltl significackt.'"
,ri
I lr!rs(i(rrl(.
In,scc
Un
(l(rr.D(dll(Lr(l (lt'
I)r()rc\l
rlrnr() p(n un l1r(k). lil)( (les
1.1 ,f, rt!1,'t1,1(. rrris r()rcpclili\().c rLrit()sccrrx(l()src\'(d)c[r r(.s. \l qUr dr
(rr)
nr)d() n()
r'r,Ir.r rrrtIrrl('r lr(,,lrpu]si(')n l;r rt)r(i( i(-)n (lc
sU\
()nstilu(n)ncs.
l N'l li l{vENcIoN tis
'l
li RAPtiul lcAs l)l ljli R liNcl,{DAs 155
C()n respecto.r l:rs.lctivlrci()nes scct(r'iles clci inconsciente <ue ciepen
clen dc ls estrLlctLl[as neurofisiol<igicas cllte golticrnlin estlld()s enrocionales.
aqullas <lucrlan iirela clel nrbito clcl psicrxnltlisis. Peto no por eso krs ana-
listas p<rlerlos
(iesc()n()ccr
su p()cler. s(r)lc t()(k) ctl.ln(l() en las ltimas d
ccls la eviclenciu es tan convinccnie.
(itntenzendo
P()r
los lnti(lepresivos
(lue
sc l)ILcstran cxPaces
(lc
ur<cliflct le cognick-rn
,'n()
c()nl() consteLtcnti.L
<lel significeclo psic()la)gic() qLre sLr ingestl pLr(litlr,l tcne1,
y.r
qtle l()s estudios
cle cloblc cieg() nruestran cuc cl
rla,:elro
n() ti(ne ese efecto. Es clccir. ltna
m()lcui1r
(luilrri(a
es cepez clt
(lctcflrin[ (lLlc
se
(o1\(x]ucn
cicl'ts
]'(leil-
ni(l!Ls replcscntci( )nes. las
(lue.
in(lcPcn(licntelllentc tlc stt pat licr.t laritlecl cn
catllr srricto, ticnen cl
(lcn()luinl(l()[
c()mn
(lt:
cst{ I])rc1t(lts
P()[ Peltcncccr'
lr la srrie rlc les alcgres r
()ptinrists.
En nLtestr() liltr sclIc la clcprcsiLrn:os-
tenlx)s la ltirotcsis
(ls (lLtc
tl
rsicuistrxr
y' el <erebro biol<igico Iirr.',n.rn.
en sLr iirtemclci(-)n, c()rll() Llltil tabla cle tklrlc cntr(hi xlg(lnrls tePrcsenlll
ci(mcs s() cpar(es
(lc
llcti\':lf cietk)s citctit()s netrr'()llsiolt'tgicos \',
lrot
tfrrt
Iackr, llr lrctivacirin cle st<s hltri cue les rerre'sen tl( i( )nes
(lte
ltn cstl)lcci-
rkr rrnlr ctlexir--t c()n l()s ,lisrl()s
Pltscrt
sef c()n\()c(las
(llleichntr.
19761)). tln un iirt('ul() [rcicnte
(Slrexr
v otros. I993) sc prcsentll un ID()(lcl()
ir-ltc-ar(k)
l)ul.a
cxpli(r ls clisis tle pl-tnico en
(llre
s(] cnticn(lc cr.rc cl <lesen-
ct(lenx lienk)
l)()f
cltLlsas exclLrsi\'trlenle
llsicolt-rgicas
inc()ns(ientcs cs se
glrirlo por un r))()(liliclr(i(')n cn el nivcl ncurofisiol<-rgico;
Per(),
txnrl)in. un
titst()rn() ptinlilri()
(lr
estr ltir)x).
(tral(lLricr (lLt
sc sLl caLlsa. \'a at
(lesen-
(1r(lcnr
l ctivx(iD
(lc
ls rcl)r'cscntaci()ncs
(lue
en l:t histlie inclil iclLtal
han ller':tclo la cerga clcl h<r'or.
(in
un tcrccr contlicir-n, la rtvetbetaci<in
ioceslln(c
('ntIe
cl p()l() rlc lus rept t'sentacioncs y cl ncttl
()flsi(
)l(iHi(1 ,, (,,n
l cilcti\'ci(-)n fccipr()('.
'li)(l()s
csk)s halhzgos solrrt l t,ristencil
(le (ilcuit()s
ncur( )lisi()l(jgicos
plr l()s cstl(l()s clruci<n:tlcs
(Slr<c.
199't) n() ir(e sin() xp()y:tr lo quc cn ttn
nivcl
(le(tr(1i\,()
llip(fati(o lrlr sirkr sr)stenid() crt
ltsicoanrllisis
<iescle lrrelcl
Irastr ll(lith
.la<rrbson.
(ltunrlo
l'rcltcl
(
1917) hip(felizll).t qLre cicfilts
(lcPrc-
si<rncs puclicran tener un c.[rs1r l)i()l()gic. aleltxn(lo en ])ttek).J'ttkllltcola
xc(l(r cle
(lrc
cl rIlcclLnisrr()
fs(luic()
(luc
tstal)x
(lescl)itn(kr
cottesponcla
uD sul)tip() cle rlePrcsii-t,
() (tltn(l()
plantcalle
(lLrc
llls Icl)rcscntltt it rncs sr:
inscilrilr-l cn ci('fi.Is Lxulizucirncs.
() (lLe
el iDslint() lrioltigicrr cnc(nltr1tl)ll sLl
tirmr:r cle expresir-rn 1l travs
(lc
su iirscripci(-)n
rsrltriirt
r:n
(leleflrrina(hs
i(lc1s
crte pasalran ar scl- sr feprcscntrLnlc.
()
cLtxn(l() s()stcnll
(ltle
lx
Prllsi(rl
lrc cn-
crcntr cn cl llrrilc entrc Io lisico y kr
rsiclticO.
l()(l() cll() ilpuntl)ll a
(ltlc
l.'rl
]'
h!f1dt lr otcttcntro,
.)'tla
inlhlatci.t t1utll.I, crlfre kr pstttico y lo biok-rgico.
l)r(r)lcnrx n() simplc y
(lLlc
exp()ne al reclrtccitnisnro ncltrobiologista por rtn
latkr pero. trllrin. l pcligro no ,ren()r
(lc
l ign()rnci y tlel cncitrro clen-
tro clel cenrpo tlcl
rsicoanlilisis
cn
(lLc
p()r la lijacitin
(le
ti()ntsrits sc
(lesco
n()(en 1()s pLrer-rlcs rxistentcs eotle telrit()l-i()s vir-ltulltclos
(vase
la firerte per<r
interesante poli'nrice acerclt
(lc
l rclaci(in entle ncur-()cicltciil
,v l)sicoanlisis
lr(' AVANCIjS l.:N PSI(]O1-IIRAPIA PSI(IOANALI I I(lA
IN-I IJ RVI:NCION IJ5
'I'ERPI;UTf(JS
DIl]I]RI]N(.IADAS 15 t-
()lrlls
reprcscntci())es qrrL' los
ruclier:rn
centrrr:reshr. pLes sts n() exitian
-lo
n() inscrit()
,
n() puclier()n clal
()rigen
al
(()nflict(),
qLe sietnprc re(Luicre
(le (l()s
c()njLrnt()s clc replesentt ci( )nes en oposicirn.i')
Fll pr()cr(lilienl() tle ir reconstrulenclo crn el pacicnte lx ltistolil cle las
infcr:rcci()ne:, en las crules se les transflncli<i prlrte del ruLrn(l() erccknal cle
krs
rlclres
perlnite ir rescatntk>le cle sus efckrs. Al respec). arrn culncto for-
nlLrlirci()ncs clrsicas tlcl tipo cle
.Ahol
estlin h1l)l.ln(l()
()
actlllln(io
l).f'.
o
rui[)ri a trr\'('s sLly). y cstn clicicnckr y ltacicn(l() tockr lo qrLe clkrs pensaitan
Y sentn. y (luc
uste(l t(mxi
(()rn()
si llrera su1rr..., cue puclieran ser consicle-
ra(lls c(nll() tnlr rrivillizaci(in <le ll tcnica
(
recl)1()s sin eml)arH(), que c()ns-
litLlyen Lrnlt nraner':t vivcncill cle pennitir ill pil(iente (lLtrj
r':r\'11 slienck clei
rprisi( )nanrient( ) clcl munclo imlginri() en que clecirr Llstr p()(ler rcsigniti-
c:llllr
(le
l rr'c( )nstr1( ci(-)n Irist<irice sc
rierclc
cn un anrilisis cue st-rkr trans-
(Lfrie11
rn cl arlui
y
liltora rsitick). ].ll tIil)) terpLlti(o cn el aclrr t'llr<rra.
tn cl vilcrrkr con cl tcrapeuta. sin,e
y
cs l)s(rutaente inclispensaltle pnra
(lcscntraxr
tliferentcs tip()s
(le
filntlrsas. pr vcr seeLtencils cle proces()s.
J)rit
(lctcct:r (rii)r()
el
f)](
icntc se rellr<ir>na crrn figuras iiltxginx[its. per() lt
lrc( )nstrlcci(-)n
histolica
Jrcrnrite
cncilr cLal
tr.recle
lrlrher sido el <>rigcn cle
lus cstru<trrs cue sc ck:splicgan ntc l()s
()i()s (le
pa(ientc y terapclttlt. Acle-
Dris, Irr ti'tni<a rlc l: rcrrsit cir-)n I)i.s(;'i(l c-s clcseu I>:tlrilizanc
l)Les
')lLlcis
tt llrs fircrz.ts
Poclerosls
c1r.re ntolclcaron l sLliet(). Si e[ sujekr cs agrusrr rr ton
el terlrpcrttlt. si reecr-ionlr
l)lrln()icllltcnte
c:trllr vez ctrt'se le dicc xlg(), crarn
rlr
Jrrre<le
vcl rtre i,su
('r-it
Iirnl)i'i't la lirrr en trre srrs t)grrras si.iniljclttjvas
-tfrjctos
lurlt
l irlentilicurkjn- rerrcciontlun llntc
(ual(lLier
<lltsclv.reron,
(\-)nr()
sLr scnsil)ili(llrrl ntrcisistu lta siclo intrrrl}tracle por iclentilicaciln cQn el
firot'gn los rrjos cle
>ltp:i
r'rt(] el llen( cuc\li()Dll,lient(). ent(l(cs sc p()(lr
trltltrtjar srt
(llrctcr1)l()flil
sit
(lug
se llt consirlclc c()Il() rnil cspecic <tc pro-
pic(lx(l inlr.lnenlc. p uel)a
(l('
su Dral(i.ld. Lo rrrc no signiticu clrpositar le cul
prrbiliclecl cn lr>s purhcs, t,l tr.rc cl ol>jciivo cs llegul r rrre el pxcientc (irpte
(ltlc
sLr
l)si(lLrisnt()
se cstlLr(tLlr(i p(r'l()s entrelitzlnienk)s cntrc k,
(lue.lp()fta-
r()n l()s paclrcs
!
l()s ac( )ntc( ilrt
jen
rs que el ezar dc'la Iir-l:r
tf(rve,vr-r.
tocl<t
rrolrle:rr.kr
>r'la
protlrri cirin clc strs intuss in(
(
)nsciettrs: \'(lrc talnl)in los
prl(lrcs flrtr()n sr.rjetlrlos p(r'su prol)iir llisk)ri:t
(lc
i<lentiilcac ionss. dc distur-
sos. f:Lntasas \'1rc()ntc(irIIienk)s a los cr.tc estl\'ief()n expLcsk)s.
Sltbctttos ruc llr' rccucrrlos encr lritlores. clefilnacitin p()l' conflict().
t'.'ftlad trurrtt'.t\Sp(11(e, l9ll2) e|r <1r.re clcsclc el plescntc I b..rjr; sLr inflLren,
cilr se rec()nstrLlye el prrserio per(). tlltr)l)in. rlcli,nsl a ultrnza cle l-rs Lrrr.rge-
ir. (.rc(rrk^ (tLr(
n(.(. lr.r r(f).LfrL(i() qLle l.r rc(ni(x prl,tnr.5r.r tr1 <.,1ltit<<i, ti rt)
l)!tt\1-
,rir\/s( 193.-). rn quc Ii(ud no i,)sritc nris en qtrr cl pir<rente rltlr:r recor(lxr. ((no si enlirrzl-
sr.Ll.rdrr)rLr)tu ins('rir(). s()l() sc
tr,clrl
rtcrtl.r k)
(lLrc (.U\() rn l, L.rcirne]ll v Iire,rrl() dc
Lr r.Pr(sr-)rl s.(r .lx :r
0(,r(
p:ril cl
(lcs\(hrni(,n) (le
l(
(r'iginxrirnrulir
rn\(r< el L r,r r.rm
n() e\ 1 .(r1st11r(1i(-)n
-l)rsr(nizxci(-),1
que rnrliern(l() \' nlllistu puccln lu(er.
,.rr
"l,s1c.lrrun;rlt.sis
an(l Ner11)science.
.lottrtul
d-a:lilricul
Ps.)'cbototdl.\'sis.
r , ,l i
(
Sr lms. 19!)6).
l. ltr.era va
(le
activci(-)n
(l('l
inc()nsciente
viene chcl por l:!
flc't:n(i'r
rk l oltjtr extern(); en cl casr clcl tiltao)ient()'
por el ;tn:tlistrt Aqrt es cltlnclc
, ,, , lr,,.lrt .,rn quc ste n() repita la cctnclickin
(ltle
Pr()dLli()
cn I int:lncilt [n
(l('sll(ti\'ci(-)n iecr.rial clcl incons('ientc.
Se rectterir/r cle ttn pltts cn cl
(lLle
n,rs rl'ttncletlros r]s x(lchnte. en e\te l]lislll() cllpttll(), al l)()r(lar
(l
tcllll clc
l:r
(
irtcctizxci(')n tectivx
(le
la furrci<in
(lcsentc
\', soilte lck cn cl c1Pl'ttll()
\iglrientt. cn el aPlrtlclo tleclicclt a lx
Posici()n
ellxrt irnl
(lcl tcrapeltil'
(
i )Nsri(tut.tNCIAS
PARA l-A TIiRAPIA I)li I-A Mtll.l-lPI-l(lll)AL)
r)1, !rs'l^lx)s DEI- !N( ONS(illlNrl'l
lil psicoanrlisis c(nllenza) sien(k) Llrll tt()l s(rl)re la relresitltt s(rctncllLrill
lr)
(rrc
csttr\'() cn la cotciencil \'(ltle eril cxcllitlo
por chr:c:rl c{l
(frlls
lli-
r'(.a.nt,,ci,rnea,
txlll1)iLln
Presenles
cn l:l c()nciellcilt-
l'lr tcnicll
('()htrcrltc
i,,n t'sl:r concepcitin era ia clel levantatnient()
(le
lx rePrcsi')n cl rcllcnel lls
l,r,:urts rrnsis,
es cle(ir la rr( uPerllci')n <lel recttertkr tle lo rh'itlaclt'plrr
,,,1, i,,,, .la la reJtresirn l)()r xlf() FreLl(l s()sttlv()
(ltle
P()l
ll() rc(tn(litrs(' sc t!-
ritt
l l;r-ctrcl, l9i+1'). l'ero si. c(n() llc1ll):lll)()s dc vet' ulatttis tla lt t1t)tcstitt
vt ttttlttritl hrl.\'ltPresn
(-i!1inurd' (fustctit''lcititt seck'ittl !l 1tL(tscictte

tt , itu<ripcriitt.'no
obli4a asl1 Ln\)lttckil1
Lld cun4t' tt
(rltnit'tt (ttilas
rttlt'tt
st't: ltts
.lt
"tttt tts clt'attcctrttr ctt utt t rdlotll i('tt lt)
l)sicttttttliictt
rs s dtl'-
tt,ulL,s tn).tli(lttdes da ?.\isl?ltci4
().la ttt) oiist('tt'-i't
'le
k) ittc()tts'i('lttc? llloi\
l(
()nlr
l)src()llnltllica
cte l cltt:t \
(le
Ll tcllie't cs sicnlf)re srl.lsitlirtril clt' la
,'t',rl,,,ia,n
que vavx tenicndo lx
(()ncePttlxlizaci(n clel inc<rttscientc
\i' ti\gr)
rlt rlisocirtt a lli tcnic
(lc
la te(n'.I y luciirll
Pelllranccer
cn tlna
Pr:lcticx
in-
rx)\'ili\lJ qLte se
(l'llnstllile tle
generecitin cn gcn(irllcin) c())o cn l()s l)[ici()s
itrl(,sunirles.
Por ello it cacla c<ndicitin
()
estxd()
(lel
inc()tlsciente corlcsp()n
tlt r:i rtlgrtna tloclaljclltcl tle inlecncin
tttc le sea llls
P('rtinentc
(irrut'ncctos
P()r
lo ilscri)
(
)ri.aini ri. nlcnl c c'n el in(1lscjeol( r'll rtle cl
lrirl)lL) c()n ta repiesi<in sccundltliil tienc tln cst'(tu(() lllLl(ll() nrlls litn(latllcn
l:r(l(). Sc trata <le qr-rc el
\uict()
Ptlc(la
tent'' llcccs() a trav
(i(:l
P()(
(-(liDlient()
ritsr'r'rr
rrrr
r-rctil en i)all' L: i( t as ?tl !l ttttli5is(1r)71b
) ltl t,rlotitllicn-
t, rle l'r itle a(lu') en lit inl:nci es
(lecir
'l
l()s
(r)nlenid()5 qLle null\''t cLtrtie
!-1)r cn sL c()ncienci
Pero
qtle s se inscril)ier()n lin plill]et lttgar' la pr'lestlt al
((s(Ll)ierl() tle Ias Ieprescntac
i()Dgs v cstil(k)s en)()ci()nlgs
Pllrentxles
acelcx
clt los <tte no ttt\'() l;i p()sil)ilictrld cle pensar
(luc
exiticlrln
Pcnr
c!lv()s etec-
t,,..l.,f,i,.
y <lttc ftteron ks clue contrillttvercln
c<lnfillurlt c()1ll() slje)' Lln
,,tr,,. Irlin,rs. Irs llrcnsltjes cle )r>s pe<lres
-v
ias cluocir>ncs
(llle
-st()s scntiln
1'
ltltt irttr st tlllr' \'
(llt('
llilsr()n
ser cl \'()cxl)Ltlxrio llitsiclr clcl slljet()' l\IenslLics
i,,, ,,rg,,,,ir,,r,,,, :;,, ilt,,'ls,it'ntc
y <1tte. al n() entlr en cr)nii''l( I lit I'
tll I'rr
t5s ,\VAN(:IJS IJN PSI(]('fJRAPIA PSICOANAI,'[ICA
n('s
l)llcr)1lcs.
Fil prc>l:rlema es clxr separar la verciacl histrica de la vcrcllrrl
r)irrrilivll. es cleci, l< que verclaclerantente sltcedi(i
(lc
los relat()s y c(-)(lif.i( )s
llrio krs <rre sr
()rganiziln
l<lls recuerclcs
(Blranger
y ott.os. 1988t l-aplan<.lrr,,
l()()-xi l)crs()n. 199,1). Pco el riesgo es el que yr serialba Ferenczi en 19.l.lr
i,rl('nlirr Dcgrr cue cl traunLrtisrno existe y verlc c<rtr Lrna falsiflcacin cle l
nl( rr( )riu. intent() en el que participa el pacicnte pcr() quc cs el enalistar <uicrr
n( ) infi(
(
Uentement(j l() pl'otr)Lcve:
"l,r
tr.lulnat()gnesis cs cr-,ltr.rctrlr.r; la ducl:t,
t's rltril si sc tratil
(le
rcxli.icl
()
flrntas1... I)lefiercn pensal <1uc sL espl.itu
(y
cl clt' Ios seres hLlltan()s)
(nrelnoli)
no cs cligno cie confianza nrs que la
rlttntirr cle que rl.,s cosils c'on estc ipo
(le
pcrs()n.rs prrecle halrcr <>crrrrickr
ttltt? la
(
.\!<rslt rifici< cle Ia itttagridad tle su cspitr palll sal,,.er a los pa,
<lrt's),
(l.ercn<zi.
l932lt, plig.
342. ls ctrsivas s()n
(le
l.'crcnczi. t.tl
(.()nlo
ligL
Irr cn lus notas clel { cle ntr'ietnlrc dc 1932 cle sr ciiario escris en lengrra
t
t t'leg lr'ifico ).
Si l)irn n() es f-licil riistingui| realiclcl cle lantlrsa. srlrr.e t()(l() p(r-sL en-
tr( lilzilllticnk). sin etDltergo. al clo clc rn tielnl)()
(le
eslar
(\)n
Lrn prr(.icntc,
t l lcrrrt,rrta se vx li)rtrando rrne iclea clel gr:tclo en cr.re el
I)x(iente
pue(le dis,
l()rsi()nit cl acrr y ahr>la trnsfi,rencilrl cs p<rlexrso lu.rxiliar al respect()-.
il(' . r(t )te cimientos ptrecle cstal tlcliIltanckr y ct[iles <rrrtespondcn a una
r|rli<Lrrl lrisk-rricl. En estc senti(l(), irey c.iertos clat<s srltre eJtistxlios traum-
tr(
(
)s (.n
Ll vi(la
(lel
pacicnte qLc .l rn tcnl)cLt.l tenltjnn por nO ofrcccrle clu-
rl,rs tlt.<trc si
()cLn-
et()n.
l.ir rf[l (resti(-)n,
cle intportancitr
(lecisivlt,
es
por.cue1
la rcconstrrcci(ln
lrislolir':r rrrrcliflce cl nunclo intcrno clel pxcientr. por
(l
lt:rccr- cotrsciente kr
ir)(rrs.i(.ntc pr<rluce canrltiosl
Sinlflcutentc tonLre
Icvanle lu rcprtsrun.
In)r(lt(
sc llenan las lltgrrnas usiclts,
()
p()r(lue sc ve constrtrvr-nrl() Ln nue-
r o It llrlo, ulxra con l c()p!lrticip:tci(-)n
(le
pll(.ientc y anelista en ruc algo <tre
rlurl(:l cstlv() prcscnte
-l()
n() iuscrik)- pas:r tener existen( iitl, Lln el
lxo-
rtso tlt'lrcrr'rpaur al pcicntc en el lent() pro<.eso rlc rcvisur-su ltistr.ie. se
\ir ('(
nlst[rYenCl() Lln nueva crtncepcir-rn y Lnll l]Uc\'il lllarnc-It
(lc
l.uil,,.(.i(rl.tr
(,rr()(
irrllrlrentc. l-l re(
(
)nstru( ci( )n hist(iri(.x rccstrll(tLrra el signiliceclo clc la
sitrLrt ion
Plrscll
p(r'que pcnlrite c.relr rlistancia con respccto el c<-xlig<t cLtc
ti('n('( srict(), porquc rcletitizu ls convi(.ci()nes clc l infunr.i pcro,
lxr.cn-
(
inlll (l(
l()(l(). polclrrc algo ttre nLlncil se c()nstitu!a) psx ll cstf en cl ntrnck
r(
l)r(.s(.otirci()n1tl
clel paciente.
(::n(k)
cl pilciente es ltyrrrlatlo a c()nstittau-rtre vio el rntrnckr y I sr rrrrs-
rr,
(r)r()
resr.rltacio rle un cricligo entocionl r'giclo y tccluciclo. kt quc se le
l)(
llrl(
(s
s(,nlit
(lLc
lray otro crirligo p()sil)lc tln lrucn lrnl'rlisis crci
(ni\t(r
r r, ,1, ,Jl, ,s. , , st rr, suiet()s que rcvisan sLl visir-n clel ltrrntkr preguntrnrlosc:
7.por
r
ll
rr
l)i(
r
(
,
\ si(,,tlt) cle est lltnerai/ tll
l)cicntc
ltien analizlrclo, ll tmrin< clc
rn .rr,rlrsrs crilosr. kr <ue salte rs
(lLrc
gr.an pxrtc
(le
l() <r.re. pcnsti v sinti tite
rrorlrrrto
r[. lrrlxl cst(k) explcst() x
(.ie()s
c(icligos y expericni.:ius. qr-rr
lr( nl(. .r L's llisnl()s it(\ nttccilltie'ntos los poclr.a halrr vit,ickr cle
()trs
llnne-
tNl tiRvriN(it()Ntis't liRAPIul l(,As t)lIlliRliNclADAs
r;rs si krs paclres le hulriettn aportaclc)
(fr()
v()cal)tllari() emoci()nal. L()
(lue
lllul)in resLlt vl'tliclo para rel'isal el cclig() y las em()ci()ne cle sls
'padres
.rctrLles,
-el
terupcLlt.l-, ls ent<ci<>nes y las te()rias cle ste sollre el tlltn
Lkr, la salLrd y 1a enfenncrlaci. Al cetx clel anillisis
-rlet
ntrnca alcanz:ll)le,
l)cr()
x h que
(lebenr()s
tender-, cl pllciente sc
^cercalrl
\ c()n()cilrriento
(le
srrs iilritacirnes y capacidacles, las cle sls
Pltcles
v lls alel teralp(tlt.t- Fr1 1\tt
cixs csrs, Ias clilicultacles clel paciente intpiden <1ue progrese en la amplia
r. i<-rn cle sr.r c()ncienci.l respccto sus li[ritaci()ncs
y
las
(le
stls pdres. Bn n()
l)rxr()s.
ls
(liflcultxcles
clel tcttpetttrt inrpiclen <uc el ptciente rvltnce en el te-
c()n(xinrienk)
(le
lxs cxrencias qtle cxrxcterizarl .r qtll y, s<llre trckr. tlc s-
lrcl clrre a trltvs cle kr qttc el terapcutx dice
,v
hact; llc l()
(lLc
nrl clice y n<r
hucc, lc va intrrxlrciencl<, cn su in(onsciente,
(leseos.
xfe(t()s, icleas. No ltal'
terrpi quc no kr hega. l,o nico <1ue
Pllede
(listingtlir
al lnlilisis es si cl pr(F
lrio
aneliste p:ls, tllrl)ia'n. at ser cxlll))ina(l()
P()r
el pltcitnte en stls
(;r:l(1('ris
tic:ls
-n()
s<-rk r cn lo
(lue
el pa(ientc pr'())tcta en l -
Qtrc
el terapcltta see
silenciosr {) n().
(lrc
clcjt cilcLtlar cl cleseo. c1r.te hxga iirterprttaci()ncs
()
n().
<rre enalicc ll lrrntase inc()nsciente,
Pucclq
()
n() scr
jntcn'cnci(il-l
llnxlitic.,v
s(rlo k seri rs es nuestr.t pcrsPecti!a- a
(r)ndicin (lc
qtle el pacicntc
tcngx l!
()pcii)n (le
tclllintr vien.lo cuc kr rtte el analista hacc no cleriva cle
unll \'cr(l1l(t tcnica.
(le
algo ctte no
roclria
scr
(lc ()tr
fi)rlra. sino <uc lcsttl-
ta cle las r4rciones. cle krs clesets, cle la ernocionrtlitlx(l
(le
stl lnxlisl:r l)c
()fr
nlancfa. sc vur:lve a repetir L contlicitin cle la infrrnci cn clre ltls peclres jr.ts-
tillcxl)xn sus prcli'rcnciirs c(),)lo si fLcl-itn vcr(liLdes cternlts tle cixrur sc clclllt
cliar lr un hiio.
Si algo clifl'rencie xl an,tlisis
(lc
l:t psi(r)terpix psicoanlrltica
-n()
sicn(l()
el prinrero superior. sublitne c()n rcspect() x la segLndai silllplclllente se tratlt
(le (listint()s ()l)jcti\r)s.
igttaltncntc vltlickrs scgn los casos y circtlnst.rnL'irr\
,
cs que cl rnlisis l)Lrscr l() que estri cletft'ts clc la itk:nticlacl oficial tlcl pa< iente
l)ct'o
t.ultblt dd atatlislt.l)e esk) se
(lesptcn(lc qLle n() l)asltlll()s llr clitcrcn-
(ia
ni en el nivel
(le
tegtcsi(in.rlcnzit(l() ni en el ltnlllisis
(lc
la fintxsa in
c()nscientc ni clc llt tI1tnsfcrcnciil, y.t qtrc est()s [ecurs()s
Ptlc(lcn
c()ffcsP()nclel
a les Iir nlrs Drirs ru(linrcntariils
(lc
la psi(1ferpi stlgestiva ctlan(l() cl
(lcsco-
<liticack y su c(-)(lig()
-el
tcr.rpcLtll- n() s()n plcst()s en cLlestk-)n l){' rll,
ncra c(riv:llente. ci analista mcnos intrLLsi\'(), ltt-rs sjlencitso.
Ptlc(le
ser
Pxrtc
clc Lrn r)lrc() terupLrtic() tle srtgestit-tn cranclo se crtc, ing!-nultnlcntc. qtle
elkr cs rcslrltark excllsiv() <lc la.l>uena t'cnic1t" y no sc levisa tr.r clccls
ploriucc en cl pcitnte y (
ules puerlcn ser los clcscos clel lnalistx
(lue
sc reit
lizn a travs dc cs.ts c()n(lLtct.ts.
'lunrptro
gxntiziln na(la ls cL.ltl(, c.\i()-
nes si sc r.tilizan para inr.rnclar xl pciente cle icleologa ltteclitntc inteprct
(i()nes qlrc se cree estatn clesculrlien<lo el inc()nsciente cLllncl() r:n vcrtlcl ll
estarn creand(). l'cxr tLtrtr rrcn()s aitn posiltilita el enl'rlisis si el n(llrler< cle
scsi()nes o ll cltrrcitin clc las nristlus y el pcrtxkl <Ltc las abtc n() pcrll)iten
(uc
haya un proccs() en clue el inconsciente sc pLre(lx n)lnifst:tl y exJminJr
159
l(r0 Av^N.Iis LN
psr( (tr'liRpl ps)coANA.i'DcA
t'rr pr<fun<lichcl. Si tlrvir.lm()s trre cielinir.rl ilnlisis diriam()s qrrc es el pr()
(cs()
en qLlc se exnrina el inc()nsciente del paciente
1.
su relacirin con lu
( (nrcien(i
peft), p()r'encira clc tr>clo. es algo que se cilrcteriza porque aquel
{l{('()(rp:r c] l(rga[
(lc]
allis:r cstli
(()nlinuanrcnte
rrlisun(lo el c<itlig<> v cl
ur:rtco cles<te qLLe se cst.i exaurinanck e'se inc()nscientet es clecir, los supues-
t()
(lLtc
cn el clesc<xlificacl< rct(lxn par:r ir enc()ntrand() y pr<xlucicnckr signi-
li<:tclos. L inclispensirl>le asimetra cle l, sitraci(in anulticil requicre qre el
nlrlisfir ;tr(le al pr(icnt( a exun)iDur slr inc()Dscienle
-sti
es llr tlre cola-
lxrrtiva-
y
qLle, 1l misno tiemp(), est'fiente u s rlisltx) revisln(k) el sr)'()
-a'st
es la tare qLlc el rnllistx reseIvr par:r s
rero
qr.re clclr cle tcner tan-
lir
l)rescncja
c(titllt(t coto la priDrerr-. Y no mrs referinlcs s<ilr olsenar
li
(\
)ntn tr Dsltrencia. sinr : I(xl() cl lprrrt() rlescoclificrrlor intelsct!a y
(u()cj()n1tl que el ltnxlist p()ne en jueg()
en cr(llt
()(.rskin.
li,ssl(itctts o lct t'ccr)tntccii l)istric.l
Iil trxl)) clc' re( onstnl( ci(in lristrrica p:r'lr lograr <luc lrlguien sc /c-s/d?r?-
tilittteclel cliscnrso parentlrl n() es tlell fr'icil. Aclcrnirs rle la inercia p\(lu,cJ J
rlorliti<lrr I() inscrit() n()s t()pan't()s crn las lcsistencilts nlrrcisistlls
(lte
hacen
(l(l( ('l
l)il(
iente se r'c:ttiture en sLrs
(feer]ciits
rtres
clurltiltrlas es !i!i(l()
(1)l]t()
5i)rtl({(l-s( i.t
()tr().
l-(a()n()ccr
(lue
nccesit.r
(lc
ste. Flsl)cciallrentc
((n(k)
k)s
|lrsgos
)ltlol<-rgicos
estlin nxfcisizt(l()s. c()lu() c()n ci!'1t()s rasg()s
()l)rrcsl\'()s ()
r.rllrrtoitlcs
(lue
s()n .()nsi(lcmrlrs p cl p:rcjentc c()r))() inclicios rlc virtr.rcl y
\ll)r'li()r'i(h(l s(r)[e l()s <lens
(l-rrx.
]91i9)-
'l
lu))l)in c()nstirye un rlst:'crlt>
t):lir
llr rec(x1str'ucci<'rn histtiriclr llr <lcscrnfi:rnz:r
(lue
se trng1l rcsl)ect() al te-
rirl)( Lll cuan.lo el suiet() estu\'() influenciacl() p()[ el rr!]nsajc plrrental cle
.Ncr
(
r('xs cn l() que tc
(li8n
los clenl:is. te v.rn it tratr cle rngaar; crrc s(ranlen-
t('('11 n()srr()s". P()r
()fnr
pr'1c. cxirnlinar el cn'rcter pllk)l(11i(()
(le
lis iif.rrrirs
l):rrrntlrlcs
ciespietl en()nue LngLrstia: sel'rtirlicnk)s
(le
clcslealt(l
_y
culpx,
()
inl.Lstias
Pe$ccLk)l'ius
p()r criticrtles. Si en Ia intlncix el criticxr.i I()s p(lres
(r'.1 scrlli(l() c()lno inr))inenciu rlt c-.rstigo, cl hacerlt clrrrante el lr.rtJnlicnl()
rltsriertu csc Iism() scrti]liento tlc
J)cligl.r>,
) l() s)l() p((lue se transficr: s()-
l)rc cl telul)eLrtll la ilrgen cle tigLue rco.rz!nte. Koltrrt
(
I979). cn lts c[<ls
rrnrilisis cltlse()[ 2.. nl!estrl la angustiu rlc clcsinteglaci<in <ue cl seot Z.
s(nliu
(L:n(lo
se ex1r)linlll)an los rsgo. plrt()l(igic()s clr srr laclrc. prres cles-
l),(
r(l('rs(
(lL
a'sta ela \ ivi(k)
(1o
perclet un sentirricnt()
(lc
identirlrrtl. cle co-
lrcsiort <k stt .rcl.
5( rrlillri('trl()s periecLlt()r'ir)s yrol scpararse rlc los paclres ttre s()n lllll:r lnar-
(.r(l(,\ (uiirlt()
l]lrv()r c()ntjna sicntl<t la clepenclenciu
(lel
ptcienlc c()n res-
l)(
i lr).r t \lr)\, ( ()I]r)
s!, (()nstrlJ
en cl aniiliss
(le
nios, cspecillrr'nte cLrxn-
(
f(
'
\('
lrr(
s( nl.l l.r llr'r'rr <iiflc il cic tctter rtrc rll, \tr.rr (lu(
cs.tn .l\Ll\tiL(i()s p(n'
Irllrrr.ts
r,rrcrrl.rk
s rrr:t)luntcnte inllrginatills sin() rc.rlurentc pxr(;Iicxs l'igtF
lNIriRvl:N( l()NLs I lillPl'ltrl lC^S Dl l'lit I: NCIADAS l()1
t,ts
(lue
constitu,ven rna arnlen:lza tlnt()
Parx
el nio coln()
Pllra
el teraPeLltx,
l)urs
s()n
(le
quicnes en hima instancirt clepencle la c()ntintlci(in
(lel
tritll-
rrinto. En c{)nsecLrencia. ltt tlcsitlettlilicuciriil
(le
l pt()l()3 clc J<])s pacllcs a
l,r ruc tiencle l:r reconsttLtcci(rn hist(iri(,1 re(lLiiere ctc ltn trlrajo c<nslstcnrc cn
(
ncr"Jr llrs resisrencias qte itcal).lrr()s
(tc
exatllinxr. Iln:l l]latizaci(in adiciooal
r(,sLlll neccsaria: lr)ient(rs que en xlgLlrl()s pacicntcs el cxillllen cle las Citrac-
r(rsti(:ls patolgicrs clc los
.>ltclres
es l() 'esisti(lo. en
()tr()s.
la crticll l()s tllis-
Ill()s
(()nstit!r]'c
I:r csen(i:t
(icl (liscLrs()
rlLniflcsr
(lel
P.tcientc
y sL f()rllllL
(lc
( ()r'ltlalrrestr
le rrlnsfcrencia pcrse(!tt()riil ctn cl ltnllista. cle creal ln :tlin
zu con el rnisr(). En est()s cas()s cl rnrlisis cle la lun<i<-n rletensiva cle l cr-
li(.l ir l()s pa(lrcs s('c()nvierte en tarcll pri()ritlria.
'
L (latilc.tcitit
(()l
d l?rupctt0
I-ln l(xli
(lcsi(l(-niflc:tr'ion
rlt'l Jr)tn(l() pit(ra)gic()
Pilr!-ntll
se ((nrt cl rics
go -<,s ir-rcvitllrlc-
(le (cr
en lr i(lent ifl( aci(in .1)n el rllLln(k)
Pxr(i8ic()
del
tc pcLrtx. Dc lt cl cLticlaclo rue sictnprc- lta teniclo el psicoaniilisis en alcfiar
lLcerc tle no usr la i(lcntilicilci(in con tl anltlistl
(r)l)t()
instrtl)rent()
(le
clll-a
L'
-)n
l)L-r)
(ierl()
njvel tlc irlsrtifirilr'ir-)n rrsultll ine\itl)le. Mris ltn. lluy tllit
iclentili(llcin ctre sc rlclrc lluscar er-t )(l() trxtanlicn): cs con l [trn!i()n.ln.l-
ltica rn tunt() cuPuciclacl
(lc
interesilrse fjn el lllltn(lo intern(). en ls tn)(x i()-
nes, sn llr fant.rsil inc()nscientc. cn el signil'ic(lo cle'los sr'ttrs. en ls nl()ti
\.lrcir )r)('s
(lc
[ r'onrlrrcta. En c-ste scntitkr. cl nltlisl clelrc tencr
(\u()
inlcts
escrtcirl el rles:trrollo tlc- l:t <lLreciclltcl
(lt
Lr)xniilisis. 1' es 1t(ltri <l<tncte <le-
sellt()s insistir'. unlt v(]z mlts. en
(]l
esg()
(lllc
se c()rrc si c(la vcz
(lue
el
l)a-
cicnlL- sc t()xnxlizlr. cl lnlistx le scnltla tttr aPcck) clel
(lte
se cstria cle
fi,nclicrdo. r consiclera
(lIrc
el xut()lnlilisis es sielrpre el csltltack cle ia
rivali<flr<1, tlc Irt cnvitlia, tlc Ilt in<'ar:rciciitri ric clercn<lcr clcl
()tt-().
En est()s cJ-
srs. el nalist fLrnciona <rrnxr los
-racltes
(ltte
n() pcl'lttitcn cl clesrrtlll< cle
Iilnci()nes, enccrnclo ltl sLict() cn l sinl)i()sis s()l)rtPr(xeckr'11
Per()
lllutilan
tc. lQLr
pxsll ctltn(l() \'ienc Ltn
l)llciDl( )
n{)\ Lttcnt-l Ltn
\tc,,
lll cllitl cn-
(ien(lc
cn tli lensir 'tcs inrp().t!lntcs. \'(le.\l)L-s
It:tl.llrt cle rtr -PCct()
(le
sr
virl:r y clelruestr:r un alto gr-uckr (le
l//.4{b
Cnx)
sc siente cl analistx?
(iene
lirlDrentc nccesil(lo clc agrt'gur'-JIrr nilrcisisllx)
(,
P(r'crllpx
p()r el pago que
recibc- un algo <ltre el pxciente n() estarlL clctect:tnclo. Al respect(). la iatro-
{enil ltr.ecll: ctlnckr el :rnllistil c()nsi(lerx
(lttc
stl [Ln( i(-)n cs
()freecr
it)lcr]llt
[xcioncs sin tencr en crcn( el plln()rlrnIi gl()l)rtl
(lel
trlltxDlicnk), rlue cn ll-
glrn()s pcientes
()rienta
c()m() trlrea escncial I)xcix lx estilutthci)n del
e)ercicio cle fitnciones qle siemplc fircr()n b()rtil(lirs
xrr
pltclrt s
.inteligentes,
y
"cfi(i(ntes,.
Si nrs cnconi[rnx)s antc Lrn pacicntc lll
(ltle (ltlt
utnc, Ie
(leii
r()n penslr ni lLrccl, el xnltlis(x. xun clicicnclo toslLs c\llcfxs. p(c(le eslxr [(''
rilienclo
esa situacia)n. S<lxc esto rlertal)11
\X'innic()tt (1965.
phgs. 252-J5.lt
l(rl
AVAN(-t'S tJN PSI(JO'I'IiRAPIA PSICOANAL'I'I(.A
, rlrrrrl,r soslenir (lue
sc p()(l ser lltl atnillistil hacienclo,,Jtrrcnes, intr.rrrt.t,r
r r rtc s. |n
(,sprci1,
rLlln(l() se utilizxn ls insullcicncils en las tlncr<rn..s ,rr,
t l
rrtjr..
cnrpieza:t clesarrollr pllr scalarlas
v afianzar.se s en el lol r[.
I iglrrl
(r))nip()lentc.
l',r r r.rx;
p()R
l)[_ctr',
p()R
.r.RAUMA.
p()R
Ns(.Rrp(]t(iN
pA.I.ot (icl(:A
(,fi
t(,tNARIA t:N iit_ INCoNSa,nlNTIr. \,
p()R (1)NI,t,tL-,()
(.uu(l()
se estucliln lrs eieltpi()s clnic()s p(n.tack)s
Ixx.
l()s aLk)res
(lu(,
irrtlr rrlrrjt'rrn
la ccrncep< i<in
(lc prttdt)!1o
lx-licl(
y sc rlesrrrnstr.Lrye el c()n
( (
l)lr
). sc c(nnprLrcl)11
(lUe
I)lj() esta
(len(llinxci(i11
engl<ilrun c()n(li(.i()ncs rt)rrv
,lil,
rr'r)l(\
I
(luln(l(),
efi'ctir:rncnte, e
()l)ie) (.xtern() (lejo
ctc ap()r.tal alg() eseltci.t
lrtrrr
lr tr rnstitrci<-rn
(le (i(jlta
tirnci<-n tlcl
l)siquisrrx)
s()sln (le
la arrtcttsti
rir,
('.lp.r(i(lcl
de aut( )apllcigLl uiento
(lc
le engustia, (stl.uctLu.xci(in
de la
Irrntir:r cltseante, senti)ricnt()s dc p()teDcia y ellcacilt. clc l\)r otrl pafie. la
rlt nrrrrinrrci<'rn (lc
pit(r()gl por c1ti< it reqrricre cie unu rspcc.ifir.acir-rn lrclicio
rr,rl rrt rrrt cl clflcit cle cierts filncioncs
rtrccle
scr. (r()
t)()stl'(-) Frerrd en
ltl,1,((ir. sUtolkt
l,uu,qustt, el resUluckr (lel
c()nUick)
l)s(lLic().
l)()r ello
rlt lritlllrrrs hallar clc p.ttol(4a por (lc/icit (l
obab c-\.t(,rtk,.
I
(ltlLt-rclo
el
()l)jelo
extcln() persigLti(-), tcrr(n.iz(-), crrlpaltiliz<'r, contrrrl<i
,rl)rrsi\ ilnlcute. trullltliz(-) psquicl
()
lisicrnente. Cree(1lt()s qLle plrrlr esta
r'rItIirirrtt lr cle ntDtinltcirn n11is aclc<.Ucl cs 1..\ le p.lt()k4!.t po.tt: i1t .
l.
(.lr.rn(l()
l
I)itt()l()gt
resultx. en lt esr-ncill, clc l irlcntiflc.ci<in clcl st-
l(l().()ll
l.l pirt()l()gix rte los patlres. ljt\ctlrcolr ptttlliLu (,t.ginau
t,t qt cs
cjlrrtplili<lrcle p(n un pil(iente cuyos p:rcLes. fi-bicts antlt<rs, lc crnstitrrvctrn
(
)riltiril.ia rentc
(les(lc
sLr ltl-ts tentprant inflncia Lrn vision clel tunckt coluo
l(rr()rili(r)
t,clc elle crlo allentz?(l
(le
tl)Lcrtc. En este cts() sLr p:rnlirlti:t
cslri irrlisolultlcrlente
cn(.arni(llt r:n lo ul'rs cscncial clc su personalirlatl. Es
rlilllcntt'cle
Lrna firlilr pr.r-lcsplazll:ticntr
clefensivr cn quc Ltn lip()
(leter-
rlirt:rtlr rl<,((x'tflic(), I()(ulizu(k). genct
lrngrstiii .xza)n p() L <.ul krs r.nr<
(
s srrr l'..rliclrckrs cn
(xr.rs
repl eselltac i< ncs.
-lmlin
s()r (liti,rentes
lils i t
lrlrr
rrr'irDts tcrirprti(.rs l.ln lx pat()l()gill
Ottr
i/lcril)ciu
l\tolgicd
ot.!ntrulLt
rrrs Ir.rllrrls nte lL ncccsidcl clc elg< que r,. nths lllli rlc rcul>icur la firente
\ l,rs r.llrr's rlt l o clc los Dtieclos cue s()n (r)jet()
clc cltsplazantientt
-el
cso
rl,
lrr,rrrrt,
rrrI
t.jc'rntlr>-. S(] trallt. clt c.rlrir. cle un tnl)ll()
(le
rccstl-Ll(.tL1l_
, r,,rr,! l.r lt,r\()r
l)rrlc
<lcl nttnclo rcprr-senlacirtn:rl (lcl
sujcl().
lllnl ,r l,r inllnrt:utcill (lLte ()t()r!l1ror1)s
lr lits clistincioncs
(lLte
tcal)1r]r()s (le
lr,rrtr rtr.r IIr(sll()n(lucnopuecleclcjer.<lcal.xrrclerseeslaclesircsult\.lili,
rl(, st
r.rIrr
t,liit,rt( r( nlc l petokrge p()r
clficjt, la patokrge p()r tfunta, la
irrsr |ir r(}rr
r;rt(,l(
r11ir rr Origineria
Y la patokrga p()r c()nfliet();
()
si n() se trata,
lN! llRViN(.1()NLS I lll{APllU't I(lAS l)Il:l,RliN(llADAS
16J
r.rs lritn. cl( r)r()str-itr lit rlicttl.lrin cntrt l.ls Illi!ll.ts \
el
Pre(l(l)ini()
rclali-
r,, rtrr-
rurtierl
rxistir'(le ltn <l<'tlllts. l)()r
()trit
Prlc.
(l
e()n(cl)k) rlt'tt'lrtnl:t
,',lLliclc ser ptecisacltl' Sc stlclt' entcntler c()lll() lgi) qLlc ll:tl)ien(l()
()cLlrli
,1,) ('n
un rlt()mcnk) chclo. licnc rlesdc stt rrtigen el
(liriicter (Lc
1l'artln.ltico.
'r,
tltlo el clisoclirl ltllctior ltlgo cltc simplenlcl-itc r('xclivarix l() v c(rlPl(t-
t,r'atc
( (
r').\( )lid1(1. y n. elltl>rrracl.. Sin etttlxttg. cl
Itiiccs. l'Llccle
scr lltlch()
llr.rs c()r))l)l(i():
,l-
c\lesli(-)n stclPrg
Pl'tsenlc.
lcirtir-'.
y 1lg
(()nsc(Lr'n(ills (l
ItirLrriLtisllt(). <lcl ortlen
(lLlc
sc-iln. sc Iltll)ierllll descncaclctt.t'.lt
I
(lc
l()(llls llllt-
(
llls sin l:t
l)recil)illlci(xl
(lcl
iLc()ntccilnie]t(). .
()
si. p()r el c()lltrllri(). lo <rLc se
lrr cllclo en lll]urr
.situacit-rn
descrrc(ltnnl(j' tle llfsctit
((
nllplc lllrln lxrix
-tl
(r)lll()
]() lrgnl()s itttlltclt Inl'is llrrilxt-.
(]s
Pilfle lxegnllntc
trrn igttlll nivcl
,['rcalirlurl rttt'lo ptevirttllt'ntc inscri),
y
rc((),]lp()1( l:is lirltrs
(()nstittl]'en
rcs :l rrrclo tlc l,t.liltttiittt tld lftttt\Ltlstttt), cs tit'r.it. r-lt tl)il lijrlLi('l
lr"l
rr)
(I(lct.lrrri.rt)s ltl)tcscrlt.l( i()nill('s s()l)r( il1\'(sti(l( )s t1r.tt lt-tcfttt'ltn llts cletct'l-
slrs lrelritu:t1,.'s"
(
Illciclrtrrltr. S., 199.1.
Plig.
-l+1, crlsilas
)'rrl1r('((nuilllt(ll)
(lc
lii ut()r).
()
sea
(ltLc
k trrtttnrliticr
l)tlc(le
scr alo tltte crtetlo
'1t
lll esl)e[a'.
trrttxr p<fctlr'iltlicllld trlltlnliilicx'
l)cl()
(ltc
rg(lLtitlc
(lLc
l)tl-() il c( nltc( inlicnl()'
(n
rrtctrcrrlr() trrn cl
(r:trtllllt
ll lll csl)tr', \('ngil il
(()nstittir illl()
(lLle
n() cs_
lLl\'() cn ningtrrt().1a 11 1lr nl()l)lcllt()s. \in()
(ll( sLltge pr lll illlt'r:rt-t it-rn clc
rrnl)()s F-5 lrr <rrn<ction
([l
rljr a(r14](n l
(l\lc
insistc l-rttlrtncllc
:trtl:t
tli
lr:ltn<ill.L tlc tttatrcl() tln :t(r )nttcinrienl
(
) tlltcri()r
()11)fglt
stl signiti((l() il Lll()
r.lcl prtsucl<r
(l;tplrtnclrt. l9Sl.
Jr:ig.
l5lt).
[\r\( A\r's t\r(
('\'Iil
\l,A^!t\l(,\\'l'l
(
\l(.\ I'l'l\ ll kAl'l \
l-l
l)ttti.ttt,
ttt, tt1tl':tt,l,,,tt L l ,littttt
lln hrmlc, cle lrcclctkr
(lc j1)
n()s. rcl)cl scsi(-)ll trlts scsi(-'rr. !1'n in
rrrnfirnrlilrlc ilit, LUt rcllo ett cl ttte elguitn
-sr.t
lllLljcr. Lln f:tttililtr'. tll't.rrlli
g(). Llrl ctr)l)lr,relo tlt lrltl>lti().
(ln
fiM(i(lilri()
l)til)li(r)-
s( c()llll)(xt:tl)il
(lc
lir,)er:l in(l('( Lrir(l:t Al clcsr'rilri'lils inlclrl((j(nlts cttc Itltlliltn l('r)i(l() itlgllr l()
It:tci -tsLrnientlo
llt itlcntitllrcl <lt ltts
rttsot'tlti,.'s
ll l()s
(lLr( sc r(fi'rr-1. ullL'tl-
n:-rntl<lcs- tLrtrrnck lx \'()r iLtIil)tri(lx:l
l()s lllislll()s tle lttr:L <lrliclltcl hlrstil.
(lesl)c(
ti\',
(
n( )l lleillcnlt t lesltgrarlalrle. il(t'lltlln(l()
(llle
lllc
(licrll (Llcnta
cle
c<-nro le ltrrlran tr1x(l()
(l('
Ltnlt Illncr initrsllt l,lt ttnilirlltizltci<itt
(lLle
Irltcilt
rlc trxlos lrs
l)crs()rics
cr irlt'trciltllt rL ls
(
lillilri
(lLt
sc tl-ittill)i tlt rtne tlefirr
nlll(ia)n Lrt
(ltrc pt()\'eclill)rl solrc cllrs tnil ligtllt intctnlt;tgtcsir'lt
y, stil>tc
t()(l(), rlr:t Iini('nci( )rtltttrt. Si \<r tllttltlla clc
(lllc
c,\atl]linllsc ltlg() sLlv()- si n'r
'irtt
r'liclllr.t su
rcr<'cJtt
ir-rrt tlt'lrr n:elj<lcl. se'rlgit.ll)ll. crlllcnzltll:t il llx)ver l()s pi(:
ltDricxrI)( nte y tntttr-tcleci:t. r'ellejltncl<) Ln scntilllient()
(lc
intt'nst nlllcstt l'or
mars
(ltc
\1) inttol.il) t'legir las
l.lal.tl)rs
nrtll()s ptrse( Lit()ris prlsilrks Ll''
l(r t
AVAN(]I'S EN PSICO'I'I.]IIAPIA PSI(JOANAL'I'ICA
lrinsnritir (Lc
n() lc critical)a,
(le
alentarle qLte exlrrin,lscllt()s k)
(lLe
llx.
( (
)rlill)ll
\' a(-)ot() sc sent c()nmig(). sL respLesta antc nris intel1enci()nrs (llt
rlnl(.un Lug() per()(l() inicil de su trutatnient() era el silenci() dc una pers{)
r)ir irl( rr()rizit(I1r. iVi ppel. p:lra no despcl.titr esa rcllc(.ia)n. clcl)a r.,stringirsc lt
(
r r)l(,r() lestig() qLiescente (le
sL relllto.
y()
crex enten(ler lt> que le
raslrlrrr
v sus
l)r()\,c(ciones
clisk)rsi()nitntes pcr't) p()c() p()clia ha<.er plra al,rrciarle ir vcr.
rrrtl srrct,cl:r en sL intcri()r y grr cu scna uti prcsencit rle lunera tn ate
r11) iziurlc. Hilst que cnlpczllror] lr irlter refrencilis u cscenas en el c<xleck.
l;rriliul c,n
(lre.
scntu(l()s kcios alrccleckrl cle ilr ntcs. cl
xthe
cstall:rlt:r fir
'ioso r,'
i,I, kr quc desellte. er:r cleslJlrrecer. pasar.clesarercil:liclo.
l)aclre quc
(
isligil)l ()fp(n-.lltllente (lc
rnanerlt selvajc il un Itei.lllan() rnay,Or cle mi pa_
(
i(',rl('. l.x ntltd_c el una lttLjer cticx.
(lLlc
1l Llu llspe(.t() pr-()tcct(.al1ldil
otr()
rrrr.r't,11r'jellr
sL sa(lisn1()
!
(.ar:ictrr
v(,r-rg.Lti\,.oi si cl pllcit:nle reulizlrla un
ttlrrsgr(,si(-)n (LllLn(l()
estl)n fitcre cle cse. ];t ntclre, plr n() p1l1,arr
llgrcsl
rrr.
rr
rstt.rgellr
cl cestigo
I lLle.(), al rcfqrcsr. 1r
resar
rlel llanio r les peticirr
n(s
(l('l
l)(ientc.
le s<tret 1t c:lstig()s cr.porales.
Su silt,ncir
en sesi<-n cu una casi reprocluccitin tlcl <r.rc hlrltl teni(l() en
l.r rrtsrr I.ariliar. l)c igLlxl ,rnc.l. sa piinic() ii ser an figulrr clcstrrr.ecla en str
,rt1rr icLr<l lllrl
-pcse:t
ser un t.rralilicrrclo
.rr.ofi,si
rnll lrrilr ca<la r,.ez <1ue te_
r)r. rlu(
l)l(,s(tlt:u
Lln pr()\,cck)_-
.rosea
llt nterr.lt tlel tcu.ol.rue le ir-tspir.ltlt;t
r.r'lrr ,ti'trclu clel
(fr()
se p.sase s.ltre i,l. clesernck ser in'iiiltlc.
y().
. ,t1r
rrr'r',r rlt
't<ltrrcl<
Dtct(xl()l(-).i(r) Ine pregtn1
en rutrr.hs .r.t.trrnicl:iclcs si l<t
1r,(,r(
(lilrarl) s.lrre slrs
Pltchcs
rt.serlel
J,lxrclrrct.
<lc l raisnl clcfi.rtra-
i ion rrrr. lurr'ilr rlc krs pet.srrejes
r.on kls ttrc cntrlrl)x tl)
(t)lillLct()
cn cl pre_
s( nl(,.5in crnltetgo. cstils irlllgenes cle
ltltclrrs
gt-csi\.()s eran rccrrptfttrles en
t'l .r.llisis (..
c().t'l
(lr
sLr intent() rlc runtcncr ru rcprescntci(ilt
i(lelizx(la
rlt Irs nrislrs. A rlifercnr.ia cle krrlucheca r.rl los personajes
clcl
:rcsente,
:r
(lriL.n(.s:r('ti\'lltlentc
tt.lttlrl:t cle llt()strr c()lll() inder.uarlos,
crtn Ios
l:tclres
r.'nlrrtizrlr:r srrs clalicLaclcs v kr crrc lc lraltl c.rri<llrckr y cuerirlo.
l)r.r'0
rcsulta
lcltilI() \er il estc pacicnlr s(-)lo en trntir)()s
(ie
h.irLnta tn
lrttttil, r[, rcpro<lrrcci<in rlc l< strccclickr con ltrs figuras signill(..rtivits? l)()r Lln
l:rL los tl':rrrts parentitles
h.r)!ln
(lesernpceclo
rrn p:rltel clecisivor la cs_
lnr(1rril.i()ll (le
lt reprcscntitci<in tlc un ntut(l() It()slil
ltoltlaclo
cle flgLll.its in_
t()l(.r:ll]lts
],\engativlts
ere cl esrrhcl< t.lo rlc la cliviclacl cle sr flntsa sino.
lsx r'i;rlrrt.nte. <lc 1os pclsonajcs con los rue lc ltxl)ilt lo(.a(l() \.ivir. SLt en(le
lrlr',rrtrr'stilt:r,
sL angLtslia fl.cnlL- a st angtstill. al)rr(.an c()nl()
(.()nsecLten_
, r,r r [. l rs l'rrll.s
rercntales
cn al,rrrlarle en lil
(.()nstrLr(.cia)n
cle Lt caplr.irlarl cle
\, )\t( n( t s itUt()cstiilt:
,v
cle la firnci<-rn tlc a u ft llrpecigr[r nt icr.rto cle la .rngrrstr.r.
ll r(,
(
\i tr,l
(fr:ls (litncnsi()ncs
<ue no
rorlltn
ser clcsutcnrliclas. El p.r(.icntc
lr'r.rrt.rlr.r
l.(.rl(s illlpLlls()s ugrcsi\.()s. crx c(nnpstitiv(). utilizxl)a l irlentilica_
(
r()n
I)ri)\(1
trr',r
r;rlrr
clefenclcrse dcl c<nflict< intrxpsquic(). coltx) se eviclen_
i t() t tt tttt.t st st(,r t.t rLrt Ileg<i
y
critiC(')
(.()n
inclignacirin c-l csteclo cle la co
tt'ttrr'il)tt t rr t.l
Ir.us, P0(.s
s('entcl.(-) (ie
Ltn cas() c()ncfek). I)espus CI|tiL().r slt
tN Ir:r(vltN(.1()NIrs t t,ttprlut t<:s Dll'liRLN(,IADAs 65
rrrri( r
l)urs
parccx
(lLle
cstal)x incorporantlo krs vxlores dc l sociechd xctLlll.
rrx lliciel. interesacla en el clincro.'loch le scsi(ln trunscllr1l llltjo ltn clitlla
,i, lrrsticli<, cle nal hurtt. de crticrLs intensas a los ttte le roclelll)itn. En un
r(,nt(.1'rt() ciclo. nre c(r]]enk-)
(lLre
tena
(lLle
clespetlir a ltn etlrplcackr. 1'allr_
lrcrr rl.-
(lijo
que il) triltll cie pagarle la otcn()r indelnnizcititl posillle ptrcs
..(
lrtrl)x
(le
Lrnr pers()n.r
(lcsleal.
Ihhl enf:iticalnente
(lLrnte
cllsi clicz tlli
riul()s
(le
l()s tlcfcclos cle estll pers()nI,
(()n
l() cttlll clespeclirla,Y pxgllle l() nl-
llllr() pireca rlrlis clttc
jLtstificecl()
P()lqtle
pareca ackrlccct cle ttrlts los t]e-
l(1'los p()sil)lcs y l[rl:rrse c(nlp()rl:l(l() t))1. t]nt()nces lllc
(li (ucnta (lta'er
l()
lrc cstr\'o pasanr-lo lt lo largo cle la scsinr se senl
(]ri
llta por<tte cles)c
,lir l alguicn cn l)encfl(i() dc sLls inteteses triltnd()
(lc
rlgarlc
llr lllcnl)s p()
'ilrlc
cstabu en c()ntril(li((i(-)n c(n sLls i(leales
(lc
l)cs()la
clc iztttiertllts. Halll
rn c()nl'licl() intftrl)si(lui(r). un pl-tc tlc i'l clcscl hacer elgo, \'
()tl-lt
l)afic.
gtriecla pot cierttts itlcalcs. sc oxrne.
Qtti'lllt<ia llrttlt
nlnttncr itl(rr-rs( i('nl!'
l.r
(rticn. pl.r clisrttinuir cl scntillticnt() clc cLrlpallilicletl'l P[()vcctlll)a
]
\ir Llnl
fi(lll)a
(\nn() pcrs<ne: i'l cre el izrlricrclista. cl
(lcfns(n
clc los itle'alcs: los
(fr()s
ljl'n ks inlrclcct t:tcl< s. l\r'txrtk). tl)ic() lr.tst(nn()
Jrot-conflicr.
en tion-
(le
su nlllcisism(). sLr rilltliclatl
l
enviclilt tle ks clcltilts, stt rlLllia
rilr
rlelcntler
ile rn <trc le ha<iu senlirse clcsralttiztlo.
(lesPcfial)1ln
egrcsiritlacl. <ltte clc
lrilL
trnLrneccL
iltc()ttscicnte
P.il-1t
nlaLntencr trn inrlgcll clc' s ctD.
ittr
I
i-lt agresir'irllttl
(lc
est(
l)(ictllc
crll
()slensil)lci
ll vects
(asi
tilnallltl(ltlll)ll
pLlcs n() en(\)nlr-l)rt l:Ls
I)larlx.ts
ctte ptrtlicr-en cxPrcsllr lll
.santa
intlignacin"
(lLe
sent. Stt lenot
Jxrtlrlt
lrlIl,v I)iel] scr cntencli(l() cnt()n(es c()lll() tcsltlttltr
tlc la provcccir-rn <-le sr.ts
ttt>ios
itrrpttlsos agrcsil'os: \'ca l()s
(lclll.ir. (()n1()
int()lct:rnt9s
)
r1tl)i()s()s irlllt-ert
)
scl)rcjxnzar
(lc
s nrisnrf). l'r ltlltna a la
positiirn ter-rric:r clir-ticlt tlescle Ix cLral tl c()nfli(to sclili el lol<l clc sr.t
lxtttllo-
ge porlrlnrtrs aneclir rrte en las slttrxci(nlcs tlixllgtlllrcs c\l)e tlltntellrt celos.
rl)ia c()ntftr el ttbjeto clc artxrr y cl
Prtslnt()
rivxl. rcll-xcci(-)n n.lr(isistrl l)ci
un i(lenli(lld rlc vctiDiL, atx(lLcs l olljcto clc ltl()r
(()n
resi)Llcsl inc1a
P()r
peric rlt 'ste en lx rcllli(la(I. pr()ccs()
(lLle
era stgttitlo
(lc
lll.-ts irLsll.l!l.n
f"f
n() scntil.se <lrrerickr. rnits fcsentitDicnt(), fl)ix nr(isist
)'
Ille\'()s t(ltles.
lse
trllt
([e r.tna patologie por cl'ficit
)'
tr:tLtlllrt
()
cle r.tne
latologe -ror
(()nfli(t()i/l-
l)l'cgtnt.r
en tr-nlin()s
(l( ()l)ci(rlcs ((n.lptcsts
cs l.r
(lllt
inl
rosilrilita
Ie rcsl)LcstiL. l)elrclltos.
l)()r
cl
(()nlr.lri().
PfegLlnlxi-l]()s:
/t.r'|rllr'
\c
llr rticrtlarlt los fenotcnos cle ttltlrrltli tli'ficit. <trc cn sLl
(as()
fitertn clcci
sirrrs.
l
krs
(ltri\'ados (lcl
c()nflj(1() intrlll)s(lllic()? Scgn ntlcslru
((nllIlcn\i'-rn
<lel clsr. el tcu()r':tnte les tigr.tr:ts
l)xtentxlcs
y l
(lcs('llliflc(i()n ((rrlinLlll
l
cuc [r.re sotDcticlo
(letcnllittatr()n
n() s)]() tlnal
lollrc
iurltgcn cle si nrislt, sint-'
i|rp()rlntcs
Pe[lurlraciones
etl stt relcitin c<n la tcelitlacl: sitttinclost inii'rior
1'no
pr.rclienclo. por tcr-l'()r. 1Pr()\'ecllxr kxllr lo tue le lcltlicllt<l le oflct, stilrr
Ic <lueclelnn la hLricla tiil>iclr o l clcscltlificacion xglcsilrl cle los tlctrl'is rn rtn
intcnt()
(le
olrtcncr lrlgitn scntinlicnto vic.lrintc
(le
\ lrl. I)cro esk) llLllllenta-
lra llr
relscctr<
i<-rnr los <lcrnlis pasltlran:t sct visl()s cotno ligtlr'as ltgr(\llJ\,
).1
llf Avr\NCliS IIN PSI(i()'l liltAPlA PSICOANAI-l'l(:A
rNl lil{vriN(ll()Nlis'l'llRAPl'iu-l
l(,As l)l!liRliNclADAs
167
rro:ol,r
rol
nrctit trnstcrcnci.l de
(a)nl()
lreltn siclct sLts pldres sino p()r
Inll
r r'r r'ir rt rlt' sus
lr-()l)i()\
rtcseos agtcsir.os soll e krs
(lue
l(, to(lc:rl):ln. lll ci( {li
t() tr.rsl{)nr{)
roI
tlfitit ! 1r'ist()rn() p()r (onllict() se rclil))enrtl)a, tltnt() lit(rir
rlt l lr.rtlnricnlr c(u() en -stc.
Los cltlfltil v trllltnts n() s(il() cxacetl)iln lrs conllickrs c irnpi(len su rcs()
lu( i( )lr sin()
([Lc
l()s estrLlclLlr.rn lr:Ljo llts ilLntass clue srrgen
(lc
ks pritrrer', r..
si un nin() lrr siclr atcrrolizucl<. si le Iurn hccho sentil
(ulf):tl)lc y n() \'ali()s().
\i
.url( stl.lngustilt cl clLlk) [ccci()na) a()n cl(,s(ln < rcclr:zr rlejinctole stt
Dirhr cn L r))isrne. llcf(l() el ln()lDenk) cn trrc clebe ctlicntrr llr
r)1rlrlenllili
(
ir
( (ll)i( ir, sLts
([cse()s
ir)cestLl()s()s. sts lcr]r()res :ll rivlrl. lr ale(cp( i{''n
l)r
'[
n(,
xrtL.r'rr[tscgr-riI
cl
(r)jct()
de at)t(-(lLc l() rclcgit xnlc el ri!'], t()(l() cstrat te-
ri(L)
l)rn
l()s fllts lLnt,.rriores: el ri\'l scr :Ltcrr(r-iztntc: l
(lerr()tx
c.lpic.t,
llll(.\ir
(r)nflr,naci()n
clc l:r ileri<icledi s!ls
(lcsc()s
i11(eslL()s()s, lcstitIl()ni() d(.
:U nlrl(l.l(l: sLl rlngu\tilL
l)()r
cl c()nfli(k). xlncn]zll scnti(lll ((),I() sin ltltics rri
l(llllniLir')n. l,s clefeDsls
(]Lrc
sc p()n(ltiiD rr)
iLtcg()
criil
(,xlr(.tIllls,
l sl]l-tsi-
(
i()n (i('
l)eligro
nr:l\intir. lrt lgrrsivi(li(l r[-li'nsir tr tonl.trri ut)
(lli(tcr (les()r-
J1:llri,/.nl( llrcs
le slrstJrli an llis vx
(luc
sr ils()(iril a llr i0ragr.:n clc un fi-
illlr:l
(l(r( r'rsP()n(lc.r cllil C()n fLrill
(lcstl-Llcti\'.
I;t tlt't coD<titllt lcsis
(lc que
L l srrit to sr'lrsllstr
clc srLs pr()pi()s inl)Llsos afilesi\'()s. con cl i'nlrrsis pLrcs) cn
,
rrr,
r,ll, r t s :ls p()r(ltL( c.cc
(JUc
plte(lr (l(.sl
rLlir
()ntnip(
)t(.nt( ntcntc ll
(
)l)jctr )
\'
.r sr rrrirrrrr. rlt,s'"rlicntlt tl lrtr'lro rtrr
(.1 jlll)() (lLlL-
lt tcrirlrr
l)t(lrcs
(lu(
rcl(:
, i()n.rt
(r)r) ()(li()
)'
lnltr;rl()
rscluitr>
r
(1)rlxn-.Ll
.lnlr llr rrrcnrt D)Ltcstli cle
.rI'r'sior tk'l hijo clcjan cn l mcnte
(ic
i,slc lir irsr)ciltci(-)n "s(,ntin)ient()s
(l(,ilt
l,r.r p(,liglr
(lc
r-espLrrstJ rlestrrctivlr
(l(]l
ol)ict() cxlcm(),.
\ilrir'ncl< al cils()
(lcl pcirntr (lrc (.stalltx)s
rclaltlrrxl(). rl cnl rc1LZ:t nl it n-
lO r'rlr'('lrlrunlit tlcm()rizntc,
(lfi(il (n
ltr crrnstitutirir't
(lc
su :ruxrslintil y
cn
l.r r ltr.rr irl:rcl
(le
ilLlt().lll.l( iguilnlictl()
(l(
ltt llltllLl\tiir.
f)()t
ur1 llt(l().
).
cic(1(,s
(lcl
(rir)lli(
tr)
l)()f
cl
()tr(), (,s rlccir'. rntrt' itp(lL-s
(i(,
ltt :tlrlicllcl e\tcrnil V pr()(iLtc
rorr rlt,su nrLrn(l() inlcrr)(), lricicr()n
(lLt(
r'ltllt rrnr refi)rllsL.ill
()tl().
L()s ltit-
rr:r
()rigitllrles
cler(ln
('l
telrcn{) pxra <trc los iDrrtrlsos rlel sujcto licren Vi-
r iLIrs t rtrro
)cligr()s()s. rellt
ctrc les iiglrlrs con las <iuc sr'crrc<ntlltlte lilr:l'lrn,
l)il i1 .rl( nl(,
I)ri)\,e((i()n(s
cle ligrrlas intcrn.rs lgrcsivils
(lU!
hill)1rn cxi\ti(l()
r'r l.r r',.:rlirl:rrl cxterior. l)cr(), l su V(]7, lits
(lisk)rsi()ncs (lLlc
lIlL( :l
(l('
l()s
l)er-
sr,n.rjL.s rlrrr'il>a entrrllrnclr lt rctlltltllizlrlr:trr,
(lcsl)ctltn(l()
irnlrrlsrrs:rgre-
sr\()\
(lu(
lrl scr pl'ovcctltrlr.s ckrlultrn rlt lt.rlrr
ltcligrosirlrrri
lt l:rs figur'.r. r.x
(,)ll
nuLslr() pltcict'tle fue llcccsai() ruc
'lr-irtrclo
pu(lir:ltrx)s u\.llllin-U'
, r r rr
'
lr,rlr,r sr(l( ) .tlcl_t-()ri7:t(l( ) cn la initrnt i:t.
('(-)nt()
Ils ill.igcncs
(luc
.lLlt()lll-l-
lr(.ll||t l(' :(' :r( livirl)ilo e11 l a()n rcsl)rct(].1 trrtla llglrr':r
(()n
l:r
(lUr
entl-ill)il
(.n
("Dl.r(lr'r'\r.rl).tl(,ni(latl)(cslrsL,\-rcrreDci:rsatcrr'(izlll)t(.s.!lltrttrcrics
rrrr'r
'r'
rrr.lrr'Ir
(.!rllrr
lt lrirl)iLjr
(lLc
l
l)()sci
itptrlsos lrgresi\,os r tle rn!i-
rli.r I rrr.rli,l,r,l l)r' llrtlrr'sc crttcltzuckI
I)r)[
sl()s
-la
rtL i<in kleinr.rrr.r- sc
lrlllri(.r'rr st'rrlirl (
rll)irl)iliz(l(). l-c(llz(l() por el tcreltcr-rl]. ftrntascanckr ctrt
,
.,r.rlrr
c\l)ucst() la vengxnzil fitlitls.'t
lrot
plte
(lc
ste por tcrlcr
'()n(lLlcts
.,nlrlicltlus
(rllo
illrlccLl(l.ls.
L.s clecir.
(ltc cl Iriil'inlicnt()
l>ajo Ir motlltli
,l.r,l rlt l Iltsclttecle
(lc
irrlqb/ s()l)rc sLl illrcsi\i(l'td
lc llul)i(l Ictr'rrrrllrttiT'
,l,, rrl r'olrerlc:l trans[litil,
tlna vcz 1rla-ls tl'] s!t \i(l1l
(lLtc
el in J(lecl lll( [()'
l,o cr.rc pennitiri t:l inici() dcl
(allll)i()
terptlti((
fite el cxanrcn
tle [ itna-
rt ll
l)xrcnt. Perscctllori Pr())e(.tacl
cn l O sea' lx
(listorsi(')11 crtt haclt <le
,.,,1,iintcrrt<, oro clc ac<ltlttttLe,lt(),
(ltlc
eriL senti(l() c(nII()
rtcs:tgi:tn<itI
clescltli-
r,..',.ii,n...,.rig,.
recllz<l' !,ll<
llrl.illili,1
Lln
(.:L1lli() en el < lillllt tct.:tti,trtic<l <lc
rrroclo crte lrltcri,rntentc lo,
lt clifercncilt clt lrls pltclrcs
(ltl('r-iclllPlc
(lLl(lr()t-l
,1,.
('J.
lt'>trcliesc 1lc(nlll)liir'cll
slls
Prl)vccl()s'
le n)nifc'slxs('li
Placcr
clllltr
,1.,.,-ip"r,,tr" Lrna clilicLrltrtcl
o inicille Lln clnlin()'p()1-el
(lLc nLlllc;l sc ll1ll)a
.\'cntLrrlr(k) fls
(le(ir.
cll Ils t['nllitos cle'Ktltttt,
lc csPcctllriz1se
lislo
jttnto ltl
lrtclro <lc
(ltlc
cLlllll(l()
('l
sc itllcresr-
P(I
nli
(rl))
cn l uni\clsid(l
-lo
c(F
Ir<,cirr trrli's tlc srl pcrt('ncll(iil ltl lrl((li() Llni!'(rsitllli()-
cn \'cz
(l('resl)()n(ler
( (
)n ,\il('lrcir
).
(
) c( )n int(rl)l ell( i()nes
(lLlt \!llllilscrl sLl cl)\'iLliil tc>ritrrirla'
1
r r n< >
('Lrcsti(r1:se cstc illttf('s Dlillrcnia',1(l(llc,
l t))i:'nl() liclnP()'
(lcnll()
(l('l()s
Iinli-
lcs
(lre
itrzgl)ll
n()
I)c11tll)ltran
cl lfltlnrie'\)
lli
(ltlc'
i1)ll)li(lll)lill
lln lls()
(lcl
1
r,,. iirri.l
1r,,
r,, stisflccr ne<csi,-lacles
I)lll( isis('ts tlllls lisc cct'rlniento:t
nli li
,r".t",i1"
i ,
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llntcs sicllli)rc k trtc ncglt<l<'
l)()r
tlll()s
Px(lrcs
(ltc
c( llz'11)rln
,,,..,r,,rrrri.,"
"lgt,
<le tli,rt Llrc
(l
l)(i(olc
senta \':lli()s() l'()
(lLlc
l()s pll(lr(s
l" tr",'rr,,,iti,,,',
t'll clttl:t clttttlltt)
clll lil' ll clifircnti:t tlc lllrsolros
"
Nller:t-
,,r"nt",.n
t-rl)lin()s
(lc
hollttt. eccll tL'1l)t)rli tottc llt Ir'tsiirtl llcl pac iel-ttc-
.(nr Lrnn i)lg()
l)lltr-nt1ll
i(lt.tliz(lil
cttt lc ctlt inclistc-nsal.lk"
PllL
ir
(r)nslru
Yert(l()
Lril n(lc{)
(lc
tl1()cstilllll.
L(l
l)tt(
tottL' \tt lclilintirltl
tlt'st'r
Sc
([rlxl)ll (lc
tlna nlLlj(]r
j()\'cn (lLlc
clcsr-lc cl illicio rne itllrlcsiottti
por llt
lirr,,,, a:,,,,," cntrll ltl c(lsllll(-i():
(:tn)ioitl)ll c()nl() csPel-ll1(l()
Jllt('rlz'lcl()n
p,,l." at,,r a"al"
1laso.
tlestlc tlltsl)(nltr llt
1)tlc11
Iiltsl:t lt(1)lrs!'cn
t'l rlivlin Sr't
irlsivicled
ct'
llllln(le.
jlttltlis
ttll
n1l(llt, 'li lltl tetnllit tlc llor':t tti ttl-l ctllen
tarirr Ijt>.'n
lllt)rt!ll()s
(l('lrlgtls(ill \{i
(\tn(liltr'ttlsli'ren(ilt
(ril llt
(lc seltilln{
c(-)!lr()(l(),
n() cxigiclo, tllr'
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l)ll(s
(lel ()trr)
lltck r-ur se tuc
llesiirtlll,,i
l,
l)'l(icllic
nr Illrcilt cl ttso clel cs>et io clel cot-t
sr11()ri()
(ltle s cn(1)lllrlllll()s
cn
()ll-()s ('lls()s: a clili'rcnci
(le l()s
I)x(
icnlcs
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a,rl,r,a,r rr,a
()l)jct()s s()l)r(' tlllll sill'l
()
lllll lllcs't clllt sicttrrrc los cllscn'allt
cottsig() rlli:tttll
)'ll() lxrr
(cltl()[ lx
P'r(li(l:l
sino
lrltrlt
ll() lll()]('slr
(ll(lil
vez
l,..i.".,,1r,,.,rl t('rrrirl,, tle l:l scsil ir:l lraritr vrlv lt solic itri rrcl() a
Pcs'll'
,ia',r.,a,,ri
(()n.\Lllt()l-i() t:slill)i
(l'ntr() (lt: tlll illsrittlci(in
('ll (tc
erlt lllvil> lltl'"
ir"lri" Ir",i,,. a clislosiciritl tle los clttc 1L ellll
'()ll(Ltnn'
F:l s( )rl le tirliento clc lil
Pucicnte
el .naa,r.lr" a.llitic()
)
Ill ct lotrtl, nacla parct'll tlcsPcrtar ni firts
trtir-n ni lgrcsivitlacl l.e tclltcitin tlanscllrlilt
cll Lln clinl't
PLICcnter() Paril
llll'
I
(
rl-i
AVAN(:I1S IJN PSI(]O'I'I;RPIA PSI(]OANAI-'I'II-A
lN ! llRVliN(-l()NllS l-llRAPliUll(-AS I)ll:ERIiNCIAI)AS t69
\i, ,r( i(l(.t)t(s. lil r'ncLlr.(t
l()s pers()n:jcs significativ.s (iel
pesente fcniltn
(
s( Ilri\ lr) scll()i l]i
(lcsc(,s
l)or
p:rte cle Ll p:rciente ni rrrliu. sintplenrenre :t.r r_
rrrr rl:r ir-r cn l()s interstici()s que los rlcmlis le clejal.ran.
5( )nl(tir)icnt(). sul)resia)u (le
llt !lgl.c5ivi(tacl
1, cle tcrlo contlicto interpetso_
rirl, r(,l]uD('i.r ul
(leseo.
kremnci? Lnte el srfiitnicul(). t(xl() ell() inclicaltrn un
r'lrt'rr q.1i11r:'
tas()qLti\ti. I)er().
p()r
(ri,
c.ss? I;t p(.i(,ntc halta sicl. hija
llr)r(ir (lL'l)ll(lles (lue
s!- scpt:u-()n (uaD(l()
tcna p()c() lj()s (le
e(le(l. EI p_
rlr't . trr lrrrttlr't incll.tz <le soport.u.ir Lrt:l nlui<r (.()nfliati\. (ulplll)iliz.lnte.
sc
lrrt't[.<rrslr clc la nrisrtlr lll.lneru en rue r.rn inviteckr tnrickr lr hace cle un
r(,uDi )lt: sit-t s:llLl(lal y trrt.rnclo (lue
k)s
(letna-ls
n() sc
gntcren.
L pat!icntc (luc_
rIr rl 11,1,,
(lc
Ln.r nluier qLc h cueria. le protegilr
.rcr.<;
la ilpabilizeba si
,r( )stIirl).
el luen()r in(iici()
(lc
Lk)n()l)]it. El r,ncukr c.n .l pacLc, ,tuy clcsea-
tkr
l.lo
l. pxcicnle. se cir:tctc zl)a
l)(r-l()
izatr)so, tLrn(. sJl)ll si vcnclri t>
r)r ) ;r
I)(
s:r'
(lc ( ()l)r(rl]etell\c
en
(li:ls
I ll()r!trj()s. I_x
l)x(.i(,-)(,
(-.\pL,,il)lt
li p.l
rlr't. ri,signlrclateutc.
sin sentirsc c()n
(l(.rr(.lt()s
per:r rc..l:trturr.ptrcs n()
lt()(l
,)l()slr'.lr'(lr.c
le <lescelxr, yx qLre ello d(.sJ)(r.txl)l irrita(.i()n cn la ntrlrc.
Sin (otl'lr
cn tocla la c(rlpleji(la(l -tcl
casr l.stc sealr.. lts lines cle
l()
(lu(
lriltant()s
(lc
cjcnrplificar. (lLc
Il iclentillc(.i(in (.(.t
rrn paclre evitti_
\'o iLlcnrifi<aciin s(il() !-n estit
(litnL.nsir-)n
pucs el plrclre s fcrrninall rcali_
u.rrl,r sus (lcsc()s.
tLln(lLe il cs(.()n(li(lits jr.rnto
lrl scntinticnk) r[, ctrlpl
',rr(
LllLl nlir(he Lioi(() s()stn y
fu(11tc (le
scgur'idir(l tn rrn trttrnckl clcspo-
lrl,rr I r rl, otros oltjcros <trc fieran sentirlos
c()nto pr()fc(.1()res,
c( )nlt.il)r
).(,;()n
,tl rlt srrrrollr (lc
Lln scntiliento clc tirltu tlr legitinriclucl cn cl clesear. <lc su_
plt sirlt dc
(
ulll(luit:r n):Lnilstcin (lc
iut()n(n1. Esk) sc fite plastrnclo
en
rrr:r r ,rrrt tt,lologu cftrntinacl p()r lit ltiitl)ili(Ll(l clcli,nsit.lr v, t,s.lccilrlltente.
cl lrI r
i
rr.o cnt()ci()nll.
l..l (lili(ultilLl
en cl ulune) tcr-tico clel triiltnient() rt(lic.tl)lt cn cl sorrrcti_
nrr('nl() (l(,
Ia patienrc.
en str hipctcle
tttrc
i<in lr 1o rrr<,t.() lli(icra o rlijcsc,. In,
r lrrso r'rlnck lc seal:tlrtt esk), lt) t()nl1ll)t c()nl() alg() x l()
(lue
sc lcnt
(lue
;r'orrrxl;rr.
c()ntestain(l()ne (.1)n
un s cortlacicntr. La falta tle
(lcse()s
n() ef
lx,rrlu(,
l()s sinlicsc
),
lr>s rel-rrintienr silt()
(lur
xnulxl)l cl rleselr, lltofial.llr lrl
rlt sr',,.lnf .s
(lc (l.le
'st( se cleslrrrtllese v t(ll.lss fiertit. l\\p(,t..tb(t qtk,(,1 t)tt.o
th'.rt,tt.lt,
lx!ft!
?tttt))!L'.'.t (l(s<,ur.
l)(.
(,ll().
iDIc{)ret",
",
..".l., rl:ronunirltrtl
la
(
\i\t('ll( ill
(lc
r'itr-kr
(l(,s((r (lLte
sLpLlrstt tllcnlc (lc)criil
rxistir
),(luc,
al n<l .tIL
rtrtr. l[.rtrse a l <rnc[rsit-n tLrc se hallalra en cl in(r)ns(.i(.nte rcpriruickr lrr
l,rlr,r sirIr l]rlscar l relidacl pstr.ric.e cle la per.ienre. Mris lien se tr:ltxl)1r de
trrr,r
r,,sii
ir'rn rrre clepen<ltr (lc
un scntinlicnk) Irsicr rlc irlcnticlar-l: clla cleba
r'\lx r.r
(r(.r'l
rlcsr:o
>rrr.tiera
ciel rtro. UI cLaclro t.lnic.o t(nlllll) lt tirntrr rlc
1,, lr, lr,.rr,,s (l{,rr))in(l(),cir1tci(r()plI
lpi(.il)l(.,. lo trrt, nrrs perr))rtc \cl
llr.l ,l(. l.r\ rlllt.r'r..1t i:rs cntl-( Lln tl.lsi() t() p()1.([ell(.it
l,rrn<t t()r
confli<.r. En cl
ll,lf(ittol)r,r'rrllictrrl:LsfLrcrzas<.ntrtttrrcstas-el
(lcse(),V
la
(lcfcnsa-
es-
lilo irtr.n .ll( rl( l(.ti\ its:
y
ste es tn clt.ntenl() clili,rent.ickl: cl
(lcsc()
es
fx)
rlt roso,
rrrgn:t.
r r's lit.nclr eo sLl cxprrsi(in n() en sL cxistencix- p()r lirs
,lLlcnsls. I. pltologr
(]el
pa(ientc es tllnultlr()sa, preckrrtrinlrnrlo a veccs la
,lt'li'nse pelo en otlrs
()clsi(nrcs
surge l() reptimi(l( cn cl lcl<> inrpr.rlsivo, en
Ir t:rnt:LslL a.resiva o er<'tite. cn el sn)nu sLrstituti\(). E[ r'incul< con cl plr
(
icnte en esk)s c:ls()s posce h tensi<in cue tefleja l ltcha clel peciente entle
lt:tlizel stt
(lese()
y pr()l)il)i
(),
entre s(n))ete$e y rcl)slarse. En cl trustorno
ror'
(lficit.
en
(
n)l)i(), la anllustiil no surge c(nll() consec\ren( iu
(lcl (lcsc( , sinr
'
!lLr<
l( precL,Lb \ clctennina la irnposibiliclacl clc rtrc ste emerja {) se clesarrllc. Sj
Irlgrricn tiene. por irltntiliCuci<->n con plrlres rterr()l-izll(l()s, o pr hal)cr sickr
rtcl'r()r'iz:L(1() por'('stos. ll intugen de hal[:tlse en
lt:ligrr,
cst:r xngusfit csenciill.
irngusti prir)rri. es llt cttc
(letemlinllrli
clrre el clesco pL((liL ()
n() enlcrgcr
(),
si enr(]rgr. scil c()rk(l() cr'l su
(lest[()ll().
Si. c()]() expusil))()s ntals xf l)x,
plll'il una urLrier sLr nla(lre lc fijri clcscle el
((rlienz()
clt la vicla cl cr.rclpo <lel
hilbrc
-v
sus genitlcs c, rro tt'pulsir,<>s
1' rclignrsos
r-t<> surgiri en ell tn clc
se()
(lre
lrilg() scri tcpirir.k
>or
culPlt o
lrol rcrsecucirin
tr.lriclr. I-os gcni
tlles tlcl It<ulrtr.' scri'in
(
)riginllrix Drunl!'. a(,n:rlltLrtt\.lrrlcnt!'..l lcn.(ztntes de
rllilner.t e(luivlllcnte a
(\)rrl()
l krs nirs cle tlos
lrlteblts.
taz:ts
()
r('ligi(,nr:s coe-
r)1igas sc les insclilcn ks llrienrl)r()s
(lcl grrtlto al qrre n()
Per-1(nccen
c(nll() sc-
rcs rcpucliables,
-rligrosos.
trai( i()ncr()s. N<r es cluc cn cstls
(rnrllr(ir)n(:i
sL
nlc l
()tr(),v
Iucg() sc rcl)rir
l)(
.()nfli(T(). sin() cuc la
rrirerr
in:.r'iti,',n
LltVlt l:t rDer' rlcI rer'hlzr>. l-() r]()
(r)stilti(l() (s ('l (fr()
c(nrr() lucrttc
(le
pla(cr.
I'<r cllr cstltr tli/itt'tttL, lu ltft,4 lL'nry)11!!!c.t
(l?
d?srcp)Dtir h) c.\'istl,,ttt'
tttc la rlc haccr tluc
ql,q()
/).ts(
o lc ct la
lx,t;ibltd
(la (,.\islt.
l.l tr-rr.ulll!'rrr,,
c(nrsistc cn cstt ltinr() cils() en xlg() llll'ls
(lu('cn
ll.rccr c(n]s(iente [o incons
cicnte. er
l)()ner
L clescLll)icrk) un cxistentc. IIay rr.re cial Lt
Jlrsibiliclacl
clc
cuc llcgtte lr cxistir l()
(ltc
nLrnc fite inscito. Io rte catecir-r
(lc
r()nrenl()
c()nstiltrV(nl!-.
LiN'l RIi I-^zA Nlr l--N r'() Itt-tt tr tr 1t'tr;tt v tl r. t,r.t< rr
lll cnlfelazlmient() enlre 1rst()nt()s
ror
clficit
y
tritsk)lrt()s p()r c(rltli(\()
es la lrsis
(lLlc
s()stiene Killingnro
(
l9lJ9), rrrrr lral)lj() rncre(c un r(\cnrl
)
c(rltenlaD() itrlrPli()s
,'ll
trte <fr-ccc algLtl()s l)()es prrit Iir LrnllPren\i,
'n
J-\\i
c( )pt( )l(')gi( lr y
J.)1tra
[:Ls fircrulrs clc ,rtt<r\'('n( i,,n
l](rrlrrcrrtr\
(n (.1(l:l
Ln(t
(ic
ellos. Si lricn plxntq
(luc
llry pxcientcs
(
Lrvir p.lk)l()gill (s
l)risiclrlDeIte p()r
rliic it
l
otros
P()r
(\)ntlict().
tanrl)ien rc!. ,n, ('c ,lLrr (n
tln rllr\rn )
P.rciente
h'lv
llt()nrent()s
()
lireals en <trc preclolninan rn() u
()lr().
Killingnn) c()nsi(lcr1r qLle
en lx pirr()l()gl por clficit se lr.rtlr
(le
at'lrlu ul srjet() x scnlir
(luc
lllg() exis
te. cLrc lrt itDgustilr
(lr(
sc cxl)erinlcntlt c(rr'(]sl)(rt(lc i Ir) siluitci'n
(lLr('.c
|ir i
y
rlLe n< sc prrkr r[rlrr rlc sigrrilir'lr]l. l)r'l cr'()s r'asrls
rloronc
)o crte
llm:r
.iI1tc|r'rncirnes
rlirnLltivrs,
(Killingnt<r.
1995), cjculplifi(rn(l()
(\)n
l:r si-
l.+icnte:
.S,
trstctl ticnc l)tgnas r.rz,,rles
Ir.rt.l
scnlirre insr:rLr.r trtltnclo no le
responckr Fls crn< l< <ttc rrstecl senta ruan(l() sL rll(lrc no le rcsponcla
1'
l-o AVAN( liS liN PSr(.o]',IitApl^
psl( ()ANAr-t
tcA
lNIliRvliN(l()NlislllRAPlllullcAsDII'liRtiNc'ADAs
171
(lri p(nqtLe erJ un nio nl.ll()
que cl
vez c1e tellcr
qre enficntr,cl
llecht cle
,,,-,..,, ,,,4.1r.
\rrllnl(lrrcnl( l(l li.rntl'l''
rKillinPn"r' lr)x()
P'g
6()r
I,tlt,
Pl
!r ([Lltr relLllt nt.t. t.,lcfal)lc sentirse lllll()
(Itlc
allnclc>nadt.
cttan-
(l()
en
()tr()s
cas()s se atac 1l
()l)iet()
lLl)itn(1()nante t'se le lcLlsl
parll n() sen
Iirse lcsp()nsl)le'/
si
la lllclre o cn el cso
''lel
'tt[lt<
sr' olrjett clt':tnlr>r-
rbalrcltna, el stLjetrl no ticne ningin p<xler sollre el <llljerl inclLtso nt salle
r)()r
(rllc s ltte,r si vL,lrsrll. cl r,lljeto <ie alll()r tieoe t()tlll:ltlt()n(nna'
En crlr-
i,u ,,
.,i
.. p,.n',.,, Se flr(
P,
)r(ltl( iLli tuxl().
Por(llle
[lice tal cos" ent()nccs
sllr
g. 1.,
r,railrili,l,,,l
cle fllntliselri tue se prtccle hactr;Ltuelllr
qrte t t u-rlrtccrilt
rti
irlr.u, y qt',"
Pcnritirrt
recr.tperarlo
l-() ll1'ls lllLlstilrnte
es pensa[
(ltrc'
se
Ir,,g" l,r',.," se haga.
"l
ltbieto cle anlor no vtlvc'rl'L Es ltl cllte venl()s en algtt
n,ls a,,a,r, en
(llrc
ante el ttrror quc Lnx
pcfs()n1t sientc cle scr ab;ln<l<t:ttltr
1>r>r
llt pereia
rrtfie,e rcns,r,, 'l-o
clcslttcncli; llt)rrt le vtrl ll tttitllir
1'vltll'cti
'
i,rr l,r,,-,..1'r,,.to
scl vr'ltlvc a
(f(ng.lr'
'llraginIi1lllcntc'
pocler sollre rtton-
tccimiet<s crte cn rcltliclacl n()
(l(nllill Entre l anglsli
P()[
el sentinliento
cle r'Lrlp:t y le angustie
lx)l
sctllirsc itlrP()tente. algrtnlls
person:ts.-lt<tlcllls
en
1".,u.'1rr"al,rrii,aa
Il rtngttstirt cle st
lltrrtti(rn
(Quin()d()z
l99l)-
"Pt'rrl
in-
cr-:scientctente -rol
h
rrillrerltr
Io ttlc se vivi(i
I)lsivnrentc'
sc [lntasqil
(ltLc
se hiz() .tctivlutlcnte.
Lxs
Pets()nilli(lil(les
nllr(isisl'ls c()n len(lcn(irls
proyecti-
"".,
,rr, ."n,1ri,,. ,tlel,,n
"
i" cLrlpal.)ilizltci<-rn
(ltl ()l)iL
l()' a scltlar
qtte el illlan-
al,rn,,
"a
p,,rclt,a a.tc tltltlt lr ttt't:t prottteslt tle tll()r
('tcrn() lt llt <rtc cst:rt lt trlrli
gatlo, y no por f:rlles
(lcl
st)iel().
'
v(rlui"n.l,, .r lit tlilfki4tait
(
imPorcncia r'clcsr'lllirlrient(
) ) fieucliena' hay
un! xilllllstial
lltl-lllncnlc
cn ei scr ltltlant
(lLe
cs ntc lo <Ltc t-to s('c()ntr()-
t,,.
"nr.:i,r,l.,"
rtrl sc ptteclc cxplicar. l'ot'ello frcllte los tcnr'trtcncs
<lc la na-
Ir.,rl.za :ttelri izltnt ej cl slrlvlle :t1lr-llt ;t le cxplic'rr'il'rn tle rr'tr: Irs cli()s(rs estin
cnojatlos
lttr
lr rrte ltizo.
1l:tsancllr:t
ciecLtlr riltlxlcs lll)lx'i l( )l ios
(ltlc
i p'll-
tir.le ese lttotlrclll()
(x(-gli:n tn s(ntilllicnl() iltls()li()
(le
<rntrol stlrc las
fucrzlts cleslrtcllcl:ts
cle llt nturalezrL' [-es gran<lts epicltlttirts <le l; lltttnani
.t",1 ,l.nr." ftrcron ltctrtll>ltltlclas
l)()r
sc!ltilllielllos tlc ctrlpallilitied
l-a expli-
racit'n clsi< es qr.le las rtcci<lnes
lrcvias
(lel
stlicl()
por Ias tttc sc sienle ctll-
plllle cuanckr solrretiene l clrtl'rstitt sc rexclivln
y sc ttllicn c<lo c:trtsa cle
i, ,rtistrra. En l()
(ltle
n() s( lcPrtrll es
('r1 (ltc
l:l c(llp
perllritc itacer pl-otttesas
,.1,.' lr,"n c. rrr, rn,,tic ltt r, ton ltl t ttlt) Ilt r:pir_lctllilr o l;t c:ilisttlrfe
<'n ltitlitllttl
frr('r del c()nlI()l clcl stticrt
pltsal'rln :l ser ctltr<llbles
()
no se ruP(llri'tll'
l,a ctrlpa pot intcl-lcionaliclacl secltnclria n()s
Precc
pet ticu lalnr'rnt< ilrl-
porrante
ltarti
cxrlicar cl sentinlicnl() tlc cLtlplr
(ltlc
se encLentrx
tJn fre-
, ,e,rta,,'rant.' ctt ,ttltlc llt >. lttt han sit{lr
()hjet() (lc
ill)Lls() scxtLitl ll('r()s !ist()
arcllt con illsistenc ilr Il tesis clc tttc- la cr'tlJ:rlt I cslilx)n i! ri:l: ri) rue cl sttje-
r tltte expclitDcnt<i
cl ltllrst sexrtltl l<> cltter y tttc scclttjo iltc<nst'icltttltltn
t.,,1
"r"r,r',
li cltte gtlzir cotl h exllcricncia Y
P()r
es() se sicnte ctllpahle No
clrcn.luds cle i11,...,,
pucltl <rr.tnit
-rtr<l:tpel:tr:L
la exrt'-rci<in
PJra
gene-
lllizrla ctuo.,rplica.ui,l
.1" 1{5 )os
(its()s
l() tinic() qlte llltcc ts qtte el tc-
r.lr..rl nu usillrl.l cltscspeLaclarttcr':tc srtltr io rrte clla pensablt cle ustt'cl. Ah<
rir
l)i(.ns:
(lue
s())'(\)nr() clla
1
lrLe l lrenclr>ner,
(p:'rg. ?.3).
Killingmo aclarr
rrrt r:slrr ts Lrn nrcrll cjcnrplificrrci<in c1r.re cltlre ser cxreslrla cn palabres
,,,rtr'orrLlrtlr's trn cl rlialetto erllr)ci()ntl <le I:t
t;tcicnte.
[-a firncir'rn <le l.t in
Ir'r\( n('i()n :lir|lttiva cs sltcar ltl sLjct()
(lc
Ia tltrcla. clevr>lr'crlc Ln se,)t,lllrcn)
rl, irltnticlucl r-lc su.sc,f, clc vlliclez clc su t-xrcricncia. toclo ell< trcnrLzLclcr
rol
lrrs rlrrcltrs silrc Lrnrr rcaliclacl cttc le es rnistiflcrclr pol unl tigurt extcrne
,lrt lc irPiclc reprcscnl:trst:Lcr.rcll<l clrte cl sLle) estli riritnrkr- Killirtgrtto in-
t( rlr
(l(lir))itrl
erl plt>cl tle l;is intcncncit-tts efiltnlttirs. rllulc un lrrg;tr clcn-
trr)
(l(
lir l,(ni(a nlitjr'it. \r Ies rc r'rtto
()l)Llrsts ()
rt,erttpiezlrnrkr a la in
l( rl)r('l:l( i(')n rlc c<ntenirkrs rcPrit]lirlos sin() coDr() prepltllrnckr el lcr|r'no
tltlir
,lu('(sl(
ti[x) cle intcr ve n< ir-n
rLrcrl:t
lcr-t(r-r,:rlicltz per:r cl sujclo. F.n elccto. t'
r'rr tllo,.ritcitiilxrs,-rr Killingr:to.
>rrtL
rLrr rtli-trictt
rtre.l:r
cnrlr.rlclrlsr'cn la
I'rsrlutrllr rlc lo lcprinrickr,
rare
cttc cl salrcl lcngil ulgrin scntickr
l)rr:r
Lrn sL
jtto.
ts t<inclicirn pre\ilt
(llc
puecla creer cn trrc kr
(lLlc
v ir
l)cnsllr
(rr'rcs
rrrnrlt'ri
rnlt rceli<1a<I. l(illingnr,) sc ul)o\' tn el trablrjrr
(l(
licu(l
(
l.)15) s()-
l ,n l:i rrr.
glrcion.
r-tt cl rrlc cl
ittieio
clc tlxisl( n('iir rlc lrlgr r t,s r'or'rsirlrtrl r t onlr
1rli
r'i() rr llrs i tlLlicLrlcs
(]tre
lucg() sc ptc(liln r )ster-lcr
()
rct ltezer <rrt cse ttlgO
l.ir lr \li'lcn(ia p<lI cliicit c\
PlcestrLr(1.lll.
cs clctir', cl anlrlist.r clelrc
(o(lrl\l({llr'{iln(i()(s (lLle
n() hilt't lr)gr(kr
(slrrlr'fLllJrsr (.)t
t'l plr( i(,nlt
)'(i\l(..
r'll
(()!rs((u('n(il,
no prrccle rcllliZlr'l)()l-s lDisr)l(). I-o rrrc cl
l)(i(lll
rc(lLlic
r(
( (lu(
cl n:tlist sea
(lLricn
le rltlidc llr cxrtiencilr.
(luc
lr
(lllltrt
[1t ilt-
lllrslril. lls lo rrrc obscn'trtros
(()u
tirirtil lic<'Ucn< ir ct p(icntcs
(lLl(
n()s s()li-
, rl.rrr. rk'.<'sl't t:tclllDtentc.
(lLrc
llrglttrros rtlgo
rltr':r
sa<'lrrlcs rlc l:r lrngrrslilr. lr Ltt
rrr.rrt rr rk lrn ni()
(lLre sc clirigt, lt l:t ligullr
'r;ucntltl
lt(lucia(l() clc rn ckrk'
rrtt sc lt llr,.r.: insrrortlblc. En la plttologl
ror
conl)itto. cn calll)i(). l:l lln.L
l1\lil
(s ()l)j(.t()
tlc irtrprrls<;s agrgsiv()s
()
sexLl](s p()l
l)11t1(,clel
pacicrtrr,. ,rrir,n
L.rln:r L l signifir'uckr
<L l:t crrcricncil
l)cl()
11() l() pLc(lc t()lcr:Lr ptcs
(.n{lit
cl]
i,)r)lfir(li((
j(ln
(()n ()tt.is
r('l)lcscnli( ir )t-lrs. I)r' lrr ctlrl I(l)rinrc tt signili(11(l()
sr'rulrl,:rgrcsir.o. ef(.-
(lrc
s sc lix (()nslilri(l().
!ln
(sk)s
cils()s. lal trctr
.rt,rlifit: t's ttyuclar al sujct() cn ll lrsrlrrccla clc lo lcinrickr.
(n
snfrcnt.lr inl
lrulsos
t' {rtrtt:tss no tolcr-ltcllts.
hillingro rlilclclcirr
-rclonrl
r lieiltrir-lt 1 rr Slrengolcl- e1tl-L
,tr)tL.r'tLi()-
rr.rlirl:rrl plinrruia, c.intcr-rci<nalirllrrl sc<rnclarj:".
(it
esll ltinlr st, cllt,l'c trl
lrlr lrr rI rrrt ltlguie-n plrc(le xtril)rirsc ser cl lcsrnselrle
(lc
lg()
(lur' ()(LruL(r
lrr'rrrl,rr(
nl(,
l)()r
sLl cLrlptr
f)it[L
n() srltir
(lu(,
l, sr.lcecli<l<r.
(lLt
sc lcl]t( sc t-c
lrr1.r.
,lur\i lr)llrlrllcl1c licrr clc st
(()nlr(ri
"l'liai;lnrcnt('L'l nir\() nr) ltrinL.!tn.
l,.lllk
rl,,r( ir,ll rrl(D(i()nlrl cn el trura.
rtro,.,s rosilrle
(ltc ('(n()
un it(1()
(lr
,,rJi.rrrrz.ri i, rrr
ln)sl(1i(r'txnsficrll
lls nrlrls irlcrl(i(n-tcs
(l(,(filts
rcl(i()ncs c('l
llrlr\.r:, ll.r, r.r r'l ll:rrI]t:r (rr)
cl fllt tlr tlor-gtrrlc signiliclttlo it Unil c\P(. Cnrt.t
,lrrr-,li l,,((,lrlr.lri f(.\\(11.1
(()nlusll ()
itlrfrit(k)i'.1. l)esiIrs rlt t()al(). cl lt)rln(l()
rrrLrI
tr'srtlt.rrli rrr.rs l()lLr'lrl)l('1l r] rtitt(,
lr.1r1.
si
lrtvt')\lr
rlu( \Ll
ltl(lre l()
l-l
AvANcEs
tiN
psr(.o.rtjR^ptA
pst(jo^NL,l.tcA
rirl)(.utx \ url\' it repctir la sitLlitci(,n (lLe
tr.lulllJtiz()
:rl pleientc.
As collro en
t l rrrorrcr:k
clel tarula sextal tL\() cftre sufiir
ro"ir,arran,.-i" inrirsion s(r)re
::i :li,lll:,, lll,,l:l l*1.
{uc
y,p(,n.rr
er .rr,rr.,,
is. .r. q,,,.n. .,,,y.,,,,r,*.
('rrr
\u
l\t(r
*l,r( (,1
\Uict,, rlepcnrlicnt,.,.
le inlr,1.l
nU(-\1;\ :(,nlr ltvnr,,\ (le
'
lll) \( (r\ rLl.
En r\()\ (..\r)\
r.l r,r.inr<nti,
rlrlc-nrir,r
rlcl pri..,1,r
r9
l
,
u,rl..
'
(,t-l
tc.r,,r <l .Uiel,
pr(li(,r( (.r)l\.(n(cr\r,n,,,n_,i,,i
t.,i1,,nt.,1,.,1,,.
,ttis,,.r,rrt.ll,r
rlltc (n
\ (.rLl:r(l
n,!
nr(l
L.\ .lI
l{t.t()rrrrrl<r
el rralr:rj<t clc Killingrno (
1y69).
cste s()sticnc qLs
no l_rl1, per_
s()ni (lU(
rrrcrilr
cncasillarse
sl, r
rlcn tl tle l-r
u

,1, ,g;-
p, ,r
.1.tlal, y (lr)c
re_
sttlt.t irrosiltit
c()ncel)ir lt Lln srjek)
cn tue el i,rnfli.,,, ,.,,,,rr.nte.
Sxuple_
ll(.ntr (lLtierc
ponel
cie relieve
l.r p.rt,,hrgi.r
Llllc 5r hrr rrginltlo por
firl]tr clel
()l)i('lr)
c\tc)(r
I p{)p()ncr
ti[uli
cic ,ni..r.u,-
i,rn .,a 1,r"",,,.r)rr.l
ur" "f ,r"
liulirlnk) ()
para
las reas en que el cl(,ficir es lo ..t"r,,,,,,",
oi.l"-,li_() (lLe
h:rce
(st
rctiert,eI
anijst)
cs cottfirutr
lt ttac.esidtd _-),d
dt,,rrl),.
4,,r,t,rr,.,l
lxt(t,ul(.lc sct.)tlirnntlo...
Al !nfirlt.ll
...,.trrr.nt.
1,r,tr.,n..,,
en qLesc
sit llc cl pciente,
ci anaiisr se rc;rc.i()n.l
.,,n l-, n..._.i.1".t
,r,,,"'r,lfan,.,fa
t.,n
f).r('r(nt!.r)n ciflcit. es dccir ljr nc(trsj..l-r(l (lu(ntrr(luc-lri,,,ul'uque..ten_
g() |l clerec.lrr> tle ser.
, (pg.
7(r. r.rrrsiva y entrecol]rilla(l()
en l originrrl).
y
;t11r'r'grr: .Asi
cl .nalisrr
crrntple tanr, r el p.qrel
.lt.l ,,ttt,t ,fut :r:t:,la kt l,tttrs/b
,i.11
]ll:,: li]],1
,lf'!.;1tu,r,,,t:,t
:,,tt
,ttttt, tct.t,,n.l,,.,*r.,,,rii,,,,',r.,r.,,,,,.r.,.r
:llr : :,, :j::rlji.;i;;l:,:iJ:
ill: ::,:;I,:,i:l
:i,i,;:t1,,
il]:l;,.::
;.1,.:.,
,.1,,,,1,]1" n,,'.olrr rcpt rir-,tn
).
lr.rr.r.r , ,,s1j(..
1,, n, rrn.r.rt.nlr
srnr,. rr ,
r)rr'n.
t ,,!l
IEr)' Ll< rrt.Lt()n.
r sca, ric cUcldc
lt kr rr.re ltenros s()steni(k)
r.rs :rilra. it/l'crpcin
.l( l() tlUncu
nscrif()_
l)os'r'r,r)Ri\s
soBRF I_A Rt:t_Aarr(iN
ENTrir AN(,uslt^
I r)lslio
'lirrla
llr plilera
'poca licuclln..r \( r.r.rctcn()
p,.ultir..h
.lgLlsli
cl..
(
irslrir(i(,lt
<.trr. l clttrslr llisi<.
.c ll netrr_.sis: p,r.f,^
afara,r" i*.aa,,,,r",,a
aa
l( r(.:l (lrstifl().
Sin entblrgo.
cuanrkr clesprrs ratirur,,ir,
l" ,,ngur,i"
ata a,,r_
li.:: l'.1,i il;,].1.]l:]:lr.r
hr nru
icl
Jitt qr.rc
r:rra
ei !.lr(in
c( )nsisrc
.,i,.,,,,,r.
"
p.r._
ll i,..l.]l,llli,..",lrs
qlle
nurJ
t. nin e. r..nrirriu
rh.t t.rt,,. A nUcsrf,,
trrr(r]
n{,
\
n.r r'(
lr.r.r(,,
r
cn (lLrc
r\h, otr](ltfic.
I fer>rt tiel r.nflicl()
\, .t anglsti.
Micn_
Ir:rs (
n
(.
\u[(in ltly un cloblc cleseo 5gq,5 q.,lo
prirne,.
tie,itpc clel ron,
llr'tr.
lx)sr,(r.ir
nlarDii v lil.rarse lgrrsir .r r r tcntc .lc pl,rrr
, rLreiLre.ro
oligi_
t t.t rl rcr r r.r' rr Lr vrn.lanzl
clcl r.ivlrJ e.lrpitr r.
.n 1., ni.r' ,,'.1","t"
inr,.,," ,,1 f"1,,
'
\
In,r,lU,.
l,r r(lc\ent.rLii,,t
tuc tiene cle si 1I.lislrr, printarilr
me,nft
, cs llt rle_
,riirrr'tr .\\,t1, rrrl.rr
l, r,, r!.t_ rr :r
il,,ttt,t,t,t,.t,"t,tt,,,,t,r.,,,,,;;;;;,:;;,'::,::;),..[::r;):i';;;h':i,",iiii
,ff iiXii;
n,/,tl\t
tt l)l\t tt. ul(t )u!t,L.1t
td(, !lud.l_a
ciileicnr.j:r'cntle
I,, ,,
V
"l
urr,ln
t t ,1, ,.r..
t.t .,r r'\r.,, t,r.tl ,l.e
J
,.,rtir.1,.,
F."L,.j ...,i1;,,;:
;.;;;,,,:
ij ,,;l
IN'I'IiRV]'NCIoN!S ]'ERAPIJU'IICAS DI IIIiR IJ N(]IADAS 171
faustix
dc cstracirin el varcin sale clel Eclipo
-renuncia
.l l clurante Ln ticnl-
l)()--,
nicntrrs tlLre ta nia, prrr ll rrngustiir
(le
c.lstrilcin
-
envicliir al ilo.
sentirnient() cle infefkriclacl- entru en el Eclipo al l>uscar al paclre corlo pro-
veedor clel llkr, ele[rentr il]raginari() que rest:rinrr sr nrcisisr-[o.
En consecuencia luy clos teoras sol>re la ltngustie en str relaci(rn con el
clescr>: unlt. en l:t que el clesco <lrigim h angustiar
()tr.l.
en la qrre ll angustiir
'causa<h
xrr
Llnx cuesti(in estnlctrlral cle itlrnticlltl <lesvl<rriz<la prcceclv al
cleseo. Ahora l)ien, si se aclmite cltre en el crs() cle lx nix l c()nstituci(in cle
rnlt iclentitltcl clesrrlr>rizad:t
-el
ser nrrtjer- cs c;trsa iniciirl tlc .rn]rsti.r.
lp()r
qu n()
lrrrcclc
aclntitirse tanlrin <ue tntt itletttdul inicl l tle clctec-
tursr.'fallick r ll tlc ser rrn sLrjet() en pelig(). sea causa priDrari clc nglrslilr?
l,n la prirncra ptrtc cle LIs allti tlel
pritrcpk) del pl(rccr (lr)2\).
colDo he-
xs inclicatkr mlis ar l. !'retcl ubica cl surgin]ient() tle la :tngustia no en el
desc() sln() rn Ln traulrtaltis[n) extcri()f. ,4.lrr.rrl lricn. tjcntc x Ix irn!{u\ti.r
(lu(
sorprcncle rl suieto, nte la ctl stc siente qLe nllcla pre(le haccr,
c(r(,
puc(lc lte, su psiqrtisrDo
rarr
rttlruiril un sentir)icn()
(le (()ntr()l?
Me(lin-
te l:.\ utrbtrc:ritt d( itllcltciotldlid.tr./ lr algtrien. sca al pr'opio sujet()
()
al ot().
sien(l() e:it() ltirDo l<> rrrc clr;lcteliT-ir h lrngusti
l)ersecut()riu.
Si el sriet() ad
ju(lic
a
()tro
scr h cirLrsx
(le
su rngLrstiil. cnt()n(es puc(lc creer
(lue
si cl
(fr()
sr loclific. si l risnrr> sr ille,u. si atcil l pcr\ellLli(lot y Io clcrrrta o cles-
truye, ent()n(es l:r caus:r <le iu rngustia cicr'lrpareccni. l'or elLr. lu anlu\tr.r p(r-
sectttrria
-atril)rci(in
irl
()tr()
clr ser cl currslrntr intentionirl rle la anrenaza-
(n
nrch()s
('?s)s
ticn('Lt c.l liicter' tleli'rs ir o. 1.1) r))testrn los p:crentcs con
enlermeclarle-s
(lue
csc:Lj)rn a < ualcuier tra(lmic)t(): se peltln crn cl mclico.
(()n
la irtcn(i(-)n clle rctilrcn p()r plrflc (le
Ilts enfctnte[rs. p()rrltle ent()nces hay
algo que si se nr< iftcsc
-iltsin
cie ftnsiva-c-nknces t(xl() cnrl)iar-, ll
enf[ned.r(l seril curil)le.
f.l rnisrrr ploceso clcfi,nsivo sc Iucc eviclcnte en ixs etpls
(lLre
suelco fe-
ner lrrgar cn ei clcsar<llo clcl primer t'pis<icli() es(luiz()ti'nic(). lln los nronren-
tos iniciales, r'uenrk cl pil( icritc se'rtc
(ltc
lg) l)a cxr)l)i:(lo, qrc nr)
(-()n
tr)h sus penslmicnt()s,
(lLre
sLr cLrerp() es
(liffcnle, quc se
(jisgrega.
cnk)nces
es cknrinarl< p()r el p\'()r rle sentrr,lrrC un pr()((\,, inu,rrrPrcnsihlc sc ha
nxxleraclo cle 1. Ltrego se tlcsanoth el
(lcliri()
pe$e(ut()l-i(). en cuc
Pol
kr
men()s ya lllv un or<len. Llnr rccupcr'1rci(-)n clcl scntinriento clc'caris:rliclacl I cle
la
rosil.)iliclacl
(l(
h.r(cr xl!a() ante cf pcrscguicir': Irtir <le 1. <rrntr'tttacur. es-
c()n(lerse. Irrente al lrnnllent() inicilll. cn <rre cloDtinlt
(l
sentilnient(,
(le
i1r)p()-
tencil clc elgo
-rcligrr:s()
(irc
e..itri
l)r.s.rn(k) )
(lrc
11|rri)c con kxlu lu ogani-
zlrcir-n <lel rllrnckr y rle s lnisnx, el
(lcliri()
cstal)lece un cie.)
()r(len.
Ilay t)ni llngustilr qrc pirir t()(l(, nio es ulrLrnrcIrr:r.1rr cle sentil a k>s pa-
dres c(n)t() irlp()tcntcs. [)<r es<, cortsiclcrrtrl()s c()rr() rttalos. agresirrrs, pttecle
revcstil Ln carircter clefi'nsi\,().
-lenienrlo
(.1
cuenta est(). crecnos tue la cul-
p1l por in(cnci()nuliclacl secunclaril
-el
sujet() sc utr)Jtril)Ll)e resp()nsrhili
cla<l- es tna de las clos vtriintes en qlrc la atrihLlci(in cle rcsponsabiliclltcl t s
l-r
vAN(-IjS ltN
psI.ol
EltAp)A
pstcoA
N^ t_ t-I(iA
rl( li rrsr\ir. l-il
()tt
vri?nte consiste cn sup(cr la intencionaliclci
(le
uit otr()
(\rr(, (lusr
clcl sLrfiirientr. CrLancl() Ili()n
(19(t2)
halla clel
.ter
sin n(nr-
l),1
, (
r(.( llr()s r!-c()n()cet cn ese c()n(cpt() cl rcr(r ficnte a l< inc<ntr<laltle,
lrt ltt, r ll iurgr.sti cu\' catsJ no se prtccle precisir. rntc ltr crral cttllrr.tier
,os:r ts
rlcferible:
la culpl o la persecuci(rn lrrcalizacllr en el o),eto. fln cste
st rrtitkl Klcin calr lxnckt cuan(l() s()stLvo
(lLle
ante unt anglsti.
(Fte
cl
yo
i('rl(' (\
)nlo anenlrzilnte
-ura
ella pr()\,e nicnte ciel illstint() cle ntuertc- cl
lrrrtrr|rtt'sc clirige Jracia el pcclro. al qre c()nvieflc en el oltjcto n]lrlo.
p()r
Dtcs-
lril
l)r
e. si n()s clesprendenlos cle esr llit(r()gia pero
c()nscrva[t()s la clescrip-
, r, rr rlt' llrs firerzas tue cstiLn en jrLeg<t,
la ptxlr:tnxts
rcfirrrnulal en l()s tnltin()s
:iRr r i(,)lcs: tnte sl sentilllie,)t( > cle iDtpotencilt . clcst.aliDie nro
(
I t ilfios1kt it t. l.t
ul()( llp;rl)ilizaci(in o la atrilr-cirin un
(fr()
c()ncrek) cle scr la cuus clel Dis-
lll() nlccanisllt() pararn()iclc- (.onstitt).e
el nt()\,irnicnk) clefersivo l)srcr_
l )t srlc cst:r pcrspectitx, t()(l.ts las {errirrs icleolligicas s<lre l.l ntucric
-su
.rrn-
lrLrtion l pcclrclo oliginal,
()
l1r v()htntt(l
(le
scres s(rr-snLturrlcs-, srrn rn
l(nt()s
(l(' ()t()rgar
una cusalichcl a lo cue allrrec.c sir explir.a< i<in
y.
espc
(
i:rlr))( nl(, Iuc-a <lel c<>ntr<rl de cual<uicr ser.
l.:l
((,)sccucn(it
pr el tr:ttallticnto rle Jr> qrre acil)autos rle plentear se-
rr.r lrr sigrrientc: cun(k) se cletccten firertes ansieclaclcs puranoiclcs
-- c-l pa
(r(nl(
\'(.:r los cue le r<clc:rn, incltritk cl terpcUt, rrrnr<t pcligrosos-, O
,r11rr'srrirlutl ln'.rnifiesfll
()
encLrl)iertir, o scnlilient()s cle c.rrlpl. cD est()s cs()s
r,) .rlrlnlr nrcciinicalrcntc las ansierlltclcs pxranoides u la agrcsiviclacl pr<
vrr lrrLr i crnsiclerarlas detensas antc la culptr. Evaltrtr la posibiliclacl clc <uc
l.r .rrlxr
()
lrr
.)crsecucirr-r
sc-en la ilrrlrginaci<in tlcfcnsivu il.ente tr utr te.r()r
(llle
rr,, st'
rrrtrle
precisar
()
qt( lpxrecc (()tr()
il(r)ntr()llrl)lc. As etrt,r rrn linr,
.ll( r(-izlt(l() se vLlclve tgresivo y llrsca culpllrles. rn px(.iente l)) ese est.r-
rIr < nrrx irrel poclr:i apelar. clefensivlrtrente, u llcusar il
()tr() ()
.1 si iDist)x). tl
rtrirrIr gr'ne[t
l1':ellr nc ril icr rs r.) paranoicos ptres en tntl>r)5
(is()s.
p(. l() nlen()s.
ll {ilrsilnlc clel srruesto llrl cuecla llrcalizarkr
}
alg() se pre(le h.lccfi act()s
,i crrirrcir-r. por r.rn laclo lucha contr cl pcrseguiclrtr. p()r el
()(r().
lr,r (,sli|i
c()n([ici(]nes [:L intervcnciort terxpLlticit
(r)osisfe
cn tf{xr
(lt
r]t()-
rlilr'rr't,l setitDient() cle ter{)r, cla<kr rr.re nriclltt.xs stc srrlsista lrr int(rrprct.r
r ir n cl<. l: rlclcns
-la
xtrillci(-)n trrclancl-lic o la parlnoica- <rrnclucen al
l,r tso, t'l rrre scre conto peclirle
t llgtricn
(lLtc
sientc
(lue
se 1th()gal
(lue
.tlr.rrrLr'r.l i}rtLirr. Narlrr hly rli'is ilrtrogi,ti(t) <ue rrrecl:u ljtittclo rrnl
t(()r.r
(k
lr
l)r()ye(ci(-)n
clc la agresiriclacl parl cxplicer el tcn.()r qLre un
I)r
, i( nlr'( \lx.li]]cntit
y
a l()s intent()s tcrxprtic()s
(le
rcintr( )Vcc(.i(-)n de l tisnur.
ll,,ln'rlL( l.t
Pr'irttc(t
n()
()crr..t
o la srgtrntla Y)
i)uc(lal
scr tcr pt rl iL .lt)luDIc
, lr.r,,
lr.l,r
r ir'los
I clefinidos cas()s, sin()
Jtot<rrc
ctrlncio la pntlecci<in
cle le
.rrlrtrirrrl.rl rl() (s (l
llec'lni,)t() csenci1. trll)xjar s()l)rc ella. uclers <lc cLrl-
ll.rlrliz.r.
rr,
f)(.nllit(.
lu()(lifi(:rr la clrusa por llL cual cl strjr:t<t se rcpresct! cn
,,
lrqr,,
lN'I II RV LN_CION IiS lliRAPllU'llCA )ltliRtlNClADAS 175
,tintbiosis
por rcntotcd detsit'a. pot
kece,
o p)r dJic[t esttltctt!ratl?
Es hx)itu:rl qr.re cltanclo u11 puciente s()licit:l inc()nscientet)tcnte (,
int(nt.r
ir(lucir cn el analistrt cue stc cumpla ciertas fLnci()ncs
-le
tllnquilicc, le
asegure quc n() se va a rrx)rir, le inclicue qu hacer rnte Lrnx sitrrjr''n qu(
siente
(lue
te clesl<rcle- sc vcr en cst() exclLsil'lnrente r.rn proceso clefensi
xr el pacirnte. por ulgtin tipo rle anguslil .lnte cl i-tnalista
-pelscr
rrcir'rn. crl-
pi- no.'s capaz clc hacerse targ<> clc elgo
(lre
si estria clentxr cle su tcper-
toti<> e iclcntilicara
Ir()yccti\'rnente
la suplresta capaciciucl en el :lnalista. No
<lrcn clrrcl:ts cle qr.rc esto sr.r<ctle pe().
(!)llt()
s()stu!i111()s ttt:is aibtt. hay con
(lici()nes
cr rue el psiqttisruo tlcl pacientc no lli logllckr llegar lr estrlrcturrrr
scntiI]licnt()s bisicos cle c()nfianzr <n :i nrisnr,, r\Pc!,, srr c-rraciclecl cle
pxcigLlar lrt lngustiu.
()
de enlentar l()s peligros extern()s.
()
p()sec rrn dfi( it
cD Iitncirrcs
)'()icrs
-recLrrs()s
instnrnrenties. llltl>ilirlLlcs c()gniti\rs. rDtcr
pcrsonalcs atectivus, srciales, ctc. En est()s
(xs()s
l apcl..i(in <rre hace al te-
rxl)etrtrl pnlx ser aytrclittkr y c(ntrpletxd() cn sLl estftrctllr st' clcl)e rltre sc ha-
llrt cr-t trn sttlbi():i:i p|L'eslllcllt11 y
ot\ en \tn si(11l)k)sis |estrltlLclo rle trnit
legresir-rn tlclcnsiv tlcspus tle halrcr rlcanzaclr> rn
(icrt()
nivel errr[tivo.
La rlilcrcnci:t es de tr.rs(en(lencia clnicl
lltes
nricntrits, en lu sirnli<sis
rcgresiv,,(le['nsiv.l. cn
(Fre
s( renunciu a firn<ioncs rlclick a lu ogrsti, lx
rl1.l)()l.rci(in clr las lrngustias rcspccti\lrs es kr rrrc pcl:lite clue
(,1 sLrjek) s(
reipr'()pie tlc algo <uc ya p()scc. Iln llr sirbiosis
Preestruciurl,
cn caDrlio, el
lrnlistr clclre cur))plir pr()\'is()ri.lr)rente llls funci<ncs
(le
ltrs
(lLe
el
.rrjer
t.r-
rc(e. Fln estc ltinxr rrso. lu intcrpreiitci<-rn
(lr
uttl supuest.r rltlcgati(rn cle
lirnciones cn cl anlljst:r p< lrzoncs clclcnsivas. rr por cl pleccr clel vincul< rc-
grcsivo
-gozeria
c()n 11 [egrcsi(-)n-. l< rinico
(e
c()nsigLl(j es crrnlrnclir al
pirtientc. lraccrle s(ntir culpl)le. increncntln(k) l:r angrrstirr. A nLlcstr() llo(l()
tle vel, el uso rrrott<le c[( ll tc(ir clt- llr renuncia clcfirnsiyl o cle la rea]i-
zaci(in
(le
un sLrprcst() cleseo Lcgresivo se
(lcl)c
ill pfe(l(nlrioi() de rrn nroclek
ev()lttiv() r-lclpsiqttisuro en <1r.re stc scgttira untr linra tle clesan<>lkr rner.Lrr
blc ttryu rinieu vi(isilu(l seri lu rcgrcsir'rn rlcfensillr. hD stc senti(l(), c(tsi
clcuntos plorttctcclo[ts llts inr cslignc i()ucs lecientes
(lLlc,
c()n
(listir'ltirs ()rier-
ta(i()nes, rcvisln las con<epciones clsices solc el rlcsulr'olk cle acuellas
clirtrtnsi<rcs clcl psi<trisnro <lcscritas por rl psrcrranlilisis
(|()nrfty
\
'lfgct.
1996; I-irlttcnbcrg, l9u9i Liclrlrnl)erg \
()lr()s.
l!)()2; Strrn. l915).
IN I Etv:Nct()Ni:s RtpARAlx)RAs:
^r.LiuN()s
sLrDi tpos
En los
-r:tcientcs
cn cllre hr pleckrrrrina<kr el
xrcler
patirgcno clc l: calida<l
truLlo)ilticu
(,
sever()s ti-niiuen()s cle clflcit, p'.rci(ntcs t.lt
lk(url)urkJs
(lue
no
estatn cn c(nr(li( i()nes cle krlcl.irr y cle srrc:rr pLovcclro <le la tcnicu
Psicoanalti
ca clsiclt, sc re(luicrc cle unx n()(lili..rci(-n clc st. crro vlt siqn(l() rct(,no('r
l-(r
^vANaLs
EN
psrco'l-liRApr^ psrcoANA-TI(tA
rIr
xrr
g parte cle los autolss actlales. En est() cas()s. el terapeLltJ
lrsic
)
n.rllti('() estii legitimaclo para llregar al rcpeilorio ptramente interpretativo. sin
r't
sr'inrlir rle a'ste.
()tral
serie
(le
intervenciQnes
(lue
helnos
(len(nllina(i()
l,c,-
t't,t
(-it)tt(s
ta'paru(k)tas. asunriendo transit()rianlentc ciefias filnci()nes qtte el
l):l('i(
nt( n() pr,recie ejercer. Vetnt>slas, as colro strs funclet'nent<sr
L l.<,,qitinutckin .lel
1etu
gbb.ll pu'encillta dc rtsgos pdrci|las.
rk'.lirIltts t' it tstr
licicttciast"
l,os peclres am:ln a sus hij()s l)ajo clos nt<claliclacles. qtle sc entrclllezclan
s< grin Lrs cns()s: una, en que el aturr va ltts all cle ctrlll<Ltier
itli(i()
pllfiictF
Lu solrre Ln laso, pol el stlo hecltt cle tue el strjct() es el hii(),h.
()trx,
en
rrrt'cl :rnroL se entrefaa o retira. inclls() completatttente. segn se cttttlpla <r
o() .(r
(lctcririn.rcl<s
cnrncs fiiad<ts arltitteriartlente. Ct1lnk) nuyor haya
si<[ r l:r r<clrlicLrcl parentrl cle amor p()r' rllsg()s, p()1- ctlI)Plir))ient() c()n estin-
tLrts, rr:tv<-ser:-r la tenclencir clel stLjer a la atxrbsctv:tciirn superlr'ic-t,:r
l.r vigilrrnci:r solrre si satistacc o no los re<r-rcrit'niens icleales- Estc tipo cle att-
t()olstnuriin va generanclo Lna c()ntinu.t fragtnentltci<in cle la replcsenta-
r ior cltlsujekr: se abstren rasg()s. se )os separa clel ctrir.tnto, ha< ienclo re-
,,r'r solrre ca(lx Lno cle ellos un
jrricio qLte inltte(liatalrentc se tr:tslacl a la
r(
l)r('s(nl(i(in
global clel su,et(). Se tr:ltil
(le
una activi(hd ll'agll)entackrtlt te-
(hr(1
r(nristrL, cn el senticl< clc que reclttce la conplcjitlacl tle lo clte cs ttna pel-
sor:r ul rasgo o c<nclttctrt
(lue
estlt en el fir< cle l olservacirin.
l.u
f?.lnlcntatcitt
t'ctlttcciutislrt dclte tliferencirrse clc'la r:lisrri,. ion ,r cs
t isior clefensivu. En sta, la separacirn cle rlsgos y stt exclusitin cle la repre-
st ntuciir conscicnte clel sujer laclica en llt nccesiclatl <le evitat Ll rlngLrstiJ
rut
rr-ocluce
la uniflcacirin cle l.l lePresentacia)n clel nrislnl>
-ptlr
ejenlplo, cl
slli(1( )
(1r.rn(l()
,taca :rl
(r)jet() (le
rrn()r pr.teclc escinclirse llajo ei peso tle la ctrl-
rr.
rrt ccsitlnclo excluir el rec()n()cillrienk) clc stt aspecto agresiv( . L() ex-
L lritio tlc l representlci(in
(lc
si. y pr'()yect.l(l() en l()s
()tr()s,
cs l< no tolera-
rkr. l() rrrc pr()()ca c()ntlick). kr cltrc genera anglsti. l,a rlngttstia
Preccclc
x la
cst isir'rrr. rrrc es clefcnsa frente l lculla. coltl() llt()str(i f-reld
(
1931i) en 1-rl
('s-
t istttt
(k,l
.t\)
eu cl pxtceso dcJattsit'o.
lin trlrir. et l^ uclit'idu(l
.fiagtetutluu
tcdttcci(tstd, h fr-l8rr)(ntrr-
r iorr rlt' lrr inltgcn tlel suiet() tienc slr origen n() en ttn procesr> clet-enstr o sinLr
r.rr l,r l.rll:r tlt'l sujcto prra integrar lo parcial en la totaliclacl cle stl ser. siencl<
,l r'srlt,rrl,, rlt Lrna iclcntificacitin con la firrmlt cn ctte krs paclres I'nirallLn l
\ri( to s( rlrst lrrrn srkr resgos plrrciales. tultanck la mirach solre la glollali
rl,r,l ,I l srr t,, r'n rtrc kr p.lrcixl se integre
(()n
el resto y sel balancelckr por
(
f r rs .rslx
(
t( )s. lrstil rnirx(l parcixl sc pttecle clebc-r hnto a hostiliclacl parenral
(nr
l'irr ur.r Irrxl:rkrrr:k i()lr \ rrrplixci(in
(lc
esc ptrnn) \'.rsc tl cxPitrk) s()l)re cl strPc)
IN'I'IIRVI]N(]IONIJS TIJRAPI'UTICAS DII;IIRIJNCI,\Dr\S 177
-se
l>tscrn activamente l<s clefectrs- comr resuita de la ;rnsieclacl con quc
krs paclres miran al hijo/a: obsen'an a ste,/a bajo la perspectiva clel riesgo
imaginario que supuest.[nente ccrrea y cntonces s<ilo se le ve colno si fue-
ra lln cLerpo en peligro o cor11() rna mcnte
()
una personaliclacl que p()see
cierto rasflo que no est a la altura cle las clenanclas que ia realiclacl Ie in-
ponclre y que haran peligrar su posibiliclacl dc cnficnt .r. La fragrtentacirn
es ei etcto clrccto de la angrrstia que centr.r l atencitin en el rasgo tue su-
pLcst.lllente poncha en peligro al suict() y n() una <lefensa ante I angLlstix.
As ctlur el fribic< recluce el rnunck a la r>irsen aci(n rle los peliglos qtre pc
clran provenir cle ste, no entriLnclo en sr mente los mil aspect()s pl,rcenteft)s
clte se le abren conro <lisponibiliclecl. llt activiclacl.flegrlentaclora ecluccionis-
lll r)Lrtil la reprcscntaci(in clel sujeto.
C(-)rn()
c()ntrxrrest.rr lu tenclencil a h fiagmentaci(in rec[tccionista? En pri
lner luglr, [recliante l elahrraci<in de la h()stili(iad rlel sujeto c()ntrll sr mi5ilto
-si
ste es el I:rctor rclevlnte- <1uc lc hcc seleccirnar tenclent ksamente kts
tlsg()s negativ()s, clcscaltanclo los positivos.
'lambii,n,
cuanck sea el clso. tne
clianle la elaborac i<in clel cricligo lnutihnte qLre I: hace velse c(rn() slict() cn
peligro o falliclo. lo cLre inpicle recon()cer su potencilr. hlrbiliclecles u
()lras
ca-
raciclatles.
I)er() si est() es vl'tlick cn gcncrel, en prcicntes sevenrnrente pefiur-
ltclos rcsrittn neccsrias, :l(lema-ls. r'iEnrls intun'cn('i, rn(s
.Lti\'.r\ pr
'r
plrte del
terarpclrtll. cle cntre las ctrales quisiraltos lenci()nal p()r l() l)Ien()s
(l()s:
1. Gkhtlizackitt <lt la re prclrcnirci(in de s lrisrr(), gr.rienclo al p.rcicnte J
rr.rc pr.rccla llegar e fimularse- lx pre!ntt:
.rdenlis
(le
ese rasg()
()
condLlcta,
rlui, nlis so1,.
(lL ()tr()s
rasgos tirrrnan llr globalicla<l quc soyl
Qu
(le
rn no
pueclo vet? Est() pro\,ee
(le
un contexto rl rxsgo
()
c()nduct.r
(lle
se aisla). p()-
siiilitanrk visuilizrrl()
(lentro (lc
un c()njLrnk). Irrcf{Lrntrs qtrc, al printiir,. es
l)osil)le
inclus() qur'clcbltn pr()venir dcl tcrepeLt peft)
(luet
plra ser efectiv:rs.
l-e(llicrcn cue ser el propio
nciente
el clre termine hacinckllrs sLyrs. f)e
esta l]rner.t. se poclr conyocal en la n]cntc clcl pacientc, cecla vez <]ue vuel-
va a clesliz:llse llrcj.l la fi.lgn)entlci(in re(lLrcci()nistll, h inlagen de
()tr()s
as-
pect()s dc si misnro.
(le (frxs
conclu(1as. cle
()tr'()s
epis()cli()s de su historia. Esto
lale pare la reptesentacir-rn cle cualcuier iirel cle evalLraciirn posible rna par
te clel cuerpo, clc slr rnente, cle srrs lelaci<nes srciales, rle srrs concluctas cles-
de el prrnto
([c
vist nr(n11.
(]tc.-. (Jl)viiu-nente.
n() se trlta cle negar el aspec-
t() instisfct(n i() clel rasgo o crnclLctl sin()
(lre.
aun aceptanclo la valiclez clel
juici() ncfl.rti\'t) firmularl<> sobre ese aspecto parcial. se lo ril>icrre clcntrr clc un
lllarc() ntits vask).
2. l)esuecitilt rcspeck) .r lus figuras exlelnas y al sureryri. I]n el clso en
que cicrt() r'asgo
-fisico.
c<nclicir-rn dc n.rcimienk), etc.- c()nstitr)'x un fbco
estable parur la alrtcrbsen aci<in. prrntr> tlatrnlitic() qLrc lltrae la atcncirin y
proclucc rlokrr', sc requiere cxarlinar las conclicirnes clc crnstiluciin de l<s
sistenls de c<rliflcci<in. tle l()s cliscurs()s cle Ias figuras signiticativas i'arniliu-
t-s AVANCtiS tiN PStCOl t'ltAP^ PSI(,OAN,4,l t l(-A INl lll(vliN(,lONlrS l-liRAP!ltll lCAS DIt ERIiN(lAl)S 179
2. a:.ttectizacki|
qJclit
d de ld./itltciiit desccntte
hn algunos casrs. el nllsis no rcsicle trrt() en
(leslepriluir
cl cleseo al clc-
seo sin() en
(l()tarlc (lc
fircza fcctir', cle hacer que f.stc sr.trja. Aspett,, irnpt,r-
tnte parll acrrcllos pacientes que lun cst(l() expltest()s a r.rn pr<reso cle de
scti\ci(-)n sr(t()rirl cle su inc()nscicntc p()r purtc clc figrras incapaccs tle
rcsp()n(ler ltfecti\.alllcntc strs nccesiddes elD( )( i( )u:L]es. I)or rxm
tanc.
prres-
k) que si cl psicoenlilisis es algo lt:is rue rrntr
tsicokrgu
c()gnitiva. las clilercn
(iats
c()n stlt rt()
(()nsislgrr
rinicatuente en st insistcncit en lx lr1()ti\'.L(i(rn in
c()nscicnle
y
les clccosas sin() en
(lLtc (\)nsi(lcrx
tuc, eclentts rlc las ideas. hay
(lr' (lir11ersi(in,
l:r cLel alcc, scntx(lx en la prrlsrn. l'r'eurl. clesclc l:l crnicn-
zo rlc srr olrftr. r)r()stl-()
(lue
llxy un! trticulltcin cnlre idc
y
fccto. Al resprc
1o. cl Ie'nr-,lrenr dtl e)tk)ttaoniatl() xli,cti\r)
(Slern.
19i5) ss
(le
cn()trle t[s
ccn(lcncil perr le tera.lilr
>ltcs
cl lclatgo, rl I)()stcz() o. por cl urtrario, le
:rlegrr clel
(fr()
rLcti\,lrn
)
(lclrrminun (lue
l()s ntisnx)s cstlr(l()s sLtrj:ln en el su-
jr.:t<
r. l)r rr cllo nLcstr-l insiste n( ia cn rrre cl ln.\listlt .lf i'c tt !tllel/1(, ncrtr( ) n() I( )
cs c] |cliclad. \1
(llrc
est ptcsLlntl nclttr.lli(l1rcl licne rrnsecLrcncies: cn algu-
n()s p.r( i('ntcs los clcsrtiylr, tleprinrc. refiretze Ia petologlr. Ventos clili<il cue
ttn anlistlt <lcsritltlizck puccle uyr.r<l;rr pr( )li n(lit I I )(.nlc :r un
(lePrL.ir!r) ,r
c()nlribuir e rDrclifir'lu algtricn crill(l()
l)()r'paclrcs
trrr: tuvict()n css tllislltlls
(1uctclsti(:rs.
lrr
nlis lrclccrratltrs
(lue
sc:lt lls in tctl)t ctltci( )ncs ctre intelec-
lLrlnrcnlc
rlorca."L
l,il
(ntLtsislIt()
clcl lLnlisltr
-lltstLrlo
ctt su vitaliclecl y r.a-
rac
i<larl <lt cntusisnl.Ll-sc- y. solrrc toclo. Ie cltrnicuciritr atc.ctirl rlci mis
n(),:p(n1ll algo <rrt no
(s
Dtcftltcntc clcl lclcn iclclrlivo sino que ticne
(FLe
vcr rrrn l otelicl;trl tlc ltfcclo con rrrc ltlgo cs senli(l().
,(lil(,ttcltc
Lnl p, \1' nt.i.
flntoncrs. si crrrsigtricra t:ll lllrl)j().. si llrcr'1rrl rrrse...,
rrclr11...
\'cDk)nces...,
A<rr no llrsll cl
(r)ntelri(l()
srr;inticr rlc las
>alrrl.lres,
sino rre Ir csenci:ll es
Lt cltlge eicctir lr rr.re el lrnltlistlr srti gt,nrrineltentc caraz tle ltportltr'.
flxisle una
(rcstia)n (lLrc
olrlige a rrnu nlltizlci(in:
ru
sr.rt'cclc
(()n
aque-
ll()s
l)a(icntc
cr\1)s
(lese()s.
v sLr rr(tLlll(i(')n cn lirrnlt clc conclLrclls <rrnstittrycn
un
religro
plrlu su scgrrlicla<l7 A(rptllr rl
(lcsc()
sin lt:is, sintplenlentc rcc()
nrrcr l cxistcncilr tlcl rlrscr. clcje el srrjcto l nlrr((,(l
(le
sL plol()flu. I)er()
cLcsti()rtitl]r).
(lcstilcn(l()
srr r'e[icler in:t<lt'r't:trlo y
iLrcienckt nftisis cn h nc
gacir'rn <lc licsgos lrujo llt
(xn
ntti(lx lirllttrl:r
.tlstecl
n()
(lui(,rc
vcr
(11rc...". \rj
nili(1r lclx()(lLr( it llis;rchc cncitrs clesce lil icrr nrcs <le,krs
lrrclrcs
crxn(l() el pl-
cicntc. cn
gnsatrrs
rlc itLlt()n() )x o clc t,xplollLcir-rn clcl trrndr. sc cntltrcllta
en pr()\,r(J()s -to corcles a(nr tl scnti(l() tlc rtltliclcl. I)cnsxnl()s tue. sitr rclor
zr csc
(lcsc()
en pltrticLllr, si sr
l)u('(lc
rr:(ono(er la lcgitinicltrcl
(lLte
tiene
clcntro cltl
l)iln(r'1ur1r
lilriclinl v lu lrislorilr
(lrl
pcicr1tc. intenirrii,n<ksc ne
clinte li'r'nrtrLLr'joncs rlel tipo:
"llc
tkrt'cLcnt:t
(lr (luc
plrrll rstl L-\ illlr,r
()1.
l):rr un:r .rii(iriLl c()gllili\l:|r)(lUcdcsiir.ricllr rli r(,nsiin rlcl xl(to \cirsc l ol)rir
(k
'l(.rs(l.rl(
r l,)ir
h s
1
srx irrlcs rr krs que se sonetir el sr.rjer. de las experiencias
(lc
llai)er si(l()
olrltt(' tk,crlic:t, cle l)uria. Es un ver(h(ler() trlh.rio
(le
clesc()nstnlcci)n cle l()s
.r xligos tlt' r,ulora< in rlesde l()s cuxlcs sc picnsa a s lnisDr(). Trabxj, ,
f.rticL-
l:llr))( nlc ir]rp()fiante cuanclo la fiagrlentacicin y nlutilacin dc la rcpresenta-
r'ir'rrr rlcl sujeto apirrcccia avalirda por un criterio plesLntamente
()l)ietiv()
t)rcs('n(
ia clc cierrrs limitll(i()nes < cleftctos flsicos.
Si rn ) se tratr cle un tasg() s(r)re el
(lue
se rsientl cl sentimientr tle infeio-
ri(li(l sir() cr.rc stc resuita de un superya) seve)
()
hasta sdic(), resLlta inclis-
pt nsulr[ enliizar le rnisia)n ir)rposil)le en h que est embarcaclo el
racicnte,
la
rlt srtisf:r|er a un super v--r-r cxigentc. sicnrprc vigilante. Ils
(lecir.
cttesti(rn.llnien-
trr rlclsrrJrnir y de ia ihrsi(-)n cle que se puedl lleg.rr :l rpl.rcarl() mcclinte lt
l)r()\'isi(')n
cle lo clue lu clclrnclanclt. L! lill)()r teraputica c()nsiste en ayuchftrl
l)ir(
i('nt('x lzlrrse tln c<ntru dcl
.tirun()
inieri()r, sobre el qtte nLn(1 reflexi()na)
rrrt
s. rrrlastaclo p(n sLs exigencias, se sinti(i siemprc en lltlta sin
xrclcl
llcgar a
(
nlr'(\cr
(luc
k indecuarlr no erll l sin() ll exigen<ia clesclc le rue sc evrla.
lil
l)ir(icnlc.
cLriln(l() se t[ltl
(le
lguien eplastlrlr por su strpery<i. rc<uierc cle
ur)i
I).rfli(ipa('i(-)n.rctiva
dcl tc[lpelrta pra cnlpczxl'un
(liall()g()
clr,rn,,.itirn
(
0
( (
)lrlL clc las cleDrnclas exccsiv:rs internlts y cle llt ctntinrra itrt()cvlLlxci)n.
l)iiill)g()
(lLc
k)lnr Un caricter c()ncrck) en el lrlrtmient()
)'(lur
c()ndlce,
(
uirl(lLricll
(llrc
sen h fiirlt-tule qr-rc r-csultc contcnicntc cn ca(la caso, a la pre-
llunlr l)(r'nlte
clel pacientc:
<u rtreckr
llrcer
-rare
n() s(nnctcnuc r l() que
si{ nll)r'('il(t:pt sin <iue
lrcliere
pensllr
(lLc
n() cril y() qricn cstltb:r en irtlt: sino
rLrc lrr txigrncilr continrll
(le
perfcci(-)n cs Ia crrc rre ller,'a inextrablemene
ir
(lr(
t(.r-nlinc sintin(l(rr)c en 1:rlt:'ln([ls(), cLln(l() sell ncccsirri(). iLern,s un
xxrr
rrl.ls ellli cle fimtlucitnes s'pticlllucntc ncutrxs y rl terapcut po(lr
l)11gun1r': l(lLr'lc
(li
all()ra :l es \,,2 u\igEnte. -r e\tj tir-tni, rnl(ri,)t-,
(lLc
no
It tlr lrtgua?
Ciloxr
pLrecle clefenclerse cle estil v()z interi()f As c(r() intcnta-
rrros :r\ trrl:u 1l nuestr()s
llxcicntcs
s(lnlcti(l()s a p()(ler()ss figttras patolirgicas cle
lrrs <rrt rxr prrcclen separlrsc p()r el nr(rento
-p<
ejemplo: cickrs ecklcs-
( ('nt(
s ( )r)
>lrclres
pall(rgicos- .L quc se
(lcsplen(lao
del
jLici()
cle l. nrrsnros,
r['igrllrl Drancm en l c()nvivenci obligatla crre un p.Lciente licne c()n un.f-
rrililr
l)lrl()l(igicr)
intern(),
-slr
sr.rpcryir-, rllicntrxs ste no sc lr. rxlifi<rte, por
1,, rrrr. ros, clcle' escrrcharle c()n el c()n()cmiento cle cue acr.rcllo cue
([icc
cs re
sultrrrk rlt
JrlcjLricios
o <Lc tn; :tctittrcl h()stil hlcia s nris,l().
5il'rr()s
(lue
c()n est() n()s
(r)l()caul()s
en lr-cn()
-rcligroso.
(lrl(
.rrn( \g.r-
rrr.s
r'r'rlt
l llr neLrtraliclacl analti(a. per() clcem()s
(lLc
stu no cleltc scr con-
lrrrrlirlrr col
l)lcscjn(lcncix
y cvasir-rn
(lc
lesp()nsxl)iiidacl culnckr el paciente
r'\l.r .rtr:tl)ir(l()
In-(]l
s(rctiriicnr e ligr.res e\ternas
()
internas plttokigicas y
rrrrrl
rrrltros.rs.
lil teraperrta
rsicoanaltico
lienc cl clebcr clc eyuclar ltctiv
nr rt( .r r( \i.rtirrs( (le
ese s(),lc'limicnl(), ples vlr vcncki cl irnprcscir-tcliblc sc
llrnrl,r tr( nrlx), n trrc tl pxcicntc cxr))inrli su soretimiento al terapeuta y
l.r lrrrr ion ,1,
'rrpt
rro rruxilial <ue ste se vio ol.lligedo a asurnir.
l(, AvNctis t:N
psl(,otliRAplA pstc()ANAI-l1(.^
r.r,)lr'...,,
()
"el'i(lcnlcr)reDe
Plr
usterl es inlp()'tanre intenter tul c()sl porqUC
sr( nl(, (luc (
Lmpl., Lrt] sueo larglmente x(ariciad() <ic c()nsegrrir..., cle ser...
Al rrrrsnrr tieorp(). pra poclcr scguir pensando qre las r()s.rs son c<no rrsLecl
Lts tltstlr, necesita clejr cle lacit trna scrie cle aspectos. tles ctmr...
(los
s-
Ix'(
l()s nef.i(ios) qtte, cle sel trmecl<s cn cuenta. siente que le fi)rzJrlJn J
lrl rlrk rnrrr ttl pr()yect(),.
.\
.l k t I i
lic
trc t t .le los 5e t i nt ia t ttos d( i nlpotu tc i.t.
th, lr!titt .lt.l. de itrc/icucict
\':t hcntrs rlorcl:clo extensrlllentc
j:r
cr.testi<'>n dcl sqntinticnt() cle irlpr
It r)('j:1.
(lr:
ilcgitilnicllt(1. Sirrplementc cucre1()s ilt()lt srgsir unil firmr rlt i:r-
t( r\(.)ci(i,t tlre plantclt:txrs cle n)lnerJ
(
)l)\ iil Itcl)lc csctrcDI'ilir'a pcr()
(irc
irsllrit( r.rna iclel. <ue cn cadl pacicnre y op<)flunidll(l
l)()(i('L
recil)ir
()trx
fi)r-
rrrttlrrcirin:
.Apren(li(').L
ve,s!- c(r() cli,lril. ctur in(apuz. r! clcsconiil cle Lrs-
l(
(1.
ll n() sentir que kr que clesel es lcgtinr() polqtrc asi le vean...
(ruarn,
l)irl)ri...
),
()
p()rqlre en csa sittxcia)n tie su niez efectivirl))entc nr> tenl
rocler
illllt. ligrrus tan p(xler()s.rs. y ahorlt ni si(luicr! se perr]ril( (lescr ()
intent.rr.
l).
lr
tlesrrntatlo qtte nr> clebe ni
xrtlrli,
rtte iiacrtslrni. l)er'().
es
rsr
(,.,),rs
lr( n-
('s (lLrr
il hiltt,ca cltl pas:rclo Ic inrpirlc rclsc cle rrtnt firrnrl7,.
t. I ).sdrrrllo .la Dtrct us cdpdcd.tles ctt el ttttutcio de Ll trrl.lod inlartrct
I rh,l lttrtttht a-rlerntt
N() l)ista c()n ellr psclr ic rrentc lir ungrrstiu siD()
(lr(
resrlli in(lis-
l)(
rt:l)lc dilr rl1x slli(lu
l)(,siti!'1
x :trucllo <ltre lll
(lcspieft.L,
especitrlttrcntc en
lis (ils()s
cn <ue estri lr:rsacla en l()s re(
llledllrient(
)s quc ll rgali(lld extcrnlr vx
l)r('\(rlllD(lo.
Ante lo <r,re Frcucl llaur( altgttsliu t?ulitt.t. pa[a tliierenciarll cle
lrr t r|lusivrnente prxluctr clcl c()nflict(). el telilpcute clebe. cn plcientes scve-
rrr\.,t(' pcl'tlrba(l()s \ con fen(-)nrenos tlc clIicit. nyuclarles a pcnsar posil)lcs
srlrr'irrcs
)
p()ncr en
Priictic.l
con([rcls c()ncrctils qrte ls
jllplelrctrtcn.
cs
l\'(
iilltt('rl(e 1nte sitLlci()]cs qltc el plcicntg ve c()rlr() cltrct-i[cs cle sllli(lar. E.\ ()
illl(' s()\lL\1) cxplcit.rrllente Freuci cn Mrr..s
(:(oni
t)\ tl! l.t teaPit attltict
I l,1()r) A(litud quc l1ll sicl() lllLry crcsti()nlt(la
(lclttro
cle LL tcnic clarsicl p()r
ll lcr r'. t n lrsrltto clesclcable. cle convefiit cl trxtrnienk) en uno de tritn-
Lr( r, r r).rlx)\r). Iil ricsgo cle ste sielDpre xcecha pero n() sc trta clr reerr]pla-
z.rr r'l rr ri l prtr.'icrtrc
xl
el clel anllistlr sjn()
(le
pl()\'ecr Ltnil experi(nci. rlu(
Itr
rrrrrl.r rr rll('r,lln)l:rlttkr eJ sentinlicnl() l)iisi(()-(arel)tc Cn cl pltticntc
tttcs
los
l,.rr
lrcs lr r'orr rrt, .tr:t,.r's clc rficcclkr- cle eticecia
1'
clortrinr cle h reliclrl. <lc
rrrc lrr'nlr'.r urr
Irr,,IrIr'nr:t.
p()r
llr.rvc
(lLtc
l)xfezca,
sienrprc 5c ptteclen enc,rrr
It',r lrr'rr.rs tlt r , rr, .r r:rrIcLrlo. Srlo la experiencill reiteru(l1r en el pcicnte de ir
lN'tuRvlN(:loNl:s'ttiRApitl'r'!(:^s Dl.llIiNctADAs ltl1
encon(runrkr solucirnes geneu ci sentinricnt()
(le (()ntinzx l),'tsi(J en sLl c.L-
prciclacl para srpcrr dificult.L(les.
junt() u ltllilictacles rerles prlr hacerlo
efectivanentc. Lo que lequiere p(r'parte clel terrpcLtx cle h misrua sutilezr
(lLle p()secn lcls paclres que se haccn cargo c1e funciones insLficientelnente
clesrrollrrclls en srrs hijos per D() para c()nscnarlas inclefinitlanrene sino cltt-
r.lnte el tic-r)rp() estrictrlrenlc nrcesario hasta tltrc, p()(() p()co, slrs pueclan
ir tomaln(l(rlas slr .ari(). l)es(le
('st perspccti\)u. cl p:rc'iente, instl.r(l() en lir
tlnsfrcn('i:1, var cxl)l()r.ln(l() el nlun(l() interno y el cxtcrn() cle orncr simr-
llr a ctrto cn l()s l)raz()s clc papli o rnartl-t se
rtrcclen
rcc()trer l()s cLlcnt()s rn-
llrntiles sin ser prcsx
(lel
tcnor'. Exploreci<in y. s()l)[c't()cl(), pricll(
clcl d(nni-
ni() s(r)rc la realiclrcl <ue inrplica el clcsrnrllo tlc riuevas cultcicllcles que n<r
es rue hltyltn cstl.l() r'cpri,i(Lrs o s<ficrt<las por cl conflicto sino trre no cxis-
ten cn cl rcpcrt(i()
(lcl
sujcl(). NLcvllmcnte clebe'tr;s
(lifrcncir
ll paciente
.p(
)(ler( )s( ).,,
l)lcn()
(le (lesr()s
!'fecLrs()s
crl
(lui(n
el
((xlllick) pirliz Ilr ini-
citi\'. l)l()quc el
(lcs),
hlrcr 11'nunciar a
(
ilpir( i(l.r(les
(l\c
si
1'losee,
cle acuel
(fr()
qlle n() (tll ni rctliza str ricse<t
Jxrttue
n() ticnc en str reltctt<trio el sa-
ber cirlxr hrrcerk. Nr l)lrsta tener cl intens< cl(se() clc ctrzar cl Canal cle la
\l.rnr'lr.r: lr.rr (lu( :.r1,(r n.trl.tr. r lri<n
lil
l)dcielrlL,
tllha
l)trler
listt it itutr altlta t lkt
I,altigatb,
nrctlrt
lirL
iIikuk'
l
pr(
,(!dt'
Si el inconsc ientc n() esti xcti\1) en su t(lli(l(l, si se ucti\' y clcsactiva
scctrrieltttntt cle acrc[l() l
(iqrt()s
estllttrl()s.
(le
cntl'e los ctlltlcs el I]ledi()
extern() rs inlp(1tntc. r-tsrrlrlt rrrc el c()n()cin)ig,rl r ) qtrc r'acllt
l)es(n-rir
p()sea
rlc <ir <r r nsc<tte rt('ia s tiencrt prar .\L in(()ns(iente
(ierk)
il)()
(lc
\tcul()s.
ciertxs
(r)n(licir)nrs
rlc viclu, clclrc lirrnar
l)xrfc
(l('l()s ()l)ieli\()s ([e
t()cl() rn
lisis. M.rs rin. clackr ruc l1r rl)( )(lifl( cin t(fal clel inconsciente n() es unil lneta
;tlcanzthle
ror
ningn tip()
(le
trirtanricnt(), y qLle sicnrpre <uecla una vulne-
rul)ilidacl en lcs secrcs r-lc llr personuliclerl cltte lran sickr ltfcctrclos por con-
clitionts putrigenas. lo cur:rlguicn puc(le h:r(cr l respect() cs u'lr
-sc/sccl,r
(liscrinl
in.tdtt rle r,ncrrL rs
,ioncliciones
clc licL. l>usc:tncLr rtcurlllts <ue le
sean tlis l'lrr'orrblcs
)
lrLrvcrt(l() cle lls cltstrtvorrlrles.
lll ntrsis
(lrrc
r(le(r1(lrllcnte se hucc cn rl lrruncl() intcln(), en l, r intr'.rpsi
tluico ---<le
esr cs clc kr clr.rc se
()cLrpx
el psic().lnl'Llisis- puer-lc hlt<er c<rrcr el
riesgo tle crre el tcf1rprrrtlr tral)xic c()n Lln sLlpucsk) iDplcikr: "l-o
quc irlp()rta
n() es c(-)]lr ) rs l rellicla(l cxlcrna sin() crtxr ttslecl la vivc,. l)e csl() n{) call)en
cltrrlas.
>err>
tnrl)ia'n esle lsel.t() s(- (lel)e (le
ia()]plarr clel sigr.rirntc: corno h
lirntre en trre cl
>ltcientc
vilc sus r'lcLrL>s.
(r))()
el i)(r)nscicntc n() s('l)Lc(lc
p()ner 1ccr() cn Lnar nl.tl-(h:t llt[is qLr peroli(lr
((nltcnzaf
cle nrrc\'(r, cl tnejor
ectrililrrio tlrrc prrecle alcenz-rl llguien de-rcnrltti cle evit.rr l() que rctiva lo peor
(lc
su inc()nsciente. luscancl< cl neclio fncilitaclol y el meclio pr()\
eed()r.
lsl
Al,^N( lis trN PS(.(fuitiApt^ pSIC()^NAt
.t.r( A
Sc
lxrr.li; lx.tsllr
(lue
ll.,rrrc,ctntos
trnlr .rclaptlcir-rn.
clue stc cs ei c.ilt,rirr
tttt qrri;lliit (.1
t)littc. )lictt() qLtc estt)(.)s
cleslioll:nclr>.
pe()
se ti. pt.(,(t
s,Ilr( r]l(, (l(.
lo oc.t().
nr es l:r it<lptac.ir'ln (lel
psi(lLtisDto
al ltlecli()
ext(ln()
\lrlr,
llr s(.1( ((
i()n
(lel
D)rdi() extern() (lLe
nle)r se a(iitpte r p()tenCiu
al lt):ixi
rrr,, L!
l)()\il)ilr(l'r(lcs
clel psirrisro
r,. le plri.ea
<le urLrelkr
crrc,l.:,1,,,.r.
r,,r,,
, r)ltDt.r (
rc( ic.t(kr ()
c<;rtrtlet:tr-str
estrLlctLlral. i_o trrt.ttr.lLt.i() ittttli<a pianiear,
l(
-rl suj({() 11n trLreL cue
xrr
inrposiltle
\,
(l1itip()tente
_",J
r.,r,.A
af qu.
rI lrr.r[,r'l:ll'ir
pllr t()lerar cl rrte]clio plt,,lgicr'_
ctripalrilizlr
v ll,,.e.cnti.
rl.r'sr.
llrr<:rs:r (.Llan(l()
r() se
(rrr)sil-aLe.
:rt,, a, r,n,, ala l',Lr a, rnrij..,,._n
ci,s ai,,
rrrl-r ,)li(
rlr.r. i, rn
.ln.tllrl,.r (.n (lt.( \(,,lrr.t
,l.l ,.,1 . t.tl\t.\[.]
\..1t..1\(r.t.
Iu,)genl
'lr'l
, rl'
1,, (\f(rn,, (n
:l:.,1. Ll Irct.l I(.,_aittnt.r rlt..r.nlr..
.
l,,s
(.\tU(.2,,s
(n
lll
rr rr x lilir.rrt.irin
rlcl strjcto.
ILsclt, llr
I>crslecti!]
(uc
csl.r,l)rrs
Pl.nt(.rnri).
tln.r clr I.s
l)r.(gunl
qrc
trrr:r
I)(,rs()lli
sr: (lcl:le
no(lrr
firrrrrrrl.rr
c. lrl.rtl.l. lti, (.rr.Ltcf\rr(..
clc <u ol>
(l()
(l(,ln)
lruir-y e crr/rlcs nte ticlx accrcr? Mrtll fiiri( 1l r)cnl e, si llgLrien tiene
Ir
rir.l
st nsiblr., < es cli;rlri,ti<rr ()
tjcne
insrfj(.j(,ncj,,
1r,,1,,,,r,"r.
..i"rtr'o
r".""r,,
t lllr r1,.s sr.r'r-: c()tlt(r cl e(lui|irlcntc JI s()l (lcl
tr.riJ.>ico. lt l<rs lliclr(os cic <.ltlr
ll()
(,.r1
trill)j()
cn tLna lllin
clc crlt<-rr. ]r" ca Lrn
(.()n()(.ill)icnt()
stlrre s rlris_
ttt( r.lu(
rrl
l)x(
ientc clel)c pos<,<,r. ltl t,rntino clc ur-t lr-eltticnlt.
Sr, lrxtx
(lc
tlg()
ttlrt l,, lrLis cs>ccfico rltr(, lir <.lrD.(.i(lll(l (lcl
I)i(.i!nl(,rlrr.l
rlett,t.llrr llr plrkrlr
ylr.r rk strs <fr'os signiflcxti\ (
)s l-l:..i rr<n<xirricnto
rlc iu
tr<tie
(.strl(.tLllir
psi
,
tti,
.r, rlt, strs rlt'seos.
(le
sLts llltgustiits,
clt strs rrreores aspcctos y.
ttrtlllri(,n. cle
sU t lllrt llrlriliclurl
Apa]1i[(ltl
rstc (,nl,Lilllruntur
Us t.rrtilr[..l.rr
r..futstlr,r la
l)r lllr,)lit: (lLta,
l)crs()nus.
(lLte
lllcLllO (.I.(.rn(1.l. (.
l\,1(,n(.i,t,)
ir, J]t,:jor tlc t,
(
L.rl(,s it(ti\ilr1 lnis spc(t()s n]1is \,trlner.lrles.
tLLiles l]tc
(les(1i\.;lnz
CAPTTJLO IV
EL TRATAMIENTO: AMPLIACIN DE I-{ CONCIENCTA,
MODIFICACIN DEL INCONSCIENTE
I"clenczi tirnc cl nl()
(lc
halrt l sirkr
rirrerr)
cn cntcncler
(luer
) el tip()
(l(
l)lrt()l()g
(lcl
pit(itnle rc(lLririrr,
l)irat
(;r(lir ('as().
tt)lr rlr()(l:rli(la(l cle inl(l
vsnci(')1r terl)'llli(x
(lLrc
es( cltstinlLclu csl)c( ificlur)( rltc .r rtrrrliiirlu'lcr.tllu:
D) rlUc LL intcrl)rct.l( i(in
(lel (onteni(l() (lc
l1 t.rntlsx in<rrnscir:nte rs LlIl rc-
cr.rfsr)
(lccisi\'() pillll ('l (1rr))l)i()
leIir.)tltrlicrr
P('()
(lLc
r']()
('x(lLryc ()1[rs
Ii)f]nirs
(lc
rDur\ an()ar)t
() (lirc
cl p(icnlc rlclt r'ollrl)(rr il(li\:Ultcnlc
(n
el pr'(xc
s()
(lc (rnrl)i().
Con lrxl<t, lu liDritar'irrn estnci.rl tlc lrr tc nir-a tcrxPuticx cle f(
renczj flr(li(l)11. nuis crrc crr l<s cxt'esos rttc la clcsecreclitar()n trl sLr rlt()rlen
t(), cn Iir
(()nc('p.i()r-r psir'()l)1Lt()l(-)f.:i(:r clc
(u;il
crr lil
(llu\a
clcl sitlOr11e
l
rrrril
i lirnnlr cn
(l(r('s(c.\(:
r'crttccliltr'i:t Asi,
lrr
t'jcrtirlo. crr:trrLkr s<lstr'n;t rtrc Irr
ralctredrrrl
en lirs 1ls(xi:t(i(lcs l'estltlrlxr clc llts s(isfitr'r'ioncs sc\Llllles tir(Lr
l)iertlrs, plirlr ctitlrr Is cLirles
troltilria
ctrc stts
l).t(icnt('s
crrzasen l.r-
Ilrr'rn-rr
en srsi()n
1,
firr'r'lr tlc elllrs.
()
Irs s()ll1({iil i;lrstencrsr'(l('()rinrlr
(lLrrxnte
D)u-
cl]1ts Irors. o.t:rlsljnenr'ir scxulrl.
() (lu('s(
:rtilsarscll r('itcrxdll llt( n te cl l)ig()-
lc
() (lLrc
sc cnii:tsr'esen cn interts()s plltr'ercs :rrtisti<rrs. trrir cllt cviclencilltl
srr:ttihercncia :l rlrll tc(ni dc l Iil)i(l() cn
(luc
su clislril)Llci(ill. sLrl)Lcsl()s rs
lxn(:rIi(nl()s

rlescrrlrs st'r'rrn cl rigtn rk'le Ictrcsirirt V r['l sintttrt. l)r'
elkr
rcr-rs:rba
trrc ilr enclglr rrrc s< clescelglril rerlintc cictrs 1,.'lrrs sr'ri.r
sustrl(lu
(lc
las rcl]rcscntacionts. lo
(lllc
lls ller,'rLra ar pcnrlanc(c[ n()
(lisp()
niblcs pert Lt corticncilr
(
I.'clcrczi. 1925). Fll fics() clt l:t experitrrti.r inrrr,
vaclllrL cle Fcrcn(zi ticnc
(l(c
.rtril)t(irse,
fr()t
(nk).
no silr:r Iis rr'sistcn(iar.\
cle lrr comunirlucl
rsicounlltica
il iccl)t:il'
(lnrl)i()s
tllo des(rnpr', \in
durla. un
>lrcl
inll){)l'tlnlc sino rr ls llrses cnclelrlcs solt la ruc :rsentel>lr
lu crnplensiirn cle le
Jrrir'ogi'ncsis
rlel snlornlr. Io <rre csteblcriu tl lxizt-
lc
(lcntr() (lcl
c t(rl sc
roclirrn
nrovc lrrs k-lIr.ts clr ir-rtcrt'cnc ir-)n lclxl)Lrti(:t
(luc
pte(t)nizxl)l. l'rsr' clkr, ct[rnck cstinrlrllrlrlr 1s(s p(icntes a lint.rsc-rr'.rrtr-
\,ll)cDtc
()
lt !ivir cstx(l()s crtl( )ci( )n.r lcs
()
lr llsrlt)if c()n(lLctrls
(lLrc
i)',\cr.ln
enclc-lr. irr :r t:!ilirr. teniir cllrr()
(lLrc (n
ntLrch()s
(llsr)s
lal:rs()ciirci(in lilc v el
l)ensill]licnt()
s(,n rliliz1l(l()s cortt() <lefi'nsas, espcciitlt]r(nlc
('Lr:rn(l()
llls.ts(F
ci(ioncs sinen
l)1lr
ctrtlllizar al enlrlist elrnrnl'incl()l() c(rl cl lclekr. o
J'tlrra
cvilll el scntir
)
cl llctr:ll.
lixrcricrrcirr .ll)rtx(Lt lx Lle l:t r<rrrte xcti!..r lir
(ril
fq.cn(zi lnisnrr hiz<
ls r AV^N(.1:S IiN PSICO'l liltAPlA PSIC()ANALll l(,4
(,1)i( (
i()n(s
)'
IlLrtizllci()nes. per() que trxtal)a cle enc.Lrxl' un.l pro)lelllitica va-
lirLr: trrr1 tixr
(lc
intcrvenciones. en cuanto a firntur r' c()ntenido. prtrJ qu
lil)l)
(l(.
l).lci(ntcs.
I)r()blentica
(iue
interes(i pr<tfunchurente .r f'reLcl. c()m()
s(. r(.llr'jrr crr
^tL't
()s
clo1tl()s .le l.t psicocrupi.t
diatltct, ftli).tio <]ue ha sickr
olrjcto rlt.srilirl:r lc'lcsion en la litcratrr psi(\)itnalltic:r v L,n el qLte, defen-
,liL,rtl,r ltr necesitlecl cle lrn n:rlista rcti\). sr)stuv():
"...1-1rs
lxrix(lrrs tirrtnas cle
crtli lrttttlltrl D() pue(leD tlar))jlirrse
P()r
I ntisnta lcni(r" Pitrlt cjcnrplificar, lr
( r,nlllruai(ir. (()n
rnit pr()pLrestat tefilp.Lttir
l)lril
ci(ftis li)l)iis
(ltc
vale lnu-
clro rrris
rr
l.r oricntaci(-)n gener:tl que llr iltspirr rrrc pr lu solrrcion es-rcri-
lir'rr rrrt'>r'rlrnlt:
"Nrestra tcnica crc( i) en el tr'ttitltient() cle l ltistcria v si-
grrc rtjrrstrrrilr esi feccir-rn. l']eo las tilias nos ol.lligan lr soltrepasal la
.orrhrct
(luc
her)r()s
()l)scl'vd()
hasta el presente. l)ificilluentc clctrinr.i un.r
lirlirr <luitn egrrlrcle hlsta quc el enterno sc deje llt()!e[
>or
cl enlisis a re
srgn:ullr: i,l nuncr.lporttl-l xl ?n,Llisis el tnaterial inclispcnseltle pllr la solu-
(
i()n
(()ncctll
<tc h firlia.
'Iimen
ustecles el ejenrpk) cle un lgotrfiil:tico; hay
tkrs r']scs. unl nra-ls levc y
()tr'r
nrs grave. l-()s cnti,nl()s <le la prinrera clasc
sin
(lu(l
sLlflirn irn!{rstir caclx vez qtre anclcn s()los por-l:r cllle,
ter<>
n<t por
L llo rlc,jlur <lc hceLlt l()s
(xl'()s
sc protegen
cle l:L tLngr.rsti:t lcnunci.tndo a an-
rl;rr sokrs. C<n ess tiltitms nr sc
()l)tiene
xi) \i n() sr. los
ttrerlc
ntoveL,
r(
(li]rtc
el inflLtjo <lel rtniilisis, u c()Dtp()tt:lr\c coltro fiilricos rlc pritlter graclo.
r:rlr'rk,t-ic x
(lue
itn(trn qror ll c:rllc v <rre luchen
(\)n
l xltflLrstjl cr) e:\u ln-
l( Dtr) l.nl(r)(ss.
rlirttcro
Iray rue [ritigar L lir)i. llistl csc
])Ltnr(). 1'sirlo
cles,
Ptri's
tk' rr:scgrri(l() esl() ir instunciils clel Dti,r.ljco. cl enfi,rro clisl:xrndr cle
.rrrrt'llrrs oc-trrrencius rLrc posilrilitun l s<lrrciti': tl( ii ti)l)i1"
(F'reLlcl,
1919a,
l)rig.
I()l). l)r(r)lel)llica s<tl>te la occesiclltcl clc rlis>oner t['rltr.iltiples recrrrsos
l(,(ni.()s. it(lptli(l()s lts caractcrsticas esrecfic:rs clcl caso. tuc fctprcce
( { )nliLrr)cntc cn psic()anlisis sin que logre
(r)tcncr
un lLrgar clr legititniclacl
(
r llr li'r'rlicll te[puticl. yll qlc pxra consegrrirlo reqrcrira rle un cfirrtu-
lrrr'ir'rn a firnckt <le la teol cle la cur."1
(lriur(l()
FrcLrLl clesculre el prxler clel inc()nscicntc pxr:l detenninxr I)lstu
l; rrris rninra llcci<-ln clel srrjeto, parelelanrente (leslltr()lh
su teola ter.rl)Lti-
(r:
l()s srt()ruils \'[x pilk)l()]i.r se resuclven hcicnckr
(()nscicntc
I< inc<ns-
citrtt.. ll,Jntrnckr lus l:rgunus otnsic:rs, lcvantunclo lit lr--tltsion. re< uperanrlo
l, rs lttu,.'r<l<s int:rntiles.
(
\ptcsi(tcs
(lLc
c(,nsi(ler() e(luivxlentcs. Su tcsis ])
\i(.r. 5r,\t(ni(l:r clcsclr 17 tltcct)tsnl()
!):i(lrtc()
(l!
k
fi'ttrittt<,ttos
histri)s
I l)it)J). lu('rtre lr.) sttstratkr clc la con(icnci:r. lilojrrckr cn cl incr'lscicntc. ha-
, r,r rl, l.rs \ll\'its- rt8i(l() pr las le1'es
(el
ILDci(r]:nri(,nto clr cslc sisten)a. Lil
s,,lrr i.r rrtrrPor'lr lo cxclrticlo a l conr'iencirr pitrit
(luc
s(leticl() at lil
.c()-
rr(
(
r r rn ,r\( x i:rtivl" pilsasc flnci()nrr con llr k'rgicu
(L-
l.t
(()ncicncia,
l(igicll
rL l.r rrorrr,rIirI,rtI l-ir ter:rpi.r anrltica clelr:r c()nsistlr cn rrDlt arDpliacitin cle la
r,-l l'.r( ,l(. , vr r:rritrrir c5 unl \trsin irnrpliil(Ll
(lc
l(, qU( expllsinx,s (n
r)rr() hrsar
rltl( x 1,, i ,.,, l')!)r)
conciencia. en un \'lcianlicnk) clel inc<lnscienrc; ctlan) mars se recuPelirse de
stc. rnlis cercl cle l1l nouulicll<l estlttie el sujettl.
Sin enrltargo, str pr.icti(a
(
linicx se resist.I a lrostl.lfle l()s xito' tcrJllcL-
ti(()s
(lLle
la tcrtra clel ltvlLntnrict]r
(le
ll rcpresia)n
Pareca
xug\Lr''tr' Frenfe
ell(), Frcu(l cleslrroll:t Lrnx c()n(ePci(it]
(le
tiP() instrulllentlLl
Pxrlt ltlstiii(xl
pol tltt la sirlt( llilt()li )gia n() sc rcsLlel!'t: cl ilisis nt> Illi llcg:rcllr
'i
l'i silfi-
cirnre pr()flrn(li(lxd. sc lcqtlictc ttc ll rcc];tl>oraci<in, es tlcci:. re'()rrer I()s
efL-(1()ri
(le
lo retlir'l1icio ct t()(lils llls )t il icxci()nesl n() l)ast1l c(rlltrni(alle l()
rerrirticr:rl paientc. sle t. tlelt c-scrllrir
P()r
s lllisnl(); nrl es stliciente el
rcclerclc. l< delte revir.ir en l tllnsfercnci:I. c()n cl fect() c<lrlesponrlitnle.
ples n() se puc(le cLrrr en
"arsenciil
()
en efigie" a()n t(xl(), la iclel tle l>rse
se m.utticne sin tD< xlific ecitinr si l() sc ((cde 1 lal
(tlrcia)n
cs pokrtc
sicrtt
pre ruetla un [esft). y cLttl) llliis.tl))Pliclll()s
l crn<ienci. cuank) rei()r l()
ir"grn,,r, us() cle l tr:tnstrencilt,
rel iviscent i enx)ci()nll. clcpltrac itin cle la
rcni( para n() c()nttln)inl c()n lltlcstrlt
Presen(ix
lo cllte pr'tecla ettter'gcr
c(rl)() genuin()
(lel
l)llcicnte-.
tnl tlllis cerca cstatrcll-I()s <le ll lllctlL.
'li)(l()
este eclilici() con(cl)t(l.ll
st c()tlstr!ye sin pllrfitnclizar en tln p'll't-
tkrj:r: si cl inc()osciclltc
Prluil.
si cs tletetnlinante. si lx c()ncicncix,
(()nl()
cl
ntisnt() |1eLr(l s()stiene.
('s (ln
sillrl)le
(')rg1l11()
stns()ril' qtle
(xpt(llil
xl inc()ns
(icnt( (lcti)rLin(l()l<,.;pue<l<'llt at
lllirtctotl
cle l urncicnci.
(lc
l)('r
\
(()rn()
irDicr) rrr'trtso. rccstrLlcl!r il \llict()'a
)\i)
l.)lll'lttlat illc()11,,'(tlt-i(t c/ ()s/')''
sitDttll.inaa tetttt'. qu( d ittscL'tttL'. dd?r 1ittl1ltc. sientptl'l'td'ltlL'
1lt)
nctlpt' blc p4t' lrt ctttcctLitt.
.\'lttl(r
tttttt laora.l'ttltd
l)ralctic(t
(l?
l(t cltra
tlt!()':;() c.,tttt'a c.tclusit'unrct
(
rt l'ttctt'c(tscicltlc b itrcottsciatttc?
Ac.tsLt
el
(xnIl)i() (le
estrtegiiL
Pilrx
cstll il,l)Pliilcilin cle llt t<n<itltcie cl pas:rr rlt'stle Jit
interprctci(')n pr<fl'ritla
ror
cl anltliste. c(r'l t()d()s los riesgos e in(()o\(jl'lirn-
tcs que en cte llt(nllc!]) es c(n))n
sealr' tln tip() de
Prctica
en qtc se
el propio lnalizlrnclo el rr.re lo lleg.t. avttchckr po el silcnck tlel analistll o p()t'
la prcgtrnta
-l
clltrl o le tnigttrrilica
(lLlc
.tl)rirx nuev()s cillllin()s, sigllifi-
can algrrne rliferencilt cse n( ili'a
lN(
)
jrllplicll
tln c()ncicncialisl']l()
()t()l'g.tr
[ s1-
l)tr c()nscicnte el
(
rtticttt
rtivilcgiaclo
(tc
c()nverti-5c cn la c()n(lici( )n ne( \'l-
ri.l V suficienlt
(le
la rccstltlct\ll-( ia)ll
(lcl
sllict()'a
l-As Rlistsl FN(;lAs l)ENTR() I)I:- N(.()Ns(.lliN' E
I'rcttcl. n< sienlJrl-c clesl>ortlltcl()
P()r
cl
()Ptilllisllx) s()l)rc stls lL-sllll:l(l()s tc_
tirpttic()s, ltttsct-t explicacirilt lt los ltllitcs
(le
st aclttilcia)n
y I slls frxc:lsos
ferxp!tic()s. lo <ue le l)iz() il llliis rlll- <le stisfitcerse
Ptlralllente
c( l res-
puestil clad p()r el IlIe
j()rxlniento clc la inslrltlrrent1ci(in
(lt
hacer
(1)ni't,lcntc
lo inc<nsciente. p()r ltxcel r'nlis v l])ci()r de kl tllismt. A partir clc h clccla tle
l()s veintc tl iii.$se tcrxPtltic() cs
PIntcx(l()
c(nl]() tenicncl() st causit en
quelk)
(lLrc ()ctlfle
en el sen() I1li5(1lo
(lel
inc()nsciente.
p()r lxs
Pe(
uliari(litdes
l]t- t RAl',AMlEN l O
185
I i( r AvA\(:l:S liN PSI(l(lf IiRAPIA PSI(i()ANAI-1'lCA IJ , TRATAM1iN'I'O Iu7
(lLr(
l)r((lir
stc tener', p()r las filrrzls
(lLe ()psran
en sLl interk)r,
!
no s()l-
nr( ntL
ln)r(lrc
las resistcncixs del vo illpiclan la antliaci<in cle la <r,nrienri.r.
l l.r(
(
n su irl)lrrici(-)n rn la tc()ra la comJnlsiirn
(lr
repeti( i(in. el ntlr\,rqursnto
l)rilll.rri(,.
lir resistcncil clcl clk, la resistencix
(lcl
sLpel_v(i. I)ice l'lcrrcl cn 1l-
l)il)iiri
,sntr1tt.t'cutgustial1926). ltrego cle reafinl cr-rc con rcle<.i<-rn a la
r( sisl(.n( i:r
(lcl
)1)
1 hxcer c()nscicnle l() inc()nscicnte n() tcndrx na(lJ
,lLt(
lln.l,
rlir'.r lrr tlt cxl)Lrcst():
"En
cenrlir. es cucstionitl)lr. cuc clla sola reculr cl cs
l.rrir rlr trrss qlre n()s sle al p;rs() cn cl niilisis... ll?s
(ancelt-le
resistcncil
\(i(r.
(s
nccesrio srrpeI:rf cl
roclc:
cle Ie <orrprrlsir-rn tle rcltctici<-rn. la atrac-
r rr rlt krs xrquetip()s inc()nscirntcs sol)tr cl p[o(cs()
l)Llsi()n.Ll
replinrickl y
rr.rrl.t lLli
(lLe (r)ict!r[
si sc
(luisiese (lrsil.lnr
csc fuc't< urnr rcsstlltcid
(lc
h) t(()lsc(,nto'
(plig.
f.i9. cutsiv
(lc
FtcLrcl). Y lgrcga, p()co tlcspus:
"Fin
,unto rr ll
(Llltta
clse
(le
rcsislcncill. Ilt clel elLr, a(al)illt()s clc llrccrle rcs-
lxrsrlrk
clc llt ncccsicled clc rc'elelrora< ir-rn. l,.l
(lriutit
t-csistrn( iit. l clel srr-
lx
ryr'r.
1...1 sr
()p()ne
l t()cl() xit() y,
l)()r'tlLnt(),
tenrlrin u Ia c urr'ir'rn mcrli:rn
tt cl
rsitrlrnlilisis,.
i\liis x(leltntt:. cn cl lnisn() lr:Ll)aj():
.lrirlltentc, (xl)c
irllginiu
(llre
IlLs coss no clcjatin cLc {)fte(er
(liflculta(lrs
si un
troccso
pul-
siorr:rl rtrr- tlrrnte clecenios ht ltncltkr
l)()r
(ierk)
r'rrinr clelre'
(le
pr()nto
rrr.rrr'lrrr
ror
Lrn() n!g\'() clrrc sr: le lt ttliclto. I)oclr:r llnrrsc x a,stll /at /11.s
tt,ttL irt th'l alk lpitg. 209, cLtlsi\' nLteslrx).
ll(sislcn(i1r clcl cllt el clurl)io, x uctrch.tr
p()r t)lt()s clr/i/?os.
(luc
cs llg()
(r ) ll)l( liU]lcr)tc rlilcrcntc clc llr rrsislen( i] ti
(iu(
lg()
(lcvrnglr
c()ns( ientc. Rc-
isl( n( iir.
ln)r
tunl(), en el pt()pi() inc()nscirntc
-cl
cllo cs cl in(rntsr irnt(
P,
'r
.ll)l()r]()rllrsia-.
lx)r
c:lLlss lrjcnas e ltrs clc I crncicncilt, \'(lue ticnr sLts ILn
,l,llrrcrrlos t'n lrcluclkr qLrc cn cl ina()ns(icntr cst inscritr) n() i.Lll palr l()-
rLrs krs srrjr:tos en la cliclacl clq las l cprcscnta cioncs clugecles ufectiva-
nr('rl(. (
n.lr ris<rrsiclcl <lc la lil.licir,,
(Irreu(I.
l9J7:r. l93u). cn lir conprrlsin
,r lrr ltrctitirin. en la crrlpl in(\)ns(icnte. cn cl srrpcrl-r incrr'rscicntc.
l)('('stlt llnerat. cn ls
(l()s
ltimas cltrtlas <lc str vicl cn(()ntrlllt()s a
lrr'trrl tr'rtlizentlo Lrnll c:rnrl)i() reclicltl t:n srr <rrr-tctpcirin clel psictrislt,,.
1rr',.
luntlizrcIr lrn ms la
(liferencia
clt 1o inconscicnlt: con respcct() .r li
ronLit,rcilr, rro vienrlo en atr.rl solantente l() sustr'il(k) 1L a,st1l sin() unit es
tnr(trir
(r)n
t'csstatrcitts prop!,:i
l)ul()
t:rl rrrt sclt hltcc c ortr.)rcnsilrlc cltrr
Lr
Ix
rsrrrlrr no r'arnlie
rol
el rcto lrtch< clc
(lLlc (r(l1tt
ls rcsislcncias clcl t'<
,
(
)n\( i( r)l(
1
llr rrrnt'iencia se ltrtrplie. Si c()n cst() se .rlcjl clel trrornenlri en <tre
,,st( nr.r rlr( ( l inc(xtscicntc sr-rkr clescallr ctncrger. nlrnifitsl:trsr:.
1 ruc cllr la
,,,rrr rrrr'i.r l.t rrrc sc lc <tona. lo
(ltc
parsrL al s()stcncf slrf)cr-al cl plolrlcre tle
l.r r'rrrt rrir'rrt i;r
(n
llr crn<iencix. I;t rcsistcncill del inrrrnsr'ientr:
(lLtc (.st.r (n
lr,Ji,
r,,
( \ i lr.r((rsc
(()nscicntc,
ro cs sr-rlo llr etrlrcci<-rn clr lo r<pritnickr. n<r
r'\ l,r lr( r,/,r rrrt.rkstlt ahljo cl inc(n-iscicnlc- crllLI<l rrl la iucrz-r .rre
,l, s,lr' .rrrlr.r ll( t('l)( ntll le rasa clc lo rtltrintickr. N(), sr trut1r clc otra c<ncli-
(rr)n, (r( (
n l()\ t( nrin()s crrn <rte Frcrttl trlltll de encllrr cl proltletna es tirr-
rlrl.r(lil
(r,rrt ) r orrrrrrlsir'rn (lc
lcpctici(in < c<ru.viscosicLucl tle lt lilicl<,. l,as
caractesticas del inc()nsciente clc cada sujet() inci.len para rue le respuesla
(lc
I()s pacicntes a lxs inten,enciones :urplix(l()[as cle l conciencia resulten insu-
ficientes para lograr una u-lo(liticxci(in cn sL li)l)a
(le
sentir y
(le
actuxr.
flna refirmr.riaci<-n cle trl magnitLd hrbicra nccesitacl<). en lirs
(le
Lrn-
tencr le cohercncia entre t'l nive l m1s general de la te()rr
-hs
nuevas pl()-
pie(lacles ahil)Li(lus xl sistcn)r inc()nscirnte- y l:l te()ria sectolial cle h crla.
()l)ligat()l
iarrente subsicliaria cle aqrrlle, cle un rcplentcartticnto cle l fi rlt
cle encarr el tr.rt.rnient()i si b
Paal)gico
tN) t'esultt
(.\clttsit'.u1tentc
c ltte

!!o
n() clctcttta'stt lugLlr elt lct rtckttliek.ttl cle lt crncie'tcitt, atbncas l.t
ct!t.t tlo
Ptte.le
bt!sc.u'st titcdokDta kdiuta kt nrxli/itttcititt tk, lct ltis ttt.
Per() cn estc p\lnt(), l()s clesarr<ll<s freucliun<s. al ig'uel cLrc siellll)rc Ir succ
rlick con h evolrrcirin tlc ctralcr.rier rfra clisciplina. se clrrctetizxn por la asin
cr()ni1!, p()r cl pr()gres() cn cirrtas
(limeosiones
esen(iirles cle la est rclul cle
la te()ra
jrnt()
al nr.rntcninlicn) sin rcvisin
(le
sect()rcs
(lLrc
cn li rrun,rl()n
clc L misnu le son rlcpenclie ntcs. En
('uant{)
l l te< a clel lratamie ntr. Frcr.rcl
c()ntinLr(') creyen(l( hlrst el final cn el poclcr hcgernr-rnitrr clcl inc rcrncnlr dei
subo'c(rtscielte t'?/'12ll
([rrlrnte
el lrnallisis. pr()\'eng] str cle la intcl
l)rctJ!
i,;n
tlxnsfren(jal
(1.'reucl.
193Ja), l1l rcc()nstncckin r l constrr.rccin
(l'leucl,
l9J7l.l), tficcirlas
Jror
el analistu < elalxitcles cr ctlalxracirin c<n cl lnltli
zanck. St c()ncepcin
(le
la cLrrlr, y clc krs instrlttttcr]t()s
(()r1 (ltre
i'sta cltenta.
cstuv() eD [ctras() c(r) tcspc(t() ll las rcfinntlaciones rtrc iurpriDti(r sin tcs.rr
il su le()rr rlel incons< icnte. hsr no signif)clr cuc cl
obltrtre
n() hya c()ns-
titlri(l() unll
l)re()cLlpci(')n
en slr
()l)la. (1),r()
l() p()clenr()s ver
(Ln(l()
discrte
cl prolrlcrna clc llr cioblc inscrip(i)n Llnll rn lx c(xrcicn(ia
l
otra en el in-
c()ns(ienle- pxr.l intcntr prnctr.rr en l
(tzon
tlc p()r'(lu llr c()lrruni!.r(in
(le
la interpreta( i(')n n() mo(lific.r el pacicntc
(f'lerrcl,
1915b). ln(lcl)cn(lientc-
rrrente
(e
lll rcspuest:r
(lue (ljerx
al prolrlenu cle lu cklle ir-tscri-lcir-rn. all cs
tlr encranclr la crcsti<n rlc cue /.rr.l-t tcrl)ciotas ctl el i conscclttc
4tle
tru dasdpat?cait porqrrc sa lts rclrdtlzcLt.t lt tcrlalizuckjt .1)ttsct'ula.
1,L\ iDtarpratacn nuttatut clc Stfachel,
(19.1.1)
cilcr-lci por [<;s culliics
crcx(l()s por Frerrrl cn lo qrc .l h te(r-a clel tllrtnmienk) se reficrc: cl llcger a
sl)c[ c()nscientcrrlcntc. cl cxpcricncilrr rn la ttLnsfi'rcncia rre la figrrra clel
l)resente
es cliferentc cle h clcl peslckr. cs acucllo
(lLlr
pl'()(luce cl crml)i(). L()
enxrcional-tr:rnsferencial es el sorrttc pxl-
(luc
[.r iclc crnscicntt lrnglr tirer
za. pclo cl cuftictcl tle ser c()nscc-nle c-s k cletisir. Si sr tcor
(le
l intc]'
pretx( i(-)n mr.rttiv lrizc firltrrnl lie p()l-(lLre uni(')
(l()s
pilales ! l()s
(lue
ningun
xnalist.l p()(l pemane(er insensillc: pepel transliruruclor clcl lltcel crns-
ciente k inconsciente y trl)i() en lrL trlnsfren( ia. es
(le(ir,
lu correieir.,n
c()nsciente dc la transfi'renci:t inc()nscientc. Fll ilntasr:t clcJ plserlo st'clisipe-
la si sc c()ntrustar.l cn l c()ncicnci.r c()n lx rcxli(lr(l clel
Prescnte.
I)()r tan),
r'ort lr r i, rn r'oHnit iri rrt n r i,
rn.rl
r,,nst i<ltlt.
l-a parecloja
(le
Ln1l teora <lel incrnsciente c()Dr() cleterinants Y unr c()n-
fianza en el
rupel
lr<xlificacl<r clcl crnccirlicnto c()nscienle
l
verbal es lle-
lfil"i AVAN(:IiS I:N PSICOI'TJI{API PSI(JoANAI-I I I(.A
IJ- I'RA'I'AMIEN'I'O
r)ra line. Ogden
(1912). y l()s trxl)ajos lecientes
(le
]Ueissner
(1991)
y de
i\lyerson
(1993),
enfatizxn el Ltgar tlue la relaci(in tcrapttic! ocupa en el
cambio sintc>ltal y cal"cter(il()gico. N< ser Io que clice el ;nalista
lo rlecisi-
vo sino kr qtte hace, incluso Llr qr-le hace c()n k) que clice' el sigrrificeckr clel
vnculo qr-re estal>lece ma'ts lLlL:i,.lel ctnteniclll sem:inticcl cle st internret.rci'
ltl
'
Se poclran entender )(k)s est()s phntealllient()s c()lll() una l1I()'Iill(
't(
i)n
cle l.t tcnicl qtc c()ntrtrrcstrl lcs excesos
(ie
l.l interPrct:lci(in'
(lLte pxli:t stls
cleticit
1'1-tligr<ts,
() (luc
c()ns(n'ain(tola, sel capaz
(lc
in(renlcnr:lr stls
P()tel-I
cialirlarles. rlc enc()nlrt el ltt( llenlr ) ;<lecrtaclo, slicnclo esP(rlr
Pllr.l
entn
(irrrla.
para c()nsttuirlr. teniendo cn
(Llcnta
al analizanclt>,
P()sil)ilitin(l(t
(lue
sel ste qLlien la firrmrtle
() qtlc,
P()r
lo menlrs. c()llpx !t st c()n\lrrL'
(
i(-'n
l)er()
se
tr.rtx simPleucntc tle rtn prolllema cle la tcnica,
(lc
n() ser intrusiv'r,
cle no rc:rctir el avasallamientrr
qtte cl analizancll pttcliera Iullcr sttfi'iclt en st
inflrncia. t n()s enc()nlr.uu()s ante elgo <le tlltlclro t]laytlr alcltnce'1
l]s
rtna
(u!'stia)n que se pltecle les(rvtl c()n la propttestit cle una posicitin lrisite clel
lnalist. rtna especic tle actitLld tni\,ersill virlida para cttel<r.tier trlt'llnient()'/
O. cn realiclarl. n()s enficntrllll()s nte Ia necesichcl tlel tlesarr<lli
(lc
Llna te()
tix del trxtalrient() ctte incorlotanckl c()n k)(k) rig()r cl papel qrle sr't'rc.. tic-
ne cl inconsciene, clttc sienclr: c()nse(Llente con la
Pliurcill
(ltle
5e Ie
()t()rya
:tc pl()p()ngl c<ltlro ptollleltla l:t cttcsti<l-t cle crinlr trt<clilicrLrlo. luctlr'jcnte'
P()r
()tflr
Pxrlt,
(l\l(
tillllP()c() puecle ser tncaraclQ blijlr \lnil nicll ii)rll
(le
in-
tcn'cnr'it'rn claclo clte str
(grtililcin cs ntitltiple. coult lcilblllrs
tlt't'ct en
r'uritukrs anteriotcs. Nl()(lfic( i(-)n
(lel
inc()nsciente qLe tln \'cz fii;rtir ctllrr
olrjctivo clc <ual<luicr ctll.r
(ltL' n() clttiell ctteclalsc cn lllcr() t.()ncjcnci.llism()
n()s alrarstra 1r ls
PtegLlntxs:
et'rtrllr.
con cr.t inslrLnlcnk)s, con la palallra, c<ln
h .rctitu(I. con h cttaliclacl clc I relaci<in terapttica, crn l rc< ir->n
(\X/achtel.
191J7)i'Y. s<lrre toclo.
en
rlu r.lirccci(rn. con tr.t nretas'l
lgit:tles
stxs para n()
i!)rp(r'tll qu tip() cle pcicntel
NI<cliflcaci<-rn rlcl inconscic0te quc cn llgltnos csrs consistir':i cn c()ntra-
rrcstlrr algo existente
per()
(l(l('
cll
()tn)s
tendr,l co[]() <llrjctivo el ct)ltttb]tir !
L|utr 4lgo qtrc tlttttcu .'rstki. Es lo t1r.te vim()s con cietto dctlle en cl ceptrt-
l() oteriol-y a lo <r,tc rlPLtntx
(llrxnrtntc llxlint
(
1968) cttancto plrtntea Io <ue
clcrtrlntin.ntrcv() ci)rlricnz()": t:n el
Pr()rcs()
ln'lti<rr. acletu:is <le ler':tt-lt:ttse la
rcptcsion
-Perlllilir
rtte itlgo existcnte etlrcrj:t- sc
P()sil)ilit
(ltle \r
( ('\li-
tttylt Ir tlr.te previalllc]tc ll() csl:ll)a l-inea qtte es rct()llla(lil
lt'ilxlrs
ltls au-
I()res
(lLrc
ven el proceso tctltprtlic()
((ll()
en('alllinll(kr a sltrcrtr ltrrtelltl <1ue
cngl<llun c(nl'to
.(letcnci()nes cn el clesanrlll<'
(SItkrr<w
y Lirihnlltnn. l9tt0)
y, p()r tanto, a proporcit>nar ill sLjct() l oportuniclacl cle ens\"l calllill( )s tlur
nrtnca puckr imaginat'qrLe existieran. Y
P()r
calllin()s no nrx rcfcinos excltt-
sivamente lt nLtevas relckrnt-s cle olrjeto
()
a c()ndLctils en el nlttnclo extern<
sino fimras de scntir y clc pcnsat.
!,:--':
;/.d
,r
i I n'
1U9
\.1(l.r irl
('\lrcrn()
por la escttela kleiniana. Nadie com() l()s particlati()s
(l('l:r
rrrisrrrr
rrrsirron
tant() nl.rsis en la imp()rtancill de la fantsa inc()nscientc.
('n
l.r rrrr'lrr c iraliclacl cle las relaciones inconscientes con k)s
()hiet()s
intern<s cs kr
rlu( (lctcrnrinr
las ansiechcles. las clefensas y k:ls sntonras. Per(). a pesar
(l('
cllr r, llt'glrron l confiar cic-gemente en qle la ctrlunicaci<-rn verlal clel anlis
lr, irl in(rcllcntar el / .rgr
-l
L n(lue hallsen clel " l/.rgLrl er)x)c ional,, se trll-
r:r tlt. rrrnr< irien)
(()nsciente-.
era lo qrre pr<xlrrra cl crnbio. l\lhs n. las
rt(rl)r'({1r(i()oes
lrrec<rniza<las
IiLer'on sicrnpt.t cle rrnlr estrLtctttr:t l(igi(J .rplt-
lrrrll:rItc. plopi:ts clel p:r>ccsrr seclrnclrio:
.l)orttre
tir) c()sr.... enlonccs tLste(l
\r( nl(, v c(tx) c( )Dsecrencia..
,.
Traclucienclo al inc()nscicntc, sin erttltargo, st'
It lrlrlrlu a la concienci.
li1'ntc il est p()sicj(in
( (
)nciencialistx. centrada en l. inlerpretaci(')n culll(,
ir)slrulcnk), se alzarn krs paiclarios cle la cscuela cle Chi(irg(). con stt tesis cle
l:r lxrcr-icncia emrrional c()rc(tiva: lo rtre posibilitar:r cl canlir m sera el
(\
nr( x'i,r) irnto sino el virir experiencis clifercntcs, ehora pronroviclas por el
;rrlrlisla. rLre c()ntnrrestllrltn las rDlrlas cxpcriencirs anteriores
(Alexancler
y
l'rt'ntlr, l9i(r). Lx interpretlci(in n() p()clr
(\)nstituir,
por t.lnt(). cl rectls() ter:F
l)(
uli(().'li)(k)s rll)enr<s ctel tr:Lcas< <le esa pr()pLresta, pr()(lr(l()
(le
s\r\
f
rr)pi
's
, r'r'rr's. rli'ilcit te(-)li(()s. exLger.tci()ncs. pcrl) tDrl)in
([e
Lrnu ir]stiluci(in analti-
(.r (lu('s(':rlarr'r<i
lrente l cuestion:turienr clc la hegerrxrni:t
(le
lrt interpretx
(
rr)n
((11()
l()
(listirti\'()
clc la tcnic ltnaliticlt. lthr>g:tnrk trt cllo une prt>ltle-
r)irt(' \,iili(111. auncue la respuest. chrla por Alexanrlcr Drcrc(icrt ,cpxr()s-
l'( r'() l() suplilri(i() nt> es eliuinaclo. cr.rn(lo c()nstilLryc ttn
>roblema
real.
^nt(s
(luc
l cscr-clrr rir Clricrrgo. F'crc-nczi, y clespus \\'jnni(rnt
(1965.
19'i9).
llili)l
(
1952. l96ll). Lac v sr.rs clisc(>lrlos
(!'uncl:lci(in (l(l
Ciu]]p() f'reuclian<,
l()Jri l.can, l9(r(r. l9(r7-(rll: hurent. 19114: Milic, l9tl4), h()hLt
(1977,
191J4).
(
irr k r
(
1979. 1981 . 19tttt, 1993 ) y Th(nnri
(
1990) n<s pr'()p()nen lr<xlificnciones
rlt Lr
rosiciirn
del anlist. cle su actitr,rcl. cle st tcnicr. Lln nlars allal
(le
]a in-
tL rl)r(11rci(-),r. Ln analistar rrtis silerncioso o. p()r el c()ntrxri() rtt:is ltclirrr, ttn ana-
lisl:r
(lrc
lrgl lrcto.
()
\ln rtnllista <1rtc ,rp()yc. qre cspe<ularice, <ue valorice
.rl rrr:rlizirn<lo. o <1r,re clejc ttLe src siglt sL canlin(). rn xnxlist.r
(lLe
pr()vea un
t slrlr('i()
l)itr'11
pensr, qLc
f)ernritx
(lLre
el clesec> etucr'j:t. tn xttxlistrt
(ltre
n() uti-
Ir(1' lil i11(crl)rrl'.r( in crrlt() eler))ent() cxclrsi\()
(l( (ltl)i().
rrr en:tlistlt tue no
s| r)lrczc <rIr Doclelo irlcnlificrttr io o cre. al rer's.
rcrntilrt
Iu iclcalizacin
r l;r irk'nlilicacirn quc c(rpcnse el clflcit, et(. Vxri.rnles c()nlrptcsts. .r ve
( (
\
(
l) la rrin()s polares. perr rue se rrnifican en cLlesti(rrirl el prrpel clc la in-
IlrI)r( Irr( i{')rr. Igrrahrentc lirsenfelcl
(19ti7).
evrlucitna nrl< > clcscle un klei-
nr.rnrsn) r,r1()(l()x(). cn sr trel)aj() p(isttlr() lrlerta srlre kts efL'ct()s negtivos
rlU( tr( rx i,ll('l)fc(llt l enr'icli en palcientes sevcraolcntc tra[n]Itiza(l()s. S()s-
l,( r( rlU( solo (
uxn(l() el
Ptciente
se siente xccpta(lo. su cnviclil clistninttye;
r r s('.r. (
rrlr/ ttt liltt(l el utktlist.t pr<xluce un cambio e el ina()nscicntr
(lLre
rrr r lr r L rgr:r l.r inl( rl)r'({rci()n.
ror
Drirs que sta pue<l;r scr ilprtl'entenlente .tde-
t'rrrrl:r t'n crrrrto tlr.:r'r'rr< irin clel estatlo euroci<nal
(lcl
llnlizand(). En Ia ntis-
l1){) AVANCI]S EN PSICO'I'I]RAPIA PSICOANALI'I'ICA
llis
r.A rN'r'riRpRDfct(iN PREsclNl)lBl-E'/
Si cl psirrranlilisis se
()ctpa
clel estrdio del inc()nsciente. si pol lo ctte
rrt:rllrnros tlc exponcr la tttoclificcil clc ste es in<lispensallle. se plxlra at-
llnl(,llAr cue kr ctte sttce(le en la concienci n() cllent' cue el psicoanelist;r
rIlrc tlirigirsc al inconscicnte. La hip)tesis, c(r]l()
()cllrre
c()n t()d() aldicxlis-
r)x),
l)r'csente
xtctivos. N()
()l)st:rntc, p(xlc'ln()s csgrilllir en c()ntra
(l('eli'l
se-
rirs
()l)iL'ci()nes. La prituera surge <le la plopil experiencilt lnaltica qtte nrls
llru(slr'1t
(lLr{i
el saltcr tlc la c<ncicncia. su a[rpliacitin. el levantlliento
(le
la
rt
rlcsir-rn.
procluce itttportltntes nI()(liflcltciones. H!ctr cons(icntc la <ulpe in-
(r )r)s( ic!rtc, los clesets rttils(xltistlls. Ics clesets cttc sttlrticnclen los gllln<les li-
(
illticn)s <le r.tn proyecl cle vich. cl gtre clel slciistrlo, l.s nef]aci()nt\
()111-
nilxf('ntcs clc hs angttstias r cle l relrliclcl exteti< l-.ts cleti'l-lslts frentt':l Ios
irrr.lLrlsos rt en c()ntra cle llt reetllclgtncia clt ls sitttltciones tretlntlititls
-la
listi
(lLrc
l)o(l[xm(s
ltr'er scrlt inlerulinallle lrlar( p1l11l ttlrtchll gente la
rlili lt n.i:r rntrc slllLt(l
y
entcnnecl:Lcl. entrc sufrilnient() xtl()z y
Prlz
interi()l, y
rrrsilrilitlr
lus srt)litnac it ncs y el crecilllient() cn t()(l()s l()s tcrrcn()s Fln este
st rrtitlo. lrt ampliaciirn cle l con< ienci.
,v
la interPrclci(in ctnrt rtn leclit tle
ll, r:r'lrr r
(rtlrr ((i)derch.
1990, 199: Iltcheg()yen. 191i3, 1986). no sirkr no pcr
ilrr.rr st r'clcgltclas siuo qLle s{j trata clc pltlfitnclizar en llts razones pr>r lls
, r.rl( ir('lr
(l-xPlancl)e.
1992: SPentc. 19132).
s( rilr
('st('llrgtutlent(). ltlsaclt en la pxrlrarla cficcia ter.tpa'tltice tle hltcer
r Irs.icrrlt l() in(()nsciente. lIx)ti\1) stlficiente
P.tr1l
(ltc
sil{r-lirnI()s
()t()rgan
rir J tslr.'()l)icii\'o el tDistlllr
parel rclevntc tttc l'reltcl le asignr-l cn l()s co-
nri( nzr)s rlt'l
ltsicrtattt'rlisis, -v
a la interpretacilin un lttgar tlestac:l(l() clentr() clel
tr.rtrrri('rl()."rPer() cxistc
()tru
rlz(in: si la conciencil est:i sltlxrrtlinlclrt l in-
( { )ns( i( nl( , rt1 misttto tienrpo es Ix nicll <tte pcrtnite al scr lrtttlleno a1gn gla
rlr rL lilcltcl, la i1r.te lc oflecc la posillilitlacl clc no ser gLliacl() cicl{xlllente
x
rl srr irtcortscicnte. El llcionalislll() negaclor <lcl inc()nsciente ha hecho egtta.
xlo
t'l irtr< ior-ltlistlo qttt'afitltle trte 1a niclt l'ercle<l seran il pulsitin y el
irr(rrs(i(nl( nr)s all)tenz c()l)l() gLje[() en el cltte no ftltan l'lrccs. s<ite
lrxIr rrrr llts tc()rills cic le poslttoclerniclacl. qLle n()s xlicntlln 1t sltlllergirn<ls El
r':r l( r:rlisDro Itctr-liant fLc tln intent()
(le
ll() s()lventrll' lllecliantc la sirllplifica-
lion csrrs literzes cue
()tg.inizan
la cllclttcta llttltlna: rcc<ntx ilricnt() del in-
( (
)lls( i( nt( . rlt' su porlcL. pero tatnllin cle h conciencia. Llt seguncl:r te<r clel
.rl),rrirl()
l)si(lui(r).
a pcsltl tle t()(las lxs lill'litxci()nes qlle se le ptteclan cncon-
It.. ll()s
l)rr11((
rrltly sllptli()l a Llnl te()la s()stenecl()ra
(le
un inc()nsciente y
un.r r()llr icrrr'ill cn
()l)()si(i(-)n.
Ptles
stx ntls ctata en I clisyunfiva:
()
lll
,.nt r1 r( r.r cs l;t rlrrttlitlittl Y cl in(()l-lsciente l() pxt()la)gic()
-la
prilttcr'.t
''-
,,1 l'.i,, ,,, \rIr,k lr,(!]rln(ir(trr(l
(l( lll inttrprclx.in en
PsicorDlilisis.
!rse C(xltr'h'
t,),,, tr, 1,, l
,\, ,, l',ii1
(
,,1,, l')-e I\rirl. l9()Jr l,rt)li r.hc. 1v)liril-(nnx. l9tll: \'leis\rrcr. l99lr
,1,.,1., l')'r I
tr',,1'
l'rri'
i91
cir-n cle -rercl en I lisoriales sobt? lt bisterir.t-. o sLl reverso. la verclllrl estr
cn cl l)x)villicnt( clel inconsciente y la conciencie es pLr'.r
(lcfirrolr!
i()n.
aclaptacirin. mallr le
-la
srlrrcirin lacaniana.
Nos plcocupara qLle nrcstl() cenk) cn l necesiclacl cle rnrclitlclr el in-
c()nsciente. nrcstru crti(a rLl cr-r< iencialislno y al rclbltlismo. sitvieran par.l
tener un ltrgal entrc lrs rlefe'ns(nes clc Lrnu
(\)n(ep(i(-)n
icleoltigica
(lLrr
tllnto
dlr hlr cuslrlo Y siglre causanti<>, h clre sosticne <lrrc el objcr cle sstr.rclir
clel psicoanr'tlisis rs s<ikr el inc(msciente, c()nr() si su rticLllac(in
(\)n
lx
c(tncien(i:r no lrul>ier c()nstitui(l() une plcocuxtcirin clestle stts <rgenes \':t
toclo lo largo cle la obtir de Freucl. I-os tut cltficnctcn cst tcsis sc trr](hillll
(lLre
pregunllrr. cn lricn rlc l: cohcrcncia
y
plr.l r(rper h clis()( ill( iLrr ts(rrt-L-
clniclr. si estlin clisptrr::stos r'('r'tLlrt(iaLr. <rro anltlizancks r corttr:tnltlistlrs.
en cl t utst clel h-iltnlient() propillllcntc cliclrr, r's tltcir cn el inttri<>r cle h sc-
sir'rn
-no
ntcs ni clcsPtr('s-. e < Lrll<rricr- corrPr-ensi(in c()nscicnlc
(le
llls rtl()
Iivaci(tncs tlc ll <rnduct. rle LL lristoria rrconsirtricla en lu tlensfcr'(ni.r. .t
)(la intct1cnci()n cn linn clc aclrrracir'rn. csclarcciricn
()
iotcrPr({.r('i,,n. .l
cualcuicr inlerc:rnll)io vcrblrl clirigir-lo 1l lu c()ncicncilr tlrl intc{<r'rtot. Nr sc
clirrinara cstc re(lLrisito si se renLlircirrsr ll Ll inte{)r'ctlrciar rlrrcll
ror
cl enlt
listl per() sc rccptlrsc <1rrt sc:r cl
rr<rio
analizunckr cl cue eccetlictir e una
crrrnprensi<-rn cltre ) rtrisutr sc firrnrrrl cn t('ntlin()s c()uscientcs,
rrtcs
cl
rro-
blrme no rrnsistr en cuii'n es el faenlc
(lLle
cntrnr'i:L la int( r-l)l-cla( i(rn sin(, cn
cl hedx cle
(lLe
se tfarlil de une construccirin
l)()r )
pllr llt concicll(i. Si no sc
lticicra ltbncl<lno itl)s()lLlk)
(le
)(l()s l()s rc(tts()s
(lLrc
e<ltlernos
(lc
nl(n('i()-
n:l[. prsr cLe prcrrrnizlrrsc ctrr el psic<xrnlllisis ticnc trrnr 1)l)ie)
(lc
rstu-
clio ul inconscicntc. cn lil
l)rlicticl
clnica clel psic()lrnlilisis sc lc esI.rri.r
(rkt
ganckr rrn pupel significuti\'() a la rrnticnti. I)(n nlresll.lr
l)1lrtr
s()strncm()s.
Ln crlrntlo sea hereja plrlr un
(
iell() firnclame ntulismr rtrc a-rcle ul rrlt rlc
l rlcscliliccir-n. tr.rc cl
lsi<rranlisis
no es s<-k !n.r tc(n.r
(lel
inc(rrscientr
ni str obieto cle cstrrclio
(s
excllsivlllenlc stc. Se
Irtteclcn
rcpelir estlrs ilsc-
|erir( i()ncs.
\'
en cl rnsenso nrcisiznte enc()ntrrse a)oyo. pcro al psicoa
nl'rlisis le intcresl trxir el psirr.risrlo.
l
pot ello es Lrn c.lnlp() clc inlcsligecirin
:tlricfio e Il
(()Irlpr-ensin (lcl
inc()nscicntc,
I)()r
srl)uesk).
Po|c1rrc
irasta
('l
c:rsi
nacl sc sltlru.
rclo,
turnl>in lc intcrcsa

no
rtrcclc
ni tlclc rcnunti-rr'.r
ellr- cl rrn<ciDrien) rlcl ti n( i()n.u rricnk dc la rrrncicn,:i. tlc ls inflrc:-r
cilLs ntutLllts cntrc csk)s
(l()s
sistcnras. el esllrclir clc cLr:ilcs srr les c<rclitirrcs
lrejo llrs tr.rc clr(l seck-xorlr.rcc eli'ctos. C()n Llna c()nsectr('ncia clerivacla ett
el pleno teraputic. neccsiclcl clc rn ckrlic nivcl clc inten enci<ir-lr sollc tl
inc()nscicntc l solrrc h c()ncicncix. Si cl pi'nclLrlo cstlr\'() nru(lr) tiemp()
(lele-
nirk del llttlo rlcl conciclrciu lisrr r
l
clel vetbelisrro, con l interl)rLt.rLi,
'n
torno su cje. no sc tr'1rt.r lrhrr rlc innx rr, ilizrrrk r rlel lrr<l
(le
las inten(n(i()ncs
sole el inc<xtsciente. lnen()s:rn clt rctr.rr-ir- e trn.real" rllctxsi(\) rclxci()
r-r:1nclchr crn el
.cto
anlllitic(),
-l
ursicirn
lacanianu-. sin()
(l('
pclmitir
(lLre
Iraga su rccorrickr cntrc los rtiltiplcs lrrgares por krs cue pr.rerle v clelle circrr-
FI'I'RA'I'A]\,f I}:N'I'O
l()l AVAN(]I'S IJN PSI(1)'T'IJI{APIA PS
(:oANA
-I1'I
(JA
Il l'RA IAl I tiN'r'.) r 9.1
,1, r,,,rrr'r.rel lrl)Lrs() (lc
scnti(l()
()ue
l1 intcrplelal( i(ilt
(()nlle\lr
\ 11 r)e(esi(llr(l
,1,
r,, rlts:rloilu':rl px(ientc,-lc lu
tosicion
cle intrprcte
rrivilrgiltlrr
rlc sus
,r,'t'r.r\
l)r()([rcci(cs
(Scll\\,xl)cr.
1990. 199]. l99ir Skrkrrrrl'.
\'(xr()s, l9t7).
l,'r{lrrr
(Lrxn(l{)
sc lrlLce. elk s<ilo pueclc linrentur le
(rnnin(fenci.r
rlel lnrlis
I r :r (
I
Pir(icl-tte
pttccle str lttl.ltrl[rrlo por srrs csistcncils \'(]esc()s \,(lc es()
',,,.r1rt, tlrrtlrt-, cl ulrlislrr no sc Itrlla in)tnr u
rliglos taret
icirs
l'r'r'r; si tocllr
(stii
tiln clxr().;<litcle lesic[.,<,1
trol>lcrrttr'/
I-.n tlue:run<1r.rt
, .r((l)trL cn gencral. Ur-Ilt lez
(ltc
sr rcc())()(e cs icr'rrcnlt ctrc sc .ig.r
tt'r
\
''0(
l( ) (lLre
si r:l anlistlr sc c()l()(ll en Lrnl p()si(i(')n :rclecl[rtllr. en llt 1(titt(l t(-
rL(.r
((c(t.
cntr)cgs 1()
(luc
st(c(llL lenrlrri el cltrlctrr
(lc
Ltn pr(x(s() l1!-
lLr.ri. s(nrr({r(k) rl iLls
I)t()f)irs
\i(isitLt(lcs. r cl no sel:i
lt:rsillt
<lr llL :t. r.ls.r. iot
,l, t()f((,rl(). \'i(isilLl(lcs rlcl rlcs:Irolkr nlrltr'.rl <lel tr.rtanticnt()
(luc
scgtin Is
, .r'trclrrs
krrere Llistit'ttils li)nll1rs. <lescle cl rlcsltlicgrrc cle Lts tl-nslircnt r.ts lrrr
rrrlt lfcri<les
-rol
l:t
.nule
tcni(1r lnlti(ir". llrsle llr
'rosibiliclecl lua
t.l rrnltli-
,,.rrrrIr rlc, rctrlr:r c) cL,srrollo int(r,'Lt,l)i(lr) r[, trn .rzfl r t rrllrrlcr(), scl)ultii(l()
l,,trr cl t:tlso sr'f;, sr,/ rcrclaclero (lLrc
l r!t(n(,r k)(l() iLl
l)()t(.n(i.l
rrr lrlrliu
rlls <ut clltrlt la ororlunirllrcl, irl n() intcrli'rirl().
l)lrir
(lLrc
iri txiranrla. Resul-
t.r liecucntc rrt l llctuali(l1r(l
((),-ltll)()ner ql
sil(-l(i()
l)r(nn()\'i(l() l)(n-(.ie
as
( ()rient('s (lcl
anlilisis lr llL ('titr.rLl
(lc
(lLrcll()s
(luc
intcri)r({itr). Iln etrliclrcl. los
J)irrli(llrri()s
<lel srlcoc<. (()|)()
l()\ rlt, l;r intr.llrrr.llrr.irin.
(r)r)plltcn
ut) sul)t(,s-
lr) a()LlssclLntiir,'r() ([,]
lrrrr'r'r slrlr:rjc ill]]ilst(l()
Dor'[rreLzlts l)(.liudi(i.tlcs.
l)ilf lll
ltttnos
(lc[nso'cs (l(
llr intcrpr( tarci(-)lt. si nrr(lit-]tr ellt lilrc.rtos ll l
l)crs()
nr
(lc
sus r'cprcsi(t(s. clc slrs rltlcr-rslts. t()(ls lits encrg1ls
('(rlsunli(lals
sc
Pot'trillirt
ctt rtratr'(l)lr \ cl cllinr) a lir n()rr)rlrLIlt(l rttetlali:r ast'grrllrrl(). l)it[ I()s
:rl)()g;(l()\ r.lr'l silr'rrt ir>. si tr:l)or]ttrs lll
l)11(t(ltl(.c()
inl(,rl)clit(i(tL.s. t lt()
k irttrrlntrttos ntl(slr()
(lrsc()
crtt()n(cs sL
(lcsc()
lxxlrli
ril<rrl:U t corr
(llo
sc
gtllrllzllr
rrn clcsrlicgtre htcilr l slrltrrl
-ror
n]lis e(lLli\()c
(lLlt
s(ar sll
(.1
Illctcr'izilci(-)n-. llt rr[tl sin lrtrsr'lrr-le.
rrccislrrtlente
p(n n() l)us('ltIllt, 1(,mrinar
sicll(l{ ) cl
l)rerlli(
)
Iis(rrnr<s r-rrtrcrtr'ickr; tl. crrc llt crlr'sirrn.r<;siciirn clt.l ii'ltlis(it,.
(ltc
liz(,
lllntu li)r-tLttrx. cs ur]ir ti)rnri(lxl)le
(lclns1t
l)()r l)ilrtr
(lcl
nirli\ti si l se rrltir'
cn csl
l)()si(i(-)n,
si se.tlcPufit"
(le (lcs(':lr gLliitr 1l sLl pt(i(,nlc, cnl()n(cs k)(l()
('sll-r girliltliz(l(). n() lirn('(lLrc
l)r(,()(!rl)llts(,(l(,c\ltntinlt[
(:l(l
ilttcl t'cDcir-rn. Itt
(ltlc
r'cirli,/.i \'lir
(lrr( \tl)lrcslllrllrl(
n() r('llliri
-sil(t(i().
llirtcrsc cl ruc-lo.
ittttoviltrlrtcl.
(ltl(
s()n tlrn irrt('avcl1( i(rtcs rtrutrr ltrs olr:rs
y (l(, (r)rnl)r(l)xr
c(-)rn)
(ll
ti-(tll irl in(\nts('icr't(('. Lar supLlcstir
rosir'ir-rn
rlel ilnlist.t c()nl()
I)(),
si(i()n Lrni\crsl
()l()fgir
ull identitl:rtl
v
lhonil pl-c()('up( i()nes. I)(n cllo cs Lr
l)riltlrr()
(lue
l)etlt()s \ ist() rel)elir r'(11() cstef(,()il)() x t()(l(x l()s
(lLle
:(- |l)i(r.lt
cn lir
l)rii(ti(r
tlel psi,.o:rn:-tlisis l:l
l.sirr[rnrilisis
\irrgi(') (r)n
lr nrU-t:r tIlintc-
kr cltl nrrlista
(lc
n(gllr su
rarcl
cle<isirrr cn guiilr cl
rr<lccso:
Lr n(.utrirli(l(l
llnillili(1. rrl llt rluc crctr-r l'rcurl I rltrc. sin el]rbergo. pr.so cn tcll cle
juicio,
c()n k)txl
(nr(lcz
\
(lctlrlle
rn el :rpr-t1l(l() s()l)re la t(ni('a
rsicoanalitica
en
li\(lt!?nt
(l?l psict)//?rilr..s
(
l9Jt3 ). (lue
c()r-rstitr\e l:r c-xposrt i<in n1lrs
(li (lc
Lrr'. Lo rtrc !)()s (((hrcc it ll cuesti(-)n
(lrc
sr,ri nr()Ii\() r.lc reflexir''l e,'t el pl()
\illr() arl)lrIi(l( ).
l rlllr
l(,\l\f rl\\r ll\llsl,l. l- ll ll't<ttL't l,ir
Ningtin xnllist tliscr.ttir'u tue lx itcrprctci()n tir'mulucle
I)()r
el analistlr
lrl :rn:rliznclo. l igLl
(lue (u1rl(lLief ()Ir() (lis(urs().
ticIle rn c()nl(ni(l() lllan-
li( sl() \' Lln c()ncnid() irtc(r)ricienlc. tr.rr cl contcniclo lanifiesl(), iLn cLlan(l()
r( sulllrsc 1l(lc(Lrar(lo 1a sitrrttr'ir-rt ilnlrlili(ll. estli l:isir'tlltr'ntc r.leterntinltclo por'
t l ior,rnstirnte
(fcl
lrnriist:r.
(lu(,cn ('i (r)nteni(l()
rl.rniilcst()
(1(r
lu in((,r\cn(r(,n
.rrrrlli(rl sc rlcslizeu los !l('sc()s inL,,nr(r(nlc\ \ Lluc ('r) l.rnt,,
(i
Iltcni(l() mat-
rtlli(sl(). cs Lln pr(xlLr(1() clc l[tnsuccit-rn
(lte
si.Illl)r-c l]cvlrr:i lus lrLcil:rs clel in-
r'r),ls(i('rtc. I-i iDterprcl(i(1l 1ig,rg
(]n
sr
(()nsltuc(i(-)n
rnisrlla Il nrllrc.l
(lcl
rr(
(
)r)s( i('ntc
(l(
l in[istl: lrrs
>.rll.lrrs
r-'lcgirl:rs. Lrs rr,lrilius inrl.llir.lrrlas en kr
,rr,. tli<r'r'l :trtlistlrl cl lll()rent() rjr)
(ltr(,
lntcn i( rl(' cslii
(lrt(rrrrt.l(l()
Ixn
sLls
rlt.srrrs. itlcltlcs, lcllxn-cs. ljcnsar
(lc (xtil
r]ta,tel-.r scrill
(r(]arr
Lrtil c\tllltcrrik
rrrrlitLrtl
Ir[t
(,1 (liscLlls() (l(.1
:Lnltlislx. S()lnc rsl( ptnf() it
l]lu
cDtcnrentc n() I)l
l,r.r rrlrYort's rlilicr.tltarlcs cntrc I()s rlnltlrslirs: slll)(rlrr)s
(lLc (lel)('r)r()s (lc
cstllr'
.rl( tl.r ir lu('slr'.
(r),ll11rlri,1\li,rL-,r(iir.
lr la\
(lesviirLii)(,s
l):rlr)l)!li(lts
(le
slxl
f
r(,lill]rlri('r1 sc
(licc (l(
si len(lrllrr)\:r lir
(\)ntrrrlr.lnslrcn(11r.
si slncalltt()s
',U
l).rrli(
il)lr(i(')ll e cl
l)r()ccsr)
:Ln1rl1i('().
('n1()n(('s
l:r inllrfl)r('l1l( i()r-I .l!fuJr.l
rrr
lrr rrrr.(li(r
f)(rs//
,ttteu(lo Dtdtifiest(t \'
(luq
l rcsl)ucsla
(lcl
nuli
z,urrl() rr ll inl(,rprc11lci(-)n. (lislorsi(nlrr)(l()
kr tr-rc tl rrDlrlislu
(lii()
irl (l)tularl()
,1,'tr,,tlt \us lllrtlrslr5 riu)sla,rnr'irle.\. rl,.,llr,, sc el r)rJc\
()
Jlu)l()
rle ,rlrsrn,l-
(i(nl.
l.:r rllc('itni(-a
(lel
trirt.llIient() scriil sU
l)tcst.i
nlcllt(, ll sigurcntc: cl nlLlr
z:rrtIr clict') llll(e itlg(). el unlrlist inlcq)rct1r tlcsrlt.su
Posicir'r
(lc
xnxlist
olrjctiro cl siArjll.(l()
(l(
Ii (\)n(lLr(I.r
rlel rrnelizantl, cl nulizrrnrkr tletimr
I)r
lrilsli'rc,rciu- L irrl(rlxeta(i(-)D. tl :nlrlislu inlrl)relrr l:r r['tirrr.rti,n r'
l.r rrr(,t!\.r(i()n ,.lc cslt tictirtttr,.i<lrr. cl :trlriizunckr t'tclr-c tr <k tor r r ttr r' :(sitililitn-
1,,lo irrttllrt'ttrrck) clenlt()
(lc
stt
l)r()l)i()
corligo, trrrrtrrsie. cl ltoillislll vLrclve x
llrrlrlrilrr-solrr cslr
(lriixrtll(
i(-)n.
y
llsi
(r)
un
l)r-()crso
Icok),
llcr-()
(1)n
Llna clj-
rrr!ionrrlirlrrrl .scglrmLl.l. sc ilitrn l]cliliclrnr-l() las
(li\l()tsi()nes
lr Dslc,rcnciaies
lr.r l,r
(ltr('(
r)t('r'qr'tilt tn llr cntt:
(lel
l)lr(iet1c
cl lrnrlist. r'cltl.
l.o t'rrtslirtlrlrlc
(lc (,sfl
lilll):t
(l(
enten(lcl
(ll)l-((s() (f)llil(j
rcti)t
llIrlir(i(r
(l(
lrol'r]rxctltos c()lll() l.t lc()rar dc l sitrrr'irin xn:llitica en tiln-
l,r
(,ln,
tlirlrrritr. cs rlccir. clel
l)r()ccri()
tnallitic()
(()nl()
c()nstrLri(l() p()r el
..rlrz rrr[ \ ,.1 illtlisllr] llr tnsli,lcncilr clltndo ricllt : lx
(1)nh
ltt it nsterenci. \
, ,t.r .r .lr, ll,r r'n llltir (r'(ulj(llr(l
tn l:r <rrt, no sr'1')Lrerle fijar
ltrrnlo
cle perti
,l.r
..Ir'
(,'r\.rr.ll
,.1
P,r(s,r
v ll1()sIr.ll k)s
I)Ur-lk)s
(lc
int]exi(ill
(l-cvinr.
199 l;
I rtUl!.\ lr)',r \ r.st,t\;tltLults tlel clcsur'olk; <lel psicoenlisis no llxl)rilr htllxr
1r.rr.r
Lr rrrrl rrrrr,l.rrl r[.
rt
rrrrrr rrrc ri n:tlist iutctpt(,u Ln c\istente al
(]rc
sc
U.r.r'r, r'o ,,()n:1trr(r ior
((lill.
l9lll:
(l()l(ll)srf{.
l9()+).'ltl]]p()(() ptx
(l!,jir
!
I() r
^vAN(.IS
tiN
psl(,a)t'litAptA pst(_()ANA_,r.t(.^
(1.( (lrslnnr('nr()s.rccl('iL (le
cm() la inte[venci(in xnaltica m.lclee ILI rrnrrli
u,rrrIr'lirlrs krs
-rsic
.an listas rct(,ran()s cl ,rito cle la nertrali<hcl anrrlrirr.
lr.rr rlrstintrrs vlrintes, Ltnqur cl(la uno pensclt.l()s que s()n l()s de lLs
(tr:ts
,.strr.l:rs I.s
(lLlr
peLtrbtran el crrrs. clel niiiisis. Fent.lsa clc nett*rliclarl
.rrLrlrtir';r trre cncuentm su rrrejor Dnnifest:lci(in sint()Itiitica cn le palaltr.a <rr|
l;r r'urrl llos
tllrcc
clefinir.nos. ,psicoanalistas",
en cltncle
.anlistas,
actta rlt,
sostr-rr r[.] clcscr cle nrntener Ia ilLrsirin rLre n() c()nstnrillt()s sinr> que sc-rl<l
1-r<
n( nr()s itl
(l(scul)ict)
-natiizxtlt()s-
lr exiscnte.
l)t trr llr clue ac.l).ul()s r-lc lflrnlrr nos clcjera en el tisxr nivel cle gent,
rrrlitlrr,.l rtrc sienrpre hentos
(.resti()na(l().
y salrelxrs trt- no hay nin;un p.rr.r
rligrrr:r t1rrt,
l)Ltc(lt
a\,nzl si n() tp()l.t c()n()cil]tient()s
i)11fli(.tlltra-s.
ya que !l
rrnrr irltologie no st le sutcra (.()n (frl
iclc()l()ga. sin() c(rt krs;r.,,itnces espe
(
rli(\)s (lirc
llr ntrcve con<.cpcit-rlt pcnnite. Llnll vrz
(lLtc
se hlt soslcni<to clue cl
,rr.rlisis cs rn cresti(in cle tlos. tlue l lrllnsflrnci:r /
(r
)ntrattt nsfi,rencia se
rl:rrr r irlrr l]tLrtuentenrc. ([te
n() irDp()rta lo crre lltga o rlcje clc ll1rt.cr el nalis_
l:r. rtrc l sicrnpre coclctcnnina el pror.cso, clelenrs pt.cgLlutlll-n()s
sol>e l<s
llrltos t,r-t cl inc()nsciente. pxll c(La an:rlizanckr.
(lc
cxda tipo cle inncn.encirin
,.rlti(i \'(lr sLs \,:lrinles. sc IiL interprelxciirn. cl silcncir. la prcgrrnta, Ja
( (
)rI( rr( i(')I cnl()ci()n1, el ntnlenintient() clel cn<.rrarlre r str tttoclifi..rcrrrn.
Nl r r t,\t.l)Al) ANAI_irrr:,r
y prstr;ttit,
l:r\r()(_()NAt, I)lI_ i.l.l{Apliu-l.A
No crlt,tlLrcl clt cttc rrn fal(1(.(l('(.isi\1) en t()d() lrllllticnkr cs llt ell
l)rlr.r
(l(.1
illr.rlistlr
(KohLlt.
1971. 1977. lgiiir I_t]ovit.i. 199.i). per() 1irrl)in se
r|rrrit |t, clr algo trrlis: p,Lrr (lLr
en el p(.ieDtc pLrerllrn corergcr cierk)s cstu_
rIr: rrli.rtiros es ncccsllri()
(lLc
cs([()s lrortuilogos sc halletr
.rrcsentcs
en el
.rrr.rlrstt. l-os csttlos tlc tcrnrl.lr,
(lc
cx(.ita(i(i,t
l ltlltccr.tor
cl L.ncLlcntr(), (le
,,,rrrrlici<letl
cn las nrircls, rle alegril por Lr lrlcgr.a tlcl otr.o sokr
lrcclen
('\islir
(.n
Iit iufersul)jcli\,i(llt(1. No se puccle c()ntr c(m placcr un
(.histc
si ei
()lr1)
n() s(,r'c. ptres kr cltrc sc lrus..ll (\.
Pt(.Lr\.t,ll(ntc. nr
\"(llr (,;l
[js. L.(t.
r[
rt,.tlt'r.ilr
(lc
]ir intclsLll)jcl i'itla cl
ta'r
c1.e cleterntinacles r,xnill,stx(.kntes
,ll(\'li'il5 s( <lesplicgrtcn es
(le
it,l)(),.tlLu(.i11
tltrlr
rrne iirncla,rcnt:lci(-)n (lc
cLil
rl('lrc rlt.s(r' Ll
lx)sicitin
antLIttctl dcl tectpcttl(r.
l\t\sf..t
con untr actitucl cle
(
rrl).rtiit
() (,tr
itlgrn()s clts(:; sc ie(lLrierc cr.re cl tcreperrttr puecla clcspleglu.
, r( rt()i
(
slit(l()s e!()ai()nles trtc lrlrrir:in cl <.anrpo pa11] (lLle
stos
1-rrre-cl:u-t
(
nr(.II t
(
n ! l
l):l(.ientc?
l)ensllll()s (.(
)n(.retllllrntc
en los
ltar.icntcs
cleltrillri_
,1, ,, r lL :r rtrrliz.rtlo:i. en qLlc le ac.titrtl cle
(rnt)prsosi(
)n cnrJxitice por peite clcl
l( r.llk Ul, r ,[. lo rlllrl
(lLlc
sc sientcn. ertultelrtla rlc un trn< afectir,()
(le
c(nD
l).r"r)n I),)r
(,1
\ul'rinti(,n) rlcl
lrricntc.
tle,l.liclo:r l tonalicld ltfectiva cleprc
',r\.r ,lr(..1\unt(
t lrliscLu.so rlel tetaptrrta. lenuin pol.efirrzlr cl estltckr cle_
1,r,
srr , , r l, l
r,
ri i..lr.. l\Lls :rn. si la
-llrlllrr:r
c()n)() pr.()\.ee(l()l
cle signilicackrs
( \ (IiI(,(
IIIl' rk I :rltrl<. l]lrlrlal crn l,rt),, In,,n,,r,,tLlc r,,hrc
l.r i.rltu clc t,itlrli
l;-'lRAIAMllrNl() 19i
,l.r,l rlt l
r:rcicnte.
cie ils cusas cle st, en este cs()
qLl
prc(bntinxr,L, Ix
',
r,l.rrl rrrrtcnirla en la intcrpretxci(-)n
()
el esta(l() afecti\,() que el terapeuta
r'.r
(()l]
sLr cstir(l() fcti\,()'1 hl fen(-)rnen() clel atltutotll ictlto. estucliicl() p()r
''r,
rr t l()1"i5). inclice clue mirs allh clc la seltntica. clel significa(l() cle la fiase.
r l,'
(lu('"qnt()nr"
el pxciente es l est.r(l() el)x)cionl
(lcl
tcrxpcLtr
)
.r cli-
rr, rsiores tilles c()nl() llt vitalid:tcl. le intcnsicLrcl. lo que este xukn-clen()lri-
r.r l ort()rn(),,. Si ci pacicr-rte he tenicl< paclres cleslitalizaclrs hlv tn.Lgujc',,
, rrr virl em()cion.ll: n() es qLlc l<>s afi,ctcs cstn reprinri(l()s. pe) se.in p()cle-
r,,,,rs en el inc()nsciente. sin() qLlr sc lllllln:tlx)lt(os cn sL desarm()ll(). l)(n-
rrr.rr rtte cl tcrllpetrtll lc cxpliqrrc. 1l trlt\,s de rrtii r-r-c()nslrlcci(-)n,
(lLr(j
es es()
1,, r,. 1",r', plrs(l() n() sq xctivxr'.in los abo acks en su
(lesa()ll().
S(-)l() l1r
, llr()i'ionllichcl <lel tcrlpcrrta p()(lrli p()rtr llg() qLle v1r]:r nrars irllii
(lcl
vlrl()r
' rrrintitr cle las
ralllrlrs.
Srtbenros clc los r-icsgos dc irlponcr el pecicnte nLrestros este(lrs cntorLrr-
rr.rlts, rlc ls cltutclas tr.re clelenrrs tener al respc(to. cle l<>s excesos tlc ls
I('( nicxs :rctiv:rs, tlel usr clel
l)ll(
ientc pil s:rtislltcer ncccsiclclcs elltccionles
rltl tt'rlpeut:r. t()(l() k) cLrl conclujo a Ln1r xsccsis cn'locitnl pol. plrte de1
.rrirlist. ils(csis IIIs
(lLre
viilid.l. I)ex tarrbin salrcrrus rlel clrll-rctcl iatr<lg
nicr cle rne ta,(ni(' Dr()n()c()r(le cn
(lue
l:r cnrocion:rlidcl
(lrl
:ln:ilist n() sc
.rtl,.'r'Lta a kr
(luc
tl
l)rciente
rcqticrr. l'Lrcs
(lc
csk) sc irllt: Lrnr p(rs'iLi;/r
r'r,{/-
tt)ull it,slntltl?tlltl
lxn
pllrtc clcl nalistlr en
(lLrt
stc n< selr nrrnocorcle-
rlrrntr Itil)crcDt( )ci( )n:ll lrejo la coertacle cle la csponteneicllrcl. < Lryos cxcesos
t()(l()s
(\rr()('cll()s-
ni lxnlp()(\) nr()n()(\n_(lcrlrcntr fro. sercno. nl(lLinar lgi-
(ir ([re
iu\(n'e(e la intelectLriizlLcion. Asi c(nrx) la liguru
ralentel
es inclispen-
s;rble
ltra
rtrc c) nio pecrrcrio pucrlu ir cliti,re ncinrlo
(listink)s
tip()s
(le
rrli'ctos, par cuc pueda l()lcr':rr fi,(l()s
(r)nttx(li(torio,
1,}r[r
clarles un nODr
lrrc lt ks ntisurs, cl terlrpelrtl p()sil)ililxll (llre
csto srce(llL si clulple lil Irn
cii-rn cle c:rrtar la clivclsiclcl
(l(,
1rt(1()s
(lel
pllciente pcr().
tor
encinre cle toc1o,
si tcsrontle r l necesi(l:r(l rlel pacirntc
(llrr
csc lrfi,ct() le sel re<rrnociclo
,v
lrcel)l1r(l(). Si cl
l)lrcicnfc
li.nr necesitlcl clc lrl<xuear. cle clisrciar. clc actrrar para
n() serttil Llrl cst(l():liccliv). cs p()r(lLre teme
(lLe
lx resl)uestat
([el
teltpcLrta
srx trxLnrlic.r: rrr- illz:rnl(' 1ll('nlrzirnt(' t> tlt' inrlili'rr:rr'i;r :lti11i\':l
(Sf()l(n()w
!
()lr'()s.
l98l ).
VFRr){r) \rr r\A" r,r. l A r\''|l(pkltIA( ttl,x' t,ltt li tNrRl: Fl
pl^(r:t(
r)ti r.A RliPIi'fr(it(iN )'Iil- PI-ACIiR l)1it- CAr\.1tI()
Fls l).rstntc frccuentc'(lLre se c()nsi(lerc
(lue
l intcrplet( i<in es la qtre
l)rcscrvuriii
lrr neulraliclacl lnxlti(. cs rlccir, ie cr.rc c()l-lstitL\,c tl instrunrenr
tle rtn:tnltlist cluc no irlcokrgizu.
(lLr
n,r \Lrll\ti|n.r, ilLrc
n,,.rP',y1.
(lLle
sc
liruitlr e Ilrccl c<nsciente lo incrnscicntc il tjn
(lc
toncr
lt rlisl'rosic it-tn clcl anit-
lizlLncl< une infirnnc ir'rn <Lrc le pclnritirlr lr a'ste elcgil nrc)r su clestin(). S(,
It)()
AVAN(_t:s tjN
pst(,()l'ljkAptA pst(_()ANA_.1.t(
A
t, - I RA IArl'llYr'() l() t-
,r,r)lr.ln)t)(,;tsl
r \'cI(llt(ler()
n:ilisis i ls tcnica. trrc,ilrr.en uso ric ll ilr
flr(r\lr (f(
Lr
lrcr-ri()r1:r
(l([unalisr
r:rr.L rr.r:<luc.
nrocliflclrr iones. Mris irrirl.
L r.rrrrk
L|l) rrnlrlistrL rlcsctr l.]t()strr sLt li(klicla(l lu lrircnl
!(.1x.
*.n.,._,
rrrr.rrft, lt:rt.t. Irinr.elrii,
cn
(lue
sLt lr(Jivi(Llal (.()nsiste
sl() en intcfpretar.
(luc-
l.l( n(l) inll)li(ilr crrn ello clue no sLl!(\t()n.1.
Pe|U h pr.r:girnt.r
,1ue, pocleil)<rs
lolrl;tllos
cs: icn
(lt
nrrlice el p,,rlcr. (lc
I-l intclnrrt.lLr,,n
r.rr,,
prirlrrcir
.,l
(:rrl)r()/
lf.s
xrr
llr r cr.rltl intelectu:l rLrc irntliclr, o st,r c <lcc ulx)\,r e,t
.rl.qrrrt otr',r tir,DcnItl (iuc
Ie plcstr filczrr rlccisir.;r
lr ()ll,f1i(Lll()
xl c:lrnl)i() tcl'p(,uti(() cletct-rclc rl,-,(lue l.l l-csisl(ncii tienc
ln,r.(l)i({i\()
r\ itlrr 1cl.)s (lisplxcentL-r(
)s <1ue r,l sujcto rr() prrccle s()por-T1l y,
tir,l)i(11. (lrc
pr(xlLt(.e grut ificil(.i( rtt:s q.r csLrlttr clifcil lrh:rnrkrntrr.. l,a.t que
lir i.l(.ll)r({a(i(-).
cle l:r rcsisenci :tl t.:r,tlrir puecle c,,rpctir r.<)n lx rcsistenci
rltlx
oclLr<1r'rnx
gllttifi(.aci(-)n (lLtc
sL,il lllry(.rrre llr trr,.,
trove,t:
llt rcpeti-
r ir)tt (l('l.s
iiltls l;lritutlcs cle lincrrlrrt:it,nk.
Il:rl rin
tr.,rlrlcnlr
rir- cc.cr
rrrrrrrr.r
rsi<lrrrcrr
<lcl pl:rcer.
cl rcstlkuk tlt,l <,ti-cttt Dt(, k) t,ntr(,rcsts/(,ttc.t.,
)th t't<',ai(it
ft't.,pc,tc.t de|rttda atclttsit..,(,,1c
d(, L.ttil da lts lt)s.fit(,t_z,t
\t'(t tl)lta tlc ittc litur de
yt
l.to ld ct!.t.fittol
d(, oc?r
!)p(lucfut.
;l)c. rloncle rlerive el pla<.cr. <rrc
tr.<xlLrr.c
la lr<.cpte<.ir.rn trrnsfirnclonr
rle
l.r rrtt r'rrcte<.ir-rn? l)e lnltiples lic,ttrs: r/) <lcl atrrr
(ir,
Il.irosfrencta
_es_
(lllt.lll.rli(lrtlrnte.
sc (rltrj
paI nl ti \.sr srrpe[tn lrrs ltsislcnCis plr
e]
.,rlrslrr
-.
l pttr l) pt.()nt<,.\a(:rl
stirtrr
<lt
(rn
[)](cr
iilturo: c)
tot.cl tl:Lrcr
r.r
(
i\rstl (luc
cl pa(i(\tt(,crperintcnt.l
c.trirn(l() s(- t1,l)res(,ntat (r)nl;) (.tl11)l.tn(l().
l'rrrrlt ll'r:. llr lttcnci<-rn crre cliglt,t.s clc olll,crit t.lll fat\ti\.11 rtrc llr in_
l( rl)r( lir( ia)n tlclre pt()\'cer
Ilnlt clt()tll clc
tlaccr.
ptres ensegtticllr stlc el <rrn-
lr.r(
j(
l.]l)l():
ly
la intcrpretlL(.i(-)n (lLle
scrli :rlgo prolirrtllrDtcnl(,(lesgIr(1.l)lc
rrr'.r
ll
>rrcit,ntc?
Si clllr cs er.cptatlu es sol,.e el finclo ilt, <l\tc
[)n)tn(,t(,_\:t
r, rlt t rt rrs lt ltt intrr>lct:rr-irin (.()r)l{)
I)t.()r)tL,si-
alg6 lt rlrnti,;,r, ,S.t,,,
.,1,,,,.,.
l!.r(
) pJrJ :rlgo cuc en
(l
iirturo signilir.rr.li strllrd. lriencst:tr. (,t(..,. ().suli()
I)cr()
rlt:rr r.rs lr rlkr olttengo
1,1 nxrr <lcl analisttt cue r,lr.a 0ti sUi-inticnli
c.ortrr
I( strtl()l'li()
tlc ltri rrLIa
\
(lcse() (lc
t.tuli,. l)()l.tnk). l
1)t.cgunil
trre clclt!,_
,1,,. lr.rtt.rlr.s
racllt'cz_ (lLl(
intrrpt-ct lll( )s cs:
1.
inter.ltretlrc.in,
:ttlet.lis rlc llr
tcrrlrrLlr'rrgnitire
cle
ltrtcr.:tl
clcsc.ulticrto
cl inc.rnscicntc, en<r tt,rrkul ttfi,c
/rrl \(,(,stii
lrto1'trntl()
I)irit
(lre
cl
ltlrr.ieDtr.
l.r :Lc.ctfc v trr.tgtr potler tlc.r.lrr)t
lrr,r7f\11i..(r..ri.tcrllr(,(ll(.i(in(lLtct1()t(,r1glr
t(t.(kttl t!frctitlt,.,r,s
inriltl
(l(,s(le
l,r
rlrsr,.'r
tivrt tlel < rtrlrio t()'lll),Llti(r)- lll rrtrlisllr se
tti,.<1.,<rrccler.<rn cl se.
lrrrrr( rlt(| (L
lttltcr ctrrttltlitkr st llti\i,,t.t.
Jr(-f,,
\Lt lll(lt\.ljr..nrr
trt.nr,fi,(.ti\icll(1.
1., rlrrr' rtrs \Lcl|e

l)lxntellf
Li
(.((sti(in (lc
l sUgcsti()n
en tl trltlrt
rrrr( r r r r ) . I r I i I I I I i
(
.
(
) Ii.eU(l
(
l9l6- 1911). en I.r crrnli,.encitr 2li. clili,renr i.t
,srrltes_
,,r i,{r ll, \t|',r\i t.tikkl.qttlr(1(l(.r(
ll^ IIr((tU(ir L :r
(tinr(.n\nlr (LU(.(,
s(t(r.L r()
, ,,,\ ,,,fi,,r.,,rr,. .r,r , ll,,,1r.(. -(Dri(t{).(rk, rrril.rit
r tusc ] tl r{t\.,.rr\r(-,n cnn,(x,n.Lt (
u(
l*",, f,l.r
,1 ,r,,
tr,t(.(\.lrJlir(t()tit)j(tinirnr(,nk,prn(tUr.1ilrilr(r(tc\(!^qrrc.Il.vrnLIr_
1r ,n (lr( (
lu . g()sellt. rlc lu sLgcstjt-n rltc lirlrra prtc 11e llt lerpir nlti(':i.
L|1, \rr(', (luc
se encllr-8x
(lc
r11()str'.rr c ntirltiplcs
[).rsajes]
"Lll
rcr.lpiil nxiiti-
,.r lrirrr'rr nrris licia la reiz. lcgl hasta los r'<lnflictos cle l()s
(lLlc
lurn naciclt
l,
'.
srll()r:r: \' se sitve de Lr .'tgcsti(in plra rrorlificll cl clesenlce dc csos
,,lllli(l()s, (pg.
rl0).
.l-a
pieze clccisiru rlel tralrajo sc cjccuta cuxnd() en I.l
r, l.Lr irn crt el u('clicc. cn l!r tl llirsfercn('ilt,. se
(rearn
versionr.'s nLevrs de
r,rrtl riejrr urtfliclo. \'ersi()ncs !'n las
(lrr
cl t,fetDlt
(lLer'r'iir (()ltp()fiarsc
.,,rrr
Lr hiz< cn su tientl)() nrictl'ils LIIre Lrr)(). [arr]icn(l() toclrs llrs fircrzls
.rrrrrrtir'.t:' clisponibles
-f'rcu<l
sc [elicrc l l:ts rlel pecicnte- Lo olrliglr a to
rrr.rr ot[t rle< isir-n,
(])jg. .il.l). ,,i)cr<
la nrtcr:t lrr<hit el t<)r-n()
(le (.ste
ol)icti\'()
,s t'lcr'cl. crn el uurjlio clt la sugcstirin l11di({l. ul estr(li()
I)s(lLi(,'
r.rs
.rll(): tl!rs(tr're c()l)l()
(r)nilicl()
11(r'nlrl"
(pi'ig -i1
r)..lstc tutnl>io cs
J'rosibili-
t,rtlo
l
tlr cillrll)i() cn el to. <1rrc se c()ns!rt))lr llrjo la infltrcncilr cic llt sr.r-
rt( stiar r))(ii(i"
(p.if.i.
rl l). \lc hrrn prr'1rrntltrIr
>ol
tu cr] lJ tcr-rl)r.l
1rsiLi'
.rrr:rlitr(ir 11() t()s scr!irll()5
(l(
lx sLgcsti()rl
(lir'c(lal,
)'ir
trtc:trlrttitirtl,'..1r.t<
rrLrrslr.t inllucn(iit sc basrt csrr'tcilntcnle en LL t(tnsicr,jrlcix. r'.rle tlccir cn h
sugrstia)n,
(I)lig
Ioti).
,lin
cl psicoartlisis trl)xjxnx)s
(()n
liL tt.rsfcrcnci.
risllll1... i\s se n()s lt.r(c
rosilrl:
satlrr
rrorr.t
hrl clel poclcl tle lli srrgc.tr,,n
(l)iig.
{11)...,\lx)ra csp(r() Irlrcrles cl:ue,:lo ir(lLrcll() cn lo
(Lrirl
nLlestr.r rra-
rttllt clc urlir':rl tctr
l)('uti(
:l nrentc la sttgcstirrn sr rlifclcnci rlc'l: nir-r p,,ri
l,lc
lrrlu
Irt i('r([)r( llil\i]()ti(it. {
f)iil..
-rI).
-li)(l()
(st() (lesl)Ls (l('tclrrr
dt srrilrl:u'cn lu crnicr'nr'irr 2l:
.Si
cl er
lernr littc <r.re lilrtrr'. lxrt.rLll
rr>r
lr:ttulle. t'l
((nltli(l()
n(r'rn.rl (('l
ls resis-
tcl)(ias
(re
lc lrcrnos scriuleclo cn cl anlilisis. ne('csillr
(lc
inlr inrrulsirin po-
tltrosrr rttc intlrvlr soltc ll rlecisirn tn cl scntickr
(lesclt(l()
ln)r
n()s()tr-()s, el
<rrc llerrr irl r('stl)le( irIl irnt r ) l)c l()
(\)lllrirri()
lrclrl
succrkr trrc resolviera
,cpclir
(l (l(s('j(e:ll]ler'ir)r
\'!l('iirr alrcr'L['r]uc\1) e li r(]l)rr\i(in l() crre se
Iltl>irr t'lcr':t,.1<r llrstrL lrt tr xrr'ic-rt irt. Lt tlttc tlttil<,t'l rtsttltlk tla L':;ct lttcl.t utt
(\
st!
l)!tk'l).t(i(in
it tlcfuc/ tktl
-(ltc
lo es kt lrtt< tlc lct1s0 lil)K,plftt lsc
k4x> sitto titictnt(,nl( st! rtktcit Ltn al ldict. I--n lx n)c(li(l1L cn
(pe
slr
ll-:rnstcrctcit ts
(lc
sigll()
I)()siIi\'().
rcvistc ltl rri'clic <k: lrrrrritLLtl t'rtesle
(rccn(
i:t rl \Lr (1nllulti(rici()nrs
l
c oncr-tr'iorr(s. SiIl tsrt lfxnsi'reDcl.r. rr 5r ur)
ncgli\lr. ni si(lrlcr.r
l)rc\tilriil
ritkrs lrl rlti'rlico
():r
sus lu gLr))crll{ )s... l)()r lxnt().
en gcrtt't'rrl. Llrl s('r lrLllrtlrl() cs (((sil)lc 11llrl)irl
(lcsrle
slr
(rr:(.1(k)
inl(l('(lu.il en
lrt rtrcclirl:t
(n (lu('rs
cer:rz <lc invtstjl lilrrclirroslullcntc
()l)iclr)si
)
tcrtcrl)()s
lrLtens tltzoncs
l)1it
re(r)n(r(cr-) trrltct rn lt nlgnirLl(l
(lc
sLr rr:rrcisrsrrLr. rtn.l
lrrrtrtlL rrrrtlu lu
xrsil.)ilitl;Lcl
clc inlluirkr. rLrn nle(li1rrlr ll rlrci(Jr l(ni(-r.ll.l
ltic'a,
(FIrrrl.
l9l6-l9ll. piill +05, clrrsi\.r nu(stl.).
\ntc
('slr
r()sici(-)lr
(lr
l'trrl sc sttqlt'rrrr<x.-ci r!tltrrtrcnl{) rlc rtrc son
Irirl)l)s
(lc
llr ilr,rtlt t'rr rrte frcrrr.l rt() llrrrrlirll)ir llls f('sj\fcn( rils. (lLr(.rLll']
nrJ
rrpliclr tocl,r los rieslrIr'lrllos <.le le scgur-tcl:L ta)l)i(.1. Sin crlll).lfl.l(). { l:s(llet)lt
d.,l
!)si)ttlJis
\llrcLr(1. l9.lj.l ). \cr(l(lcr() te:rtilnrrnt() ter-ritrr tt'lico. vueh'e
e
rlantear
Ll illp()rtlln( ia clc Ia inflrrrnciu
()t(xgrr(lx
l)()l'llL
tlansfr-qnrr.r
l)rlrJ
l()s
AVAN(:liS tiN
pSICOTIRAptA pSlcoANAi_l.l(,A
(r
))s( guir (
ultl(luicr lt()diflcacin terxpetic. l)or la importancilr de este tru_
llrio rlos clt{r,nclrer)t()s con Lln.t riel.tx ltrinL(.i()si(llcl,,. cn su clptrrlo Vl. el <le-
norrrinrrtir
"1. lcnic.r psicoanultica,.
tsn 1. l'le,Lcl nos lultla cle hs tet.cas clel
1,,. no tlcl \1) rcplesentaci(-)n sino rlcl yo firnci<-rn ,aplanclte, 1970), cs
(lecir
rk l corrjrrllo clc funcictncs a las qrrc agrupa ltajo est:r clenootinxci(inr percil)ir.
rrr'orrltrr', :r.la er cir:rtals t cplesenttcirncs cle la c()nciencia nccliante la ccirin
r[, lrs rlclct'rsus. clifcrenc.i:Lr percepcia)n cle pensantiento. clrptar signific.acio,
rrcs r r rvencirn:rles crlectives, c()ntr()laI la clcscurga ptrlsional, ctc.,,,, l)icc:
.U
\1)
(sfii (lcl)ilittd()
por el conflicto intcriol.v n()s()tl.()s tcnent()s cuc u(.trrlir cn
srr rtrilir,
(:lrig.
173). para lo cual pl.()p()nc Ln urcclio:
"Nlrestro saltcr dclrc
lt'rrrr.rlilrr st n() stl)cr, clelte rletrlt,er .tl
\r)
(lel
p(.iente cl irnpclio solxe jrr
|isrliccioncs
trcliclas
cle l:r vicllL an|licu. l,ln cslc pxck) c(rtsisc l.l sitLl.r(l(ll1
: rlilicrr,. l)efir la crllltr>r:rcirn <lel
taciente
n() sc sosticnc en la
(rcionlrlicllcl
rl( lil t:lrc <uc le prrpone el lrnltlista: Itrs trenstercncils. la
tositit.:L
1. la ne-
jtillivi. it)lervienen crltr el lirctor clecisi\ o:
",Vlientrlls cs
l)(
)sitivx it()s pr-eslx l()s
nl(.i()r(s scrvi(i()s... se c()n\'icnL'en cl genrtino rcs()fie
(lrc
prrlsione Ie r.ol:t
lx)rr(i()n (lel
l)uciente...,
{p1ig. 175). Y. prt (lue
n()
(lLle(len
clucls solrc el
uso rlt, ltr ttilnsiercncia positivlr, cle la inllLcnc.ia rue i,stlr pt<xluce solrre la
rirl.r
rsiruice
clel plrcicnte
1
clc su aytrde cn el trlttlnricnt(), rlice;.l,lr relac.irin
tr:rsli r'rrcil cOnllcva. arlclllis.
()tl.lls (l{)s
vcntuixs. Si cl
l)11(.iente
p()nc l lluit
lrslrr r'n t l lrrglrr cle su plrcire
(o
cle st taclrc). le
()t()rlx
txull)i,n el
toclcr
cuc
rrr srrrt,r'tr-r cjercc sol>rc sr
y(),
I)Llrsl()
(lLtc
crik)s pr()gtnit(n.es hltn siclt r:l oli-
13rr
rlt l str>r'ryr-r. Y cnk)ncrs el nLrer.o superl.<i ticnc
()p()l1uni(ll(l
l).u-ir
Lln
srt tt rlt.
/)ostc(c.tckiu
del neurritico,
rucclc
rrrcgir clcsac.ierks cn los <uc
ilcrrricr-rr sus pacltes en su eclLrt.acitin
(crrsiyu
cle t'rer(l). lls vcrclacl <1ue
crrlrt :rri lil it(ivertencix cle nr ulLrsar <lcl nLrev() influj(). I,(n. tL-nta(kn-
(lLtc
purrllr lcst]tlrrle l ilnlista
(.()nveil-se
en nllteslr(). 11lLetil)() c iclc-ll clc rxl.rs.
('r'(,1r
s(.res lrtrntanrs 1l su illtagcn
)
seltrciainzx, n() lienc pernriti(l() olvicler tlLtc
|sir n()
('s
su ttrtr cn la claci<-rn lnalticit, e inclus< seria infiel l ellu si se r-lc
i.rr.r
irl-irstlilf
.lor
str inclinac.i<itt. N() I)arr:t cnk)nccs sin() repeti[ Ln] ctLot rle I<s
l)ir(lr(.\,
(lLrj
con su inllujo ah(){ul-()n la inclepcnclencie clel nino.
}.susti{uir
.r(lu( l t(llprxn() raselllje
lxrr.Ln()
nLtcv(). El :tnalis(a clcltc. lto rlstnte strs
('tlrlx
r()s
lrr
cjolar
y
cdL(.r. rcspcter la peculiaritlacl clel
J.)lrcirntc.
/, ait,
rl kt rlc ittllttotcict tltte ha.y,tt dacottsder r l('gtinul estar rletcrrrrinurle
>or.el
lt',rrLr tl< inlriltici<'n clcl <lesltrxrllo cLre helle en
(,1
pllcientc. Algunos neur-rti
r os lr.r n
rt
r-rrlrrrcci(l() txn infntiles
(rrc
en en cl ntilisis sr-rlo prretlcn scr tllr
t.r(i,,.,,,t ,,
n(,\ nin{!\
(l).1!
I-(, \.rrsi\.t nrrr..
..tr.
\r r)(,s lt(nl()s extcnclitlo en cste pxsie, es
(lccir,
!,n llt stlet.cirir-t cxr.ltr-
,,, l.r1 I\L|,(.rt)rr k)(tLrchrsi(l()s(nn(ri(k)irl ot\i(t(,(r) (i(.rir)s
nrr(t()s
I)si(oxn:rliti(()s.
cs,
I(,r.rLr',Ir, Ii'I t)Iri.(L(
lir (s.Lrrlu
h.lnr ,.
trLru\
nrL(\I.r L,rn,,\UI),,\((,L\rdi(irtrrlrntc
,,t,1..t,,.r1 t,(,,'lr. rr,, .r
ri-ur.rk.t)r1)crsr
re(Lrnr(l().(rn() sLr rtrs fiel scgLriLl(nx r llxl)cr lr.ch()
r, i,,, r..1r, l(r,1,,|,
',,r
Lr prusLLnrir \Lrclru l Iicurl.
(r,
l,ll.r I t \.[,,, I(lLlronttProrU\1)fi]n.i(-)n,\.srct
rlpituto solr ct sUt)rr\,,
IJI- 199
_vente
cle los lr]onrenk)s
(lirlcticos
contrrprest()s
(lue
en l se desarrollan cn-
tre influil l.respetar la aut()n(mrx clel pacientc. cs p()rquc es
(lon(lc
po(lemos
rcc()n()cer las llscs cle
(listintas
p()siciones y escuelas en clrxnk) a la tcnica
llnlrlrica. El irprovcchlr qLle el paciente. por transferencia, <xorgue el enllista
cl ltrgar cle sLr sllperya)
(\nresp()n(le
a l()
(lue
Str,tchey
(1931i)
clenomino sL-
peni auxiliar. prinrer tiemp()
(lue
enc.ulinllr11 hacie la intelpretaci(in mut,rti-
\'. Posici(')n <le1 en:rlista cr.re es practicada. Lrn(lue nunc se rec()n()cid(), p()r'
llLs cscucls clrv()s lliclll)r()s cjcrcen un
(\)ntf()l
l()tal s()l)re el parciente, ul)i
clin(l()sc c(nr():irbitr<s clc lo qtre srLcecle en su inc()nsciente. al crxl leeran
(r)nr()
un n]:rpa llrier'. l-a posri:rlrrcltcitin c()rresp()n(le t llt exl)efien(i.l elI()-
ci()nxl c(xrectivil rle Alexanclcr <le la escuelu cle
(ilticego
y. n.is rctlxllncnte.
1l KohLt,v lils
(listintas
c()ricntcs
Jror'l
intluenciaclus. El elertar s<lrre no alro
gar la inclcpcnclrncil
(lcl
plrcientc, ir kxk)s l()s qLle entirlizen la llstinencia clel
lnalista. clescle los palticlarios cle un silcncir cxsi 1ll)s()hrk) hastlr krs analistas
rrr<l Schu,'rrlrt-r
(
1990. 1995)
(llrc.
cn su ex(luisit() intent()
(lc
clcfcnclcr l cxis-
tencil
(le
nrriltjPlt:s trn(l()s cm()ci()oillcs
y
visi()ncs cle l rceliclacl, col<;cn rl
pucicntc lrs ccrca de llr vrrtld rle su inc()nsciente cuc lo crre
Puclieta
cstar
el anlistl. sienclo el analistu rn espccic cle ltntroJx'rlogo cxtnrnjer()
(lLrc (lel)e
suspcntler strs prorios valores y visi(mes prr.r cntcn(lcr cl srnti(l()
(le
un cul
tLl-x
(lue
si no fircrt por los inlirrnra<lorcs se le es(xparx. l-il mcnL'i,',rr
(lLc
lr:t<e Freucl cle los pacicntcs que han pennanecirk en un estx(l() intuntil. lx re-
en(r)nlrlult()s cItto tirnrllllttcnkr
(lc
ls c()l'ficntes x(tuales
(lue
hablan cle tras-
t()rn()s
I)()r
(lflcit (Killingnr(),
19119. 1995).
Irl
l)xsrric
r))cnci()n1l(l() lnircstr-ir la cautela
(le
F[eLr(l flente 1ll inlen'enci()
nisrll(). y su cltutel. n() l))en()f, en n()
(lciir
ltl)lncl()nlrckr al pac iente r su pr-()-
l)iu
sucflc. al p<rlct clt le rtsistrnci. r Iu c()url)ulsi()n a lu tcpctici(')D. I)er() se-
ri tn trr()r crcer
(lte
sc lr'altx
(lc
csiltr cn cl ta'r'r)lin() r)te(li(). tle encrntral el
rcrrililrrio entre iniluenciar
y
clejlr lil)rc :rl p.rcicntc. L()
(lLrc
plantcl l'reu(l es
()tl-n (()sl:
Iencr cn cLrcnlll )es pccrrliaririarles <lel
raciente
y en firnci<in cie
cll.ts.
)
dal monanto lcl tt:aldmet o, hlccr rcccr el prs()
(le
la fir'rr <le in-
terr,rncirin clr-l enalistu
(le
un() L
()tr-()
l1r(l() dc cse par influenciat/ltttotrom.
l)rr cllr cs tn
(lccisi\1) (lcntr() (lc
la cita el fregnrenl() en
(lLre
tlict
"I.t
ntcli-
tlt rb ttfllcncLt
(luc
bd.)'u t.lt, cttttsit.lcrar ltgtintt est',ttit cleternrinx(l p()r e
grado tk inhbci(ilt tlcl dcsurnilo qtrc hallc tn cl pacicte,
( (
ursiva nuestru ).
Ils
(le(ir'. (re
el anlistl clctclruinar:i su fiult clr intervcnci(in,
)'c()n
tll() el
grtckr tlc inilttcncia. cle:rcuercl< xl
(as() pxictlitr y n() cn l)xsc r Lrn-l
11',\i
cin
(lue
sc 1rl)lic1tl universllnente.
Ra<lic h ll <use cle
(lLe
l"tcrd. clcspu('s <le ltltr <lescaltaclo clielcri-
cl))cltte
(lLre
n()s c()n!ifiarnr()s lnernlenle en e(lLc(l(n-cs. \'uclvc lt arccpt:ll-
cstc r(r. p()cis pginas clespr.rs:
.Al
ctmicnzt... ltac(,lturs quc se n()s trilns-
llcrr l rrtrrirlerl cle str slrpcrl'ri, l<) lat{tntos .t aceptat la lr<hl en lrrno a
crcla exigcncie clel clkr
y
il \:cn(el las rcsistcncias quc ilsi sc prclucen. Y al
orisnr() tienlpo restal)lecemos r:l rrclcn clentro cle su yr pcs<ttisanck conteni
l{ f)
AVAN(:liS trN PSIC(rfEl{APIA PSt.()A NA t_l',r'l(:^
lll- I RA'l'AIlIhNl()
tl(l d^). sn t'erludcftt liladztl
pracottsciattl? petls{tda"
(P9.
f i6J. cursi|x
rtrlcstr-it ).
Si l)ien R()lssiilon no se rclieLe exPlcilil[rcnte a le plllltllr:t
(le]
xnrlist.
;rono
poche stc escupel ctln(i() se
(lirige
rll
Pllciente
a esll
llrorieclacl
uni
r t'rsul tlcl lengtilic en lil c(tttrnic.tci(-)n htttrl:tnai'
lls
qrtc ac:lso t'rtentltl el <1ttc
Irlrlu ts cl anltlista. por cl ltcclro clt- serlo. stt palaltte n() est'l atrlvesx(l.l
l)()r
\Ll inconscicr'ltr. pot stts pulsioncs. por sLr alectiri<lacl .tlll()l'()sil tl hrlstil,
llor
rrrs <lcseos!' llxslll \',irn()s a los psicoenllistes en ntltsttals instiltlci(n](.Irti(,F
lttrltltics
(iis(
Lltitn(l() <trn Lrs coltg.rs
(Ll(:\li,,llL\ l!1-,ri(.r\
lrllr-r
Lr
rnvcnccrn()s
(le (llre
nLlcstrlt lerge iirnnrtcirin. inclrticlt; cl anr-tlisis pcrsonal. n< nts lt he-
rlro
rcrcler
neci clc kr ltuulno Y cle las
r:tsior-tc
clcl incolscicnte
l'cr()
\'sl
sjlcncio rlcl lnulistlt? Nrtcvanrentc s( l)lt .L(l()lcci(l() tn ctl.tnt() ri
sr.r conrprrnsir-rn cle l nrisrtt:t ingclttticlrtcl
(ltrc (\)n
l:l inletPrctllci( )n. Se lf) ll:l
enlen(li(l() conro clcjar r.tn lttglr
llere
(lLt
el p(i('nlt
:rtttcllt
tener la
losillili-
rlari rle hlcer < ircttl:rt sLt cleseo, rrrro sc sttclt tlt'c ir:
'rtn
tslltr'io
Pxr Pcnslll"
5c hi rrpeti(l() cstr fiiruul c(t trlnl.r irrsislcn(i
(ltl('n()
se Itlt rcparltclo quc
peItL-nrcc a le utlis sitrtltlistlt
(lr-
t()(hs lxs leors tle llt
(()tllLni(1t('i',n,
PLlcs
clcie clr lrrtl<> Lrn:t inll)()rtntc rtlcsli(-)n
(lLlc
r.tn psiuxttltlistlt estll 1r)ligx(lo.t
I)ctsr:
(lLrc
cl silcncio provir:r'tc tle Ltn str. el lLnillisl. llllll-((k) tltttrllin por
el inr-onscir'ntc. dc lockr trte cr.tantlo l()
l)r.tclicll,
Io llltce tn cicrt()s n]()nlen-
t()s v n() cn r)tr-os. lrajo cierts fllntxss, con lo ct[tl .ll?.\'Lt estfu ?l 41ld|stcl
tttgttb cl<'sigttilia.tctitt. P'.tt.\ scr llis ci:tIo: no es slo
(lLle
el
l).1(icutc
(l()tt
tlc un scnticlo prrlictlar
(lcs(lc
strs frrt'ttrtsilts rLl silcnt'it rn r'cz ttte src hlt
si(l) ?Dtiti) p()r sLplresl()
(luc
si-
i)r'r()
cu cl rrlntexllr intcrstll)ieti\'() en
ruc Lrs interr'ar rl.)i( )s i,tcr)rrsai(]r-rlts ticrrerr ltrflllr. tl silcntio crtlo lncn..tjc
r..rrgaclo tlc significucir-rn yil
()riclltx
el t-etcplot en tlnlt tliLt<t ir-rn clclL. lln es-
pecial cuenclo el silencio sc cotlrl)nx con D)()lllcnt()s cle
JlltilLllta
cn el senti(lo
c(\,en(i(rtal cltl I('nrirt. o con cl llnraclo ct() rlnillli(o. es clecir cuanclo el
siler-rcio acltr.rie-re tuk)r
(\cn.o
tlc ut-LL secttenci tlc nlcnsaics clcl n:llista. cle
igr.ral nranert <ttt el silcncio en nrtisic tiene un val()r tlitc'rente si srgLl( rl iln
gran ecorrlc. 1r trrr Il1()lllcnk) clc tcrlsin
(lrillll-lli(x
o cs la interrttl<itin tle rtn
rrcl:rgio. Restrlla nrfable cuc cl ttltr'inricnlt lltcniano. ctt,va iitnclatllentacit-rn
firc Lr lingtislic cslructtrlist1l, no hltla visto tr.tc llt ntr< i<-rn sllLlssLlriana de
zlr lcs Irr.rlrier pr()tegi(l()
(le (
retI ttte el silencio es silnplctllentc algo a sig-
nificer clcsdc el pa(ientc
y
n()
(lLe
eclcttiere stt \'11()r
(ltnt[()
clel sisteln
(le
urensljes dcl lnlisll. Es clccil. qtte lll)xn knn:l(l() el siltncilr c()lll() Lltl \rtLi(,
:t llenlu pt- el pllcicnte v n()
(\)tno
ttn plt'no clc sigll ificltt il rncs inc()rls( ientes
tuc cl anelista le
rrtroltc
i
Pacierltc.
I Illll rct()tli.l(l() el tllito clcl an:rlist:r t'tt-
tro
ltlr
llcr,alkr 1L sL e\trcrll() con cl ttst rlcl siltnti< a()lll() l)lt(lil)
(lt: (r)nsc
grrirlo.
l)()t nucsltar
Pertc.
tttisitltnxrs
(lctenern()s
cn ltlgrtnos espectos tle l:r in-
tetrtetrcion cn lan) ila(i(-)n solrte cl pacicnle:
201
(l()s
\ :rsl)irr(i()nes
(ire
penetran clesrle k inconscicntc v clespejenclo el teuc'
rr.
P:rfil
lir triticlt por rcconcltrccir-n il su
(r'igen.
Iln clilersls tirnci<tr sclvi
nlos lll plrcicnlc crIO eukiclacl
]
sLlstitut() clc los
1trtrgenitor'cs,
c(lx) nltes-
tf() \'(([((k)r. elerlrrDts krs procesos pscrricos
(lentr() (lc
stt to ltl niycl
r,r'nrrrl, nrrrrllrxs rn prec()nscicntc lo clcr.cnick inc()ns(ients
1
lo reprilltick>,
I tlt'r'st'nrorkr rcintegftrl]r()s al xr lo cue le es
rrorio,,
f19JBx, pi'ig. lS1. cut'-
sivll tlu(sll'11).
listu rrrtitrrcl <le Irrer.<l rle icls t
vLcltirs cntfr iniltLcntir'. ctlucr, trsur cl
rr
x I r' tlr.' sLrgesti(-)n rle la tnLnsterenci:t c(nll() instfllr)tcr]tr cle crltr,, r'rcs-
xttrr
lrt
trsonltliclacl
c[t'l
J)ltcicr-ttc
n() !(rn\'(rftlrn()s tjn srrs enkrres-. es la
rrrc ltllcja la rrrmplejiclecl clel problenra. Actitrrcl nrLry <lili:rr:ntc. p()r(frx p.lr-
tt, tlc urrrella
()trl
en
(lu('
sc rnistillca llr lclicllrcl
(lcl
pr(rccs() :trullir'o. cle-
li ntlitlnckse la iragen
(le
un nalistir slrpucstrlnlcnlc nertl'().
(lLc
si-rlo rcve-
Lrr'rr t'l
jncrnscir:ntc
() ()cLrllilr
cl ltrglr: <trc sg hx llirnlx(l(), c,n l cscuela
llr'rrnilu-r. dcl
.nluer-),.
1
cr.rc cstar'a gllriullizlrn(l(). urn sLt
rrescnr'ilt
<rtc cl
,I sco r'ilctrlc. rlue el intrrnsr'ientc sc <lcsrlicgr.rc t'
rrtxlrtzt'lt.
\ct]t()s. cn clrnl
lrirr.:r ttrr Irlctrl pfc()ctrprl(l() p()r
(lr
fcspLtst.is a krs
rr'olrlcnr:rs
ruc Ia tera-
rirr
:rnrrlitir'a
i)lxnte1r.
n() por oficccr rrne icleologe grLtx r l()s sentilljcnt()s
(ic
,llrl( ]()nril
(lLrc
)d()s p()scelD(]s.
l'()r {)l[r pare. no puecle r]rc1()s
(lLc
-rxrcltrt'ir
crrriosicletl <rre e este altr.r-
r.r rlt l rrrn<r'irit'nt().rp()rtll(l()
Jror
llt lingiistice se puetle seg(iI s()stenien(l()
rrrt l;r int crprctaci(')n act(l
rol
llr inlirlnracir-
(lrc
trllnsnlitc al pa,.'icntc s,.
lrrr' srr inconsc irntc. es cle< ir' <trc un
(,olrncilr(l() ()
Lln
( ()niLlnl(
) clc cnunciltcks
rtrcrl:rn
lt'ne'r cx( lusi\'ar nrrntc rrn vlrlor infonllirrr. tlcj:inckrsc tlc l:ttlr cl as-
l\'li)
(rnrilti\1)
-ll
in<lLrc<iin 1t Llltlt cicrtil lrct ir-rn, clclrinclosc t()nr.lI l!(i(;n
r'rr r'l sr'rtlitlo lunl)li()
(le ()rirnlr
llL l_lrntesa. el clcsco. l crrclrcllr en trnlr cli-
rt',r'itir l)csclc ls tr:rl)!j()s dc llLlhler solre l firnciin
.apclerivl"
clel lcn
gtlrjr', llrste.fecolrs()n
(1),r
lu fr( ia)n
.(\)nxti\'.,.
o cl tlrhlrjo clc lflin<*ski st-
llc Lt firnciol crcil(k)r
(le
vinc'ukrs clcl mensuje mlis ullli rlc su signili((k)
lrrlirilo. rcsulrlt irnlrsilrle restringir ll interprctlcirin .L sLr \'itl()r :cfl,lcl'rcial.
rut
s t llo irttplic:t
(lesa(
r()ccr- n( ) Ln c()n( ept()
(,n
pl'ticulllt sin( ) t( )(l() Lln
(
1tnl
ro
rlt l <.rrnocinrient(). cl
(le
lil pnrguriticu clcl lcngLrajc
(Nifl).
1995) \ cl cle Lr
rttir'rr l:utrcion retdc
(lLlc
cs Iil
(lLc (lcslllc:l
Ri)ussill()n
(199i): .Sin
rnl-
l).rl),
junl()
1r csk)s rcf-istr()s clcl firrc ir nunr iento clcl lr>arato tlel lcngLrajc,
,rlr[r rrrr'rtisit'ntcnte
(lcs(
ri1()s. se eicr(e taDtl)ia-l] tnx linci(-)n rct(-)ric s()
lr( l.r
(uirl
Ios
rsicoanalislas
st h'r rl()stru(l() rulis clisclrs. I1 hrnr'irn lc-
lrri,.r ,llsigrrr li\ ittltt?t1cid inc(tscienl? que le prrs<xlia. el ritrr. la orgltni
,,.r, r(,n
( \tilisti(11 cle lu clist'rusivi<lurl cjcrccn srltrc cl lrrrclit<.,
(i)g.
1501.
(r\r\.r
nlr(slrir)i rrgrcgantkr:
.l]l
ePltl.itto clcl lrngr[tjc
(lcvicn(,Lrn
lrl):lIirt()
(le
,r(
(
r(,n .r lr,r\('s tlt'l lt'ngLrajc" {pig. l5i)3).
.Sc
1:rttcrlr.
cnton(es. trilt:lr l1rnlo
(le
llr .rr I, ,i
).rI,rI)lr
(leslin(l()
a h-.tnsmitir ltl olro un pensantieni(). uD ut(r\i
lrllr'lrl(,
l)srlrri(()
ur lirntaLsnl...
(()nr() (le
un arct()
(lc
plxl)r qlc
(!clliat
l lttl-
rt's rld lttttltrtrlr, tt Dt)tiDtalto pt s()ital dircclatlt?1tlt,
".lescdtylr'
.la to
j{
)l AVAN(lES UN PSICOI-ITRAPIA PSICOANALI I I(lA
IJI-'I'RA'I'AMIEN'1'O
203
ra c()nsecuencis nefltstsr an!.itlstiil. sLlfiilniento. enfcrllecilld' con(lsnlt lll()-
rrl
() (lolof
na[(isista. N() cxnll)ixt en la t]irecciin cleseecla crtecle en lll lllentc
l:lajo el significa,:lo <le
religro
r)len.lz.llltc.
l)()r l() antcri()r tcsult cviclentc. segLin nLlest11) prlccer, qlle llt interrrctlt
cirn ejelce Llnl p()(ler()sat prcsi<in stll>re el
Pacicntc.
efcto qtte va nlrtt ho nlis
elll'r de llcer c()nscicnte l() inc()nscientc. Perl. si cs as.
por
ctt cs tn lre-
cLrcnte cn('()ntr.lr
(lticnes (on
t<fal lttenrt IL'c()nscicntc cleficnclen s\ tcnic
-sca
l basuda en lx intcfPrctxci(it-1. o en cl silcn<i<. o en 1l
Ilregltnta
cttc
()rientx
il qtc cl
)ltcicnte
rlescttllra ttn:l verciecl o.cttc penite
(lllc
cl inc<ns
(icntc h.tglt r'irctthr srs prtxlr.tt ciones. etc.- c()lll() llcttcl1a en qtle n() intcr-
vienc l1 sLrflcsti(ln. ttte cstli eietla cn los trltllltllieilt()s <ttc cllos cliligen' I'or
tue pltla toclos rtt>stttros cier<e ttn prltltr
(lc
xtrxc( i(-)n lir'nlicllllc
(ltle
sc 1()s
hlrblc clc ln:t relcitln rlc n()
(l(
nninllci(-)n, tlc tespckl por cl clcseo dcl sLrjeto.
ya rtte cllo cst1l enrlliz1l(l() en cl
Jlrofirnrlo
nllclo tle tn t\pcli!r]!il
(r(
(r)ntrltffcsle cl tloltxso sentinritnt()
(lc
s(nllcti,llicnt() tLte ttxkr stliet{) lllL !i-
vicl< flcnte a stts plttltes en la inf:rncilt.
)
\'ivil.i nte ll socic<lacl clttrnle cl res
to tlt' sr.r vidlt. lls cltcir. cl lrotrrrt tLtt clespicrtlt lrr orlcsi<in
1
cl
I)()(ltl.
l)()r es().
slrlrctkrres clc l ftterz crte cl clcsttl
(lc
llLlk)n()n tient
('n
ntlcslr() in('('ns-
cicnlc, tlclents tst:lr
('r()l-rlttlttentc lertlts e l fltcrzlt tle secLtccicin
-clc
rtlrgrgic:r. <lirlrnro.- tlttt ptrccle prcscntilr cttltltr.tier contcp< i<in tlcl trete
rl)ien)
(ltrc
lcvllntc csil llnclcllr llt itleltl
1'llos
lrag:t cltcl crte kr <lt'scecltl
se
(Lrnll)lt.
<ttc llasle s()sttnet
(lLc
'lllestr l'cni( t'cslretlt el r:lcser cle nucs-
lr,
'\
l)ir
i( nlL'\
l)irI.l
,l(l( (.1r,
'(.1
,\i.
|rcrd cs scnsilic ctiltt< nclie cst rcsl)et() lt llt attt<ntna clcl
(fr(),
se l()
sel:L
(r)ntinllur(jntc lt srts cliscPrtlos crrlttrl gttlt
llara
cl ejc(icio clc stt prrl-
fcsi<in rlc xnulistrls. pcr'(). 1ll rllisnx) tienlP(). no clcsee cngltrttse
l
plantca qlte
el tralanlicnto nall'tico. ltttl-t el lll.ls ntLltr(). se lt:tsa cn el
lloclcr
sr.tgestir"o cL-
lir tl'nsii'tencix. es clccir. el
rixlcr
<ttc cl nit ttilltt\'<i cn l infancill x l()s
lrclrt[krs. l)eto lts <ottto cl
I)()rler
1l1ril)Lli(l() a los peclrcs en l inlinl(i:l n()
(]s
el
reslrltrlo excltsirrr clc l ntclttc inlntil. Yx
rttc Ios
xttlres
se c()lo(an frente
1rl nio sn cl prqrel clc los tr.tc slLlrcrl
1'1>tteclen.
(()n
l() ct1ll srln cllos krs <ttc
(rxnsnriten unrl
Plinrerll
trrncept'i<in tlt otrll-tilrltencilt. cle igr.tal nrllttcre el plt-
(icntc
cs s(-)l() un fitc cn l1
(\)nsllllcci(ill clt llt iclcnticlacl
()IniPolsntc (lel
ltn:tliste. El
()il()
t1l(1()l'll constittvc cl prtlio llllLlislrl. Illtcincllrsc rec(xlo(-er
p()r'cl pxcientc <rrnxr
lostcclor
tlc ttn sllllet y tln
P()(ltt
Nltcl'a evitlt ncie clc
iLrc cn la sittcit'rn anlllic cl pecitntc xP()rta sL cltp:lcitlecl parlt l:r tr':trlste-
rcnr'ia pero cttt ltat ttn
()lr-() (lLlc (r)n\)lelllentll
-a
veccs aclivil \'
Pr()nltc
\:c- las cxp('(t:rtives tie ent'ttentrt urn ligttres t()(k)Pr()tcc1()ras.
Aclanclo tlttt ll sttgcsti<in cstli c()nlilltl:llllclltt
ptesett cn tlrcllr atllilisis'
inclLso cr-t el nrcjor conclrtciclo. en e<Ltcl
(lLlt:
.lPllnlxsc c()ll1() nletil final, ll l
(luc
sc a(erc .tsintticllrnente
-sin
alt:tnzalle
jaurlis- rt la resoltrt iirn clc l
trensti'rencie.
('ste re(()n()cinlienk) o()
(lcl)c
scl utiliz(l()
Patra
s()lazal-n()s c()n
L l.r interpretrci(-)n )i)o t'itLlc .
pronesd: es alecir, c(nn().sc,/l/ccr'(ir.
r ;r r
lrrt
in.rliclr lrn cleseo clel .rnulistu y Lrnx solicitllcia)n prxlerosa a cue cl ena
Iizrrnrkr rceccirnc
(le
cleterl)jna(lx o1nera:
(ltte
clcje de reprintir. cle estir l)l()-
rrrcrrclo errurcionltLrcnte. <lc negar. cle pr()yect.rr. clc lcpetir ciert()
Pttra)n,
(lu(
llrrtisee tnt'rs lilrrcrente.
(luc
peDita qtrc stl clese() r'ircule. cttc cr.pcri
rtl( nlc
('icrk)s
sentiDlient()
,v
n()
(xr()s. (lue
clij vncul()s l)rs xPr()piaclos, ruc
.rlrrntlonc c()ndrcts n()ci\'as, etc. Trclo cll< bajo la
rronrcsa
iDrrlcita cle a)-
(irnziu
rn esteckr mejor. rtlis iclel cttrklttir-la
(l!re
ser ste. y. solrrc totlo. e)
rrrrrr rlcl analisr.
(Juc
cl intcnt() clc seclu< t i<in n() sca gr()scr() o sexuI. n() clbe tlucles tue
csl;rlrlctc clitelen< ias firn(l1r)rntalcs.
Pero.
cle cttal<uier t'nnc4. tocl<]) an:tlistlt
rrl rrrLrncir Lrna interprctilci(-)n ticne Lrna expectaliva cn unu clircccitirl clelitri-
(l:1, ('\l)ccttivx (lue
apare(e conl()
Plenri() P()tencixl
cuanckt le tcstucsta clcl
.rn:lizlrnck scl acctie con acltrlla. Incllsr el lrnillist cll,v() t()n() lle \t)z sea
t:rsi irrrersonel. clrrc hablc r'rrr si fitera Lln
(11)nisla
tlesapltsionltclo, lt) lracr:r--
Ir rrsi. lrplre<er halrlenckr en nonrlxe cle la objetiviclacl, cte le cicntJ-r.
1
'r

rr rt r lt' sttlrrcir' tnk) cLlrn(l() ltlgttien sc pr-cscntlL
(()l)l()
P()fial\'()z
(lc
la ticn<i
r', rro r'ulnclc sc- lrace ccn \'()z xter( i()pelltdx. ttxlo de>cntlc tlc lt ctt se.t ;un-
sil1,. r'l inlcllocut<)r. Il crcstia)n n() cs, p()r latnl(). si Lrn anliste scc[tce o n<
\t,Dtl)t( sr(ltrca.l'pr'o,,rcf(,- sin() crinro k hrLcc. llL tlcscon<xer cue la intct
I,r,t:rtir'r
('s
un1 se([cci(-)n inrpicle cr.rt c] nrLlista sc li-tnule las preguntes:
,rrrc crrrrrirur cst()) invitn(l() r scguir') bajo tr-t'prtesa irltl)licita. sedLl(1()-
r, ri'.
ii
r r rr n
( (
Do ret ril)Lci(-)n. saltrcl t' lricncstlr flsic< -rent1. expansitin clcl pllt
i t r'. rlrsrrrinuc'ion r ahli< i<-rn clcl srtlinliento y la ltngr.rstia. aclartet itin e le reu
lr(l.r(1.
(i(r'(()s r'ncLrlos clt:seecks. krgr'os socieles
y
y()icos. etc.7r
qrt
fiDra
tr)nl: nli in( il( i(-)n
)
pr()l)rcsa. cu-tl es e'l lon() con
(luc
llt IirrrLtlo!'.
rle
ccrte-
z,r rrrt' rrnLrnr'il, a la m:tnerl tlrl
tr'<>lcta.
kr <tLe solrrevcntl.
,v
quc
tor
clkr
r fr grr scgttr'irlatli'.
tle
cotnpaero <r.re ilrrsionlt c()n segtif ttn
(:lrlin()
cn c(),tl
lrr
rrr. lucicnclo crc ir)p(tc nlats el pemrane(el jLnk)s qlrc hltti clcinclc se va?
f. L.l inlerpretaci(-)n c(nr() ct.s/rior pot' nuis cuicleclos() qlre sclt cl enLlis-
l.r, t'l Irc'r'lro rLre clel flr.rjo dc c(n(lLrctlls que tl analizanclo va inrplicanckr con
sU r.l:rto sckr'cione xut()nta'ttic:unentc aclrrclles
(lLc
r-c(ltiiefen scr camhiaclas.
irrrrlit lr rrnu clesuprol.)lciirn rlc Ias nlistr]rs. utt ct-lica ilrrPl(itr
l)(r'
tltnt() tln
(
i( rl()
ll[l(l()
rlc clrstigo. l)()r supLlesk)
(ltre
esk) pLre(le llegltr x grll(l()s e,\trc
rrr, s r'ulrrtlo el ltnrtlista se lu()lesl crn el enlizndo a Ia nlLnert tle ttn paclrc
,rUrr.r l]rrrlrr.
(luc
sc fesientt porque el hijo/e no ltacc ecr.tello cr.rc ctlnsiclera
Ir rrrr'rr l\'r'o rr< resrltlt nccestri() llcgar a estos niveles.
1:r
ctte inclrtso cl
,u.rlrst,r ln
rL
rrrr lirlrr:rci<in reactiva pr(fl'si()nal no
rtteclc
impcclil rltrc
rr,r'
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noclalirltl cie la escucha nalitj(a plr ir perDriticnchr cue e[rcrje el cle
seo. no clcja rle prcsentar prrblemas si n() se Lrtiliz.l en situaci()nes muy clefi-
ni(ls. circunscritas. c()n
(r)ietiv()s
clr()s. y se clevr. cn canrl)i(). al carl'rctc-r cle
Pre(cl)to
qLrc
(
r.tctcl'izrtL l:L lrtrene
lrsicin
clcl rtn:tlistr prirl ltplicel cn Il
rlla\'()ri.r
(le
lrs tlisos. SirtDrr-t lr>s
l)Jrcr'jr)
cLri()s() cl sLpresl() lilcxnl.lnrr. un
run: rlc sus ii rr rrlci< nes clc l terrir cle la ctl.
(lc (lLle
'rtc el lvlslll
Drienk) de la rncnte clel :rnxlizuncl() <ue inrplic(r la rele< irn con la rlr(lrc
(rI-
rrip(fentc cle l:r rellcitln clr,rlrt. cuc se
l)Lr(l()
sosteer
x
le flLlltr en el cunrrli
nri(n) dtj la firrtcir-rn
l).lt(mlr
({Lc
r()nt1'licra el xl)r.rz() lln)rtlr(), pxrr n()
reprtir cs.r rcli(i()n
(lLlll
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rn unulista rrrc rrrn cl silcncio
-l
cs-
clch analticu- slrpLlcst.rDrente penlljtirx
(luc
cnlergier cl cieseo v el ser
clel uoalizanrl<. Nttcstrll plc.ttnt es
si
se pcnlllurc(e en silcnr i< licnle a cste
nlizrutdo. no sc Il cleje xl)1tn(l()nar(l() tr I()5 Lkn]lrtisrll()s tle str nrcnte. lrl ckr
lIili()
(le
sus
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cle sts 1;rntltsas. r.s clt'cir ck, llr rclrc r:':ni
l)()IeDle
ah()r lltbllnrk clcscle clcntro clt' i'1?
hr-r
rrt consistirrt la vercluclerr
irrncir-rn
.-ratelnlr, (lcl
1lnlrlisl. p(- Lslrr l:t tc llin()l()girl cle eslt escuclal ,.lin
rrrll,,r'.r fept{iI tl silenci< <lcl paclrc ().
l)(n
!-l c()rt[lri{). rn intcrvrni.r(ti\':l-
rllcrtlr
l)iil
tesrrltrlr tlcl rIIitlir rle lr r)lltclre iDtrr)yc(la(l:l/
N()
nrs lr cle-
nr()sllir(l() cl rslmPit()s() 1rircrrs< <lt Ll lrr'rl ipsi(
luitl-ilr
cle
(irxrprr
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I;ing. cL\'.
icleolog:t cra exa(lirD)cnlc l nrisrlu
-al
plrcienlc, n)istillcxd() rn sL expe
rientirt
ror
su filllliliil. bstrrllt darlc lilrcltecl parl (ulllrl(r-. (luc
lil apareltc
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((
rlx'Llt'.r etir sit]rl)lcr\r( nt( .rlrrrtkrno tlcl
l)'.lriente
l
(lcslin{)
dc sL
l)llt()l()gi,
tlc lrt crtqrtrlsron
(lc
repelici)n.
(lc-
ur) in(()nscicnle
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n() cs l< r'elclarlelr ni lir salu(l sinr)
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en su gncsiri ller l rttr'ca clel
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Llt nt('l)k'tda k;n
()
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()
llll
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sls intrn cn(-i()rtcs srt rlis o rttenos flccttcntcs. tttc conrrn-
te
()
n() ill nxlillln(l() c()n stts
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c()r't llts tntisirrncs t rcult:t
nritnrs cle nlart('rixl.
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st tlitijen rL
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o
l)(I1llitit,lLr(
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sc crrnsoliclcn. rlcrertrlc tlc
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lilatrlr re.tscgur.rntc.
v
c(n un trrs
k)rn(, nr( isistr
(\
i(len( ir(l( ) en el scntirllicnl( ) <le <lcsr'l< rize< iort r1r.rc Ie lk vu
pgtsitr
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1r)(lr) l()
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Pisi\1'.
rlrrc rn-
ter\ cngr DrLrY tic vcz cn cLrilt(l().
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t() c(mtesl( prcgrntxs,
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(lesl)r()tefli(l()
r. solr'tor:kr.
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sLpuestallentc inaclecrL:ttlo c(nt lxs prcgtlntxs
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la
Prsgunta
n()
(lc
l.r'i,r lr:rlx'r'sirkr firulclrt Cierl()s
"il(t()s
anlti(r)s" tlc la csctrcla luc:tnianl
.n(fr('.\( lt'<i<:rt'lr l.
l)Lrert:r
r] pr(ienlc. cler ollintlt le rtl rfire:l tle l: scsir-rt'l,
,r st lr'inltr'r'trrttpe la sesion pr>r la
rlrl:rlrr'lt "\':t(ll,
en
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l.tlr; inaurri('n(i() n() actat p()l l sirplrcst c(r]nr()cia)n tlttc procltt<irltn etr le
p,rsicion sLrbjetivrr <lsl anilizxn(l() sino p()r(lLr(' lu lrrufrtl inrenencit-n. clc ce-
r,r( t('r n('l.tn)cnle c()n(ltl( tistit. tleteruinl r.rte acttell ll)rcn(lat. nl((liilt)le cl
l)ft'
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cs I() <rre nrl rlelt IIIIcr.
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(lc
I)tclllriltltrnl)s
xrttc )(l() clls():
lx
Ir'rr:r.el rslilodc intellenci(-)n
(IsrllI.
1993: Kantr<$ itz, I992).cl til)()
(l('\'1(tr
lo rrrc irrJrriDrc el nalislr l t[iltr]uicnk). s()n sirrlilarcs:t Ll
()rg.ltlir.lLri-,n
rL lr'rsiru rltl lrlizntlo. s()r) c()hcrcnl(s o
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c()n l()s
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rl]isnl() ct'rtiigo clc signili<lt<l<rs <tte
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su
i).ll()l()gr
o t:t(ilitan st lLtrsfi'tlta< krn'1 lltt cstc s(rlti(l(). cl cn-
, rrrrlrr'
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(()n
Lrn nalistlt t1tte. gr.tilttlo p()[ l!\ rlr,re\
rrtr'r( ir )D( s.
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l)lral Pensr.
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itri<lir este lclilt(l cn
l)rs()rtis
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paclres
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cr.tr'clejltlltn alxtnck,trrickrs e Ls
lrr.:.r srrs
rropies
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1'at'tgtrstiesi'(). rot
cl c<ln-
tr,llil,
l(lr
succrlc <rrn el unelistrt inteilcnci()nist1t. cttc estli llcno
(lt
Pr()Ycc
t,,s\ rIst'os ir((r'cit
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()
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t(xl() \'(ltl(
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(l pr()ces() <le inrliliclttrt
r irrnl l'.1 rrnalistlr cstil
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l potler rlesrlcgar uni glnlJ 1[1rl)lix
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cstil()s
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r';rrr.r clitli|lt t\ Ln irnltlisllr t))(r)(1)r(lc- cn('('nl(l()
gn
cl conor'inrir.'nkI tlc
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()
h repcti(ia)n crn clcl:t rtn:tlizendo tlc lr clte es st
I)ri,l)ii,
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,I rr.['rtI ti'r nicrr.
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el anltlizltlo inr'rtntctrlc llt r'onrrt ensi<-rn tle
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el .tfLcr.t tle llt rr:lr'i<ltt t(r.tPa'tttic1t. I)rtt cllo le
(.strll1,llr))\
I)irril
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Irrrrrrorr lrst,,rrr.r i urrrrrIr ista sienrptc lra siclo rttilizltcl
Pr
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r r,l.r
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lil_
'
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()
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jn
r'rro r[,fcnstr prcrlrlente fient!, l ngLsti. i la cu)p:r l>iliclacl
o u lu pcrsecucir'rn quc illtplicn el luccr'\'<r.ralcuier cletiniri<in. Lln :tnlistx
cuicl.tcloso. en el rllrj()r scntido clel trint,
(lLc
ntes
(le,r(trar
l() piun.1 tl'cs
veces. (()n
tn rr-rctltr:lrc gut()s() del
(lue
trrllc el ll)en()f aptt.tlrlIticnk). un
rut-t:tlisllt preocttpltrl() p(n n() xclrlr'. perscl{ui(lo por su sLpcr\'a) naliti(, r,
I)r)l
sLs
i)LlclclLilrs
rlc'c'sr'uele,;no rcfi:clztr I:r iclr- cle rue cs pcligrs:r Jlr es-
xrntaneiclecl,
tltrc no lllt,v
(lLl( (r)t]tctril
er'r()tl]s,
(lLc
no se rleltn c(rrr(.l' ties
.1()s'1 ll)rat
esc rLtlizlrck es ll.is illll)()rtante cl slrltcr o cl oo r'olt el ltlu:r'1
ll(coLtlcDrs tLrc I.reucl. lr(ltr sLIi p.r(icntes Ilisla,rjc.ls, cut- t,iran el
prc cll( sin sltl>r'r r.k, la
(()ne\i()')
c(nt cl pitstt(l(). (lue
rcl)etin y cttlll)tn en
vez clc silrboliz;. ltstitL\1') Irt <<rnstrr'cir'tr't Ifst<ir'ic:l rtnr rlr tirtt rlc
rcst.ll)lr(er unx
(1)rltinui([x(l
c11 l:t i(lcnticla(i <lr lrr pecicntc
l,petntitrl
trre prr
(lictn
sill)()lizar las expericncis <ue vivan en cl crc{)(). l)et(). cn
(ntl)i().
en el
.lkrrrlrrc
clc los lollrs", clespus tlc Lln t-atanlienk) estencrk lr Io largo
rlr rlrirs.ln()s. Ilr ir-ltcnen(irrn <trc
rltrlrrjo
cl cxorl)i() ftrv enuntialle rtLe
il):lr1 ll
(('r'rrlioltr
el t r':r tlrrt ticrt r cn ut
l)illz(r
lijo <ir,trrtrrs
lxx()s
rtrtsrs.
()
seil
Lrrlx lc('i()n
y
n()
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rle clib<ucion cn <rre la inle'rprct(i(in !uelVe.t k)tntr el pllpel ccntrxl.
I'r,ro.
se Prretlt
pl-( )lt)( )ci( )nit r itrcslri(t1tr))cntc rl alctLl.tr p(n pafie clel ana-
listlr'l;Qrri- plrsir fr)n l()s irnllirltD(l()s cn
(l!rctcs
l ttrtultir'r tcenrplaza al
I)rnsllr'.
cn llts
J
lcr's< rIr lir.laclcs inrtlrlsirtts.
PsitrlLilicas.
() (1)n
ten(leo(iar llI us()
c()nrpLlsi\'() rlc r-Logas unte lo c<t ictos quc no ple(lcn cnlicntati,
I;r
rregunte
crrr clclrt gLlirI nuu\llir\ iDt(r\Ln('tUne\ c\
f(,f
t.lnt().
qU
(fi'a
h)s astnKtllratl/r\ cn rl
(lr'li(fct'(lel
lrlc
rcnlc, ctl sLs
l)ittl-()nes
esralrlcs cle
crlnrlLr,-1:r. licncrt i.rs
jnlcr\'(,n(i()DCs.
cl tilxr rit, r ncrr]o t, r'l r11:r(() lcr.ln(Lti(1)
(l!lc
l)r()rlLeve
('l
.lnirlistx, cl crlrlr:nich
1
llr [irrrrur clc lrrs intcrprct:1. r, rr re.,
1
crjruo se lllic'ulan csrcr lica lren fe c(nt lus .iltitctcristicus <lel at-rliz.rnrkrl Ls-
llls s()n lgLnas clc llls pregunlas (lLre
c()tlricnz.ut lxilsc canlir() clentro cle
Lrnir ltl'tcli
(lc
lrltl)irl()
(luc
n()s
l)r(ae l)[()ltel((l(r'a
(
Knlr()\\'itz, 191]91 Rr-ner.
1992). l1-.ls inle c')( ( tcs plrl t:s( irnlrlizio(Lr en
rlrr'licrrllrr
\itn L'n ll
(lilcc-
ciirn cl!- krs cnrl)i():
(Ll(j
sr
(l(,st:n
cstitnLtl.lr
() (oltsoli(lxo
la purlogi.L't
Cu:'rl
cs cl utlel< i(leDlifl('rifi()
(lllc
se cstli tiiecienrkr lrl ar.rlizunckr
(on
nLestra
p()si(i(-)n cn I1 sitrr.rc i<'xt uneliticrr'1
'l
R,{t1^_l() uN t-A r'tANsrliRrrNCtA: L^-lRANStrnr.N(.tA
(r)M()
RIjstsrriNCA
Vc]ros lilror-rr llr crrcsti<in tlcl tlalrajo c'r Ix fellr( i()ir trinslrcr]citl (lcntr()
rlc ll sitttacit-tt unrrlitit'a. rut rn L experier)(ilt tlc krlo uorrliste sc ll lcvcllr
rkr r'olt lc-fer)l) r,n( )art )cn rcrl tr, li,flil t:rnt() pirrlr i't\csi.!.{rr'lli trrntluctrt
l
las
lltntrtsi:rs clel enirliztnrlr
(\)l1()
I)iLr trxluc
ir r'lunhios
(lLle
1() sriln Illel-artuen-
tt tlrlcctulr's. l)er'o;y si l3 tlirnsfl,rcn(i cs cl rrlugi() plrle esceper clcl vivit,
si n()\ cnc()nttlltr]( )s (\nl
es()s xltlrliznclos. sitilltrcs a cie
()s
acl()lescenles qu(.
20r)
II) AvAN(.!:s l:N l'Slri() l l:,tAPlA PS(()ANALI'll(A
l)(
(l('
5('f ilgrcsi\'()s en citsil lllierltrls
(lLrc
xflere s()n un()s c()l(lcri)s.
,v
qtle
r|l)rIl(lu(
(
n
('\ silulrci(-)n cn h terltpiili
(tisclrten
con el nalistx. xgrc(lcn,
Pero
.rlu( r'ir rr() lrccll ntll7
Se
pttecle cLrrltr lr es()s enllizanclos s(ll<r cn h
"nettr<r
\is trirlsl(r('nci,.
()
sta tien(lc a
(()nvcfiirse
en l. tlcfelsa plir, ilegiacll fiente
.r lrr lcrrlitltl? S()n lnlizxn(l()s cuc prolongltn stl trxtllricnk) no s<ilo por la
r1r'rrlilir rtt iir crtc el r'nculo les propotcione sin()
P()r(lLle
lo tttilizrtl colll() tll()
rirlr)!'iir \'(()rrrf(l1l xnte el vivil. As cr)')() 1a Iingiiistic lll()slr(-) l.r it))l)r,ltJn(i'l
rlt' rlili rt Dcilrr el ex:rrttcn cle tn lexrt> rlc rrttrel cltte ticne c()t))()
()l)i(1()
el nlxr
,,, ir)tI r'\tui1. clc igrLltl trtaner:t.
(lte(la[ (-e]tri(l() en llts !itisitLlclcs r.le llt rc
Lr, iorr .rrl:rliticlr. lr gresar rlc LL cnortllc irnp()atr(1(i:l riue rcvisle.
>ttetlc
hacer
r'rtIr'tk'\,istl(
(lLrc
se lrt tlclrt crlttr](ler crt el c()ntcxt(r cle l:r li<l tl <lcl
:r nrr lizltrrtlo.
ALrrttttc atu n()s cnfientalll()s con Lla conclicitin
(ltlc
n() s( ttlucc l
rlili rt nt irr cntre trl)aj() en Ilt transfl'rencilt v
en cl ltfitclt. l cttcstitin cle in-
t( rl)rr'l:l('i(tes transfc'r'cncielcs 'a'l//.\ extl-iltl llnsti't cn< iltles. sino c<n ttn nllL_
It rltt rltlitl. llisicl srlrc tl conceJ-rttl isnrr tlc trxnsfcltncix' st sttcle llrtl>lltr
rl( lr:u\\li'rLDcil pala refcrilse al r'ntLlt c<n el nalistrt. las flnttrs,r..1rtc tic
nr'ri r \1,.'(()nr() ccntr(). sin rcPlrlrt cn rttc cl ttso clel rrrnc'cpto llt'rtliltno cle
lr.llr\lr'r'(r](irr cn slr senti(k) llll)Pll
J)t]rllttlIl.,,tr.r
.ll)ri,\llll.lLi,,l).5i trnsli-
r, )r',.r
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l,Di(-r c\ IllllDtcncr telltr'ilin cr Iits tigtrlts 1L( tt.lL\
(1)l)l()
st s( lr.ll.lse
,I l.rs r t
r
r-r'sentlrci( )nes inlcrrllrs t['1 ltnltiizltnclr Iorjatllts
lot'tl
irltecir.tr-go <le
Lr r,',rlrrl.r<i
rrrslrcllt
t, la fllntrlsiil. l(tlltll(l()
('l
Ill(
ierltc cn llt scsion estri hltlrln-
([) (l(
su
l)rcj:r.
cle sr.rs anrigos. rlc sLts cotttJ)lter<is clt trallrtio
(n
Pl(stnti.i
tk l rurrrlistrr. es <1tte arttellas figlttes rcltlesentarl. tn(Ll)iettllnl(nte xi 1ln:llislx.
o crr vcr<lcl. eI anllizanclc cstii lenicn(l() r(illiplcs r'ncrlts ltrLnsfcrtnciales
(n ('s(
l)r((is()
nl(nttent(). sicncl() el lnlistlt ttnti clc cllts'
(ixr
t'l rlalistli sc
t sl.rlrlt r't' sictDpre. sin clue llltvlt un ttgrtncltt clcl prtx eso nxl1ic() cn
(ltl(
esk)
rr() sLrr'trllr. urtl transfi'rtrlcil. perlr cl)lt cs
rltttc
clc rtna c()nstclrci)n
(lc
trans-
Ir'ri r(iirs sirllrlfiines qLre pirri Lr rslirllttl psc1tri,:a tlcl rnrllizill(l() litllen
rr'srr
(ltr.rkLr:r:r'
nrcncir-rn rlel rrnrliziltt(l()
('D
cl trattxtl)iclll() cs trilnslgrcnciil
frr()
rl()
l)(,r(lLle
sr.'eilcrlt :t lrr
rct'srrtt:t
r.lcl nltlistlr sirl()
P()l(ltle
e<,.rclkrs <lc
l,,s rtr. lrrrlrla
(xul)an
Lrn lugul cn su rcli(lit(l
l)si(ltricx
1(tttxl, lLlgilr Ittllr(:l(l()
ror
Ir
rr'<lPitls
clcsc()s. tcnr()rcs, e\[)crirt-](iils <lcl peslttlo
(lllltrltl<
cl anli
zrrrrk,ltlrlllr <lt r.rn pcrsot-tltjc <le stt rirlt. atctLtlll
()
Pasx(111,
cst() n() cs exlt.l
lr,rrslcrt n< irrl f:l xntlisl pLrt(lc csl:tr
()ctrPlrnckr.
cr'l cst lll{)llIcn). el lLrgar tltl
lr'rr,rr tl ,.'l cuel cl xnxlizn(l() lrallulxt tle los plttllcs.
()
l1l
P()si(i(in
(lc
rrn,, rlt l,,' prrrlrcs con <r.rien sc ali;tlrrt tn lll criticrl ltl
(fr().
I)crr) si el allxlistl
, rlr.r
( \r)\ lrrgrrrr's cs. precisllnttnle.
l)()r(lLlt
ttt l scs(-)n csliin
Prcsentcs
en
Lr r,.rlr,l.r,l
rsrrrrit:r
<lcl
'.inrLlizirn(l(). (\)tr
lilnl introtlltttti:t a(l)() c] lln:llistll.
l,',,'tr",ltr,rs,,ll.rj(s. l,'t(Lrrrit()s en IUr rrlisr() itlgcnrto. rttc
l)(,(('
lirll( tlLle
r,'r ,r,rr r'l ,,n((
l)(o
tlt r'celitllrl
l)si(l(i(i.
(t.n(k) (fc(',))()s (lllt
lll
-rlt('1
,,rll,,rr'.r rl, l .r.rlrslir
('s
si('rrlllrc lli.is ir11l)()rtilrlle ctte llt tlt'lrls otros
t<rtson:l-
l(
,,,r\(.r,l,rs
r
r L lrrnJlizrtncltr
(11
sLl [el:rl(). l,x
l)regLttltit
lt fi,ttltLllllrn()s ts
<u lugar
()cuf)
cl xnalistx. en ccla m(nllcn). cn el nlunclo cle fanrltsi:t rlel
l)ltcicnte,
cn relcit'n lr las Otis figulas cle csll
(f(l
csccna, inc()ns(lcntc.
sicn'tprr: poblaria cle persrnajc's.
I)()r(lLc se sostLl\'() que le curaciirn erx sin(-)niru) cle curcirin cle h neu-
rosis cle trunsferencia.
y
cltrc l.l trlnsfrencir scrl equivlrlente lll \'n(Lk)
('()n
cl lnlist:1, ent()nccs o() lrulx mlis rcorecli()
(lre
inlcntxr Ii)[zxr el nateril
(lel
rnalizlndo. leerlo srenrprc bajo ur-lt clevc cLryo rcstltrdo tinal cucclltbe ase-
glrreckr clesptrs clt rrn
rto<eso
clesc<rliflccIr tcr-(lcr('i()s(): ei enlizrtnclo sc
r'fi'ra tl anelistr. li r'ctri(lueci(in a la iigrrrr rlcl :r'rrrlistl
(lcl
lel.t() del rnilli
zit(l(), l ctri(ltlcci(-)rr
(Ir(
lr\().srr rrl)()g('() cn llr a'l){x er'l
(luc
sc r)ll).r el r'e-
Lr),lrniticst() <ltl:tn:Lliznck
\'se
rccrlll)lr1l l):r ri k rs prrsonajcs
PoI
le ligur':r
clel nalista.
('()nsrr\'.in(l()s('krs
vtrhrs <ue errr-cs.rlr:rrt llts ltccirltes qLre trlrns-
crni[all ent[c a<tri'lLos. signilic<i lle\'er el crtcrrr Ia tcsis rle cl)nfLnclir lil
ttensfcr:nr'ilt crt lx s(si()n crl c'l vincukr con el unliste. I-x
(lcsrlrcsttrlt (le
estrt
xdilrd l)iz() clrtc los;ro:rlistlrs cr.re no
xxlar-t l)llrti('il)!r
<le ell:t se sinticrn en
iulta
1'tr.rvieren
(llrc jrstiflcr
cn r!lz()ncs plli(1ics (lc
cli(a(ia cl Lrs()
(lc
intcr
pletci()nes.exIr:rtr':n-clrcnci1rles,. es <lecir no Icfi,jcls lri nlistr. El crnsul
t(ni().rnltic() sirrlrl)rc tienc ntrclx)s
l)rr's(tnij('s.
r.le rrroclo
(lLrc
n() sc
1)r!tc(le
Ilabajal cxclr.rsivlr rt)( nt(
(n ('l
r'ncult clt cLr: crr cl lrrlistu.
L-,r t<t:yt<ttstrix trt tr(r\(tl,t(,1)l(()NtkAlNt't.\t(,\t\t,\t(()ANAI-\t5
fil liesgo cle llr rrtlirltci<-rrt rtl()11()(\)r(l('cle ttn:t rtisulr
()l-icntrLcr-)n
lcr:rl)(u-
ticll 1l n() ir))p(n1
(lLr(.
lil)()
(lc
rtlizirn(l() cs cl
(l(,
lr(lLlrr clc rlrncrr
rrrrrc,n-
tc a l clcl mclico <1rrc cn cl ps(l() llt' sangria ir k)cl()s l()s pcicnlcs, in-
cltrs< I lrs xnrtli(1)s:
I)lcie!lles
(ltc
xl lrgr.lvitrsc cflrn c()1tsi(lcr(l()s
(\r]t()
nccesit(l()s <lc Ltn rrhzluttirnt()
(lel
Ilirtltlllinl(). cs rlecir. clr tt[is
r.rn!.]t'r.r.
L:urcnt:tlltnttr'tlr. llrs t,sr'tcl:rs enliticlrs s(r) re:t(iis ir lentl
gn ('ucntx
rl L(')
((l)t()
clc
(rrlIrir)(lirlrirln.
ts
(l(](ir'..r pl:nkirrse (l('D]il('ril
r'larlr
l
explr'it:r
l)l(t
(lLr (ls()s sri crllixl(rc kr tinir'o ttrc l{).ll !s lr((,ttulrr rl [tsgo clc clt[ir'
tcr
()
lll c()n(li('i(nl
rlttolrrgic]
ctLrI. l,s irttr'n't n< ioncs
(llrc
pLrc(lcn s(r ll(lc-
cLra(lxs
Plu-x
un tip()
(lc
xnillizun(l(). y
(lLlr (1)nsli(\r\'('n
cl lck firerte cle un
(scuela.
s()n llls
(lLrc
il(triln ixll'()goicxnlentc
I).[
()tr()s
cs()s. Sin crnl)aLrg().
n() c()11()ccllt()s
(le
ningtrnlr csclrtl:t rl1lili(ir
(ltr(j
lige rtrc rt srr rIl()(lcl(). c()n
sLs re('Llrs()s t'cnic()s. a
(ielll)s pllcicntcs n() l()
Ptc(lcn
l(r1r. Sitr.r('iin
l)d\'l
legiacla uclrrclla clt llr <1ue prccierx
(lLre
g()zris( r)r()s l()s psi(()anllist.l5: mir:,l
tr-as
(lLc
naclie rlc rtos cllrlll)()s sc lt r.rr'tttlrril (lLlc
un tcr-llputr(.r n() tu-
vierx cfct()s sr_r'rtncllrirs inclcscecks y c(ntlrlrin(li(irci()1res irp()r11ln1c\. lis
DUestms scriitn rlc iDcliclri<n Lll-li\ctsal \ src])tl)r(' lrcnr'ilci()sals. I)(]]lilsill(l()
srrsrcr'ltoso.
l-as rlz()ncs <lr csllr rer'<llrrlcr rcl)rrsia)o rlel r'rn<ePlo clc
(()rttrllittdicit
cir-rn
xrcciel:r
lrlrcrlt'crt lr
(l()s (iralenes
cliler'cr-ltcs
(l( (lLlsLsr
en prinrcr'lr.rg:tr'.
lI- I RAIANfIliN rl) 2t I
itl AvANCIIS LiN PSI(l()l_liR,\PlA PSI(
()ANAI-l1
i(lA
I
n ,l,l i(
(
)-l)r'( )lsi()nales. cs
(lccir.
a ll ncccsirllrl clc t.adl est.uela clc sentr su
lrr'.tctrr')ilt sup(rtien(l() rrre srr sislcntl es !tni\ersitl. el linicr> rlicIr. :rsegt
r'.rrrrL,l sus ttien)l)r'()s
(luc
n() tjtl,tcn
Jirrr.rtr
rc,r.llrzlrt:l ningrn
l)llriul.tt(.
nl
.tttrPlif su cnfixue. ni :rrrenrlcr cle lxs
()tl.ls (\)rri(ntc,\.
En scgLln(l() r( ntn(),
I rt'lrr'i<lrio c<-t l().tnIcri()r. l
(lcsc()n()cinriento
<le ll crnstellLc.ir)11
(\nrlplc-
.r
tk' lrrrlor-cs qLc intcl \ i(,nen cn h
:rsicognesis.
trrntplt'jitlacl rrre or.igina los
srlrtiPos cletr-o cle los grencles
cuaclrcs clnicos
1.<tre
rccluicrc <lc lu or.cues-
l.r, r,,r) (l(.
rlircr.,': ri,,. {lr inl(t\'(.r't('l(,D(.\
l)ll(k)
(lLc
no c,\istc
roL
cl ntontento uni l((r-x cetez c[' rcs()l\'(rl' kxl()s
los
,lrolrletllrs,
v
(luc
ingLl ol'lre cs ltornogi,nu ni trcltrs las
lrrprrcsts
r-lc
,.rtLt t'scutll
irLteclcn
scr u,.crtucllrs pr igrrrl, tlllci,.lltlrr y
l-r.iltcrrnln cle
Itl(.i( lllllr. l9lJ9) se irlone ll tlrrelr rle rrntt cr.tlrlLr.i<ln <.r.iticlr cr ..1
l)l1ln()
tc(i
lrr,r
\ c'tt el rle ll
J:lr':i<riclr
tlinica cle ls ilttcf\'(n(i()nes postulec[Ls (.()n1()
te-
rirlx uliclrs
1.or
hs diicrcntcs c()rricntrs dentl'r <lel psicoanitlisis. til
tr.oltlenre
('s (lr('Lrn.i
vcz
(lLe
Ln lLnlistl se ha tirrntaclo (lentr() (lc
rnlt escurle. ltl ntis
llr() li(nlpo cluc eckuiere lralri]iclacl en el Lls() rle krs inslnllllcIllos 1crlrpUtic()s
(lr(,ir(lua,llll
le p'cr:. su tlltll
(lc
cepacitacirin cn la epli<.e<.i<-rn tlc krs recur-
r,r.
rlt lrrs
()trlrs ('s(LelJs
llrt'r, tlrre vLelva trnlr \,()tlil vcz I kr <rte s:tl.)t,. iclu
.,r r urtrrlo l nrlch clel ttlricnlr le ttrcsrrl
(llt(
t()(l() \,a
l)irit l)L'(..
Asi.
, rr r,l r.r(, clc :rlgr.tnos
f):rci!ntes
sc|cl:ntritt. rk.t|iittickrs.
(t)n
trl).rlr.t (1,ni(r
''rrrl(llr,l
I)ac\"ll(ntc1
a()11
[x)cars
o casi ningrrnlr :rsor'ilrt i-rn. sit] tclll) (l(
sLe-
r,,'. r,rn
Plrfincl
insiltistll(ci()n s(r)rr slt pr.ol)(, rrn(lintirnt()
l
clesrsperln-
,/,r
(l( (l(
les trrses pLreclan
cenrlril', el arc()st!ltl()s en cl r-lir,:in
).cslrlr.u l)
l\
r.trrcntr'lls
irs()ciaci()nes
l)aru
que xpalez(' cl ltlltct.iltl rcvclx(l(n.. lr nicr
(lrr(,
l)r(\lucc.
sesi(n trts scsi()n. cs qur: cl scntintiento cle clesesrc[rnza. de
lr:rr:so v tle cLrlpabilitlrrrl sc prolirntlicc. lnlc lit
jntp()ten(.iu
y
(les(,\l)(,r...lr)n
,lt l tcrrrr'rrtlr. ste.
>,rr,r
(1)ntJ,-r'eslar
str protio s(,ntilnient() tlt- fnrclrso t.tlc
, rrJl).r. c(il)e l()(i:r.\ lis sssi()cs st
l)ltcitt)l(.t,src11tr-trio
(lUc
cst rr(,)t. srr)
r.rlrr'r
x
rr'<rti' tcntlri.t trr< cstltr'k;.
)'
('uitn(l()
c:,t(, n() sLtcc(le finxliT1lrll
I),,r.lpc-
l.rr .r l.r
rr.rlsi<-rr't
(le
lllucrtc. ll lx recci(in tcrxl)ultc ncgalivx, lrl llir\(rrlLll5rll()
,,.r1
<[sr'o lxrstil rlc haccrlc lrxcslrf.
(J.
cn n()
I)t)cals
()caLsi()nes.
ittril)uif el
lr:tL'rrso rr sL incapac iclacl
rcrsonlrl,
sLtPonien(l()
(luc
cs p(n-(lLr no eplic.ere su-
l( r(.nl(,|t(.nle bien i trrticlt
(le
sLl cscuclll. \'
(ltc ()ll-()
teallpe\tat. c()n D1.ls c.l-
rrrt
rrlrrrl trre [,l,,cl]a si csrh er'x ci cils(). l-o rrre Ie resulta irnxns:rl>1t,. rn su
t r r..rlrtl
(lc
nlxntencr lil i(lerliza(.i(in, es rr.rc lrrrrrllo cLrc flrlllr cs rl r>rlcl<t
l'r
l,rlrLgitrl clr sr
(scrrcl
\'l()s instn)l))rnt()s ti,(.Di(r)s
(lLtc
lc
J>rr,pr.,tttrr-
rr.r r': rI r,r. (lu(.
r]i cl rlle)r tentpeLrtlt clc l:r rtlistllr rlttcnrli.r resr.rlt:rckrs frr-
r,rr.rl,lr.s si s( nlil'ttr(.llc clctr(ro cls irs lrnites rigickrs cle:r<ulla.
llr.rrr, rr r.I uitlr rrlgtrnos cjcrlrpkrs pure elrr.(lr el telltx
(le
ls r.rrntrincli
(.r(r,rr(!(lr(
x,,lILr
l[.g.Lr'.1 tencl cLla](llier iDtcl.\,en(.iu lnlticu. incluso la
rlr,'r()n,'tr,,,.r .llizt rrlrrs s(,rit lterrillientar pr>clCrosa
CIe trlnsiitttDtj,lt p,r
',rlr\.r.
l!,r(l(.
l,r,rr(' rros lt]lL'rcslt es nt()str:ll qtc n() lustil
(lLe
los segtrickrres
,I rrr rr,i 1,, rt
l,l.rrltllt
l:ts \.(,r]tltjits tjel t:risDto \:
(.()nsigncn
los xit()s ol)-
t il. r l{A'fAt IiNl-o 213
l(ni(l()s. Tan int(resntc resulta el firnrllrentar p(n
(lLr
rn tip()
(le
inlsl\cn
r irin I tnt rnrxle]r r.le lr.itxrllicnt() ftrnci<ltn cn cierk)s r'st>s colto clesenlr:t
rilr p()r
(lLr
fliclsn rr s()n p;rt(-)g( n()s en
()tr()s.
Itrlrenflrl)l(' lcnte. no porlerttos scr
(lernlLsixd()s ofrirltists resPr(t() it l:ls
lrosilrili<llrclcs
cle <rre los lu-lrlistas clcjtnrrs sin gran estircrz()
(ic
ser mon()(rn-(le:'
\
(llrc
cit(l irltcll cnai(in nlcstfa set inlcrr()ga(ht cn cuarnt() x su t)'lra. st c()n-
Irni(k). slrs cta'(t()s en nrltiplcs nivclcs.
\'(lre
n()s
l)lanteenr()s
rlift--r'entcs
jn-
len'r'flci<res llcrnti!'!s. s()llcs.rn(l() renlxias. (r)ntallin(licllci(res
de
('al(l1l
ttnll v
rrtcrrros. al fin.rl. pol lrtLrclh rue prrlcciem ser h mr-rs uciccurrla. Al estllr cn(>
lclos cn escucllrs. u
()p()nern()s
a esr'rrrllrs. n()s cpc()ntrrnl()s ct lil Dlisnrx siturt
ci<-rn clr;rtrrcl rrrt llrlrlenclo rrn solr irlir sr lc
riclicsc
rtrc sc cli:-igrcsc rr .u
interl<r'trrr'Ir.r<rcn<k ,.rso
cltl iriir:nr:t <trc rrlis tirrrrr'ttcri:r I:r trrrrtni,.ltion N<r
sr tlit s(;l()
(kr
il(('ptllr lrt rrrn<cfrcit'rtt <l<'<1r.te ltal intc'crt(-i( )n('\ lnrli,rr'\ qLr('
(frils
sin() tlc
rrxlet
tencr l1l pr'rictic ('r1
el Lrs() c()narek)
(lc
url llrttl)li() repeft(r
li()
(le
intccrl(i()ncs
xrsilrles.
Nlicntrlrs cslo r1() srlce(la.
(\)rr()
t(xl()s n(rs resis-
(inl()s
rL suiai(lrn()s rn nucstr-() nr(isisnr(). hlrlrlli unl tenclencilt rit(i()ntlizarr
.(rD() rirtLr(l
(l(,
l)rrczlr
lo rr.rc en rerrlitlrl es ignolirnc ia t
prrlrreza (le
reclrsos.
ALrn(lLr tiu))l)in sl psic()lniilisis \ ll hisl()ria lccienle n()s nrLrcstllln
(l!re
lil re
presi(-)n n() cs l()(k)t.)(xlcr()sx ni
(
l s( )rl1('l ir))icnt( ) ctcrrt().
I-A
pARttctpA(
r(iN A(-Tv^ DEI-
pA(.tl'N'r'r,
\'r-A CUIsTI(iN
DIi r.A Rri(iRr-:sl(iN I LA AS(X-rACt(iN t.t!RI.
I)os cle krs exirurrs lrisicos clc Irr ti'r'nicrr niiti(.r \'(luc
iunt()
l an,tlisis
clc llr 1r':tnsli'('nr ill
_\
.rl us()
(lc
l inl(l)rctll(i(')n s( Drlis li('( ucntelrentc in
\'(x'(l()s
l)irri
tljfi'r'nciurll cle crLrkrtieI ol[a finr)]
(lc
l)si(r)leIil)ir
s()n lil ts()-
tilcir-rn lilrrr'(l-r'(r(1. l()o0. 191J. 1()13) \'li r(grcsi()n. l-ir
l)rinr(r'
c\ enrnL'i.r-
cle lrajo [.r firnnrr tlr.rc ic
('()r']()(c
trrro ltglu lirntlnrent:tl: sc in\ itl l paciente.
en el c()rlIir'lt7() nlisrt()
(lcl
tlltt:utti( nt(), il
(lLlc (liga
t()(l() 1()
(lLtr
Plsa P(r'sLl
nlente sin ccrtstrlit <lc ningr.rne clltsc. sin tc-ne[ cn ctlenta si
lltc(le
s(jf ofcnsi-
\1). inl)r()pill(l() pal[ ls
(()n|en(i()ncs
s()cilrlts o si le
ltarcce
n() revcstir illt
l)()rlurlcilr
() (irrs(cI
de sentido
([]ret(I.
l9j8lr). I-lt iclea tr.te sustcnt:l estrt prcs
(rilxi(-)n
es
(luc
si cl plr(ienlc hrtlL rlc este nlllncrl. si ttnre le org-rniz.rri,,n
hrrlritrrl clcl rliscirrso rcitnal r socilrl si sLspen(le 1()(l()
iLi(-i()
r'lrlttir'o al
fJtrjo ilc srts
l)('nslll))icnk)s ]
scnl inri('nt( )s. s('clel Lrnil r'()ntlir'itilr nrl'ts trtvtlt
lrle
rar:r
I.r crtletgen(ill
(lc
lltntllsi.ts pr<(r)ns(icntes \'. aspc( rallltt(nt(.
(le
re)-
os dcl in<rrns<icrte repriorickr
(lLc
sef.in (xlltu(l()s
I)r)r
el unrrlisl
(lentro (le
cs(luetis rlc significat ion rlcs,:rnoci<krs pltl el plcirnt(.
l lsch
(
l99j ).
(
r'r un cxcelentc l[cLll()
(le
revisi<in rlcl ten]x. puntr
(lue
tl fintLrlltciirn rle la usocicirin lil)re cs c()hcrcnte con la
rrimel.lt
teora
(lel
xparlt) ps(lui(\), c()n()ci(h crrnro
rrinrera
tripice. cn
(luc
sc esperxl)i tcncr un
ar(ccs() l inc()Dsciente. l()s contcnirlos reprimi(l()s. sin lrnlizlr las clefens:rs:
llr AVAN(,IJS IiN PSICO'I'IJI{APIA PSICOANAI-TI(]A
( (
r.ll]lr ) r)riis nll(cl iltl pr()c[ticlil el plciente 1n.'ts f:cil seri pllra el nitlista cap-
l.rr :rrrrcllo rr kr ruc el c()nteni(l() nt.lniflestu) all(lir:t p( sintlttliz.ci,,n,
n,,r
Oorisi()n.
l){)r
rest() fngn)cntllli(), por clefintaci(rn en general. flna vez
(lcs
r rlricr'l()
Pr
t,l irnllist l() rcp|itDiclo le era ccmunicacl<) al pxciente rnedintc
l,l ir)l( rl)r'('tirci()r Cci clice lJusch c()n ir()nt
.cl
pllciente ltsocilt. el analista
irl( rl)r({1r,. cs
(lccir
tr:lnsnlite c()n()citnienk) s()l)re el inc()nscicntet
()
sea. p?sa
l)t)t
t'u( ltt!
(le
las resistencilts.
l.()
(luc
l)lrc('c
(lejrse
de luclo con l
(()nccpci)n
cle la asrriltci<in lil>rc.
lrrl r
()rrrr
st sLrclc tratnsntitir. s()n
(l()s
lteclt()s rclxci()nt(l()s entle s: l)
(lLte
p()r
nrirs
(lu('s(
lc
l)i(lil
ill pcicnte qLle xs()cic cle tl nranel. jallis
lo
ruccle
hacer
\.r
(lr(
s(, kr irtrpiclen slts l-csisten( ias
l)rec()nscientes
e inc()nscientes nric
(k),
\ (,r'giicnz:r,
crlpa. ec.
;
) srlo el nrilisis cle las clefi,nses,v clc las en-
ilusliirs
(l(('
p()nen en rnlrcllu a atlr.rerlllis rcsulle cepaz clc ltrir cl c|rin< tl
rrrtrrscicnte. Al respect(). llrrsch hce n(ft
(luc
la fitrrLlci<in cl'isir..u cle la
,srxirttioll lilrre <rrrresponclc, il pesar quc sc sig:l [ec(nlrcncllrntkr c<ttr cx
l)r'si(ilr
(lc
lu luena ti,cnicu llctLill. ir un pcr()(l() ntcri()r x la segunrl:r tripice.
rrr()rll(,ll() ('t) qLc
y
no st-rl< i0tctesn las tirntasas inc()nscicntcs stn(). tI]t-
lrir'n. llrs lir'rllts in(\)nscientes
(lc
ll)ilntener es()s c()ntcni(l()s en estaclo rle
rr'rrt sion; o sca. Las clefnslts. l1r'tilnt(). si r:l lotrr rlc olrserrat.itin cs el plu
r (,v)
/o/rl(l( tts()('illt le sccrcrt< ilr cn
(luc
sc cntrclltzan rcst()s
(lr (.()ntcni(l()s
rlPrirritLrs con ks ol>stculrs a llL clllcrgen(.i.t
(lc
a,sk)s cn)nccs cl pa-
(
r( nl(
(slii
sicl)l)t-c cn ustciacin liltrc. y tro
trrctle
clejlrr
(le
cstxrl(), yll
(lLe
ru: silt rrcios. rt:li(encias. clcfi t nlr< ione s s()n pilrte escncirl clel fhir sor.iti
ro lil rrili<i<
(le
l()s
()l)sliicll()s
u lu enrcrgcncilr clc lus fitntasas inr()ns.l(tl
t(s. irl
(slllr
est()s
(r)staicltl()s
t tltfi,nss pr(]s(]ntes en el p(tr.cso nrisn clc
,rsrx i:r. t,s insetaraltle clel lna'rlisis cle csus Ilrntsus
((ln\.
19136).
l.l th'*trtllt tlL'lu cuxtcidttl de cnrlotltlisis
Al
l)ir(icntc
se le reruiere c[rlnlc el ent-rlisis unlL ctoltlc lrctiviclacl:
ror
rrn
l.(ir rrrt. lrsocie lil)rclllcnte. es clccir <rrc cllptc pcnsn1ien)s'! sentilient()s
(r)Ill()
li(lil(lcs sin llittar cle sacf prel))tLrilntcntc ningLlnlt crrnclrrsi<-rn res-
lx
(
l( , :r
(
ll()s, suspenclienckr su fitnc()n crfica;
rero.
txrnl)ia,n,
(lLe
\
-r),l
\ i(.n,
rir rrrt csos
l)csalllienk)s
y scutiltlien)s tienen Ltn sentick clcntrr tlc rrnicllr
,h s rh silrn ili('lci(-)1] nti-ls xiltpliil. tuc cr'rcsJtontlcn a finrts cle vinctlt. srs
r( ,r(
(
r( )n( s rl]l(. l()s nlisnr()s, lr cleseos qLre
()rglniztn
ll[lpli()s sect()rcs dc st
r orrr ir rr t.r ,ri lrr:rl
()
<tre tien(lcn lt rcpetitse lr kt lltrgo tlc sL vi(lar palr()oes c(n11-
'1, ,,
lrrr)tr()st(rlti'l()s.cl pllcicnt!. clcltc
rrrlct lltsarclc
ntirlr rrnicla<k,s clc
nr, rrt.rh s \ srrslrr.nt[.r ttxkr
juicio
1l s1l(ar c()n(lusi()nes trr:is generales. J-a pri
rr r.r .r trrrrl.rrl
(r
)rrcsl)()n(le lnils 1t t(lLtt:ll() it
(lLle
iiprnta la r.cgllr cle la
.r\( x r.r( rl lilrr,.t l. scgrtrrl. l clcsrroll< cle la capaciclecl
(lc
xrLt().rnailisis,
(le
(
nl( l(l( r lirs {r.rrrr[: lrrc[zlrs
(lrc
ntLte\en su psiqLlisllx)
]
lt rela(i()n cntrc
IJI- 1'RA-I'AMII]N'TO f l)
ellas, :r crirno sus clese()s se vinculan a las angustias.
)''stxs
t hs clefensas lta-
l>itualcs quc Lrtiliz. caxn() ests
(leiensxs.
a sLl !ez, pr()lrLlcven rngusti.r\.
(t!
i
()
sea. ls seclencias que orglnizn sLl
l)siqLlisnx)
l c()r't() plz()
-en
Ll in
rnecliatez clel pr()ceso unxltic(). lninLrt() luinuto- y ar
l)lz()
Dr:is largo
-krs
gr.rn(lcs movillicnt()s
(le
su vicl..
H) pcicntcs
(lrc
Lltilizan Ix xs()cia(i(in iilrre ctDro resistenci a rc(r)r)()-
c'er cl senticlo nrlrs gl()l).l
(lrc
ticnc kr cuc vltn rcllrtan(lo. Son caPaces cle clc-
cir
([re
tienen rrbi:r. ttre estlin usustacts. rue se le ocurrir-r clctenninaclo pen
san)ienk). per() k)
(lLlc
rc(ll?zn. ar(ti\'rmcnlc, cs scllr c()nclusi()nes s()l)re lit
lellrcirin ctre tiene t(x[() ello crn el pl()ces() lrnaltic(). con vincrllr cs()s stjnti-
micnl()s y pcnsanlicnt()s c()n llrs s,ct,1cl.s ciel rnislln). Ilsta ttrex
(ttecla
rt car-
go <lel,,la rnLista. S( pxcienles
(luc
rsln clc la rcgrr:sirin l l 1rs()cici(in li
lrr conr< cletenses: es cl,'lu:nulistu cuicn rlebc irr.rplrrse rlcl llniilisis. l
illaitcl'
(lc
Itclrcs
<rtc s( I)lt(cn carS() clc firncitrres tltte clclriet'an teliTrlt sts
hi)s. L()
(lue
rttLestftr. rtLre\'1rllcnte. qte la regresirn. qtre talnta iorl)i'rr.rn!ill
l)()scc
paral rccLrpcr:u xspc(l()s clcl pecicntt
(luc
irn
(luc(llr(l()
scl)ultr(l()s l)j()
tirnaciones cxrlrctcr(r(-)gicas
(lciensi\'as (
t]lint, 1952. 1963r winri(r)tt. I965.
l9U9), n()
1.)r.retlr
tstirnlLllrfsc irrcstri(t:rnrcnlc,
(\)n1()
Lrnr rspecie clc plna<ea
Lni\'crsll. \'csk) n() s()iltltcntc cn ltrltrclkrs cs()s cn l()s
(lLre
h tcgresi<-rn es ia
firr;t frc< trente clc firncirLr - <icrr<s cr.rclros sevct()s
()
llsitrrticLrr
sln(,
cn l()s Dr()mcnk)s esrec fi<rrs ck:l unlisis cn
(llrc
csti-l l scr'icio clc le rcsis
tcn(i l)lj() I tirnra cle \iliz:.r'l.t.fit,qtn(nttct;n
(lc
lrr exrclicr-tcia pare ncr
tartal rl signiticuckr clc lo cuc cstii trlt ns( u rricn(l( ).
I;t <rrt llsir-n.
((),r
lespr('t() a krs
lrres
cliltlitticos .tsocuckiJt libre/dttk)-
.ut(ilisis.
l')<)t
rn lx(l().
)'
rt,qrL'sititt/pxryrL'skilt, pot cl
()tr-().
cs
(lLrc
n() sc pLlc(lc
scr-1rlizr'lpr'a)r-l )iigun()
(l('('s()s (L[rtr()
trnrin()s. F]s tlrrerr clel anallistx. er
lir-l<irn clcl
l)llcicntc
V clcl rDrnrcnto tlel anr'ilisis. rluclar u <uc el peciente cir-
culc. cn
(a(l1r
nl(),lent(). pot a<rtclllt cle cslts
rosibilirlatlcs
cttc'sca trt.ir5
(()n-
veniente p:rra su
(re(iurienl{) pL-r's(mxl. l- ils()cix('i()n iilrc es s<ilo tn prtn)(r
ltl(),Ilrnt() <lc :r<r.rclkr
(lue
l)rrsegLlinr()s
en llinl() tllin()
Pllm
nLcstr()s pe
cicntcs: cl clcsnrllo rlc la < lpaciclucl pxra cl luro.rnrilisis
(lLrc
lc pcnuitc c()nr
plenclcl krs nn)\'inlient()s 1Lfcti\'()s
(lLrc (lctcrnrin:ln
su vi(l:t. l)e igual tlanera.
la tcgrr:sit-xt cs Lrn instflrnrent()
lllirl
re(()nrctlllse c()n l() cxcltricl< clc str
crncicr-lcilt
)'l()
1ll)()ftar(l() crr sLr rlcsllr-ollr.
rele
lr.rego lrlcllnzr rlileles mals
c-ler':rtks dc f Lrnci( 11r nlicrtt( ), y
n() lLlg() cn si r)risrlr().
(i)n
rcspcct() :r le caPaciclacl tlc rttrxtnlilisis. cs
(lrcir. (lc
c:t1:rtrtt la firttt[t
clt qlre en el psi(ltisnr() sc vxn srrcc(lcn(l() l()s csl(i()s crt)()ci()n1tlt\ \'cr,rtl()
un()s
I)[(nlluevcn
lt
()tr()s.
iLlltk)
llls rlLT()lles clinlirric:ts
(l(]
es()s nl()\'imicnl()s.
n() h:ry txrex en el lr-t ricnk) rr.rc le
l)ucda
sLl)err en irrlrrtancil. l)c>r ello
n()
lllre(le
<ucdur linritaclt 1l scl Ln sinrl)lc
I)r()(lir({r)
eslx)ntrineo clel anitlisis.
()
un! cspccic clc i<lcntilicaci(m final clel pecicntc c()n Lrnll lrctivid.l(i qlrr el
1lnlistx
(lcscD)prx
plll-l
([lIllntc
t()(l() cl trxtxn]iento. Lrsurunclo esa firn-
ci<-rn la nrancrl clc ecr.relkrs prtdlcs <lttc n)lrntirnen cn l inm.r(lurcz.r sts Iri-
,.:"'
/,!'
I lrr AVAN(-IJS I:N PS(:('I'IiRAPIA PI( oANAI-II'( A
t()5,11
r(-(lrl)1llxt'cl ejelci(i()
(lLlc
p!-rntitc el
(les!u.r()ll()
l,consolicleci<in
dc
IUl)t iont.s. Unlr dc las resistcncias lnats fre(.ue-ntes
qn
cuxl(luicl.tl.itt.l[ticoh)
e5
l.r r[.]
r.rr
i(,tc
(lte
liene \ cucnta ulgr> ttre le
)irsa
c.on liguris sign ilicatit irs.
(' (
r Lrs
(li\(,rsus
cli rensirrncs
)
ci)'cLrnstxn(.ixs cle la reuliclcl. espcritn(l() que
r.l lcr'.rrt rrle lc lrl r.rclc :r enfl'entarse' nrejor e les ntisnlas. Alx)la lticn.
cr.L'tl
es
rrrrtrrlo rrrc estl>lecc c()n
(,1
terxpertt1 [ln()
(lc
tip{) tcgresi\'():
.Aycletc
r(r11'
.ol<;
rl()
P(r!(k,.
Nrr cltn tlrtcl:rs cle
(lle
en nl(.l()\ r.itrr()s isr c\ \., I.<-
r
()r'(l:ln(lo.
Ilr tit tle Freuclr
.AlgLn()s
neLlr(itic()s htn penuxne(.icl<t r:rn infuntilts
il( irr en cl ltnilisis srilo pLreclen sel-hiltit(l()s c()nl() Ln()s nit()s,
(Fl.tlt(1.
I')3liir.
I)llg
l:6). cl tcfl)eutal se ve liztcl< it
(-(lvcrtirs(
c't ltscs(. I)et.()
(lrc
l.sr srutrLr. <re el enalisre cnticn(llt lits necesicl:rcles
(lcl
I)u(icutr,
tr.rc:rsrlln.L el
rr l solicil.rckr. n() significa <r,re clejc clc larkr cl oltjetirrr hacia el tluc,
(lel)r
cn(.1t
llrinill
(
l irr)iilisis] cLre el
Pircientt
tellcrione s()l)re el signiii(.a(k) (lL-
su c()n(lr(,
(.1.(rl(
l( tltso solrrc cl rrso cle la reglesitin
I)({
lrr'tl4Llstill
1,
ci frrrztrrtrrcntr,:,,r
lrl' t l lrnrrLstlr clcl l cle pxcct()r
l
c(xlsejer(). Aun cn los pecicntcs <.on rl(,ti<.it
\('\( r().
(r'r(
tIr()s
(lIte
sic'lttpre e\iste lx
()l)()l.ttlticlecl
clc, rlecirle .llg()
(lrl
lil)r)l
\lr'.
-rr.rvef
()
Lt \elr:Dl pll x(llt- L,still):t lit.) irtgusrii(l()
tor...
rrrr, ncrcsi
(.rl)r (l(
\1)
(liicl-.I
.rlg() 1ll rtspect(). ttre lii 1111dts 1l cn(()nt[tr
(lu
ha(.cr.
eui,
./.r lx)\
l)()(larrI()s
ver p()1-qlt(,sc sit)ti(i i:ln itnp()tenle. tt fllll()
(lc
rc(.Lll-s()s
l)t.t)-
l)i()s.
l:rn t(cesitl(li)
(le
unat xvu(lx prii(ti(..t...,.
(lrn
k rrr:l sc re(.ul)(,t- p1l cl
,,rrrcrtlt
l.r,.rr)ir.itlarl rle ar.rreflexi<tr'srrlrfu si, s()l)tc h\ inltigcn(s lr-lnsi
rrrl.rs. srlr|c cl til)()
(lc
Vincul() rea(.tultliz(k) in(1)nscirllte11lcnle.
|,\t( I N;\ t()RMt I-,{( tN D| ! A R|(it_A t,l Nl)AnltiNl.Al_
lil rrulorinlilisis rlclrc srr Lln olrjt.tit r: c.rp/ii r/r., clel .()utrt() ilt)itliti(.(),
/)///(,
,k f.r rtgllr lUn(llnlentxl il lrlrnsl]litir rrl p:rr.itntc.
I rltc pocir.i t(lllill I li)t]llu
rllrrit.ntc: .I lnr
cle los oltjcrirrts clel lrattunlicnt() cs
(lLlc
uste(l puc(l (lcs:rrr(
ll.rr rrrtlt ttIrlo[ clrPlticlcl <]t. (1ll)t:1. (lc (larrse (.ucJItil
tlc lo ctLe sicntr.
1 lit.n-
s,r rI rt.r ((-r,n() \.1 ]c(.(i()ni:ttlo clrx.irIrl tcDIL, ll l()
(lLe
lc r.rr
t:rsltncIr
1,n
l.r h'lrrr'ir'rn c()n l()s
(lcnti-ls. (lu..()s.ls
lc llrccn scntil bien, (lLr
lc pr(r(lLcc lti(.
ti,,. rLrc lt. oli.nclc. cLri, lc
troclrrce
vcl.glicnz.r <r lc licc sentir en ltll.
()
lc
(l
r.rlri. r'r:llt,s s()n I()s (lcsc()\
rttc lc llt,ran a a(Jrr dr
(l(,tr'nllinil(lir
llarDcl. it
lr(
l( rr rr.rs psrs()nus
)
tanet-Lln cn()rllr flstr<lio frrntt lr rtrs. ttt.. 1,,rr. so
lu'hth. tt
(lurs?.uetIat
dt.ll! stt t1'dccin
fa]ttc
k, ctra l.xtct'tt l)s
(fut)tis
tt' thfIttth'(.\'alttsitltturtl!
dc
(sds
r()ttlttcl(ts de ks tk,ntris. qtt( rtr. pL,r
\t,,tt\lrrltttt)rnfk(()ju!r1lL,Dl
cbttsntUtt'ttsdift.t)tlL,s(ful1ssu.ttt-..(l!!1,kl
tt\tt t tt'1t t.\ \,/t..t
I'dcpaitalr d? e"\p('t L,ttCilts .l<,1
ltctstulo.
da c.tt,t.los t)t()(l(l()s
th lt\tttttl(tt'tltt<'l)(!l)
ensu_fAntliu. dcul*o(lttccssl cll/zicl,/-. En cste s(,r)-
t,ll,. 1,r rrrr.trr lirrtrr <lt il rrckrriricnrLr esa ltl>ili<llrcl piu. i. c()n( \'iend() l()Ll()
(-\to
r':,llt(, lt(. t( (l(1(,(.t:'cn
ca(tl r1t(nltclt)
(lcl
trtitnliL.nk) [r qttr rr ,r0-
ticrrrk r
lx
rrs.rrLLr ln lrr rehcitin
('()nr)li!().
pLl(s est relJci(in es firnrl)ia,n Llna
I: I- l-RA'I All iNl'() 2l i'
l]]Llcstra
(le ((lnto
[eJC(i()na Lrstcd
(L1lo(l()
estl'l c()n
()tra ptrs()nal. l:. Llllu cs_
l)e(ic
(le
p[1i(tica
(lrte
le scilli pxra 11 relxci(in c()n ot].ls pcs()nils qLle son
ir))p(rllntes pilra LrstL'(i. Iin llr tcclicla
(l\lr
l)lrecllr,
trte dc ir IrxnsntiliD(l()nre
cs()s scltti1]rirnt()s v
pcnsanlitnt()s S <tte no es tlicil.
Ptles
hal l)ilt:t ltlrcnte F
cl()\ hcnros .pren(li(l() n() clecif kr <lut penslttttos
()
sentintos.
PLtes
e]l() n()s
I)r{)(lLrce
\'gr'giienz. r) nrie(l(). r)
Pre()c\ll)lci(-)n P(
llstilnar x l
(ftx
l)ets()nil
,,
Jl,I
I.i re:ir.cr<io <rrc
irrrlrilt
tcnea. l)lrtc'tlc] tr'ltt:tien& I cs
(lLe
tlsIc(l
Plle(l:l
it cllinckrsc cuent
(le (lua'es
l() rLre le irnpicle
1)()(ler
tiLn(i()niu cle Llrl:l mllne-
r t]tais esp()ntaitrlt. s!l)cr p()r
(lrta'
ct1ln(k) sc le
()ctrlre
tlnir i(lex
()
tln selltj_
r))i(,-rl() tirn(lc i uprrlxrl()
([c
sLr pcnsill]'ricr)to
() (lcixr (lc
s('ntirl(.
\o clc <luda clr
(lLe
es( ti nrui:ciin posec<ttLtcas lirttitrLcit.r'tcs: llt pti-
ncrrr.
(lLrc
sr clirige a lx c()ncitnci:r. a lu ra< icnaliclatl
(lcl plr(iente pi(lin(l()le
.llg()
(lLrt
sitl)(,rI()s scrli olslc tlizrtckr
l)()I
str inc(rscicnle,
rol
las trir'lsfelcn
r'irts.
xrr-l:t
r'c'gt'c-sion. l,t scgtrrtcllt.
(l(te (ie\JticIr(lc
L lttr<x rl.lsr'rr l<lr'rn tlr llt e
lltt irn clel
I)cirole
c( )nsig() n)isnr(). l)t11)
(
rccrtl()s
(ltle.
it
P(salr
dc -slrs \'
(ffas
inrlertl'cci<nes.
()t()r'g
un! trlferL al
racienle-
clue pc]-r)ite iicill cl pr)ccs() te-
rirD( l rlicr) s(r)rs lu bltsc tlc teJ:s r)iis expli('itx(llr\ \' c lrtras tlrtt' lirl tttrtlltrle sinl
I-.1(.nler]te
rLrt tliga l<r
([rc
Pirslr I)(n-su
r)t(ntc. Sicntil lln
l)le(cdcnte l).trx
alg(r
(lLrc
n()s parecc illrp( )r'tirrtcr cn ca([r ctpl
(lcl
irlirr']Ii('nt() cl lln.llist
(lel)c fi)r-
nrrrllt l<s
()l)ieti\()s
r))l-ls gcnr'lrlts clt'cst
rcrorIr
As ct]
(ctcrnrinlr(l() nl()
lcn(r)
l)()(lr.i
Ilcglrl lr <lt,cillt :ti plrr'iente:
.Ar.'lrltlttrs
clc r'cr cil<r
(\( ('Pi\{,
clir tlc str ill:Lnci lc nlxr(r-).
(t)lt(r
lc hizo scntit trre eta
rcligt-oso
(
\lx)nersc
llnle l()s
(l('nr:is. ((irr()
lc
(r(()
tn:l
(
lcsc( )nll1t n zil sol.)rc llts intcncioncs clt la
l-lL
r-)tc. \'
((')nl()
ll1lri I)r()tcg('rsr'
lc(e'silr'r lrkxlttcltr I()
(Llc
ctllil. l'ls tlull l)Ltenll
lllLrcstr'll
(l( (r'rD()
i()
(lu('lc
stterliir en
(
i('r't() rll()rtlcnto tlc sr r'itl:t cletertllinit
)o trre sienlc lror. su firnttt tlc rccci()nf. Vitle l;t
rena
ttattiLr
(le
\(r rt)is
tcrrplrs clc
((')Dr()
s(
Protc.lc
(lc rcntrf
rirn..
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et(..-.
(), (.lt {)tr() nt()nl(,nfu): "l,rr<iill,
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ti , \(
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xrl-lt
egr'erlilsc, clc
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elgtrien sc cn()jr c()n r)trll pels()n.r picr(le ol)ictivi-
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()(LrIr-L_ gs
n(.qirli\().
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lll llnlicLrtl
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lrrrcn eicrttrkr rlc r'orrro Ltsttcl sc tt-illx:l Llstc(l tlli\tu(). c(')ill() sc felit( i( )nit
(()n
Lrsl(,(l.
(!iDt()
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lretlc
setr'irle pata
ir r irnrkr rrrc no srilr tierc Ltnlr rcl:r(ir)n c()n l()s
(lcltrlis
sin()
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vist()
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tc1r intcn(i(')n clc rfi'nclcrl,.: crnr l()
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le clst'rt. tlc cltrtinurlc. tr.tc csa tirr-
l:r tlc t'tDe lr.'lt:rci; tlese'lr sc,llil-sc l()lllnt(nle i't(lcpen(li('n1c. n() rccesititr
n:rcla cle lrrs
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(lue.rlx)r1r (luc
tcllrinu la scsion puclic-
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\lrvi tenicnLl() c()n
()lIis
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ncs c()lrl() peclag(')gi( 1rs. c()lr() in(k)(1riiIntes.
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cn 11"
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la tt.:tnsf'crcncta
ctn el nltlist, pittr()ncs
cle senti
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v c()n(luct(. pcr.t) (lre
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(
l
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icnle no clelegLre en cl unliste el sostcnct- ltasta h
trrxilur
scsi<jn cl re_
, rrcrrlo clc lo vivick>
1,
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sino tlue clebe scr estinrulck p:r.a (ltre
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s('l)il1tl()5 (lLe
las tftrnsli,rcnci:rs. la hostil y llt ltrtxros, c()ntinLllult(,ntc
rs
l i r l ) l
( (
r' l-ri r lirites x l. parte ,a< i.nlrl (rel
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r('l)irr().
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l
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lisi (':,tt.(lrtrill (lel
relall(). C.rLr r,.cz
tur ell la sest(in se ltl!1tn(.c Ll. Llsr.l,r
l)r(
llr(
s() (,n (,1
rcc()n()citnicnt()
rlc trnl firnu clc firnr.irrlrr
clcl per.iente.
cs r.r,s
x,rA.rlrilitIrcl
(lel
itn:tli.\tit :rl prinr.itiO.
ltttstlr cuc sce inte rnalizrtkr_
instaI
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rr's r[' t sri nrrrlelicLrcl
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l( r
(lur,/.i
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jer.,r
rrrn.".cnrcr-ltc
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en c1l, r.cr crlrr tlultl)in (,xisti()
r-t n)u
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cr'nrrr prtclc p(scnlrsc (,n
l()s pra)\i,()s (llls".
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en
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ti
(
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,,
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lizlq,
tetttocin
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l esr>cilcirin lilrg y' ,, clentr'() cle Lr scsii)n sino entrc \e\r' rn
)
sesi<in. el isl:ullient() cntre lus lislnls,
1lr(r
r(rve rr es(in(li-.lL)clo
(ltle
fire
(lescrbiefi().
Qlre
el paciente n() ret()[re l1r sesin antci()r pLrede scr un li)co:r
ilen(ler (L!1ln(l() cs lu lira plevalente
(lLre
utiliza
Prll
escin(llr cxpcliunri.rs-
Nr.rev<r cjcrplo cle ltrs peligr< tlel luissa;
litin' \'(lc Lir.l
((nrtlrrcnsi'ln
c,llri
rrcl<ia cle ll lsociaci(;n lil)lc Y clc I atencior iil)rsrncnte ll()tnte.
Arltr crlr.qnrL u':l ar'llrrtcir-inr tn cl c!s()
(lc.ic r)s pcien(cs n.lI(isi5-
tlrs. sLr lcchlrz() ar la tlepenrlencilr. x lx rcgrrsi()n v lr alccptir'le
ral.tlrra
cltl anlt-
lista. trrlo ello r,ivickr r.ruo lrumilluci<--l y s( nutl ilt)ien ). huce crte st-lo rluie
rlln alul()irn:Llizlllsr. L,l aLt()iri:ilisrr a{)r)]Plsirr)
i)ltr
(luc (}l{)
r){) ('nJll
influcnrirr silt'e clks. en cslos
(ls()
r:s pettt tle lh petologia. v la posibilicl:tcl
(lc quc ilceplcn le clel>r'ndcnr'irr Lrn.r)Iin() llcia cl
(anll)i()
l)et-<. sel\1r cn es
tls sitLlil(i()es. hel otra perkrgir ('olll)lcorcntri
rot
cl Iaclo
(lel
nxlistll,
1>rorlrrclo
tlllnl)ia,n
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srs n!ustills: cl plcten(lrr
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i()(1o
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r cng:r rlc i']. trrsitk'rrrlr rLrc los rlcsct tl irtrientos rlel
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icr'tle
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\, cs-
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v
(lLrl
ctllcsn Lrn ittlr
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cnr'illi()s() .rnillistl. 5irr Ilcgltr l cstos c\(l!rlr()s.
(rccrll()s (ir(-
cl ccl)iz():t
cstimulirr xl pcicnte irl lluk)nillisis ticne
(luc
vtt cott r-tsiecletlcs
(lcl
xllxlista
lr
-)crclcr
ltl
l)lr(i(nle
\i r'stt
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()
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() (()rlrllirfie
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silrlcs en cplr lx rDsic(lx(l tle scl>urucion
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l).rcicntc.
pcro p()l [lz()ncs
tlcfi'rrsiTus n()
l)()s(cr)r()s
igLr.rl sr:nsilrilirllrt! frtlntc nu!'strlr rursierl:tcl cle
rcrclcrlc.
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)'
iursic(Ll(lcs Irlrcisists
(luc (xpcr-irltentlt
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I)r()PLlcsl
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-(lilc
(l
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s( il(rllr.ltrli(c
!
s:tlgi
cle la scsirin c()lr Llna llllr cxrlicita- cncllerrtrc e(\) v o() scll lalPi(llrnlente
(rest
i( '):
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luio cl :rrgtrttrtnlo r'licl<> clc trrc el rtnlilisis ttr cs
lrt'rlll,,l.ii.t.
-u'
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()tr()
r1l r1 )nilli(nl
(
):
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cl
Psic(rxnaiiisis
n()
('s m()n()p()lio tlcl sabcr
l)or
plll'tc tlcl nlistu ni
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s()]()
(lcntr() (lt:
Ll sssi(')n
iirrli(ir tcn(lrii lug:rr cl crtrDlri() | su (rrrs()li(l1r.iir.
I'il <rre un.r cicrt
lx.r(tic.L
hegl trrc se
((rllien(r
tl r.ilisis con nllr)'[x)c.rs
c\l)li(lr( i()nes ar.ctcl rlt ru
('s
l()
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cllIir(lctizlL sLr I)t()(l(). srts r>bjetivos y el
l)t()(
es( )
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l).1('icrlt(
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strlrtrcst() qLc sltl)r cle crt sc tr.tl
()
clt crre kr iri clest'rtlrricnckr
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llr r'rhl clc'l :risnro, r'rt1tj:r lrne irleologu. \'n()
l)r'rcislrr(ntc
lrt:ejol llr clcl
tnelista cuc se c(rtsi(lcrl x si lllisrt)()
((nll()
l ni(\)
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llacilt
<L<-ncle se clirigc el
1:lroccso,
.Larlcs s(m Lrs tcts intcttttctlils y lils finxles. Stts
urnsccr<'c i:ts
,r<r
cl rrlr(so tl< er<irLrl
)()
p:r'tc (lcl
tnlistr
y
Lr inf:rntiliz;r
cin clel pacicntc. uclerrirs tlt'l hecto no rlcsplcciulrle cle ctrc cuut'tcl<) <\hle Ln-t
s<l roz. l
(iel
nlistil, lul nlis ricsgo
(lL
eqLrir'(xrse
-lt
cleuucstrt crrl-
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'rr((1,,r(\
CAPTULO V
IA AGRESIV.IDAD: VARIT\NTES Y ESPECIFICIDAD
DE T-AS INTERVENCION ES TERAPUTTCES
Llt rtgrcsivicllrcl cs ttnlt clt les rlirtcnsiones Dlav()lrs cn Lr tcora y en l:t psi
trrlat<lkrgi
Jlsi<oanrrliti<e.
(irlrrlrkr
sc
(xlurrinlt.
gcit(.rrlllcnt(,se lta(c
(les(lc
l:t
P(:rsl)eclivlt
cltlolrjclo crrc srrlir los lrlu<ucs
(l(]
ur
(tr(),
cnlirtizin(l()sc sU
trUicter rlcstr-ur{ivo. l)clo
rltr('succ(lc
si cn vcz rle r.stx p()si(.i(-)D dc iclcntifi-
r.rr,.rrin r.rrn el olrjtr se n.rlizrl l :rgrc:iricl:rrl clrs<k'kr cuc signilic.e
:r:rre
<l
slri({(). (lc
crl1ilcs sr l:rs lll()tivlrcionl.s
(lLrc
l:l it( tivuo. clt llt lilncionalirllrcl tuc
(
urlrplea l-lsta cliftlcnci clc conr-rlr.rrtler la trgresivitl.rcl cltsclc la
tosr<.irin
tlel
olrjct<r etaclicl<: rr clcsrlc llt <lt l :rt:i(':lr'llc
(1)r(lr(c: ,.rrntlusiont,s tlitr,[c]les. l,()ri
irrt()l-cs
(lu(,rclorlrrn
Lr
l)rrspccli\'1r
clc
.lrcgrrntlrr-sr
tu significa llr,rgrcsrrr
rLrcl
raru
cl sujr,t() lllln r.isto cn .rrr.rilla trntr lirnlr
(l(.
intcnllu- sLll)crtr Ltn
()l)s
lii( lrk)
(lt( \(' { )l)1)r r srrs r)rtesitl:rrk,s
(
l\leiss)(.r. l9l.ir). tlll li_ttl clc :lion
1.rr trn
()l)ick)
ilttolr-rgirr
r, rlt
lt|otcge
ll Ltn s,r'('n ptlig[o:rrttcnirz:ttlo cn sr-r
irtttgrirlacl
(A1\\'(x)(l
\'Skrkr'os'. l95i: lltrlint. l9()jt fltirl)iliul. 1952: l'rxtagv.
J')()Jr K(r)u, I()-1, lr)7] llrrckrlrlr. l1)Slr St()l()r()w. l9lJ.ir Slrlororv. l9t17r finni-
( (
xl. l()()5). I)csrlc cs(l
l)()sici()lt.
lx :rgtesir,icl:tcl o() es in ltcrentclucnte
l)at()l
ltrrrt
v srikr cLriln(lo cl rrc,:lro tiltLn<lntt.o ci olrjctrr significativo s()n inlrdc
r r,rtkrr lk'gr lr il(l(uiril lirl
(
irlice[- l lnu
rosicir-rn
tlifi-rcntr cs lir
(l(
l()s.rLt()res
rrrc elutizln cl <:rliicler innft) \'(lcsll-Ll(Iivo tlc le ugrr:siviclt(l
(trcu(I.
1920;
ht'r'nlreIg, i99l: Klt.in. l9-Ji. I9 t7. i9i0).
I)( lrtr('stla
Itttc.
kr <r.rc n()s pr1)l)r)oellI()s es
('xr)tiltxl
Lllt
(.icftr)
r]LiIteI()
(lc
r'orttlicirtlcs (lLlc
s()n cl).r.cs
(ir
cti\'lll llr lrgresir irlacl y \'t:r cul r:s sr. rclacirn
,,)r k)s
(lilrrcntrs
sistcnrs ni( )( ivr( i( )n:t lcs
(iu(
cli[ig(n la i(.ti!i(L(l psi(lri(:i. C)
scr. cLsconstnri-l:r (xteg(r'il (le
ltglesivicltcl. vicnclo <1rr(,es kt rrrc hav de cornn
(
rt llrs
(lislir]ls
clLuss
(lLle
la
rrortrrvcn
y (llt,(lc (liti,rrntc.
!. cslte(.i.lln]ctltc,
,,,rr L ;J.ltrit it)ltrl sixc
P:rrr
llrrslill:rrcJ blil:rnce rlel
(li.spJ:r(
cJ
)lJcer
(lelttr)
,l, los rr-xIrlos
-:rulrx
rnsen,i ir-n. scrrsttl scrtrlri. rr:ucisiste. c((.-
(luc
en sr
,rrIkLll1(i(-)r1
(.()nlin.lll)
cl
rsitr.risrtro
Sc tlitltl.
l)()r
ttt(t. tlc cnlir.:rr. Ilr .rglcsrr r
rl.rrl rlesclc tl r[,lo rth rtr-trutusfitldc)l!l <1lt: ltcruos rrtkr>tlrtkr conto
rttilt
tltr:t
llr c<rrprcnsir'rn
(le
l
l)si(1)l).lt()l()gi
y
li psic()terapiil
:rsicoanllitice.'*
.s :l
(ll.qr:ll,
t ir\1,,r l,)
(l(lL
ir(x (1(\:rrrl:r(li.r
Lr l:ur, rlc !\lt,
(..r1)jtuJ0
s(rr( tls
,,,rxli('ii)n('\ (tuc
(iivn lir ritrrsr\.i(lx(l
AVAN(:ES tJN PSI(JO'I'I]IIAPIA PSICoAN A I-I1'I(.A
,4 A(;RI-:SIVIDAD
I
ln ('1lllictcr genclel cle les conclicir>nes qrle xctivrn llr egresividlrcl es crrc
r.lrLrs <'llrs inrplicrrn ulg(rn tip() cle sLrflinricnto perlt e) sujcto. Lo cjemplificr
l.r rrgltsivichci cle rn niit
()
un a(hrlt() c()n haml)rc l t.r-r conociclL irrita-
lrilirLrtl clel rrrc hrrct- unlr
(lict-, ()
cuanclo se cslr'r enli'rDrr o
(l(r()[ici().
(i)r))()
riostrcne l-lglcllc
(ltX)()):
"l.a
agrcsir itlltc) cs r()\ilizJ(li p()r lx cmer-
gt rrr'ilr cnc['r1cnlr ck'L ntresiclrl. senti(]1r c.)r))() ilr))cnilz cn e] irteior clel
Lrr,rJx,.,,.\r i.('ilrrii t(
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r \ (
ri t \
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r ,
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r ) rrll!'r'rl:r'
I
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l;-
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Irri-
rr( r nivcl, tn
(lue
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(Li(rcr (cr(r't()
il l< r-tittt1. en la
r))('(li(lll cn qur co el rcin() lLnirlrLl llt lielt htrtlr'jcrt:t s( )ril llgresl\-l cn sLl
lrirsttrecla
)
c.llltLlLlr <lc lu presu
(lLc
lc liiirlcntllrii,
()
cr
(l!l(,cl
uninrlrl IIcri
rl,r st vtt<'lve rjresi\'( en .()ntr'1l
(lrl
rtacrn1e. ullrcsivi(lll(l
(lcsiinlr(l
!l cle-
It ntlt'r'lc. Per r'ltanclo l<
(lLe (lrsl)iclt
llt agresiviclucl vr n() cs
(lrl
ortier cle
lo lriolt-rgico sino c[, lo sirrrlr<-lico. cLrltn(lo cl sufrinriento n() cs cl
(lc
clle]po
sirr r cl cle lu ltLrttilllrciirn nalcisistx.
() (un(l()
Lln sLljek) siente culpu
y
se tor
n irgrrsi\1). t<clo CIIo nos oblig profrncliz:rr nLr(sl[ intctr( )glci)n. ])()r
ur ll(l(). cst()s cjeDrplr>s .rl)rntlrlxn llr t('sis gcncl.tl rlc rrrr culrlcttier tirrnra
{l( sllrirIIirnfo. sel el nlis cercn() u lo fisico < r'l llls
rlrrrrrter-tte
sinrbli-
( r). lcli\' lrr lrgresir irllrrl
(lcl suiel(). per() rll.tticr)rn sil r('sl)()lr(lcr la cLes
t()r
(l(l
l)()r(lu'tlc
ellrr. Espctirrluletc cL[rn.l() l;t rtgresirirlltrl n() prcst] nin-
r1n.r ilili(l.r(1, crrnro s I< lli cn tl
(:ts() (lel
I)reLLr(l()r'
lrDl)ri(Dt(,. sin(,
,trr.r'r.rprrnclc rletelrinrrr'iones pLrrlult('rtt('sirrrll-rlir':ts. P.rr usl()\ !-rs()s. sl
sirrrr['rrrtntc
l)llu1t(lrLtllt()s
cl
rar
sufiirtricnro:tgrcsi\i(l(l a lr; rtt.rr.r qrtc
lI grrrirrrllos es.L e\l.rl]lc(cl Lr-t:t c()l'rclirci(in enlre
(l(): (()n(lici()nes.
lll()str'1n-
,Ir rrrt rrnlt, l:LgresividrLcl. sif+rc 1l
()tl.a.
cl stiinlr(nl(). [)cIo
.ctr:il
es la rl-
zr'rD
r()l
llr ctral ll trgresir iclll(l c(nttrltrrcsta cl slrflirtt ie rrlo.
l)()n91[]l()s
p()r
r'lrso r'l rle rttLllltlczil oarcisislal
.Acaso
la ilgr'rsivi(llL(l cs nret.l
(lcscr-l{il
pLl-
sir rlrl o se trele de algo tnsl
(.tiln(l()
el sujel() tiene rn lntisiar
()
Lrnal c()n(hr(1ir rgr'csivlt. a'stx
(s (ap-
lil(lir
(lcntr()
rle sts sistclrras cle sinificecioncs: c()nten]
l)li
n(l( ) su
Pr-r
'11r.l
rl.ir(-
sir itl:rtl rrclclr.ricrt ur').1
(icltl
iclcntiducl: p()r ejenlpl(). soy
>rxleloso 1'
no cll])il,
sol r'l rrrc lltr(r)
)'
r')() cl irllcll(l().
()
sex
(llre
si l;r rrglcsrr ir.lurl
I)reclc.
cn el scr
lunr:rno. consritrtir Llr nr()\in'ticnt() clcfcnsivrr cn
(()nlr'lr
tltl srrliintiento ps-
rrrrr. rlt lrr lrurill:reiri:l n:rr'isist:.
(lt:
l()s scnlir))icntr)s rI: crlPr o rlc lrrs f'tn-
tirsiir5 (l( s(f
rctscgr.ri<lo
cs
l)()r(lue
nre(liltlrtc clLl cl stlict() krglir reestIr.rctrr{aI
l.l r(
l)r(
s('rl.r( ianr cle s v rlcl
()tl-().
I)ctengiinr( )rr( )s crl c:rtc llslx'c)
(lefensiv() y
r(
('sll.lr(
lur'r1(c <le llr r'erresentacir-)n
(lcl
stjck)
(ltre
cs
(.rl)z (l(
tcncr la argle-
sir irItrl.
r,1) | rtlr('
'-.
Lrr,' (k
l,,s,rut(cs (tLre n() h
()plrd() p()r Lr s(,Ir.i()n 1iurc.k ]i1)uir Ir
.rr1r,-.rrr,l.r,l,'rr, \( [..i\rlr{l :L lir
l)rl.n)n
dc rnuirrte. \' l)]()
(,1
ut)i||1ir(],).,\gresi\ i(lxLl \"pLrlsir1
(i(
\,,1r \r.rlr,l.r,l .i\Lnlr,L.,1 .l1|,! Lr lll)i(1((nn{)in(lis()(iirlrc]l prinripn) rle lx \ itlll(h(l: L ir-
, L I , , , ' r r r , !
'
r r .rl r ri,
'.
r,,( r.rl
(lc
Lr !ilxli(lx(|. (lc
h ir(i\i(ir(l \
(l(
)ir xgr(,sr|i(lx(l 1l-irt;r.hc,
l,rrr
t,.,rt
l,,ir l'.i,.1 ,,,,., , \r\)| !)lr\'l:r irgrcsl\ i(Lrd vexsc. lillnl)r(1).
(:l.rncier.
l9tl.r
l-A
^GREstvDAD
y
I-,\ REpR:sINT^ctN DBL suJliT()
El nio tbserve a sus paclres rn cl lron-tento en que stos. plenos cie fir-
ri, imp()nen su v(runta(l n)c(lintc cl gesto. el gito o el castigr) c()rpor1. En
lr :ente del nio se
jnscril)e
"l)api o nriurar est,rn en()jr(k)s y se huce ltr que
ellos rlttielen" y. con c)lo. l;t ecrcirin grcsivicla(l igrrul a pr>cler, lgresiviclacl
igr.rel e leaiiz.rci<in
(le (lcsc()s.
El agrcsivo es repcsena(lo coro prxlerrlso,
flltrte. Expeliencilr ctre actnrite Lrn cier) r'efLe[z() c(r1
()[it
cr] llt crtal cun<l<r
rl nir estr enojackr
-pr-otcste,
llora, patalea. ar1l1, n-rLrcl(lc-. el lcsultlclo
srtele ser qlte taDrbin consigttc inflLrir en el nlLncl9 aclul) pxlru tealizlLl sr.r cle-
seo. I-e eglesivicleci clcja asi <lc scr siltple
(iescarg:
y:l(l(lLliere Lln signiflca(l()
ei que se xpelll c(r() inst[lnlenk) l]Igic()
(nnnip()tcntc
cl(la \,cz <1r.re se cle
se p()seer trna iclentichcl dc p()tentc.'lcncrDrs (lc
cstat n)ner1l un cncaclenl
mient() siln)lic(): cleseo cle llgo. necesiclacl pxr.r sentir que cse desei) se rex-
lizl-ii cle una irlcntirlrt<]
(lc
scl p()tente/p()(ler()so, y. para rlcanztt la ilusi<in
(le (lue
se tiene eslr i(lcnti(lir(l: f.lntasas y concltrctus agresivas
(lu(,p()rtan
s()-
lrte s cl significaclo cle potencia. IJst r,er c<-r-r'l< Lrn ni() asLnre coll
(r(r't.r.ll-
Iilici()si(l(l llt i<lentidtl cle cnojurkr

r.ircula por la cesu crro si lelntc-ntc lo
cstt\ icr'il.
()
c(n))() irlgLllcn rllt trn golpe
(D
]x nltsx grit!n(l()
"en cst csi nLtn-
r-u nris..."..rolrc
(lLc
constitu\c rrn gcskr. rlcl
(Utl
cl
l)r()pi()
sUjct() es tDll)ia'n
olservlrcl<r.
(le
Lrn slrpuest() p,.;<lel crre cn rcli(llr(l no
l)()scc, l):rrll
c()ns(lr
t1r.re la egresiviclad es !1lptl(h p()r cl sLljck) c(nrx) imlicio clc rl<lminio s<;ltrc l<s
()tr()s
y, cspecirLrlcnte.
(le (luc
sLl
(lese()
se !a a lealizar.
A su vez, cuntk el poclcl solrrc l()s
()tr()s
y la c:Lp:rciclacl
r:rllr
letrlizar los
rropios
cleseos sc inscrilrc cn cl sistelull nurcisist
(lc
vaklciones. lir repre
sentxci(-)n clel sujeto c(mr() gresi\1) y p()(ler()s() sirve punl lrinclrle ln iclenti-
tlacl cleselthr
.S()y
filertc. no clbil. l<s <lenrs nre ticDc'n qre rlrcclecer. ncr
sienrkr yo el
(lLle
sc s()nett: slls
(lesc()s.
P()r tanto. so)' \'ali()s(. L.t Jgre\i\ i
rlecl lta perrniticlo selir al sujcto clc la crnclicin clc sufrilticnto ncisist. de
verse c()m() imp()lente. cll.lil. inrlrpez cle realizr'sLs clesers. s(neti(l() a fi
rrras
cle las
(luc
depe)(le, nr> r'lirso. e inve(ir la silulcirin. l)e este trtockr,
Lr rtgrcsivirlacl. rccstnr(trri l iclettiLl.rtl ctcl rtrjct,, \ l.t tlrl r)lr,, Ertc cs cl pa
rcl
tlc- lrr agresivirl;rtl cr)D\tt lslnntutl() sintblico p.nu
leltct'(1r
unu tL'pt'(-
s(,lltat. (j t dcl slt.l?tr)
(lue ( ()nsirlLt
ir.i el ce lrllecleckrr' cicl < ull ex.tnrinlLreuos lus
rlistintas conrlicior'rcs
(lu(
:r(tivun lu uglesiviclacl.
AN(iUSTIAS t)Ii AUTocoNSriRvct(-rN
Cuenr:k> algrrien sc asLlst:r,
(
utlquicl.l qrc se Ll cust
-ngustils
hlo
c()n(lracas. xngustis perse(Lrl()ri1s en
(llre
se Ve il lils figLrxs exlentts c()ll()
illllcnazntes.
()
angustixs <lc
>erclcr
al ol>jer tle I:r nccesiclrt]*, l acti\,'.lcia)n
rlc fltntsas o crnclLrctxs lrgrcsi\ lls pclluitcn. p(n lo qLe lcal)alt()s
(le
!ct.
(lLtc
))t
AVAN.,(:liS liN
pSICOi
tiRAptA
pSICOANAI_,1.f(,A
l.A A(il{lrSIvl )A!) lls
rl \rrj(t()
sc reprcs!,nlc
c(rll() ntis.p(xlel()s() (),
inc[so. quc invie].ta l:t fcpre_
\( ntrr( i(lt de
(luifi
.s el ! tenazir(l()
!,(luin
el lll)enl7.l;tc
El t(xt() xgrcst!.().
('\l)l(rsi\1) (()n
qLle ltlgtnrs pets()n:ts
t(ttnn l sLs seres cetciln()s cuan(l()
est;,ln
ls\t1l(l()s
ant(] cicrtiLs sitLci()nes
-entre\.islal
clc trl)aj(). revisi()n n]clica.
l)rrs(
tllci(-)n ante rnt auclienci-1. et(
_, (,ntvirtrn(|,
,\c (lc
nsNegLicl()s en
lx
rsl'gtti(l(r'es. (le
srrcs que pue(lcn scr ()l)iet() (le
crticJs p,r. p.,.".r.r)."
.u-
I'rl('\l.llll('nls
in\Jtr.l(.( llr). .l (r'nj\tirUrrs(.ejlUs
ltrrrllror
a,t l,r*,i,..(\lrn
insil
tislctlrs
tn llrs rlelljs,
ciet)plrir(-rn
eJ
r.rtl
tlctcnsirr, (l<
l.r rglesivi(l(l
;rrt(, lls angrstiils <[e per.seclrcirin.
l)r:[()
las
angustixs cle pcrsccrrcin (.ul)ren
t()d() el cspectr() (le
l.rs tngLs_
lis (lue
el sLljet() exl)erinlenta
c.unclr se reprcsentl en peligrrtT O. nliis l>ien.
lus
rrngustis perscclrtori.ls
srr rna sulrlsc,.l.
la. angi,.tias cle arrtoconscr_
r rrcrlnl Fetc1 pllrnrcri que luy. cie-no tip() dc llngLlsfils que sc clespicnen
tle
Dr,r,('r. inIe(liit.l Jnl(.(l(,\rqltilil,rio\
l,, )L ,ltj(., ,\.
.,.,,n.,,,,1,, l.r ,..x1,l1..r,,n ,,.rr-
g(l li.t ul(nll.iticl,
l)lrit
(lesignitl.li
rr1.111r r11,r cirnrnlitltrrtion
cle sfu
l.t rLrc soltreliene cn cl lxnent< clel ncit)ricnt(). ..1r.ai,,lnr.nt.
ntc 11 f:lltlt
rlt'rirc
t, llrs clesregrrhcitnes
cle l<s sistemas bi<>kigir:o.
cit:l nit en el tr:rnce
tlL s;ljl rlcl ecLtiiiltrio (ire
sL est.tn(.iil
en el |ientre ascrrrrln
0..rctcl. 192(r).
,,
l.trt go. r'uando t:l sistclt sirnl<ilico cIine cl fir ni.irn; uicn ps(lui(r). (.il(a
rt z rrr,.,tl sLict() c.iex rrrc- le f:tltrr c) lrire. o clrre prrerle
ltt.irse.
()
si(.nt.l rlrrr.
\tt rrr('rrl( l() ie
(tl)e(l((.e
y.se
ter.ilrlr
c\(rili(). aicn() it si nlisn()
_ilgLl\tt:ls
(l(
lr.llrlrntaci(in,
l)()t
cielt)l)l()-. en loclos eskrs cls()s lc
(l(n)linaftl
un scnti_
r)r(.nl() (lc
lteligro
clur: n<> puecle ultic:rr.. y crrc p() esit llisl]la rzrln hr.ti cli-
lr'il cruklrricr acci(-)n en(.n1in:l(l:t a enfl-enirl<.
Ili()n
(
1962) .1..r,g,-r,, ,.,r,ru,
''l(rr(r'sin n(nrtl)re" i conclir.iones IIu),
l)
tuiti\,1ls
(lc
tet(n.en ctre cl peljgr<r
nr r,s
jlcliyi<luliz;(l(
) l)espLs (lc
cst(, nt(ent() en cuc, c,J pelign, ltrcr:lrza
t['srlt'tl': Jttg:rr
v l,tj. firrt::tr cLre n. se
>rreclen
pre..ise,.,
e, t,,t,.:,,rr!, ti.,r_
ro r<xlri
ilregintusr
esr peligL<,.orrx)
pr()\,inicn(l() (le
trn:r figlrr.l exrclna <rrc
sr'r'i:r stt clrtrsante. At.il)a( i(-)l-r n .tl. cre ser r.r ca.as.r clcr
ltrigra
-ah()rx
sl- lln-
gllsli:ls pclsecut()tits
-
rlrrc perDtite
llcanzar Ln sentirie;t() (lc
nr.r\()I. (.()n-
lr()l: st
l)Lc(le
es(1lpilr. c()ntruatlclt.()
se(lLlcil.el
lcrsegrtitlor.
l)()t tnk). n_
l-lusli.s
pll'lrr()idcs (rr(
sc c()nvieftrn cr rrn clefl,ns:r fl(,nfe a lrngLlstills (.r\.()
ritl(,t) ('s.ilpl
al sujclo rn su l<x.;rllzecirio
jjt.il
-1r
,\ngLrsli x(nllxrL(.r (.rPlr (t(,scr
u(.(i\:r(LI
t)(n
rUhit)l(.5 rtcs(rt,Lrtil)n)r (nqr
i(()s
_(t(,\
l,r',rr\, k\ lr{n nrrlcs ((n1)()
c. r,t
jn,tnncl)(nlcnsrfl1.tl.rt..li,n\n.)n(nguni\|tr(.y.ruUs,
rlrr.''!r (L{^ (r(
rx)nrirx.i,rf\ (rr('
pcrnir(,. (rrsrinsLrir (r()\
{-)rdrner Lre ri,n<rrrnrs r.s pnDn.,rs
.,rr lr , r,r.rr r0rr rle tlc\:rtr)\r(\ 1)nr()gif()s p0
I)l11
!t(. l()s sisl(!Il\,tur,
t.r c\1)[r(in h.r l\rtLIil
.1,
t,.,,.r
.,
,.L,rxr\'i\nir.r
,)r(nrr,rs
!uc
t:rs \.LLrn(iirs (,rr(.\tr.n(trr\
i,, ,,t ,r"n (Jc
J\ \,*r!r(.r,
i h,".i I .tr,\.rf,r(('nc\ (h(trl. p(,r tos sr.r(1Ir, rrurr<uckrs
rr
ct ord(n ,irUlx-)li(r) (tLrc
dn||rnil
,l
1,(r.r\r'
r'll cl s(r Irtlrr.Ln(). hs rcnsi(rr(\ l,rrrrri\rrics
ricndcn rnrrlrdi.llr )rnrr r :uhr lir
'r
(
scr.\pc(itl.:r p.rrx mclir \ut(()_ qur trxr xlrit)Urr 1l suic) o 11
(r)icr() _sc
rlrrrr l,,s r.rv,s r r Ir
(irusr (tci
suiirnicrrl{).
lirr rrn cl>tulo anteri()r vlr halunrrs plirnte(1() cro iltrstllcir'n rltl rr
r.rr r(f
(lcfensiv()
cle llr .rtrillr<irin palirnoi<le lo <ue suce<lc en el
(rnnicnz() (l(.
, i( rlils csqLliz()frenias. en el m()lnent() clr clcsorganizecir-rn
(lel
psi(lrisnl().
(l('
.ur( n.lzlrs a la integricla(l psquica. cle angLstils cle fiagntentrrci<in (lu(' s(' \ r
\( rl
(()lI()
amenzlls que el sricto nc>
tltecle
lrlicar en lls
(arlrslls.
l)()slrr'(n.
nr('ntc.
(Llncl()
se cstfuctura un clelilio
l)cnec!t()fi()
s(] ti(luiere un sLnli
nlir'nt()
(lc
It)a)'()l c()nlr(r: cl
()tr()
es cl strprresto causxnt(]
(lrl
t)rxleslllr'
)'
l'(llgr().
tientc xi
(uxl
escxpllr
()
t(-r pelnlitcn sriir
(le
h situ:r,.irin clc irtt.
lxfcr'r(i.L
)t1. llste
Jr'or'rso
en d()s tiel)rp()s. el primer de xnglrstia l)nlrLr-
(l()rlr
e ill)p(fentizante
1'
el segr.rnclo
(lc
.lngustix hente x Lln
()l)ie()
atrcxnt(
ulri<alle, lo v('m()s tuml)in en ciefixs
persondichcles <1ue sr srrelen clasificur'
.tf,t< hnlL,tlitp. Sienten. prirnero. un rn.arsti.r quc viven c()mo dc r'urLsiL
jr)-
t(ri()r.
(i{j
rl) el tel.r()r cle
(lrc
pu(lier:r crece sin lmites. I.a recci)n
(ie
agrc-
srricl:rcl rtrt- strelen nt;nifi'strr lr
({)nlint)l(j(-)n (-()n
I()s qrte Ie rr>clean
-torlrr
l('s nr()[cstll- es Lrr inten)
(l('
ligar le :rngrrstiu il rn personlrie p(][ el cLll scn-
lirse nrlrltfttt(k)s. Lxs 1(rflustiaLs petsecu)r'is ltparecc-n en eit()s casos c()l()
rlcftnsl: el
()l)jct()
pas l sef l supucsta caus
(lc
una al]lenaza qu< p,(\'i.
Dlente clir incleterminlt<I r v
(llre
cleilrl)ll, p()r tant(). nl sLtjeto en un estacl()
(l('
xal inrlcli'nsin.
Tenrlrlntos
(l('rslrr
nritc,'il qlle
(icrts
,-ll.aLlsti?s
rrtranoiclcs
son pr()\t
r'clrts por<lue el strjer. detensivlul)(nte.
(()nstl\\'c
inLU]inrri.urlente xl
()l)ict()
cn irllrcn(c pr'lr rilllir
(lc
\ln cstlr(l(,
(le
intlcti'nsir-n.
'
Pcrl),
iLlnt()
a este tip()
(l('
run+stiils piurn()icles cti\'(11s
(lefensivarrlcnte
existen
()tr()s (los
subtjp()s: 11)
el sentirient()
(le
ser anrcnz1l(l() por el ol)jek) cor'csponcle u Lrn c(lig() l)li'
sico l>ujo cl culrl cl suicl() se cst[rctLrra)
>o[
iclcntificlci<in
(1)n p(lres quc l(
prrscnlr(),i los ol')jctos ((),))() tcntcs L r lsir-n pr:tnoirlc cs una cualitllrrl
cle l:r cstru<t.r clc su ntr<kr reirresentarionul: /2) cl r)lun(k) circrndrnte
(l('
objels atu<e realnrentc ll suiet(),-r \'!r() se trlLtl cle tne rncll f:lntsa
(lel
sL!-
jetr.
itttnque stc coclifi<Lre l() extcrnr) en filnci(in
(lr
slr oluncl() intern().
Volvien<l< ahont a l:rs xngustias
(lc
Lrk)c()nsen cir-rn cn general, strs sc
clcsencl<lenrn sienlpre
(lre
las neccsirltrles bk>lrigicas. libirlinales
()
cle mlln
teninricnt() clcl sentitlrienlo <ic intcgrirlircl psi(iuic sr vc:n relrl
()
irnJHin.rn.r-
rllcnle arnr(nitzil(l()
_t
l-lt glr,si, iclltcl
(lrc
slrgc rrlo rlcfcns llDle lars lrngus-
ll l,rmNl Kl(inl;rs\iren(l.lsp:rrr()i(l(spo(lfi.rnlrr
(lclnsi\irs. perorncontt dclosscr'
tiuricntos (1(,culpir lJ(n k, qu( r(xl)rrn(,s cl( \!r. cl irr.i(1cr
(lefensnr
r' rris ull
(le
es c()n(lr
-l ()lx'ixnl(rnte.
l()\ tr(\.ulip()5
(ic
rngustr\
I)(rsc(rrt(nis
pLrc(lcrr.rlictrlarsr. I-r.(n)(li
nrl(l( nrtr(L. \ lir
l)clsr(u.ia,n
rr'rl
t\((lc
puir)llr)
i)r'r,\'lrrr
\)l)! cJh )os
'u,ri
rln(nl()\,)cr\t(unni()s
(lLr( (ic'rcn
<)r1()s (nrgcn(\
rl
l)|lr rrn:r cspr.r ilir :rr n'rrr tlc Ir rLre crrtenrlerrr,,: p(n {!ninicr)k\
(lr
nltrgri(h(l
I)si(lrj(.r
vrse,Angusi:rs de
(lcsinlelr :r( r;n urel
(xpiLrl(,9,Algunrsllinr(n:,(rxspa|uLrnur(xkiottr,
r[r1r lrnstoffnri()nul cn psi( ()pk)l()gix
r psic(n(r.rpiir
JJ()
AVAN.IiS liN
pSt(,()-fltRAplA pst.o^NAI_It](iA
ti;ls
(l(.Lt(x\)nscr'\'acia)n
es capaz, a su vez, cle incrementarlas. En pane. por
r. l rruunisnl( (le
iclentiflcaci(in pr()),ectiva,
en el qLle insistierr M. Klein
I l() r())i sc v(] al
(r)jet()
! itltagen y senteianzl clel srrjert, anilraclo tantl)in
(le
irlcl]( i(ntes Ix>stiies
1,
<lispuesto a la \.enganza. I)ero, aclenrjrs. p()r otfa calts.
llt r::.s .bscr.,,clo en ptcientcs clue cle ni.s xsistier()n ,r sit.,lci()nes (le
vi()_
Iclrci:r f:ruiliar. en hs cue c()ntenlpll)an, clescle un trrunclo infunti[ <le pecrre
nc'z c inclefensi<in, las cares de ks a<llrltos en conflict(), sLs anlcnJz,rs
),gli
l()s.
(uxn(l()
nO stts golpes. cue c:trllt vez qlte estn sltsta(l()s y se kr-n1rn
irgrcsivos, lll percepci(-)n
cle su pr<tpil agresividacl
-ls
sensacitnes clrre en el
(
u('r-l)o sc ntanifiest.ln, la captaci<in cle su intenci<nliclacl xgresivx- lcs .r(.ti
\': l1l silLiente estnrctUlll asocitiva inc<nsciente: agrcsiviclari pt-()pi.t=surljs
rcle
nclose
-
egresiviclacl clel
(fr().
v, p(n.tilnk), peligr() pr()veniente (lcl ()tr():
r. s rlct ir'. angtrstie persecutoi.ia.
A nlrcstr() nxclo <le vc, l.l ltp(n.tancil
_v
la fiectrcncia crrn cuc lus an
gustils (e
uk)c( )nsen cj(in
(lcsenc.r(len.rn
agrcsivicl:rrl justifica
t1ue. cornt:
li,))crx
ap)xintaci<in. cacl vcz
(lue
n()s enc()ntrellt()s ante llntltsrs ()
t()n_
(hrcls
gresivlls. nos tirLuulenros la pregrrnte:
iqr, cs Io <ue esusta lrl suje
to7. no cleslizhnckrn()s aLlknrtic.tntcntr p(n. la sencla cle atilruil. lr l rivaliclacl.
rr Lr cnvirli. a ks celcs, l nlrcilisnr(), cl s(,r ill c.trsa rle a<uillls.
SriNr r MIENT()s D cur.pAlllt_tDAr)
I)aclo <1ue l()s sentintient()s cle crrlpalrilirl:Ltl pntrlLrcen srrfl.iltie,nto cl su-
jcl()
se sicnte criticaclo por el supcrvri o cn peligro por la posiltle vcrlgrrnza
(l('l (fr()
llnte la in-accitin c(uetidlt-.-1 pueclen ctiver r.tna egresiviclacl <rre
l()lllat c()nt() l)lxnc() Va seil xl sujct()
()
l
(fr()
tn pos cle alterat h rcrrescnta_
t irn <lc arulxs: auk)criti(.itrse par lecupertr Un sentin]ient() (le
I.rnclcl, r cri-
ti(irr itl ol)iet() pla ll()stl.r
(lLle
,ste es el inaclecrracl< y
tlesprcnclersc as rlel
sr',rtinliqnk) cle < tr lplbiliclacl. Cuan<l< la agresiviclecl tienc al pr)pio sUjet()
(()r))()
sLr clestinltario castigirnckrle p()r lll inft.lccin en la que crcc irllr:r in_
t rrll,ickr
-nteso<luis
tr nx[al-
. rtre(liante llt aLk)xgresi(in se generil
Ltn sen-
linri('rlt() de que s!- p()scc la iclentrrl.rl ,.lc
-rlgtrirn lrLren, El L:t\rig() al)irrece
(r
n() l(,slinl()nio cle quc se rcltruelra la lirntasa r concluctil cue es c..clifi<.:rcle
rr)() inliil(1()ra. fll sujet() se iclentifica crn el supen. cllstigrn(lo !r rn
(rtlr)
rl, l r rrl st rlisoci:
.Yo
so1,cl 1. r-cptrelt. no el cuc
(.()ntcti(i
la l-;rlta,. Ustlr
(s(i\i(nl
l)(,llric
rescatlrrsc al sujcto clc l iclcnticlrl cle ntlo: holr l es el
rrrc tritit.r l:r:ction o la i:rntesa c()nsiclela(l infiackrre. con kr rlr.re pasa a
\1 ntir
(.Un
s(t rlili,rente <lc e<lrcl cuc hizo lo inaclecrack.
(
rr.rrrir l:r itgrcsivi(L(l se clirige en c()ntrll cle
()tr()s.
l()s cLrales
(lefensiva-
nr( nt(.\( ,r( srr r[, lo ltisnto rlc lcueilo cle cLrc cl sujeto se siente crrlpahlc. o
-r
l,rr,r rl ,fr(,lx)r
l.r
jnlrx(\x-)n
qUr Crinl)erg 96l)
(icn(nnin(-)
rLrlp pcrsr(u()u.r.
t.A
^(;
li I stv )Al)
,l, scl l;r c'usa cle la <rrncltcte inficku
(luc
cs
justilicll(l
c()nl() rcsl)u( slir st
I'rcslirlcnlc
lcgtin 11 1() qte el
()l)jet()
helra hech< prcvillrllctlc. lltjo t l t's
r.rtl() (,rr()ci()n1ll
cle Llr lglcsiviclacl sc \'L construyencl() l.l reprcscnt(i()n
(l(l
t)lr() (\)nl()
crLlpable, lrrsc:inclcse t()(l()s los argumenlos
(lenigrl( ,ri,
's
(lur'
'.(
rst( ntcn esa intc-nci( )nalicla(1.
\(,ttlastvu)Al) Y NAR(-lstsM()
F'uc K()hut
(
1971. 1972, I9u0. l9Ji) cl lrukr'(ltLe Drs ha insisti(l() en
(\)n'
.itler:Lr Ia egrcsivichcl c(rll()
(lesencaclenxch pl)r [.rs ungrstis nllrcisistlrs. Sr
(r)n('gpl()
cie.alria nacisist c()l)x) r'csl)trtstrl cle rtn sc'flc1tte se sientc ll)cl1l
rir(lo en sr inleg dl(1,
(lLrc
l-csl)()n(lc
(le
esr rlraner'.r unte lts iltllls clnpriti( s
(l('l ()l)ieto,
sigDific(-) un pr()llrcs() en relci<in rl i'nlasis en la agresivitlrtrl
(r)Irx)
Dx)ti!':r(11 rxchrsivaDrente por la pulsi<in, pclrlliticnclo la cles,.riP,.r,r
(lcl
c()ntcxk) intcrsrl)jcti\1) en
(lue
cicrl egrcsivirlecl eparccc. Con kt<kr, lrt
|t,leci<-rn sectrencirLl cntrr liustrcia)1) nrrcisist.r
y
xglesivi(lacl. entre full1l
(l(l
()l)ict() (lci
self
y
agresivi(Lr(I. no cx>litlt p()r s ruisnrL h t'azrin intetna clc Iu
r rrricir'r-l entc l()s cl()s estlr(l()s. En c:uItl)i(). si
l)cnsl1l()s
en tnltin()s
(l('r('-
('strtctLrr(
i(-)n
(lc
llrs cl)tcscnt;r( i( )nes ve r()s rrre ll egrcs
'iclacl
nfcisislit
l)rlnrite
(f(ngr
rn iclcntirlcl xl sujck): l es cl iniustlmentc tl-ta(lo p()r un
objeto tuc n{) lcc()n()('c sis rlllit()si n() es
(lte
l no Valge sin() qle cl
()lr()
rs injusto, n() rr(on()(e slrs nlrit()s. hl xlll(lLc ll
(r)iet()
penrile, gtacias it lrt
(lcnigrilci(-)n
l
(lLle
sc l,: s<ructe.
(lcstilLirlc
clcl ltrglrr clc
jLtez plivilegirr<l<r
(llrc
pr-cvirncnlr p()sci
-na(lic
sc sicnlc ofen(lid() p()r
(fr()
si no hx ul)i(rr
.l() en Llste el
roclcr
rlc scr tl <ttc
(lrtcrDrinx
su vele-. I)< ellt, la lti: n'
cisisr.r es Lrn intrnto
(lc
deshltccr lrt
l)()sici(-)n
(luc
el otro liene asignacLr. Iis
rrn
jrricio
rle inrpugnlci(-)n aL jLrcz, (fr'() (lLrc jtzglr
xl sui('t()
)
lc lu he<ht sct-
tir inlc'rir
)
lrverg( )nzr(l( ).
l!1. Klein cr-rsitlcr(r l crlritli:L
(()rr()
Lui fitcntc l>lisicu clc le agrcsiviclacl,
per() ill creer-cuc rulla el.a
(le
natrlralez
(\mstitLrci()nrl.
Lrnidlr(l lltinrx dc
lLni-llisis, n()
(lesentrrri(i
sL cstr-LrctLn-1r y su clcpcnrlenc ia clel narcisisnro y cle lus
\icisitLl(les tlc
('stc (Kk'in.
1957). Lir
l)regrnli
e IiIrrrlr, v 1r interp()lr en cl
clcsr'olk klcir-lir'r(). csr
cn
(lLr('c()nsiste
el clisplecc| pr'()pi()
(lc
11L cnvicli.ti'I)i-
gxnr()s
(lLre
sc triltil l)1-tsi(I)entc <le <lispllr'er rr:lr(isist, tlc' clol<rcrsrr enti
llrient() cle intl'r'i< idacl, de sc] rlcn()s
(lLlc
x(lucl o rtrr.tella ctte setll
()
n,)\ecrr-t
lrlgo rlrrc le lra<e supcrior'l sr,('l(). I-()
(lrc
l)()sec
el
()lr()
\'(luc es cnviclia(k)
es l()
(lue (()nviec
ill
(fr()
en srrrerior al sLlie). I)(n tunro. ro cs cl objeto cn
viclirrrlo 1< <lrre cstli en
jr.rcgo
c()lll() clclr)t:nt()
(lecisi\'()
siil() las iclcnticlacles clcl
sLr)er v el
()tr().
l,()
(llrc
sc c()llU):u1r cs lx \'lx
(lel
sujcto ctn l clr: un
(fr()
y.
c(nll() cn k)(l1t c()Dtpxra( i(in. k cle< isil'o n() es l()
(lrc
cll(l elcrttentl,
(5 (r) si
1isn11) sino LL clilcrclrcilr. I;r cnviililr srlrge x partir cle lu clcsvekuci,',n
Prtrr.r
clel sLrjeto
(l!rc.
en sLr cncuerttl-() c()n Ltu
(fl'()
tl cLtirl sLp()ne pte,uici()sltnl(',rl('
I
llti
Av^Nr_l:s riN
pslcorr:RprA
psco^NALr.lLA
s1lx,ri()r.
va t teDinr
I)()r
enc()ntrrle
el rasgo o p()srsi(in
que testiDoniara
clc csu slrperior.iclad.
Ircr ell< en ll enviclia el'punrir cle pxlrk]r;s
Ia pecarie_
tl:ttl de h au>estirna (lel
sricr(). Al rcspcch). RosenfelJ ifSvl,,
fu.
represen_
k') la posi(in r>llcial cie Klein en J lc\ir (le (lltu.."
n.."..r.rrr-re,ll1rr
siste_
,lriri(lrllente.
p.lcicnte
l enriclia.
en el lilrrc escrit() l ta,rrrino cle s, vida
clcstca
clLre la enviclia no se ellt<ra
urccliante t, l"tarlr.a,r.j,-rn,
.lLre l veccs
t.st() rcsllltx trtrt)ttic(). y
(luc:
(.icrt()s
piLcientes
stlatnentc
lcs
(lisrninLlve
la
crrritli cr.r:rml< se sienten :Prccjr(l()s
pirr.el analist:r: aa al"air aar"n.ll,.r,-.-t."
r('stjlulc
cl scntilllie'nr() (ic
\ lii. l)iu.i(k)ias cle las rellrcioncs
nO sicrnpre rccrr
r)()Li(las gntte
las escueltrs xnilliticls
rot.
las riue rtn artt,,a
ir",len.cicntc
la
crrrcicnte
kleinianlt se a.er(.1 :r KollLt, plrr cprien l:r nar.cisizaci<irr
xrr
pane
(lel
te..pc_Lrta es la crndici<rr
rara
ra eliir,,raciirn cre rr rrrri:r
n,,,..]i.i.,". n.rrt_
r cnencliblc la r.:rztin por Ll qLl(,
la insistenciir p()l prte tlcl ter.eperrt
en cuc
tl paciente
re(on()zc sLl cn!i(lir puL,cl.l sel. tiLrniatizante:
,i s'e sLrnta e lil
gtlicn (lue
!'a
se siente inferior, y cue porello
ent.i<li. r.u-r
anlrlista rue lc
)lLestre qLe. aclems. es envi(li()s().
lo que sc proclLtce
es rn rcfr.zlrntjentr
.l(, sentimiento
cle inaclccuacir)n.
cle inferir.idari.
.,,n 1,, .r.,,,i 1,,-"nuiclia se in_
(
l c)lentar.
l-a otra glan fiente clc egr.csir irlrrcl clesc.it cl:,rsir.ll:tcnte
cn lu literatrra
lrsir.r>rrnaltica s()n I()s (.cl()s
y lu r.ir:tlrcllcl
eclpic:r. Es lrr lllrsc ficrrrlilrne pltr.u
,ril..rr
l. .(Hriar\r(l.,Ll.
r.rr.r r,r1lq. x,,z.rr,i,l
,,lrit,r,,
t[.] .1,,.c,,
\.tt(.n(.(l(.
(l(]s(lltlut.lz-lr
clcl rlr,:tl
(
,,r1 t,)!l().
cs) l.eqUier.e Lnlt nrtiz:lca)n.
lir l.ivlrlirlltcl
cn lu situacirin.triengLrlar
etl(ri<lr
cs
s<-rki porque u<ltrell,,<luci
sc dc,sca t,s
t l olrjeto sexual (),
tantl)ilt, (.()n1\,
()tr.r
tusiltrLclatl,
p,,..u.
1,, rluc se clesea
c' la
tosici<in
clcl tivll. su \.:tlu, \Lr Itrg.rr..,r.i1 l..i11,.
"1,
i.l.,Iicla.l.
cl. l"
ttltl le posesi<-rn
clcl oltjer cs s(il() rnil
rr,,clra
cie <ue.".trp..i,r."l
.,,._
l()1
lEs
ri\,illida(i, scgLn(l()
ticllp(). quc se
()riginlr
p<tcluc se sicntc al otr<r
( (
)l)() ()l)str-rcLrl()
p:rra poseer ;rl oltjekr, sienclo cl prirer
tientro
el rlese,< clel
r)l)i(,t()7
{)
es
rireliclld (\)n
rl sclcjantc p,,,." ,r.a,pu c) ILrgl'rr
rnit.o cle scr
s,r.r-i.r'lrl ()tr().
sicn(l(r cl {)l)icl()
s()l() scctnclariurente
catcc.tizatl. p.rrrrc
st'lir
]t r.ltr- poseerilr lrcLri'ltllr (.()t
e qrc sc rivlliz:ti, l_,ra..,ta,rr
a,, rrrc se le
(l(lilJ
iir n()r,i:l o ei noVlrr trl atrtigrt o a la antigl c()n qLlicn
se rirlrlizlt, en
tllrnrlt,
llr tecer pcrs()nir
n() inttrrrt.t.
.r t.rl punk,.lrr"
r,,t.r r.er,lu(
sc lll c()n
\i1](l(
l)icr(le
signifit acir'rn. D(lestl..ln
l.r intr,,rt,rnr[r.t"
t., r,r.,li.lcl c,rn.l
\( nr(iir)t(,. Lrcan
(19:+u)serrl<i
esta agresiviclarl
I,rivalicl:r<l
intrnsecx
en lll
rr,l.r.ir'D
r.rn el serrrejrntc
en l.r tesis IV clc sLr tralrajo t.u u.qnsiiiclad
etr ps-
Ltxuttlisis
I)(n.txnt(). h.r),(l()s vriantes
rle l cLrslr cle ia :rgresiviclecl
cn la
str.rt
ror t,tlpic.u: riraliclcl sec.uncl:rr.ia
lri clesc< por el objcto y
r.ivaliclacl pri_
rrr,rrr.t
lr,r
l. lrrr lt. .r,n l ,,r,
r1r
la iclentifi<.aci<in
crn til rr irle1. ntr<lali_
,,.,k !lu
r,,rr(r'iIi.rn ,lll(. .(-(lEl(.r.,rllt],.,..r
.l ,i,,ell;rr
L s
Lr
I)r.rr,ll(,ntr.(,tl
Kk r'. r srr ,i.r'r_ir, rlr)rr)ia'D sc rqiirir) anir sirrlai(in
rrc ri'ltricicr rci-
\r\lil (,n (lu(.rr)lt
t(.r((,r.1
l)ers()nar
n() estti
l)Iesentc.
Crtnsicltr<j qLrcl llt en!iclia
LA A(,R liStV )Al) ll,)
, r.r lriPcrsort:rl ('Lr:rncto se enviclia l() q!re el
()tr'()
p()scc lcclrt. r,iIrIIrr.LrtI, r,
1,,,rrr s,'.r I-..It'r ir trn.r r it.rlr(lr(l tlrl
,tru.
P<r,r nr.r.rll.r ric rIiIr.r',,rr, r.u .r
I r ,.rrr itlirr
(()nr()
l)ipers()nal y a k)s celos c(lr() tril)ers()nal, lo <rrc nos
r:rr',.
,, ,lrni(lrmente interesantc cs stt olsenaciin de ctte los ccl()s pu('(l(,n s(.f
rrr,r rIli'nsa en col]tla cle la enr,'iclia. rnl font
(lc
lDxntenerlx cn(ul)i(.rtit.
I'r(
s nricntras los cl5 p.sq1.n
iustificarse,
ricionaliznclol<s c<o
rrrrtlrr
tl{ .r,n()r. la envirlilr. t'n cal]lbic. result.l rruch() Dtils reptrclialtle plil cUitl
,lrr( r sujet().
lls l()
(lte
rttclinros
rrtstatar en [n cits() clnicr. Sr't]lltal)a cle tnlr rrrllr
,l, :rLccletkrl rle 25 uios
(pc
nrxnitestil)1 rn s(trilnicn&) clescilacLrr
>r
strs
r r'l()s pal()l()gi(():i. r'reycncl<r que el lturi(l() l ttaici<nalt c()n
(fr
olLlj(,r. Sll
,
()rrr
iccirin delirirnte c(r tl que lc c(n)unic(') it slr hiiu que el pache tcnr.r
(lr-r
llroicr.
y
1()(l()s i()s irrgun)cn)s p:lrt c()nvencefllr
(le
quc en realidalcl n(, rr.l .tit
r, strltalan intr-r< tursos. Ye clesespcrackr, el rrliclt le <>fiece un pnrcl)
(lu(.
r
()nsiclerl
scraL c()n( lLryente: le
rroponc
tcncr rlt itijo c()n el .lrgult)en )
"si \', ,
luvicra
(fr
rttrrjct, no
(lrcrril
tener un hi) c()ntig(r,. A lo que ella resJ'xrrk.
,Ltc claclo tlue Irt
ritnsa
lrntlonut quiere clejulle un hijo en contpensur rr',rr
l.il uLrjer
(luc(l;
cnrhrzecl \'l( 1lnrncil lt la )tiju rtre cuanckr nazca el lrt.r
ntrno el pltrlte lrrs rlr llrncllrlu l l()s lles. El nltt:itkr se angusti! \.sc t[,tli
(il
rl la rr'lLrjct
!
il str ct)l)lrarlr).
(ltarn(lr)
licnc lrrglrr el plfio. se qLre(lir (r) (l
(r:rlL() (lc
lil clinicil il(r)rlrl)llln(krir
(li:r
t'no<lre. Al tcr'cer
(liu,
r'iene un luriii
liut dc l rr visitrtllcs
1'l)liiln
l l:r catteri.r
(lc l <lni<lL e comer algo-'lalrl:rrr
Llnt h()ra
y. (tllrn(lr)
\,u(,lvcn. a Ie nrrrjcr'sc le <r'Lrrre
(lue
ltat siclo Llnt lll.lnrrt
l <lcl t:trtriljar'(lLrien. en tornpliciclecl c()n sLl nlllri(k). le otorg.l .r str unr
(.()xl-t(llt
Prat
crl(()ntrarsc
(\)n
lll llrnxnte. Ce[(rtipiat prctictl)ente irrc(lU('li
lle. c<n trtnrict) psic()an!ltic() inclivic[ll de estx ntujer no dent.tsi.l(l( )
c)ii)s(). en cl<nclc Io
(llrc
l))lis l)lc llmri la atencir'rn
-yo
I()s vi en !nu lrlir
:ril
tle
PrLrcja-
rrr el placer en el t(lrc ltl rlrirlo v en la exhil)icia)n clc srs
(cl()s
c(rlx) uni slrl)t(star prtrclra cle slr nr)r. A(leDrs
(lc
ser una fcnl rlt
t(11Lr1lr itl otrr. solrtt t()(l() p()r'(lLlc tntrc l()s \lrlrn'L,s clel rrlrickr estalrr Irr lir['
lJchcl, trre sc
(()nliiri
cn 1.
(lr.rc
sc lc \jcn
((rll()
Lr ser clrpaz cie proveer rlt,
tl-ljcicla<l rr los rlcruris. F.sf nlujcr a kr rlut tcltcliu clil. prccisJntente, u hir(erl(,
scntir k)(l() kr trxrflrr-io:
(luc
a,l !'r:r incepez rlc tcn(rlll l ell contentt. I-()s ltll
cucs cle la rttrrjc. cr:rn
(r)ntiou()s.
n() solnrcnfc ntc lx Itijit sin() ante ll t.lt )i
liu clc i'1. llt tr.tc tlrrtalra <le cont,er<cr cuc cl supucstenrrntc l)ucn hij() \,
lruen hermano erl un hipcrit1l.
QLri'
es lo <uc'1'o ptrde detccllr 1l kr llgo clc tnuchlts sesi()nes con estil
parcja en rttc cl rkrlol lacerantc <le la mujet
>rocluca
rn intens() cleseo r[
_5
Qu(
KIL'in llJ)L ,r r\t slruirnin prtc(lipi(r pr(,' D(, h,r\ unl tcr(c|1t
l)rrs()nl .v
q(. l,).
lir(unirr()s .rrrsli()n. rLrc st
rLrtdu
hulrlar rl,: prcctlirrr,,
Ir(s
(.\isr(
LLn tercer clerctr) ,l
lxn).
(lue
I)r)rL.i
\.r ir)i,rii,r.rr iLLk

crr lu Irr hc rrrr, rlrUr() (lc
l.r nr:r(lrr- se 1)trsl rI rlrk,
.r(lr)jlrr.,xl,).r)l)ir.r..trul,rsrLrr'IrcLliricocr (,rn,) n)i,rin)(, rri.rnrU1.ir. ]\1rj,r prrsr iln lr):Llt
rD(In()s
f'
los lx..rrri,Ln,N l(,: drtlntn estrucrr.ll:rIllcnrc
IJo
I
AV{N( r S t-N
prc()r.ljRAptA pstc()AN^l.au(_A
A A(itt .stvt l)^ l lJt
:rvr(lilrlll;,(JLe
la uluier l(lri.:ll)r profitncllrnentc
al nlafj(o. qLle lc consicie
rir): un llol)llxe exitos()
)
alguien lltej()r que ellt.
ll()sec(l()l
(l;
ntav()res
l)i
ril()s intclcctLl.llcs y, fisicaltente.
mrcho ln.is xtra(.riir cue ella mill., l,or..i._
lris d( su (el()s.
l() qLe existir c-la enviclia cle l;rs cLraliclacies
(lLc
le lnril)ui.i
),
lrostilirlcl
heirr l por.ser:rlglrjc-t
tilll lua(l() p()r
cllx l por krs tltrs Bs rle-
t ir'. un:r cr<lcble irrugen cie si risn:.r .luc :Llp(si.rnie;tc
..u.c.cria tlc irlg<;
(lLlc.sr
Posccf!
el otro. l)er.<.t.rckin
clisrrsionacl:r
t()(hs lLces. pLl(s
s( ttt
lu cle rrn:r tujct. lltrcti\..r t inteligcnte.
L()s cclos n() cr:ln p()r pr()yecci(in
cle clcseos cle inflcielirlecl
_ni
cn l le_
Ieria clc patcje
ni rlc lo que pLr(e c()nversaf con el nllista
(le
cstil r))ujcr sc
xrrccu
sq un nt(fi\'() rclevi)tL,-.
Surgln, segn
lutle
cntenclerlos.
rle r.:r
lirrs ficntes
En pr.imer lrrglr. rlntirelra a st nlrirk \.
1)t.()).(ct:tl):l
cD lits
(le_
rris nrrrjcl:s
lir r)tjsltrt iciclllzllcior-r
<rre tll-r seutill:
t;)(iits ;sfi.iln
(lest,in(l()
xrs<,t,r'l<r.
A<lcnrtis.
Jtr.O1.cr-
f.r ltrr en sr lttickt (.1
cnlt l1t( )t. lll icnt( ) t]() 5c\uill (
lUe
tllrt scnritt
I)(n'utujercs
(lLlc
enclLr.nat el
1,o
icl<,trl <ue elllr scntiu n() scr. Sc
(r)rl1ll(r_till)iL
cle igrrel nranera <ue llL
>ers<tnlt
<Lrt, inslrtisli,clte (lc (.ictl()
r.lsg()
,.ir: s lltistlle \'irc tuifttncir rsc ilspeck) en krcla
ltt,t.sona
(lrc
\.11 enc(rttrllu(l(),
tr rn vi11 it'nrlole t-n cl plru)rlr() (lur
]ua
sr
(r)sel.\
i(.i(ltr. R,,rg,r,,," pr>tlri
ser
un iltril)rt() iirii(r) alttrftr,
trsr>.
fi.lru cle l Drrriz. pekr,, i,,,,,g.n clcl rtrc,r-
l)()
()
I)r)si(i(it
soc.ial, o r.ullirLlrl intcle(.tuitl. lllsl.e() sistcnt.itico rlrrc (lclcr
rrlirr:l (ftr('cLtiLn(k)
enrl-c tn culrl<tricr. ILrgltr.rtiltlito
lo
rtittrer.o
<tr<, ltlrr.:i scr.ti
rrn:r r'.irirttr letision cle l()s
l)tcscntcs
lrejo cl pur.intrtr.ri.n
.l ,.,,i1 lt <lUclc_ el
tl:tlcisisttt<.
[]nx |eZ
(lLle
en(Ltent(l le personl (1)n (,1
atrjl)Lk) icltltliz:trlc tir.;r
:l su
Preiir
y pr()vcctir
en stx cl urisnx) senti,ni(.nkr
trre cJIa licne s()l)rc cl
l('r('tr()
(itc
cncamxra slr
t itlc1,
c(nt l()
(luc
pasit
sentir c(,1().s clel
>rtstrrt
l() intcra,s cle srr perejtr
t.r
cl lrr rir,:rl asi <.rrstr.uirk>.-,,C<nclir.ir-.
Ir)litl,lent..
irllr-ill)si(rrrclr (rtre
st c(nllr)ri(.
r.t
cr heclr. rrc cLre en cse sitr'rti.n t'irclsrr
tr:rl. ri;rcIr
(lte
ll pcfs{)l
c.clrrsl nli..t lrl.llr ter.rc|rl . ittlc la rttil.1t<l.r tlc ltr
t.r-
t<
jlt
solrrr (,ste,lr.
c()n lo trr:rl sr lc r.rntjI.lt:L (luc
su p.laejr tllil.a ;tl l:r ,.i\1.
. .Vol!icncl<
tLl c.rs()
(c
h plrricnte,
lO entcrior
t<,r.rrritirilr
(lar
rrnll c\l)li(ilcin
rI llr c:trs por le cr.ral su plltcjr
est].ill rnxll();it(l()
<lt rLne tetr.era
tlson:t.
-('
Ill r)\) (1cl
trrrin() pr1)\'(,..!rr
n(, (lct:r (lc
lcncr ((rrt)lnir(r(nts
pUc\ n() \(,[irr.
rlc Lrn
'il(sr)r(rxlri)ri(Jr()(re.icri()stnri.)r(,)r(,rr,
rr. pixle rr. r<r1t*ri,r c, .r
nris,;r
'
nri ,^rtrr.r rnr,.
, ! )1, {i :,riiI)IIirL),rl ()()
sir),) (i.
Li
(iL.n
lir.r,,,,,, Lt)!\L /i: \
(,'
.rl ,n,,.r
I .(11(. ! \( l(txn,/x
-
l\r.L (l(rli/.r(i(;n
qLr( tr.r(. (t
t. ,ct(,\(). (t(.rLn
r((1,, ir
(t.(.cn(:'n; (.t
r(, r(t(.rt. \(.1
(l''|rl(r{'
"r
Lrr"r.rri.nn). ptnnir('r(1,n..r
r:r r(sis Jrcr(riirn.L crc iut tic,rris crc ros (rl(\.\Nr(
lr(
r('r.r,rr'
'.r.1
rnr. rr(nt() n() ne( (.slI1:ncnt(,
se\Llrl sin() i(l(,Jlizx(j(-)n.
:rrLnirr(()n t)rs(i(. (.sl
t,..ttrrr\.!
,(1r,,\
tritx,dr((t()s(,\ur.
Unrr(tIr\rrr rrr ,uIr,rt,r J,,r.r
I}
d r /()|., (l(. ((n-
\rLr'r
l)'ri"rrr.ri('r t.lr()ir l..(,r,r.n(i:r(Jcnlrnnnxrnienl,)(t.(,set.thritrL
rn r(J(L,r(). \,(rLr.
tr
rn'\,rr,,1,r.,,1,,t!)r
t.r((nr(icrirsctkrrcqLrcrrritnrir:rt.r
>.rrtu
sin. tu .csLrirrrt.r,,rrrr.Lr
.rl r),,
'l,
l(,r,\.r 1t( n
(t(,t)tr
pn{r\()
L,,riI)r(n.lnri(',)r,r itr.t trtcn,r no(lil(r.(jir(r(rr
cnr(.
(
I'Lr1,, \ {r
t,
u(t r .r f.
(tLr!
n t( liitrL\(rr ,,\ \( nr rr!irLs1,((.,,1,,,,,,,,..,,
,,,,."
l1 r() ll)()r
(llr(l
1a convicci<in <lc <re l l engarLli1 Est. rnuicr slr unr
l)(
rs()ril
rr
finclaruente clcsci>nfilcla, <iLre llegr e cleer cLlc un d()cunlcnt() olicirrl rrrt. lt'
l)r(
s(nl.Lr(ln cla f-:ilso. y en cuyu t-nlsificacirn halrra participacl() ur] in)l)()rllrrl('
lurt'i<atir>. T<clts ks cslitcr'zos parrll c()nvcncerle de ttre no cr:r s tr)l)(,zirl)il
,
()n
su Er)li)e( iniulienft). ena(tt)artxl() sierplc un mzn
(lue
aLvalirr su i(l(rt
rL l: tilsillt:cir. l)or
(r.
p:rrle, l:r l:r:ili cle L
l)rcicrlc l)ire(.
l:rlric;n t'rtt
l):rfiir
esle
(rsl1()
pltol(-)gi(() flo Llrlu
()p()rtuni(LLcl
en <ue cl nurirkr, <ltscsrt.r'rr
,ll
l'rl
l<s <elos. resuclvc ria
jrtr':rl
pas lle
(nigeir (lt
ritr rnujer
-alnlros
t'rrrr cr
tlinicros-
(uun(]()
le clrcntir u los paclrcs cle llt niujcr la sjtuaci<in cicscsrcr<l;r
(n (lLrc
vi\'cn
1
]os celos qLc' ilk)nllentlrn a sL esP()s, cl paL(lre pr:icti(lrlctl('
sin k)urlrr
('-)
cuent stls argLrnreDt()s lc rcsp()ndir-) r'csl)e(t() a los cekrsr
.l'or
algrr
Ilr cle scr'". lljrincltse con srt lrijtr en la conliccir'rn
(lelirote.
CcIrs r
(lrriLlj (lrc
cn
('stil
nrujcr tenirt sI r)rigcD !-n un trst()r'nr) t).1,'('l
sistil, rrl Lltar
rrofr.rncle
lrltcr.rcirr't
(ic
su lLt()cstiltlx. trre le har'r'a ver c()nl() su
l)tri('
txrlt() l su p:rreia crrro l
Jrlestrnll
r-ir':rl. l'cr() el aspect() cligno rlt
:ll('n( i(-)n
(\rr)sistll
en
(lLrt
cstlt nLrjer- cra citl)ltz cle srntir conscienter)l(,nt(' sus
t t.tos rienlras
(lue
l envi(lix tent
(lLre
scr ntantenicl por fitelr rk. srr
trrncicnci. Los ce'l<s crrn
irsliflcltcl<s lxrltlue
porllrn ser exhibiclos trrrro lrr
l)rLrel)lr
(lc
str Dor.
"Ten]o
r'elos
roL<Lre
tc nl(), ltientras que t n() tictr(s
tclris pttlut r() signiljc() nuclrt
>rua
ti., l- picrenl( no sentie, al igurtl trre trx[r
Pctsrrnrt.eioslr.
<r.rc tl nraltrar. I1l
(lenigrlr.
ia)n rk'lu inregcn clel <rc. el <<li<
y
tl fcrl(()r ostcnsible
-lleglrlr:r
rltlLrlt t'1lcrellc-
roco
cor-ttlicen <rrrr llr
tcsis clel rtnurl quc sc slp()n( sc profesa a ia palt'jrr. Ln esta paciente cl scrr
liDricn) l]Iis lecl)xzu(l() et l:r cr-rvirli
(lrrc
scntu lllrcir sr preill y, esrc.irrl
nrentc. el
()(li()
\'(lesr:()
(lc
ai:tcerle rlrrc aculla gcncralre. Los celos le sctl'un
(tnll()
c()irnii(l plua jttstiiicrtr str oclio y o<ultrr sr enr,'itlie tluc tenr.rn (rrll)(,
l1tse. conro
(liii,D()s
ntes. Iln rlcficit nalcisistlr.
At tto(qr.': t i
(lft
I p()r.fi't tsl t u( i( ) I t nrltc sisl.t
Cttanrkr algr.rien estli iiusf ra<kr nar'( issti('lrnrntc y cllo se eflicula no ult
len(lcnciirs pr())'e(li\'s. cn
(lr(
sc lril)uye el sLliir))icrlt() a
()tr().
sin() c()n 1cn
(len(iis.
lr lut()llttil)u(i(-)n clc rtsronsltbilitl;tci. llr rgrcsir irlacl se
:lrtecle
rl
cr'crr
(1)rlIlr
rlel strj<1o. l)cr'rtr() (lc
llrs rl lr
(llrliclltcles
rlc:rr.rloegresirrn. ,rrrz.rt
rrn:r clc l:ts rrrc paslt rt:is tlcsrtPer'< ilricle cs t l tlcs< Lrirlo Irostil clc l:r
f)rt
,pr.r
P('r:
sona prrr-r'ttlri:r nar(isisl.
l)Lrcs
(l
estu(li()
(le
ls to|l]ts clc trlrlrgrcsi<in pot crrl
l).r
()
p()r
l)cmccu(ir-rn
la lran rclcglckr ctr Lr ]itertr.rr' srllc cl tcma. Ils r.rn alralr
,:lono tlt krs cuicLtkrs :tl .\-(,l
l)(,
art{)f-lrcsir'rn <litt se clelt clistingtLit clel rrrc
I)rescntan
uclucllos cr.rc p()r rngrstis
(c (listint()
tip()
-l)sorl)itkrs
Jrol
aruelir
cuc lcs prr'< x rrlra- no
l-rtrcclcn
(
ui(larsc ni s r))isnl()s ni 1 l()s
()lr()s.
En cllll
lrit. cn cl cltscttidt lrrstil tlel sr,/ r'l scntintienlo l.lrisjco rs
((rtal
prr) rluc (
'
,n
el tisico cltrc tclgo. rt() r'lrlc la pen.r".
.c()n
l() l()rtt() ll
(lLr
s()t, piu.t .lu(,\r)\
?
AVAN(_l.is tiN
pstcol
liR^ptA
pstc()ANALinCA
r A A(r R lislvl )A!)
lai
lr rll'rr. en
(ltrc
cl est(ll);lft'ctiv() n() r's e\P,L-si(il "(le" sin() IDc(li()
"lltrlr':
/i
tutt th'at)ttttttc(lci1t )'dL'acctn
n)br('('l olt\) En el clts< clt- la ltlrirl v lr
r,lr,.'rr rtLr,.l cn gcnerrl-, sls rrrnsinten rln instrLlll('nt()
x>clerosrr r:tt:t
ltlr
,, r ,tr,..t.l
()tr'()
se s()rltet,t ltl tlese< ctel sujet(1. Es lo <r.te Rlt<lo clenottiro "':tlri.r
, ,, rr rti!u,
(Racir.
19211, 1951 ) Kernberg ha llarlrackr lrt lrtencin, tanrl)i''t). s()l)r('
, I r (lirllensi(in DlIniPlll.lti\:1 de cict-ttl sttlrtiPo de xgresivichcl
(Kernl)etg
l99-l)
f',,r rrucstla prte.
(lLlisirxm()s (lestacltt que la ugresh'idetl- tlslnt nu't l[( )
Ps:'t
!11
rlilrtrs pers()n:ls a ser ia fimra
ltivilegiacla
cte intentar filrzarse a s ristllrls l
'., r tl.'clelcrrina<lll
rrLtnera. L ral)ilt
(lel
nltrcisistx consigo trislr() p()[ n()
(()ls'
rrtrril t'l
-vo
icleal qtre cleselrl ser no cs srlple reaccin x Ia fittstra< itrn n'tl'ti
',r\l.r sin() Lnll firrurlt ittlaginlril
(le
intt:ntr empuiarse
Por
el calllin()
(lcs('1t(l()'
''r .rlguien se
(lice
lr s lllislll()
"icli()t:r,
l()
te clas ctleoh qtleT'--', este clililogo itl
t( rr() lle\'lt lu tDisnla intenci(lnaliclacl ttre culn(lo es tltilizacl() pol'!lnt
Pctsoll:l
1,.rlrr
clirigirse.t
()tru:
intenk) <lc clirigir i clncluctlt. Iin general, sc tiende
'l
(l)-
i.rtizrr el cltl.r-tce. cxPlcsi\,'() cle la 1grcsi'i(lll(l en
(lcl
,lent() cle otra
(le
stls
(li
nr( nsi()nes
-h
c(rlltlnicllci()nll
y c()nillivrl clellicl< I una concepcin
(l('
lil
.rl(
(tivi(lacl en qte Is detcflliinxcir
)nes intcrstl)jttivrts. tlnt() en el ori{cn c{ nll' )
r'n cl lnntenimien
clc le tisla, no ecillen el
resrl
ttte tllerecen'
l'r\ ogt'('st'idrtd- t ts/,'l
''''
k)
Ptlc(le
tlcsrlcgltrsc
P()r
el
P()cler
efectivo tlt'
,.r trlir.ir>nlrr la c()n(lltcllr
(lel ()tt.() ()
l)(
li ctccuci ilUsOrie sollre sr p(xlcI t!lii
gi(r), c()llt() itcrtt<ls srlstertichr nlis ltib:t. I-lslc c!raiclt't l)lii.qic()-onlnip()tenlc
('s
k, <r.re clett-nlina
qttc ltlgllnils pers()lllls. cun(k) ticnen Lnl cliiic(rlr'l(l cn I:l
ri<la reltl, en vcz clr lrLscrt ttnrt s()lLl(r(in l() <lrte hacen es protestar. I-()
(lt('
srrbace cs la t:rntas
.si
Pr()I(s).
l1l5 c()slls tiencn qtle canll)i'tr"' por el lll(r(I
lrecir,, cle n)i pt()tcstx,. p()r l() qLle sc renLln(ia a ctxlqtlier
()tl'()
tipo de ac(i()lr'
En terapia. la interprcta< i<'rn clcl significacltl mr-tgic<l-otnnipotente
(le
lll ril
l)ia-instntlucnt()
penlritir.r pr()c[lcil xlg(fla sxli(l ll circttitr: inlP()ten('i:l en lll
rcli(la(I,' rxl)ill/ lentrncia enlPret-ttler c<>ncluctas en llt rcaliclacll
y, en c()ns('
(uencir. llrrs inlp()tenci1l.
(lrcccl()s
que las interpletacitnes en trmin<s clt'
k)s lrntece(lcntes cle llt rlia
-lx
cil-( tinstanci tl el personaje ctte la clespict-
t- sin tral)xial la rabi insltttIcnl()
()lllniPotente restltxn insuflcientes' N()
basta scllar,,lc clit rllia qtte...' sino tr.te resr.tlta necrisari() scalar que
"trlc
clilnte ln r:tlia cree
(llrc
c()nscgtlit_li crte )as c()sals sern c<txr clesea. csi tle nt
nenr aut(rllilti(n.
ror
cl s<llo
1'rtxlel
rle st rallia'. P()r sttptlest() que est: fi)r-
rnr,rlci<in esquer)rl-ltica rc(lticre st lttlcr'rcitln
Prllt
calcl c'!s()'
A(,kl-\l\ rr
'
\D l' l\ l'FN rr
'\
I)l:
\l PAk^r lr ,\- I \l
't\
lrl A( ll )N
Cttanclo el
()l)itt()
rlsLLItx lt|ilsrlllntc, <lrltncl< invltcle cl esPciu
lr'icltlr"
clcl suleto intentilncl() t'tr.ltlt'lcltr:' s\ts tlcssos ctlir antlt k)s que (' s-ttr\l l
cen los
propios. cttancl< le inIP()ne sll
l)resencia
fisi(a restfingindole cl cs
pacio
()
\'i()icntan(lo h lil)eltl(l cle sr-t cLtctplr, enrnces.lQtte al sttftilllitllc
i...". F.l
l)Llnk)
x ..nfatizlr es que n() sc lrata cle trn 4r>tal para qu, clesespe
trt'lzlclo sino
(le
un,f()t:ll pr (lu"
raltirsr>.
Ijlirntc.
Asi trtxr una clc las folnlas rlc h<stilicla<i
cr)n cl
()i)ie)
es el lllnckrnar_
lo, cl n< crriclrlo, el clcjalLr slrfricnclo
-padrcs
grcsiiv()s qLe picnso
"qll<
lkrtc, asi aprenclel't,. ()
"plrlr
clu le vo1.u
J.ugel
krs cstuctits, si e" un v.lg()
\,
n() los 'tp()veclt.l2
E;
jlli,
s1
.-.
,rlg() equiv:llente ()cunc
en el clescuirkr lxts_
til clel
-v,/1. lis kr rlue r,entos en algunus crisis ltultic:rs cn crrc la pelsona, in_
sutislccha por no haller ptdiclo retrenefsg,
en<;jacla consigo ntisnrt. se lut<a_
tx(! l)j() la tnnfasa
"ah()r.l
c()me l]ltstlt revcntar,. M(ni!aci(in <uc firnciona
(r)nl{)
un segrncl() tiernpo. n)LlV clitercntc
clc Ln prirrrer ln(nl1cnto, el c(nnien-
z< clcl acces, buli,ric<. qtrc restrlta ser crnsecrencia (le
ntiLltiples tip()s
(le
ansierlcl <uc se tratxn clc contran-cstarr rlredi:tnte
h gnticx( i(in
()r.ri.
c.<n ks
signif)cackts sitnltr-lic<>s qrre ella tcnge.
l. -<,nl,.tr lOO-lr.{.t.Rl.M tj\.t.o I r Mo A( { (
!N \ttBHt.
t.t_
(fl
R()
) r;_ PROPr() SU.JETO
Hbrtros ciiclx l rrltenzu-este crrrtrrkr
rrrc il ugrcsiviclarl pennite rc-
(sllu(lta
la lerrt-scntar.irn clel srrjcto.
Ct[rrtr.itl lrlglric:r sc
;tert.ilte
reltioso,
l)Lrc(le
k)nl sLls senrirnien)s (.()l)t()
Lln:l
rr.trclr:t
tle l:t raz<i quc lt, lrsistir.ilr,
r onr'encinclose
a s mislt() tle trre l:t iotcrsi<ltr<l r-le str cno es
rropr_,r.c.ionltl
:r l irrlp()ft.lncia <le arrri,lla. Fln rsle srn(id().
Iu relriu y la agresirlail pueclen
:.('t' el eqri\,.rlente a rrn clesplicgue histr.i<inirr
<Lrc !l srr;ito.
(le
nrncrir in-
(\)nscientc,
It:Lce antc s nlisltx)
\, l<ls <l<l]is pl.a
c()nselLir c()nlcncc[se y
(r)nvencer (le
la ruzrin que lc asistiri.l As c()n() le raltilr y la agresiviclacl qrrc,
(Lln
inscritlls en l Dlente inllntil corro c([tivalcnfcs a
ttxler.
de lt)1rner: si_
rrila, clebicl<> a c1r.re los plrclres el nraniliestr
su agrcsir:iclacl nr kl htcen cli-
ci(n(l().esft)y rl)i()s().
),este
sentitl)icnt()
cs p()l.c()sas qrre t))e pasltn nI,,
sino (lLlc
lu ac(nnp!ltn cle arguntenrs rue la lvalaran
_la
strpr.resta inlrclc,
t tcirin clcl destinatri() cle flresivi(lu(l :,i 5 51_,
tot
estc ti1.to clc ex
rt'ticrtcius
i:t ralia
v la suruesta razr'>n tut tcntlra cl sujek)
(lue(ln
ls()ciil_
tl;ts.
(lcllr
vez cuc alguien necc:,itE ,i/.r/1,r.//lr(.Lr)Dt(,
tcnicnt[ nrzt)n. le
ltlri:r y llrs clistinls lirntas cle igresiricllrl
l-roclr:,n
ser instrurrlent()s p.lt.r I()
grrrlo l)or lllg() exislen expresi()nes cr.).)<
.cLse
cLrcrcle,
-rare
clcscilrir el
l)r(
x
(,\() (le
:rk )enar(lecinl icnt( ) qre Iicn( lrrglu no st-rkt porclr.re el sujeto sc
r. r orr r,nticnclr cn I)als(- i l()s ;rrgur))rDt()s
rlre r flrlr.ir.linclo sin() (lLle.
txn)-
l)'n. (
u.Ittr) ))s Ill)iit sc sicnle ntlis [tzrin srr>trt,sllrntt,lttc st dcl)e
(le
Icncr.
l'rr r's. trl r(,111lrsc Lln in(.i(lentc. sc clict.y lllr
(li() (n1r
l.arl)iirl,, c()ln() sl csl
Irr'r,r rrrr.r
rrrrtllr
<lecisir.:L tlc <r.rc ll
(!)n(lLt(.tar ([cl ()tr()
tLte inaclccrt:tch.
lrsl( (i[ii(1(.t
]ist ri(inic( ).. - 1,n el scnti(l() clc <lespliegrre cle un afL,cto cue
\( i(1ivir in('(nls( i('nt(,ntcnte c(xr unx finatli(lx(I,
n() p(nqLle sea Dten<>s veclacle
r'() (lr(. (tr(F..
r[. lrr trgrcsiviciacl n()s intr()(ILLC(
en l cliDtensitin intersul)jctiva de
1.3 I
AVAN(_ljs ltN
pst(,(),
jRAptA pslcoANAt,1
I(_A
t_A A(il{lislv I l)A l) .,ll
)
lil ilngtlrli.r
l)(r'lil
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1,
ps
(
lr
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l rt tt l
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cre ric,".,^:.ili,,';:il;.):i,i:::1!:1,ill;l']ill:'r',,,.:':li:li:J]
r.cs inurrencirclts
p()r sr
Dens.rriet. iun rrrrlrarcl.
c", ,;:;r,l,r',;,.rh:1,
1989). Dil)ensrrin
clc I;r rrgresivirh.l
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n Lrest.1
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o cn krs c.lrsc>s cLre trr-
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L,
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tixittrr \j()lcncilt.
l,it
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clc los a<krlesc.rntcs
cn el lr6glrr.-.rrlL,.',:,,
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y
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le lrgr.csit,i<lltcl.
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f) cst.s r.:rs,,
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lr.r
lir llirrirrcir-n
clel srir.iricntr
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,t.t.:,r",'r.r,,
i,, ,,g.."i
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lr:r rrlir Ul:rrk c.on el pllrr.ct
Drrrc.isistl ot,j scxrrrl.
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tn.r crr
tr./.r( i( (,
rrr.r
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clc llt .rgrcsivirlacl
,
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r.rt llr trl.i[r,sivrclt]rl
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sttr sc rlt:tntienc
e_tclLtsit.ltenlc
en
lrr trlirLr (n
rlu(.
Ix.rsisli
el srfrijrn.,r.,,;,;.,.1.i',:;,i'n.,,,.*"
"",,,
.rlt,t'sivitlilcl sriclic;t la bstLteclu cle plecer cs l() qte
(('lstittyr
lrr ftrcrzlt ttrc l;r
rrrrrulsl. por lo quc tiencle a pcrclurar, 1l ser unl ruoclaliclacl cir[a(l('r( )l( )r.ti( ir
rtrc va nrs all;' cle ks l))()ment()s ptlntuales
(pre
irctivan la rrgresiviclarl tlt'
Itnsiva
(llltm.
1991: Levin. 1990r Sacks. l9!)lr St()l()r()w. 1975). I-in:tlgLroos trr
'os,
Lr que c(r)enz(i siencJr> LInr :rgre.siviclirrl rlefensir lt
-pol
ejt'rtrikr.
r.r'lr
rlcltncletc rle un progenitor lgresivo puecle stLflir la nr'cisizucitln .',,rr,r
scgundo tiernp<>. IJna lcz c()nvcfii(la en fiente cic placer, ll agrcsil'itlrrl sr'
rlesencltc['n no por Ia prescncia clel srtlrimiento sino p<x la huell rtrrt's,..r
<lc un: ti)rll cle plecel qLre sc cleselr reen(1rtlrrr. Aru resrt)ta inclisrcrsrrlrlt'
no crnfunrlir entre
(lusa
inicill
-la
agcsiviclacl clrrnr cleftnsu- y la crrcli
ci(-)n que rranticne activo el eslalxin final. el goce sclico.
Esta gresiviclltrl siclica crii rn lasg() irrp()finte sn una
Pacientc
(lut
l)r('
sental)11 Lrn ntrcisisrll()
()nrllip()tere
c()r't)(r cr rltp()ncn!- iritp()rtantc cle srt
r'r'
*'n.rlitl.rrl
)
rllr( \rfl,, rrl .llr:tlr.i:
f,)rqtt-
tl(
l),r(\'c
rn.r r\P\'ricn(iir irll(''('
sanlc qLc clcltr hace-r". !-fe erentclnente aparecan en sts sesiones relitl()s
rlel
rlectl
sriclico rrrr-
()l)tenr
ill hrcer suiir
(listinlr)s
penonajes Por c'jcrl
I)l().
en LrnJ ocrrsi<in fire invifx(ia l unl <rtttirin cn cs clc rlnos amigr,s y <rr
Lrn nl()lncnt() clatlo slrci lt cohr irn un lenlll
(lue
sxl)ill <1tre era ntt1, clesagratlr
irle pa(r Lrno cle l()s pat.ticipllntcs. Mc c()nt(i c(in() intr()([ri() en la c<>nvcrslrt'i, rr
rrlgo ruc srrha trrc ponclrr rrnsilsr ul
Pcrs(nrxjL'rn
(
uesti(in, v ctt< t[ rrr
ullLnerlr nlu]' rtr:rltlc. lt:tst;r xltrcnlenentc
(xri(]r'il.
il)!t
!'rrtirn<lizlnckr
srllr[t'
llt crrestion, al tietnpo
(llle
ver:r cll() le rltLlt pelsorlt
"sc
ret(r-ct sin poclcl lrr-
ce nucla,. Flsta p(i('ntc relat<'r. tallin con orgullo, u-rrro en unx
()por-tLlni(lir(1,
en <csir--: cle rrr-r
>crtreo
ir((i(lentc
(lc
triinsit() cn <lre cl rrlro ccrltc ttrtrIr
(txna(l(). .nlc.lcer(lu
suprrtl ll n(r rill t lc tnrret:t tlccir':
tlrri
Listima, no vr l
tencf el c()che lrltstlr
(lentr()
clt rtrin<c clis, no sc
l)re()((rpe
rtrc rni segltr'o lr
p.r{a to(l()!,,. Enllttizt> c<inxr el otro crncltclor cltetlri clesarmatkr. n<> puclicrrrkr
relcci()nirr r.lr:lick ltl t(m() 1lr))ist()s() tlrrc elllr crtttkrlrlrlr
y
a l:t soluci<in crrt' lt'
pr'()p()nix.
(lcstlt(iu)(l().
con pl:tccr. <tte.sc ilra
ilrtricr'tckr
cacllt vcz otns n!'rf i(,
s() p()l(lue v() lc rlc<ia tluc iba r tenel cue clcjar el c<rlc en c'l tallcr'". El plertr'
conscicnle cn p(rl<rger cl sr.riinricnto clcl
(fr()
er:r rcpcti(l() en clifcrentes til)()s
(lc
cir-( unstrncis. l'ln cstx pr(icnte pLr(lir)r()s c()nstirtir sr.r irlcntillcacirin crr t'l
slrclisrlrr cle unlr rrr:rdlr crre tlrrr'1Lnte su int:lnci se lrll:i c:r ra c fc lizrLclo por el lrt-
cixr clc rcsponclcr r'on r-lelilrcracla v ostent()s.r incliterencia cacla vez clue ell:r
lloralr. l;r raclre. rn ess ci ttrnstlnci:rs. olrtena pla<cl en r)()strar rl k)(la lll
f:rnrililr trrc
rcrnr:rnct
lr inrp:rsiblc ante cl II:rnto o l;rs pe{ic ioncs cle los tlcnlis.
Nagockitt ht,'stil
.t'tt,t!tciit "l)
Jica,, otintp()tenlt' rle lt ttrtllcttl
Ht'<:rsts er't qtre la agfc:ii\ iclar(l nr se cliligc trni(illrnte en c()ntl:l
(l('llrs
pe()nlls sin() en ehci<'rn con clrllcrier especr dc la realiclecl qrre implicLrc rrl
gr-r grrckr
(lc
lirnitir(in al dcsco ricl srict(). Si xlguirn prrecle leaccionur rrgr',.'
2J6
vAN(.tis
iN
pstc(r
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A
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e] triinsit(), ()
c()ntr hs rrril regulaciones
rrlr l,r rir.!.r s{^.t.tl
Dln,r)E (.\. (,1)lrr_
r,llr\ (..,1\.\
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a.- lus cclcli<.iones
h tirnrra <le vncLl,r
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lat inlcstigci(
)Des
c\1rttl\,ts (lt(
tlll() lit te()nl tlnattjst
clc lil
:t.tcsir irl:rcl (()nr()
lu rccri\.1
s.n rrrrriciLrr
p.Lr.i.rlc"
,;,,;,,;;.
;,'l;",.. 199J.
l\:g
r-..:, l.n lt'cr,,.
r).r.( ,u,, l,.r).. p,r:rl,ilirl.r.l
.f,. ,,,,iir,,,:'ii
.,,g,=,ir
irl.rr I rlt,
,r.n(r.r (l(.li.r)\i\..r
... rinrr,....,,,,,til,l.,;,,,
.ri.; .:.
i,"ll.',li.l
'.1,;:X::.,,,,,,,
,,,,,
rli.,r ,lrjiiLl.rtl
l,.rcrcr.r
ir ,r,lrrr r
bi,it,,grr
u ir,,t.i.
.i.'r,..,,.nilll
',,.ll,::'t
t"'" i:t
'tgrcsir-icliLtl
rtscgr'racl:t
I.r'l
per\
i!cn(.iir.
,r.,,,.,,,,.:.i,.,,'.n';i.]irl;
:i;,:;;l
'i:
ll:li;:ll.J,::,
j,,r]l;
rgrcsivrr<l
inlrtl
-l)ir.ir
n()s(.()s
csl.i ti".a
.l< ciu,t,t .Li a-xi,ana"_
.i."
, , nr( ) las eslnctlrxs ne!r()flsi()la)gicas s()n ltctiva(hs
() (lesarlivrtclas
ror
l;rs h

)r ('sciirci( ) ncs. es clccir clcsde k> psquico, ptcs cllo se etatitu trr I:r r rtcs
rr()n (le
c)or() lll psic()terpia. actuantlo soi't las rcprescnlacir tncs t'n rtrt t l
uj('l() sc rel)resenta en pelifl,-(). lltotlificanclt a stxs. desltclivit l cstrU(lUr:
lrrolr>gi<1. L
"enf:". l.s el cfectr
(le
h psicr)te[lpi:l solrte el crtcrxr.
Salrcnrrls cle las:tLguntcntrcioncs rr.re han polarizuckr a h <oruttnicl:tl
rsi
rorrnaltica en cruntr) a si 11 pulsi(in es bbkigica e innxtx o. por el r.r,ntr'.rrr,,.
, l lcsultackr cle Ix il)l)lilniici(-)n cn el srjct() cle l] ptrlsin r.lel tlrr hurrtnrl. Nos
rcsulta clificil x.lscril)irn()s a un cle csus ckrs
r<rsiciones,
l pesrtr cle tc(()lr(xl'r
Irs firnclamentos cle las razones invrraclas. por lo clue n()s sentir)x)s rnris rt r..t
rlr l icle: frer(lianlr clr <rre lrr pulsirin estl'r.cn el llile cntre lo s<rilico v Ir
Psruico.
rr <rrnclicir'rn tlc nr crnsiclerarllr en urt Irrgar cle extrrtcritoriuli([l(l
('rl
Ire esttrs ckrs clrrlinios, sint ctburcalttkt.t lurtl<>s. cct)o puente <ue krs rrrl'
(Frcrrrl,
1915c). EI con<epr fl'crcliano dc pLrlsir-rn. clel qtte tockrs krs l(l()r'(s
h.tn sealaclo su cortrrlejiclu<l
l
oscilltcioncs en cL1nt() al papcl <le lo lriofogi
r'o t lo ps<lticr, ienrlt s esa Irattmleze lrilr<nte
(lc
articulxcion entrc l() l)i( )
logico
-v
k r rcprescnlil( i( )nxl-a fi'cti\1 ). e,rtrc l( ) p (
)po
(ltl
sLliet()
)
l() qt(
('l (
f r( )
ir(tivl
()
inlllilntll
)'
a()nstfll\'e. l)()f
(fl:l prtc, c-crnl()s
(lLtc
eslil c()ncel)('i rt ( Il
qrre lo biok':gico
_v
lo Lclrt'scntacional sc afiicttlln cs la <1r-re va rccibiencl r urr r
\() crecicnle rt tl-vs rlc krs l:rrllazgos Dirs re(icntcs cn el catttpo clc lls ttct
r,,\ i(n( i.\
'
K:rn(h l, lgtJii L(l,llx, 'x,r. \lr,,r( ly'ri 5,,LI\. I.loi,,
l)er()
(luc
l alectivi(Ll(l tenga un sLlsttalk) r-reLlr()l)i( )l<'rgico poscc <rrnsr'
crrencias clicionults respccto a ciertas tcsis fletclians. Estu(li()s rc(i(ll(s
ieor,len rp()ta(r I):st.anle c! i(lctr( i:r <lc rrrc llts c-Dlor'irnrs licnen, pr l() ('
n()s, d()s cir'(Lrik)sr unr, rclacirn:rclo rrn la c<r'teza prclr()ntrl en que cl sillni
flcll(l() mris
()
nren()s c(nrlplci()
(lc
tnl cxpericncilt es cl clue cletennin. rtr.r
rcspuest. eurr.irnrl roclu):tclu, g:rltucllt, lltir rtn ciertr
llrlclo
tle contlol lll
(fr-()
circui). cn clur la amg<lala celclrrel intelvenclrie
(l).lm.lsio,
199+r Klul
clcl
\'<frrs.
1995: Lel)rLrx. 199.i). cs :rctivxd() por sertlcs tlagrnentrri-r.
-.,,r'
ejcrr>lo, l;r vistx
(lc
sn.r.lrt:, un s<nick>, ttn tono cle voz. Ltn rrriclo- tttr rl<'
sencaclenaln Lt(nllrttl(artleltte intensir\ rcat((i()ncs ettrcirraies sin nr<tlttlrt
cir-rn. vexlarlcrs clescergas cxplosivas. Es intelesllnic trrmpr<>l>ar qtte lu n,-tt
rrfisir>krg;r r(cienlc
()t()rfllr
si base ticntfi.rt lr unr intLrici(in lreuclitn: rllra
nr<:<taliclecl <le tirncionun'lit'r'rto, el
Jrr-occso
plitrri(), cn <1ue l<:s restos <lc t'x
pericnci:rs, f)agruentos signill( xntes. son los lue pr()\1).1rn esla(l()s :rtccti\'()s.
\ertltlelos c()tt()(ir(ti()s cn <trc l!rste rrtt'clos cxtr'r'icncilts. clos olrjclos.
trr'lglln Ltlt clerllcnr cn c()rtt(rn par:t <ttc le r(al((i(ir1
('rtl(x'i()nltl
que pt',,r,,.,'
Ln() sea
(lcspertl(kr
llor
cl otro
-rec<tlcrros
cl efi'clo plra l)cra clel httrrrr
<lel cigarrillo. prescnte en l'rerrcl
l,crrrclntlo
lo,:lo cl rr rplejo :tfectivo cle lrt
rc-l:rrir-rn eot
()tK)s
tiuu(l()rcs- el patlc y cl scrl()r K. I'()l-(,tra
l)lrne,
lo int<r(r.r
te cs
(lLre
el firgDrento siniticrnte <r.rc pueclc clcspertlr un es(rckr enl(,(i()n:rl
pLrcrle ser rrn significunte corralr ll pcrcep( i(-)n cle pltlpitaciones. un
(sti(l( )
clc ltctivtci<n neL r( )\'rgetrrti\'al, Llit liger() scrltitllienr cl< ntteo < cle <lt's<rxrI
lJ8
AVAN( LS I,N PSICo'I IJRAPA PSI( OANAI,iI
IC
t_^ A(!Rlit\ t)Al) I i')
dinaci)n nlental, ante los (.r:les
el sLljeto. sintinclose
eD peligr(),
reacclonarii
con Ltna repuesta agtesiva no Dl<clulacl.-*
Ctrto
tsr TNSCRITA LA tNTtiNCtoNAl_lD^D
A(jRFstvA
}:N EI, IN(,ONS(-IN rI]i)
La intencionalidl(l
lt<stil tiene sr existencia en el psi(luisnt()
en truin()s
cle rcpr csentucioncs
cleflniclas, y si el ttrtrino intcncionuliirrcl
alrrcle, a <rrc se
tr at de Lln nt()\.ilnient.) qLte ticn(le ltt( il alg(). nl()viIien()
cstxl)le (lurnrc
Un
(rrrl(,
I)(1rrxl(,.
p(,r t.t\ rrrrt,, qrrr.slr sr,.r. prt.(n(
lt. r[. l.rs \,llfi.rnter riUc
vlrya astlnienclo,
ell() n()s p()ne en el cxntinr) de interrlgrn()s
acerca (lc
cl.i_
lc. w,n
lur rcnrc\(nt.ri()ne\ (ltre
s()sticnen
en el inc()nscirnte
esc deseo cle
n.(er nul.
s(
tr-lt.lriit r(lls.r Ll( Lnt lr<ra Iuoclienclo.
ciesg:tn.enclo,
cle un itn()
con heces <ue alxrgan, de Lrn pene
cLrc g<llpc:r y pe*i,,ti.
clt un peclr<r cluc
vlt:t. c<ruro lo supuso
M. Kleint
.\(,s
(D(rrrr.rrir;t()s
.rjlc Ll
D()dcr
(lc
rnl
ptrlsitin p:rrcirrl r>rai, anal. genitrrl,,lrrc
r-lesrlc cl in,.irnsrcntc
'js p,..)laoLl()
sostencla
tirkr el t'cliflci<)
rlc l intcncirnl
liclaci agresivl?
_
Erlpecemos por lo cue n()s cnse la clni<.a, qLrc nrn(lLre n() tenga el cx
rircter cle ver<lecl xuk)cvi(lenle
no rlejl cle pt.,rr..,.rn,r"
clc unu r.ientaci<ln solre
lu clire<ci<-rn
cn qLlr !.an les <rsus. En cl
rsi<ritico
1.en Ia tirria t.riliftr.rr.
en <lLrc
cl
rasajc
a) l(t()
(ic
Ia fr nt.sltri tir e lrgrtsiri clt,j;r lr st nt:is:rl clescLl)icrl().
Lrs
r)Iv()res nttestrs (le
ensxit))ient()
cot.t el olrjeto n() rcvisfcn la ftrn_n cle r-
clerlr r cle ahogarlo con n)rteli.r te(.ai r cle orinark.
Situlcirn n<xablc para
cue.sti()nar
la
(nnniprescnci
(le
cicl.k)s tip(,s cle f:lntasits
incrtscicntcs
u krs
(\raies
se les.rtribLrye
el srl\rrc.ct.u
t()(lx ill.{rcsi(in. stltre xlo si sc tlenr,rn
(Lterttr
que lil r-lptLtr
<rn llr lcljrlrrtl rn lrtls c( )nd i(.i( )l.t(,s
1,con
la Lg.rnrz:r-
cirin clel prr>ceso secLndl()
t()s tendl.itn
rUe clar un rr,,y,r.raa".,,
a acllrll:rs
En el casr clel s:'tdict. \,(,r))()s qLte lcrrrxl
_sol>re
estt, clescns nttcs.lr
llrglrolentitci(in-
srr fint
clr egresirn
a acrrella <ue sea lu nris ickinea
.lare
rlc'struir lo que tesult:r vlrlioso p:ra
el rxr<,, srr lrcllc,za,
sr. auaap,r, au ,,,urr,l-
rru. str inteligcnci:r. o unlr plr uccir'tn tsti(.1 crre clesltacc lrnt,rrenf<
trnt. llr
rrlir;cl.l
descspcr';(la cle sl t..c,1ck. []l g()(.c n() r-lcrcnrlc
e:-t cslc cs() (ic
Lnl
z()nu (lei
cLlcllx) clel siicli<rr Di
(le ()tra
espcL.fir.lr cn le t,c.rira. sino dc Ia illr
r)r(i(-)n (lcl.lr(isistr,
cle sLr p<xier
<lc lracer rrlrl. clc su inrpLrniciacl,
clcl clesc<:
;l
c hrrr' sLrfi.ir lxrn.(es. . . N() p(xhs llguitntllI ni inrperli.nrclo,.
Jircl<> kr c ual va
rll()sttiln(k)
<r.r<'el cleseo cle h:ccr.n.l {St,,ll(.r,
1()J+) (letcl,ll]0.r
quc
el rll((lio
(rlrl)l(11(k)
in(resc olen()s rrre cl lrn
rtr.t.[rrtl'r
rlLi(
\rc c\.1 ,
't,e
rrLii..i,,-
-s. ()1,(1rx)5
(tr)e
cn estc nr(rn(nl{) cs p()sihl(,xpr((ri,
.()n nLrcv()s iirnr[or(]nl(]s l1L irp(1irn-
r'i:r ck L,r sLrie r['p11))*rsrrs i]c.Lti-nrrs, h dirrcrrri, .,rrc xfi.(r,, c r.te,,
"1,rri.,.,,
t,.,,rr,,,1,.
\r:rti(rrlikxnr.
\.
(\t)(\.i]lrrcnc.
el
(()(i,pt() (l(,pt|lsllnr
qu(';*.u"
",",p.
.,,,r-f"."pr,,,.r)n
c[ l:r.rrsicrIr<l
r (l(
\r rcl:(](-)n,,rr
t() cstn.r.rorcnr! p:r(tur(o. virse ((x,s(.\ a,lick 1l( )il
rr,r l.r lrirsquecia clel objer con el quc se ejecuta. La fantasltLiticu es tlt,l lir r
"srr
lririls prlx pr(r).u s trli prxler,. sienclo el
.strfrinls,
rrna./iil'irittlt ubut.t. ult
(h
\t\ llue se expuudc l:tcict lts iititas uu".tcioles dL'stt 'ctlizttt uill. lll c[.srr
, k lttccr mal, cr.ralqt-tiera qLrc se sLr citlrsa v sll
(lesenar(lentntc.
se lrlttl rr.i ,..n
urr rclen cle ntcrjorida(l c()n res>ecto a los lterlios erupleacl<>s. Si hrry unrr l.rsc
r lc :tgresividacl
()ru),
anal, genihl n() es p(n un cualiclacl intrinsec:r tlc Lts ntis
,ll:rs. sin() p()lllre crenclo el nio clesex llaccr mal fntasea p()cler reliz:rrl() <'rlr
rrrrrello crre est a su clisposicirin culto eleDtcnb t1lpl?settcioll , v p(n(lL(' (,1
\utfinriento clel <rre riene l prin(ipi() (ficiu es cl de la Dlateritli(l.rcl <lcl rur.r-
rr.,.
I)clo rtpirlunrentc cl niixr peqrrco clesr'trl>rc rrre luy rfras fitas tk,sL-
lrio)icnt() tenil)lc: cl cle la l-rlt clc untor cuanck> ste sc anhel. tl cle la ItLi
lllrci-n. I)or eso cu;rn(k) \'riclve h rrraclrc clespus tle una separlcit-rn, unlr forrlr
liecrrente de gresi(in cs v(rvcr le clhczn, segLrir
juglrnckr
coluo si el
(fr()
n( )
c\istiera. Es lo <r,re
rrtclc
vcl en Lrn p-lcient< L.lr.rt,
rni(,
',
tU)1, ntLrti\rx) al)s()lu
l() \
(lcs( (
)n( )ciuien ) (lcl (Xr()
ct:L Lln:r l-esi)\rcsl 1(r soio clcfensirt
f)iuit
trllllll
(l(,
(lcsa(tcctnr
sLr l)(rDlr clel clolor. sin(), y espe( iil lr))enle, Ln \'cngnza pt)[ lr)
rtlntl<ros del
()l)jel() (le
m()r, sL csp()s.r.
.Slrfre I()
(lue
yo sufi, u <rjo p, rr , y
'
v diente por ciicn{e,. lr'ntlls cue olleccn la l'cr-ttaja
(le (lejar
en clalo cuc r.l
prt)l)lct)) n() se rc(lLcc sel cuesti(in cle la z()nil trrn ctte cl 1rlresor pr()clu((,
lir aglesi<-rn ni tunlp().()
(le
il(uclh solrre llr <r.re rcr':ret'r cl clu<r. "Sufre l <lr.rr,
ro srrfi", y uriis cspeci:rlnlctt(,,srfre cn k, clle nlis te rluel.,. lirnluls rlrs
tIlctlts clc lu intcncionaliclacl I](rstil lrtictrlalrles e) cl inc()nscientc cue. al cltlru
l)ic u lil expresi(in final rlLrc r(l()ptar.iD.
(r)l()clln
l)ilj{) su
(l(ntrini()
tilnto cl ins
trLrlrento agres()r
-zonlt
corp<.lrrl
()
n()- c()t))() e arrrcll<; qlte cn el
(fr()
s(.rir
el
(entro (lel
utaqrc. I1)l kr crre Lr intencion h<stil clebc de estur inscrita clr r,l
inconsciente lrajo lirrnr:L ck: trn <lesco geni'ri<rr <tte lrrrscer-r, n() inlll()r <n
(l((.
c()n(lici()nes. plrir rcilizarse. l- r'r rnsccrcncirr. lr Ls Ilnes r.lel trrl'lajo con lrr
agrcsiviclacl inc(nrsciente dulente cl l-tamiento. es clue Ll llrntasiu bajo llt ctrc
cstti inscrit n() puc(lc sel
.r!,velll(l:r"
l p?cicntc en t,ntrin()s cle lrna titmta rcs
tlingi(h
(le
agresi(itr. creynclosc <ue p()r trltrse
(le
lrlo profirntlo tenclra cuc
fcvestir l rnrxllicl:trl lrajo la cLr.rl el lactnte ltlrlilr funtscrtlo ll .rgrrri,,rr
lor(ler, csrtrpir-..rflitr, el(.-. Irr cl crrtlllttirr. Ir nrts
>:ofirnclo
es un cl!,-
sc<> tue, <lel>ickr l
(lue
cstan)()s rrlrliglrckrs l c())rnicitrl() :l piciente en t,r-
rnintrs tlcl lengtrljt convcn< ioni. strnrillt. llun(lue s(ii() sea lrn:r rrlr{,xint.-
ci(-)rr l() origin:rl clel inc()nscienle, Ias lirs <ler
.st-il.lis,.
"t(
rckrL-efils
(l('
(k)l()l''. (e
har- ll()l,lr,,.vera'tl
(l()l()t
cn tu caril". ctc.
ltpl t, c, r,rl,s
pAri
r4 r'r.RAptA r)r' r \ t).\( rrr'rttr tril
I)li l-A A(;RllSvrl)AD llN* lV()DAI-lDADlS Y
(:ONDI(ll()NF-5
QUH
l- A(lTlVAN
I
(listinci(in
enlrl. Lnll agresi\ i(lllcl bsiclrrtr(:nlc cleltnsive \'
l.ln:t rgr(,'i\ I
dtl sritlic cn l)us(il
(lc
ph(er n()s pennitc lcluntrrrrnos en lls ilrplicactrrls
J l0 AVAN(]IiS IJN PSI(-OTIiRAPIA PSICOANALI'I'I(]A
(lr(
ticne pxra el tratrrliento unr desconstruc( i(in de lx categofi.r cle la agre-
siviclecl. esJ)ecificanclo sulrtipos
y
ntotivaciones
(lre
la activan. l\,lientras en la
rrgrcsiviclacl tlefnsiva Ia tel?pia tench con'to objetivo flnclantental el trl)a
jlrl
solrre las angustias que la pronrueven
-sentintient(rs
cle alrcnza .l Ia L-
l( )c( )nsen acia)n y a la integri(lad dcl .sz#. sentiitrientos cle culprbiliclacl, cle su-
Irinricnto nxrcisistlr, de ahogo ps<uico-. en el c.ls() dc la agresiviclacl srclica,
cn camlk>. el ol)stcLl() a la mocliflcaciitn es cl goce rlue la sostiene. Pr>r ello,
ll
l):rcientc
le resulta n:rs
(lifcil
rentnciar a esa nr<xlaliclacl tle lrgrcsiviclecl.
illirntl.:ls n() Ir.lyu
()tra
fonla <le placer <r-re puecla corlpetil crn el cleivaclt
tlel slclisllro, o hasu qrrc cse placer nr se transfirne en
(lisplccr
plrrr
(fr:r
rerte
ciel sujer --<lisplacer que pr()!iene clel superyir. r cle la iclentiflcaci<in
(()n
el suliilrient() clel
()tr(),
o cle lr ltilcllt cle un objeto cle altor qtrc lo re-
prrrelu, nrirada c()n la qre el sujeto te nina iclentificirnckrse- n() se l)n
tlnari. Si la interpretaci<in clel stclisnto prrecle rnoclificar il stc n() es p( lx
vcrclacl rtre encerria
jams
la verclacl puecle c()rnpetir p()l-s sola crntra
cl placer- sino porque en el vnculc r:le la tnrnsferenciir
-;clesgraci:rs
1'
lr
ncflcios clel ptxler sugestivo cle la tnsferen< ial- se cl<ta al saclisrrxr cle rfras
sigr-tilicaciones qr.le
.xrrLtinan,
el pllcer que lo sostena. v polcue se incli-
crrrr para el sujeto otras \'1rs para el placer en las clre se logra encarriiar la
lrtis<ttecl:r cle ste. Per) que el sujeto lrblrnclone el goce siiclirrr pr-ptesirin clel
strrtry<-r o por una cle las f<trlus
(lel
xtrx)r clc tansfrencia
-c()rlvcrtirse
cn
"lrrtenr
pa ser a(ept!lcl()- es
(le
illcxnce intit(l() y n()s c()l()ca slcnlnrc tln
cl canrino n() exent()
(le
riesg()s cle Ie aclaptlcir-rn al
()l)ict()
cxtcm(). En cillr-
lrio es cle alcance rry()l cl tralrajar en p()s
(le
l elllorecirin clel nlrcisisnxr
cn sr clrllcter clc estackr cle clesligarniento rle le ir-lentitlcucitin c<n el sufli
llicntt clcl <rtr<r, cle mptrrra <'li\ itttust!bj?lt'i.1l anlociouul que ha qr-rr-cla-
tkr trnvcrticla exclusivalnentc en un c()n()( intient()
.s(r)re,
lll intersul)jetivi-
tlrrcl. Al respecto, Saclc cr un expeft() cn el cutocitltiento s<lre los estacks
t rtto<ionales clel <trr. al igual crre sLtccdr c()n ciertas pers()nalidrrles que sc
tlt DODinan psicoprticas. pero sin qre es()s cstacl()s sean senti(l()s c(nu() pt()-
rios.
5r-rlo la iclentificacia)n entocional
-senfir
c(nl() pr<tpio kr quc cl
()tr()
sit ntc-
xrsibilitar,r
qlle cl goce sclico encuentre un
(lique.
I)ara ell() sc re-
(li('rc (lue
el paciente cnclrentre a un terllpeLta cue, sin < ulpaltilizarle, ptres
r'so t's lo clttc no suele soponltr, lc
rcrrttite
.tcercalse al estackt etn<ri<tal clc!
rtr() suliicnte, a sentirl() c(nt)() pr()pi().
(i-)ln()
sc'l()gru esk) no se puerle firr-
rrrrrllrr rrro Lrna receta. cleckr clrre clelxr:i ser encontracla en cltch cas(). per()
lo rrrc si lr.,strlt:r inclispenseltle es que cl tcrlpcrtl sci).r qle el catinr <lc'la
irI rlilir rcion cm()ci()nal es cl
(lecisi\-() y
n() la cles( ripcia)n de las lazones por
l,rs rrrt r'l sui({() xgrede. pucs xnte stxs el g()ce s(lico ltxcc clue el paciente
rcslxrrrl:r '5i.
(,s (ictt().
per() ltr nre car.rsa
rlacer".
t.)rrisicr.r t.lL.ltrlilicr la illp()rtanci.L
(le
la i(lcntificaci(in con el srfrin)ien
t(, rlt l <:thr rrrrr() r'lcrnentr central en cl tlranclrno clel goce s<lic<> con el
.rrsr r rlt tl]
l):l(
i(,nlc
(.n (
Lly() tftlt.ltnienk) lx interpretacin cle las motivacirnes
LA A(;RI]SIVIDAt)
rle su ccnclLrcta n() pennitln ningn progreso. El paciente rlbia intcle(.lul-
lncnte
(lue-
hacia sufiir, que es()
(-stal)a
nul descle la pe$pectiva cle las crr,en
ciones s<>cialesl llegti tanrltin a sal)er que sa era su fbnla cle sentirse sul.rc
rior. <ue agretla cacla vez que estaba frtrstlcl< narcissticlntente, cue kuaba
.rl
()tl'o
conro instRllrenk) paftl asentar su superioricl:r<I. Su inteligencia le
l)er-
rlritx captlr r.ipi(lxluente las interprettci()nes qrre iitan
lxrnienclo
al clesclr
licrto hs rrolivxci()nes de sU crnducta. !l tal pLnt() que Ltna vez conccicl< el
c<icligo cle st analista tenia placer en aclelanturse clicienclt:
"S,
ya se qr-re es
p()r tal c()s". Lll tratallient() trlnscrffia sin cuc el goce sr'rclico fuera m<>clifica-
ckr
y
si continuaba crncurrienckt cr p()r uns lx)lesfias cle c rs;r psicosotD:i-
ticlL
(lue
sLl nrclicr. al cue respetaba. lc hxl)i:i insistick) qrLe sriJo la psicote-
rapix po(tria stlucionaL.'li)(lo trxnscrlrre xs llxstll qLe un
(le
tiene Lln suc()
en cue hay rrn nir l ctrc enciemn en una irabitacirin l pesar cle que ll<tra
clesc<nsclaclaltente. tsllo le hace recrclar algo <ltrr- no haba mcnci<nack
nLtr-lc: c<-ll<. el plclre tena plxcer en hultillarlc clelante <le sus antigos
-krs
clel paclre-. lurlinclrse cle l para ,l()strar sL ingenio. Yo trltt de que n()
rl)anclonase esa vivencia, que la tecLease ccn rck el sentimient() qtre la im-
prcgnalra, y enk)nces si
rucio
ltaccr Lne iclentificaci<in cnt()cional con los per
sonajes lctualcs a los rlue s()ntett a su sa<lisuxr. srrlrerponienclo su ser sL-
tr-iente c<n l()s sentirtrienk)s cle krs clerns. Bl lrta)ient() r'ino a institui en l
algo qrLe llrl)a taltlckr cn su vi(la: un nracle o Ln
>ache
cue sientcn que el
()tr()
siente y sc ideltt/ic.Ut cut as? salti tetrto. kr quc posil>ilitlr qtre el suie-
t() sc identifiqre con estl firrtra rle l.ivir la intcr.sultjetir,.irlacl. Sin esta organi
zaci<-rn intl;rpscluica cle l:r intcrsrrltjetivi(la(l t()(lx interpletaci(in analtica cs
mer-a clescripci<-rn intelectul clue no moviliza nacla en cl paciente. Lo tue el
Paciente
l(rgr(i en cl tratirntienk) n() eftl, en senti(k) estrict(), iclentifiLJrsc c()n
el otr() sin() iclentiflca al
()tro
c()r-tsi!.l() nrisllt(). c()n el ser srrfiicnte infantil has
ta cse r))ontenk) reprimiclo.
Pero la lrr'csiviclacl clel grrce sirclico no clelr hacern<s percler cle vista que.
en cLrank) e frecuencia. es cle rnayor intp()nncia l:l gresivi(a(l crmo clefensa
ante situaciones clel prcsente dominarls por las angustias pc$ccut()rias o de
il Lto(
(
)nsen.lcia)n. l\'l()tivaciones mltiples
(le
le eresivirlecl qre cuestionan el
crcer rrcnocr-tlercnte
(lue
sicrnpre pol delnis cle stl se encuentran la rivali-
clacl, la enviclie o los cel<s. Estx c()nccpci(in c()nclLlce n() s(i().1 clejar.de laclo la
ealx)rci(-)n psrluicr cle las angustias tue itnprrlsan le agresivir:lacl, sin(] que ln
tcnsifica esLs an{rstilts pLtes el terpelta se c()n\.ierte en un nLtev() acusa(k)r-
pelsegrri<k>1, rl'rs alli cle sr luena actitu(I. t()n() cle \.()z y cLidaclo. Al sujeto, en-
fientack> un analista
(lrnisciente
que le clenuncilr c(n11() aresiv(), le queclan
p()cas
()pci()nes: ()
se s(nlete lnxs()(iListicantentc o, parl tlefnr-lerse clel ahog<r
psquico, l uelve ln()\,ilizil[ lglcsi\ idlci. con k crel se entra en un crculo en
cue anrlxrs lnieml)los rle la pareja teraputicu retiletzxn sus concepei<rnes y
c()n([rct.ls. l)e igrral t'nanera. entcn(lcr nt()n()co(len]ente li agrcsividacl c(nn()
rcspuesta del sujek) a las fllas clel otrjeto clel .scf hcc correr e] riesgo cle clc-
2rl
)12 AvAN(,liS llN PS(:OTLRAPIA PSI(iOANAl,'l lCA
sxlen(ler el
!{()cc
s1i(lic(). [:r ri"aliclacl nxrcisista y la enviclia
-v,tse,
Prrr
ej<t)l-
pkr. cl ceso clcl sc<-K. en el ca|tr.tl< s()l)re triLstoloos clepreii\'()s.
'l
rabajo sr>l)l.c le agrcsir iclacl qrc
(lel)e
recoD()ccr, p()r tant(), las lrritlrlples
tlcteninacirnes cue la
rrontr.revcn.
y
(lue
lterle
paslr p()r
(listint()s
rt't()-
lcnk)s en su elalxracicin; cntre
(Xl()s
POr:
l. F-l reconocinrier t( )
l)()r I)a
c
(lcl
srrjeto rle is iirnns rlc igresividi(i en-
i rrbiertas que no son accptaclas p()r sll concienci. Aqu es cL>nrlc la interprc-
t:L(ia)n, por ejemrlo, clc l i(lentitl(!l(i(in pr()yecti\':r en que el
(ftr)
pasa a ser
visk) c(mr() irglesiv()
()
la negaci<-rn
(l( qrc lil crnclucta clel sliett) se.r r8r(si\.
cn(uentrun su nrejor urlicltcirin. Scri el nivel cn <ue un anllist.t. <liglttnos cle
()ricntaci(iD
kleinianr. e]( Lrcntra Lrnil prlicticx parr lu cual cstil
l)rcPara(k).
N()
es el clrso clel siiclic() c(xrscientc
-re(
Lrr(lesc el p( iente c()nsignatLr rl.rs .r'It-
lre- <rrc n() sa)l() sl)e cle su agrcsil'iclecl sino qte g()z c()n reprcscnt:rrse
( (I()
Ser ilgfcsi\'().
2. lll rcc( nr( )cimicn(( )
(lc
lxs.()n(liai()ncs
(lLrc
cr\ el suic) lrnlcce(len fic-
(
uenlcrtlenlc it stls f'ltntsilts
1'
contirtctes allresi\s
-nric(k),
()li-n\n
nilr(r\r\1.1,
:.rnlinrienk)s clc culpu. aurenazlts sL espllcio psqttic(), et(.-. L:s el tip() dc in
tervenci()ncs s<lrc la secttcncil
.ngLrslix
en cl
rr,.'sente,/
agresiviclacl defensi-
r:r" tuc' Kohr.rt enf-lrtiz conur eie
(lel
rlll)ili() terl)Lrtico cr.tn<k [:t ugresivi<Lttl
rxrrre cl
linrcr
pir'r(). K()htI insistc
(n
tue el iixo tlc ia intcrrrctltl ron trL, c.
t l :rn:ilisis r.lel signilicatkr clr las ttntasirts in(()ns(i(')lcs hostilcs. siI]o ctte cl
rt
t it'nte
JlLccllr
carptar Lrn! scctrcncia
(ltre
tflLnscLlrc cr-i cl
rresentc:
tr'atlllln
(llle
tllr Ir.rgar a egresiviclacl. M;is c-specficrrrrente. la fnll:r entpr'ttice clcl
()l)jet()
cxt(r'
111 11111
-q-1
cI tliltlu'llirrt), l irrll:r <lcl :rnlistlr-
f)r[:t
(lr
resPtlcstil (lc(\t
cLr u ls 'rt'r. r'sitlecles cr)n)( i()nlcs
(lel
sujcl()
(K(r)r1.
1971, 19i.r ).
l'ero lucer c()nscicntc le egresivi<l:tcl inc(nrs(iente
()
la c()n(li(i(in
(lue
l:l
irltc(e(le
y
l! rlcscncaclenrL, a k) rnlis l1 trte prreclc c<ncltcir es J Ln rllcl(,r rtr.t
(r(i()
l)()r Prl1(]
(lel
suj((() clc lu exte |i< izltci(in
(le
sll'.(gresivid,t.l. lt ttnu c<t-
l('n( i()n
([c
Ilr nrism, a
(]uc
lcc()n()zL': rrte tgrcrlc. \'cr
(lue
esl() ic1l-e1l c()n_
s('(Lrrn(ias negxtivs purr a a'l y t'l oltjcr. N() es tatea nacla clesprecialtlc y
oj:rlli sicrlc lo logrscnros, ylr
(lue
prr:r alguniLs pcls()nali(lacies agrcrir',, ttt
l)(llsi\1ls
(()ns(iltr,ve
Lln
[)r()8r-cs()
irrll)()rt:lnte. C()n t()cl() hav tlllll lilllilllci(in lt
(\1.
irl)r{)\irnl(i()n al plolrlera: si lu ltgrt sividrttl
(s
ctivadl
rrtrte
el srtjctrr
\r' si(,rl('D)cnzaclt clc tna Ll
()t(t
rtlllncrll, stilo cn l rncciicla cn
(lle
se
(n
r'.rlt cstrr corclicit-n cle tirntkr sc harir clesapltcccr l c(nrpulsivi(llt(l !l la llgre
sirirLrtl. I\r'tllo cl vcrrlllrle< trxl)lri():rnxltic()
(\)nsiste
en Lrnil nI( )(lifi( aci(')n
,lt'l irrr,()l]sr i(nl(
(lel
sllje). mtriificrttrn trte atecrc x la rePresen(llci(in
(lc
si
rrrirrrro r'r rro llr rlc lrlgrrien crt pcllgr(), si c(l()
(rn
c.ll))lx)
(le
ir [epres(Dli
(
ron
(l(
l
(tr(,
r'rrrro
rotlcroso
y
nrcnatzrLntc. rtx>cliflcaci(ln
(ltl
inL()nsLilrte
(lu(
l(:ll)lrl()s r.lt :rl-cl cn el crptLl() nteri()r.
CAPTULO I'I
PSICOTERAPIA DE LOS TBASTORNOS NARCISISTAS
S!B'npos DE
'-RsTotN()s
N^l{(.tsrsi As
Arlicanclo at l()s tr-:lstr)rn()s nLrcisistxs cl nr(xlrl() tlc e|ti< rLrci<in tlc rrrt
P()ncnles
quc llcltx)s t<tt:t(l() c()lll()
IrLlnt()
(l('
l)llrti(l.l Prlrx
el cleslnrlk; rl,.
rlIIr
rsi,.rIrIrrIrgiu
nrrxltll l,nsf()rnrJcl], n()s lcn(irctttr)s qte interr,
'rl,r
t erca rlc crlil es e] clell)n) clislintirrr
(ltc
llemtit('
c()nstnrirl()s c()llt()
(irt('
goria
rsicr
lpa rl<igit e r cules s(xr Is c()nfigLrrlL( iorcs
(llre
resultan cle lu rrr
tiaul.r( i(in
(lc
csc nLi(lc() l:-rsitr crn
()as (lincnsi()nes,
rr>r
cjentplo con lrt
llglcsivi(lll(i
()
crrn llr firnlLr
(()n (lLc
s( utili/ll lll
()l)jc)
ta11r
rOntper-tslLr cl srr-
llinticntr r:rrr'isistlr
() ('(l
l()s tiiti'rentcs r)le('.Lnisnr()s cle rleli'ns I-o csptriti-
rrr clcl n:rcisisnr<r. en l
(lni(.r,-"
cs cl Jl.s/r,// .l( \.,1ttifc cioltcs o persl)(1'
tires clescle las culrles st
(ngllniz:r
lx
(.rl)tirci(-)n
tlc crnkrricr activirLrrl,
pcnsanien)- scntirnien).
()
tip()
(lc
\ilr(Lll(): t()(l() r's viviclt cn trmin()s
(l('
r'lrlorecir't
(lcl
suict(r. <lc str rrlriclL<i<'rn tlcntr-< c['tri]ir
(\c'.rl-.r (r)r\]p'JrJtiv (k'
\'irtuclcs o rlelcr'tos, r-lc sttrc-r'i()riclarl inlri<itllttl Lr)rt rcspr'clr) ill()cl(l()r
irieles r a pcrs(riljcs
(l(l
enk)-n()
(lLl(
l()s en(ltnllrr'lLn. l)ltr iltrsttal l< n
teri()r, si Ilr pcrs()nil se
(nll'nlr.
l cliti'r'entirr tle lo rluc scria la captaci<-;n
<lcstlc un rr<liq() tiil)ic() en
(luc
sc tcnrc lx nrLert('- lr rlcsrlc Lrn cocligo pur':r-
noiclc crr rtrt, sc
l)icnslr
r.ttc:rlgr.ticr-r
l)rr)\'(x()
lir t'nfrrnrcclltcl. LrIrn(l() pre(l()
l)inlr el c(-)(lig() nlllcisisllr Io rtrc sc si(nte cs inleri()ai(la(l
Ix)r
lencr un cr(r
p()
(lue
cs c()nsi(lrril(l() trrro clbil
()
enlrn1ir(). l)c llhi l velgiicnzil
,v
sl
()(tlltllltticDl()
rrtc ltlgrrnes pers()r-[r li<lrt rles nllr(isistlls I]iL<en <lc sLs atec(i()
n!s. pues llrs riren <rrnro si lcs col<ltsc ltnte lr)s
()i()s
clr los cLertt:is ,. , r ttr,
LI( fi'(1Lr()sis.
l)tscle lrr
retspecti,,lr
rlcl sistcrn clc signili<;rrirrcs nxrcisist.ls. hastx ls
scnsltci()ncs o titnr'iiles c()rl)(lcs s()n t()tr]l(llls t inrlicltcl<res cie la v:t
li:r r infriolitl:rrl c['l sLrjttrr: si sicn(e ll()
rrrccle
ur,t'tronzersc pLres
()tr
gen-
Ir pose<'r'rr. sLr pLre\tl nr( ntc, r'\rl ielDl)!'r.11Lrr;.1 corlr<,r'lrl rut
(iLc(iir ('.ltrgr,n.r
rlrr vktlttir:tcntt'(\rtt() sl)('r'i()r. l)r_ ts< sr strc]c rlctil c()n
()rgLll().y()
n()
sicr-lt() fr-io,.
1
cl no elrligarsc
l):lsil:i
scr cxltilrick. l)t: lnclu sinrilar. si el r'<r
-r
). 1)e.i|ll(,:
( i n:rf( i5isrn,,
(rr
Ir
(lirn

t)LL(\
r)(
'.rlxrdrlcr, ^
l.r nr(1irt)\j(
(
)lorr:r (lcl rir(
jsi'I
,
frr AVAN(,IJS I]N PSI(]O'I'IJRAPIA PSICONAI-I'I'ICA
(lig()
nlrtisisl.l cloltinlr, cuanclo se pesta t,vu(h a alfaLlien el centro
(le
la vi-
r,c'lr-iu nr se ltlla en qu le pasa al otro sino en lo neit()rio <le ser el que
t slri uvuclanclo. lnctus<>, cuanclo el srrjeto se c()nD)rcve por el srfi.iIiento
(lcl
(fr'(),
se autoc()ntentpla c()nnt()vin(l()se, c()nstituycnd() esto pira l rrn incli
cuck rle vela p()r tener tal tip() de eot()ciones.sl
Es aut<ev:rlu:rci<-rn, quc eclipsa cu?lqUier
()tra
pcrspectiva <iescle le cual
cl sujeto se lellrcion c()nsig() llisltx) y con el mrrnclo. srikr es el ncleo cr-
ttrn tle l<])s trest()rnos nxrcisistats mientrls
(lte
l:rs vaiantes
-que
la Ltk)es-
li u est umentada
()
disruinui(l.l y. esl)ecialDente. el intcrjLrego con
()tras
<lirrcnsiones
-pol
ejerrrpkr, la lgresiviciacl ser lo que cletenlinc la firnlr
<uc asurrrillt el cuaclr<t
lsicopatolrigico.
As. unx pct.s()na c()n rt trast()rno
n.lr( isista cn la r,'rilnte l)xja autocstit'l'I.r. si siDttrltnealltentr cs xgrcsi\..r. pJr.l
sulir clel sLtrilliento narcisistx p()(lr,r tac1r a lcs cleulis y clefenclerse ltc
rliuntc l clescaliflcacit-rn cle stos; < si la tenclencia tirea l cle <lirigir la agre-
siviclacl solrre s misrna
-cualquiel.a
que scu la carrsa <rre origin(i esl.l ten
clencia-. la insetisfuccirin nar(.isista prrlr clar lugar a vcrclarlclas orgias ric
seclisIrro clel supery, ceblincl<>se cn l:rs presllnts insrrficicncias cle la qr-re
rtrkriccera la persona. []ai:t aLlt()cstinta
,v
altt()()di() que se reulirlentar.in re(.-
l)r()c.rmente.
Perc si el
(lesccns()
cle la Ltk)estillla. en vez
(le
tfiiculrse con
l:r agrc'si'iclacl, firrrtrasc parte cle rrnt personaliclcl c<n firertcs c(nnp()nentcs
lilrirlinales, c(r pre(lontini() clel lrnxr's<lre cl rrli<. porlr:'i rlesear tirsi<narsc
t on alguien a qlrien icleelizlf y,
lx)r
pxrticip.lcin cle la valoracir-n que hce
tlcl otro. reeqtrilil>rar su nlrcisisll<. O
Jtoclr,
eluplean(l() lus ltil limras cle
scclucci(n. intcntaI recil)iI del
()tr()
un l)l() cle allrr cuyo signiticaclo serr
.yo
ctento par l/ella: pot ttnto, s()y !li()s(),,.
Si el rast<rno nalcisista c()existiera con tn ncleo fiiltico. gcneraclo por
intrns()s nljeclos inf:rntiles antc flgurls ate.()rizantes, el srrjet()
lxrclrr
lrej,,r.rl
rlcfcnsivarlente la autoestinra fisioninclose con rrna figura aut<rritaril a le crre
se s(xreter e iclealizxr. y cle la clLre esrera valorizacitn a la vez cue
1tr<r
l('(ci(-)n a tlavs dc
(f()rg!rr.
x carulti<>, pleitcsia;
(),
sintindosc inferir.rr y.rrc-
n()riz(lo, lenunciar.i a tock tlcseo o tlerecho. s(rletinal()se rnascxrrstica-
rrrntc a figuras expkltacloras; o. si la lxrja aut()estima se c(ll)inllse c()n Lln
trrrligo paranoicle, pr< ucto <le padres ctre hicielon sentir al ent()rn() c()nt()
iul(nilzrrnte y lll.lli,volo. antc el sr-frirniento nacisista, el suieto tencle:l atri
lrLi st intllicirlcl a los at:rqucs clc l<s <lem:is, quienes sLlpLestalllente n() lc
srr l:l
l)ii(t
isnn)lirnfii)nxl)al()(l(l(nnini()(lesis!:s(lrsi!nifl(..r(i.rlcs()cdit()s(tuc()r(
ll.I
\(rri(1,) ir l()
(lLre prr)ce. (ri(lig()s (tle
sc pUcdcn fii(\rlitr cnrre s enrir(l() cn co,Dl)inx.(!
rr,\,[,IslIrt(,lrlx) l]l (rl(ligr) pxrlrn()idc hl((.que r()d r(m([r(tx (lcl{trosel
\'ist c(nn() r)tu]in,
r,rr'rril.r.,rrlt.Ix)sl.
I)cligr()sx
represenrrirr&)5t ul suie) r()nx) rshnd() cn pelign). t_()(enrill
,.' l.r .rrrl , r,,r) rrrr sr )ruct s(rr.t el
()
rlc suputsros
(tus(!)s
h()sriles. El ((ligo
fl)ico c(nll-
tirr(
(,)n(lt':r.rx,(l(.(.1
hc(h(, d(]
(lLE
el sui(j() sc sicntx en pelisrc pero no,1r(csrl.Un(nrr
((rx) (,trrsr!
Lr(.tr i,r
(l(
UD xtxqlrt exrrri()-. pucs plc(lc renrersc ni t)11.r en el .Lrtrp()
()
uni cn
l( Irl( (l;r(l ( (nrx,
1 l
(.rrr( (!. sin (tu!
hir\,:r rr ibu( ln d(j inren(i()nllli(lxd.
PSICOIIlRAPIA DIr l,OS l-RASlORN()S NARCISIS'l'AS f 15
lrrinclaran acuello que necesitara para sentirse hien; o, crlbiniLcla la lrri:r
ituk)estila con firertes tenclencias pulsionales sexuales, ei sentiulienk) r'r( )nl
co cle insatisf)cci(n
(lel
sujeto consig() mismo ser:i capaz de
(letcnnin.rr
r.ur.l
bsquecla c()mpulsiva
(le
aventuras sexLrales pra a(lqLirir Ln scntilnicnt()
(l('
placer qLrc saqrc
(lel
malestar necisiste.
P()r tank), resulta inclispensuble cuanclo se ulica a una persona c()l)()
afectacla por un trast()rn() n.rrcisistx especiflcar. adcms. si la varinte es l:r
cle baja autoestirna <> la clc meg;tl, ,ruJ n r.l, .l\r
(,or1rr,
!,)n clrr r'tror
crcligos o
pcrspcctiv.ls tlcscle llts qLc se cpt ll rnun(i() se rtic!la
-crcligos
frbicos.
paranoitles. ctlpa l)ilizx ntes. etc.-. C(iclig()s q!e (()nstitLyen
el nivel imagi-
nario, las fntasas
(lue ()rgxniz:rn
la represetacirn
(lel
suiet() y del mund(),
pcr() que s<ilo sr>n una p:le
(le
lx personaliclacl y qLrc est,ln articLla(los c()n
crncliciones estrtrctrrrales
(lLre
vxn ms all
(lel
c()nteni(lo telrtico dc a(luc-
llo rtte proceslt el psituisrtto. C()n(licioncs estnctrrllles tlles como la mayor
o llcnol ten(lencie a le clisgregaci<in. a la regresirn. a la irrupciitn clel pr<r
ccs() primari() en la
(()n(iencia.
al trso cle cierk)s nlecnist)tos cle clefenst,:l
conrpletarniento tle Ia estrtrctrrra psquica mercc(l a ls finciones q!e c!nr-
ple el
(r)jck).
ctc. En este senti(k). Ln persone poclrh tener Lln trastorn() nr-
cisistl nivel clel cr-rcligo. cle la problerntic'u cle la qr.re se
()cupa
su nlente-
l
fr,rncioner
(litrentes
nivcles estncttrrrles
-neulr-tico,
l)()r(lerline, p.ic(i-
tico- Lle a(relcl() a h ten(lencia x la pr(li(l o nt rlc Ia scperlcin entlq
pr()ces() primari() y secr.rnclai<>. a l pr(li(llr rlel scntickr cle relidacl, a ks
lnecanisnl()s cle
(lis()(ici(in,
al recmpLrz() clel pensamic-nlo por fbrnlr.i
Irli-
rnitivxs
(le
replescntlci(in c(nl() lu llucint( i(-n, a ll confirsirin entre sujct() y
objet<ll. a fonnas ml'is prinlitivxs
()
lr,ls e\'()luci()nu(las cle organizacin rle los
fect()s, etc.
En la liter.rtrrra srlrre cl ten[r sc c()nsi(lerlln trst()n-l()s narcisistas tan-
t() l()s cas()s cn cr.rc llt uk)cstilnx estal lrnlentada
-sentinrient()s
de gfan-
cliosiclacl, cle ser elguic'n excrpci()nrl mcrtce(l()r
(lc
un trato especial p(n'
pette cle los clenrs- cotr- o acuelkrs otr()s en qLle cl sujct() se siente pr()-
funclamente inferior, avcrgonzx(l(), insegLlr() en culrlquief actividacl que
enprendI. Ests cks conclicionqs corresponclcn. pol un luclo, a las cles-
clipci()nes cr-tc clc las personaliciacies narcisist.rs hacen el DSM-IV
(Ameri
can l)syclliatric Ass()ciati()n. 199.i) v Kernberg
(
1975), c()n el nfsis en k)s
scntimient()s cle granclezl
,v
exCepcionlli<l;rcl, <lcsplccio por krs clems. fal-
ta cle erpata y
(le
capt:rcin clc ls ncccsiclacles clel rtrt, rivaliclacl, envi-
(lia,
xgresividx(l
(lcstrLrcti\'
ante la men()r flla cle recrnociutienr, clifictrl-
tacl para clepencler. etc. Y. p()l'el
()tr(),
a las ricscrirciones
(le
K()hut
(1971,
1977.'1979, 19U0. 198.i) \' l psicol()gir del .s, en cuc sc clestacan Ia clifi-
ctltacl o fracasr en el n)lntcninliento <le ll Llt()cstimu, con trn protirnclo
sentirnient() cle inferi<'iclucl. tcnclencia a la clepenclencia cle figuras de las
cLalles recil)ir acL'Diucirn
()
c()n las cules intentar firsi<narsc. y dificult(l
en rrantenel un .sc# c()hesiv()
(Ge(l().
1981. 1993; G<kllelg, 1991;
(llcl.
216 AVANC)iS IiN P\I(,o'I IiRAPIA P5CoANAI,TICA
pst(:()'r
-l{APIA l)li l.()s l RAS IORNOS NAlt(-lSlS I AS lr-
2. Dlictl
[)rn
rio de l': rcsz:dc1t 1k) ct)n1petsulo:
son rt<tt'l'llrrs
r''
ts"
nlls qLre
ya
scil p()r(ltte sLs peclres nrl la t'specr.tleriz:trrn
I)()siti\'lllll(ll1c
( t
fn
)l
,r,. sLts
faclr",
n() Porlr1)n tlne ill)gcll rllloizlcl cle s crn la tlrl t'l lil'r
't
rruliera
itlentiticar'ie, o
P()r(l\re
la rivalicltl ccliPicl clel hiiorr ir)rpi(li(i:r
''sli
rr
ie iclentitlcacir-rn c.n Ia il)]lrgtn l.al,rizutla cle l.s pltthcs.
()
p(nqLlc tl cltl.'r
s<cial ubicr- itl suiek) c()nx) interior. l p<lr r.lnlt con<ticir-rn fisice lr pstttitlt tl< l
srict()
(ue
le hizt scntise interior clescle stl tclr)prunlt iniancilt por cualtttit'
n o l crrrbinrci<-,n cle rclas cstls con(lici()nes el sliet() n() lu ptxliclo <
'
rtts
ttir ltllt itgcn r':tlorizllcl
(lc si Il)isl1l(),
1,
rtcictrlits. ha sicl<l incapltz clt- trll
rcnser
cstc <li'ficit.
J.
Sriet()s aon h P(r) ruc i..i zatL it st'citttlr].it
(()111)?lsatorLl' tltfcnsir';t'
fientc lr triLrlllls Ilrll-aisist:ts irtlrntilcs.
(irrenros
tlrtt cst.ts
(illcg().ls dc hpertktcisizltc itt
pri ntora hilx'rttttr
cisiz.tci11 s(Lttttd(tt'4 a()n4)dlsuk)rit
\
Ll['/i(il
l'|'t
ttult le ttttrcsizt''titt tt"
.1')lt!)!ts(td()
Pernlitcn
('ntcn(l.r el
rrlr<rti'clt'l:t loli'lttica
cntrc Kernl)( rg I'
Ios particlalirrs tlc lrt psirrrltlgie clel -s'l
soll c )e pstiopetologia <ie lts ttrtslot
o()s nrcisistlls. A(I.'nlats
(le
lls clilctcnci:ts solrrc el
tltll<"1
<le le llgresivicllrcl t'
cl urnllicrr enLrtizrr.lrr
>or
h.trlllrerg- r' cl clt'] rlt'ficit la prlsic iot-t tlt'
Kolrut v los
(lue
s('
()licllllll
<lc'ntxr cls ll psit ologlt clcl -st'17:
Pafie
(l('
l1
(li
\cfgetr(i entre csllls tlos ctrtrientcs fcsi(lc, i l-ltcslr()
itlici()
en qt( 5( Ii(l)_
cl,- lt Lrniverslrlizar las conclttsitincs
<lttnitllts
l)
ir
(lc clos p<llll;rcioncs cli-
fr:r'cntes clc
l)ci{jltL-s.
l':l rctrlit() tollttl trtc hetnlrcrg lcI)(lrill cn lllentc
I)llrll
('ltltctctizar,,1 ta".urrt,,, tlarcisistlt sci .'l rlc:tlgttit'n <ltt
lot
tto poclcr lolt
r:rr llr clepen clenr. ilt.
Pot
cnritlill. a(:,nslfllVe clc'itsilltlc:ltt
tn entill)i(lll()
cl,. grancliosichrl
(ltlc
,ll:lntienc nrcrcctl lrl iltll(lrlt
(lc
los olrjers intern()s
y (l('
las ligrrras crlcrn.rs. F.s clecir. l]tptrttrtctsiz.lLitt s:tttklltrtl cotttpct tsLtlt )t itI
p|oclircr tleL cttl-licto tlrtt lrt enviclilt
l)l-()lllLrc|e.
((xl
:tgrcsir,idll(l en c()nll:l
alal ,rlr"t,, Inlcrn() \'errcrnr lln tenrlrio, cl lrast()lt)() nxrcisista rtte K()lrttt
p()sce
(()r() reti'rcrlrc
(s
tl <ttt'cotreslonclc
) tln ''li(il
l-itndrio
'lc
tttt1i-
siztckitt l[) ct)t.4)a15(ltlt). t()n iDl(]t]l(rs. erttlrue sicnt-)rc lltllicios clc trrtl-
pcns:tci( )n.
X,llis trilr;L r)rcn( i( r3l)x )s lll inll)r )I1llll( iil tlc esltclia Ll rlltictl:l(i(in clc iglc
siriclucl Y l:rs tcn(len(.jlrs lilticlinlrlts c{m Ll pl
(
)l)letn.iti( x nllrcisista. [)r:stlc'nrtts
tIl
llespc(ti\1
rcsttire it:11>osilric tlcilcnclcr l.t itttllrrrnta
(ltlg (il(lil
Llrl
(lc
csl:ls
(lircnsioncs ticnc s()l)rc i<s lrustornos nx-(isistils, t:int() aLtlLn(l() I
'tLt!'u\tilll'l
cstl'I
(lcsccr't(ii(lil ., 11lrr exisrc Llnil llil)L'rltltrcisirll(i')n
Prjlltllri:L'
l_ln esl('
ltim() ciLso. el preclotrtinio clc llt a1te'sil rclltcl
() (le
l.ls tcndencirs alll()ross
lc-
Dcta ti,rs lir,,s tutr\
(lil(rcnles (11'
Pcrs(,)il
li(li Ll{js nirrcisi\lsi lt pct'srtrltltnl
alcisislu d.'sttttct.t \ l'.\ p.'rsott.tlid .l ltatt1'sisl.t /l/:'/'/i//ll llllll)lls c()l1rPr
Iicnckr llt cualitiacl L[- l]il)trnirrcisiilci(il
Vcrlt()s csttls tIrs liros
Rtscntkl
(196{.
19tt7) clcnotttinti 1kffcss]tto destfitclit\) al cltte ptesttr
l.n
(ls,lrs
P('rs()l-ltli(llltl(s
tttr
rrr
enricli:t
1
r'ivelicl;rcl t'tc;ttl lrl tlit't l tlttt'
l)erg y Stcprnsky, l9l.ti l.ichtenl)crg. l91.r, l9ti(). 1992; StrIor.r, 191i0, 191J7).
I)os
tltkrlog:rs.
p()r tllnk). ntuy <liter<.ntcs: la cr:rcterizacla por Itipern:rr-
cisizacir-rn, inclrtso por Lln seltirient() bisic< tic nt'gekrr:renia, y. eD c()nlru-
p()sicia)n, l()s craclros en
(luc
L) ccntral cs el <tficit dc nxr( isizlcin. Al rcs-
pe(l(). crrcnl()s nccc.s:lli()
I)(er
cr tcle cle
jrricio
crre ll rlilcrenLi.r cntr<
quelkrs sttjetos qte ticnen tnx l)aj aut()('stirlra
I
los cue ortcstiln iru()f-.tn
cilt, solcvalortcion
l,desprclio
pot los clcnriis c()l)sisle tnicat))cn[(, en tnal
clifeenci nivcl cle la c<nciencie y cue urbos c(nnp.r(irrn Lrn ri:'nl() s(n-
tinri(]nl()
(lc
infclirrirlcl itr(( )ns( icltc, ciel cral Ia arr()gu)ci1r c I)ipenxlolizx-
cia)n
(\)os.ientc
serix sier)rpre sinrl)lcnrentc unl clefL'os. Hay sujetos con una
bipt t'turcisizttt.tt prtutriu: r'legiclrs
Jrr>r'
sus
>arLes
c()r))()
(lj()srs,
i(lentill
tlrclos clcsclc los coruicnzrls clc st vitla cr:rt pa<ltcs n tcga l(irlta n( )s
(lut
v()l(1r
ro s,lrLc srs lrij()s su pr()pi() s!-ntinriento rlc gnrncliosiclacl v cxcc-x it-taliclltcl.
Si l clcnrrllinittn<s prirnatilt es pera tlcstacar <(le n() resutll
(lc
un
(r)l)pcr-
scirjn c['li rrsir lt ,-lcl
>sirttisnrrr
fr'(l)Iu.l l.Lrol.rtistt(rs n.u('rsrsl.rs srno cle un
i(cntillc( i(-)n pritueria a lrt gr:rntliosiclacl clt krs
raclrcs
y'a llt inr:tgcn tttc los
l)l(lrcs
uvier(r
(lcl
stlicl()
Qrrc
haylrn teni(l() ll:rLlIlls nlrraisistirs,
(luc
cn
(ic
ten)rin(k)s r))()lcnt()s cle I vi<l:t sc hlty'an scntitlo inti'ri<rcs sLrs pa(lres r) il
()trs
fig\rirs
(lcl
cnl()rn(),
(L(
lnlr csl() sr roriliza un rllr'gal( )r)r:l nit dcli'D-
siva, n<r signilice
(lue
cst nrcgll l( )nlrr r n() sril l'.t tcqctiruciiu
(k
rrlgo rrrc v:t
firrul> el n[(lc() ])ris
:lrrlrrnrlo
y prc(l()n)in:lrlc <lt l:t
J:rrsonlr
lirlarl.
l.as implicar'ior'tcs pr'it rl tlirttlicrtk)
(lc (listinguir
entrc un rneglrkr|Itnlt
rlirrluia
r tir- clef-:nsiv s()D iDrl)()flllnrrs. Ils rliic,r'cntc ruc er'ttr llr
rrcscncia
clt:
lrrr([{l]cir.
(
nr)nii)( )lcncii
1'clcsr':tlifitlrrion
rlc ks rlcnlis, el tc-.lpcutr
()riclrlc
il
i)tcicte
it l])trst.rr sis sen ir )i(-ll
(
)s r.lc inti'ititl.tl. l()s t :LlD)ltisD r( )s il(Irlll(:, c
inflrntiles cr,rc sLpucstxrncnlr lLrlrrlrn i|rpulslrck) l creaci(')n <le l;r rlelinsrr
mr4ulr]rlur',r
(lur
si
(rsi(lcr (luc
l )egl()rnrr
r[iDreria.
l:ls crl)cclitiVxs
(l(
rec()n()cj1)ritnft) y :clrnirci<-n sin lliles, lls l,)II)i( i()nes granclirses. son llrs
(lre
arcilf()n
-y
a()nlinilr) aleilr-id(>- ls r'rrtlicirnrs
(lLrc
c(r\'ic cn las Drrnir.rs
Inltas cle grrrtificlrci<in nurcisista cn traL).ili(ils. I)clrirkr la n() gfltill(ilci(in (le
llts cxpectrtlivits tl,: llr rrrtgrt lL tltniI prilrtrii,
(\l(
til)() cle
ltetsr'tlrlitlltrl
nrtlci-
sist
l)sa
a scnlirse ofl-r-rclicllt y Ircdr-le. I;L n)cgxl(nr]nia prinrrriu
I)rc(c(lc
xl
lf'.lur)it, cs s[]
(()D(li(l()l) (le ('xislencix.
Ii]
(]it()s
r'lts()5. cl trlrbajo l!r.llr(lrIlLr, r)r
'
c()nsistc ell hactl ver 1l sulct()
(lLc ('n
cl in((nscicntc sc srentc inlcrior sinr l<r
c()ntrrtri(r: p(r'c(rsi([r:I1-sr s!llx'ri(-.
I)(
(r'erl (rc
st'lc tlcl>en rl'(tr](,Lrrrt(n-
1()s espc('ixlcs y
(pre
eslii
(lcslinil(l()
l Ilr gkrrirr, cr.r:u'ttlr nda <lc cskr tcLfrc carle
r'lir,'tli,r rltrir'nt
('lr
It,rllr,.rli7.lnfr'l\.lf.l \rr Il.r'r l\l\rlr,
'litrartkr
en c( si(sr( i(-)r k rrnltrio, crrernos irtil
(listinguil'.
p()r l() rnc
r'los.
(r'e
s tr rrtli< irntsr
L S\ri(l(rs t\\ti l)il)ci'ld|ciszcri
Jfittrt:
itlcntificlrclos li la g[rrtli()si-
clacl
ltrcntrtl ),/()
1r la irllgen grxn(li()s.l ber l:t ctltl lc vicrrn sus tigutas sig-
nifi( f(i\'s.
2+u
AVANCES IJN PSICO'I'ERAPIA PSICOANAI,]'ICA
PSICO'I'IJRAPIA DIJ LOS 1'RAS'T'ORNOS NAI{(]ISISl'AS f r()
(leseiln
destuir. l,a ntegalomana se sostiene en el sentriento cle ornnipo_
tencia destructiv.t. en l.ts f,nr:rss
<le que se prrecle hrrzar al <>bjet me_
cliante las aDrenazas y agresi()nes, o cle <1ue pueclen prescinclir
totalntente cle
se. tss el caso clel paciente
K. el cLre nos referimos en el caprLrlo solre l<s
trast()rnos cleplesi.r'os: eclmiltr a rn clictlckr que tenix aterrcrizaclo al
mrrnclo ante la posibiliclacl (le
que contilse c()n anran)enk) nucle.rr; p.lelcn
[e
(]ue
se s<llazala c<n l tantasa cle <uc l poclra ir ltacicnclo expl<far
lrrltl:as en sucesiyas ciu(ia.l(:s ltasta (luc
los paises poclerosos
ta,r r.r,,n q,,.
s()meterse a las c()ncliciones cue les intponclra.
p(r.tant(),
pare estc paciente
la glancli<tsiclacl
n() se lcanzll)a l tril!s
(le
hacerse antar por el
(r)jek)
sin()
[recliante el sentir rrre se lc respctelu l).li() el terror (lue
su pocler.eria
.apaz
rle inspirur.
Ln el cas<r cle lt pt,ottttlirleul
utcsstq libiclinl en ctml)i(). n()s enc()n_
[ranx)s ante Ln suict() expansivo crre engkrlta a ks clernls en su luegaloruana.
qrte ios quiere incorporar a sr cil.clit() cle eclmiacl<cs, que si n() l(., (()nslgrtr
los clejlr cle laclo
lero
sir lrtacarlcs. psxn(l() ltusce rtrs chliraclc.es. Lll
ejentplo sera el clel
rers<>naje
que r)rganizt tjestxs. invitanclt a srs ul))lg()r5. (1)n_
vifiinclose cn el centr()
(le
la reuni<in. espcranclo clue los clc-nlis <rnpanan sus
lrromas y sL phcer cle vivir, tenin<krles cn crrcnte s(rlc cn la rncclicla ctre en,
cajen tlentro tle strs nccesirlacles ncisists. pcro (lejn(k)
el
(r)iek)
clt: exlsttr u()
ltien esas necesid:rcles est:in stisfi,chls ()
s()n puestlls
en
()tlrs
pers()ns ()
llle_
ts. P()(lrin l.lstittar. inclLls() d:r:r severtntentc. pcrr pol clcsancicin y
xtr
le
fiLrstrrciirn rue prrcluccn
en cl
()l),d()
tras halerle ilrriionarkr y hecho purtc.i-
pc de su gruncliosiclacl,
aun<1uc n() p()scen la intencirnaliclacl agicsiva. el pla<.er
clc hace srfiir. el satlisnrr dc lt petsotutlitltttl
tt.ttrsstt cl?sr;tctira.
l':t- uAr.ANClt NARCIssr^:
por.(i()No
D!_ r,utiRZAS
En el cliagrama 6, que (.()nstitL\'e
un rlesarrolk a pafiir clel nrocfclo pllrn_
tcrtckr prrr !'eurl en lil
.l,o .t'
al alb 1192J). se in(lic:ln kls elentenros tur inrcr._
vicnen en el clescenso
(le
lit art()estiuta.", Caclr lno cle los sectr.es
_rcpre-
scnt,cia)n
cles"al.rizcla clel .rzl. elevadas a,rrici.nes e iclcares. severiclecr clc
l <rrnciencia crtic- es ceytlz cle gensrr
Ln clesltalancc cle la arrtrestirna.
r|rnrlo origen. cllnd() pred(n)rina
Lrno cle elkrs. u tn sulrtip<> particuhr.
con
su (r)nsigLlicnte
lllx)rclaic lerxpa,Ltico
especific<t. Its clifrente qLe rlguicn tt]n_
rrr rrntr
rolrre.trk)estinla
porclue tlcscle;:lerueo le hicieron sentir clue crt rn-
(
irl)i2, l(nll(). fe<t
-di'ficit
printao
de arcisizalciri_. que el ceso de aqucl
ril lis()l\i,)(tr(.e((lilgr;rnllesunit
u[i;rnrL.
_pirrir
cl
(rs() (lc
]x u)esti,ltx drsnrirrUid_
(1.
,,r rlr xl, l,,.r:rsltclkrxl
rn qlre lirs..leg()ris srritn: x) t1lt"\tktckit lL,lsetJ.b) nntbick))cs
t' lth\' \'t t' . oni .t'trr.
rtdicn&)
cspc(iii.ir,.c pu.r cucr*xr trc elr.s sicrxrcsr.nrrcn :r
L,slr(k)s (ll (t(
s(, in(u(1)trih iruIrent:r!lirs ().lisrrrinUi(lirs.
f r() suiet() al que consicierar()n un geni()
-hipernarcisizdcin
pt'uutu'ttt
l)(
r()
(lue.
sirnult,rneamcnte
,
Ie inocularon metas tan anl)ici()ss. tlln
lxn
lir(
rrr tle sus posibilichdes,
(e
luego. I.raga lo cue haga, qLedarii p()r
(lrl)iri() (l('
lirs cxpectxtivxs 1rea.rl(inranas, con el consiguientc sentimient() cle f[(lrs(,.
\(lu nos encontranlos nte \n colapso naocisisa sectut.lano l una Iripc|rrrrI
(
isizacin priD)a a.
En el p ruer cas(). cuancl< lo ctre clorline es una representacirn clesvlrlo
lizacl clel sL'll
-di'/icit
princo'o de tutrcisizuct(i,-, l! pefsona se clcprirnr.
l)()r
n() ser
( ()ll()
los clelljts: <>lserva toclos y strfre p()[ sentime m:is fclt. tlis
lonta, 1l)en()s hirbil, etc. En clDrl)i(). cu.ln(lo hir_v
(lesccns()
cle la aurstiIr
((nrx)
resLllta(lo
(le
cxprct.rti\'.rs plrtolcigicdmente altas, la persona s< srcrrtt.
nllll p(r-scl-c(nl() l()s clenlis. lo que part su c<clificacin n,rcisist,l p.tsil :l
otolglrlc le imagcn rle mecliocre, \'.
(lue
esncr.r \E[ sulreri,rr. exccpeionll.
l'ln
(xras
pefi()nas I<; crrc conclucc cspccill)rcntc .rl
(lescens()
cle la autr
cstirrri es lt scvcricllcl clc l crnciencie crli(x. A su vez, l)aj() cl()s vJriJnt(s.
1. L pers()na no tolcra ningn apartilnient()
(on
respect() a los i(lexlcs y
lnrbi<iones, a llls n(nrras
)'\'al()rcs
l)ajo l<>s que jrrzglr
slr c()nducta. Respe(1()
rt los icleales, n()nllas. \,rl()res, y l))l)icioncs. en s nrislxr poclrn se elevackrs
()
n(). inclus() p()dr,tn c()rresp()ntle a los lel<res
rrorDeclilrs
p:lf sLl cttltLtrl1.
pcro lo ccntttl cs la no aceptacirn cle conclicirnes atenLltntcs que perntitic-
ran
justillcxr quc el suict() n() ul(ln(e lo cLre fijan es<s ir:lcales. En este cus()
lit c titucl es
()ptesta
a l.l
(lc
un
jttcz
l.lcnrrrkr cue sal>e clel c<icligo
-hs
rror'-
nus e icleales- per() cri c(nllprcnsi\1) crn lus linritacirnes huntanas y tienr. t rr
cucnta
justificaci()ncs pale el aprtlrnrien) clc'la <rncllcta c()n respeck) 1t lils
que el cdigo prescril)e. El sLick)
(\)n
estl nrrlalirllL<l <lc concicncia critic s(.-
\rera posee !nns reglas quc prcscribcn cr-mr se clrMn
(lc
crmplir las reglas:
nunca es aceptable el apfixnriento rle las nisnlts
-.l.rs
reglas s()n para culr-
plirlas".,cnx) sc te
()cu-l-c
tlrl c()s... nr!-ntir, nr, \er
!l<nr(
rs,,,
n,,
(uiclar
sienl
prc al
()tl'().
n() c()lttP()rtalte c()nt() unll pers()na
(le
licn lt hace, etc.,-- P(n'
ser i(leales cerc.r dc ctinrr se cleltn plicar l()s irlelcs
-,nrnca
te apartariis
(lc
ell()s,- clll)e clenrrinarkrs nret.ri(leales. Corresponcle a las personaliclarles
(lue
rgi(lanlente
jtrzgltn.
e s ltisn'tos y a los clerns. bajo normas e icleles sin
nlltizaci()nes: si sc cunrplen
( ()n
ell()s sc aceptan a si risnr<s
()
lceptan a l()s
()tr()si
pcl() si n<. reclrazan.
2. Suiet()s plcn()s
(le
h()stili(lx(l c()ntrl si misDx)s.
(lue
sc aut(xf)seryan c(rn
el nrisnr< ens:lD)icnk) cluc p<rha tcner lgLicn
([le ()cliancl()
a otr pers()
n le l)tsclse sus
(lcfi,ct()s.
En est()s cas()s la intencirntliclltcl lrgresiva es pre-
via. presicle. organiza y rolclel al prcccso de auk)evuhlr( i(in. fll cleseo rlt
agrcclir hace
(luc
cl
jricil)
est deci(li(l()
(lc
ilnteln.ln(): se elcvat.lin ks idealcs
)
nretas
()
se lel)lrjal h rcplcsenteci<in cle s rtistllo tant() c(]]o sea necesa-
rio pall llegar a ll con< lusir-n nriis negativa posiltle. lttrscirnckrse los argtr-
ment()s qLre la jr.rstifi<tren.
fis ntLr1, <lifi,rente cle la categoriL imteri()r, en
(lLc
l:l
2io
se\erida(l (lc
l.t c()nciL-ncia criica c()nsiste en l1r int()lerlnci
tl aptrtmienk)
(lei
i(leal. pues en estl lrint:l c()n(li(.i(in ia pcrsonl
.i .unift.,..,rn
el icleal sc
sicr)tc l)icD rt-rnsiga
DrisDre
1
sr'rl<> sc rechltz:t
ctrnrir sr c,r,lt,ct" ()
atril)ul()s
\( Lli\t-rnLr.rn (lc
.rc.lL,,, tLrc cJ iclcll fija. En clt)tl)i(). .r,"nct,, lr, sevedclci
clc
rJ .i'n(r(n(r.r
rriti. r\t.i Ll-r.l.r p<.cl Utxrclio,
n() h.rt,Ln nt(nlcnk) (le
l).rz
p()rque
Ia intcncionali<lutl
egrcsir
-
rir.nc
rlrL.ltlitl,, tle.rnr(nt-rn,, qLt..
el sLrjcr
cs incle<rlckr
t. lttc-e<.ecl<lr (le
rc(.lliLz().
Si ltic-r i;rs tres irelrs l)enci()l.tJ(lits (lLte
intcrlienen
cn rl I)rlitn(.c
Drrci_
sista pLteclcD
rlar origen x sLl)tip()s
rlifeencilclrs cle clescenso
clr l! uut()es_
tlrrrr, sj
hg, r
n(, Ll!,1\ prl.Llc!-se clc Viste tr.re se h.atl (le
Lln tri.ingul() (le
lLrcrz.r\,
en rl,rntl..
,.,r.,,,.,.,,, lin:rl tlcpencic. por un larlo, <lcl peso
rclrrtiro
clt clcllL uno rle sus t.rrrporlcnlcs
\.. p()r el ilr, clc Ie ru.tjrrllci<ln
eruc
clltts. lin lrltrnos r.lts<s. rrrnlltryr iits tres
(lit)tensi()nes
cn l:r Dtisntil (lira
ci(-)n
-,lgLlicn
.rn rrnr re'prest,ntacir
n rresr,r.rizacra
crc s risnr<. eit'arrlLs
nrlici.ncs
\'Ltn.r
(.()nci(,t1cilt
(.rticll:e'er:r,
inclLrs. crn,",..,tal,,,,r,r,,g,...-
sir iclltcl-.
nlient(ts (lLlc
clt
()trirs (1)ltii.!.lr11tci()n(s
un:L al" 1,,. al,,ncn,,i,,na.'
>rrcrle
sen ir pitrlt (.()ntl)r,r.lslu.
l tn<l: cic ilrs rrr:ts.
Asi,
(lltc
itiguict tgn
gu.r:lcrackrs
ir-lelcs <
(:rl)c(.tllti\..rs
no intlic.a
cle por s rrrc, lc.riescnrb<xuc
ol)ligat()rilrrlcntc
en ei
(lrs(ens()
(lc
lrr urt()es1il
l,rxl.i'cl.,.se,lrr grrncles
re,r_
lizxci(xtcs.
inclus< firnll.,st.ts pl.t(. <le srr t.icl
(lc
fitntlls:t clitrr.ne. srrn:rn
rk con llt gl()till U
(fllls
llt(lxs n.Lr(.isi\l:rs
f)cr().
lll ntisll\) ficrrr,-,i .,,, a,rrai",
rilr <ltic n() rs sc\'(,r'.
.loclrl
c.onlivir.a,,,,s,,,,lera,r"
sin cxigirsc (,1
t rrrtrriirlos.
I)e rnencra sirtrihr,
alguien p()(ll,ii tcncI Llr]x lrajtr repr escntlr<.ion rle s nris-
rtt(). n() crecrsc ni inteligcnfc
ni agre<.i:rtkr flsi(.r(,nte. per() si st nlll.il (1,i] (.1
riri(r. si in(\)l'p()11)
ut)x
(.()Dci(,t-l(.i:
(Titiail
t()icrlrnte rLrc- jirslilir.u
l;rs prttirrs
Ii
illrci()nes
ctt filn(.iart
rlc sr Itisrr.ia. ,la
"tanurntas
que sientprc en(.Llcnt[],
],
si sLs:Lllll)ici()ncs
e i(l(,,l('s r) \()11
clrv!(l()s,
"nt,rr-raa"
a,, eLtt.esti,ta
.,<xl'i
\('r
tltcr'c1rrr algrritn
<rrn Lr:t lrLrclrl inregen r-lc s Dtisllto pef() c()n ntet_l\ \.
((rrt(irn(ial (fiti(l
taln r.lcslllccliclls (lu(
l)() l()gl.l ll:Lntcoer c.sl inrlgu,t ..rl,,ti
zltcllr. l-, rac'Uc[,e e r,r irlrncil,,- (lLrL,
cs
(lifercntc
el descensr> ,la irt ,t,,t,raal,
l))il lcslrltntc
cle, ttl-r testrrrno
[)]-iulri()
cn la tctresentlrcin
clcl .s:cl.ck, ltrLtel
ifr-{) (lrc
sc origine en llr crrelclecl clt L c<ncienr.itr
crtica.
lr rt^.AN(.t. NAR(_sts.r-A
tN l.RApseur(r) t. su u:.<;itil
r
(,N
rt
()Jtj.l()
Ex,tRN()
l.:r olrlrr llcrrr:lilrna
centrlt sLt rstLr(li() cltl ltal:Ln<e n:trcisistli
en r.l rnterjrrqgo
(
ll(r( (
l srl)(ry()
).
l r(l)rrscnt.rci()t
rL.l
),o.
ljstl
(ljt))cnsi(it.t
intr.;r>srrrriclr
rk.l
,rtirsrsrro r'r l:r rlrrr., lrlros crrsiclelcl()
en cl :lpirta(k) ilnte
()r (le(licilck)
l
('\irDin:ll (
l ttirrl]grrlr (lc
I:t iluk)cstltltu Sin enrltaigo. el
()l)iet()
excrno
lnner
vrtrrt,r[ rr.rrr.rrr rlu.isitlr en
gl
])alan(c nllr.cisistx
\.r,,r rr-r1,, c,,,tt,r,,,,,r,,.,,,
AvAN( riS ):N
pSl(.()l.l:RAptA
pSI(
O^NAl,i.t(_A
PSICOttaRAPtA DE I_O
',
lAS',t
()RN()S
NARCtStSlAS
jt
I
, t,.' rlel supervi:r
-el
srrjcro sintincktse nack
()
tccraza(l() p( lrclLtc
l)r(
)\.(\
l.r
(
11 el
()l)iet()
e\(erno i tirn ltajo llr ttrul se l]liril x sj lrisjlx>- siltr)
l)(.(l\tr.
l,rrcrlc
rl<diflcar la represcntacirn
(lel
srjeto o actlrar c(n)t() sr insllnr'r.l (
llr
(:r.
I'll c(mcL'pl()
(le
Strachcy
(19J4)
clel analistr uctunclo c()rrx) srpcr\.,r\l
lr.u-scala, prccisallentc. <rie cl objel externo es el rue tonta.r su c:rrgo l:r
ltI(i(-)n crtic,
rasanclo
a seI acloptuclos
ror
el sujeto krs jtricios <lcl oltjckr r.s
Ir'r'n() col)r() si hrern Irs
l)r()pios.
f:stil iclct
(le
un srrper(r truxilill y.r estil)it
( \l)trrstlr en llt concepcioD cle f'rcucl sol>re la rel;eir'>r'r entre los
((rrp()nenl(\
tlr.: la rrrasa v srr lcler. En eJ tnrlrajo Psicologa dL, ltrs nauts
.'
ctttlisis dal
tt
(
l()21), cLl:ln(l() an n< hulr lrcuaclo l:r expresirin supely<i y Lltiliz.ll)lt put.ir
tlcsignltr lt ste l:t c-xpresirin icleal <lel vo, F'reirl senul:t cue l<rs seguiclores <k.l
lirlcl hn trlrrlrkr en slc sr tclcel tlel
1,o.
lo crc tlrntlrin srceclc con el e':rr-
nr()r:l([()/ crrt'clelegl en cl oirjeto de luu(-hs finc irnes clue ltlitituallcnlt.
rclllizir sLr sLrperJ(i
La existencilr cle un sr.r-rcly<-r c()lr)cll(i() cn lt figurll extel-n en Ia qur.sc
rlclegan ftrociortc:. o tlt tltr sttpcrvri proyt,rt.rtl() eD cl rrtl()
])lltii
n() It(.(,I\(.
rrttgo cle la crr)pa o responsaltiliclacl qrre las citicus clcl srrperyri conllcr;-
rien, ll poclemos encontrrr en los suietos cn
(luicnes
el superyr s se h:r
constitui(l()
(()l))()
estructltr intr:lpst'(luic. I)ct() htL! pelsonxs
en quienes cl
srlf)er"/(-).
(lLlc
re(llriere
I):u-
sLl estfu(tUrilai(in <lc rn lenkr v nacta garantiz:r-
rlo prtl<esrr. 'r() lllcnz..
ror
llrs rrzrrncs
(luc
sen, it tcner lil caricteristj(ir
(lc
Lrna estrLr(11ra
(lel
psi(lrisnr() o lr tlisxrnc:-(lcl estxtLts v
1-rcler
que cn
(xr-()
sLrict() s posee. El supelyr lta ruerilclo en lo cue se Ila rlenrmintrcLr
rst:r(l() preestnrctLrra l, cs cler. ir. n() intc ri( iz:lci(-)n <lc ls nonniLs e iclealts: r,
no lI1l sicl< ciLtc('tizit(l() cor lihickr icletliz:rntc
(Kr)lLlf.
!)71). Ln cs)s cils()\.
Iu figura crtcln;r
(lcsenrpcnx
Ln pap('l rscnciil en
(()ntintar
sienclo la crrt.
gL-nera fcl)l'csentitcirnes rlel sLjet() y en cjercel l:rs firnci<ncs clel rLrpery,,
provrer clc icle:Llcs y n<trres.
),tlctrar
c()l)t() fincirn crtica que couparu en
qLr ntccliclu [l reprcscntil( i(')n clel s<,/sc apelta <le lils
(lLe
fijtLn estos iclc-
les
1'
norlts.
K()hut hc cl auk <trC C()n nta)/()r'insistcn(ia t, especificacirin
(lescril)i(;
c(jrno cl
()l)jct()
cLre llanrri objeto clcl-sc/l curnpl las tirncioncs cle espcr.u-
llrizci<-rn
-lchnirat
tl sui(t() y de scr rnx inugo parcntal irlealizLcllr c<t
lil cLlul cl suiel()
Irclia
i<lcntiiicalse
y
gozxr
(le
es.r i<lc:tliz< in.'r P.la K()ltul
(
1971. 19;1. 1979), ests fncirnes rlrre r'orcsponr.lcn
Pt
im.tril))ente al
(r')
jct()
extcrno sr)n lLlego itfcri()rizx(l.ls
I)(n
el sLljct(), runsli rrti ncl<se en es,
tI.tlclLras intrilpsquiclrs. io cur: si-lo srrrcrle en l1l nte(li(lx cn qrc hly.ln cxi\-
tickr condicioncs
(ls
"fiustrilci(in
(r'ltinrl,.
Lis
(le(ir, (lrc
la il-rrstt:rci<in c<n cl
ll. K1)hLrr ()r(,v()
hullunrlr rlc
(r)tek, (l(l y,l y
hL(g(). prLlr cn|[izrr qLL(, cste
()l)jelo
rr:r
scDi(l()
(rnn() pirr (lel
scl
I
LUnrpli:r luciures (tLrc (l
\1,4'() p(,(lir rclllzll p(, si rnisnn). Uni,
Ir(](,s prLrlnxs\
f)rs(;
x llrrlrrl() rrlDl,c/
((r)t(){lfl
r/
(tLr(,l.rml)ic'n,rir
snk)(l:r([rci&).(,r,
l5j AVANCIJS HN PSI(]O1'IJRAPIA PSI(,OAN I'rICA
()l)i('t() (,xtcrn()
hrya sicl< gracltral
I
n() lnasila pues en la meclicla en que el
sUl('k) sc r':r clesilusionlnclo clel olie externr> prrecle lr for))anClo, p()c().1
xrrrr,
Lts hrn<ir>nes crrc ste cultrpie. En kls cas<s
(le
trlsf()rn()s nJrcisistits
rrrc Kollrt cles<riite, ai haber. tallaclo la
,internaliz:rcirin
ransnrrracl<tra,. el
\ujetl) ( ()ntin
clepenclienclo clel oirjcto externo. clel
(re
cspera oltener va-
Llrti<-n, sea a tavs cle recil)ir clrniruci(in
P()r
p.rrte de ste o cle firsi<na
s('C()n S!r Vitl:1.
IJIII. p()r sr pafie. (listingrc
d()s liP()s cll actcr()lgic( )s i prtr un leclo krs
.rlcrenclicntes,
o.anaclticts" (lue
s()stiencn su rk)cstin)a en base ai oltjetcr
(\tcrn():
\'. p()r
(.l ()tr(,.
kts
.intr.<tycctir.<ts" ()
"aLlt()crtic()s",
pltrlt
rtrienes kr
(luc
crL-nta es el
jr.ricr
cue lirrrnulan sol)re s lnis0l()s
(lesde
sLt sLpet),()
(ltlutt,
19"1r lllart
1'llehrencls.
l917: Illarr y Homann. 1992: lllrrr. 1982i tlllrrr
Y Zr[off. ]9921. ED tn intcreslntc cstrdi() c()D-tpitmti\() llliltt
(lcstlcit
t
(()inciclencit
al respec.tr> entre
(liferentcs
escuelits y.(lt()les
ll.rtt
v Mr()u
(l.rs.
Itr,r2r A.. lr
nrri.rrirlrrLl
.rt.r. Iltr..,r. ,, ,lep<n.ircnrt-.
.,.rts irrtr.,,vr,.ri-
\1)S,
()
" U I()CritiC( )S,, C()rrcsp()n(lerat l) pltr rlc
()pucst()s.s()ci()tr(ll)i(.(r5.
(l_
s//s.lLkin()lr()s" cn la psicologa
cognitiva cle Aar<n Ileck
(1913J),
al
r:rr
"s(
)rneli(k) il un
()tr() (l()11)inante,
I )lil/.i
.s(nllcti(lr)s
il U0il rlrlir
(kn]linilnt,
er)
Aliei
(
1978), v al par .lrnsiosantcnte
a>egackrs, ,(,rs/-r
.c()r))pu
lsjv.lllente aL,
I(x
()nfla(l()s,
de l]owlhy
(vasc
Parkes. lggj) I_a ir.ll)()ltan(.il
(le
l()s trl)xios
r.lc lll-.t |uclic-.r en qu! ( (
r'reill(.i( )nen ris clintcnsirnes cie lu persorLriiclacl.
lir
.(l('l)enclicnte
,/ lnacltica,. por rrn laclo. y lx intr()vectivu / itLlt()crti(.a,. p()r
(.1 ()tro,
c()n: ar)
(l()s
tip() rle clcPresi<-rn; lr)
(k)s
tip(rs cle c.ontlir.irnes r a<rrn
t('(in)ient()s cue <lesencaclenan la cieprcsion: c)
(l()s
l.lt()(lli(l:lcles clc tl.tir_
tricnkr. cucla unr cle elllrs lts elcc.tiva p:lr.l sr c(n-resp()nclicntc sulrtiyro <le
clcrrc-si<in.
l;rs personaliciacles clepenclientcs < narlticas. parll quienes la s.ltjs
frrrci<-n
v
gratiflcaci(-)n
s()n senficlas c()ll() pr()\.enien(k
exclusivanrents (lcl
\in(LLl() (r)o
el
()l)iek).
hltrln trr-t cuarlro rlepr.csivo cuanck> pierclen c) o)>je
l()
(lc
nt()l
-al>ancl<no.
lltuertc. scplraci(in-, cuadr() al
(luc
lllxtl llaltil
(hl)tlls(in
ut.tcltict, inspir:-rnckrse cn Spitz
(
1946). Il clepresir-rn itr]llclti(.1
rtrr solrrrvcncirlr en css ctttriit.i<nes c.stlta L.:lracterizacla prr. sel)l in ienl( )s
rlt. solctl<1. <le incleftnsi<in. cle r-lcbiliclcl.
teri('ndo el sujeto necesiclacl <le
s(.nlirsc llnl:tclo. rle estr en
(\)tltitct()
[sic(). tlc ser <.tticlr<lo, clttlclr. lrli
rr'rrtlrrk r'
rrotegitlo
pr>r cl oltjeto clc urtlrtr. I)urante el tratDlientt. Irscn
t l r'rrfrrtlo c()n el terlrpeut.t. presentlln(l()
[Ltcrtes unf]rstis por Ia separa-
r'ir lr.
f \ r.l rrtrrio. 1..\ alLl)l1'sin llt.oJtctir'.t s: pr<lclrrcir.ia
cuanclo le
Percone
\r( nlr'(l
(,rrrr
il(inz. is realizlL<.iones. lt)etas y
alnl)ici()ncs <rrc str str.rry<i le
r'\,r:( s(,n
lx.rs(r)its
c(l)pctiti\ : s. perlccci(n
jstlrs.
eslbrzaclas, prech trinantlt r
l;r .r rt( x r rti( ;r, t l surcryr-t sc-vcro. lcs scntirnientrs cle culpa. cle infer-iol.iclacl. Las
11..t( r()(. )t( rlx,t's(),tltcs n() cLentrn llnk)
(r)lll()
lcx l<tgros en el trxhali() r)
t r l:r' rrrr,t.s rtrt,st lllrn it))pLtest(). PO ell<. l:r ctnclicitin qu(- precipila Ia
(ic-
pst(-o1[ltAPl^
l)li l.os l RA'r()RNO NARClSlS',tAS l5J
rrt'sirn
no es tlna
Pfdi(la
.ln]oros o tln conflict() en laii lelllcj()ne intcrPer
s()l-Illl(js sin() ll flh en l ealizacirn clel .scff. en el scntjllrienl() cle cltllinitr
P.lle
rlcanzar las llletas. en cl sentiluient() cle autonoma,v de p()der c()ntr()l[
su vicll. Lll pr()t()tip() serx et
Pels()n.lie
qtlc ha si(to llaurtto aclictt ill tril)ai()'
qtre
rLtecle
r-:t ser alectck>
P()r
l
Pertt[l)rci(-)n
rle su vincrlo r.lc prl'<1't pt:r'
'
<ltrc ic clcprimc si n() consiguc lleglr a poseet la
P()sicia)n
ec<>nilltcrt
'r
prr'
tesionul qr.re
(r)ns(it!r!1i llt uetl cl<rrinantc
(le stl vi(l.
Rcspecto al tratalllienk). lllatt s()stiene c1r.tc llrs clos tipos cle cleprtsirin rc-
([riercn y stn sensilrles:
(lifefentes firltlts clc tr.ltl)lient()' En las clepresio-
Des nrclitit s
--{lcpcD(lcnci frcnre ll olljctlr t\lern()-. el itP()vo y el vn
cul() tcrapa'rtic() citliclt srl esenciales
Prrll
l
Pxcienle.
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.r,
rrt
llos a kls cue logralx pillal cn trn error. SLr megalom?na
(()nseicnt(..
s(
.r( trtu(l s()l)ell)ia y clespectiva. eran claallrente clef'ensivas, prrcs pol clctftis clt.
,ll.rs se hallaba un nio inferiorizarlo, asustackr, sin placer. Pcro haba rrrr rrs-
lr\l()
([le
sirve, ;cleDrs. paru l]'lostrar que la tunsferenciil c()n cl tel:llx,rtlt
ni) (s
mer lcpetici(in cle r,nctrlo real vivido en la inftrncia. C<tntnigo funci<
rrrllr cr)ro un ser a h bs<tre<la cle un plrclre iclealizackr: n() me atucrlxr. nr(.
,''r'rrchaba c()n :rtencia)n. sc emrjelir si no le especularizal)a per() sc senli.l
l),()tegi(lo
y preciaclo
l
nr. En l relaci<-n c<>nntigo actuaba un fantlrslr in-
t.rrrtil fiustacla: cl tener un pache al qrre
Jrucliera
iclcalizar, que no le huurillu-
s( \'flente ul cual hacer clesplicgues cxhil)ici()0istxs.
En muclllts cir'( Lursta nc i.rs cn
(lLre
y() entend <rre colra pelig<t r:l episr
rlio con el grupo clelictivo,
xrr
ejentpk>-, tne vi obligackr a l.llncl<>nlrr una
ir(titr(l analticx nelltrll
y:l
enclrar su neglrci<in cle llr realiclacl. Pero c()n csl(,
Iltciente
l<
(lLle
pcnniti rrn crttlio inlp()rlante nt> fire el anhlisis cle srr ncgrr
r ir-rn sin< unil fcc()nstnrcci(in urinr]ci()sa cle st relci(rn con el patlrc, rlc les
Inrnillacitncs suir-icls, clc la iclentiflcacitn c()n ciclt()s lasgos cle ste, trck lr
r'ull activill)a su n[cisism() pxkr(i!lic()
]
la expcctutita cle' lcalizacioncs glirrr
rlioslts. I-ls vcces cn <r,rc el anlilisis se lirnitltlu a t[.ll)lljx[ ll negaci>n clc llr rcrr
liclarl. ll. es< Lchuba crn atcnci(n, trxt.rl)r xl principi() de rebari l<s 1rfunle-
t{)s inlplica(l()s en llrs
rrcgr.rntlrs
qLre yo lc hacrr pc-r'o, uun en el caso rlc crrc
l()s lcel)tllril. tLrvc siculprc l:r c()n\.iccia)n tle qtre eso n() gtrantizal)a quc l:
rrrixinr:r
vcz no volviere e reinciclir. l)ra R.. la
"reecllrcaci(rn"
tDe(liantc al
(lc
s:rrll< clc un scntid() <le reali<larl, en lrn <liJogo con alguien qLe en t:stit
(li-
rncnsi(in fiera cliferente clc sr.r
-lrrLc,
aLn(lrre taleu n< clesclealle. sin entbar
go no tenl el p<rlcr clc c()ntrlrrestur h ficrzr <le firntirsas ruegal(>r'nlnas
itrtpLtlsacles
-rol
licjos trltuln.rs nafaisistlls c itlentificlrci<>nes. En la meclicla elt
que ilra <rrnrprenclienclo cl significlrclo dc slrs pt-()ycct()s glandios<ts y crre
puclo sentir.se \'rli()so sin ser un superlxrrnlrtc fue capaz cle retomar slr;rctivi
cltl c<Dcrcil c()tidiiln.
()l)tenien(l()
xitos re:tlistxs y no funteseaclos. C<tur
clijo cn r.rna opomuniclacl:
.'l
engo cllrc clcclica'ne u lo mo y
(leiar
cle criticar l()
quc haccn los clemirs". Pilralcliur)cntc, clisminr.ry<i su aglesiviclacl. la que era lli
siclLnlentc rli nercisistal es clecir, clcfi,nsa rle rrn .scfi r'rrlneraltle y, pt>r ello.
hipcrsensible.
l)sl(r)'fl.;RAptA l)E t-()s rRAsr()RN(,s NARCtstsl As
lin el capitult>
J
.l,o
reprinriclo, kr no constituirl<> y la clesactiyletirn sce-
t()rial clel inc()nsciente,* exalllinnl()s cino
jlrnto
a k)s trask)rn()s p()r c()n-
flict() existcn otr()s
(lte
han sirlo rlenrxninacl<>s pol clficit. Esta c](r)lc clinten-
sit-n cle la patologa ha encontrtck en el tlatartriento de los trastcln<s
narcisistas sus c(n lcsponclientes
()dentaci()nes.
P<tr Lrn laclct, se hallan arr,rc-llos
itut()rcs
(lle
coul< ios kleinianos
(Rosenfekl,
196.1, 1965) o Kernberg
(1975.
I
i
l(){)
2(r I
AvAN(,trs ltN
pst(jo,t.lrRAptA
pslr:rNalt.r_ PSI(l(trllR^pt Dti I_()s l RAs-t oRN()s N,\RCIsIs'l'^s
l()l"i())
lr)'l!n
el nfrsis cn el papel
cle la ugresitin, cte I c:rviclir,
(lc
l()s lt._
rrrts:rl ()lrjclo.
en el crnflicto intnlpsi(lUi(.()
c intc,rpersr )e l. consjcicl.:nck>
t st tlt irtl cnc(rr clestle cl (\)trtienz()
lu trxnsfcrencit
negerit a. ll lt()stilidt(t
n()
ir('(
l)ll(l1r I)o-
la c<ncienci.
lls expcctxtiviLs grancliosas.
rl<, ello ruccliante h
il)l('r) et.( i(-)n siste[rirtica
cle estos uspect()s.
con las cliterencias
clcl cas(). t.,m_
l)i(lr) l psic()l()gia
clel y. oirenner, 19rJ2) sL'centru
en el c()nflict().
en lx lr)r
lrivltlellti:t.
r-n los clese()s hostiles
I
el cir1ir1er clefensiyr> alal ,i,,,ai"irrr,r. O.",
rk't,sl:r
tc
Is>c< t it,t, ir>s klcinirrs,
Kernl>crg
r la psicologilr
tlel l tr:rtan irs
trst()rn()s
nlrcisists cl)n)() lo h:r|,1.n r.,,n (Ll.ll(lL|ler(,tr.-t
p-lt,rlr)gt.t:
Itecer.rrtns_
(
i('rle l() inconscicnte.
nonel.xl
clescllrieto l<is <leseos lrgtcslvrs. la dvuli<ltrrl
ctlllica
()
pfecclpica, ()l)scl-\,.rn(k)
c<imo ess conflicrs sc desenvuelYen
cn
lrr rclrrci<-n crrn el tcrapcrrta
1,con
l:rs figtrras significatir rrs clel
fat.ient,-,.
l,a
glir(li()sicli(l
es enten(lj(l1l (-()rn()
rn intcnt() (lef.ensiv() (lr (1)ntrx;rcstxr
l1t i,t_
l<lcr;r l.lle
.:
rcl-ptaci<-rn rlc Ia strpvriorirlrrcl
ilcl rirl eclpico r> crltr> recJtrzo rlc
l.t rnt r lt.rl,lt. (lin(n(
i(.n(.t-l rlt,l
, rl,it,l, ,
(l()n
t()(l(), estc tip()
(lc
l)xcicntes
l.c(lti(.re (iue
clurantc
cl lrtlrDlen) s(
l(ogiln en cltentt ciertas
lter
uliarirlacles. l\.un lclo, nt r.alr tlrrcll cle cltre
I)r('s('ntn
u recltazo a llr clepenclencia
1.a
ie rcgrcsi<in. (lLte
s()n scnti(llls
trttto ltLtrillntes.
c()n l()
(.Lrill
lLlcl)un x(.ti\.;llcnta
ain..,rnr.,, ,1" l, p"aa",r..i,r,,
(l(
l()s isl)cct()s
lrsitivos
clcl Iritt:uuj(,,ttr)
v clcl n:rlistl. l.ll rrnlilisis tie sr riva
ir,l.rrl r .L;.{rcsrr rtl.r<l r<.rrlrr
trn p:rso insosl:rvalrle pcr(), l rnisonr tiemp(). l:ls in
l( ll'f( l.rt r n(,\ (lr(
li(,nl.: t,.(r. t(,ntt,nirll) r,n sr.rrtitl.rr {i ltr) nlt(.\.ll\ t)u .l\
nirr(isisl.ls.
P< elk, a veccs
result neccsilti()
enftrtizar priero
ls c.rncli<.ir
Dcs intrapsrlricas
antes
(]re
las intcrpersoneles, pc.ejentpl<t:
",l,cngo
l inr
.llesi<-rn
t['(luc se cxi.]c ltucho:r si ltisltr.,. tut,re sjenf.. nrrrr, oltliglrclr
rr
txrtlltr
rrsir'i()nes
inlprnfittcs.
it n,) tcnL.t t)r)i.artn.r (l(l)ilr(l.t(1. (l(.
.", 1.:l
()l)je,
li\'() cs
(lLrc
puecl.ln detc(t:lr ltr cxigenci:t (lc
un sLpcry,(-) crrc no lcs cla tr.cgriu.
litr ut't, scgunclo
l))(nllen) sc
l>trccle
tlirbltj:rI c<iDto esa exigcn<.i intcfnlt in(.i(lc
rtt"rr
clilicultal rcciltir a1r.r<Lt c irtrpulsl la drrligrcin
cl.l ,rlr"r, .Clxtr).
sl tenrr
rtrtc'sirlarlt,s
cs senticl() c(rr() Lnlr cleliliclacl. el necesitar
(l;l
rrat:l,rient()
() (lc
rrri t's vilirl (\rlto
senti$c iferi<.. AIu.:r
(.[c()
entende. p(r. (lu
necesita l)rs-
(
ru y r(,t)):rc.alr
nlis eff(.es..."..'
(lrt.tnck
cl ntrcisisnl() (lestru(ti\'()
cs tn clcfens en C()nt[l (lc
expc cn_
(
i;rs lrrrLrll.itic.rs
-hiper.n:tr.<.isizacirin
ser.Lrr-r<l
a def.ensir,:r_, ptrecle set. ritiI
nr()sll-irr (,1
tcDt(r- reexpericncillr
ess sitUitci()nes: .l\,[e
pxrcce
i;rp()rtllnte es()
sr l:\r'r l')'rrulx(i('),. ((nr)r)
rrr(rL1esig.rn.
rirn(,).n
cirri(rrr csq.c..iritr,. c.sr r'ur<.:rr.rr.s
ilnt()\ r
t)re(L!rriIl.rs cs
)tn(luc n()s h(nxrs rrIrIl)prctr{) J.r riblig:rcrr.rn rie,
\( ir,, rf.r I,ll(l(r(rir(ttlcrk^l(,.irn.rltrrirsrcnu
t()5.rpr(,t(r:rrn()scr.(rirllr(t(lip()silnli(txd.t(
,lr, l,,J,,,1(.(.r,
n1,s \cilr (rntr(
irrgL.nrros si cxponerrros (r;rno
rrxblia,n(N. ru,,.,,i*.r,,A" q,,..f
r','rr( rr.r!, ((,rrr()
rrrc (tc
tri(c\ visi( nr.i\quctx(lirri((nidirnxvqu(loqLcle
(t(cirD()\
x
rrr('\ll, )\
t).r( .rt( \
sr I
.(
Lrr, (i(t
.(nDicnzo (t(
lu in(,^cn.i(irr riene p()r iinlrti(t:rd derr un rlirnir cn que ct pir,
tii.rr( \R.llr.r rrrr s. lr:rl,t:r n( ) (tr \dL, (rfr,fie (t('
l $r)()(tesdeel interj. (ic
sl| pr1)pi \i|cn.r:r
,l(
rste(l Dre cuent.r porqrrt' le clele cle hlber clcjaclo rrn lirnckr cle lngLrstiir
rrt(
('trxlquicr
sitLllrcirn en rue elguien prrclieru verle unlr luitlr. Es cttl]rt si sr
lllrl)i('r hecll() Ia
(lete)linil(
i(in cle nLncll uris lrr()strr
()
lrceptl-Un errol,-
l)r'lltro clel cuid(lo que clel)eln()s tcner
(()n
l<.rs pacientes ntLrcisistas parlt n()
r(1rLll))atizrles, en caso cle qtrc considerenx)s til sealar lx irlentificreion pr,
"
\
( (
tiva. LniL fil'mrriacir-n p()(lr, c()nsisti[ en:
.No
le ruecl<i otro remeclio. para
rrrr ser lu psr-s()na riclcula <rre le haca scntir su...
(plclre ()
rnilclre !
()t-()
per
\()n.ric) (luc
lr.rtxr cle girnatlc (le
lltan():r l;t <)tra pers<>ne. ih( l nt. y aclc-
LrIlr.rr.( \'\er u\l((l cl ,lur (rili\.r
En e[ r'lrs<
(le (lue
la pcrs()nlidx(l nrrrcifiista se hayu otiginaclo en unx hi-
l)elnarcisizuci(-)n
prirneria, restrltaclo cle un vncrrlo privilegiackt c()n Ltn pr()
tcnit()r n:lrcisista <ue cspccr.rll[izabrr rr obligabe e trna firsiin c()n r\Lr
nr.'pilt
rrnegcn
r'ancliosa:.Clarri.
cs.r situirci(in en ruc-
(le
rnarlrt <; cl p:rclre) le ha-
lrllba l rstetl rn lx
jntinri(Lr(1.
citicnclo ..
(el
<tro pxrgc.nilor). no porll
ruen()s
(luc
ser
Piccrltcr'rr
prl Ln niri(). hacinrkrle senfir rrr!y irnpo|t:tnte.
Allcra esfe(r
(]l
nrism() triLt() privilegie(l() p()r pllrte rle las pelsonas con las
(lrre
se cn(Llc1-1t11r...,.
LxAvF\ r Ri lr( r, r)r. r A r )Rtt.\'r'A(
tN
'ni
NI { (,Ht I tA\ A:
tNI)t( A(lloNl;s, LT MIT^(.( )NliS \',
(,ON-l
R^t N DIC^CION t:S
l'ln un
()ricntxci(')n
terxpLlticx llluy diterente con lespc(t() a Ia kleini:rntr,
ru la cle Kelnlxr y e le <lc la psicologe cle l yo se encuentlan aquell()s ut( )-
res cuc tonsiclertn cue:rl lrrrlrersc {)liginu(l() ll petokrgl en la firlla tlel olr'
t() extern() ct stisf:l(er lcgitinlrs rtetesitl;r(lss nlrrcisisllls. el centro cle l: i
tcrven(i(ir1 lcrxl)Lrticlt cielrc ser Il cout-rr-c.rsk'rn clltl:iti<a
y
It s.rtisflcci(-)n
(k.
csts necesicllcle-s btst ltt t tk ) el pacisnte pue(|1 ir k)r:ln(l( ) x su ca[g() las f r rt
ci()nes
(le
s()stn
(lel
nlrcisism() y clc r.rn sll cohesivo <ue ruruple, r'ic.rri.r

pr()\'is() aDrente. cl tcrupeuta

(Golclberg y
Stepanskv. 198:1 K()hut, 1971.
1917. 19,-9. l9l(), 19Ui: Sternsky v Goltll)crq. 19il.1r lirlpin. 19t13). Perr rr.s-
pc(t() ir eslc punto. lr:r1 tlrrc lxrcer n(fJl
(lt!
lll llalirlo llnl rlcfilnlacirin tlt,
la olrre tlc K()hut. en pxrte (lel)i(lil
ks c\cesos
(le
xlgun(,s rlc sus segtrirhr
les ttte teclujeron sLls intcfYcn(i()nes a irrt:r cspccrrlariz.l( ii')n
(lel
plciente
(,ll
pemritir su firsirin con rI tet.lrpcLrtlr iclcllizlckr, con k> clrrc poco se diferen-
(
irr1t cste t)()
(le
tlatanlicnt()
(lc
rn psi(()tcrapil cle lp<ivo- En rcalidacl cl
nr()clel() lerputico cle Kobtt es llrLrch() D)ats urlttizcl() y ill)ir'(a l()s:igu,enres
c(n)lPoDcnlcs:
l Lrn \'ncul() teruPutico clc intcnso upoy() cu()ci()n:l[. rn cue el tera-
peuta eslecularizlr
)
sc plesta c(nu()
()l)jet()
idellizlclo c<n el ctal el pacien-
tc prtecla firsionane. Este es Lln c()mp()nente n() interprettiv(). no se bLls(:l
hacer trnscjcnte l() inc()nsciente sino <1r.rc cl pilciente se sieDta ceptado. citl-
)t,)
AV^N(ilis
t.iN
pstco,t-ltRApt^
pslco^N^t_TI(_A
PSICO'I'IJRAPIA DIi I-OS'IIlASTORNOS NARCISISl'AS 263
rr.rrk
r,rr srrs unsic<l:rcles
nalcisisLls,
legitintacl<r
en sLts cleseos. \,1
nr:is alli
tl<l fultlirry4
-s()srn-
(le
winnic()tt (vinnic()rr,
196r, 19at),
;
riene simili_
Irrrlr.s.t.on.
l: crirucl renpurica (le
llalinr
(.1g52,
1;68; y:-..,,.r't'"
.*p..t.,].i"
crrtrx'irn:rl
c()rrectivu rlc Alexencler (l94(r).
Fll tenpeutir p,ra*i
.g", trr.r,
ilitl)ltr y rn()stftrr su entusi.rslll()
\.iL(lnllrJti()n .,n,a ln r,.,.ri , ,r'aonclucta
clel
l)il(
i('trte. pcnllitir (1ue
el pacientc
le iclr.rlite \ln p(rncr.ll
ai"ra,,l.,t,r.rt,
all_
nrt'nsi<jn
ni lll()strarla
c()r)lo Lna
(lefensa,
tod() a"n t" tn"li.tr,ai
.ta qtre
el pr_
t ir.,ltc sc consrlicle
en sr itLtoestiDli
al sentjrse pr". a.,,,r'i.ia,,flr:rcl<.
l)en_
r ri<' cse clinl em()ci()nll,
cl rerpcLrrx.
.,.,
.].,
.1. ;,"4;;-cl'e
rnalizur
las
llnlirsxs
flrxn(li()sas
parlr
leducill.t.,
tstrt..i nt.is ia,.r".".lrr'"n
.=,yr(l.Lr rl pu_
ci(.ntc 1l qLle
clisminuyan
sus resi\ten(.l.ls
cn contrt .le la .-nrergcncia
ctei .sel.
,tr.r)(li(,s) l. rlc. lrjsrt. (.s
quc cl pJ(i(ntc.
fr(\tr:11i,,,,
i,,-,ii,n,.,.,..n.u.
t)r'( r's(Jil(es
cxhibicionistlrs,
que
cr:ln decLl(l:rs
p"au i.,
'a,ra,..ap,,nati"rr,a
(lul)r
cv()lutiv.t,
teme r.11,e
exp()ncrse
a igual
tl.aunl.ltisnto
si clcspliega
(,s.rs
nccesi(lxcles
en el tratantien,
P(rr trnt(), lJ pre(rrLtp.lLi()n
,-lel tetapeutlr
tro sc lr:rlh en <ue el s,/lgrancli,,srr...r
r..,rplr'z.rck,
p',,l..t
i,,
A. ..,,ti1,,a
si,)()
cn rJLre puerl:r
e.rergcr
dc l.r reprerirln
.,i,,,.r.h,
..r. h., .,'.t,,.u
.t..ti,_r,r.
l':lt.l K()lt.t,
h represi<'rn
<lel .scl
f.{ranclirs<t
prlr"
"t
au.,r,,.ta,,n,.
t,,.nt"
al"
(
0(usiasnt() y
vitali(la(I.
lil hacer c()nsciente
l() inc()ns( icnte tuecla sulxrr<linackr
clllrntr l.renu
fr'lr,
<lel. I rrrta icnto lll (r)jetiv()
ltisit
c]e lrrr.isizaru
I
r,r"ri"i".
,,r,
r,,lr,
L(ltarncat
st,.o en el nc()uscict (,
.r trrvcs rl< ,,r, ,.,na.,1i,
,l.o l" rt,"narrrt,
tlllir rcpresent!ci)n
de s c(rn() \lli)s(,..1(ent.lch),
lrgrtinr()
cn sus
cleseos.
I)( rtr() de este pft)ces() (le
nxrcisizlrcia)n.
tes ;neyitaltles
tulil,. .le .rn.r,rti" p,r.
lrrtc
<lcl lrnulistl. y
srr tlistosicir-rn
:r rctrnor.erllrs
.xpliclra,n.n-t:"nr"
ct pr_
l,ll
,lll.-.
1,
<lcrr rnrin:r n,.1, , (lrre (sjre
sc clesilusione
.t"i
"n,,ii.i,,
g,-r,Aurt,,,.n,",
(r(
,).net:r n. trJLr,.l-iticu,
clerilLrsi(n
rrrc le
lcr,titir
ir asentncl.sc
en strs
rr-orios
vlk>rcs,
en la valiclez cle sLr
juicio
cr.tlcr>. De a",, nr,*". las linci<
nts (lrc
el lrnnlistil
cur).rplc clLrrrnlc-
lr
e rlt l prr )c.eso ,ar" p.;a,ii..,,
.,.,ri,
lr,.,r_
J'((rr((lirs
p(x.
cl p:rcienrc,
pn>ces. rrl rtre Kirtrrrt <ren,r,.iJ
"inte.rrriz,r.i,in
I tnsnltta(k)m"_
I)(n
()tra
prte,
ntecliunte las
.inlcre
nciones selectivas"
el anlista
jnenta
rltrt't'l scl
f.irl
ntli< so se !llvil
intcgr:rnckr
en el yr
cle a.rliata.l.
.a. ai.-air. ,. ur-
rrrr < r'r:rliz:rncl.
l.s clesc.i intiniiles
cle *. ,,,tr,.,"lr,,.i,,'f,r*,:,r.,
..,,f,.,", y
th s:tr'<lkr
rlelas capaciclurlcs
clel p.r!lentc.
El *y'/gr.rrnrlioso
ctreclitria (.(()
cl
:rlilcnlo. ()
el
jlnpuls()
ltci la l)ijs,/urckr
..,i,f"..l,r"
n"..,r",r.
","
rr,,_
ll: ]; .:l l:':
\trenr,r\
!litrrn
'\
tle grrtncliosicl:rtl
,1u. n,, ,t .rr',-i rs plovecrs
r,.llr\r.\.f(r.\,r]
I,s clLre
l)crntitan
slttisflrcer
aspirxciones
nxrcisistxs.
Lits in_
li r \ (
tlr i( )n('s s(lectivxs
c()nsistiran
cn ll.trrl.rr Jl pJ( icntc ,
Uu._
,.,r, a"a,rn,r_
, rlrr1,, l.. li,r)rt.l(i,,nr: (lrri,
l.r r(,.tlr(l.r(l rltn(,n(.
.; ,,,.
r-f.r".r,
^.
i:, pr,,.r,.,.
.r l. trlitLr (, (r.c
no cs fiLrstracr. rrarissti.r,r.ri.
i.r. r'.*iri, l" n.."ri.t".r
,.,rrfrlsir.r,lt.
lrLr.\(rr
i.r espel ul.trizirci<in
o h tirsirjn.,,n.,i,,iri.,,,,
i.f""lir"_
('
r.r \rl'U( \t,,
t).t\t(1,
ci treLrcluno:
es la fl.ustr:rcitn,
"n.rta
a,,r,, cle las nc_
, r'si<lcles narcisistas. la que
()rigina
ta tijacirin r lo n< satisttcht que pugna
(
rrl()nces p()r emerger. l() qle ocrlrre lraj<:l fonlas patolgicas.
2. Interpretaciones en el senticlo clsico de hacer ccnsciente k inc<ns-
r'i(',)ls
)
Dr()sr.lr Is escisi{)ncs
-p()r
eierplo. entrc un .s,// grirn(li()s() y si
riult:inea vergiicnza c()nscicnte-.
.ltn
r al elemcnto cle expcriencia em<rcional
.()rrrctiva. K()h1rt
(lestaca
la imp<>rtancia
(le
la intcrpretaci)n tnto en la trns-
Icrencia con el lepeutx c(ll() c()n lrs personajes significati\
()s (lcl
paciente.
I)clo;cuil es tll contenj(l() tc))irticr)
(lc
ess intelpret.ci()nes? L()
(lue
Kr)l)rt in-
lentrl es
(lue
sLl pxciente Ir:.\ Lt sccucllcid ent|e ciertxs frusrltcknes n:tr'tisis-
tes y las concluctus y f.lntasas que le siguen. Asi, por ejempkr. si el pxciente
l(k)ptu unr aclitucl arrogante, se asla. t()lna un lrlre prov()cativ(). usa un len-
grlrje lrt>stil
()
rcl)u c.r(l() plrm uclcrririr r1n senfillricDk) cle supcrioriclecl, lo qtre
h:tce Kohut es < ientarle h:rcil el cxlmen cle <1ui' es lo quc prececli()
-r
csJ
.re-
Droviliz1lci(n clcl .scf granclioso,. N() va interpretxr la rcemcrgencia cie lir
grxncli()sid(l en tnDin()s rle rivaliclad o cle agresiviclacl sino c()D() una f()mu
por lu cual el srrjef> intentlr salil de unx situacirin trnrulitic. Ccntrar la ten-
ci()n dcl paciente cn la exl)eriencil ell'l()ci()nll cle flustracion que le pr((lujo
cierk) c()lncntario clcl nalist, o str silencir.
()
lr n() c()lrplensicin cle su ne-
cesi(lu(l em()ci()nxl. Fll paciente es llc'r'aclt lt h
(pta(i(-)n
cle sus nccesirhcles
nalrcisistas n() rcc()n()ci(l1rs.
Crrnclo se rcpasan k:s l)ist()rirles clnic()s. t:Lnt()
(lc
K()hLt coDlo de sLrs
rliscipLrk>s, restltu cltrc que n() interpretan lts nrec:rnisnxs cle clefensa e l
lD:tncr dc los alistas rlc rtras escrclus. La prc()cupacif-)n tcritputi( t't() 5E
rlilige l <tre cl plt<icnle pLrc(lll ver'Ll lrgresir.'iciud.
()
Ia iclcntitlclrci(-)o p)yec-
ti\'
(le
tal o cu:rl aspeck: <k- s. ni crirno intentl
(lesplcn(lerse
clc los senti-
rniertos cle cLrlpx flente al ol)jei(). sin< en cillo logtar <ltre el pciente sos-
tcnga el nxrcisis,))o cle trn scl clelri)itatlo. l)ltra lts k<>hutir-ros Lrna ilclivicla(l
tcrPuti(x
()rirnla(il
rr
(lLrc
cl px(ientc vc:l
(rinr()
pr())'(cfx, nicgl rr clisocia
crirclua a ste en la r)isrna situllci()n cle clescllitlcacitin cr.re vivi<-r en la in-
flnci:r: antrs 1<>s peclrcs le hicierrn sentir
(lre
no erur l>ucno o cilp.rzl hora, el
nlrlista le hax s('tir ctrc cs detl'ctrrr>so en
(rr)t()
a Lln srpuestu) critelio
(le
salutl nrcnt:il
(lre (onsistir. (n
renel. l1 firt:rlcza rlc cnentr s rcali<lacl ps
quiclr sin negal
()
Pr()ye(tlrr.
En cste lLspect() cltelr()s qre sul)ravtn c()rre(I-
l)rente el cur':icter traulntiznte
(Frc
tienen cicrt.rs xctitr(les ta,cnicas
(lLc
hxcen
senlir rl p.rcicnte <1tre ocrrltl r clefiua c()ntinLlullente. l-ils inter\cDCr()ncs
ln:lticas <lel tipo
.Pelo.
fcsc ustc<l l(c"
-s{r)[(
Irxlo c)
1>elr>,<tel
cririr-
zo-, o hs
(lcl
tip().rste(l no dcsell
(l.use
cuentl cle
(Fe...".
alrn cuan<kr ps-
ciltn <lecir elg() que es cierto en unr
(limensi(in,
p()seen, cn Lrn senticl() ms
gklb:rl. el carlic tc-r cle vercl'.rlen cleslcgiti[raci(-)n rlcl pacicnte. Si esto es reali-
zacl> sisteDrtic:rrrcnte p()r el ]n:llistr, !,1 p:lcirntc sier'Dpre cs u)ic(lo c()r()
el que estit hl<ienclo irlgo incleculr(t(). Por ell<r lu valiclez cle Lna interpret.r-
cin no viene chcla por el hecho cle clccir trna verchd solrre rna fi>rra cle firn-
261
AvANLlis
EN
psco.riR^pt^
pscor..rc
cionaD)ient()
<le1 paciente
sin() qrre
ciel)e ser juzgacla.
tarDltin,
pclr_el
efecto
que pr<xluce
en sr psiquisuro
I_". int.rp..r.,ci,
rn
-pu..f.'r._,1'..arip,,rr_rar_r,a
c()ffecta per()
patognica
<les<le
cl prrni,
,f. ,i,,.,
.f.- l,,r
-,rl.rivos
clel trta
rtiento
si n() tiene en ctcnti
Ii
ro.cnpinic.rar.
N,,.r,,,"-'rii.),'.'1,,:t;',::i,':,;l:'i,,.':,,;l:.H;:.:lll,:1,",,
c()lr'r() pr()),ect.r.
c(inx) se rLl()cng.r!l
nrc(lixnte
r,, ,ri..i,^,,iirr.ii,-l"
pero
nacla
nt'rs difcil quc
acertlr s(r)rc (
nrienk) erlr()(.i()n,l
tt
nccesita
lrara
seguil
un pr()ces()
cie crcci
La ciileencia
cle Krhtl (r)n
Lln analisl
cla,rsic<
crinsisil
en qlle )rcntra
esle ve la cnrirlr.t:
ciel picicnlc
c()r))l) rnoti|adlt
pr sLir-l,rnUicts
ntcrn,.
rr.r
sus tlesc.s
usr.esirs
'
sLr ,.ivaliclcl.
K,,1r..,,
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lu hech.
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s<rn:intico
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clicc, fut, rr.: irr(.. (l(.s(.,{l.rrlir.,rsr
l. (.ec}}().s
lr.,r., 1.,,
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tr't.rrt
r l\t trlt.irr.
r.r.
(,t(.^t)l().
esraban pr.,,l"ir,,ir"
'#q.iLr"qu.I,, qr.
PS!(:()l-liRAP!Al)ti-OS',t',RAS',tORN()SNARCISISIAS (r5
rr.rllsnrilxn !l sus plcientes c()rrcspondicra a lir
ycrclacl
de l<l quc pasara en el
r r, i )ns( icnte clc st<ts. t'unci<nrrl>:rn comc lccres clel inc()nscicnte, :.in rep:l
r.r iluc eran plocluctores clc incr>nscicnte."" l,r> sorprenclente es <1uc clurrnlc
r rrl( ) lielnp() se crgYerat qtte ll inlcrpr(t.tri('n.letLr.l pi,r sL (r,ntcnicl() r))itDi-
lr('\lo y tx)
1-l<rr'<tirno
blclt. qtti,.lanliLltd rlotct, rl paciente."-
lir lx tcni(x kolrutiana, hs interpr etaci( )ncs tansiclcnciules se cntrelxzln
, , ,l]
rccrnstLucciones rle la inflncilr clcl paciente en que se intenta que re( u-
,,
r't el recLrerclo el'l'urkrnel cle lrcuellas experienciis
( ()n
el
(
)l)jeto-del-.\?f pa-
r( ntirl que fr-clrn trtmticlts parir su nrcisisr)r(). FlspecixL)rcnte, que el prr
, ntc
rirccle
ver los rirsg<ls
rrttol<igicrrs
cle sus
ra<lres,
sus linritirciones y c(}rrr(,
!.rlLrlon en el
rL<rceso
clc nrcisizuci<-n nrr'rtfal. Krhut clest:rc la angustin
(luc
\i(
n(e cl paciente al clesculrrir lu pat()l()gr clc Los
Paclrcs
y stt lesistencir .r c0)
lr:rrc ursc en str cxpkrucirin. pero no sillo por culpll
()
pcrsecrci(in sino porrluc
.rl(\1ir su scntirlri!-rlr clc i<lcnticltl <uc <lepenclt,. en lttenr nrsclicla, tlc la iclun-
tilir't'ir'rn c()n csirs ligrrts. l'll pllci(ntc, rnjclt u llrs vivenciirs clc lt>s
>ltcll(s.
r r nr pl'tien(l( ) su visin
(leI
llrr.rn<to y la <r.rc tenan solrrc 1, sienclo l<l <r.rr.
cllr lc <lijcron rtrc era, r'uanclo crrestiona a sus
laclres
sicntc qrre tockr se tarrr
lrlta. clue n() sal)c
([rin
r-s f'l r srrs p(lres. l'xr:L K()htrt csta leactivaci<in tlt'
l...rrgr.rstils clc tlcsintegrci(-)n/l[rgl)rcnt.lci(in v cle
Prclicla
(lcl
sentiicnl()
(l('
trlrurcncia rlcl sr,/ r'cttricre
(luc
cn cs()s r))())('lt()s el prrcicntc se apoyc cn Ir
lrnstercncia, in<lui<llt llt icle:tlizucl:r. claclo cue si sc intentxse clesrontarlu Iltt.'
(liilnte
sr anlisiri irl}Jxclirir lu turc tlc inclivicltrrcirin c<>n resl)eck) a los paclR.s,
turca jerircuictn
rentc uls irlP()rtante pare el
racicnte.*
Se
rucclc
trrsiclcrer y kr t(:'slg cs srlo una esqltcma qttc no tk'lrt,
\clsg
(\)rII()
r'1irkr en str sr'(ucD(i- ir Lrn Irittiricnt()
()ricnti(l()
bajo llr rtrrr
tlltliclucl kolttrtiurn
(\)nl()
sLrce(lcn(l() cn ctltl)ls:
rrincro.
instulaci<in cltl
r:r
(ientc
cn Lna trllnsiercn(ix especularizltntc <l iclealizad:, un preckninio,.L'
t(). Lr.rn. q((
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esl(), sin
(rr)l)rrg()
s(
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cs(udiur y (lc p(mer al
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, r, rrlt,clescle sus nccesichcles, tlescle su intelior'1 no clcsclc cl objeto Fis inten.
Lrr('. irl respr(t(). pr-grnlam()s i(\)n <uit':r se itle|tifica el rrristu. l:-rk) l te()-
,r'.rr r'olll() cn su pr:icii<a clini.u/
l,o
llt,.r crr cl sLrjck)
() (()n
rl
(rl)ietr)/
Aun.
, ,,r
lrrkr cl riesgo tit'es(lLlellriltizlrr, Klcin se irlentiflcltla lrilsicentcnte c<n el
,,1,'1()i
stc cs el tltccl< p()[ cl srjrt()
-v
artrcl al que se tlclx: rcplnrr'. Hlty e]
, ii.r trrt
Prt<krrttitrio
clc un:l <rrncc:rtirin Itl(t:l] cn rrc krs itcrcses rlgl
()t-{)
s1)
1,,: rrrc el sriet()
(lcl)c (lr
trn(r-cn crnsicle(rci<ir. flslrL
('()n(epci(-)n
tltr Klein cs
LllI lun(llrl(r)l() tn lrrisico. unir pcrspcctiv:r cLcsclc l clr.K
(lcriyx
t()(l().
(ltc
ei)
L u('tlrr Lr lr.)lir'ar. irirr en cl r';rl)tro anlitir.o en Ilr rtlatit-rn uttrc p:r(-i(ntc
\ k-
r.rl)('Lrl1r's,('.rrnsitler':t
(lLrc
cl
I).1(iente
xt(x, en\,i(lil, rcclLrzrr [o buer< rlcl <l>
l(1(),
del
(lur
no t()lclir rlcrnclcr. I-a perurctiva clc ks krlruti;r<s cs llr
,l)u(sta: i(lrrtitl(uciil c<r rr-r sLrjcl()
(lrc
se rr rl egrcrlirLr. cl no srrllcientc
nr('ntc nrrr( isiz](k). cl cLrllxlriliz.rck r. sicrtckr cl ohjcr el rlLrc flriilt, cl rr.rc ata<:r.
IIbicr<k hc(hr: r'csl(r' llilstlr (lui algunas
(ar:rcter'stics
)
p()]1es
(lc
1()\ lfxl)j()( rlc Kolttrt. vcrrrttrs alrr[L l]gunlts rL.' sus lirrtlrciones:
l. N()
(lilcrenci:lt
entre l()s
l)](ientes
a krs <rr( llr tt'olia clc la cure
1'la
t(lclric1L
I)r()plcstiL
lcs lcsrrltrrt
l)clti,rtrltcs
y a los tue, cn clttbir. lcs resul-
lirr.r iiltr()gi'nicrl. A
lcsr
rlc
(lrr
esi() ftrcLr re'trtrcitI> inicielr:tente por'
lrolrLrt
-ltltbkr
rlcl
"lrrrlrrc
tr.i.aic(,. c(l lrsrnr()s r]t(isrstus clc <lticit, y
rlcl
.lxrmlre
cLrlPalrlc". cu\a
Jret()logu
es lx
(lcl
c()nfli(l(, I la crrlPe . ecLri-
lrentkr qrre'str cnfixrrc se lrlit:rra
l)
rc\ r lrntenr( Dt( :rl priDrc:-o. siD crubarg<r
('\isti(i (
r'r( i('nlclIIrrr
(c
crI K()llLr( 1'cn srrs segttitkrrcs rtn tcnrlcn<il e olr'i-
dersc clc les firnnulrr<irnes cLtttl<slrs
(lue
reslringen llrs olrsena-iones. cles
ljzlintkrse lrlrcilt otolgarles Llr
(r'li(ter
ur-tiverslrl [,
()riel]tlt(i(-)n
terputi(a
l\(rruljirtir l.rslrrLt sobe un sul)rcs1r)
(la,lj(it
cle nirr(jsirlrci()t
l)resentil ,r'an-
(lcs
in(\)ir\'('nientcs si sr- lrpli<lr a srjr)s
(lLre.
ror
cl contt-lrrio, ltlrn sichr lti-
pen-rllrcisizlr(l( )s
ror''lr<lres
pi rt( )l(-)gc( )s. c()n cLr\' grancliosidacl sc Iun iclen
tifir'tkr hiPcrnri isiucii-r
l)rilIxri:t-.
Fln csl()s clls()s. lir espc(ulllrir.l!i(,n
(,
l:r lusir-r urn cl trrxf)cLltll iclc:tlizerkr [o nitrr <1rr<'luuiu sera
(lLll)i(xr
Il c\-
lrrientia
inllrntil. rcli rrzlind( )llL. IguliLllentc. e'l Drr cl< k<lruliano es cle irn-
prxilrlc apliL lici<'>n p:rra krs c;rstrs tlr nl[('isisn]() (lcstrtr(1iv().
c()n inlcns()
(xli()
\, r'ivrrliclrrcl. t,ro I rr nsli'r'c'nci;t n(jgirli!l
-i
!c(cs rtilrlilicsl t nosr)lo r-c1:rli-
nricl r clisrci<la- <r-rc sc instlla clesrtc cl c<llic|rzr clcl tr'tanridrto
Jr,
' rn.r
cslirerzos tlLrc rexli(c rl tcr'l)crrtil pilrx 1lucisiza irl pl( icnte. Si en cstos cas()s
nrr sc lltcc
(l
centr'() en llts lcrttlencilts
(lestr'tl(tivxs.
cn lls lrnsie<lltcles v cleseos
granrliosos <rrc las irtrpulsirn. si no se
l)()nen
ltl <lcsculrier' r:'tpirlenrcnte. rtrc-
<lintc Is ilterpctl( i()nes con-es1>onclientes. ls clrscllifit ucir res v ls iclenti
I
flcll( i(rres pr()\'cctivils.
el ?iilntienk)
cole el riesgo n< srik clc inlertrrntir.se
;.rl :" :1. :. )l :.: :,
,n r,nL,,r r. cl< (
lLre.et.rer.rpclrr .ii;".L.
",,,;",;;r';
rir pacien_
rc r-irl(, ,, \rn
c\l)-r!i,, p.rr..r
trn vcrcllrdcro
trxl)j() nlrlti(r).
CLllnd()
el
(xli().
el
r(\rnriri(nr,,
r l.r risi.n
DJr.rn,,i(le
ckrnrinan
l:r ,..1" a,rrr,;.i;;;,,;-:.1
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l.r ,,,nLlit,1.l
(l(.1 Ll)iri, (.\l(.rn,),.,,
,,,n,;n,,.,,,,.n,..i.,n,.rar.,,.,
tlr descle_ta perspecriv.
pak)li).i.r,
t,,
-,.rr,,.t ,,i. iu.,,.;':i:i
;_;.:;.1.,,"
".
u-,."
raz J:xrl
s sola rle pnrcrrrcil
Lnir nr(rlrlfi..lLi(rn.
En rskrs rsrrs. r.l ncrincr crclt
exislir
l)er()
scilr cornr tcltin cle li,nrlr .urr, .....,,,i,,
p,ln.,r.l'.i.,,r.O
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ottttltclo
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tlt.h, rr.rnrl,,
., i,,..
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serilr clc llr .rient<.irin
k,rltLltint
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o rerrlrncntc.
hun tcnickr;
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lo
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o krs irbct,rs
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se .,..,.,.,,,.,
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AvANcis liN
pst(lrt.tiRAptA
pstr:o1..t.tc.
clicacl.s para I:r lcnjcx
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En Ln nivcl rutis gcncrul.
v stil srr jLricio
la Iirnitacit-rn
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(
r,rrrr( ilrln'fl.rnr
i:r. r'l p.irrri.rrr,,
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ii ."'',1.;;
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plenarcisisrs
n() esriin sLll_
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()t
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I l'ir(i('-llcs trrn prllrtc atLll( )csti,rtl. qtle nLncil se llllt sttrli<lo rrrrr tlt l'r'
,lr,''.. (lu(
liencn tenclcncia ll rentlncil a stts clescos
)'a
sttltlt t-st lt Irs rlt
,,,r.,. ,rtc lrr.tscan lnsi()slncnle ser espccttlarizlttltls
< iLtsittatst corr olrjt los:r
l,,,,rr,. irlculizlr etril xtl ncloles ulrjt<s o prlcleres cr.tc stos lr()
(i(lr('r1 Irit
rtrn l.rs l:Lllus
(lcl (r)ick)
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l
tttl:t
. rn.r .rsei!iclad, qtle cst:in
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\ , tllil(,l1zil.
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, Lr, ,l.l (lc
s.rtisflt( ci(-)n nar( isista
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sexttales. altlso clc alcrrll()l
r tlt
,l)girs. ctc. . lhcientes tlr.te lian lcniclo patllcs clcptesivtls. c(nl l)lljx iltll()(s
tll.r rlr.rnilirsla.
(ltlients
ttstst1l(l()s
lor
lls Iigtll'as c\tern'ts han lrnsnlilitkr
't
.rrs lrijos sLr pr<-ri:t sLrnrisit'rn. iltcit:incl<;lcs a qrtc la replocluzcn
'lnle
l1s lijltl
r.rs c\tenrits. l)xcicntt:s <1ttc cleserrllllan unlt trltnsti-rcncia
"lllllncl:t"
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1,,rrirc
1.)rtsr.'ar-t tlesesperlLcletttcnte
stt ltptttlllrcit-rlt. clepritrlii'nclilsc
y sitrtitrt
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,l l(rpeutx. cl clcsco cs cl c[: r'rrlvel rlipi(hlrcntt a rn relacirn arlll'llid\'r'
.icrtlii l:r ltflrcsiviclxd tlll ii)nl1ll de tl-lllrlr
(lc
linzilr 1l
()l)iet()
quc le
(ltriL
l r
\
rr,r rn <k'seo clc tltslrrtirlo utto rir'1.""
l. I)u(ienlcs irrfctitizatlos. cttlpellilizetlos. iltcrl()rizx(los
por
rlttltts
rr;rrtrsistris o parenoiclcs.
Pcienlcs
(ltlg
l)n (cl)l(l() las itrlgcnes ct'tt'ts
lirs liguras
r,,t,rl,-rgi,,',,.
lcs llltn ino<ttlaclo. qtte no ltllrt teniclo le prrsilrilitlrtcl
rl(
l)()(l(r
s()stcnel incil)i('nles c()nvicci()ncs
sollrc Ilt patologa clc lr: ntisltl'rt
rrrl
el tcrro, dc trrlrcnttllts. o rttc han leni(l()
(lLe
gttatclal en srr irll('ri.r
sLrs
itrici()s
solttc el <llrictlr cxlel-lll)
l)()r
llLs nlisas rltzollcs l)acientcs
(lt(
Dlrcslfatn clr.tclls
1'urtrfrtsion
s(r)rc sl i(lcllti(laal, ctrc no han ptxliclo tttsrr
lirler rlllrr rel)rcsent:tci(-)n
-v
rtn sr'l t'ohcsir).
(lLle
l)()scen
tcnclen( l tr' tll'lsr'
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a()nse('Llcl( ia tlc kr ltntct iol ,
l)Llt(len Presentar
(
risi5
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ralologrt
fi-rlrit
-incltrida
crisis clc piirrico-,
()
telrores llil.l{)
r'or'tthiectls.
. Un cirnrl)l()
(le
cstt tiP()
(lc
Pcielltcs
ts cl cltso tL: W'. tn hrnrtrrt: clt J5
aos. Fjr la entrevislx inicial. r'cll(tye l lltirecl. llutnttnicntlo los
()j()s
Plii(1i-
cerltenlc ccrlLtl<s,
,v
a los
xrr'os
tllinLll()s c(nllienzll ;t lkltr' clicienclr' r'r'tr: tit rtr'
nruclros clcfi'ctos. Ilc intirrlrle
(lLc pl-csent.t clillc'ttltltcles ell stl tral)11
',
(lr'lt ( \t;i
sjcnrplc in(luict(),
(r
l)l'()l)lcllllls
tligestirrrs
-tlltlt
lccrlt <trc le ol>liga a lcg
t't9. I'lslr
(lil('rtn(ill (11rrc trrrir irsresi\l(l(l
P:r!rt
irn(rrxr linl:rr1 ol)i(1o rr qtrtPrl\re'rrn(i"rr
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sucr0 enrer,r.,,rn,, Llni(() scr vx[()s() Dos plrr(1e Lltriiv
Pxfl
(lisiingtrir (l ntrrrisi\nv)
lil)irlin:rl
cltil
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()Lrrr(1()
[r 1r].trcsi\ i(lx(l rs irn instrtrrtnl()
I)xt(rgii1)
rl sti(n)
(l(
c(msrguir rl ;ror(n
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P()silrilkh(l
(lc su
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niri:n rlcl rirxrrkr. I cirnrl)i(), crr cl nxr(isis n) dcslrU(1i!(). lir f\istcrxi:r nrisDr:r delol)i(1() sf
riu lir qtre csl:rriLr xrrr(rrir,'rn(l() l.r g.:rr1(i1()\i(l.r(t dcl stricn) l)( xlri qtrc slo lrr climrntrr'r' rrt'
diirrc ir dcnig.x.ir-)n
()
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Psi((rgirl
h.r(cr cnkxltre'(r o in(luso hlisiirt'r't
l nrclx r l qut In.()ns.itnl( tDcntt rrPtrrtx tr'lc tiPo
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exclusivxDrenre
ks lires
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2 t=
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PS
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A DIJ I oS'I'RAS OBNOS NAR(]ISIS'I'AS
Dtenes es)c(i:rles-, qLe n()
l)Ue(ie
tencr l)uenlts rellciones sexulll(s c()n su cs_
p()s!
-sc
cus(-) hcc 2 xos - !l c()nsc(.uencia (l(,qLe
poc()
cle iniciif l pe-
nctmci(-)n se p()ne nen/i()s()
1.
pier-cle la erec(.in. llst() ts rc,latclo trrn lllrscs cn
tfcc(t:l(llls p()r el lllnt(). I)cr() estc llnt(), ltats
(lLte
fi)rlnlln(lo pafic (le
un esll(k)
(leplesi\i).
rle pxrecc
el
(l!.ll!{Lti.n
asusta(lr)
I)(-l:r
siturciin (lc
enttetistx. Se
l< dig. v sc rrlntuilizu,
rleja.<1. <lc lkrrar. Luegcr nlc
(.!tc.t..t (lLre
estt\.() cll it11._
lisis tlrritnle v:r'i.s lt<. ttrc le sirr r. plr.-r ,al au ,,r..r,r,.lr.l
1, L(),1();tt(.lt x l
Jlr'nl(.
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t(, I t'r r lt .r. T.url,ir.lt rl, ,Br.r
.
rU
ltjcr. r i ,n\r(lct.,ln(1,
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rrr.r.' L.rr.,2. inr..
ligcnte, .rg:,tiz.clu <1.e 1. lixle sr ilctitL(l con tcspeck) m es <lc sllt,isi()n.
sLl trak) es cxcesivatllcntc
resnqtu()s().
fi) rclur que lrace rle su iln:ilisis:lntcri()r sugicre cl <le itlgLlien (luc
sc s()
nreti(i unil
()ricnlaci(i
llnulitt(11
(lLc
le cr.rlplLlriliz:th:t
r, <uc lrr r isr, rrt rtrt rir
nc'cle s
trrrtttr itgrcsiv()
)
(lcstfllati\1)
ttrr-r-cslton(le.0Lls
l)ien.-.1 Llnil il(.cl)tir
cirn cle llr rLrc sc lc clijo llttr-s rrre lr le rc.:rlirlucl tlc, sus vivclrLils. lln: vcz
rltucnzlt,.lo el 1rnlisis c()ntuig(). lIc cnler()
(lt
crre srr pltclre. Ltn inlll,gr.,ntc (lL(.
llegr-r al
rrris
l()s 20 aos y
sc rarr<i u,rr
r.sici,ln
trabeanckr
rlrr,rrcnte, e'r
Ln ver(Lu(lcr() ti-ano. cstillirn(l() a krs hijos con unt corre rlrre <rriguhr cletr:is
(c
It prelt:r. F.l parlrt
c.onsici<ltl)ll. y as sc Lr rrlrnifestalra. ctre ,. no clelre-
re csucli:rr sin. <icclicarse . an
(1rrg()
brr<x a'rti<rr cn l (rnrinistril(.i()n
f)l)li-
r';t tr.rc le
Pr)t(,gicl.
plt(,s
o() tcniil ni
l.crson.L
li<l.rcl ni vill(.e\
rlrnt
s:rlir.:r<lc
l;tllr.'r'r
Lt !irlrt. l..s recuerrrrs inr:rnlilcs sr lrs rrr ,n ni() rrL,rr()rzir(r()
I)(n-
trrt
ltrlrr,,t;rr:rr-roic().
llnrc cl
(.ull
l nll(lr.e tllnll)in sc s(nItcfit.
El r'nrul< (lue
est.rl)lc(.c ar)nntig() es ei
(lc
ltn s(,r supucstlu)rentr
del(,(,
Iu()so qLtL'lc tclatlr a lrlguicn. :r
(luicn
tetnc c icletrliza, toclo kr rrre i,l no l:tr.c
r(lccuil(irntcntc.
Yo,
ror
cl (()ntriLr-i().
rrre ti-nro l:r inegen <lc ltlgLricn inteli
gcnte. scri(), tr':tlrejatl.r. (llt(
.U.(il se he poclicl. r.cr ltej..trit p(,rsl)(.(.ti\
l
(li
lclcntt clt' la cue lc in<xLrkr s\l
l)il(lr(,.
inlign clt,si rur: se clcteri<rtr rrun ures
rrl
llrs fltl)lrs cn llr lcttlirlrl (lU(, ()(:tsir)Dln
slts I(rn()res cn l:s [c]ltaj(.)(.s inlcr
r.r-s.nlrL,s.
,\Jt plltntc() si ltr clcltr lral)itjitr.
l)r(,(.isir))cnte.
csa lr rr tr rlrst.: lilica
(
i()n, part rrrc
rrrccla
enrcrgcr
(lc
la rcptcsirin la il.ratgen valodzr-le rlc si <uc.
segrin rrtv crrrnprcnclicnclo
cl csr. h:r siclo. y cs c()ntintralucntc,
r(,llril)i(la
tllo rlcfens:r firnte llr ngllstix peeclt()riit
-\c
(lenilfa
part n() pt()l1x)vct-
llt ita tlc un
()l)jclo
l)11ln()ic(,
11.t'ci\i(t.-. t]nl
Jxrsilriliclacl
sc,ra, en(<tccs, in
tcntlu-csl)c( LtlllriTll-.r 1.. llt()stllllt(l()lc los t:rsgos vitli()sl)s (lue
l no
trrr,<lc
ver
.le si ntistrr. Sin ct))l)rg(). (l
isl)ccfr) rLrt rlt,:csirlt;r lttlis eviclclle tn lr lr;urs-
fi'rcnci:r
cr'rigr, cn la rclrrt.irln trrn l. rrr.rjcr'cr cl r,ncrl< c(rt
(l
lr)teri(r-
ltnulistx es l irlcelizltcit
clrl
(r)ic
'
(._\tLrm,,.
l-.\t.l us Lr lrnt-r en l-r iiLe nte crlt_
lt:trcr a p<<o clc inicilclo cl h.:rt:uiento: qtrc puerl:r ir vicnrkr los cieli,ctrs ciel
objeto icleaiizackr. \v. se nlLrestr:l
(lcs(()n(etll(l().
(.st:i (lcnrsi(k)
lr(.()storll)ra-
rlr>.e dirigir l:r tttira<l soltre si
-ror
ticclo ttrirr. los cleli,ctos clel oltje>,,
clcfienclc los tnritos (lel ()l)jct()
t\iern() y reulir.ttt:t rrre cn r.cali<lucl el <leli.c_
($rso
cs
(,1
\ r r rlijo Lrn.r le <lc cr rnirontlr(irln,
s1.icDrlo rlc Ies p:rrurkrjus tlurc
iorl)li(il: l(,rliN,,. r't,itclltritt,.ttc y L,n
(listint()s
c()ntext()s
1,
refer.iLi,,s .r DrL y
, frirs pr!s()n1ts. qLe p()l tcr))or.,l)xja' le ,riracli ---tn senticl() literul y tnetafiiri-
I rue la clirige hacia 1. que elk le lleva una clescalificacirn cle s nris-
rrr()
\' 1l una cxageraci(in de las strJ\restas vinu.k's cle str n'rr.rjer, cle- su anteriol
.rrrlislu \'<le tn. Lc pregunto si n() hy rasg(),s en m. claclo que l tillnhin pue
rl,.'rrbsrn':r
\'silclu c( )nclltsi( )n.-s. cue 1e pillczcrn in1(leculcks. C<trl rtttrclrs
rlrrrllts clicc rrrc pensri ulti scric
(le
c()sas
(k'lli (ltriictef
per() quc se
(la
cuen-
tir
(llrc
s()n
Puras
inrxginlci()nes cle 1, ctrc nrc rt l)uye a r)) coss rue son clc
r1l. Lc
(()ntes) quc
rtrecle
ser petr)
(lLle
lo cur rttits teror le procluce es crte
() sea ilt)llginllci()nes sin()
(luc
c()rrc-sp()n(lan x
(lelct()s
reales tlri(r\.
PUc\
\i
l)cnslrs(
rs ten(lla
(lre
cntl':rr en
(()ntlict()
c(.nrni8(). Enk)nces se, lnima y altr-
rle a <krs o tres ttsgos nros ctrt'le
1l:treccn
in:rdecuacks. Y() inte-nitntente c()n
tLrtrclrr.t't l
y'clc
rrlgLrn.r rlrrnrtl, sin exl)licitirrlc rrti pcnsllnrien). le rcsporr
tl, r Ltrc i-l si cs caplrz cl( r cr is clcfcttos. Nr le rligo, io que estaril
(ientr()
d(
llr ta'L)'ri(;r riis
(llsica:,Qtrc
rrstccl .si/fcquc s()n
(lcfect()s,
sino quc
"l
s es c:r
l)z.le P(nitirsc
vcr nris clcfeckrs", kr rue sin pr()nllnciafllre sol)rc \Lr juiaii,
clt- realirlrttl nrc
l)crnlitc
algo ctte ort p.irc(e inrp()mante: n() dcscalifirltl r(xr)
rirra
pr<tycccir-rn l()s
iuici()s
cn
(pe (apta
rsl-{os ina(lecurclos cl<'l objeto. lil
rrrlilisis <uecle estrl)lcci(k) s,
(()rn()
un rellci<rn en tue l se mir.r x s rnis
nr()
l)cro
tlrhin a rl, us c()rn() vo lc nrir<r
('l y
u rn. Por l]ri piLe l))e pllrr
l(a) rl ,iesg() tlt l rlinitllrrl c( )nlriilrlt nsfi'-!-ncil l. cs rltcir'. lencr !na crrnc[rcl
(lrc
r)e
()lr)r'guc
Ln ill)irg(,1) lrin rLis itlclizlcllt soy cI rue tolero qrrc rtti
r.r-
.ientc nr) re icleli<r. lis
(lr(ir.
utiliz.rr il nri
l)ir(iente
pr[a narcisizlrn]Ic l lrir
r's clc rr srpuestlr Ir()ncsti(lcl intelc(tu1ll. No se kr cligo pcl() est()y:ll(11i
rnte
(,st('liesg() (le
llrrrcccr rrlra iclclizcir-n
lx)r
pafie rlc l en r,n nivtl rr:is
rrotirn<kr Jlor
cl hcclro cle ircitllrlc l
(lLre
ve.l <letect<rs cn rn.
lll resLrlr:tcl< clc esta lncu tctrpa'rticir es <rrc cl paciente se tonl cJ(lil \,( Z
t]tals lrscrti\()
(\)l]llligo.
Y() rne pltgunt(). itlt(nir rn \'(l,z itlt p:trii c()ilrp.r'tr r r,ll
a'l t:st.r
Ilrr:(x
tpci<ir-r. si r> sc cstal s(n))cticD(l() ir l()
(c
sc !n clesc() r)ti(,.
ll entjc,r(lc las pararlojas ir:rJ>)icecles cn l! situirci(in cle clesicleuliz:rii, rn
r'r'r,
Dte c()nll lt lxnk) c()n c()D([rct.ts cxlernas
-puc(lL'
tener una clisrtrsirn itr
l)oltnt(
c()n su mujer la ctrc le se:rllr sus rlrsg()s ptdgicos;
(liseut( ('(nl
sr
iell'
nlilntcnicn(l() su
()pini(in
c()ntrlui.r resPeck) Lrn
Pr()yect()--,
(\nn()
c(xr cl cst(l() cle urayor tr:ln(lili(lxd
(lre ('upiczr
l experimentar, qe se ll-
t:i
(lc
un
(rrnl)i()
rc1.
al.D
tu se clilcrcr-tci eslc Iil)() dc trrtxr))icn)
-(lel
qLe n() prc'(\,nll-.1x):r
su xpli(1r(i()n unive'rsul sino ctte kr rcstringirnt)s :r cas()s cle estc tip()-
(l('
otro <lrrc lrr.rbiera trxnscurrid() bajo la orientci<in clel an:iiisis
(lcl
c(mtli(t()?
I)escle l:L perspcctiva clcl conflicto, sc lrul>iern lrrscacl< l<>s irnpulsos y tk'
sc()s grcsiv()s
(lel
pxcisnt('. se hrrliera vist() el terrcr com() resultr(l()
(lc
lll
proyeccLon tle csa agresivi<llrcl, sc [rubier enf:ttizx(k) Ia rivli<l:tcl e(lipicll
(r)n
e[ pltdrc, l<x
(lese()s
inccstr()s()s. ei <lcse<
(lc ()cupirr
stt lttgar v krs tr'nr,,r'r's
I)or
li rcsl)Iresta veng?livil cle stc. se hulir-,ra examinatlc l rir lirlrl. lrt t r i
clilr respccto ill nelistll, ls rentncias nas()(luistas por ctrlpa
-c()nlli(-l()
(
nlr('
272
^vANctis
iN
pstcol.tiR^ptA pstcoANAt,i,l.tCA Pslco'tERAPI Di I-()S tRAS',tORNOS NAR(-ISISIAS
ftt
I,\Plcitackj dl
paciete de l.t ltrca cle lrabajtt
Volvienclo l ctst cle
rW.,
acletttts cle trabaiar ejcllplos c()ncrct()s. vi\'(I1
cieles y con ciarr lepc'rcusirn clnoci()nl de su soutetimienkr en l:r rt'l;r'irit
conlnig(). c(n su nlrtjer y en el trxl)a), le explicit, ya en un nivel nr-is gtne
ral. <Ite lo
(lue
estitl)allx)s trallajanckr en ese m()mento cle sr anlisis errtn tlos
speck)s: p()r un lattr. que l pucliera captar el ptrlcr relativ(), mcn()r
(lur
l()
cue i'l inltginaba, clue los clistintos
Pers()najes
puclieran tener sobre 1,
rtr
s()naics
(luc
tatnlin k necesitrl)rln a 1. kr quc les ol-rligalla a tomar en cLcll
tlr kr <1Lre i'l clcscalta- l'tclcr telltilo clc est()s
Pcrsonljes
claramente clitercntt
<lel
rorler
ltlrs<luto tlc su par-lre en la inflncll. Le destaqtl que a l lt' rcsttl-
tlrla clificil
(larse (ucntlL que le lltril)tll a I()s
()tros
el poseer nlipe' tllris
't,,
clcrosos y tluc por ello se retifll) dcl
jLrego, clncklles le parricla p<lr ganrtcl:t.
I)(r'cl
()tr()
lclo. cn estc caso llte <rei attt<rizacl< a plantear, taml)in exPl(i-
tanrente.
(lLre
s<-rto si l ptxle vcr las lilrlitci()nes nlas y las cle ltls clelns. l
lutrxbsen'cir-rn cle sts liurittciones n() tcn(l el carcte cle se inferioli
zlrnte. Con est() trat dc contraffc-str lo qtte es ttn efecttl cle l estrLctura
(l('l
r'ncuk analticr: cl pxcit:nte se lrtrt()ol>scrvl y tle'scttllre f:tllrls iente a ttn
x't'-
s()nll,c
(lue
n() cs ptcsk) en tela cle
jti(i().
lx)l'lo
<tlt sc pLtecle llegar a
llrr
clucir un clcct< cle inttriorizlci<in, qtle en cs)s casos es claratnent< iiltr()le
nic(). nris lh clc las intcnci()nes clcl terapcuta. l)c ah la inpofiancix
(l('
cept.r
(luc
cl nalistu sea ctltjeto clc exanten
P(n
prte clcl pacientc y no st
cntien(la que lus c<nclrtsiones crre olrticnc son
Pr(xlLlct()
exclltsiv< cle tlisl<l
sirncs transterencillcs sino
(ltlc
t.lrlll)in pr.leclen clerival clel sentid<> cle tr":rli
(llr([.
t]n
()tr()s
trrnin<s, cn el tr.ttrtntient() tlxlo clclt estlLl' s()llletido a exal)l('r)
por prte clel paciente: el prtcientc y el analista. lo rttt clice aqul y lo ttlt'
:tflmr stc. Y() le pregunt, cn Ins cle trn
()casi(in:
'Qtt'
litnitaciones o <lc-
fectts Ic ve estl visi(-)n
(lLle y() tcng() tle lo <1ttc;t ttstecl lc
rasa'/'.
La explicitucir-)n al plcicnte cle h lncl clc tubajo clc tu es lt sc estit lrtts-
cuncl< dcscrlil-r luxlitltut rcqIrjere crutcl. Srilo pueclc tttilizarse ccno ge
nerlizxci(-)n clcspr.ts tlc qtte sc hayan trellrriaclo ejetrtpl<>s concretos en qttc cl
pirciente viYcncie cl rsPccto en
(
Lestin. lan cs() contrari() se colre el riesg<r
clc flv<re<er l1l intelecturtliz.lcia)n. en es-rccial con krs pacicntes en qtrienc'
qste
rlrsg() cs clestucx(l(). l)et() inclLls() c()n esl()s
Pacienlcs
sc pltecle exPlicitxr
l:L linea clc trxl)xi(): pl ecislll)lente. stt tcn(lenciit e rceurplazar el sentil p<lr cl
discurtir k-rgicanrente. cl h:llar cn gcncral en vez cle vivir las expcrientilts
elt)( )ci()narles c()ncretlts, etc.
Salre[xs c]e las ol)jeci<>nes <uc se
rtteclen
esgril))ir en <rrntra de explicitar
al
I:rrciente
le lnea clc trabaio: petlutl)ari la espontanciclacl <le la regresin, t-a-
vrrcceri llt intele< ttrlizxci(in, penrtitiril k)s cLcsli()nlllrlient()s
P()r
pafte de
Px-
cicntes p:rrunoiclcs. Cuesti()ncs qt-tc clcllen scr teni(las cn cuenta y sopeslttllts
en
(r.l1r
cso per() qtte no invali(lltn llt itnpolltncia qtle tiene qtle el
P?cielll('
c(nnpilrtx
(jl
conocirrient() tle hs lnces
(ltlc
orientan cl tratal)lienl() en
(ll(lil
r-leseos y el superyr-r-, se le hrlrieran scalaclo al paciente
los DlecAntsnl()s
cle clcfens pait n() entertrse cle estrs conflictrs. Iiste ntisis cn ver al
ra_
ciente c()ln() i icitckr cle prcresos illtJtttlsecl<>s p.r strs descs()s ll]cestL()s()s
p(n tnk), clcse<s inaclecuck)s
t
p()r srl rivrliclacl y lgrcsivi(la(l
_p()r
tan-
t(), actit,d(js y senti'nicnt()s inclccuacl<s-,
clcfirracl.s p.r srrs t,ecanisrn.s
de clclcnsa p()l.tlrnk),
rcultl,licnkr inaclccuack-,
refirerza Il clesval<riz:r
cirn clcl paciente
c inrpicle ctrc obscve l
()l)jet()
eal, (lre yca
quc raDtl)i,rl
posce linritecioncs y clef-ectos. El anlistl, al queclar trbic:rd< en cl lrrgar.clel
qLle sLrpucstal)tcnte
no incitlc cn el pntccso,
clel que sr-rlo es pentllla
cle trans_
fccncis o garante de la vsrclllcl, eclcuierc rrne cliltensiitn cL figLrrir nr:is ellri
clel bien y rlcl nlrl, sirlilar a la clel paclte c()rn() llllt() als<>lrrt< de la i(lcnti(l.t(l
y cI l:r v-rlrtlt,z ,,
nr, ((,1
nrr
illl(..
I)()r
(fra
pxlle, n() se t[tt.l clc tluc cl n.llista tengt rnll ac.titrrtl rle cstc<.rr-
llrrizar iti pacicnte. hac.inch>le scntil.r,alios<t, o cle cuc pen:rita llr lirsir->n clc,l
1lt
cientc
(r)n
str figLrla idealizacla. Fll p[()ces() re<uicre <lc elgo cue cxt.cck, Lrna
actitld tolelilnte, scil st.r silcnci()s o expresltcllr prtr la
rilaltr,r
c(rllPrcnsl!u.
Rcsulta imlispcnsaltle ctre cl pxciente v.ly.t cotnprenrlic-nchr cl senti(l() clel pr()_
ceso aneltic.r, hacia clrimle aprrntun las intcrvcn<.ioncs
clcl enalislu, pala p<xlcr
ser artfl(e
(lel
ntislu() y p:lr:l <trc se
trrecla
col<ctr cn unlr p()sici(-)n
nlcn()s ast
rtrica
-nunc
scr k)teltrlcnle sil)r,lri(.1t er crrnkr itl pocler
rer.o, .lor
lo Dre
n()s, no tn alsimtricil-. l)c
()tra
ntirnerlr, cl
.xtcientc
su.a ntrstrarto ntrcvlr_
r)ente unl posicir-rn
clc pasivirlacl y soluetirtricnt( ). l,<.elll une lcz crrc d
ilnalistx tiene un iclea lcerct rlc crr lc pxs.t ul
l)ilcicnte,
<le las tlrr.c.rs ru.- trc
ne por clellrnte para poclcr cantbitrr su crtnrrulsiirn rt la repetici<in. rle los tlts
lculos clue se opQnclr:in a elk. c'ccnrrs til {(nt las ntatiztci()n(,s rc(lLrcn_
clas pan clcla c.ls() prticulul.- (.(rllpxfiit.
con cl paciente eslx
()l.icntitci()n
gcneml
clel tmtnticn&).
Qtrc
el plan terrp,Lltic() no puerla ser jlrnl.is
tlclinickr
dc ttna ntanera rgicla, que a nrcciicla cue progres:l un anlisis ,r.,,g,,n ,,"r",r,rr,
<latos ins<tspechltclos
cUe ol>ligan a tr.te cl lrnlLlista sig:r el ptccso y,<uc n,, tre
le dc intp<>ncrle sLt cur-s<t, elkr n() signica <Lre no hayan lncas
J.xrr.t.iales.
pe_
(llrc()s
trallt()s en cl t.atDin< xnltic()
(lLc
n() teng:ln un senti(l()
y
unlls l))ctars
tttc ptteclen clefinirse.f /, cr-),) ct'ttt'tintiL,ut()
tlL,h(, pt u\t( ![)Lt ]. rl ptrci(,lt(,.
Nuesttu perspectivt 1(.nic.l tlt:ts genL,rrl. y rnuy espccficanlcnte prl iL(lLtc_
llas
rclsonas
con tcnclenci.t al s()llctiotient()
nls(xrrisilr y a la pesivitiacl.
t,s iuc
Lr
xlsi<
i<in
(lel
pacicnte
en cl tratamient< clelt c<nsistir en u; entcllrzr.ri(..1()
rlt tlrrs prtresos: p<tr un larl<t srntcrsi<-n cn vivir lu cxpcriencie unaltic, ctl
rrsr i:rr t'lsi srrspenclicncl.
la rcflexirin critic.. l)()r el .t*r, un ernergcr tlel aLrt._
nr;llis() (l(,
Ilt vivenci.l trllnsfqlencill y cntcn(lcr no stilo el rrxnentr r,ivirlo, el
s(r)li(l() (l(.
lit lltnt:lsil y llt contlucta particu]ar clre cstn cn esc lll()llent() (1]
jrrtgo.
sirlr. tirnl)in y esenciahlrente,
ctrirl cs la tarca qrc se esth relrlizlnclo.
(ict'rrl(rs
<rrr.(.ste tiltit)x) llspccto n< Ia .cciltick sLficiente atcnci(-)n.
)7t
AV^Nclis liN
pst(.().t.tiRAptA
pslc()ANAI_II(:A
an()
(lc
sLls tt.lnx)s.
Miis.lLin. si.el
l).Lciente
sal)e
(lL
cs l() quc sc l)Ls(..1 pLtc
(e.
cnk)n(.es,
1rux)l)senar
sus f.:rnt:rsas
y concltrct,ts
lirer. clJ lr,a.ra"urr".,
a,rn
kr ctral cl anilisis
no sc lrdLce a l<_, qrrc transcurre
ail.,o,r,.l
,a,,r'p,rau.
fr,r,,"
serrnles
sino que pasa a ser rlgrr
iue
.rcrlnpar
._f ,ir,,.i.t
n".,..'.. ,r,r.
:l:.1 lll
J.r rtgrri,,n
e,
.,,;t,,
p.rnr
.tet pr,,,.r.,,,,rn.,1,r..,,.r,nn.,1,,,,,..n,,,un,,
lln ltn (.n
st )j\r)1r,. l-.1 regrt,sir,n
rlt.l,c.sr.,.,ptirrr,r
"r,j.,,r
r.}.{,,J.,,1.,..in,,,.,
.lltrrrs
rlrc \l((111,(.n
l,,.t
lr.rLi(1)tr,\
\c\rr.lncnt(.
1,,r,,,,1,.,,i,,...;,.;,;.,,;,.
rs,i1i.,,
rrr ls pr,r., n.rli.L,.[.,
Ll1.p..,,.n,..;,,f.,1t,i...
"
l-.n ('u.nt,)
l,rs
frlrrit-nl('q o.rr.ln,n(l(,\.,r,rr(..ll,,r,1r..(;,1,.ln
\t(,
tl1t(,(.rl
(,1 (fr,'
.rs lirll.rr. rrryrr prrt,,l,,gr:r
r(...i(l(.(.n
f.,'r'f,fi.,,fr.l.i',.,",
.,.,,,,,ir,t,,r.,r,
ilflente-s acli\'()s
<le Io <ue les pas:t,
clue paru evitar r Lrtool)sc,-vlrrse
cenr,-.lo
lil
irtencin
en el ol)
jet()
-([rrnte
c] trirniiento,
.n
"l ",r"fi.i
rl.'ro c1.,c
rltrcla
:l::.:,:.i:::111,
.rtr.rhtu
cl
r.inci.rio rle far,rrrccer.l
.....,,,,.n
'.i.ll
,rtricro
cx
r('rnr,. tJl a,r))r) si gs.1r59.lle
cn aqrrr_ilos pxcienlcs (ir(. (\r))()
\)1., sc sr
ll(tt'n olx:i()qllisticalnrcntc
).clirigcn
sU (l.iticl
en c(ntttit (le
s nrisux)s.
'rentc a l() (lLle (lLlrtnte
rnrclt, ,
tient, r l
,,i.f,,
l.,n
-,frr,r,, .i., p,,,1..
.l"l ,,,t"-
lr.:t. clc
,in
r t1.,.-ron
Ll( un inl.lgrn.tn(,
irl
I).t(i(.nt(..
un.l ([.
.t: .,',1,,.,,,n...
I.rI.,,
I'tt:st.ls
h.l .rclr,
I. ,-lcl rn.rlLsrrr silenci<tsr.'
l,"r nrs,rtr,r.-n,r-a.
ir,u,, Aa ,lua .i
.r).lli\(.1 r(,nrrnar(
,l r rfj<r
r.r.rr r isiOD
.rl,prrL icntr r
n, ,
,t..,
,,.
f.,
u.,*p..,.,,r,,
,
,,, \ iyil tcnieftl() sc pr()presta
c()llr )
l.ll. es .1.,-ir., str t,
tJrt:tent.
',,-nr'
nr,,n"r,t
ai,,
rcr ttnu rclicllcl
ItJeja, srr))elr(1.
.l
(!r(.itiirn.lllric;t(,('f.,1
1r.,.:i,r,".,,r.,r]
.::l(rrr
,.1 :sr.-
(i ,rn, ,
JlxL (,n
qrre rl(,1, )r rr.r r,.r,,,,,..
f ,
',:...,f,.i.,,
i ,',,"'i,,..
.,,.,n
\l\
'
,\, (l.lcli rlue
t:ll]tp, c(,
h.r1 r.Lzr-rrr pera excltrir tlrre ptrecla
srr<.crler l<t ltisnxr
prr.e
kr que el analistu sev..,'l I)()r't.rnl().
ni ,,n
1,,i.i.ni.'.,,u,, iir-,r..i,_,r
r..;,
irs()ciilr prra qLc
ei analista inrerpr.L{c
crcscre la posit.ic-rn
.-t,'*,.rr,,
,i un
rurtiist silencirsr>
que altamlonlt ;rl pllcicntc
,, f,r. i.al ,ra,r.
irr,,rf;gi,.,r, ir,.
l :i1,,,1:,,.:.\. : l*:":l,
,.q
q c. l
r)rr\r\11i\., ttt.t p,r.,cnrr..r
t.,,',,ti,t.,
)
(u,,(.\rr
\irt
l(, rlllr ir
l),\.1
\ n(.(1.\ttll En ,,lrr,lrl.].r.J)r.,rr
\rNleni(J,,,llt(.rl
.t.tlt\t.
sil.rtti<so (leiu:rl
pircicntc
lilrr.:tcl<,.r
I.r.,,,,,put.,.,n.t.
1.,;.;;;"'l:,;.
., ,1,,. ...
)itir
r)ril veccs. tlentr.
clcl xnarlisis
)
t.cr.r el._ .1, . *_,.iirri.i.r'ri
,,,r,n.1,,
in_
t('rn() parte ilrp(xtntc
crel crar es cr criscurs. clc r.s pecrres
tBlcifi,)lirr. 199.i)
\. rk:,r rlt,s.r'trn,r
prrrrrtl,j.r ,lut.
l,,..rn.rli.l.r.,l,,,
.1r.,i.;,,;';;;"'
.,1';;,;,,1;^.
rlt l
r.rrllc
c[lt 1.,,'1...r,
Ltn
(()rrc
er] cl cliscurs< p",, rfOli..r
.fJ-f" ,i,,,,1,..
,,,.
sr L r llr inttn.cncir)D
clc un tcr(.r1.( ) r,ir(.u
lrJ srrjeto tle; l:r
",l,iaOn
,iu,,f e,n ruc
rstri
l,nr(,li(k)
r Il
"trlrr f-rilica,. no J.cp.tcn_ (lt!,
el silcncio
equilltla,,l-p,,.1,a.
,,,"
\( sttslrir(
clc slrs |esltonsaltilitl:L<lcr
l)c i;ull rrrancr.t.
LLrc nrr tcnglrr cn crrcn
Lt \( ri. (
tr,lu(,(l (1rrtr.rlrit..r.r,rr[,
l.r:r.si,,D
_l.r
11.,,,,".1,,.....in_i,,,,
,.n
r
rrr.
r'l :rrr:rlista
<lecicle
carh vez cu:inkr
clute rc*rlla, .,-.i- ff"nrr.i,l
"r.u,
,,r",i
r(r),,, inll)li(.itt
lr Ia,naclre
fli<.a, qLre estxl)lece
lt l.v r .u rririi.i,,
-
CAPTI]LO vII
I^A MODTFICACIN TERAPUTTCA DEL SUPERY
Despu(,s de h.lt)cr plesent(l(), cn capttrk>s
irececlcntes.
krs firncllmentos
cle una fer.,ri cle l curt
(lLle
lengir en cuenlx le csrcc ifi< iclacl cle sts intcnen-
cioncs en frnti<in <le L estntcrrrr cle person:rliclircl \'r'l() s()l:lr)tnte rle ks sn-
kras
() (lc
c.rtel() as nosol<iiicas fenrmnicls,
(lsse:ln()s
llx)sttxr l lplic-
ci)n de lx mlsnr en relir(i(in un:r sul)estrLl(trrrl clel psiqrtismo, la clel
strperyr. Estructrrra cuya p:ttologa sr encuentta cn llL l)1lse cle cu.r(h'os mtty cli-
vcrsos: cietas deplesi()nes. cjert()s cri(lros persecut()rios cn que se proyec-
ta en figrrras extcrns las rue se pxsr a ter))tr. cj('rtrs
()l)sesi()nes
y rituales o
fi>bias qLre sr>n clefensas irntc l()s lenl()rcs qrre etlui'l infirncle. cierras .rnorexir:)
en qrre Irs r]r.nd.k)- nacisist:s
()
pr()l)il)ici()nes
l
crrlprt illpi(len Iu iraesta.
Irl nilsis <uc lttcemcs:rl crrl<rc'lu cl imtin().(iert()r',:lntcs
(le (atch
rrno <le es
k)s cul(l()s es pI, sellhr
(luc
en n() )ck)s l()s <rsos sc clcle br.ts,.'lrt str
.r-
cogncsis en Lna plrt()l()ga clel superl(r. Pelo en aqtrelkrs sulrtipos cle clepre-
sia)n,
()l)sesiones.
fi)l)is, 1ln(n('xias,
(uc
si son expresirin rlc
Penurbucioncs
clel
sr-rpery, la nrtclificaci<in cle i'slc cs conclici<in prur la clesaparici<in cle los sn-
t()I]-ras. Desclc cst perspcctiv. cl .trper1,, cs ltrnsl(]nLrtic,) r-r rllits ll clel
ten! de lx ctrlrr, h vcrticnzir. el scltir)ricn&r tlc infi-rir>riclerl- l' transc:rte-
f{orial
n()s()l(igic()
-n()
sc circulsclil)e a Lrn:r
l)rt)l()ga
(lc
ls
(lescritxs
p()r la
psiquiatrie
clsice.')"
Estr al)r()xirncia)n a l priic(ferxpia, la clelimitcin
(lc
c(rrp()nentes es-
tructrrrllles:r moclificar <'n cste cas() cl sttl:cryr
((nx)
un() cle ellos-, est:r
llcce una tlifclencia c()n l()s iDtcnk)s clc ctisc cstrlrtegis cle r';tnrbir> tera-
prttic() parr los crrrclros psit orrtol<igicos crrlrr enticlucles gI>l>lrlcs. Corncr
expusirrr()s lntcs, n(,
(rc(rtl()s (J(('
htyt trtut psi((fc(rpi clc las derrrrr,rrrcs
o
(lc
h listelia r <le las olrscsi<ncs < cle lus lrx)rexiirs sino unl oftlllastttclt
dc itcrt'(tckks cliri,qicltts tt los c()tltpotcitts qtt? rerabt'on. c ccldo cdso,
esos cLaclrcs.
A rrxlo cle intrrxluccit-n I rnr.clificacir-n lcprtica clcl supcryri, parti-
renos cle un ejcnrplo qr.re nos sen,ir para cIrl;r: rle cielto refi'renle clnico
q)
Prr(,dc c\(. cirpi(rl() cs LLn:r !(rsi(ln rxxlifitxdx \ 10\)lirL(Lr dc k) quc erl)urinxx rn oln)
trirlx)
(
lllcr(lruLu. 1995).
I
)7
(t
AvANctis liN
pstco,l.liRApIA pslcoANAI_.t.tcA
la terlrizaciitn que hater-l<s sol>re la misma. flna pacicnte relata que el cla an_
tedor se le ocurri
.cle
pronto,
-insiste
cn este aspecto- <1ue ilta a compnr
un cleterminaclo ol>jeto cle precio nluy elevaclo, que entr(-) n Ln comvr.cio y
averigu(-) kxlo lr referente a 1, que casi estuv(.) a prnto cle ltacel kr qtre en
tantas
()casiones
le srcecli(, que era incrlrrir en grundes
compras que hrcgcr
terrninaba sin p<xler pagar. Nle <lice estr c()n t()n() cle fasticlki eviclente. p;ira
concllrir su descripcia)n con la aiirnacirn
.por.<1u
caraj() lne teng() qle lt)c_
ter en est.ts crsas7,, lcflrinckse a colltprar
()l)jet()s (lue
cstn fiteru cle, su al_
cincc.
Ante cste nl.tteri.ll, !lparte
(le
sUs conn()taciones tansferencilcs. cltr.en
cliferentes posibiliclacles
cle courprensi(in y
(le
interycn(.i(in. l,a prinrer.r. que
el analista, linclose c()n el suprest() yo clc realiclacl cle lu pacicnte.
hiciera
hincepi en cue ahora s puclo n() repetir la vieja hisrria cL-- ciejarsc llev:rr por
str intptrlsiviclacl. clncl<se cuenta cle sus lintitci<nes. Llnll seguncla ()PCi{;o
sc_
a rientar a ilr pacientc 1 intcrr()ganc acerca cle la razn clc su inrtrrlso. a
exan)inrr hs razrnes ltir>gr:'ificas y actLalcs que pr(nlucven
un clese,r <1ue
1rprece c(n)r() i[rpulseclo por trna necesiclecl de
(l()tarsc
cle una imagen gran
clitsa cle s Dislux. En arnltas rn<xlalidaclcs cle entencler l()
(lue
l.r paciente re
latx. cl xnlllista se .leti(,e en l,r rel))tica (le
esc clesc() particLlhr,;n juzgltr
:,i
es aclecrcl< o no la realidlcl. l,er< hay una tcrcera posil>ilidacl qrre nos
pone a ctrlrierto rle los ricsgos <le pretcnclcr (.onvcfiirnos
cn :irl:litr<s clel sen-
ticlr de lealiclacl y que c()nsistc cn ex.uninxr
-in(lepen(lientcutente
(le
h tc_
mrtica clel cleser, de su aclecurcia)n
()
n() a l realiclacl- Ia firnna en cuc la
pxcicnte rcxcci()n:r llcnte I ese clesco, el vncuk quc estaltlecc c()nsig() lllis_
tna. lis lqu clonclc el
"por
qu cil..j, ) Dt( tr,ng. ) quc lllEtcr (tl
cstts c()s:ls?, a(l-
ruiere toch sLl intpofiancja. Es cl tont cle r<lio k que n()s p()nc s<lltrc- la pis
ta cle clue se trata de algo crLe poco tiene
(lLc
ver con la cptx(.ia)n de luc
aqueJlo cr-re clesea colrplar n() sea pefiincntc.
para
que se vea la clitcrtniil,
la paciente pcxL'a habcl clichc:
.Casi
r)le rlrct() cn otro problemal
n() cst()y en
c()n(lici()nes rle coltprar ese
()l)ieto,
corr el iesg<t de repetir uil \,lcjJ (()n_
cltcta". lls clccir. halcrse
()pLes):l
su clesco pero sin atacarse. Fln clunbio. l<
que hacc
-enfatizant<s
el lrmin() .hace",
pues se trat cle una accirin que la
ticne a elh lltisuta
(()x) ()l)jct()-,
lo que hace es agrcclirse. Bs unx sitrlcia)n
eqrrivllente, en cuank),elaci(in initps(luica, l aquclla
()tra
dc natrraieza in_
tcrpels()nal t:n que un nio piclicr.e alg<l clificil cle ser otorgaclo y uno clc los
paclres reaccion:rftr con <clit <licinckfer ;l()nto,
c(iDx)
se te
()cLrrre
estol". Se
lrata
(le
un cucst()nilllricnt() que va l))is ll r:le ese <lesco en
l).rrticuhr
y qLlc
:rprtnta a la iclentidncl clel sLrjerr en criLnt() sel.cleseante. L() que existe es una
tlcslegititnacin clei ser y, soltre krckr, el utilizar una excus.t racirnal
-kr
inn-
clecur<l< tlel rleseo-, pere p<xler enculrrir el ocli<> al sujeto.
l'ln cl Ctrso cle nuestr.l paciente,
el ticr estnrcttr.al, v el punto cle inter
ven( i(-)n terilputica con fierz vivencill, lo constitlyen n() el anilisis <lel por_
<r,r sc Jc
(
)( rn-i(i
( (
Ulra r el ol>jeto o clel proceso cue d posteriori
le l\izo de_
r,A MODU:tcA(it()N lliRApliuTr(:A )tit_ suptiRt'()
',r\lir sin() en poner al clesculiefi< al sLjet() cle la enLnciaci(-)n
-tl
<rrt. lrrlrlrr,
, l,ltt.
Pltcluce
enuncia(l()s-, suiet() cle la enunciacirn que ve clcsrr'olllrotkr
ur vincrrlr cle trlio consigo ntislro en que se va satisf-acienclo cl s:rclisllo rlt.
'.rr srrrcry(1. Por es< le pregunt si poclia captar Ie altil con clrc
ltrrntrrrtirr
t.l
l( rrrin() caj(), el gesk) cle fasticlio, la firetza, especiahnente en lu lnx.it,
(lr(.
,rrso
al clecirlo, ia rabia quc tenl c()ntra ella en ese precis() nt(rlrenl(). Ant(.
,'\lils preguntirs, la paciente. sin entencler toclava hacia acla)n(le al)Ut'tl(), s(.
,l(1i( nc y tras Lrn ln()lnent() cle rcflexirin, para recuperar el recuer(l()
(lc
l()
(,x
lx
ril)cnta(k) haca unrs prros segtrnclos. tne resp<tncle, con t()n() .lscrti\().
.lirr(). pero es qLc r))c pasq n./ia!ldnt;. Lntonces le Lligo:
,ln
iag
uti s|
uliliza par. l()s delincuentes". Sonre y c<tll. icnzl it visluntbrar qtre l1l cucrili()tl
, (
nlr'lrl es la fotlta rltre ell:t tienc de disciplinttse. cle nonnativizarsc y (.1\ti
rrrrsc lt-tccliante la autoagresi<in cutnck hace algo que considera !n trirns
1tr('rsi(in. Aparece. a c()ntinuxci(in, el recuer(l() cle trcs erisoclios vivicks r.n Lr
rclrrtir-rn c<ln su peclre. epis()cli()s cargacl<ts clc
()di()
mLtL(), cle l<>s ctrrles trt.
lirril a rn() cn
(lue
ella. siguie'nclo un cltlin() inclcpendiente y opucsl() :t
l, r 1s
g"
el cleseo clcl paclre. se encrentra
(()n
lx respuesta ftrios clel rris
rt).
([len
resuclvc c.rstigrlx y pri!arla
(le
ciefi()
(r)ict(),
venclinclol<t, oltjt,t<r
rrr| t lle arnalra. l,1l respuesta cle la
lxciente
fire ultren.lzar con destrozar el
()l)
l(f(,
lo rue no nrc cale <lrrcl, c()n()ciend()
()trrs
c()n(lLlctas cle ella, cr.rc cs
lrl)ir l)s()l!tantcnte dispucstlt a hecer- antes que <lcsprenclerse del llislt.
El cxarnen clc lo viviclt en le sesir-n !l c()t)licnz() cle sta
-la
rcltrci<-rrr
rrrnsigo DrisDra 1ls c(nr() el significacl<l clc k>s tres episo(lk)s exlrnlinll(l()s
I)('nriti(i
tral)rjxr c()n lx pxciente crinxr l antenaza. cl cxstigo, el <tclio sr fi '
nrs supery()ices l>ajo lls cu;rles tiencle a regulal su
(lese().
l-o que rcpit(,(l(.
rrtncr clarsinta en llr tensferenci,
(ulln(l()
se tut()Ireglrla c()ercitivat)(.t'tl(
l)1rr
irp()nersc cl cumplir iento clc las [eglas anxlticlls. L]ste ejempl() rr()ri
(oncllrce
a int-()ducirn()s cn la clifercncia, qLc c()nside[t!lt()s significativ.
(,rl
trc clos rrrtclaliclacles
(le
fLrnci()n.lrrricnto clel strpety<'): \n stpe4)
jlo^mditt)
y
Lrn slpc|Xi ittcl(ctt:ttcudo stlit, tt fin dc cxarninur srs firflIas cle tLrnits
1ci(in. sLls c()n(lici()ncs cle gnesis y, espccialurcnte. s! estntctura.
Supttyri ronuLtv()
y
supER\' I Nr)l FI.tR ItNct^Do
Hn Ia Ccnferencia X)C(Ill, cn l <1r,rc sc
qncuentra
h clescripciirn ntis lta-
lacle solrre la estntctur
(lel
supery(i, l.-liju(l
(
19331)) difcrcnci entre clistintls
xctivades que l()
(\)nfi)rrun:
a) la filncin
(lc
iclcel, rue correspc>mle a krs iclctr-
les y no t'us con respeck) t los ctles cl srjek) c(rlpxra sus c()nductas, sls
(l(-
seos, sus
(listint()s
atrilrutos fisicos, llrorxles
()
ntentales, y qrre prescriltn rnrr r
se delrc ser; 1) la fincirn de aut()()l)serv'acia)nl c) lx c()ncicncia crtica, que
(tn)
ttastanck las mrmas e icleales cr>n las representlrciones clel sujel
-lo
t1Lrt. istt
ctee se frrrula clict,ulenes, y castil
()
prcnti.l. Estatrlecienclo una analogirr.
t.A M()l)ltjl(lA(ll(iN'f
Iil{Al'u1'lcA Dlil' stlPlill\'(i
) 1'9
AVAN(]IJS I]N PSI(]o'I'E'RAPA PSI(JOANA TICA
lrrs norrlus c icleeles ser'an etrrivllentes al cxlig<t baio el cLral tn
jLez
-la
c()ncicncia crtica- dictara scnt..nci.l.e
'lrcs
linciones intcrrelacitnaclas clel superyi>. qLe se conciici()nan rrruta-
rrcntc pcro quc es nt:cesitrio clifercncier_ Volviencl< ll sil <lel
juez:
el c(rcli-
go
rcL
ser
(letxlla(l()
y exigente
-equivalente
a nor)las e i<lealcs elevclos
cn cl cils() clel srrpery<-r- per() sielrrpre c-l jtrez poclr:'r, a sr vez, ser rrs len-
volo o uis scve() ilnte el aprt:lutiento p()r pxrte
clel sLrjeto <le la crnclucta <r
rrtsgo lcseal>le. Acleris, lsi ccro hay
jueces
cllre se ajustan p.rra su senten
ci.r ll c(i(ligo cxistente,
()tf()s. (]n
curnl)i(), se clesllenclen clel c<icligr I o lo vln
crelrncl() a su arlitri< para establecer Lln
(lict.lnten
qLre sLrrge exclusi!.ut]cntc
lu prlir dc su dcse(), 'n!)cl)lrs \.cccs rulrcaclo po:-el <clir. I)e tlera similer,
cxisrcn prclrt,s <1ue vigilan las concluclas de sus hij()s
'.
las cvlxn c,n firnci<in
dc cieflxs n()nuas y, cle acLrerckr a tLrc el hijr> ctrmpla o nO con stas, Ie ace:r
txn V aman
().
por el c()ntrxri(). le rechazan v ctstigan. L.s n(.)rt111ls
.rrxlrin
scr
clcvarlas. la tolerancit ll apartantienk) tinitlra, pe) siet)tpre se atrrc la posi-
lriiirlad pera el nio cle crut'rplir con ellas pues ls nonlas si cxistcn y le res
I)Lrestr
at-ectivl clc kts paclres rlepencle cle c<iro cl hijo se acl:rpte :r aqLrllus.
ll.l)
()tlr)s
parlres. en cambio, que r>clian al hijo. llltienclr <ucclaclo stc ins-
trtluclo. <lcscle el nx)ltlenk) r'nisnro cle su n(inticn) r> ptro desrtrs, crral-
(luicra
qlre sca la causa, en
()l)iet()
cle su <clit. Pinsesc en esos parh-cs
en
rlui('res sus pcrturl)acj()nes profirnchs. L insatisf)tccir-n, Ia angustia y Ia itn
xrsihilicla<l
clc lidir c<tn las clentanclas rle l rerlitlarl
-{lc
entre las culrlcs l:r
tirle clcl ltijo puede c()nvcrtirsr en carga al)rLln.ul(l()ra- despiefitn el
()di()
rllis
l)riltlitiv(r.
En cskrs cus<ls, lrage l<t <ue hxga el ni(), ifclusr> no hat.iencto
na<llr. ese pache <t rruclrc penLrrlxrclr:s. al pr>slr ll mirada sobrc el hijo, le hlcc
\(ntir ste todo el iDtpacto cle. srr rxlir>. Nr> hay une n()rDla que
>rccccla
ul
lLri(i()
c()nden:ltoi() sin()
(lue
cxistc un sc, el nio, cue queda investi(l()
(lcl
r('(lrirz() lrten()rizante. Incluso, la infiilcc.ir-n a la nr>rma <uc
xrdr:i
llegar a lea-
liz:rr scti sirnplemente l rxcus pirfir l
(lrs(.xrga
ttel rxlir> parcntat en
(.()ntr;
t[ l hijo.
Alrtr' lien, crenclo sc intcri()l.i(.en, ute(lianfe ese pr()ces() coluplejo crr
<trt' iltten'ienen la pulsir->n, la rclicltcl erteri()r. Ix fantitsa creati\,.1 clcl suiet()
(lLr(
ln((-p()ra morlificrnclrla. c(ru()
l)art(
cle su pr.opia pr uccirn terntiticu. :r
l,r l:urtltsil rlel otrt. cun<i< se inieriol.i(cn cst()s tipos tie rinculrs rlrre uc.ahlt-
rrrs <lt'rrenciona y sc est&lctLre el superyr poclr:in
crearse d()s rrxxlalitlaclcs
I'rlr, l.rs r r.lcs r.,l srit.lr,
'e
rr-l.tr.ltln:r r,,n.).1,, t)t\nl{,: tnr. cn il( Un \Ul)(.ry(,
\ gilnl(. il(el)(, vuk)r'a o clcspecia y (.astig
ricgn se crrnrpla c()n lls n() ltas.
LI srlrt '\r'r
-xrclni
ser scvero, inc[s() aplastar xl sujeto con hs limitatirrnc: qur.
')l
l)rl(.r(ri(r.r (rnr1,
n()rrrl e i(lcxlr h n.xrDri prcscit)c unr con(tuc:t llat() l;l co,ir.iuIl cxrcr-
r . r r r r , r r r . r l,.r,l:r rrrlnir7 tle (r\rig()i
no cr rur rck1ll
ar.r
r:tstrjtrr) cu!.(, fLrnplilDicnr() lr hig,r
\'rlr\.rlr^,' l\\lnras. lir n()nDr p(xhj psur x s(,r i(lc1lizxd.r y en()nces su (unrpliDienl()
ser:l
l\\(.r,1,,t,,.tr.1rr.rrili(.r(.(nrclullrrLrkl
\(lpcr} Lx i(l(.rli7.r.iiin c: un
t)ro.(so
((npl(r)..,r)
(h. (
u\,s
(kl,
r,rrr.r,rt(.s rs cg;rr Lr liusln(i{-)n que cl cLrntplinricni() de Il norma nnplic:r
rrl)n(]. l)cr() stc logratl
Jliltnz'r. si se s(n1lete'J
slls illlx )sici( )ncs' ltlgt'ttros
'',i1,,t. ",,it-.f.
plz interirrr
Es lr' clue t'elll()s cn cie()s
Pll(ientcs
olrstsivos
,,,,,,,,',.,.. ,r.,li"nt.
Lt rttttaltzrtr.'n ie stls viclas, ei lccrrojlunicnt()
tlt'l cltscrr'
:;, :.';r,,..'
(l( .tl( Jn7.rr ttn nivel
'-lc
etrrililrri".h'rlo
h h
'rrlr
(l(
l'1"tt.-''
"
'
,,,,,.1 .],rrrr,, caractelopata
cl>scsir.r,.n
l tul I lngultir
ijs rllninu
l)()l
lil
r.',,,rt".,,r',
(trc sc Iu
'l
c.rliz.ILl()
irenle a los cclatrtos clel srLPe)'(ii
()
kr rtte stt
,.l.il.'...,rrliirr-,n.]ir,.t,,,,.
qLre c()ntinulrnenre
rienen q.e hucer
rfrcntlrrs:rl
.,,,r.rvc) cuan.lt, Ir rlfrccicl,r
L-stc slltisfllce lr
que se L'sptr] dcl suicto
-']
l()y
,,,.'. ,,u..1,,ir'.t cl,rrlttir trJn(ltrllr,
llr'trrtlr'ti'rcl'
tttrt''lt'r
"'
't.
..r"f^i ., 1" ,.-l"ai';n
(lcl stljet() consig() nlisnl()
es l)tlsicanl(:ntc
(lc
,,.1i,r, .1.: ,echaz,r,
de [sti(lio, no hxy ct11\Plimitnt()
con.norlllss <ue le tlcic
.,r,r.,, .r. tl'Jt.l Lle tlnl !(-'ncicnLi
crticlr
(ltle se clL-sprencle
(le.tcner en cLlcn-
,., ,l;;;;rr,,t .l-,,.t.rl..
pr".",-,lllccitks
EI sttjeto' p'trtienclo
tlc uirarse
(\)n ()(li()
(()ns(Iuirli inntrnlcraillts
rePresent'lci()nes
(lc
s luisl)lo c(nll()
lllal()
('
inll(l('
.l.,,"1,, aa k)s terrcn()s
nl,ls
(livers()s' Estlls rcPrcscntacionc
dc s llisnl(
l 5ll
,.2, ."lllirltcnt,,ra,,,
cl
rtlit>.
Ielrr
en lo tlttc
(lLlcl-ct]r()s insisfir es en qtlc la ttti
.,,af" fi ra,if prece(le !l las t'e presel-ttrtcioncs
(l(te
se vayan constituycntlo:
cs t l
lLrncionrrr
titliantk, lll intencionalicllrcl
eglesiva' Io
(l!le c()nstr!ye
hs rel)t('
;;,;i,;,-t..
(l!re vln lcni(rl(k)
csl rlar(1t clel tclio' Estt lo pocleuros c()nsll
tr
.., rt.,.ll,rs
prr.i.nr.,' en
(lLlicncs n() hlty tln s()l() nl(n)lento
rlc trlnqttiliclltr'lr
:i;,;;;,:. .,,l,i.,.1;''. ,,nrlg''..l'^
instisJecll()s
(()si:() nrisnl()s' a1:rc'rt1d()s(
'
lrttscanclo cttxlqtlier cxctlsx
p1t
ltl\llti''lr
e\ll
'trlt{r_l!lresi('n'
\- n'),s(l ffatll
(lc
,,,.,r,,.,,.,,r,,,,
'
--,
1 r,, lttl.t.rncl"
(l
'
t I I I I t I I i
(
' I I I I ) (1'llli
'
r'"lllrll5cnJ clt l
lrl
r''''t
.in,, i:i
".,.,,.L,,.t.1
..,1r"r,1,,
cl suict(), identificlr'l()
(()n (l
stlpery ti<'n(
l)lir
a.',
".,
irra.r". sLrfiir. trntr'rnckse
cirlr si li'erl ttn <tro' I)ifctenci
t'nlrt ckrs
nr>cllirlecles
tlt stfriltliento iLt(-!irlt'ligrLI
I
-
I)l'r:i rlll)\r)rr
I
'lcl
y'r' s:ttlisnxr tlt l
;.;:;;;,,t';;r,,.i,s
p()r l'rctr(l y
(lLrc'(r)n\iLlL'r'rrr)()\
(l(
SrJn
rel.\:ancia clri
t rr
(
I'ctd. 1924a).
lA Rl.tt-Artt(iN trEl- sult:To C()Nsl(;() l\llsMo
Qtre
el sujcto estxl)lccc tlna tclx(i(')n
c()nsig()'
Pcse
il n() ser cn al)s()lllto
r.rn" i oirn lr$evrr n
psic( )'.tnitlisis
-qstli
yrr en llr l):rsc
(lc
til;t'o
'l'
d elb(192f)
;':i,;t;."i.'
.*P,rest; en l()s tralxtj<;s tle H()rney
(
lc)50)-' h1r teni(l() sin ern-
lr"rg,, ,,n .lc.arr',,11,,
qLle.
(rnrl() sosticue li()11 "
Nrl h siclo clectltcllmen-
te ioncertLralizeclt)
y n()
Plllcce
ser Lln clclllsnto
Pl'(
)lllintnte en nlests
fi)r
rrulaci(rnes
interPretativils
'l
ntlcstr()s
PcienLes'
Ial. c()m(), clellier:t serl<'
ii,,rif,,.. f S*,, ir,ig.'it).
l.,t clividxd
del sirPcrvi'
-vigilartci
clel cumplimien
ir.i" n,rr',",
. i.i."1". y san(iones
t',
1.'.."ii'n
ante lrt intlacctr-n-
cjerrplitica
Lrnl dc ls l))iltiPles
escis()nts
(lci
srl;cto'
quc sielllprt cst' cn uDa relacj()o
a.rrr.,,
,rrf""", sirnilr a l:r <tte clos perstln:ts
P()(lrltn
nlltntener'
R(rl'cin cll
i, qu"
"a
hlllh
si nlisol(), se
'nlenaza,
sc
(lisctllPa' se castiga
se incitll s('
I
is{}
^vAN(,tis
ltN
pst.().t.lilt^ptA pstcoAN^Ll'I(_A
I,A MODIIJICACIN'I'IiR,\P]U'fICA DI]L SUP};RY
((nllo lo acal)anx)s clc c()nceptuxlizlr, con cl c()ncept() kleiniano cle supcryr
prinlitivo
(Klein,
195i1). l'ara Klcin, crlt consecLenci del itrtpulsr, rtgre'iur
ya en los c(lienz()s cle l vicla se pone en llarcha la resptlesta clel sLlpery.
lll supery(-) al que consiclera
Primitivo
all)enllz.l con cl clestriPallliento,
pcr()
siempre com() respLlestil a algrl que fantasca)
()
hiz() cl stliek). El srlistrlo clel
superyr esfribara en h cleslllestlr.l c(,n
(lltr
al\tigrl,
Pt]r'| P('r
un-l intjattin
1l la n()nr.l. Klein lo dentlinllr.i s,l(lic() talll)in. l() ver.i colllo puto cttltivcr
clel instin cle Intterte. pcro sietllprc es segtlncl() ticll)po con rcspeckr a la in-
flacci<in. Fln cunk).1 sLt origcn, lo crnsiclen c(nll() l)ilsicilnlente intern():
lruy()r intcnsic]x(l clel itttrlrlso .lglcsiv(), nrxXx lgtesiviclacl clel srrpcry'-r.
1
lll)l)()s
-(lcse()
xgresiv() y resPtestrt clel stlperyr clerivanck slt ftterzl clel
instint()
(le
lnLertc.
l\)r nuestrx pllrte, n()s ubictltos clel latlo cle los ctte ven unlt clialcticll
rtrcho rtlis conrpleju, cn qlte la agresiviclacl clcl sttjeto. inclttso h innxta' re-
quiclc. para crnfiurar al sttreryt-r sa'tclic<l. clc Ia aglesiviclatl cle los paclres.
sienck t'l <clir clc
('slrs
tn r'ltriable cttc ilLlt()rcs c(1)() Piera Atllegnier
(
19ll'i)
tLtar<r-t clc res(atur
(le
llt reptesicin tea)lica. O(li() cle los pltclres, clc ttno l clel
()tr'o
y n() s(il() cle kr rlr.tc sc llatrta l ntl(lre lll()rtfr en cse icleolrlgizltciirn de
l.l te(xi psi(
(
)an1rltica cuc urn la seleccit-rn
(le
cicrts tle nominltciones
perlt
1o <1r.rc son firn<iones intprcgna
(lc
senticl() illlitginxri() l()s c()ncePt()s
uraclte
flica..., y por tlui' no prrche f:ilicol
til
lrrltl
clel
()tr-o
en h c()rrstitLrcia)n del stryreryit es
(le(isiv(),
es
()tl-o
x(ltllt()
(lLre
cuan(l() lc inrpone al nio srts inlPc.lltix)s lt hltce, sL vez.
P.llil
llscglF
lrr tlue k> repritrtickr cn i'l no etne{a:
....estc (flo
c()lllPtcst() y lllarcado por tln
!lput() psquic() cscintlitlo cntre l() c()nsciente y l() inc()tlscicnte l)lecistrlcnte,
p()r estxr rlsi c()nslitui(l() el t{r aclttllo, ste no ptteclc sct clttco crllrlpleto cle
l sitttaci<-n y, cnk)nces, te h<r <le ltcn(lcr y cle cuicll ltl stljet() inttrnril
(nl()
lrrenk) qte se cxrltctcriz.t
rrl
ttnlt especial lellcti!ilci(in
(lc
stl
Pr()Pi()
rro(k)
"in-
Ilrntil, clc firncirnar-) n< tcnclrit ttt-ts rcrttctli<
(lLe
opcLlr acuclicncl< x Lln(-'r' ill)-
per-alti\()s cate!(-)r'icos <tte lc rcltsegulen c()ntral l() in(()nsciente replittliclo tr
c()ntril la er(]rflcncilt <le lo
rtrlsional,
((itrtiflez
Terrazs, 1996).
lrnpclxtiv()s cxtef(-)ric<ts tlcl otro ctte, ctrtnk) n)al xrl)itlllri()s sexn, lrlals ter-
rninatin pefiUrltancl< l
.l'o
la t-lli.l.xl. En efeck).
(ltl
suceclc si lJ tllir'nlrls
llgurils signif icti\'ats cle las cr.tles
rtovicnc
llt
rrollillicirn
arllittlli rlel clesct
s()n. silllult.inexnlcnte. lls <1ue intr<clttcen el scnticlo cle rcli<lacl, las qlte aler-
tlLn. incltLso clec u:lclarIIcntc, sol'lrc los
>cligrrs
tttc prrvientn tlc sta'l El <lpo-
sicir)nisur() lt krs manclukrs lrl)ilrari()s ltllltlcati el scnti(l()
(lc
lcaliclacl: el stric-
to. pant desprcnclerse clc ttn sttpcryil <ltle vivc c(r)lo injust()
()
salcli(\) r'('( lr7.lral
cl
.lr
tk' rc'aldul <uc ha rr,teclaclo firsitnact<> ctn l Mirs ln. Ia co:rlt'scencie
ytpatl\i-.1\)
.le rcolitlaLl incirlirii para cLte la rcalidacl, inclttso aqtlella <ue re-
sultr funeflc iosa para el sujeto
-
51111919 la cr.re le lirllita-. sc senticll
c()m() ilrl)itraria y a la qtte ltay tttc <>ponerse. El llrltzo tlrtc algttnas personas
hacen clc h rlurginlli(la(l
----cnlcnclitle sta en sentid() artlplio: urarginalitlltcl
2lt 1
(ll(1(;t(.r)tc
x :lc(.i()nes grentli<tsas
ltaj<t pr<nesas
cle gratificaci(ro
nalcisis_
l.r, :r(.
l)l-()\.c(,rlc
sltisfacciones
corp<>rales a la ntanera c pacl.es
inc[llgentes
o s(. ni(.r-iil il(.tivan)ente
las ntismas
_conto
en la anorexia, por eientplo_.
I )irl( )g( ) illeri(n.. t(fallrente in.onsciente
lir ntayora
cle lr. ueie",
aunqLe en
(flis ()(.lsit)nes
pre(la
tomar la forna cle autoffepr()ches
rnanifiest()s.
Iisl() l)s petrrite
encerar, ahora c<n lllis elel.ltentcts,
la c<nparacion
en_
l( tn s14),/'),(i tk)mldtito y \n supatlt i ttclilet encihckt. En cr,"nt,, .t\ supctl,
nt)t'uktlt\).
cl icleal clel yo tiene existenci.t pt.opia y l instncia
crtica utiliza
l::.1:l:ll-:::
uetr<rs cle comjarr.i,-,r,.
r,.,,i.,ir,,,
en t()
(tre
r(
nlrn.nti,\ sttpr|v i Ji,tetrciado
h insttncia
crtic.l se c()nviene
en l.r
.r(t()ri(litcl
arltitraria qtre se clesentiencle
cle cualquiel
norntativiclrcl.
La instan
r iir cli(:, irnptrlsacla p()r h psin-t,
crerir o llcclillca lrs icleles y las nor_
nr:rs. Volviencft
r smil usacro nrs arrirra. actuar a la ,.rrrn.ra .r.-l jrez
de un
l:sl(l() t(fxlitrrio ([le
tiene (lecidi(la
]u sentencia
antes.lel
Jt,i.ii,,,
"in
<1ue ha1,a
n()r'r)rit ()
c()rresp()nclencia
que restrinj su ltccic>n, sienck jrrez_legisl:ickrr
e1.e
(
rt( x . I)(T(). srl.e kxk, ejecut()r que ol)ticnc placer
en .l a.t,, rlc,l castigo.
l)f(,(isxn)ente pctr Ia falta cle clif-ercnciacion
ene sll)estl.ucturils,
p()lque
l(xl() (.s
instncia
crticn, crecm<rs con\ enientc rlen(Ilinrkr
supery inclife_
r|n.irtrl<r.
Acleruirs, porlretrros
hahlrr c[- \t!/r(,t1r;
inl i/a,ti,] tL.rct,l,i sclict <.Lt;.tn-
rhr lo rrre rkntina es cl placer
clc ,,tlirrr.,
I>,rrqut
.i.rrp",1r,, p,r.iria
.cr inai_
l, l'r.rr. i.t1,, p(,r1,. (1rlt(,
en ej r..ls,, .l.l r,,.,11,,..,,. n,,
,,ri,,, l,t
,1,
i,.,,,,
n;,.,*,,r.,
rrorrrr sino (lLe
pls: e lclntirar
jnc()n(iicionalncnte.
h:iga lo'crre haga ci su_
,(
l(). Al lcspcck).
<1ue se sucla cie<.ir.cue en cl nranaco hey Lrne firsron entlc
r'l
trr v cl srrperl,<-r se clel)c enten(lci cxchrsivamente
a,rrr,, ,r.i,if,r., y n,,
t orr
tlcsc.r'ipr.in igur()sx pues en el alrrclc cxhil>icionistl (iuc
rcllizll, lntc
sr risl)x) y ks tlers, c<lnsetva la represcntaci<-rn
clel yo conto enticlarl crre es
, ,l't(1{, (l(,
I:r rr-lr:rliz:rr i,',n tlel rulr,.rr, ,
St.rrxlrlr
cae en la tent.l(.i(in rle consirlcral cuc el stearl(i in.liletcnciu_
tht5il.1,.5
nrils prir)titi\.()
cue el nornrativo,
.ni,,.i hul,i.,ii Ln lnra ev<_
Lrlivil. i n)islltl pitra )(l()s l()s srick)s. cn <ue cl supery<i al
fdnc.4tio
<rciia
ll,','\rr(1,rltt,nl(
r lrreg,r p.i.i..r jtrZ.rr
p,, r,1,,r.'y q,,. 1,, .tii.,a.n,,., .n
tr(. l()s (lrc
ticnen un supery't inclilcrenciackr
sclict y a,n,, n,r,_rr,,t,r,rr
a,,nria
lir ril
(,n (lLte
l()s prinrcl-()s
cuerler<tn fli(los un estacli, ,r,e no evolLcion<j.
En
h rlirllrl st trtlr cle clrs linees sep.rrrrd.ts
rlc clrsrrrrllo 1"" qu. ,.
"ru.rr..n
l"
(
slru(lu[t.i(')n
tle un tipo r otr< clc \Up(ryr,.
f]n rfecto, sr el n,<, no fire ocli
rl rI s<k
cl principi..
si su pnri, agrcsivirle<l ptrlsi.nal ()
la rexctiv ntc l()s
tr,rrr.rs,l()
liren <lcsnreclirllrs,
cru< resrlta<k
clel interiucg() entrc estts tr.cs
,,'n,lr,tr,nr..s(\trtrrtltr.tnl(s:rrtrr,ll,,rrrc.sr,rk,srrr,,ll(l
*.r"
,,n.,,1ra,a,,.1,,,.
tr lrrr. :ll sui(t()
c()ll()
()l)iet()
dr,,(lit,. El snEry(,
n(,r.ti\(r,
-r sL vez, p()
rlr.r st. rr;rs
I)rin)iti\1)
()
utis evolrrcionaclr,
ut:i" aerea,r,
lrar,r
an tarakr ar"r, n,,
ls ri|rlr,rl. r's rlrr.ir n< c()nstituve
rna posici(in
iclcnificaicria
tlnci<nal
clescle
l,r ru.rl st..;rl.rr:r
.t
l)ri.
i\l srrltlto antei cle jLrzgar.lo
fr", fr" n,r,rre" ciel irle:Ll.
l\r' r.llr rrr sr.rlcl:le
srrpcr.Jlrner
cl supcryr inciiferenciackr
s:iclic(). rx
ls..:
.tvAN(.tis
tjN
psIco..IjR^pt^
pst(
()AN^t_..IcA
LA MO I)l :l( lA(lI() N I IiRAPItU I ICA l)lil- SLr!liRY() 28J
s(\.iirl. (l(.Ir
llruilie.
de hs inr
lttt)r
yt
tla nuliel,r/,,
a,r-r,, .latt"t'ttt''es,
etc.-
tienc en esta c.alesccncia
.sl-
r.i,i.,i,
rk. .,,,,;1i;.:;;1;
;:;ilill';::'::l;",:il:T;HL::,ilra<rar,r
ersenti-
;( ) tro rlifcg.
e,rr,
stt/,t,t')).)r)
tla rctlidut
<te,,,.t;:,"lll ].t]" ::
i)P.sicr''nj\rrr')
nr,r
(oal!,scen(i
p.rr';r,,lrtc,r.rcr."a,aa,i,a,,",r',i
('l\''\
(n (lLle
s< lrts'-.t
lrt ltlcnticlcl
rr'ginll
lr.r..rc.,
l1r ,," ,",,,',,,,,'.,)'t
rtrf'eIi,.,ritl..1
.r:(
nr.r(1. .-n .iplc.rrcnrt.
,er
rli
,,,;',,:'i,,,..;,;,1',;:ll']l;',1,]l
il,i
en I:
'rinit:'
se rr,''
rrrer,, ,.,,,,,,,r,rrit,.rrr,,,
ll
ll;::llt'i;l,l,.ll.:iil,;
ji
lili!:l1il',l
l'1-ll:l'1.
;ll,
;.il;;l
j:
:lll
::;:;;,ll]:'"ifli;,Ilil
:H'i'";:
;ilfiiil'J'5,1,i:1,',',:;:;i;':i;
., ,,.i. r.,,,",....iiiil,l.r.,
"i,
l':
:,
s'" lrrrtr'r
lir \rri\(rir
'r'i(l.r(l
n rr( r'i,\r,r. (
i!l'r.
I. r,',r,,.r.I.,.
1,,,*,,'i"i
..,,.,,
''
r.i"rrrl'r ('n
rlrre (\llrl'c.,tr
(lrlr.-Ir.i
r: \,)..;
\lr-
,r,,,,,,.,,.,.,r
...,.,',?;
,;,
u
.l:*,
,,,,1i, :lI;
,i]1,,:,]],,,ili,,,,i;i,,li:
l;;,i;i,:lfl*l:,;,
I)or ,
IJADti\
DF lis.l Ht
(
.l.l.lrA(
rr otl st p<vrr
y
.,t r. vcN
DIt r.A
^(iRI:stvl)Al)
\ (
r.lnrl, r
lt.r\..
I,,r .1.,.,
,r,-r
,,,,,.,,,, r.un:i;
;,:,,il:iij,,,":|il.#
illl:*:fi(&
e.sr^,crL,,i,ci(in
,r.rs,
.r trn (ic
lr:r(.(r
nr.is cl..-,,,,,,",ciif.r.nc,;.
;, i,,;;,,;;;;f;;:ilL::H:
I'lr(\l(
lln, i,,n.tr p,r
nl(nlrclr,\,1.,,,i,,
t., ,,r,,f.,1i1.,,,";i:,":;;;:,,
n,,,.llrltrvr,.
;lli
lll'il:;ilXiJl
il':'illiill;
r"'1"
t
'
1,"'n,n .i"i',"i"
i"l.il1li
,,,,,,,
u.
L:
l;;,_
[ ;;l;jljl:
:;;]._.:
i],J:i:tJlJ,.t
I;;l
J,;l:::'.J:
lt,,r.ll;;,11;
,.
,,,,,,i
., i',;;:,":,.'-,;lJ-,:.,
;j;:,ll!
1.,:1il
.il;::,:;l,li:::
l;:*:1, rlt(,1(
\. ((,nt,,
\ll)cstnt(.tlr:l\
rlrt.1.,
-.,,..f.,f .;r,,,n.,yi,
|-,,,,,,..,i,,..r,..,,
,,n,
r.z ,r;is. (rrcj
,) ningunu
esr..(.rLr.
.r.r p'*u^ri.,
l-,..il,.].r,lnll,.'" .,n
,n_
, t !rl), rIlr
.l l.t ((
].lprcnsi,)n (lL,
slt
,r,,ir.,
.,*,,.,,,i,i,i,;;:,;'.;;.,.r:ll,:.i,,n,rritnr,,rr
p,rper ptrrsi,,nrr
trt,r.r
rirri
,',,,,,,,,,,,',,,.,,i,n,,,,..,,;;,:i',;';l':1.:i:lllll,l,l
ll,i;i.lll;]::,:.J,.:i,Ill,,ll]ll
Irr_rr,r
r,,rt,\
rntegrJcles
fr,,r
rlctc
r, \,rr, (r(.\.r,
rir.rr
f:r..i;rl
,,,,,,,r,.:l'l).P"1-i"n:1c..
.lcr'rir,s.
rsprrsrnr;r
i.n.r-
, l ,',,,''r,
rrr,,,,..r
,".i ,.-,,...,,,,',
lilll'].-"''
''
I't'
'trt
lt \"n
'rL{''ni{r.s Irr. e',,,.'n
lrr(.s(.rr.r( (,r)(.s
1,
lrts cancltrt.r,s
,lill)'lleccn
k)llnrcnte
l()s sentinrienk)s,
lls e
.rr'r^.r(
r,), s(\.()ri1rl
del ,na,rr.,.,.,,"tltt"t'"
Bs kr ctte
helllos
clcn<lttinrclo
cle-
t ,,t,.,1,,,,
,,,,,,,.,;';,;:.,,.,:;;ii.,^^li,:
li...lil,iJi: :];li,:,il,Hllll:1",
,*
, .l;,|l\,',",t(.rrn.,l()t..l_i)rrl)ri,)r,(k).k)n()c(rrsri.,(t()!,t:r
(l(,\.r
cr i'.( i(.)n se.r.).1 (irt
in
lil] cunft) a llr terapil, en cl c:tsr clel sLrPeryti n()r)rtivo, el nrlisis clel
, ,,nlli(t()
enlrc ls n)tivlrck)nes
(ltc (]ntrlrn
cn c()ntrr(licei(in, l tlel cieseo y
Lr iI l l]ranrl;tto prohilrirl<r, al>re el cnrint hacil rrn c];llr>rcitjn clc este c()n-
llr, t(). l-]r cir))l)i(),
(,r (Lilnt()
rrl srrprrrri inclifl'cncilttlo sliLlico. el trat:nrienl()
rr,r r'{)rsistc cn p()nct ll <les<llricrto lrn clrseo r'cPLrcli:rltlc
(lLtc
desen(ald.'n1r
r.r l.t rclLr'< i<ln cicl strtry sino en llrcel tr-rc el ltnaliz:Lncl< puccllt klruar <on-
I r( l()
(()n
t'l ,r1l1 1c sientc llcix si nrismo. cuc puertlt clLptar cue csc rxli<r
l,rcccclc
a ctt.Lltrrier
iuici().
(luc
vc
(lue
Lrtiliz.r ls infrrrccioncs rclcs o stt-
l)llL
stus
((llr)
ncirxtlizr'ioncs prrrlr jrrstificlr
el
()di()
y. s()l)re totkr. tue puc
,l.r tk'sentrrrrr ls llccs, en su p:rlrclo
v er-r el prcscntc. rlel rclir. Si el an-
ll lir. lnta Ls rlifi:stlrt irncs tlcl
>lrr'ientc
cle rclio lrrtcil s risnr<. s()stlvicl
Lr ir[: cI rrrt r:sr orlio cs. si tlurllr, tlc,scr infilrr'lrr r;trc sr tenctr.r ,rru p,r
rrcI' lrl clc:c rrlri(r' r.
(nt()n(es
cst:r|iu Ircicntkr el
jrregr:
lrl irnlrginario clcl
r:t
, i('llle y a strs rr( i( ntllizrLCi( )ncs.
l^Nr)AT()s s)piR)'()t(r)s M()RAr-tis
y
NARCrsls'r'As
Atrrlrros r.k,rcr le clitc|cIrr iir cstnr(tL-lrl cnlrc
(l()s
l}1r cl liclacles clc frn
i i{)nirricnt() <lcl srr>,.,r1ri llcsullir llcccslrj() rlistingLrir il)(n: cDtre ckrs lip()s
rI ltrenrl:ttr:s su't<'r1oirs. tlitircn,. i no va cn erl trrclen <l<'l cstrr'tLrr.r srrr
(l(
llr tcnrili(-r de ls nonns
y
iclcalcs- []n tilx)
(le
nlln(li()s slrpcl'X('()s \()n
los tlc ortlen ruoral. eruellos
(lLle
liiun
(Itra,
es l() rr()r:rll)lcntc aceptai)le rLr
rltscrs scxLLtlts son Icitts. con ctrii,n sc
rr.recle
tcnerl()s y c()n quien sst.ln
rlolrilrickrs,
l;r lirnn cn
(luc
cl srjL,l() sc clclle comrol:rr cn relci<in c<>n el
ol)iclo. con sr l)icr'rcstll, rrrn llt:tgrcsivicletl
rcrnriticl;r
v lrr proltihitla, etc.-.
lunt() l
('st()s
r)llrnLLlli)s. cxistc!t
()ll'()s (lte
exigen tlcl srrjeto granclcs It;tz;rlts,
r,'.rlr7.r. i,
'rl(
\ ilrllx,r'l.lrrl(. trrr.trrlir::ll]
I).1f.
Fil
rrinrcr
tiro rlc rnanclat()s cs l<lrrcl cn cl <r.re frcrr<l ccnlr<i su intclts, el
sttrcr1r'r clc l:r rullr.'locla la ollr:r flercliuna sole tlsulerJ,ri, tnk) te()ric.r
c<tto clnir'rr. giirr alrccleclor clc l:r ctrlpa por clcscos incestu()s()s u lxstilcs.
errn<rrc cltjri ill)irftlt Llnlr r, lr clcs;rn-rlllrr. y crte es la <rre cleseltntos rckrrnlrr-.
Lrrr'ck soslLNr,
(lLre
el scntiri('r)t( clc infcriritlcl, el srrflirnicnto n.rr!'isisill.
rcsr-rlt tlurl)in clc la rlistancirt cnlre ll rcprcst'nluci(ilr
(l(l
\1) y los iclcelcs, cs
rlccir en lrt n() s.list(ci(in rlc lrrs cxigt'rrcirrs <lel sull'ryrr
(Frcu(I.
l9J3l)).
I':rr'.r lr
l
oxitt tlltos a l:r c linit:r <lcl slr[cry<i <lt' nltn(Llt()s n:lfcisistxs.
]' l)o-
rler clislingttrrlo <lcl sr.rreqr-r rtt<rt:tl.
xnscnros
cn cs<rs
f-xr<lres
qLle estlin espr-
lltnclr clc srts llij()s
(pre
lragan gr':rn<lcs hazas, no p lc< rcr.rplin<loles en alrs<r
lLrt() [ Dr()rxll(Lr(l. []s cl cuso rlcl
rlrlrc
s()ciprtx cuc r,.ri.qt, <lc su lrij,r t ..
rrn pilkr, un uurllz, trn tlirrnfrclor'. sien(l() estc rn rlnrlir tuc en clso cle ser
stisfeclro convicrte el Irijo cn <trcritk. Si nr. es rccllrrzlrtk>, vilipenclilclo, crrn
sirlerclo rn i(ii()til. un fraces:tI. l\lr(liilntc el
(xstil.l()
se llrlclea la crnclrrcf
rlcl hii() rrrc sr'rr'irtptrllrrlo ir intL,ntllr l()gt-()s csp('cf;lctrllres, l i<lcntilit:trst'
isl
AVN(.rrs
t:N
pstc(),.tiRAptA
pst(ioAN
A I_ ,1,I(:A I_A trlODIl;tcA(iloN
'r'ltRApliut
lcA t)til_ supliRl() 2t5
:::1,
,l
t',,t.r.r,rLII,s,
l.)-.
t'\.rprr (le
cacr en la iclcnriflcacirn
con un yo cle,
,r*r'. tr,,
\ ,
\, ,1.,f(.
r, ,(1,,.
pcr..cgrricl.. prxlem.s
.1".i, ,i.,.::;';;,,;.lacl
huyc clcl (.r\liJt(,lr.r,'ril.rgr.:rnrli,,:rrl.rrllr.i,,..1
inrn,,rrrrir,,,.r"*;;1,:;;.;;.:;;.,;
"'r'".,
ll:rl trnrr rlifi,renc.ia
entre esrc
tir, clc_ lrenthros
r;r."r,r,l;;;
qre ()l)iigiln
'r
l.r,gr',rrr,li,'srrr:rrr
1rr
vrn, rrr,, qrr.rrnis
p.rcrrc.
n.rrri.iz.rnte\
rrrnr(.n(.n,,n
srs
lrij()s.
rrcrnianclo c()n su (lnur:l(i(in
"r"
f,rr,r,,,",
.i,r"ir.i',1.'
.L p,r..r
r,,._ (
i\i\r.r, ,1)n
r,r (rrrj
irrnLrr\-rr.rn
<1ue sre realice
acJ,,*J;;,,i;";,
frrraseerr;rs
.r, l.\
(tu(.:rnrir
ip.r el
Irt.rrr.r
Lte I.r
,r'.,n,ri,,ri lnr. n,,,;'1,;
;,ji,r,,; (.s
r rr).r (.\
lx,r|r, r.r
I,rrr.rri.r
rlL.rhL.t,r,l.,.hinriti.,,.r,,n,,,r,lr'r:,,i,f..,'i",,.1r..r
r,nt(.t(l(1.
l.r ,lili'rt
nr i:r Unlrc.rspir.r(r{)n(,\rtrirn(lii,\r:,lues.:,,,,rn,,,'.]iai.,..r.,,1,r(,s(.,n
I,r il,,.r . I(. sr I L.r,nsr.r
rr i rn ('
irrr, ,s,_, ,(..
lr.r i.r l,r j.ll.ncli,
r.l,.l.rrl
rLrt. rr.
. h,lr|rr
.rl,.rn,/.,
l).r'.r
(.,..rp.ll.(lrl
rrrsriq,r
rliR.rr,s rlu(.
rn.t (r)s.r
,,. ..,1i.,l,
,|i'.1 ,|,.,,,,
l))lin
:tIe la ltiracir
cle acltimcin
.ia
rrp,l,r.r",.rr''y',rr,r, ,.,".,.'.,,,"
n,,a.,j,,
rrrrrt' t r grir.
<re
c.,rrarcle. sarr;rr l.il pr.irrrer.sar,,;
;;;;.;i;;r,;'.'1.
un ,n,,r.r,,_
l, ilt,,
tI Un
l]l.l!r.r.
qL( sr ,\ t7
.r,.r
r i ,r\, ,,,,.i.,.;i.,1;;,":.;':,.1':l'i,:,.:l]:lii::'Hl'1,:lii,]:i:i:::iJ;,:].i:l
f)(
rs()1r,
r)rrs
cre h angustia.
e. rnrtrr".,.r,r
-, I-, ,".,r;;..;,;,r:ii'..,".,".
",..,,,
n( s
l)irir
n() clle[ cn Lnu iclenticlacl
telricla. pal
n,,
".,
,,",|"at,,.
"
li\istc
rnu clara clifeencia,,
r ,.s .r-r,rig.rJ.
., .,,;,.:;i,;;i;;i,:1,,,,,,,,fi:::Tl,i,;::..,;if,:i,:;,,.::;:,:.;l,ii]
t, il,.rl. r.t \up(.rv,). (.n
,.rrrtri,,.
,,t,ljg.
1,.,i,;j,;
.,;,.;,,;i
in'..',,.
*,,,,,U,.
, r.tr(1,,l.r\ ,,rigrn,
i.r: rlL.gr.rn,lr,,.i,l.rri _
,,,.',,,,f,,,,,.
,rr.,,i.,,,. l
\ r(,.(-. (lL,
I.r .rL,ritl-Ltl
crter.,.r sinr
clcl p,.,,lri,r;,;j.,;,,,-;,;;
; I: il lll:
lrs lr:rir l pr.csirin
rle ia trucn;rzlr (lc
caslig(),
cstl()s
cn el lirlit
clcl su_
Pct')rr,
tlltl< (luc
l() cxl.ll(.tersti(.,,
clel cci,rn]rr.lel
0.", a.. .,rrr,r',,.,,,rr,rs
cle \,,\(
nL f. Lr (\r\t.n(r.r
rtr irrrr.sici,rcs
rs ell.i r-le ,"" ,,;,;i;;il;;:
rc,iiri(.()s.
ll sulrt,rr,r.lt
1,,. rrrn,.lt,,.
n.rrcisistls
ltt sitlo
cl rn:,rs clescri<llrclo
en llr li
l.r'il1(l-it
l)si((
)iln1lticll y,
sin eDtlr.rrrr.
cs ul clLtc esuita
ttl1rs l,,rnOn"n,a,
an (
l( rlils
l)ers()nali(llrcles nacisisl:rs
rn l.rs ru.rlr,, l.r .,itp,,'af.".r,,p"
rl" un
r,,p.f sr', rr,1..1,,.
I'(,s,,nirli(l.r(l(..,rrr..,,z.rlrit.ri.n...,'.f.",1-r,,r.,U,.1,.i.,1',,rr,,.,,,1ru.
(
ll l.lll,r.
I\,r,r
n,' rl,,r.ll stn,,
rlc li..lt,/,t(ir,n(.\
gr..nrlt,s.t\.
,tr, _,..
.ri'ljrrrli,..rn
,
.rtrl,rrr
r,n.(rr\..r.
nriirr.rnr(..
1,.,i,, t.,,,,,,r,, ,,li,i,:;.;;^ii.,r]'i:
,i1, n,,,1.,,1,1..
lr.r'.rs1,,.
I'l,rr
n,,.ll('.ln,,ilr
l.rs.t115.r*,,,r.
lresonaliclaclcs
cn tLricncs
r,1
:rtt.rlisis
rrr
rucclc
centrarse
en lrs tspirci()nc"
grrr_r.tl,lr,o,.n-ti,s
fi,,ci,rn..,r
rrr .rr.// grrntliosti
caicrr
sin< .n l"'r....*.i,.il-,;:;,r;;;';r#
clc un su
l,(
f\'() (lu(
cn<.lrna
llr agrcsir,,icllrcl
en c()ntr.l <lel prttio.r'il.ur,rrf',i,..r,g"
f,,
r
lui.
(,l(
n(,
rtrccle
cortscgr.tir.
l..rr'.r, l, r
l,,lr
rnf.ltil,.,
l: (LI
.,,,,r,,,/,,.,,...n";ii:;i";.r..::,1;:.:i::j:i:l}*Ji:::::1,:,:ll[,:ili:;]
lr1 r.
(.rstiluirlir
(n
l()s 11)()n)cnt()s
cn cue el ni<
i,st:i iclentiiic,J,,
rrinrr.i,,_ rrr'rr'
.r l.r tt.tH(.n
P.rcDt-rl
(ntrnir
'r
t,rs ,
rr.
r.r
','il,,
,i.1i,.1 .,,,,,",'.:;:l"
ut''t- y el itlcd del
)'o cn tank) n()r'rlr'ts
,.,rr,
,r,.r.i.r,.r,,.r,r"r.,;.,;;,
;;,,?lj:,iil;;::i:];;l,t:ll.1',;.illl;:
(
n lan) estnrctrlra estable. y el
-'o
itleul <1:l.e se c()nstituye en k)s lnolnenk)s
(
n
(lue
el iclcal clcl yo coincicle con el yo. Chasseguet-Srrirgel
(
1975) seala
rrtt clifcrcncia entre Llna tinlacin en cllrc el narcisisl'r1o aparec'e satisfecho
la llm icleal clei yo-
1'el
superyr-r. Pcrr con trna cftr)le clifelen(i.r c(rn rc
lrr< i<-rn a l-agachc: unll. ternrin(r(igicu ---<len<rrina icleal del yo il l cstrLctura
tttc cn Llgltche corresponclere el yo icleal-; la segrrncl;r, cle orclen concep-
tLrl: cl icleal clel yo sera unit
()rganizaci(-)n
ctre sc f<nra scgn esta aut()r.l es-
l)()ntalncamente
-es
lo qrre rec.llca . sin particip.rci(in clel extelior. por trna
rrachracirjn clel nio qrre trata dc lcclrptr.rer le perfecci<in nrcisist cle llr cue
vozir. no c<lmrartiencit> l:r iDrportancia
(llre
I-agache le ot<trga a la intersubjc-
lir icicl c<nc eslrLctLuunte, especiall)tentc a la i(lcntificaci(in con la figrtra
J:r:r
rentrl iclerlizacla. Lacan, al tlill'rcnci,tr cl
1o
idaal clel ilectl del
)r.
clicer
.LIn<r
csl rn cl plano cle lo inxgin.rri().
)'
cl otl() en cl pleno cle lt situb<ile, r
-l
'r
(luc
la txigcnci dcl lch lktl(iLlet l clel yo) encuent,:! su lrrgar en cl conjun-
to tlc las cxigencils clc la ley-,
(l,acan.
1953-1954, prig. 15.1. cl agregado en-
lre pri,ntesis es nlestr)). liclith
.flLc<>bsor-r
(
1964) tiunl)in postula trna clara
rlili'ren(ilr entre el itlell clel yO rcprcscntxcin clc la pertecci<->n ntrcisistl-
\' el srrPcryri. cspc(illrcntc clcsclc el punto cle vista r:rrlutir,o
ror
la prioti-
rLtcl cltl
.lrinrcro
(r)n
respect() el sc'gr.rncLr. atrntre progtcsivluncntc sc \'t in-
Itgranckr cn cl sistcnr clcl sLrpery<i me<liantc un ckrble proceso: clcspersonili
cci<-rn
-llr
n()nnlls se van htcientlo ll)stftrctlrs cleslignclosc
(lc
un pcri,,,nJlc
cn plrrti(Lrhr cue sera rno<lclo-
1,
ntoclificecirin tcllliica haci l'cstricci(ntes
rlc tiro uotel. cle crrtrrl clc la agrcsivichcl. cle l<s clese<s cclpicos incestuo-
sts.
(ilto
vem()s n() lray cointiclencil termin()l(-)gicit cn le aplicucic-rn cle las
tlcnorinciones vo i<k,:rl e i<leai rlrl yo.
N()s(fr()s. p()r ntlestn
l)iltc.
nlars
('cr(rn()s
:r le posi, ir'rn <k, l-agache. Ite-
nrrs <lcn<rnrinnxs.l\) daal al
(\)njunt()
cle inriigeo<-s cle
Jrrfcccirin
r1ue.c
vrtlt crr-tsttttl,cnrkr c<rtto rcstll:tck cle lrn r/l'.sc itsr td.lliz.tlttc gLriaclo por la
idculizcitin <ue el sr.rjeto hace clc s urislxr
(lJleichrla,
1978). Es clecir tlue
rrtr.rell<r cn lrr crre lracctxrs hir-rcllpi n() es en el prrclrrcto
(4
.lo
ide
-
sino
en el estad()
rasionlLl
rlcl sLjct()
(llre
vu sele(cknnrl< ten(lcnci()sxlrrcnte las
uigcnes
(lLlc
llscgrren su sentinli(,nt() <le pcrlc'ccirin nxlcisistx. C()n csk)
(lLlcl-t'nI()s
l-r'nurcar cl c()nccpk) cle intencitnaliclacl inconscientc inrpulsacla
p()r lui cst.r(l() pasi(mlrl. En cl r'rs< clcl yt iclcctl.
lxt
un estlr(l() de enum<rl-
ricntr clcl srict() cn tlue tocle crticu es slrspcnclicle Su <tuesto scra el -
.q(llr'o
lcl
.l\)
itlal<1Lrc va sicncl< rrnstrLrirkr, txtrrl)ia'n lenden( i()salllente, p()l'
cjcrtrplo pol cl paranoico fespect() xl
()tr(). ()
p(n-c-l tnelant<ilict, cugeclo cle
lL1(n)(li(). c()lll() irlllgrn clc si nrisnr<.
()
sca qur kl pl.(rpio cle lu constnrcci(n
<lel
.lr
idaul < dcl ttc4cttirtt dcl
.t't
elctl .t ste kr clcn<niral()s txrr)l)ia'n
-)ro
dattigrtrk cs cl tipo cle cliscurso cLre krs ve c(rlstitrycncl(): el
jrricio.
clcci
di(Lt d prri, sientl hs blrscs
xrrr
qlrc sc vaya afinlando l:r
Jtcrfccci,
,n o, pr,
cl <cntrerio. l xl)s()luta inrpcrfccci<in clel strjetct.
!ln el clrs() clcl discurs<
(lrc-
va c()nstrLycnclo las reptesentacit lnes clel su-
llJ()
^vAN(tES
l:N
pt(.O.t-ljR^ptA
pSIC()ANALll(
A
L^ ltODIITICACION 1'rRAPIiUl lCA l)liL SUPIiRY()
I)xrcia
clel)n clisimular ,lpresuraclanente Itl que estaba por sucecler. Nueva-
r)clrlc un pncipi() gcner;rl
-icon
u-r brll're nr lc acoslaLits. n< sers Ito-
n)osexl1ll,-
(Itre
en contrrr <le su ctcser iDtpeda qrte ste se realizlse, cuan-
rlo lo que cirminal)r ela el p<>cler cle la pr<>hibicin inconsciente.
S()n sucos c'clpicr:s cle inrposibili<lacl en l<>s qrre ll fierz clel
(lesco
y lls
rondici<>nes cle la ccnsr,rra pemriten quc stlr sea superacllr
y
el cleseo se nu-
nifi:ste sin clisfiaces. pero la prohil.licir-rn ctlprl)iliz ntc y pcrsecutoria busca
rclr\'l,renlc las c<)nclieioncs rue lenllinen c()flntkrlr. l,o significlitr\
(, (\ quc
la
rroiribicirin
n() xparece c(ml() trl. bajo la ttrtxtetictacl tlcL
.nr,,
urunitiesto,
sino conr< plolribici<in ya realizx(la, en trn1in()s cle r.rna sittacitin qtte la con-
,r'rt tle Ilcc'lr<.''l
l,a inter'<lit cir-rn es llr cr.re cscare a la concienciu cle rtlnera senleillnte x
(rntl()
Lln sujct() pLlecle falrrir'r' crutinLaulrente
()l)stiictrl()s
-<ltre
en stl ((rn(ien-
Lilt crce
(lte
son cl
rrrlrrclo
dc circunrittncils ext(rts-!
P:ru
nrr lcanzllr
elgo que lt hucc scntir cul-:lrblc-. Es kr que tarrrbin venx)s en il txn ficcuentc
ir>osilriliclucl quc en algunas
Pesx(lillas
de
ltrsccrtci<in
sc expcrilllenta
Pxra
)oqk
ctr rrl pelscguickrr
-k)s
pt()s n() ticnen lirelzx, c) r'uchillo no pene-
t[r, el rcr,(llver no dislrare . La clrtrsit lar(li(:llil. scf]n lo cntencletttos ----<'uau-
rkr no es cl resultaclr cle Lrn scntinrient()
(lc
inrp()tenci
(lcl
suiek)-, en Lln()
(le
Irs gr:rnrles thcs rlq nrcstll cultLr: el cle
,,r]().rrc(liriis".
Incltst r'uck esc
tlt'sr< <le h:rtcr mul logla irl).rrecer:,in <listr-.tccs en cI conttni(i() tnuniflestt rlcl
sLrcno. algo clcsrle rl sureryir rcprirrickr c()ntini!:t iltlp( )sil)ilitii n(k )l().
Eslr rslru(fuIr
rrrxlrtctivlt
clc rtrl.t p:olril')iciirn gcnriru
(]tlc ((,n\rcrt(
rrlg<r cn in:rlcanzalrlc- cs la cuc otgeniza cl relto en Ll tctstilkt. cle Kafkl.
(,uxn(l()
K. cree rlr.rr por fin se hxll, nte la posibilirlatl cle lJcgar el castillo rn-
lellcl<, ll ll-rcntc sr>ltrciit se tlxnsli)frt
grt
Lln in(()nvenicnte. tn trna ntrc-
vir
Ix)sterga(
i(-)11. si K. hilcc g:r)a clc r.rne lrLlilirlacl infil]i(x par rL-lr'ovechar
l()(l(), prra crl<crk l senicio cle llt tarer x la
(lLrc
estal tonsaglatlo. chrlta
t:rrl)i1'r c(nr Lrna ll.)iliclurl sirilirr
l)(
plrrle cle krclos ks
(luc
tr.lt.rn
(lc
irrP(]
rliI su acc<sr al lugar
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conr un srr|rturrio. t.l irl)e(lilllen). r1l,rs allli
rlc sus vicisitr.rclcs, estli tigi(llllentc gttiackr pt>r unlt cleertcilt nlltrizi
.A
cse lt-
r,lrrr n() l)us rlc lulilr:rr". Esto es lo rtrc Kltfka p()ne ll
(les(
ul)i(l()
(r))
toclx in-
lcn('j(-)n c'r el paslje cn rue K., hacinclosc
l)as.u lx)r
ttn :tyr.tcltnle,
Prcglrtrt:
,;(lrrin,..lo
pueclc il ul castillo nri patxin/,.
.Nttnca'.
cs lx resPLresla.
.liien".
tlice
1...
l
euel.q;r cl aurirrrlur. Et
rrclcr
clc l()s sci(cs rlcl castillt>
-erltrirlcntc
al
r[lsr.rperYr-r- es tlrn sul)cri()r ll <lcl polrre K.. que xnte cacl
jugch suvlt
rrrrrlios sacarln la cu'tl clc tliunfi) prrlt
(len()txrk).
l)ocler tnnntxlo clel
rrlr>. :rhrrr interj( )l iz(l( ) c<>nro
rlohicirin
supct_v()icil. rrte vlt a exigir que c)
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()J
liru(l rrfirn(l()\( e l.t ttcrlttttlt.ttt t'i,r r(ri,J.,l 5uui()('n,(:tl nocnrrtrar.u
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lo tu). cl
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str cupez tlt haco rlgo'
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a couro los paclres,
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vcz inti() l:t .tngtrslr,r.
l\lir (,s
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r( \r\.
I)[il]rcr() Ir\, xngustill que se clenrnina
.stciltl":
el sLjct() n() sicllt(' l1l
n,,rlil
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rrescnci:t
clt'l ol>icto exlcn()
(tty()
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rr,rlrzud. con Ir <ue
-raseli
ir ser el sujet() <ltrien vigilati stts conclucllts y titrt
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(
r( r))cnte ei scntirrient() cle
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c inscgttliclarl efrzar:'t el
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, )n(ll(1it. :ts tro los clivrtsos aspe<los rlr stt pcrsonitliclacl
Pal
n() exP()
rr, rsc lrclrr[-lilt. I)()r
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el slrpcry'r
rr'.r un segtrnrkr tiempo ctxt [csPe(t() atl lll(rttcnt().:tt cltte le n()rl]l.L -ltn
n(,
(
slri interi()rizx(lil. nl()nlent() en
(lrc
sq cr.rnrple s<ilo antc la prescncia tlc llt
,rrrlr'iclucl cxteri{)r. n() signili.rr ruc uDll \'cz
(()nstilLri([r
el supetlti a'ste
P.lse
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ln)s(er
klill ltutrrrttlt c()n r'(sl)cct() irl
(rricl() (xtcln().
lintre sttperri'
1
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r, n'r(Ll(l externu sc nrnticlle un rticulil.ia)n rrrntltlcj:t,
rltriltlle se8n los itr-
rliriclrros
1,
m()l1l(nl()s
(linl'll1ri(()s.
A vctcs, la
l)rcscn(i
ret! cle llt !LLlt()ri(l(l
(
\lrrnu cs la qLlc lczt cl sul)cl)(i: cn tfrs cs el supcryri el qtrs es p[()yec
llr([) cn h atLtrrricllrcl ext('rnll. Al resPcci{), cl
Ptlr-]t()
ll r(rllarcall es cr.le las cs_
tr'rrc!rrres inlr:r'rsitUic:s lirnt ior'r'l sj('nrl),( crr infcr(l('J)utl(iclcill crr llrs t>lrjt'_
l()s e\tetn()s: llr intebtl)jctivi(l(l no cs solo rrn nl()rttcnl() en la psitr,rttsr.
sino la c<rntlicit'rn
l)crnrrnentc
clr.rc intctvicnc et, el tttattit ie,1.,
(le
la cs
lrucrr.rrt tlcl psi(isnx ).
l,lt c()nse(rr'ncia pallt cl lftlllllt)icnto cs clte si no sr->lo existen ngttstixs
illltc el sLrl)ct\1):ino <ttc istr linci()n:l
(lctclsir
tiicnte r(ntc Ia pclsc.rt.i,,rr
rtrrl o irnegin:ria
l)r()venicnfc
tlel extc|ior. nlientms n() se lr.ll)rlie
),
(lisrllin!-
l n los sentinrientos clr pcrsr'< ucir'rn y vergilenzlt xntc cl rlltln(l() extetn()
-{'n
lil silullcin .tnlficll. antc
(l
nrlistx-, cl sitie't() n() lhancl<nal lt>s tllancllt
lr)s
(l!rL'el
sttrenir lc it>onc. Lo cttt lrece t'viclentc tttc el anitlisis tlel sLl
l)cly(l
n() pulc tlcsvinctt l:tt sc clcl un:ilisis clc l r'claciirn con l:t tealiclacl \'
(1,n1(, (sl.
es irtl.rgin.rrl:t
P,'r
r'l
.ultt,r
l)rr'()
iLlnt()
lx resistcncia ubltncl<nar el s(nllctitnicnt() al strer1,i p,'r'
NnKLrstias pctsct rrtories cxiste
(fra
ctuclii irin: llts nornts clel supervri pucclen
srcuD(iilrial))nlr nlrcisizrrrse, irlcliz:rsc r sqn,if rl slriel() pxfrt ;tfirntltt stt st_
rerioliclacl
s<:lrrc Los
(fr()s.
f.st:l nlrrcisiz:t( i(in sccltncluria tlel srt-ret1,ti es lo
(lu(.
serl.r Ircrrcl cn 1thibickjl. sttt(ltt.l'ltgusll
(1926)
cuxn(l() clesta(x
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n(), cnl()nccs.
(ltlizli yo...
l])Lterro... htll)icr \,isto llls
(()sits
cle
(fril
lllatn(r.l . \' -\c
(
s rl ltl()nlent() en
(ltlc
etrloiezll el clnll)io. el lll()llr(ll) en qL(1 sieltc q(e llls
rrrsls poclrian lvtber sicl< ctitrentes. l)e est nl.lnc[1. llt rcconstrttccitin histtr
lica <le l:t gnesis
)
(lcsitff()ll()
clel sttpery<-r. 1L
Pesr
(le
Ptesctrfitr
riessi)\ in-
tslcctulizaci(-)n, rlcjantienlo clcii'nsilrr c()n r-cspect() il la trilnsfrtn(i.I. L()n-
Ionrli rcrclul hisii(ir c()n verclr(l ni[riri\':l
(SPen(e.
]9t2)-,
(rrlstittlve,
sill
cnl)lrg(), un irlstrL cn) tcrill)a'utico clc pritlleftt litrea
xtra r;<lcr
clesitl<nli
liclr'sc clel supcryr-r. pltra rcltiviz-rr
\trs
u\iHerl('l-t\ tirni('.1\,
P-llrr
verlas en
l)ersl)cctiva.
Pe[]rite k)nlltr
(listncia cr)n tesPccto l
(lis(tll-s()
P:lrental
y s(F
r.il1. rtl tlis<lrrso rlc rno nrisrtto. tlistlrnci con -al)g(l() 1L lo tlttr: sc inL,,llrr't"
sir ningn lip()
(lc
cucsti( )!1Ill ient( ). l)()sil)ilitrt vc( (lLrc
sc lt:t si<l,r stlllt{ic[ rt
rrlgo e<r.rir'ltltntt iL
(ln.lava(l()
cle ttrel1o,, c()n
(llstig()s
v plenri()s
(lc
atll()[. l]l
(\lrDlrn r)inu(il,so rle ls irtctccione c()n ills flgLlrlls signill(:lti\,s
('n (ltc
i,sllrs tlilsfunrli(rt] sLrs \irl()rcs c icleltles. sLrs
Pr()v[(1()s
ck'gt'ltnclcztt. litntlt.
gl1)ri1r. ri(ltlez.l, tritrnfi). sLls tclll()[es.
(r)n(lLlce
il citp(xr c()n()
(lcs(le
fLlclit se
li)[z(') l sujct() il ceplrlr
(iertlts
tl(1]lrls c'i(leltlc:, \. tsPcci llllcnte. las rz()-
ncs
ror
les
(txl(]s
ste llls ll(cpt(')
-lcl))()r
[ 1ll)n(l(n'](). xl cltstig(), rlcseo tlc
rt'r':tlltcl<.
L rcns1r.rr'< i<in Iisk']ricil
l)()sil)ilil1L
1:ul]bia'n
('\itrrrin.lr
trrnr ll'cntc .t tx
l)cticn(is
sgrlti(lils c(nt)() lritutlLilicrls s('(()nstrllycl()n lllaln(lll{()s.
I)()t
ciclllPl().
tlel tipo
.nrrnca
llas clcl)cn(lcr".
()
ntlltl(lltt()s h:Lciit tletas nltg1(inlnlls c(rIl
l)('nsrt()rixs. tttr's
tlotigcn rlt'l sttpcrvri D() es s()littltcntc cxtell-l() lli Lln.i Lrriri-l
nlinl(i(lr clrl rlt los
).tclrcs.
\' trlnc
(n
Pllltl
relcr'nlc
('l (lt( \c! escncil-
l1rcnrr una insltuci.t q a iDt.'Dtu 1!n/Ll)dt's? l.t t\?dirkitt 1l<'k) lt' lttttitco.
l'ct() l() trtlDitic() lt() cn gcncllll
-no
es cl ltcciclentc
(le
trcll
()
Irt inr.tnchci<in
rlcl cstrrlo cle l:r nec'esirlrl prrlsion;tl- sino rtl rcfi'irk csl)c( fi( llnlentc 1l
(
\l)eriltcn:,))ic(l{). r'rfgi)(nzr.
(t)l):1.
l)([
(fr'
lrxrtr.
gn
11l r(Llci(')1]
(luc (l
Pllcienlc
()sfitl-l(
(()nsiS,' Illi\l11',
irlcntificck> <rrn cl su-rclyti, es inclisltcnsalrlc cttc
trtctla
vcr
(llle
ct'l n() p( )cs
()(:si()es
lc hl sido ltrttchrr rriis Iicil rcltlarse nle llts ligllrlls txtcl-lllls
-!1lll
tlr't-.
rltrlre,
Ictrllnos rtlrrstr()s. clisr'trsr, srrirrl clt'll lclcr'isiir. rlc Ios cttc-
Irs. ile krs
Ircliirtli<rs,
clt kr: unigos.
(l(
l()s grLrn()s <le penctl,.'ntia- rlr.tt lt:r-
r'crl< ntc el sr.rprrt'r. l,lt
rtcgrtntlt
rtre clcllc gtti:tr el
llcnselnitnttI
clcl
l)r(icntc
(()nstitryc
lutcrt tlel an]istr ayltclerlc
>ar':t
ctte 1a prtctla firltllulll
l)(n
si Dlisnr()-es:.l'(n(ltat(rrlj()(ltc('(l)tt.sil-)(tlesli()ul1.lt,ilrlc),'llis-
nr() llrc c\ii()7,,.
(J
se. Llrl.t
f)rcl-{unfx
(lu('
le crlcluzc ,t ,k'sitl<'ttti/icu rt'dcl
l)ropi()
srper,v(). a clriat clc irlelizltr sr.l
Plllxl)lrl.
([e
tcnrcrla. En csle sclltid(),
rro tleia clc
l)lcstlr
ritt ulili(lir(l cn cl ttrso <lel trlLtllntictlt() cl Ls()
(le (\nlu\rr)
l]('s
(lLrc.
Pesc
ill cllla-lctcr' n()r clcsrtr tlltc licnel]. lll()\'iliz:ll l))iis p()l' su
P()(ler
rrtctrtti)rico(lLeIllsinlcrl)ret(i()ll(\-t\(t)tl(-l\.c\l\rc\i,,ne\.,'ltt',
cl titanin
Ictnr , o
"el
perseglli(k)r irltcrn()".
I-A MoI)I}JI(,4(]I)N'I'IiRAPI,JUI'I(]A
DIiI'
SIJPERYl)
295
)9t AVAN(-IJ EN PSI(-OTIJI{AP'A PSICOANAI fICA
l)('r) l1l rec(
'Dstrucci(in
hiskiric:r
(lrl ()rigcn
),Lles.lrr()ll()
clel srrlrcrl,,. r,rn
tr xk r t l velor cluc ilcal)arll()s de ac()r(h[, es uno
(le
los trcs pilares lcrros r
l{r'los rlrrc se sienta cl lLniilisis
(lcl
upery(i. LOs rlos clos tLnscrrrt n en el
:rrrri 1'elrola.
-\()n.
p()l Lrn l:tdo. cl r'tcrtlo <lrre el p:tCiente r)lilntien( L,n\ig,,
rruso rlrrrlnle el trenst ttso
(le
l scsi(in y,
l)('el
(rtf().
cl
(Le
cstill)c(e c()n
(
t('lll)clta. Respcct() al \ incu() consig() rllism(). u(luelio
(llre ()rjcnl.u.r
nLrus
lrir r)l)ssrvcia)n, tel cor]]O lo erjerpliflc.lDl()s al
((mricnz()
cic cste clptr.rkr, ser
t l < xrrrttinltr c(lnl() cI p(cr)Ic ve rrcckrnanckr, scgunclo tr sc{Lro(l(), rnte s\r
r()rio
tlrscurso. tr-rnro sr irtfcrrunt)c sin peflIitirsc tellllitlll un? li-rsc, r, rrL
'
rnl('r(eptx str rlcseo cn el o)(mlellk) cn qLle sulgc. c|t() sg irtlcil. Iislc rirtu-
kr srrrctyoico consig() rlrisrr() sc cletc,-tlt cn l()s nl(l)ent()s cn cltre cl
lrcicntc
(
nl-(.(r)rtll su
(liscLlrs().
lr:rct' .nr !ral t izarai(-)n :rntes
(lc' (\xllplttltr
lu fi:rsc <li
t it rrLr:
"lJuenr.. ,
claxr r-trc...
l)()r'stl)ucst()
qu(' ... per()...,. lnclicantkr cl
,Jrttc
r)(),, Lrn
(
Lcsli()narrriento, cl
.rrr
sLrl)Lest() qLe, una rlisculra
(lLle
prcsLlp()ne
(lu( (fr'at
1l_sc se l)a cl-trzl(l() cn sLr nrcrrtc cstblcciencl< Llllil l-cslricci(in.'l:lnr-
lriin:r'<lctc<tl l:r
Jrefli<
ipar'ir'rn clcl srtircryr-r
(Lndo
s1l(u(l( l.r r'lrlrczrr.r rt-
rlitLt rtte helrlu in(licxncio lsi sLl
(lisc()nlinrniclltcl
c onsigo risr)r()i
()
cLrntk la
ils:rlrslltr'cirjn sc- reflere l:t strl)ucstll irpfccisi()rr c(r'l
(l(c
lt()s cstal3 tr-lnrs-
rlrlir'rtrlo strs iclels. F'enrileno cirraat(-rstic() dc
(s()s p:rci(ntes
(lLe
c()ntinua-
nr( nl( sienlen
(luc
n() n()s
(1)nrLni(iln
il(lacuar(ll n rentt sLrs scn( ilui(,r'lt( rs ()
su
I)(
rrsrrltient()ri, sin
(larse ('ur'ntx
<tte rc>r'oclLr< t rr
(t)n
rcsl)r,cl().r lar nrr)il(]st
lior rlt [,slos h lllisrn iusllisfx(ci(in c(n] cuc krs
llrrlrcs
lc<ilrlrn crrirlcluier
,'r rrlLt, lrt tle cllos. Si algrrnos pil( irnles sc
rrolrlr.r
tlitlizan c( rltinLill]lcntc xccr-
i rr .1,., si Io
(luc (st.in
hu<ier<lo cn el trn:llisis
(,s
l()
(lue
ltn<lruLo <1Lrr lr.r<rr. si
sr' :rrliz:rn l)i(r). si lrxnslDilcn ficlecligrLuncnlc s Drunclo irtttir'. nrr es
lxrI
,rr,
l,,lt.rg,rrr
(l( rrl.rnLt.r t,r\ irr(\.(l.r
'trrr',,1t,,s lr.r,
i(nt(..,ltr( nr,li\,n(t
(sl(
rrltr cl,.'
I)rc(x
Lll).LCi()ncs sin()
l)(11l\l('se
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Icso
tlc rl
.,rrrr')r
\irillltl( \. au(sti()rtl(l()r
(lLl( (le(('nir11
<tre. hrrglrn hr <r.rc l\lrgltr... ricrrtl_rr'c
\( rr
(1)si(l('11t(l() ltlg()
(lcf(ll.r()s().
f.s clecil.
-)lrtologll
(lc
lir lLt(x)l)s(.I!-lrirrn
rrrr. rro tllt un instrtntc
(le
rcl)()s(). v
l):rk)l()gx
clc L instanci crtiax
(luc
l)cr-
sigtrt .rl srtjcto con cxien< LrLs
(lc
l)cn5llt
()
sentil
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l)(s(le lal
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lx()-
t'r'so.lrlltiu, sea st:.t LDlr llasc o llr sesit-rn enlertt, n() cs sllltple (\).tn\i(,n
rlt un:r llrnfs1, (rlt() ltLlcl)its vc(es sc ll.r crnsidcrck. sino cxltresir-rn cle rrn
rttrr'rrLr tultiplc: c()nsig() olisnn) \'(()n
el tcrllP(Lll:1. l,il sccLrel)ciil so(iliv
L's tlir.tl'gt s<'ctt<,tt( ill cntlc pxrtes (lc
ii rislrxr \ <rn rl 1trul-tuta. F-l
ilrticn-
l( rs()(il lrlg() 1 llt pr<ixirntr ilsoci:r(i(ir cs. p()t'rj,(llll)l(). rcplite clcsrlc cl srr
rc
lyri rr la ilsl)cilr(i(-)n unteri(n-,
()
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o r.,s :r:ot irrt irr) sr rlc llr rltlica
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r'ln tlililrgo
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na c<rn lrr clistincion quc l,aplunche
(
I97()) estxl)le(icrt cntrc el
-l'o
rcpr(,at-
ttctitt y el
.1,o.liLttcrr.
El linci>nlr ele)
rsicuisro,
iDC()ns(icntc prtra cu:tlqrtier sujcto, es equi-
vlente lrl firncirn <le < tltuier irrgrtto: se cllixrren protluctos, se
1-rroducen
tr.rnsfin mxci()nes. l)er() el psiquirjl'rx) tiene rLna peculi:rritiacl <1rte Io clistingtrt'
cle crralcuicr'()tl-x
()l'gilniz.rcil)n
dc lx rirturilleza: stt pr<x{ttckr
-ia
represctt{lt
(ion-
pue(lc refclirsc ll pr()pio psiquisltro. Esta rePlcsentaci(in,
P()
s{t
l)l'
1 lr)(,
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.l0l
,,,rrrr
exilcsir-rn cle rna crncepcirn clrre eplicabl, c()n taleut() x(le|t.i:', . esc
, .rso
llrrticular.
I-\'i-Strluss ]rostr(i qtc el litr
-lr
tlUe sc hacc-
l)()r
partc (le
un cUltu-
r,r r() tiene por ru estar rcpresenta(l() p()r Ics mitcs clc la ntisma. es clecir por
Lrs fcprsscnaci(rnes <{rc- Ia crltu:r tiene de cr->lllo tinciona. M:is an, cn c.e
rrIrgnfico artcukr rle 1949 s()l)re la cficrci silrl)(ilic:1, s()stUV():
.El
inronscien-
l(.
P()l
el e()ntlxlk), es sictuplc taci ,, r, l'll.lr
(x.r(I-lnt<ntv,
cs tln extilti() l ls
rrrli-rgenes corrx lo es el estt)tg() l ks llirrtenkrs quc lo atraviesan ttt'g.Ln,,
rlt.rn funti<in csperificl, sc lirlit:L u irlponcr le1,cs estlu(tunles a eLentcnrs
inrr rlic Lr lacios rrre viet':cn clc
()tril
plttc
-v
cst() lrflora sr reliclacl-, pulsiones.
(
ll()(i()nes. rcpLescntaciones. recuerck>s ..", y luego uglegl qrrc las rerresentit-
(
ir)nes s(rl Lrn v<ul>r.lari in(livi(lull rue rtcibc sr r>rrle.n;cirn por lrrs Ie1,es
L'\trLrclules dcl inc(rnscicnte
(
I-\'i-S1 Lss, lt)68. pirf. ll.]4)."1
(iorLcsponclc
a i-ircn el rI)rit()
(le
irrrbcr inrrrq-ror:rck):rl psi(()niilisis critl
rlifL-renci cntre lx estlucfura
y
l() iilllginlrri() s()l)re l
(lue
tritl)j(l L!i Strauss.
t'cn scalr <rrr: h llrntlsilr in(f)ns(ientc n() cxl)li(a ni It estftrctlu:t ni cl
()r
tlcn sinlrt-rlir trre la ot'gar-tizan.
!
(uc
n() clescril.lc Ios
Pl()ccs()s
in('()nsL'icn
Irs, sin()
(luc
s()n 'st()s ks cltrc clcben s(r t(rlt1L(l()s cn consicleracirin pala clar
ctenl
(lc
cll. ))t-lnto.
(l
.\\)
rL!\,st'tttcit-,. rl ctnsr'icntt,
y
cl incunscen-
te, es Lrnlt
(reci(in
il)rxginlrill
(lue
ticnc el nrisrrxt vakrr qr-re (lralquier
otr()
rtrit(). l)(.r(r cs(e ill)r)l1c srbc trn
(lc
lits
(i
)n n( )taci( )nes rirte cl tnnino /r'} tic
ne en l'rcttcl
-llr
(lc
rcpresenlar(i(in
(luc
el sUjet() sc lrace cle s Drism() en talo-
t() fi)rnrxcir)n irn.r.{inxri. illsotil, ntist:rr'- Iliz()
(lur
Lacirn dcixse t()talmcn
te cle lclo tfto sect( (le(isi\'() (le
ll tltr IreLtclinlt: tl estu(li()
(lcl
-t,o
/il
rcl(i, .
csclcr'ircl
)1)rn
t.rnl( ) ltgrLrpl< irin <le finc irr.res
(l,xcxn.
l95J l9-. 1966). Ms
:trin, cl rrlelo tlcl cspcjo. cl
rlrrno
o cl concrrrt>. rIilizlrtlo
trrr
I-ecn pt.:]
tretaforizut'llt firl]tacir-n
(lel
v() tcstillr()nix
(]Lc
lctLt\() rle iste exclusir:rucn-
l( cl
('ri(tsr
clc irn:rgen, <lcs:r tcn< licn<k > ruc plt|tr I-rcrrrl el
)r)
es eD))in Lln
r-geno. un./iirrcirtlr. Pot'csta rc<lucciin rrnr sol< dc los ntltiples scnti-
cl<rs ruc 1c tictrc cn I.r'cucf. Llrcan r,:rl<rrl ix i(lcntill.tr( i(-)lt
(()l()
cstru(tLtr':rn-
tc clc lrt inrrrgen
y
c['setcnrli<i
(lue
tlLtul)in es estrlt(turrnt(' del
yt.firtrctt-
Si ent.ttjz11()s <rrc cl
1'o,
rl clkr y cl suretyr'r clesignan lirnciones cs por.
(lLte (cen()s (luc
ests ugr-up( ir)n('s ptrerlcn scr rrtilizlrds en llr elrciclut.itn
citl concelrto cle cauln.fittcittttl drntitttttlc lal s/t/,[o. Elt al.{un()s tl()u1en-
tr)s, cl sLricl.() cn su lin(i()nl csti eittcicn(l() prc(l(n))in:lnlljD)et-ttr
ls i(.tivi
clltclcs cuc se it.lr!pitn crDlo ello, nticnttxs
(lue
cn
(ft-()s
nt(nl)ent()s ejecttta las
:t<tivi<lcles clcl srrreryti <l rlci yo. Huhi-rnrkt rort rrr:is rigor': Iirs rrctiliclucles <rre
sc tettlizrtn le ntalut'tt
(h)tltl
tultt'cll
(()s
,?/or?(r?l).s s()n llts crrc sirten pera
(llrcterizl[-a
Lrna u
()tf'. (lc
estlts instn('ias. ()n ll](nucn)s cn <luc las ltctivi-
95 ljl ir((rls.irntc rs d$crir)
txn
I-!iSr.Lrss rr)es 5Lrpernril)lc ll iD(ons(icnre psicol
n.tlitr'rr tui rr,Iro l, cnten(iroxN.
l)(n)
rrr lr,\ 5Lr li)rnrLrh(r,xr.\(hrsi\I rcnr(,(ri l: (lirrnsilir)
(le
lx lLl.i(l:r (1isi Li(-)n quc r(,rli/ crrrrc tl lirn.i(,r1xr Llr Ur esr||r(rrnl v su rcprrsenr.r\i(,n
.101
AVAN(.II5
IJN PICOl'TRAPIA
PSI(-OANAI-TICA
(lir(lc,s
x(lsc[itls
1, ell(). p()r
c,errnlo.
son les tue ocuptn rl prinrcr
plano:
el
\lll(1() (s
Jr',_it\ttltLlo
nor
sts iDtpttls,rs.rgrr,.i1,,s
o st,rL.tlrs.
r ,r,ii.,
,r,,r,,1 ,
r'\r)\ illprl\('\
r.ler.rfrurer.t.-,les:rrtit.l.i,,n
l(1lp,rJI (lcl
,,,p.r1,,,'.n.1
..nri
c[ r 1r1 1s n()sotros
henros
t<>rackr el ..,n..f,,,
ll.l"f ,r",l .f.] i,;.sr,r_.
t'tl rlrc cl rr cle realiclacl
t lrs frcn.rs:r
l:r ltrpulsirrrLcl
p.,..,".,
,,n aagu.O,,
l)lln().
M(xtlenk)
no nlticr sin() rcJl
sn qu..f
"u
.i,,
ii.1ri.,,,..i,,.f,,
'p,,,
f,, p"_
sion
lurce casi clesap:rret.r"r
el sentick
cle *"f"fr,
i, it_rrr,-.i..,r-<,.r,
p"rp,r,
rlcl
r|oces<t
secun(iari().
l()s
cuesti()n.lllieDt()s
ctos ()
estctia()si p()r
k)
(ltte
[e
srtlt.r
ltgitirrrr, \(,\t(.n(r (trr(-
cl ,t,ntn,
liutt,,nttl tluutiu.tult..:,in.s.p,,('.
.
ell',, .. .ur,*
t.rs, x.
11r 1"
tl,,mrna, trclrpamlr)
pricticalrentc
iratr, l" aa.an",
cs t:l supery<i,
el suicto sc l)l rr)nvurti([()
en sLl
cnernrcic)n,
uinii,, .t .un)pti
rl)iq'tt() (le
las norls. prrlllle.
.rn,.lu. l..,,,,,,.rii".,.,".r.r,I,,',.
pa,al,r.r,,
Pelo
it crlrrlir.ir'tn
cle pror))esits
clc enrirntl;r.
CAPTTJLO1'III
PSICOTERAPIA DEL DI,'ELO PATOLGICO
Iin cstc r'lrpftrkr r-)os pr()p()nerr()s respon(lcr l lls siluicntcs
Preguntlls:
;por' <uc :tlgttien
(Lrc([r
l]j(k) it urr <lriet<
xtciirkl
-ser
(lLrcIi(k) (lLe
rnLlrrrj.
olrjeto clc lnl()r
(luc
abanclorl, fr'rtluj()
(lue
pe,llia). rtc. . no purlicnclo clejrr
clc hlrcel girel sL pensalrlient() y vi(Lr en)()ci()nal r!-r lorr():ll nrisnr()'1,
por
qtl
no
ructlc
,''int
tr larse 1r un mlev()
()l)j('t()
cultncl() lir rcali(h(l sc l() presenta c('l1o
clisponible'1,
tlrr
condiciones se tenclrltn qtte m<rlificar',v
(lu
c()nstittrir1, cn
c( )nsccLlen('i:r, cl eje clel tlatunlicnr(), pul qlle el sLjet() srPere str fijaci<in al
ohjcto pcrrlicloT stili s()n ls cucslioncs rue clcscle I)ttc\' \'
tllclrcolano de
jrrn
cle estinrLrllrr li invcstiga( ia)n
rsicrrtnltlitica
(Flcutl.
11)lr:
(irinberg,
l)6J
Hlgr:rn. 19,): tlir)nr[. 197r, lgfi-i Klein. l9i0: I)olIrk. l9ti9).
l]n prinrc| lugiLr
('st,ln
l()s scntiorcnt()s
(lc
culpu
(lLc (lesp\ls
de l:r lrLter-
tc dc un scr quericl()
(lctcntlinarn (llr(
st vLlel\', rtna \-r)tr' \'ez, al rectle(l()
r-lrl nrisllr, il c)nlo n() sc lc crticl<l .r(ltcu:l(lltmenlc, l
(lx() qLe prestrnta-
lr)cnte se le infligiir, ll sufr-imicntr
(ltc
prece(li) u la rtlcffe. P()r
()tr.l
pttl'tc,
le idcntillca< ir>n
(()n
cl ltefi() srfimicnro
(le
rstc
()
rhceres
cle la vi<h
clc krs crrt cuerl piv111-, toclt-, cllr> it(recientlt l()s sL-lltinlient()s cle penll.
I(lcntifi(:l.i(-)n crrnrrlcja con cl rttcllr> cr-l
(lue
cl slrict() l() r(pL's('ntJ e(r,))(, \i
prrclic|lr expefirucnt.rr el
(l()l()r (lLrc
1, sLriel() \'i\1). sen(iri si cs(uvic(t cn.Ll
hrger-
[.]n cl :rrco cle l()s scntinrieil()s rlc crrlpa, clejll clc
1cns:rr
en el
()l)ieto ()
inlcntar [eenlplilzlrrl() es \'ivi(l() crnr< fulta
(le
lealtll(|. cotrro t[tici<in. La ficle-
liclucl lrl muerto lctia c(xrlo nrxn(lirt() supcry()ic<t clrte' <tltligl x nantcner el
c()ntact() c()n
(l
misrD(), a no clejer
(lc
cxtl.aarle
)
:r
Pcn:r
pol stt artsencia. Bl
sulr'ilniento clcl srrjeto. su pcn. cs unr ti)lllrl
(le
nr()sr[rrse si misllto que se
llrxi y sc
(r)ntinlr
lu))ancl() u! scl pcrclirlo. c()nvirt in(l( )sc c:r ttn clcftnsa en
(()ntr:r (lc
l()s sentirllicnk)s
(le (Lllpil.
l)ot'ell<, ci
nlcieotc
sc resiste
(i,n:'!icn-
tc c inc(rrscicntcllrente r curlqtier intcnt() tcraputi(()
(l(
clisulinuir st d()l(n'
),tfistezx,
los <ue son tcstim()ni()
(le
sr um(n y bonclecl. !,st:t firmu cle extru-
ar :il
()l)iet()
p(-[(lido pot
(
Llpx es diferentc
(le
la a()rioz clurantc el duel<
nornul. yir
(lue
en stc n() existe llr obligacitin clc segLtir penancl<t conlo fill
mx
(lc
iplirclrr l srpery(i crrlpaltilizunte- Atlc'rs. lls sclrtinric-nt()s
(le
ctllPil
rpi(lcn qlre cl srjct() se resignc l ll prclicla. intentanckr:chacer la ltistorilr
il) |
AVAN(-IIS IJN PSI(:O]'IIRAPIA PS(]oANAI-iTII:A PSt( O',IItRAPIA l):r- t)Ul]t-O PA-lOt.(i(,t(]O 305
tlt L srtctlick lrujo h flntasi:1 .)'si
se hul)iet? [cc[< tal cos._.; si y()...,,
()n
l r r
rrc
sc lnilnticlle la fijaciirn a[ oltjeto.
(lrrnrlo
ll prclicla
es vivicl:r crllr ofensa narcisista
-al.r:rn<lono
por plrr-
Ir'(l(, l! piuci:r. prelerencia
cle Lrs
rachcs
por
r.:o cle lls lterr::tnos, rechaz<r
rul))rrrsrl- el
(xli{) (ire.sc
l(.itlt
((rnti
el olljcto petclirkr co lu finaliclld <le_
fi-nsive cle inttntr crra(licxrlo clel lugar tlc juez
supremo rle lir vala clel suje_
t(), lLg"r en tlue sc le c()ntin1l te[ien(l() rrbi<.a<k>, irnpide quitar l
()l)jet() (le
Lr ntnte. I-a vj(lll (lel
srjet() pLrcrlc
llegar a orgenizarse
en to:.nt al r,ncrrk tlc
rxlir rrn el
())jet():
se ateca pirri rlcsvelorizrlo pero, a la nlr.rera tle las ick,:s
rrllscsirs.
trrn rllr se ntnlicne c()r))() centrr) cle irlct.i,s, pltslinckrse
lt rsl:r:rh_
s<rrlricl< p<>r'l uctiViclecl de
(.on()(.cr
l<s tis nrininrcs nt()r.i|llienk)s clel oltjcr
l'cr. ctn tls sc sllc clel objer, cle la vi<l cue ste llcra fiera clcl con_
lr()l
(lel
sriet(). tr-tt() lnits sr.rlr.il]licntr narcisist, ()clio
y flia(.i(in al risDx sc
rlrluce.
Nacla fija tank) xl <l)icto clt' :lu)()l'(lrc ha :rlancknck l srict()
(.(ln)
cl nirrcisislxr Itclitkr que oltliga rt trrnsuntil I()(llLs ls cnergi;rs cn la vigillutr.ilr
clcl .lrjcr. y eo el int(nt() frust:r<I. cle el(uinlrrl(), ,eclilnte cl
()(li(), (.()l)l() ()l)
i(t()
utfactiv(). Fll
taranoico
iritrcisista tienc cl rtrtrnrkr a srr ahecler-krr pau
ir,nrr-. pct() el rrlio le impicle rlcsprenclcrse clel objcto per(li(l().
I_ clcnrplifi-
(rr(
ir-)n ptrlldigntitica
h enc.rtntrltxrs cn la
rersona
ctrt no concccle el clirr-
(i()
llun cL.n(l() ltatan pasltlo rrir>s cles<lc l;r scrlrt.lLci<in. l)c.o coltxr cl ttli<
r('\tlt insufi(i(nle
xrri
lilrllrre (lcl ()l)icto
pcr.<lirio,
cl scntillti(,nt() clc inrp()_
t( n( i c()nsigUicnle
l)recipitx
:rl sujeto cn la tlettcsion.
Si el suiek) sLrfie siltultiineaurcnte
cle sentil))icntos
rle culpa
I cle rklor.
nilr(isista,
el <tclio clcfensivr> para salir
(lc
estc llint() rc.lcti\ l()s.sentinricn
lr)s
(lc
culpa, pelr rleslrrcnclcrsc cle lrs crlrlcs necesit:r, st \.(,2. in(.rcr)rr.D_
lirr (,1 ()(li().
Iis el clsr
(lc
lr.t
Ditcic,ttc
a rtricn, ricspus
(le
ll-)l rclx..ir-)n r)):
It'irtroril cle vurios ats vivi<ll c()n int(ns.l iclealizacion. su par.ej:r lc
(r)nlllnica
que sc lra clucl< crrcltta
(lc (lrc
n() cst enall)()r(lu cle elia, cuc lu
rtttecia y clrrc clesear c()ntinltar c()n sU itnlist.t(l per()
(lLe
ha tlccitlitkr.sepa-
ril.ss. l,a rcrcci(-)n rle le par.ienfc
cs cle plofrrntle hericla nlrt.jsista, r.ct..1
r)ll l li
()tra
pers()nlt (lLtc
ll er-tg:triir. intenl.tn(l() rlgIoslrllr qrc es Llni t))il]
l)(rs()n1r
n() ntrcccciort (lr
su 11()1.. l)csl-rrs tle ca(l rstllli(l() (lr.r.{rcsl\,i-
rlrttl se siente ctrlpablc, insatisti,ch c()n sLr
l)r.()pi
c()nchr(.t1, kr cuc, lu itt-
l)ulsir
it intentar enc()ntf[ en l crncluctu cle la otr pets()n.L Lrnlr jrstificacir)n
rt str otlio, recaycntlo es en llr bs<Irecl:r clc r[,fctos <lc su cx pareja. llever._
lrt rrrcirin cntre oclir> rletensivr .tntq el
(l()l(.
nr(.isista
V
scnlit;cnt()s (lc (.r1,
l.t
tttt ltt :ltJr-r al lecu(r(k) (lc (aL(l.i
t,,Ilte t,,,trc ,iru, c,ln l.l
f(ts()nu
(luc
trr.rrlio trrn ell. l\rr. ltra parrc, los uta(lues il la cx pareja n()
()rigjn.tl)xn
sa)l()
r rrlrrrlrilitl;r<l
sint el tenrol a percler
lo p()c() (lLle
l cueclalta rle la r.clacion.
l( llrUr
(lr(.
lnlrlttll)a (\)ntrarrcst.tr
lne(liante c()n(lttctas expiakrlias para t,r>i_
rt r.r g;rrrrrrst tl ;nro cicl objetr> pcrcliclo
-ltacilr
regakrs. sc rlisculpabrr
>r>r
rtt :igr'tsrr itl:rtl,
l)l{)tieil
cnric](h-. Crn<[clas cle ltccr,c.antienttr qrrc rrrl
r'r:tn rr llrtr'rlt sr.ntir. lrttuillacla el represcntatsg c()ll() cx(.csivautentc necesil_
Iada del
()tro,
necesitl:Lcl que se ctlb:r cLlent.l
(lLre
n() era rect)r()cu. P(n-()trir
parte. rl f! ac.lslf en recuperr il sr.r ex pareja culpl)ilizn(l()la
(hrr:rnte
l()s ac-
ces<>s cle rabia c()ercitjva.
()
n tru!'s cle actos cic contricia)n y e-.rpt-lliun, sc
sentr ir))p()tentel senlirient()
(le
ir'r'lp()tencia cluc ret<>rzalra su clerrcsi(,n nrr
(
isistl.
[)cro <rrn kcllt l:t irnPomancie qtte tienen llts tlos trnclicior-tcs rucnrion-r-
clas
-<ulpa y ofcnsa nlrcisistu-. la expeliencilr
(lnic
muestrl(
(lue
lo qlre
:rclctriete un pape! clecisirrr en el clrek pltt()l(')gic() es llr existent ia en el pa
sx(k)
(lel
sujcto cle prclicllts cn ,)r()rr(nt()s cn que li inl)r(lurcz stnoci()nll y
yoiclt no clcjabltn
()tr.r
p()sil)ili(11r(l rle rqcci()n ttte rrreclar sor))fii(l() pasjv:r-
rnenlc l situa(i(in
(lc
rrclicll:
ntuclte
(le
pudrcs cn crlacl tenrrrena, alran-
clonos o scplrnLcirmcs
(
llr()\\'n, 1991: lJrtu,n c\ IIr'r'is. 19t19). l-o cue <ltretlu
ins(rit() cn cl psi<r.tisrno cs qrrc nerle sc puc(le h:rcer nlis <rc
tnar
por el
olrjcto
1>crclickr.
lls lo rue se
(1)n()(('c(nu()
dLcl() n() ehl)(n-11(l(,, cn que xnlc
la pi'rrlirlrr cn el prcs( rtr sc vucl\c:r :r(tivur el rris1)() sentinricnt(> cle impr
ten(ir
(lLle
sc tL\1) en cl plts:ttlr. l:l :ui() n()
l)ue(le
(listingtir (ntre
h inlp()
tcncil l'cirl c()n
(lLr
cn ecl(i terl)rirn.r srrfi-i<-r llt
Jrirclicle
(lc
sLrs
()l)jet{)\
signi-
ficltiv()s
-y
en verclcl nitrs clesrle el punto rlc vista e,r-l()ci()nal- y su
corrclit i<in llclu.rl en
(lre
s cxisten
()tr()s (r)ie)s (le
recn)pllz() p()sjble. Lo qrre
la
1:i'rrliclr
irctultl r('Jcti\r no cs l:t cruiperecin cnt[( cl olrjer pcrcliclo acturrl
1
cl clcl
ruserkr
sin() cnr(
(k)s (s:(k)s
r.lcl sujcto. crno enirlizalr Bilrring
(195.i).
No es rltre cl
()l)ick)
xctLr:rl r( prcsentr ll
l)('ch()
()
a la mir<lre o al pu-
clre sino quc es la reprcscntllci('rn clel strjcto. en tlnt() imp()tente. la rue vtrcl
vc ll s('r l clel paslck>. I)()r t.lnk). lir lncx intcrpletxtivr n() pLe(le revestir l
fir'rl. llt <lle sc tJrr'l nrttlllrs vt's In(r()c(r'(lcllente..sientt:t X
(el
oh-
jrtr,
,r'rrtirtr'
.tr'trr.rlt ,,,rtr, {i
lu(r,, l.l nlrlrr' ,, rl
l).r(lr(
r lr.rn(k) ,))rn(, r' \('
ftre..
":ino
trre el i'nt:rsis
(lcl)e
estlrr cn c(ir)x) cl sLrjet() sc ltpresenta:
.Sc
sicrl
tc h()r- lan pccrtcrio e inrlcfi'nso, sin
xrsilriliclrt<i
clc hucc n:t<t. cle reen-
c()ntftlI ir a]guicn x
(lLlieo (luercr. (rnn()
cliln(l()
('r
ni()1a
)
nlan].i
()
prll.r
mllti(-)
()
se lire,. La clilclcnci rntrc I()s
(l()s
til)()\
(lc
intcrplrtlciones n() es
rtlcr'l rllcrl c rlc tirnttllrrion sir'ur tlc firtlo: mientr:s I pr_inlcri sc centfil en cl
()l)ict(),
lr seguncl:r [o lr:r(c srlrrc cl scntir)rienk) (lc
i(rp()lencil(
(lcl
sujeto, I()
<trc r':t rtlis alli'r cle trn objeto
lutirullu
v lLpr.rntlr llllci Lrl caulrl)() cn la 1e
presentxci(-)n rlel srricr.
fi'rr rorrrqt r. l.r
(,nl'lo
t,r.ktrlr( r Mpt iA
p^k\
t.t.sr
Jt'trr
Si cl
(r)jek)
perclickr cra inclispcnsulrlc
Para
el nuntcninrient() del eqLli-
lilrrio
PsiqLrico
tlel srick) cn nrtiltiplcs nivtles
-b.rlancc
n:lrcisista, vitaliciacl,
sentinriert()s clc segttriclecl
)
pl(fc(ci(-)n, ct(. ,
sr (l!'sxpllricir')n
hlce emcr-
gcr )us:rrrgrrs!ius
(lLr
su presenci;I. rl
((nr]lletr
llneiones v
(\)rrPlerenllrr
clfieil. contlilrtra 1
(rrntrl'lcst.rr y
ocultlL. lll rrlricto
(lesctrl)(d
en est()s
J(Xr AVAN(-']S ]]N PSICO'I'EIAPIA
PSICOANAI-if I(-A psr(t)
t liRAplA DIil, DtJIir,()
pAl()1.Gl(.()
.lol
cesos el papel
de objeto de la clL,li,nsa sinthittc,t.
t:\ Ll(!rr, c(rntplertent()
de
tn
Psiquisllr()
qtre sirlo precle [Uncir,n.U.
Drccli.rnre l:r fusron.rn ()tro (lue
provea
aquello cle k ctrl carece cl sujek). t)r()pie(lxdes
clel objeto e insu_
fitiencis
clel strjeto rluc prrecien ser reles o pr()([Lct()
cie la fantesa pcro
qLle, tant() en Un caso c()Dr() cn i,tr(,,
c,n\titr)cn h ton,,li.itrn qLc (lctemli_
n.fll.i. .rnr( I:r rrrtrrr.r rle I.r srli,,ss
( t,.\tt.rtt.lutit
l).\klrrl
.rt.
,,,.. :(. intenl(.
(lcsespet.a(l.rtucnte
recrpelar al olrjcr, r, .,rn l.L i,,nsiguicntc
flci<in al oltjc
to per(lid().'('
Crl.ilcs
scrn ls filncjoncs
cyre el oltickt clc lcr d.,Jnsu slltbtic4
Puecle
cle_
scr)lpen.rr y rrrc oclsionlrn,
cuan(l() stc flta, que se brrs<tre c.olrprrlsivl
nlentc en la rcelicllrcl o rn el recrrcrcl<?
1- t tcin nu-cisiz.tttfc
Frcrcl. cn Dr,b.,nrclanit
Il()li), tnrtenck cle estalrlcccr_la
cliii,cn_
cia ente cl clLck nr lr:rl y el pxkr(igic(),
s()slLl\,() (luc
en cstc ltitn() clrs() el
objett: haba sickr clegiclo (lc
lcrrcrd():r
la mtcllliclcl narcisista_
tis clc,cir. rue
se tata de rrn olrjeto in('xtric.tl)lelucnt(,uni(l()
xl narcisjsll() (lcl
srJck), s()s_
tcneckr <lc s, :l.k)esti,lit. I)c alri rr-re la prclirllr
clel .ltjet. sca viyirla cr.<
trna plclicll
cn el ,"), a crrla vlrkrraci<-rrr.Jlrrtalte.
Est finci<-r n.rr(.tstzantc
rlel objer
-r'jc
en la rbra cle K<hrrt
(
l97l )* es la <lrc c.umrlcn cacl rn<
rlc lrs cl<s intcgrantcs
cle la c[rpll rlel priDrcr
ticmr clcl Erl]po cn Lacltn
(
1966)
-rna<lre
filica e hijo flico-, quc se c()nstitLl),clt conro taics cn rcci
proca
clepenclcncix
nlrcisist.r, <laclo cluc clrla Lnr clc ios trutinos
clel par es
conciici<-n (lc
exislen(.ix rlcl rtr.r. Lls, trr)tl)ia,n, l1l funci<in cue curlplen los
()l)jck)s
que clen<minanos
ob?to d(, lt atctit,i.lutl tttttcisistas y
t()scsK)
as 1ttr
cisistus d?l scu
(l\leicllnrar,
19u1. Va,xsc, tloll)in, el captulti sirlrrc trast()_n()s
nlrcisistas ).
2. El dtido trurts/i)rntuck)tu
,
Il()llxs
(
t9u7) <lescrili<-r lxtjo la clenonrinac.it'rrL
de obi<,to trcntsfrtrnurcitttttl
al qrre en sr rchci<in c()n cl srjek) pr()dLlcc
ana ,r<xrificaci<in crel csracrr afc-c-
liv() cle ste, clc lri el nt,l.re <le lrnsti.lucirrI.
I)e entre est()s ef(I()s so_
lxe el cst(l() etnoci<nai clcl srrjer ruisietllnros
clestacar el
(le
cienxs pers()_
nas p()seen
solrre srr
.rercja,
quicn (le
1x
s sera incapaz clc una n)tilra
cLl()ta de vitllli(lil(l
-salil
crn rrnig()s, ir a un especthcrrlo, ()rginizr
rna c(F
9(). si l)rl)lrllx)s dc si rl)i()sis LL csrnrc(Lu psqUi.ir
cs p()rqUe (lUercrI()s
rcnlrl1.il| quc es dc
partcs
<lcl apurar.
rsitlrif().
(tifrtnre
p(n.rirr,.
<tcl ctrccr; ps;c..i.;rf
A" ,,;,,,f,i ,*.. .l qu. f,,
que se !(nnplenrrnl:rn s()n r(rts.
rrich. interesl$e en rn pl())/ect(), etc.-. Es la
rereja
Il quc vitlrlizil ltl su j(
t(,
v lrr <1rre transfbmra su cstaclo .fectiv<. llevirnckrle dcs(le Ll xl)t11 llrstrr cl cn
tLsilurll(), ilcti\,an(l() stts rlcseos a lt lll:lncr
(lc
Ln ell() \,iclrillntc. l)est,os <rrt.
rrn:l vez
Pttesk)s
en milrclu pueclcn reguir Lrn c-lnrin, )
l)r(,fi,
)
l)er,
)
<rrt' sirr r'l
,tllpui( ini(iJl n,' llL'gJri.rr.r (xistir.
Crentlo el objet<l
rerclickr
cumplx est:l filncia)n vitalizxnte, su
>t1r'tlirlrr
rlcja lilruckr:tl sljet() a su sucrte. es dccir'.1 un \,.1c(), .l la falta cle ent usi.rr.r r r\ ).
l)t'lh lu arirranzr cle rn estack !fe'(ti\,()
(lle
sirlo exista gracias ll lx
l)rcs('n
cia
(lel ()l)jek).
La n() infre( Llente fiasc
"er:t
la alcgra de la csa, clcl>c trr:ust'
c(xn() c\p1csi(-)n rle crre el suiet() cptx el racio profirnclo qrre rleia la prrlicllr
clcl olrjcto tre nsfi rnl< i< nul. Cl.rnt() ms ablico lteya siclo el strjcr,,, y rrr.r'
Irrlrr r-lclrcnclickr tlc la r,'italiclacl
(luc
le xp(ntal)a el objer, tank) rnlrs sr l()
(
\
trairr,.
litiRDr!)A Dri
(),r.i'r'(), plr)n)A
riN rir. r.r-r-()
(]Lre
le p[,rclicla clc olrjcto in:lica ur-te ultcrrcir-r-t pnrfirncle en la i(l(rrti(Lr(l
leprcs('ntaci()nrl v
firrci()nal. <trc c'l sr.rjer
lrccle
rueclal c rjir,;1(
jirn
)r'tr.r
ri clrn(l() cl
()l)jet()
cun)pl iiroci()ncs viclrri:rntrs, h:r scnido parl aiillrr lil
tcsis tirn
(()n()ci(Lr
dc crtc la
l)[(li(l
(lc (r)jrk)
ir))plic unx pr(li(la en cl y).
I-a rclrcit-n crll'c cl
(r)jr(()
y el yo lre lrcclxr
rasar
Lrn scgrLnd()
rlano
le rut,
el
()l)ict()
urxnlienc <rrn el ello, Lr <rrc'olrlige 1 re\.'isar h c()ncepci,
)n (lu( s('
ticnc s()l)rc a'stc, cn cu:lDt() a str gncsis y r))anieninlient(). En el captLll()
"1,(l
lcprimickr, k nr c<rslitrrirl< y la rlcsactivltci<-rn scctorial tlel inc()nsciclll(,
plantcurros crre si la pLrlsi<-rn
xrsee
algo rue l clifere'ncia del instint() se dcl)(,
escn( ialll)ente. t
(lLrc
el
()tr()
hunr:rno es el cLre ilcr'\'iglre cn sL estfuctLrr.l(i()rr
y rlantcnirlicnt(). El
()tr'()
r'csult:l dccisivo cn clear ruc(lixnte la vitalidcl rlt'l
c()ntir(t()
('(n-p(-.r1,
clc la cricie
(Lc
er()gcniz.l. clc le llir'cl rue hacc rivir'1'
cl'cl ciertas e'nr()ci()nes, y. especialmente, por el
lxrcler
clel cliscurso cue er'o-
cr y reeslrLlctLlriL pne
(le
l() anteli()r. xlg()
(lLle
n() esl en el suiet() arntes
(lcl
encrcntl-(). En estc scnti(l(), cl cll, c<ll< ncle() inici1 innlrt(). n() clcja cle rlc
sarollarse, y srrs firrnras de nrxnitestuciiin no est:-rn ptefirtnraclas y 1ueg,, sinr-
plcrrlcnle sc rlcsplegaran
()
sc rcpl'imilan. I]l ello n< es unr especie cle pilir
(lc
Lrrrni() rn uttiviclcl dc la clue sc lilentru la cnclge .rhlacenadr. P()r cs(),
cl cncLcntr() c()n un llllrnlt(() scdrckn-
--{'sk) irrrcdc
helrcr sucedid() dcs(('
los prinreros cl:ts cle l'itla- cr('.I Lln csta(k) cle estirnulaci<-n, cle activacja)n
(lc
ttxkr cl psicluisrDo, clc vitalicllrcl D)icntfils quc cl l)()stcz()
(lc ()tro
pro(hrce, vu
iclentific acit-rn, el pr()pi() lx)stezo, c()n el c()n(\mritllnte estacl() afecti\,) y ncu
l.()vegetartiv().
Alxra hien. si cstx firncia estnlctur:rflte
(lcl
ello pot pfie
(le
un otr'() cs
tinlulxnfe h firllackr. si nunca ha cxisticlt iclcr-ttiflcltci(-)n estrlctrlrante cl()txn
clo cle vitliclacl y entusixsnr() 1ll sujeto, y ste s<ilo ptrecle ser ?ctivad()
(
x(1lr
ir)i
AVANCIS tiN
pstco,t.t:RAptA
'sCOAN^t_1.t.A
J09
L()s nx)\'inient()s que se ciecltxn, los hlibit<s clrrc queclln posil>ilitackrs- prcr
l'een ul srrjeto clel senti:rriento cue Elikson caractcliz(i conro cle nlisnriclaci
(Erikson.
l1)59) El sentiDrient() cle extrxez que sc tienc cn las sjtt[citres cle
migr':r(i(')n, c()n la angustlil c(nNiguiente. tiene relaci()r1, precisanrentc. con el
heclu tlc qrre, al flthal l<rs objcrs con l<s culcs inter:rcta el sttjeto. clesapa
rc-cen las propias crnclucts y sentinicnt()s que s()n refrentes
(lue
ptn)rten
,ec()n()csrse coro pose\'encl<l ciertx i(lenti(hd.
I)or olre parle, el
()l)iet()
puccle pror eer. cLliln(l() es el qtte Organizu el
ticr))p() \'l()s
p()vL'(J()s rlel srrjcto.
(le
tD r'crti,)]icnr() clc cr>hcrenci:t tenrporl
cle lu iclcnti<llLcl. cle intr: nc rnaliclacl cn lu <c'itin. l)o rllo. no cs s(ilo el senti-
lrricnt() de i(lcnti(l(l
-^[in
soy?- lo <1r.re est n
iLeg(,
ante la arrsencie clel
()l)ict()
qlre < umpla esas funciones sin(), t.lrnl)in, el sentirlliento de crthcren
<ie rlc lu irctiviclecl Drenlll misrrr. cle tue el psicrrisDrr> est.i funci()naD(lo ar
ru(-)nic;u))(ntc, cle crrc no cstri clcs< glrnizu clo. clisglcgrtrio. I-ll rnelestirr
(luc
s()
l)l'cvi('ne
(lurxr-ltr Ios fitrcs tle setlllni.
()
cn ks perio<k;s <le vlclcirrncs. en
(lLlr
l1L
l)cr-s()n
sc sicnte nrcntlltrcrle
(litcrente,
ctnro lltr'tnclole un scnti-
ruienk)
(lr
unicla(l rnentrl. cle c<hcrcnt iu, cle senti(l() v
rrr4rcisito
cle h cci<in,
sc rlelren lr llr lu.rsencia
(lc
l()s
()l)jet()s y
hs actili(la(les c()n ell()s relaci<>nrlus.
NLlcvirrcDtc, c()rlt() en el caso <lel sentiDtiento tlc segrrr'irlacl. el mlcstrr t'n cl
senlr))rcnt() clc crlrcrcnr'j nrentxl.
(le
rDi(l(l ps(lui(1, tle iclenticl;cl, lr:rrcn
(luc:c
1rn()re al olrjclrr rtrt,
(\)nlril)Lri:t
1t s(,slcrlcrl()s.
lr)\ t,t l,tr t.t.rlt t \l
.
i.tr
\ tA t.tJAr l\ At. LrrtF t(,
(l(r)r():reirl)lnr()s
rle rr'1. lrs
(lficir (l(l
sLiek)
-rcirlcs
o irginadr>s-, :l
lc(luerir
(lLc
scu cr )rr pcnsal(l( )s a trll\a's <lc la uniritt c()n un
(l)je).
Oirsllrl
x
c()nvcrtirsc en rlstlrcul( imp()rtxnte pare ll srrperacion clcl clLrekr al rlantcncr
al olrjeto pclclickr crllo rlrrel cue ckxaba cle senticlt. <lr: l'lla, cle,Brnizu
cir-rn psrtrice l sLjet(). I-ln c()nsc( ren('ii. la elctlt'ttckit tl<'l tltrck reqttietc cle
u ttubtt) sobt'c k)s
(ll(tl
clt la rcpt1,sutt(tc(tlt
.)'
t?tt h c.tp.tci.lad.linrL:urul
tltl .ttt.jt'lo.
(i
k)(l(). I:t rcclarl rlrrr
>Lrtlie:rr
estirr
jnclLi(llr
(n
eslc asc
()
r-l()
agolu cl
rroblenu
ni dir resl)uestN lir prcgLrnt
;por
crr el sujcto, recuirien
<kr <lel olrjcto palx c(nrlplctllse. n() se
(lirige
a lln nre\1)
()l)iet()
cn Il realiclacl
con el <'ual volvel a estableccr h misrna rehci<in cle simliosis psqure.r qtte
c()nlprns:r sLls clu-cncirrsT Se suclc invoclr, c(l)() cllusx cle la fijacitin al ol>je
to. lrr irlcrlizaci<-n rlcl objcr
xrclirlr.
l
(lLe
sc
(t)nsi(lcr-)
e\cep(i()n.1. No
culrc rlrr<lu cle cuc h iclcrlizrLti<in. especielrricnte el :tt[ibLrir ]
()l)iet()
el carc-
tcr dc scr Lin). n() cltrplicablc en h rerLliclltd. clesetnpca rLn p:lpel impor-
tantc.
)il
(ltre
si no se eslrere enc()otrr algct no se lrLrsc. r, cLtnd() se en-
cuentra, no se lec()n()ce. Corn() di) un paciente. con irna. Lrna vez que
tral)ajrn)()s cxtensamente 11 iclealizacir)r bailr la ctrel rc r sLr ex p.lrcj.l. y
clr.rr rlttelnrinalta
(lrc
cst(\'ierar cieg() lir presenci;t ((tinrx
de rnrlcr(s tn
PSI(,OtERAPtA DEI t)Ulil,O PA',t OI_O(;t(()
sivilll(.nl(.itntc
lir presc-ocia
clel ol.rjcr. ctrlnclo se pierclc se va ctt l la lilcn-
l(
(lc (rtcrlqlr.
clc vitli<latl y
entLsi.tslll().') I_ clue cletcrtina que cl srrjctr,
r',,rrltnrir sr cstackt lctrr:tl rlcsvitaljzlrclo
trr i,l clrc tenia r.rrtirclc, el rrl>r,to
(
slrrl).1
l)r(,srnlc, tesc
a clcsear srr recncucntr() y a ittfr.ir.
tor
sLt ltuscn(.Lt.
l. l,tutckin de crcockiu del .tc titltento .le sL,!!trdacl
btisc(t
l,ll ril>jeto prrcrlc'scr.p;rr:r
cl srrjeto cl c(lrj\ ilente
(le
lo rlte consfiluycn los
r:rtlres :lltr-:r
el nirlo cn
(.lilnt()
lltc(iar(l()r(.s
lLnte l eali<lrrcl y (ltp.l(es
llL s.l-
lislutcr l:rs nc<.esicltles ptrlrionales.
lin csc c;rs<. la prclicla
tlel oltcto origi
rir un cstllcl() tlc alernra quc
lctiv:l la rneorit clel llisnr<, y
cl <lesco tle srr
l)r'(5(n,i.r InIl.l
,llt\ (.1(.lll(.r]t.tl
,llr.l \ti,t
Ll(.rtt(,(.,)n\r,t.\.t,
r,n lrl r.lr.ilt,r rrr.
sc clcspiertlt itDlL'el recuer(l() clcl olrrt,,.l).rc(e.l\t
iruplr,rt[,
1:rr.el
st,li_
fffi(1lk) cle cicsrrntpttro (l('l
sLliel(). Ljn l()s tc..rrinrs dc l)rcLrl. <,n lt!tt,tl L-tititt
,tl ltltt.\i\ttttt. \(,.llll.l
.i ,,lrjl-t(,
nlrri(i(,
!. 1)ri,t(.(.t,n.
).
(,\?.tciD.t.1)
sostn
(lc
lt tbcskitt tlcl scl/
I)ittc inrp(,rilttte (lcl
sen(inlicnt() (ic
id<.ntirl:rtf
rlcpcnclc tlc lus:rctivrclutlcs
('
intcratcci()nes
c()n
()tr:ls
l)ets()nls
(luc
s,trt lls crrJ
(
f( )t1.: n
.sc1ls
l)a) lils
ctralcs el srrjeto puerle recon<rersc.
N() se trata i<.entcni"
cle cr.rrro rl rtro
rrrilc:rl sujekr,
cle l:r iclenticlerl qrc le atril)Lryc. sino rlc algo rlis hrisicr: lu .r,
l)eti(i(in
dc cic'k)s es(lLtclllls (lc
fin(.i()nxl))ictlo
<lel srreto
I)alill)rils ).s(,lt-
lirricnt()s rrrc se clespicrflrn Ilhilrlrltncntc
r,n ll itcrecc.ir-n r r,n ll r.tiricllrrl
r)7.
I-r i(lrr dc un elk):rL-rrrrrll< ll,sLr1r:r ctc ] prr.i\l(n.ix
cn psirorn.rtisrs (tL'
t:r c(,.cp(r,
(k
un irprlto psiqUi(r, (crrrd(,
s(r,rrsi nrisrni). (t(.
1n n:r(isisnx)prirnxri(,sn,
1,.*.*i,.""*
,tur
el d(s((, es (l (lcseo
drl
()llr)
r tu
(l(r)t(.(tinrL.r)\ntn:
st.clescu to rLrc ttcsur ct
()tr().
\ \(
,.s(, s(r dcsc,l(1, p(,r.t rlr..- rrrc
rrurrLrrnc
(tL)c
et ,r,() vi(,ne. lnt.riit,,,,.,,ft.r-,r.
., ,',,, .,,..
r, ,,l' \, .r,,ru D,
. 1,.,( (
,,,,
,. .,, ))(, ,n, (t(.
\l
(. (.1 (xx,
iteri (n(
(.rr
l.r .,,,r,rjr(ctn
tl ,.rr,rL. rL,,,r. n,n
.r''r
v.r ,rq\\'.u ( ,I
l.r t I.r,,I| ,t,\( [rr(
,r..r\
rl.,,t,.tNr,.r. ,.r.,t|t .t,.\,,
Ir(\.],.,.nIfrI\
Itr1
I r\.r, (
l (.li()
t)si(
()ilnxliti( ().
ir
(|ler(. (
i1r de k) inslinriv( ) irrrinrxt, (\)r)x)
! cntr() tirn.(,Irl p l( )
,.rl \
(l(sc,ne.
ti(ne q.c ser cnt(,n(lid() (\nln):rlg()
q.c rc c()nslrry(.(rt rl en(\rcnl() ((,
rn srr
trrlsn,r)rl.
(l(sexnrc
^t
sutc(, no sr tc
(,lre.c
Lllrk.r ur,rc ur {rt(rl!,. ,f,,,".r.,,r,r.rr,.I(,,
O"
,,r,.,.
In(
rr:rs (lr (nc,sir.
sin(, txs Jtu:rs v t:r encrgiu,rrivr
trcsiisrcrt iuJr,rr p,rrr (lcs,rn.,|.,,
l.r\ rr r lr,r( .r, r) .r l.( q.t ltn(t, ii,n(^ (t.c
s(n,({(.r n.c\rrirs r(nr.uf( irrr\ \rr ct :rp.rrrr )
l)\r
't'r
,,
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,, .,(. l.)l.rr (k,
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r,rr..rd. [,
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tx!r
()
Inc(N. (l(^:rf)il
'.,r'

ti' t,,,,
,,\ rrr irn.r(t(
t)cn(l(n( ir (:
I r(.1Ln xl. ,(!1) sr (lUrr(lI(,s (lciirr
scnl:r(t:r l.r lilril.r\ krr (tu(
\(
''r'
'
'
r'|rIr\ r'r5
r)(,si(i()nc
q.c s()sricncn
r. idcr trc Lrn scr trcsc:rnrc irLr()Iruncrir(r() (r.c
vi.,rt
.r tr
Inrrrrl'.rl('trn(,l,rr'() NluflI\rrr) rSrnU,,Lt(Ur.rpU.r,)(.lli,..srr,r.t,rp,rcl
orrrr0,
,lIrrrr.r srrrI'rx.rs{
rrr.U(.nlx (lll(,(.!
lrl . ,,\ L.l l.ll .,r. l,,.,tLr...,]nl,,l,rrri,n.rrLrcescLI,,
Jt0 AVANCTlS IJN PSI(]O'TIiRAPtA PSICOANAL-TICA
t('r('santes en su ent()!'no:
.Yo (lLe
crea quc Di()s l haba heclro y clesptrs
lllrl)il r(rt() el ltolclc!,.
,VL Klein scak- el carrcter
(lcfnsiv()
cle la iclqalizacin
(luc
:,in.E p.rr.r
(()nt-ifiestar
ilngLstias parxnoi(lcs y cle culpa en relacitn l nlLcrk),
(lLt( \ien)
l)rc
inspira terr()r. P()r algo se coloca cn cententerios con una lpitla cncirtrr.
v r))uy p()( a gente dcjx1 de sentir tern()r cle hallarsr-' por la n<tchc a srlas cn
ur-r
(
ctl. enterio pcse a que
(lcs(le
un punt()
(le
viste real es el luger nrenos pe
ligr'oso rlel mund(). P?ra c()ntrurrestrr esc tcrr()r. se tienc
(lLe
iclerlizr al
nlrco,
(lcscr-ibind()se
I() c()nt() inflnitxrnente l)ueno, idelllizil(.i(in qur tilnl
l)ia'n rnuestra antc l()s
()j()s
rlel propio slljeto qrrc no sc lc tienc lxrstilich<I.
I)cscle estc plnt() (le
vist, la i(lealizacin del oltjeto llucrk) es unit autoiclc
lizlcin accrc cle la lonclacl de l()s sentinlientos
(lel
suiet(). NLL-\.lnrentt:, Ln
r clscguremient() frente e los sentit)ticntos cle ctpa y pcrsccrr<.irin.
l)()l-()trr pfic,
(le
nttner sinriltr a cont<> la f-antesa <lel parrso tcrrenlll se
(\)nstRlye
a panir (lcl
sufrilt'tienk) (lel
vivir
(\fi(liltno,
la plogrcsiva iclctrlizaci<in
<lL'l objer percliclo surgc c(rn() un intenk) clc creer cuc sc tu\1) Lln objeto nra
ntvilkrs<. Lls rn pr()ces() ltcti\,()
(le
conseguir algo
(lue
nltnc:l existi(i. Existe rn
lip() cle tristezr lorn:intic por la cual al aorar ulgo rlcl
tasado
se crea la ilrr-
sir-rn <le clue s existiir. I)uel<> cloloros(), pc(), x
resar
rle elkr, rrrucho rrrenos pc
n()s()
(lre
llegar a la crnclusirn
(lc (luc
se <.irrccii clc cicrtu expcricnti-l
(llc
s(
rIsera lulcr vivick. El
()l)jet() (lcl
pasa<lo sir,, e c(nl() s()p()rte plrr csta tirr
na cle c[el<>,
()l)jcto (lue
despus pasa.l c()nvcrtise en perclirkr y aotackr.
1,.\ ideulizdcilt secttitltui tle] <tltjer clel pasa<kr, que elroru p.Lsa scr
scnti(l() c(lm() perclir-lo. pernrite entencler por rllr. alguna gcntc n() cstlv() en
rlrrlcsit-rn clestle el ntrntenk) en
(luc
se pcrrlio lrl oltjer pl.ilt)itiv(). N() se tra-
lir
(lr (luc
llr prclicla prcsentc caclive el clolor por la
rrtlicla
rlcl
rasaclo
ni
rk'ttna sirnpie suntaci(-)n, ucuntrlcirin cle tmumas, sino porclr.re clesrlc cl pre-
sr.'rttc se resignilicl\ .ry-s c()up <rclo el
ltasaclo.
Es lo rue strceclc en le ve-
icz,
cn llr qnc l() n() vivi(lo psa a ser scnti(l() como penlickr. Lo crrc nos aler.ta
rlt'l lirsgo rlc aplicar nton()c()r(lentcotc l tcsis
-villi(la
para algLrnos casos
tI cuc pera la elalxraci<in rie rrna
lr'tlicla
ar.trral sc retlr,riere <lc l rcclel.lc
lrrtion clc'las pr'clicias clel paslrtlo. MLrchas r,cccs es l rer..s: ell>oranclo la
prllrlitlrr lrctuel, las <lel pasaclo s<xt resignificacles.
l'cx LL iclelizaci<'rn clel olrjeto
.rcrrlitlo
-iciealiz:lci(-)n
previa a le pi,rrlicla
() ('()nsc(rrtivA
l: ntisnta- silo cs un factol.plftr llr itposiltilirllrcl clcl sr.rjet
rI rrtt,rr'lrrse lt un nLte\() o])jck). Si el encuentr() c()n nue\,()s ol)jek)s pr()duce
;lruluslilr
l)cIscclrt()rix,
si cl suict() ticne Una rcla(.ia)n h()stil r de <lesconfianza
.rrrtc |rs
rt.rson:rs
crrc le rrxleirn,
()
si el sujet() tlstli insegtro
(le
ser attrllctiv(),
:r
Inrr
unir (slru(1ur
cle personaliclacl paranoirlc
()
nrcisista ternc cl atil(lue,
l,r r rrtrr.r r cl t.r'lt:rzo. ent()nces sc llislar:l
)'c()nstruiril
Llna l)lrera fl)ict-evi
t.rtr\.r rll(. rrrrx tlirr t.l
('n(.Ltentr().
utn cLando k rlesee. Adernrs. si cl sujetct
,,rrr' r[.rr!rrrsl,s
lrritos
-]rltiliclcl
em<tcional p.lra suscitilr intes
]
JtrJr
(
![r r.n
(.1 (fr()
l), I lr Cl <lrso <ue el oltjeto percliclo sea un tr.rl)rj(), \i nU
n,,
PSt.O l-LRAPIA Dlil- DUtil-() PA1',Ol-O(;lCO 311
sec h:tbiliclatles instltrltlentlles
-c()n()cil)lienk)s.
plcticx-. ent(nlces, l()s in
tentos clc- accrclrse l nuevo
()l)icto,
ttte poclrl rcelllpiaz.tr xl perclid(), ter-
luinar:rn en tirclso. Rz(n pol le cttal el olljcr pcrcliclo str recor(l'(l() c(n-l
lrs x()r:lnza.
l,ll iml)()sil)ilida(l
P()r
angtsti.ts persecLlt()rias
()
dflcit en recLll.s()s
)()ic()s
clc
entl eo (rnt:rct() c()n nuevos olljettls proclttcc Ltn:t regtcsi'nl al
(')ict() (lel
px-
s1l(l()
(Ire
pasa a irclqttirir ent()nces el crctcr
(le ()l)jet()
pe(li(l()' Ntlcvanrente,
c(nlt() r'xJxtsilll()s tlll'is lttlill, ste es un
l)ft)ces()
c(l)ple) cn qtle lll slrLl'lii(,n
xctLlxleslxqueresignitlcehclclpaseclrl'Esl()qtcdeIicesilvial}]('i(.lllllef
(
l99J)
Pxr.r
trrstrr c(lnlt tl tllttlllll acturtl n() es.lller't rcl)l()(lLlccin clc t'llt<r
cxistenic. e\'()(ci(jn clel trattnrlt clel
1-xtslcl.: '...eI
tl-lltltllatisllx) clesenca(lenitn-
tc intervienc c.)tt 8t!lkla.l .lr.laftlcho
(ltlc
l.ts reprcsentilci()nes
frc\i'l\' )
()t()rgr:l
st1ls Lrrlll rec(Illx)si( i(in proclttctil'a'
(P:lg'
ll7, cursiYxs llflregaclas)'
Ils l()
(lrlc
c()nsttarrl() !ln l()
(lLlc
s(j sLlelc
(len(nllinllr rcglcsi(-)n
(lclc'tlsi\a:
1|nte
llrs angtrsties
(lLrc
Phrltclt
la ct:lpl lilica sc vLlclvc I la crllirhrl,
(lLe
ya n() es
siarl)lenlcnte fi,.,lic.l" la griificit( i(i'l que tr.t'. tlriginallucnte sin() clte se le
,g.i'g" un pltts cle pla<cr.
(ltte (lcriva (lc
c(n1tl1ll resl ll1- las engLtstias clcl pre-
..nt.. lrt l,i,u. 1erllii-n tcr.trlc cLn(lo nte llts llng(lslills cle l:t lttl<>lesccncia
o <le lu vicla ltclulta sc rcgresa a vin(tll()s inlanlilcs
(ltle pils'tn a tcner tln ca-
rl'rctcr pacilitantc
(ltle
n()
P()scycrr)n
('n
stl lll(llcl]t()
(,(-)Nr()
l)tt,riRliN(llAIt LNlllli lil-,^(.l(iN PRINfARI^
v t,t.a<.t<'rt'r sti( ltlN l)ARIA'l
(l()nro
1lclll)an)()s
(lc
\'cl, a ve(es r:s l fiixcianl ai
()l)jct() ptr(l(l(
',
sLt
'll'lr
F
rxnza, sL i(leliza(i<in, el lectcrclt clt'1o vivir-kr cn rehc'itin c()n (ltl'I. y l()s
senti,rient()s clc ctllPx, llr ctte f)cnlt cl llctr(ltrsc a lln nLle\() oltjct<t
.li.lttciLitt
1
iDttrial-. ntictrt[s
(ltc
c]l 1)lr:is
()catsi(rlcs, ltntc cl filtcltsrl real o cspcrlthr
ala a,ra,,r.rr,r,, c()rr tn nLl(r\) lrlljeto. sc rct()rlll ll
()l)iel() pclcli(l() y sc ps it
clcsclr tlrrlrrrsrU \lenfc
-li.tckju
scctUtddri.t-.1)rrrLr
tItc cll cl
PIirl!EI
u-tr'()
el objcrivo tctaPtrtic() estllr.i cnclll)litlx(k) ll exlllillil[ [lt relaci<in ctln el olrje-
r
rcrriirr
illic;tt:ls
(ltle
ell cl segLln(l() el fi;rr r c(rlstilti..i ll sttlt'rac itin tle
Ios <lrst:ir.lrl<s plru
(lLc
s(j pLecll cutlI eu c()fttlct() c(nl tl
()l)it ) stlslitttt()
xngLrstils
PersccLll()rias.
ngtstias n1l[cisists tle scr cliticack. hLrlnillatlo li
rnitci(rres
1rices.
ctc.-, rcsttlta inclispcnsll)le
(lctertl)il'lxr
cttitlcs
srrn Irs in-
rlicacltres ruc
ltueclcn
(-ientlll.
par <lec iclir si lo cuc
rreckrtnina
es tlni Ll
()tfL
c<ndiciott.
l,:t secttenci
(lcl
tl rtt.tDrielll()
(lc
Lln pr()(cs() cn clos tienrlros cs l()
(ltc
n()s
Ponc
solrre llt
riste
clt
(lllt
se tl-.ttrt tlc trna lijacilin setttntlaria: tl sLict() ticne
flntasxs c()n lcsPe(l() 1l nue\()s
()l)ict()si
descllral atccrcatse. n() exPcrilllenllt
culpa. pcro caclll vcz
(ltrc
clkr srtceclc sicnte xntlsti, sc tetrllc' p()sterga ei
ac.rca,riento lcel y luego, ltl cllxr cle tn()s
(las ()
selllatlrls
(lc
lidiar
( ()n
el
(le-
Jti
(.() (l(,
.l(.(.rcitntient()
v el tenlor 1rl rech.lz(), vLlelve
x lec(n.clar el
()l)jeto
per(li_
r l( )
\' iu)r )frr
r(),
(.ycn(k)
r:r un esta(l() (leplesiv().
li 1,, ;;,.,,:,;,;
,1,,c pLrciir.()s
.:1:::':,.,:.:.1 l,:,.a
((.nr(.,r.\,,r,,.rt
rr,r.uri(.nr,,
,,r,,",r,,.r,,
i,,,,trir.
rLr<
\'
l)r()t,'nA.t,.
lrrr.r,s
Ir.,rr l. rrrtrrlc,.l,.r
1., l.l tcrrr.r ,r, l tpre*n.tl)ll
,rr't'trsl':r'rirlrsel
tr:rl.t)tirnt,,
sri t.l retrr.rrj,,.lrl.rrelrrr.,1r,,..,,,1,,;;;.],:
ru(,n()s
.ri()nrL-nk)s
pus:rrlos,
ias crrllclcles
. ,,fr,il . ii.r"1r,,,,,
.a,r,a.1,,
rc. hrrlrl:rha
de cierk)s pers()nrjcs
tcmeninrs
,i,. i,r,fr,,l,,fr,.
.,n sr oflc.ina
:rrrt,tu
en el rel.rro
un. t.lare crliclacl
crrtica
i rle.i;.1;,.'i,
irrc
er:r r..trr_
ri.r rrtdtr
n:is nranilieskr cn sus
sler)()s poltla<los
cle lventuras
r(nltatnlicils.
t.s tlc.cir'. haba cleseo po.
los nrcv<s
objeios. pero
rr"1;.1;;:;:i.
Lna pers()_
:: i::l f
i:f;t llll..'.,liil1ll'i,
.lt ll';l,.li,f
iill::::t';iil
: 1,:il
nricnt().
Bl crnsicle:tlte
<1ue iralta sitlo Druy ,,f,,nLrn,,alr,
a,rr-1l,,fr",.cn(.()ntrl(l()
:,'..-,],p ll..ir,
,v
qrc
rna \cz.percliclrr
no volrcria
a rcner i ui"r,, .,,.rr."
J.,,,.. s( )tr:t
(lL(,
n() el: .ll.guicn
li:,i(.ain)(nlc
frllctiv().
\. <rre rentlilr
a cnltlu(lc(.cf
en
(()nt:l(.to
c()n ottils pcrs()ns.
Bn ,rntu.ir_
.l ,.a,,.r.1,,.t.
l-, p.,a.."
nluct.tll n()
olrstactliala
pc'culp
o iclealiz.rtr,n
cl son-rr.,..,,n
,rr,, n,,.r.,',
r.r,r,,l
..nti,
l(nr()l'.(lc
stil.
\,c()nrn(ntllrsc cle Lna ln:tneLu
tlrrc lrer.e inposiiric
<,1 cn<.rrcn_
lr() \'(r\,,
rna \,()tra vez, a ll tlltrr..r c_\pcfjrnu.l
itol(n.()sll (]uc
lllLltilr r..ivitl<.
('t
un pr()ceso
cle iclelliza<.irn sc(.unLl-rri.r
l_rtc t,rso
rs ,,,,r' iiif.r.:n,.,f"t
,,,.
,l,i:1,.1,^
r.';rrr1,
rn r.l ,ut.i.r
i.,
itnrr.,,,,,f,,
f,.,.f.,
,,,,
i,,,,r,., n.,,,,r,.,.,
,ljl,ll l.l,
r (
r(((, rrn,,q (, ,,(,sl.r
t'r I.Ir))I )r.I( I.I rlt.t.ll,r
nrnllUrr r, r
l
rrli
lll):ll(,(t.l (1,n],).ttt.lr.ri\i) _(.\t,r
l.tlt.l ,.lc
rk,rrr, r,l.lr r.l r.r.U,,,li.,,ttr,,1
.,,1.1_
rrcnt( (
lr(,ri,rnr,
tlcl ,,1,r.r,,rrr.,lirl,,.rr.1.,.,,,,,.,,f.1.,.f,,
'
I)ol-()tr prtc,
lli relacir-rn
cntrc flj.rci(ill pt_inliltix y a..l,,n"l."
Itrrcrle
s(,r
rlt' rculintenteci<in
mutLrir: en la rrecliclu en cue t,l .;.,-,.,.,;,.a;-,.;;n
el nrero
rrlrjtto
>r'r>rrxu
ir-rgustiils.
r se trclr ..,ruu, in,.a,,1,,ia.'
.,i', rUi.,,,
f,,",,.,,.f,,
.ll)ltrccer'ri
iclcalizrLck.
lo tLrc <lifit.rrltlrn-r
Lin rlis el
"...a,,,.".1
,,- ,.,'.,
u,,.r.,, ,rlr-
l( l( ).
l::l su/).'in.tienfo pot.al
ob?k)
lcr.lkh)
cortro
fittttur
tla t,ittctrkt
t t))

(l)jdo
tcttctl
I :r cle lscatrss
<lc lije<.i<-rn l ll sitLla(.i(it.l
rlc, clrrel<, y tle ia tlilicultrtrl
t,n
sttr'r'rrrlo.
l'esicle
ctr
(luc
!,1 sufiit))ictt(,
Il"g lr c.,rr crf ite arl-,,n,, t,r,.,,,".f.,
r lr( Lrkr crrn rn
()l)iet()
ac.ttral, al <rru sc rnsllit..t l.trtn:
sr entrega stfl.illtielr
lr, .r r'.nrl)j()
cle esrcrur
al)or. llcnrfiri, srrunrl.rro
.l.l *,ti;rr'i;rl (lLtc
co.)s_
ltlll\ (
llr It(,sg()
cn cral(lLticr
tr:lll]riL.n)
qtlc s(] lrr))ilc.rl:rpolrr
r,r)]rri()nlrl
sin
l( rk r
('n (
UC0l1l lx c()nll)lcii(lil(l (le,
l.rLti,r(\ ,luc
esr.rn cn jLrcgo
cn .l ,1,,e1,,
,"_
li1,)llt((i lil
l).
r( icnte
rcpl
(
)(lLrce,
ll, ,r..r
cn f .,
'u
-,n.r.,"nai.,-.,i
.]l',.:", r"u,". ,,,
lrrrr rI r rrrr rrlo \{)stcnicl()
rlreclcckrr
rlc crnpurtir u].qr) (fue
"r
af,ri r.,r.,r.
an un
,lrrrrr tk t.rrrlrlr.r
)
(.()t)]llcnetril(.i()n
cnl()(.i()nLl. ll sufrilDientct
se lllr crnver_
AvANr.ris
l:N
psrcorriRAptA
pstcoNaLt.c
PSICO :RAPIA DllL DLIIII
()
P,\TOI O(;lCO 3r3
ti(lo en instrulrenl() pare asegurar l:t presencil
(lcl
ol)jeto, c()n l() cul el su
iet().
paft scntirse conrplr)lrcio v rckr. cccsit:t stfrir El plciente r,tLelle
rciteradrl)lentc a lu erunza pol cl objcr percliclo porclue eso \rrvc
P.rr.l
crnsolir-hr
)'
nrantener al terapeuta como <>hjeto s()lcit() y aor(rso- Nr se
rLrccle
rcnrrncill u penar p()r el r>hjeto pcltlicio p()r'(lue en cs() resi(le. preci-
s:uDcnte. !l senti licnk) cle scguriclucl a<ercu clel lnt(n qLle el <>ltjeto plesente
(f(xgarl't.'ferrcn()
en qlte cl tcr.lpeuta. bien intencioneckr, puc(le, inx(lverti
(lr)lcute. (()ntril)riI
u la pir>l()ngrtt irin clel clrrclc.
Si se lrlrl)11,a con el pucientr--. c(,n en()nllc tllct(), cs mr<lltlicllcl
(le
esh.rt(-
tLtr:rr L-l \'ncLrl() \'((-)r-I1()
sicnte <1trc solautentc el olx
-en
cstc
(:ls()
el fe[1]-
l)cutil-
sc vin< ulrt li si ltrty srrfrirniento, se lrre lll
?rsibiliclr.l
cle clrtborr tln.
nclicion <rrc
rrrr<lc
lulrcr'tenickr sLr
()l'igcn
cn ttrt vinculr con urt:t tlaclre <r
ltn pache cleprcsirr tr.te alazalxur al ltijo.'a cn lt clittra rlc ca () al cull-
l)i
ir su t'rit)) cnt( ). lerrcnr).
P()r
t.nt().
(lcl
r)ris(xlLrisr)r(). clcl stliir
rirre
fusitr
n.rrsc
(r)r1
c[ objeto.
()
scrr. lx
()tr'1r
gtrn crxrclicir-rn
(lLre
lliultienc le fillcin al
ohjeto
rer'tlirkr.
I)cr() n() lrlirs(xlLrisrtxr por ctrlplr, rue cs s<-lo tna tlc las uttcla-
litlucles rlcl ,rs(xlr.isnl(), \iD() p()r(lu( el suhir
rrrxlttcc
el
>litccr
tle ttna rellt-
cion rlc.rrrttpenctlttirirr tlrociortltl.
(i)nst1r)r()s.
rna vcz trLis. clr.rc cl objcto percliclo no es lO <entlal. pttes-
t()
(luc
cn ('ste (us()
la lijrrcirin a lrr
rr<licllr
sirvt
l)ltril
ecltttirir ttnlt irlcnticllrtl.
lx
(le
sllli i(nte. Flst() n()
(luierc
rlct ir <ue el <loltr' rt() sex gcnLrin()
-n\)
scl,r-l
kgitinro ltlblar clc rnlni>t r lecion- sinr clc unu in(r)rl)()r-.t(i(in clel <luekr y tl
l)un.u P()!
llr pi'r'riiclrt tlentir tle tni !-stfll(lur 111ris luPIil. l.l tl1lls()(lLlistil. \'
tlc rrne llrclliclrr<l clc el.rcirn intersul)ictivx dallrrr
l- ,tltor rlll-
()lr.lli'r'()
lN-rriuN()
NL Klein lra lrecho liir':<lrpii'cn cuc rl prolrlcra clel tltrelo lrr.lica cn llt
r('rclicla
<lcl
(r)icto
inlern() lrrten<1. lo <lue rc(luitllc scr
Jtrt<isuckr
At'rt<lttronrx
<lc un cjcrrpkr pale ir rlelinritanclc) cl c()nccpt()
(le ()l)jtk)
iltlerno. cl
(lue ptle-
(lc
ser tlult() una
l)crs()n,
rnx lrcti\ i(l(I. tD csla(l() xfctiyr) qLc se clcsel ex
P(rinlcl:lr.
o ct-t:tl<r.ticr
(1)su
ctxl
(lLte sc tcngit
(rrt
vttttrkl IihiJirlrtl i hcstil.
Slrponganxrs tr.te algr.ticn cn I cklcsccntiri \'.1 1l (r)ltlcnzitr stt vicla lalxrlal y
lr lracc lir l cxpscttivr
.\1)y
r tcncr un trabajo grxlili(rntc qLte mc va it
I)cr
ti1ir... . l-n llr ntenlc c\lste Lln:( rcl)fcsentat('k-tn iriiitgill:tt irt "t[tl)ilr.
Lin
()l)
ict()
intern(),
(lu('sLl)Lrestan)cnte pr'ovecLilt cle
ll:tccI
y fi'iicitlcl al suict(). Ol)ie-
t() intern() cuc lrtlli fctil>le
JrreconcePtiirn
(lLc
L-nctLcntr.l al
()l)isto-
D//-s
crr
),-
(lirigirse
:t tru lrlllti< parti<ttlur
)'
ct)tt{07irl()
('n
n()ti\'ntc. Cl[tntlr> cl
slLiet() se presentc a prsiltles trxl)1rios.
Pt(rvcctxl:'t
cn ellos cse olljer intermr
l>trenc.
(
ll(cri< rre nte. si se clescnlanrt
)
sc en()j <rrn cl tr:lrti<.
)'I()
('(cslrt.r
rnccli;rntr crticus cerlas. c'l
(r)ie)
intcrn().trill)xi() satisll( t( r'i< ,, ser reettt-
Jl I
AvANctis
tiN
psr(io,.1itAptA
pst(_()ANAI_t.tcA
rl,rz.rrlo rrr.()tr()
(r)jek)
intern(), ttn imaginario
courr el anteri<t_, pero ah()r!l
rk signo
crntrer.i<: .tral:rajo
frustnrnte,.
por
k ctral, Ia p icllr (lcl
d)jek) in_
rt,r'rr. l.crr,
"tra)t)
s,tisf:rct()rio,
n. significa
,n .,rr;1., lr;;;,;uiento
cn el
lri'l,llli\tll,,,h r,s<,rlrlr.l,' \in(
un,t tr.ln\li,tInr.,,,n.,,n,,'i,ir..,r,r.,,,n...n,r,,.
(l ())i(l().trxl)r,
crcclrr clotackr clc l:r si.nitr..rt
i, rn il fr*;,."
t,o (lre
se
lr.r
xlclickr.
cnt()ncL.
es la expL-(t.ltivJ
.lc quc
<xrsta ,n r,a,I,,,,, qrs pre(l
s(.r (.sl
i.Lrltnte, por
l. c.r.,rJ ni sc i)Lrs(-rrr
ni se cntLrtru
enl,ll"li.la.l.
cla.l,,
rttc.solrlc
crrakuicr
tral)ai() se pt1)yectr
el oltjcto tnltio,,tralt:rr
frrrstr:rnte,.
li
()l)i(1()
irtern() es. p()r
tanlo. Un rcpksanl.tcion
pt?ttcb.
, .. )-:,):ll"l,.
. ,,rr,,
trirnrl)I,, (n (ile
n() cs cl <lcsengao
sobrc cl objcro sin<r
rli
!))'l(n'l:r
I),)rlltrt't'lt
lJ,l (.ini(i:r
llnI,lr({.(.\i,/lrt-t(.r]|n.t,r,
rPr,,nlr.tiUn(1,,
.rr r)rrl(.t',
rnt( rn() I n.l i(.f. tr..rs l.r 1s..rk.l
lllltfl,l,,.
lr,ritk..rllz.l.r,in,r...
l.l:l,l:".].,,*,".,1.1.r.u
r.(nrir.rrrr
ningn lomlrc sei .rp,,,, .t.:i.:,,", t,,,
"n.i
r)tIos (tc:lqLa-1.
IIn,,l)lc,
int(rn() .ll()r)11)r
c_par eja pror:cerlorr
cle, fi,liciclcl,
(
\islix rn sr-r psicuisrno.
.tn .rnte,s .lc c,rnr,.er,,
al.,
1r,,",a
,rir,-],,
,,rtcm() (lLc
]'],]il"]',': )
,ll'.,,llt(
\('I',,(lr:
rir1.
r1j;
.,,n ,,tq,,i,.,, ,,,j,.,r,..,,r,
,.,.
(
rr)rf .tnr'r. pl.t(1.r
lisi(r) (.l(. (.trit,l(1,,
(.n(.U(,rtr,
.rl ,trr.st,r..r .,,
r.,r..,.,. 1,.,r,
(
rlirizllt-l-t
en cse hrDltre
<rtncn,r l.r rL,Pru:,(t.lt.tr
i(;n exi"t.nt.,.i,
sL psi(lris_
nro clc,.lronrlrre-purcja
proveeckrrir
clc l]jci<larl,.
lf f*rrrirr.
r,,.u.rfxr.
(lLc
es
\rrI\.111
i.1,..( trl(.ll llr,r l,r(,-l),rr(.jil)r,,\i,(,(l,,f.t,t,.f,,fi,i.f.,,t..i,,,.r,t(.nr.r
,l(.rr.
ll" (r('(ll,r.
)
rlr( prtr(l(
l[lx.l.s *i,lo r.n l. rt,l.r, ii,r] ((,t)
r.l
,.r,|rc..
,,
,
1,,
<rrc.lc
tler.a s-u rr.l:rrlre qLc es rn
jr.nrlrt..
r
r,,,
r., ,..Lr'i,i,,i. ,i
'r,r.t,,..._
sutn<s
clc su fll-ttils1r (.()nscic-ntc
o pr.
la fantltse
ir_ra.,rnaaia,-rta.,r,
lniis l)iclt.
rol
la c.ontltinacirin (le
sts y otras tr.ilfiplcs
flrentcs.
(j,tll,,
tJrjirlr,: .rnlls. (.Ltll(l(, (.n,1,rrrr,,
r)(.rs()n:,
c()ncrcrlr r,, .",....,,,,,,.i;in'.Ll;:]il,l,:::llTl;:,,?,illllil;il.l:;:,::1
r,-:r rlc feliciciacl,,.
Eit 1Lsi(i, cnr'c un h,',rulrc.,rn.,.i,
j
i.i ,1.rr....n,,,.i,1n
g< ni''rica hace cue al
.lcrtler.
ll nt-r.itl,, \(
.r.1\tc .,rn .l f,,' ,.ir,._l,.,rrtici(

(lc
lr'lr1,-r1
.
l)r1,\i.(\lt,r.r
rl,.tr.li, r,l.rl ,l,,l,i.r,,
inl.rnl, i,l'.,,',,.,,,,,,.,,,,,
l;r rt.,csent.cir-rn
cle .'jet. intL-rn() ,,lxxl)rcJ),,."1"
pr.,ru._.ai,r.,,
,le ti.lii.icl.cl,,
:,1,,.,1 lj:,1.111r,]li,.l.r
c,r, t,,,rrrt,r.,..tt,,t,,.
tr,,,rr,rc n',,n,., ,,,,,-. r.l
.,t,,.,,,,,,,,,.,
r.r ,r r.(t. ll,,nll)r.c 11,n l^t rcl)t.c\rnlltci(in (lc
estq nUe\.()
(r)iek)
iul(,t]t(), p()1. l()
'lrr('n,r
r(cn( r ,ntr
.tr..i .rtLtcll,,.JLrr
sUp()nc (JUe
() cxistc. I_a
tr.eseltcilt
tlc r.rrel_
,Jlrrr'r
i I r i r ) I ) I \ ' r'r . r I p.rs.rr..i
l
(,\t.
t I I(. i( l: t
l),,r.(.\r(.
,,1)i(.f,,
rnlL.rn,,
1
.q.\(.t.1
(,
xll()
r rrt rlt'. tl:tcl< qlre se 1e rlcstlc Lr
rrg.,,q..
i, ,n
.lJ ,
Lr.
n,,
f,
,.i,., .".
.,r,u, ,,,
|),r
1
iil
tnt(-ta itlellizcltr.
l\1. Lk.in Llticu la lgrcsivi(lil(l
r.onto llr gr_:rn
cilLls:r qrc (lcteri()r
xl
(r)icl()
]l:;],fl,l.ri.rr,.,l,,r,,in.r,rl,tr,,rt.lr,,.rrtirt.irt.,.,.r,r;,nr.,n.i,,,r,,sr.*,,.,,,,,.n
l, l.r I'l)r1 \,.rtt.li
il,n th.l ,rl,l('tr,..t,lrr. jInrUlri,lr^.rs.r.r,rs,,,,,,n.i.,t,r,,.,1,1.,
,[
,r'rrilrrr
l()s
l)()sitiv()s.
p()yc(.t:r
L-n cl ol)j(ri, \L p,,,ri-,.,1..r,ilf,,.f
p,,, f,,
(l'r'r'
r5 r
'
r'r'rrr
Lr.ra tcnien(r()
rxllr)in intcnci<rcs
h<isrirt,s. lixrt I<, crrrr
,t'lr
r trIrrIrr,rrItL
rrn tllrjcto
intem< firrs.ltntc,
.rgrcsivo.
rrre .ll
D()ye(.trse s(r)lc
.l .lr.t.r.t.rl (\l(rn()I()teiticlern.lr,s.rrlilLt,x
ifSl.,i...il..
ir,.,,..,^,,_
PSI(iOI-ERAPIA Dtrl- DUlil-O PA!()l-O(il(lO .l
l5
d()
([entr()
cle s un replesentaci(rn clel objeto c()n tdlcs c.lfilcterstic,rs
-se
estc
()l)jet()
intern() cl c(nrcsp()n(lientc a h paleja, a un aDrig<'a, al comnuc
r<>, al
jefe
en el trabajo. a la profesirin o Ia activiclucl rluc se rcalice-. srlo re-
enc()nt[l'i'l fiustraciirn en su relacirn con cullquicr'ol>jek) cxtcrno qut: corres-
poncla a esos r:bjctos internos o-nal<lls,.
'lsta es la iclea central en la rlrrt clc Klein, por lo cLtl la superackin clel
cluelo v:r cstl dcstinch.l liL lcctlperx( i(in nt clc tn pcrs()na en particulal
-puecle
ser imposible si mtrir sin() a v(rver a ecliflcur clentro clel psirluis
nr() lar represcnt( i(-)n d('l
()l)je()
intcm() )Lren(). l\Iirs all clel recltct'irrnis.r
kleinian< cle crnsiclcral la agrcsiviclarl clel sujeto conxr ll conclicitin cue oca-
siona I:r ptcticla rlrl olrjer ltLeno intcrno
--rlesaticincle
el pocler clcl cliscurso
parental en lu c rear. ir-n clel ol>jeto intcn]o r) cn stt
(l(te ()t(),
1'clisrrinuyc.
ltas-
ta
(asi
hl(cr clcsupareccr, cl papcl rlc llt rcltlicllttl exteln. c's rlecit del sn-
cucntf() c()n pcrsonlls agfcsivirs. firrstranles-. su c()nccPk) rle oltjckr intclnrr
es cle en<-nre inrl)(n11nci1r
(lnicr!.
l)cnnitc rientur los esfierzos tcl-pa'ttic()s
p.Ua
(on()((:r'
l's tq ?san t.tc ot tcs-Pt1't ! cbs b.\jo las c uales el sujeto se lp
xirna l()s
()l)jet()s
rcales. y cl plpel clr,re clescrrqtan cn moldcar l lirnua cle
rclrc citnr itntc esk)s [llirlr()s.
I N
(
A\o l)l l t Ari()RA( l(iN Dl t N t't'l:l(r
pA'trrl.i(;r(
r)
L sc()r Y. rlc alre<lcck <L'50 a()s. pcrsonlr intcligcntc. rcfinacla, agra-
cirll fsiclrnrentc, sufriri la pi'rclirlrr <lcl nuriclo
(lr.rien
rruli(i tr.rs una pr()l()n-
geda cnli'urrcclacl. Micntrls vivi, srr lr.rglrr ticstacack) en l.r s()cie(ld ={'ra un
p()llic() cxil()s(!- Irelre
rttrrritirlo
lr l seru Y. gozll tlc r.tn trato especial y
cle lrna vicla llenrr cle hulagos narcisistus. Ctunckr cl nttrickr nltcrc, al princi-
pi() l gcntc l llDra asiclrt:ucr-rte
),
lueg() l()s c(xrtltct()s sc ven cspacilnclo,
c()n gran rnrargllu paru clla,
(lre
se lcsicnte pr()gresivluuente. Stt h<stiliclecl
crece. lo <rrc clifictrlt aLin nr.is sL
(()ntiLck)
s(riel pues cnrpieze r'cl krs cle-
n),s c()nx)
(lcse()sos
rlc apro.,'crrrt el legaclo poltico clcl nltriclo. Sc cneiert.t
pl
(
)ljllsivarllcnte cn llr iclentirlad clc viuclr tlc un gran lrofllrrc: r'iste clc negro
absolrto. elirrina cl nra<r.rillejc y ve lxrrlanclo
(le
sr nrcntc todo vcstigio clc
h()stili(l(l hllcilr rl rnuert().
(luc
cs s(nrcti(l() r Lrn
(r-eci(
ntr iclelizcirin.
l1)c() ir
lxx()
pxs x cstlrr rkrrrinlcla
Jxrr
un estackr clcprcsiYo carctcrizclt
por una nrezcle clc ckrl<, clc a<-anz por los rles felices perclirlos y clc lc-
sentirnicnt()
l)()r
I() <rre la vicla le ofrece en h etlualitllrcl. Su trxl)il), qu< sienr-
plc lc hal:llr inttresck, enpicza scl'c()r)l() una c.uga; <rrnsiclcr
(lric
t()(l()s
se aptovc-chan tle clle y le rcleglu'r en cl rcc()n()cinrienf()
(lc
sus nrlik)s. flst()
(l(len)linu (pre,
sin
()p()ocrsc
lr'()ntllhllcnte, sc vLtelv ncglllivista b:rjo ll tnt
claliclacl <ue sc ha <lescrito en las
reronaliclrrclcs rasirr
agr csir's: p()stcrla,
p()ne excrs:rs pera sal'xrtcar k)(l1l pl()pLcst cle reno|lLcirin. realizr llrrcrritti-
cuorente sus tarcas. con cl c()nsif.iliente
(leteri()r()
cn sr.rs relaciones latxrales.
J l() A!N(-l'S IrN PSICO'l l:RAPI^ PSICO^NAl.i tCA
i)csrl rrrclicn(cntcnle se'invitl(ltr it rcLti()ncs.
I)err)
cUiln(l() cst() succ(lc
l(r sen(c c()rt() rtn linrsn pr ser viuclr. pr>r lo <1uc rcclrtza acudit. Sr.r atr<r
xilut<i<'rn hostil u l: reliclucl cleteutina
(lte
l.r respLtcst (lLe
pr()\.()c vay:
confiflIancl<> quc h tatn l)ra], clrc no lc
(f()lgun
cl luglr <ue l]terece. SLts r.c
lltciones queclan pol fin lcclucicles a Lrn()s p()c()s ftnliliires y xl vincllr) (.()n-
Drigo en e'l tl'atxlDicnf(), al
(llrc
conurre punturlnrcnt( p:tr llacernte
l)itrtici-
re
clc str ant:rryrrr';r, cspr'ftrnclo
(lUe (\))pltr.t
srt visirin ]rrstil tcsl)L.(J() lt la
l.{cutc.
Lu reluci(;n
(r)nlIig()
es cilicte
-u
r<nclicion cle rrrc no llr cor-rt[ttliga-,
rtrut' clefensiva
y
cloruincl p(n-rn1 gr.Ln susceptil)ili(lx(l a que le pr.rede ver
crrtuo tenienckr lrlgtin clelctr. La irnagen iclclrl tlue
(lel)c
nlantcncl.(le si lc ir-
pi(le xccptr le existcncia rlc culrlcr.ricr. irnpuls<i lrostil
()
era)tic(). El tratitllier-l
k) Iien(le a congellrrsl.(,n cl relitt(,
(lr
ls conclrrctls in;ttlc<.ulrrls clc l<s clcrrs
y tlc J<>s clas fcliccs rlcl pasckr. rrrn lrs rrnsigrientcs citlt(l()s lfi,(1r\.()s. (luc
se entrcolczciitlt. rle ckrlor por l:r
terrlitllr
()
clc r..rlril nr(.isistu.
\'(). p(n nri ptc. (lcl)()
ltctLlr
(.()11
cx(lLrisit() t!l(f(). l)()1. rtn lltlo. con ttxr-
rlrent()s. llaDr,llt()skrs k<ltutinrs. cn
(lLe
le ltxg() scntit trli 1il)rcci()
lttrr.:u
irr-
teligencilr. sLls intercscs. sLts reales crlrlicleclcs lrulnanas. sin rrrc tcng:r crre sel
cxl)]jcit() cn cl rec()n()cintient() (le ('\l()s
lrsl)e(1()s. pucs
lx
()ti-n(lcl.l.l
r()n un
clogit> rlircclo.
( ()nstitL
\'cn(l( ) DI-rs lrict Ur sttil Clil))lt
(uc
rnvLclvc Iris itltr
\ e)(-i()nc.\. Pco.
-ror'c
()t1).
cng() rJtrr rltc 11: put.<lo lirrritalrnc e ello
1.a
r1r.rc le tr rnl'al icllr r'i:r slr visirn per'lnoi<le
v n.trcisislil. llr <rrc cr-rticr-rtlo <.<rlur
cxLrsil ilrrpofiilnte cle sr srrfiiricnlo.
'I
r.ulIrj<; tc11rputie() sientp[e
()scil.urt(.
cn
lrc
f)r()\'eer
cle c<tntinencilr rr sus
(lueias,
clt' ac.eptarlas t[nsik)l-iiullent(. pa.u
(luc
n() se sient rcc lt.rzacla
v cle t[ttir (le prolitnclizar cn slrs :tngltsti.tr\, !l] rrLls
(lcfcnsits
nxrcisistits. t,n el tecr nrr'it rcnt( )
(lc
sr lt<stiliclcl v rjvltlirlcl. nr sr-lo
r',,n l(,s tlrrr 1., Ir)(lE.n.in,, t.ltltlri(.tt
(.(,r)r
r!', l.n l.r rrr,.,tllrl.r (.n rlltr
I)ll(
\l l(.
rilLlestr() sus ner'csitlitclcs nalc.isistr. lrn<.llrcltts tn LllIlt lllntili urn gr.:tnrlcs cx-
Pe((ilti\,.s,
en Ia
(lLre
ella trrrrr rrrc ill)rirsc p1<() cntt.c lt(nn()s tuc re<ilran
un trato pretrenciiLl
1tr }rrtc
clcl patlrc
-estudi(-)
c()n Ix
()p()sici(in (lr
stc
\
llir'ticip!rncl()
clcl diru clrxrcirnul tlc le l]racll.e. nrLljer s?crjficx(lx
!
c()n liter
lcs cl!-ltent()s plnnrrirlcs silcnciacirs trre la t<tnu't c(nn()
no
r-le ligritlrs cle
lt))irllLrIls ctrc no
rr>cllr
expresit
(1-t
:-lrrlie t;is. l; I er.onstnr.r.ir-rn rlc llts
((rn(li(i()ncs (lLre
le k)cilt()n !ivir cn sL irtrtrilia lt pr()vc(.(le Lln c()ntc\t() cn
tltrc'clllL puecle reprcscntursL- no teni(,o(lo rn
(lcfck)
intrinsec() sino sicnclo
st
l)rrs()nxli(la(l
el pr'<xlucto
cle ciertlrs circLlnsllll]ciils virlllcs. Iist() pc11nrtc (lLrc
r'ttPittc reflexknat soblc slr
((-)(lig()
intcr(). stlxc sLs ralsg()s nar(isisl.rr, sL
,AulIr.
solrrc su clcsco cle firsi<nrsc (.()n
uill figura vrrlizacla rl prrclrc nir
st l,r
x.r'rrritiir-.
Flnticn(le.Ls el
>ltcJ
rie poscsii-rn n:rrcisistu que
(.rtrtl)li(i
cl
rrr.rrrrIr
r.rlr
(
ll.t
-.\()stn
(le
tn lllr(isistll() sierrrtrc vrrlnerehie, ne(.esit.r(i()
r[ .rlrrrt.s
\
(
l in)l)act() qLre llr tlcseparicitin cle esl figrrra signitlco.n trr.rn
Ir, .l \tLllttix slil]]ll.
A rlr.rlrrl,r rrrc t l rncrrkr conl))ig() se consrlitlu. y gl-cias a
(lue:,c
t.l sin-
Ir( rr(|,' ,r((
IiLr(Ll.
rr
r.strr
rlc
(lLe
se p()nen s()l)re el t.tl)ete lo cue e.ll;r sien
.l l7
te cc>nro.rlelccl()s,, sr srpcn,r) se v llrcienck> ren()s exigentc: clla prrecle
tanll)in:tceptxrsc y (lLrercrsc
irlg() nrils sin neccsi<t:r<l
(le
ser
l)crfectlL
ni l pri
rne,-a. Esft) flcilita qLre p()(lllor()s e[rpczal .l lrblar cle cino reltrocluce ctr-
migo el vir-rculo qrre hlba tenid() c()n la nuclre, y() s()y xhorr kt <1ue ella era
en la inf';rn< ia para str lnarlre. es decir', l p('rsona que clel'e sen,ir cle crn-
pa al c(npartir rna visir-l'r amargacla clel rrrtrnrk. Se alre el cllmino
n.lrJ
rlre puetllr crrr)rinar Ia i(lrntilicci(in con trna figura plrrlnoirle. asusta(l.
ctrvl xgrcsi\i(l(l trnl
(ltre
encrlrrirse bajo <()nrluct:rs
( )p():ii( i( )nistas. Re
cucr'(la un erisoclio cn que l.r nrrdrc st rlcclu- enfi,uu !' hulro clre sus-
pcnder unl cenx a ll r1r.re cl parlre halr invitaclr un g[p() cle an]igos
1'l;r
cira
(le
sutisllccia)n c()n
(pre
Ia nclrc lt rlijo.tu patlrc sc cneclir sin su cenx,.
Bnk)nces cs crart(l() nte sirnl() s()l)rc trrren() firme palra
(lLc
\'c1l l<t ctre ella
hacc en ll rclrliclrl. sin ll rcnor -tcicnc
jl..rtl(en(l()
sin
(lue
lll .rgresi,)n
sca rt)lnilics!
rero
gcncrlrnrLr llrrlcsl:tl cr) ]os rlcDtis, rrrc ltr(]go I:t rechrt
zan.
(()n
lll c()nsigllicnlc
()tcns
n:rlcisistli pura clcfL'n<lcrse
(le
l.l cLrrl sc
.rttin( lleliL cn l() que se hu cortsiclcrrlr el
.csrlendickr
xislalrlicnt(r' cle le per
srn:rliclacl nar( isista
(Kcrnl)erg.
l975).
l)r( str lLislanrient() rt() cfal Lini(mcnt(, rettxcci(in narr'isist clefensiva
l):ll1r
llr:rnlcr)cl cn la stleclcl
(l
scntirnienl() rle su
Pcfioricl:rrl.
L.l )larido. acle
t:ris cle lrtlrel lu'l<irnlttlrr
((r()
r)1 p()scsi,1 nrcisistlr. Ii))l)in haba sick>
prrr'a cllrr trn estutkr
J:rtotecrr-
ttcnte rrn lIILln(l() alrcnrlzlrntc. Su
(lesllpxri-
cion la hizo scntir cn pcligr(), s( r'1,cli\'l'()n slls oricd()s y Ltiliz srt rcsentl-
rrrienl() c()nx) tn fintx rlc cviter cl
(()ntal(1()
con l le:t]icllrcl vivich c(nI()
illt)cnrzl nl c.
.lLn
) ll nrcle() nxrcisistll :ire <lt la vl<rrci<-r-. h seora Y.
tenil rtn n[rcleo fiilricr J lt r;tnr riclc cue la lrrtcu sentir r()dri(l;r rlc iigtrras qr.re
ta pocli:tn (1.rrr'. pl-()(ir(l() (sl
\isin
(lc
rnir ripl('(lctelnrin;l(i(in: cl <lis<rr-
v v l:t:tcrittr<l lllartcrnil
(lc
s(]ntirs( cr)ntinLrlrlcntc rtrlenltz:rrllt. Ilr virlenci:t clel
puclre y su pr()pix h()stili(l.r(l
lll()ycctll(l.
llstc nclc() fi>hico
rur:Lnr>icle
era el
ttre la obligaba 1 unx ctitu(l t:rn
(lcfensiv.
[)rr:tnte el lrlrtJr))lcnk). clt(h vez
que vo cn<tftrba esle n[rcle() fhi<r-perlnoicle tcnar
(llre
tener unll Ilirada
puesl cn i'l per olrr cn sr sistcD).r n.u( isist
(lue
L pocl lrcer senti[
.des
Plccial)le ror
ser clbil y' ustrstrrcliza,. cro
gll (lij(). pl
(
)yrctivl ue nte. res-
P((fit
(l(
urr.r,1,rrrl,.rrt(r.r.l< tr'.rlr.r,
lin lll()t]l(nk) in]p()r't.lrltc <lc l:r teftrrirr iirc <unclo
l)u(l()
cnteD(lcr l1r cil'-
culatidcl cxistcntc cnttt la iclelizltci<ilr clel nrariclo
),
l cltsconfianz:r ente el
,))Lloclo cxtcrn(): str lxrstilirlacl ente les ligrrras extelnxs l hlcln reglcslr al
r,ncrrlo <rrn el nrrickr l <rte rlchia iclealizer ;n ::.ra\s
-filatcit)
sectnt(ku'ic-.
Perr l;r itlt lrlicir-rn cle l:r relr'irin c<n tl nrritlo le irupccllr pcltsur
(lttc
pu-
clicl lr:ler
(r'il
-cl;t(i()n
!rtiii(r,rl(
.n lu rcxlirlr(l externu. llehr.gio en le
irlealizl<irin
l)Lr()
tlur)l)in
rrisi<in
clc la tuc lc lesultaln inrlosilrlc sxlir.
[)ues
cl cxteri()r crl scnticl() crrnro clcspreciable itcnte l
{ran
h<lrrrbre <rrn el quc
hala vivi<l<.
De prro lrubient sclvitlo cr.re en los prireros tiemp()s dL'l tratlnri<ntr, y.
pstcorFRAprA
l)til- DUEI-o
pA't1)r-(i(;l(:o
j
1.i AVNC IS tiN PSICOIIiRAPI^ PSTCO^NAt,t',lt(:A
pslc()1l:RPIA l)!ll- l)L lll-() l)^ l()1.()('i1(:l)
J l')
l)Ul)ietx tr.rtir(lo de cuesti()n.rr ll iclealizu(i(rn cle'l mnrido. intentlLrxlc hlrcer-
le ver su url>i"'alencia y lt<>stiliclacl hacia 1, y cr-rrrro la iclealizcr,-rn sen'ir
rera
ocultal a stlls y c()nvencerse cle sus buen<s sentiruientos hucii el
rterto. Ellt htl)icra sirl() clesatcnder cue lrt releci<in con el ntrickr rltrcrtcr
csteln lxtsacla en serias pefturl)xci()nes cle su equililrrio nlcisistx y
(le
su
scntiDriento rle scgurirllrd bsica. Sr)lr cLlnck sc sinti ris segLr, l)l.l\ s()-
licla intennrente.
lrclo
encarar el reexren clel vn<rlo con el uriclo. Lr
qtre (onfifla
I tesis clc qre cn l clal>raciiin clel tluckr n() sc tl.lta
(le
li-
mitxlsc a la lelack-n con cl
()l)jet() perciicl<> sino. esenciahrrente. tle qr.re el
sujeto pr.re<[:L rccLrperar
l]ru
s
-()
ir(lquirir si nncir k) t!l\'r- Iirs funcirres
trre cJ objeto cLrllrplL p!nl l- I"ln este cs(),
(le
pr(fect()l-y cle glr:rntc rle l:r
rtLrk)estillra.
L() qre rr()s llcv a rxro punk)i cl clrrclo prrtokigico nr consiste [nica-
n)ente en l()s sentirnicnt()s
(lu(]
se tcoitn trentc ll
()l)ict()
pcl(li(l() \inrr, t.u)-l-
l>i['n, t:n el p[()ccs() quc sc initia y.lesanrlLt r pitrtir (lc
l rrttcrte: y, p()r cn-
(iora (lr
1()(i(), las tnsfi l'nra< iones
(lLre
vll suftien(l() llr rexesentacirin clel
rilricl() rr) esc pr()(cs(). Llr cleslrl-)ariciir
(lel ()l)ict()
cal))l)ia llr tirrIr cle errrili
ll[io ps<Lrico nlantcnl(lx p()r cl suict() hast esc nr()n)cn() y ponc en nrarcha
!rtI'.1 sLr(tsi(in
(le
ilngustjs. ,-lc clefensas,
(le
rces,_t(tL[rcia)n rle le r]eciirt del
su,et() c()nsig() nlislll() y c(rI el ulunrk. Asi crlto cn el clls()
(e
un
(rntl)( \in,,
<ue
1>iercte
lu crsccha
lx)r
rrn )mrco(.,.1tlrrrk no sc lirritl rrl tkrk.lr
ror
Il
('()sc(ltit
sin() trre csa pr'tlicla iniciir Lrn nl()\'ir))icnk) que le puc<le llcvar a tc
ncr
(luc
vcn(le[ el
(:rnlp(),
ll i lr ltt-rscitr't|lrlr:rio a l:L cirrcl:ttl. 1
f)()nelsr
()tr-als
r()-
l)xs,
.l sentirsc lrtllcnazarlo por las insrrfiticr-rcils cn sLs rlLc\,irs tllrclts. it cstr
c<niirndirh y cles()rientll(l()
l)()r
su nue\'.r itlcnti<lucl. rlc igrrrl rnancr:r la nrtrc'r'
Ic
(lc
Lrn ser qttcrir.l r
-o
la pc'rclicle
(le ()l)ieft)
cn gcneral- cs s<'rlo el princr
tienlp()
(lc
Lnlr sL(csi(in
(le
x(
( )ntccirlicnt( )s
(lllc
\'1ln rucclificanclo l suiet().
1'or ellr lral que hlrlrlar rlc prr>ccso rlc cluclr crrt xlgr) qLl( sc crrnstnrl,c rla

(l
y cn cl que sc'r'en ponicnrkr cn
jucg()
el c()niLrnto dc llr cstructurlr de
pers()nirlid-.I(l y dc lirs rel.lci()ncs inlcrsrl)icti\,rs l rccrrs()s con i()s qLrc (
rcn-
tlr el srlct().
Esto es lo
(llrr
ct c.Ls()
(t('
Ll sen()r \'. ponc en oiclenti,
rare
tricn la
lt)tcrte
(lc
sr rnerickr - ol.)jeto
l)r(fccl()f,'
p()scsi(in nrcisista- Itac< scntrr cn
pcligro V crunxc ionlrcllt cr-l su lL,cstinral. Io <uc rnrrrilizlr:tnf{ustiils
l)(rsc-
('ut()lirs
lespe(t() 1l u
lerte
quc' lir r()(lea
)
senti)lient()s cle rrinrrsvala, i c-r-r-
tc a los clrelcs, sc ctivun
((nn() (lelnss
la lglesiviclarl, l.l rl)i.r nrcisista. |l
cvit.r( i(in fiil)icl raai(Ixlizdr c(n)lo
(lcsplcci(,
l
rrna vrtclta:tl olricr icleali-
zar(l() rcp[escr]t!(kr por cl rnl rlo. I)cfenslts r1ue. x sU v(jz, tt:ren c()nseclren-
(iirs: ('l[nk)
nts .rgr'csir lr. ll]:rs [ecltlrz()
(lgl
e,\tej()r y retr Lln];ttiz L l()n D.,rri
sislir. junt( ) .l Lln incrcment()
(lc
sir desc< nflLnz solrre llr gente p()r pri ,) c(
( i' ,n
rlc str uglesivitlacl. Situ'.tir'rn xtrxp.uri( rlue r'lrcrilu rlc liner lcverl)errt'en-
tlc l clill< ult:rcl clc crncxin con cl munck extern()
-en
cue s poclria en-
(()nIr1u 1)l)i(.1()s sLrstituti\()s v cl r()rno
)()r
rs.l orisoril
(iitlcrrll'.1(l
it rn in
arellltl-\t()
ile lrt idc-'tliz'.tcil-t
<leL
"hlct'r
llertlrJ"
-liilr"i"n
'ttr'lnrlrtli:t
Ir
rluc perturlla recuPer:lI
en l:l tealjrl'ltl
'rlrjct"
rltl(] \t(tlrnrc
\c l( lll)'lr(((ril
rrtlt interior lll lllLl(jrl().
F)-lrttnt.lt'x
Dli. t)Llli
():
El. TIIA I AMIITNT
()
l')n c) tliagrlnra l)
se espccificltn
lrrs lrtctoles
(ltc c1lcli(i()n'll1
l elrtllt'rt
.i,-,,r' lf.f .r,,"i , patoltigitrr pt ll
n.:''l',.l'r
tlt
"lrlttt'
L'n
'rl "-
re qtre l()
(cn
ir.i:'-.*,lr:t,,,
i,,t rr"i".t"..l."
1'1""'t'"'"""'
(lcl iLrlct(' trLc [c rntpiclcn cks
,,,.-n.f.,..'
tlt'l rrlritrr
t,tfuh
'
-.f
i1ci<itt
pt 111/tt iLt-
()
lc incrlPacitrn
prrrrr
l"i;.,,,".,,'..r,,t
tthct"'.
'Lr.tittrtr'r's.
I()
([Ll( (l('l'rlllil]11
(lLle'tlclvll :tl re((lc'
.li,',ri ,l rn.igui.,,,a. NIic'ntrlrs cl sLlict() l() ttloclrlirirt<'sLl
l)irlllncc
nercisista
y st't
tcn(lcncii
1l stt]tirsc tllll)()tclllc allc llt rcltlicllcl
(lLl( \'ivc c(Il() sLlp(lj,r
'l
\tl\
iu"t'"'. t' ll() sLll)cl('stls
llr)gLsli't\
Ir'lr'ln''itl"'
t' lt
'rgl''"lr
itl'r'l
--v
Ias cltrt
s,,.
-ii1rr.,..'nt.'t'"..1,,-.,,,.
le ll(\'t
'r 'lt'!(
rl (1' lll iliLl'l l r)cnlu
'r
)os
posiblts
()l)ict()s sLtstittll()s
y
lLlcl{() ll sclllil-st
(lllcnte tlc rlbieros <tte le
ltteclltn
grltli-
fic:rr. o nrr
(l(silrr()ll(' [c(tlts()s \()ic()s
cllr(xir)11l(]'
t
jnslrtll))t!lti\lr:s (l''lt l('
,r,,rritrtrltr'l cxltncltt:Lls I)()stl)llL(ilt(lcs
cll cl ll)(llld() tcltl si ello n() stlce(le sc
i;,.,,,,:.,,.it.;,,.':',t,t
Ir.
',',r'lr.i"r-
1"'r
lr''
'
rr'r['' Ir
1u
r'Ii'I:r
'['I "lritt'r
t'
tiLn
(lc\,1lstil(l()r;ri
().
it(.lus(). rict.l
((rnLiLri(h,.t l.r r'tlt1rtrt,n.lt
le pltlitle
.1 ,,,,,\a1,r a"" l-uc tl l'e'srtltltll<r
(l(' (llr
lllrcisislll()
(ltstlLl(li\()
(ltc
ilf'l('t
ntrl
ri
rliclcl
(Llltnl() ()l)jct() sc
lx)l)c
p()r
(lcl1l)t('
I)ct-rt|o clcl .liagt tr rt]it l1ity Lnr
\c( 1( )r
(
lLc
l
( (l!liefc (lc
Llllil Illl(\'{)r
;( lll[( i('nl1
lr.,,ntlrutr"
trl lx c!l)x(i(li(l
<le'rcpltttr
(KlL'in
l9l0) l-'t c'xllclient i:t lcal rlt
lr,rlrtr
rcrclick,
lllg() i;111)()tt:lntc
V litlt'r
lotlitkr
scgtlir clcliLntc
tttecla inscri-
lx ctr cl
l)si(lLllsrll()
(()Dl() (rc(n(ir tlt ttrt lt'
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CAPTI-,'I,O D(
ALGLTNAS DIMENSIONES PARA UN MODELO
MODL[I-{R-TRANSFOR,MACIONAI EN PSICOPATOLOGA
Y PSICOTERAPIA
I n I crjL r(
.1(
):
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la clescr-ipcirin \. tc<izecion srl-c r.ll-Lr scric rlc sistc|Irs nx)tivxci()nalcs. lir]
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cs
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rttiiclrrkr totive<.i<nel
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en cl sensu-rl-rcxur1,
trn \'cz c()nslitui(l(). pllslr lr p()seer rtn gratl> intp()rtnte cle eLrtrn(,ltri dr r.e_
l:tcitin con a<tr1. entranclo en :rticLtlacioncs
cctntplejas. inr.[icles v:trilcirncs
pcrirlices
en l cl<inancia elativa rle rno solrc el orr<. El sriet() sc l.el)lj
lntc cl
()l)jck) (lc
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rla_
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qua. ,,rlt.atli.rckrse lrl .lrjet. pa*r ha<erlc scnir sL p()(ler. llstir er ,r()r)ent()
en ctrc el clcser scxtral rcl()l.nlt c()n k)(lil sLl literza.
l)cro si el sistct)lx nx)tit(.i()till scnsLll sexrll V el sistcll nr(isrst c|l
pujan ltacie la ltsrucrle tlcl pler.rr
-cre
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se lrlLr
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firntr rle ste
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se s()ntc
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sLrpcrrn ls rngirsi;rs nxr..isisr.s (tc
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c()111()
P()(lel.()sos
instltunent()s
conceptulles
(luc ilLuDinn le psicoparloga
y lll psicotcrupix
-vo'
cll()' suPcry(i'
. .,
llesPect() a l:rs clitDensiones
cle hs qr'tc n()s
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I l:l(.l()n'
r,,l>.In, c1t,c las <1ttc
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cstlin
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y
r'. rloclehcicrnes
pelo. inclcpcnclientelrc-nte
cie elkr' cle l<l qtle s estalll()s c()n-
vcnci(l()s cs cle qtre constinlycn
tLn plls() en lx
(lilecci(')n ltclectada'
el clesa
,.,riI,,.1" u,.., ,r.,,.,.t1,, .le artic'l.rci(in
<lc c..rJ:xrncntes
crre n. cuecler eclericl.
,, 1"., a,,t.grr'",t clc ll fenoulcnoltg:t
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l-s cliircnsiones
y las categtltias cstiln lniilt)lellentc
relaci()naclas
entle
s Asi, pant ejernplifiiar
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cntrc l:ls lllLtchxs c()rrtlxciones
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el sistc
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p,rclr,-r clct,:rnrinat
le enrcrgencia
dc ciertas ell<ci<nes
o l tll<
rlil;rlck-rn rlc clt'tcrrlinltdas
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y l tclxci()ll c()n ll rcalicll(l'
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()
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()
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cjemplo ltnte una pcsltrli-
lll: que sc lc kne cn bluzos y acaricic,
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se
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de solrelerir Lrnil nuc\':t crisis clc
rinico.
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li\ dotlttd c.t t'eldit'u crlfte sr.rlrtiros rlt t['
.,,
os ttl exl|ren clel vnctl<) entre cl sr.rieto y el
()tro.
el grado tlc ril( u('nlr( )
)
,k'senetrentrr
entre estos
(Lrlr()
sLrl)lip()s de cleseos, su c(ntll)inart()rii
l):rli('U
Lrr'
lrucclc
clat lugar u tcnsi()nes itrrpol1:rntes.
Qu
sr.rcecle si 1(lgLri('n ltil t( nl
, i r
lxrclres
con <uienes c(n)partia) sentimicnt()s
(le
ternura, <le cornPli< it llrrl srr
ril. \'su pr'Li. por cl <rrnlnrio, fie criarltr por padres c()n
(lrir:lr(s ('sirs
(
\pcriencias n() existiel()n y
l)()r
l(, tnt() n() estn crt sLl )ctl)ula()
(
ll(x r()
nrl/ Ijn est()s <usos el
.harnlr'e
cnxrcionll, que experi[renta el primcro clt' i r
srrjctos nrencionaclrs cn su rcl:t i<in con cl sc'lrrnclo ptre<lc ser t;rn
(lcvlrslir(l(x
tro cl hunrlrre cle LL ptrlsiorr de lutoconsc'r':Lci(in. Pelo trlrl)in lx s(l)r('
('stinrLllxci)n
cDrocionl cue ltlguien con neccsiclacles <le estc tjp() imJrrrt'so
lrrc el rr.rt no lrts
rosee rtreclr
resrrltlrr alrtn:dor t clesorgltnizanlt
r:rr':r
L ste ltim().
l)c murrcll e(lLrivirlcnts, cn
(llrnt()
l la
-rr:clucci<in
cle conflictt>,.rltrc,rrr
ne si ulguierr
(lLre
tcnic,-r(l() rlescos clc pr)tecci(;r. c()l)iilnienk). o cle rlisrinr
ciir cle lu t(nsi(i psi(lLicx, o <le cr'lt:tcto ctttori<nal, ll l:lttscru satisl:t<ct trstos
sc rlilige u ltlguicn cr-rc le rcsl>onde con clcseos clc tipo sexual!'Fis lo rttt'rrrs
tr) F(rcnczi { l9J2r) cn
(,itlits(itl
rlc lur,qtur ttrtrc k a(htltos.\'?l uilio. Ill h\t
gtkt!
de la t.'t1utrut
.t
lt pasitt.l\Lis :r(rn, si el sLrjcto
-inhntil
r uclul>
P:r';r
stisfir<er csrs tleseos clc
rroteccir-rn.
clc clisurinlrci<-rn cle ansier-lecl y t['trr
(rrcntr() gDr(x j()nal
rlclr' Lrtiliz el cLrctro eiljr'o c<r fir-nt cle const'grir' :rl
()trl)
lx(lLlc
stc es l() [lni(l)
(ltle
lc irltelcsl. /n()
rec()n( )celll( )s en es <rrtli
cion aruclkr c1r.rc se Ilr <rnsiclertrkr Lpico dc la histerir, h:rbinclosele atrilrui
dr Lrrr intent'jonlirlltrl rlc rlrstrr lrl
(fr(). (l('f'r!rstrr
srr rlcseo. cuanclr nrrr'llrs
veccs sc lrlltll cle pelsonas intrtntiles.:(sLrst(l.ts.
I)r'l
(luicncs
la sextltlicl:rl rrr
cs el fi;co clc ll <lrganizaciirn tlc srr pers<raliducl ni el srstrDra 'x)tivaci()nal
(l()
rltiltirnte'1
(Jllt
en atlguD()s tlrsos s st l[rtlr rlc serlrcir
lre
lhlstrr n() alrl(n-izir
le gcrrcralizuci<'rn ni tlispcns.r <lc un ur-trilisis rll:is ufinaclo rue rcnga en clcnlu l( )
(lur
cl sujet() ne(csiiii, u vL-ccs, inrpcri( )s.lorente.
(l(r1
r(speck) a la histcria lrlr
exisri(l() Llnlr L-n(lcncii r rstuclillrlll clestlc l pempe(livu subjetir u del otro, tlcs
clc lrt flr.rstfttci<-rn clc iste. Dcsgrat il,-l.rr rrcnlc. el terl)cutil
-xnxLsta
()
I)rtrLlLi.l
tra- tiende il iclentili(.rric con la parcja clel/l hista'ric()/x y no con el sufii
11)icnl()
(lel/Ll
pilcienl(. l,a rrgrcsiviclrrcl rlrre sc lc atrilrrte sister)riiticallreDte a lir
pefs()nu hislri(.1 cs. t,n nlr.rt'lros cltsos, yrunt
rroycccion
(le
h lx)stili(la(l ctel
()tr()
xrtLre
cl/llt histc(),/ar n() sxtisfucc sLrs clcscos. Inclu* la propia denourinrt
ci(-)n
(lr
hisl)ic(r':r lirrulurllr c()11
(larir
conn(fici(in pry()trtivl pala aqrrcl/lr
cltre rehsa cl clcsro scxrral
(lel (ft-r)
rcvcl l;t lxrstilicl:ril
(lcl
tcrxpcuh idcntili
c1r(k) con ese
()11'().
Un estu(li()
(lc
la rlcnruinacla petstinalitlacl histrirJ rc(lLr(
re rrrc se lrrrgrr clesclt lrr sLrbjttivirhcl rlc sta, clr strs tkscrs cle
(listint()s
tir)()s y
n< clescle h perspc<tir,:r de rrna peltja tlLrstrx(tx qlrc
(1cc
qrLe tirne el clelr-lr,r
clc reclamer algo clLe. legtim() cn s l)risn(). pierde cst.t
(rllidad
crumkr st tlt s
-!
324 AvNclis EN
psrco'r'tiRAprr{ pslcoANll-rrc,\
c()no(e que cl r>trc> Lrlnbin posee legitiltirlatl en dirilirse ilell en ltusca rle
satisfaccin rle cleseos n() sexLlales. [,a histetix In sid<t clcfinicla clcscle la sexui-
liclacl y no clescle la complejiclacl cle srr organizacirin y necesiclacles E[l()ii()n.r-
les
(Dio
l]leichnrar, 19i5. l9tl7. 1y)2:r. 1992b, 1994a. 199+l). AI espcck). el psi-
cotnlisis ticr)e rna
(ler(la
c()n la l)isteria Bqlriv.ente ll cle la psi(luilttrili (le
la p<ra en qre se t));rllrittal) l enfe ri() ntental. I)eL(la <ue sictnpre es el te-
srltack cle la i!{n()rncil en h cortrprensir-rn
(lc
las nt()tiv.lci()ncs
(lel ()tr()
y, s()
lrre r<rcIo. <lc diflculta(les en la iclentitlcaci(in <rn cl cliferenrc.
l,a
()tra
clesti(-)n reltivl a ks tlesers
(lue
tienen al rtro crlto su
(r),ct()
c(ciernc x preglntas
(lue
vn tits all clel c()nteni(l() cle rrn clese< en pr-
ticLrlar, cle sr terliltic.l. l'sc refielen e l1rrrleliclades est|1lctrtr.lles. tlxnstemilti-
cas. c()n hs c!illes se rc:r(ci()na alntc el
(lcse() (lc[ (fr().:tsi
ctrt<..1 kts rte<li()s
er)pieaclos pirr pr(rl()ver el <lcsco rlc stti J in cle tLre satisflrga ks clcl sl-
jet().
I)estaqLrcm()s l()s sigrientes intcrr()grntcs:
8u
dcs.,os, csluks lc titttct, c(t(hc!.6 sa lratdu a itLhtct an cl
(ftt
paru que st(, slttsli.q1u los bseus dcl stt?t(t1C<\t\ l's tirrnlrrs espccificas tlr in-
ch,cciirn: serhccir-n, t))cnazas
),
(
still()s clivcrsos
-inclrriclo
el alrnckrno fisi-
co
()
elrr()cional-, intctrl:rcirin cle cstacl()s el()ci()nles
-txcitaci(in.
rngLstilL.
micd(), s()rpresil. confilsi()n-. Trrrlrin al pr()\1)car sentitrrientos dc crrlpa y <le
r'cs1t<lns-.thilitlttl l ttl()str f cl suiel() sLl sufii)))irtnt() o rrloctsc. il(Ilv.r L,)-
c()nscientelllcnlc. en c()ri(lici()ncs
l)eliflf()sxs
(lc
inclclcnsirin <1tre
(lcspiccn
ct)
el
()tr'()
lll neccsiclarl de protcgerle
-rnoclaliclacl
ficcuente cn cl vincrlr <lel
acl<llescentc con sus figtrr':ts prrentxlcs
() (lc (
icfts person:rliclaclcs clepcnclien-
trs ert sr r-clCi() con cl terttcrrllr.
l-a pregunta silntricl rcspect() e la crrc lrcabanxrs rle
yer
serii:
ailnb
s?
rrbictr el su.ielo.fir:tttc l .l$eo dd
(lt'o?
Clestin ir la
(lLe
trat(-) cle responcicr La
cxn
(1966)
en l<ls inici<s tlc su tlr'rt, espcciiltnlrntc en llr
(litncnsi()n
cle srrlxrr-
tlinacit>n clcl sjcl() ai
(lcse() (lcl ()ll'o.
c()nstitLtr'it-rn clel prr:rio tlcsc() en l)llsc l
clel otr<, c<nstittrcirn clcl pr<rio dcse-o cn <4)t>sici(rn al rlcl <t<. fnrsrracitn dcJ
pIoPi() clese() plra liustr.rr al cle'l
()tl(); ()
en l ilup()sici(in tiftinica xl
()tr() (lcl (lc-
se()
Propio.
Lo <Ire rr,rclLrtc ir
()tns plsglntilsj reltirrs alxlr rr llr lelaci<in cltl sLrjeto
consig() llisnr():
cul'rl
es ll cla<irin ctcl sLliek) c()n respect() J sLls
(lescrh, (rlnr(,
krs rcgula'l
Es
negativistlL c()n respect():t sLs plt)pi()s cles(<)s. l<s <lcsc<nrcc, l<s
sxtisf.Lce. los rcch:lza. sc clrsti{x p(,r el lteclr< clc dese:Lt1
l(lLxn(()
krs sltisfu<.c.
),
csl sitisl)c(j(-)n in)pli(ir un intj'ctitln a sLrr Dtan(lt()r, supery()i(()s, se c()lll
prer-rcle, se crstigal
Cules
son los lipos dc cxstigo
(Ite
sc luritDJxrne?
Teln.'rtica
!
nr<xhliclacl clc regtrlar/satisfltrcr el <leseo quc n() s()n incle-
penclientes. ylt (lue
si l)ien ca(l.l sujet() utiliza firtntas p|cvlLlentcs. estlUctltr.L-
les. rle relacir)n con sus clesc<s
l
rrrn los rlcl rtro, talrbin cie.rs teltltics
espc(tlcs prrcclen <uerlar acoplds a cietcnninadas l'nodalidaclcs qtre se
enrl)lexn p[c\,.rlcntelrcnle en relaciirn con elllrs.
MODEI,O
MODU I-,\R''LRANSI'ORMACIONAI-
1'I )
llsr'^Dos
Eltocl()NALlis
Y
^NGUSTIAs:
llt stsrllNfA
D!: ALt'RT^
\' UMIiRGENCIA
I,<lsestckselno(.i()niless()nestrtlctulac()gnitiv()-af.ectivsc()nsusc()-
I fr.so( )( lieittes c(nlp(nlentcs
c(nlx)rale,
netlf()vegetltiv()s,
y estl'tlcttltas
cc-
,,i,irf.*,
(ltlr
rc\(rll.n
,lali\
'r(l'\
p.,r i'lt ls e ilrtigcne:'
)
rl\le l
'1r
tc/
(
\l:ln
llo est'tn e:-l ,tcti()n. sclacciollu
Lcttttt'Ltc"tt lJs irteJs
(lentro tlc lls selics
.;;.;,
;; ;ii.....
L"' t't"'1".,
^tecti',s
engkrbeclos
hal)itualmente
l)ai()
t:r clenonlin:Lci<'ln
ile angtrstias
s()n cl testll('t(l()
de la xctivacin
de trn
isterl1l
.t.,,t.,n,
u errergerci:r
rnre
(listir'rl,) tiP,
!\ clc pcligrrx inttrn'l\ \.,:.::ern()s:
Itn-
i;.
;;
"u,.i
,n.., vaci,in con
sus tttltltil,,les
\''rri'rnles
--<l(
'rhnclont
por
,.1 .rhietr) senti(l() c(rl1() Dl'()tect()r
o tirente
cle
'gratificxci')n
pulsiofttl'
()
in(ltl-
:,".,;;..,',i.,.
;,t ,,,,..,i,.''i''"
tle
rl' rt'rtrtlrlrlr''s l)x'l''gicr)s
rr c n lcrn rc(l't(l(s
,r,rD()r:tl(\
-..lnl.ltl\li.l\
rlt pt'tt'"ttrt t''rtt st'nlillricnll,i\
LI ttrll'l
(lr
'{'nltlslin'
:i.'i,,..11;rr",
':;,i,,,,.""'"
cle
prclicla cte l;t coherencir
,)reotxl r, corp()rrl'
ctc. Sistemrl
(lc
alefill
y
cnlerllen(ix
tlttcaclcs
P()r
el
()r(len
silrl))lico'
P()r
ls
.,rnlfia,r. . rn..
qLle J(l(ltllctcn
l'rs olljers' lxri sitlllckxtes
y lxs
Pr()pi'ls
vivcrl-
,r1". ,.r,r- ,rrrfr,.a. un
(lll'c!t'l I clei(in c()]'l el sist(-llla neLlr()\'egettivo
(lte (
!i
.i r',j,"ir." .,,n"titu1. P.rc
llc
sL herencir
fikrgcnetica'
P()r
l() qLre c()rres
;;,;;;-l;,.
nivelc-s rtis
Prrtliti\'()s
(le
str
()rganizrci(in bkrpsquica
Respert<r
l esta rlirrrensi<-rn
(lc lits ellx)(i()nes
ll-ltls ccrcans it lcr fisi<>l<igic<l'.
hay pcrso-
.,..',1,- ir,..,,r""n cn tln ltlt() i1'gl le tctivaci(in
nL'Lll-()vcllcfltliva
c()n lils
..rnc,rnlitant.s
lllnitestci()nes
lcsPirxt()rias
-tllquipnea
reiiPirci(in
elrltc-
.,rtit,.f,,, .'ta
-,
v;ls(
(llitres
Perilticlls
--t1r()ie
cilllie nt() de cxrx
y.Partc s(lx'
,i,,r clal't,-,r"x-,
sttcl<l:tcil-n
t.tqLli':lr(lix'
c(nln'lctLtl-11
de la tttuscLtlattr'r
r lttr'
.,,i. rrri.,.," en la .ccreci<in
insltlini(rt
-hipoglttcemias
psicol<igitrrs
.',rn,r,,aruI,'l
clc llt urtlsculattr
estluelrica
'tlterack)nes
cle las funt ioncs
'.'ot'
iill l):r|:1 LnIr rrr rs)lln t1t l
(grrrriTxt(!n n(rrr(
rhi( )logi( I
(lc Lr: cnr()(r)ncr'
!xse )irrrr:rsr''
l99ii Krrn(l(|, l99ii l-cl)rr\,
ly)li Shrrrr' r99r' lil
((,lntriniicDn) Ic(rente s('l)r el dol)l(
'i(1rri)
tl(
i.,.i;,il;,.::,.;(i,
(:r (rcr,,xn,is(rrr',.rr,r'r.rr cn,rrtn'rr'rrru'rrctrr'r
L'{)rn(sn.,dc(n'
rs cstudrs
(rtxi()Ilrrles
(nv() grtrdl)
(l( snlrln)lirri''r
rs !hl(rctlr( 1tnemrr'qtr<ul
<rc <lererxl'
"f"ti",,,,,.,,,.',
I-os e*Lrdirx
clc ltcirrun
1 1996) v
(.(ltrlxnx(l(nc' ir0(n1lur
P.lrdrlrs
p'rrrr
l)cnsi'r
(lLr('
li ill'i,,,,i;..-il.;ii*,...i"","r...,-,ci,,,r"'n'rrn':cnrt 'gniri('rti\1)s.(rueLrnL
re{ir)rr)
;,,:;,-,;;;';.;,,;"
ir r:esir,r
pretu'nt'rr
'rr'(rirrr
r('j rrxrc cn
(y''1v1t('r'rr' hs cnr(x'i()ncs
(' tn /,,
rrIlrA l)(n,'lr.r
0.rrc.
ki csttr(li('\ r('r(nlt.s
s('lrr( rrrcrrl()ritr irr(h('rtl
qlre l xrnH(lxlx
ccrcln:rl
(s
,rl"'r,,",,,_..,t]-ti."
\ nrcnl(niir
epis(xli'rr' rcn(lriil
(nr'r k)Qlizx(r)lr
ccrcl)rll P( otr'{) h(l() lx rt'(
nr(,'ix no
(l(.Lrrirlivx. rlJli'i(nrxdr
con llr
(i(Lui"n rl lrrnLr"ncs'
(\ diti-rcnlc
'lc.h
(lir
insorl)(i()n
:i;....;..'; ','.
.,
"r "\"knr{'rr'l'''t''l''lt"ir''rq'''
r')'){' t'r'^$rrr(hrF
rr}r't rrrr''r"t''
i,.,.;.,
'.,i"
,,, ,
'," '..,.'
. ,r l.r r.lL r lrrr'h rrr''
't''
t' t"'
"'' '"
''t
"'r'"
r'rl rrri'r('n' r'(1 , h tLrrrrr'*tt
;,';i';,-:',,;,,,..'r',1',.L.r',,ll.rtr'(rf'r'l(rr
''|
tr.r'r r'r'rlrzrLInrnrt'l'l'-''.1'''^'r"''""'
J. t.,. rr,.rrr,,i,i,,r,,g,^
\r c{,F
(-llr(tr,-
l,
nulrn(nr(,
n.IJ
(ll,.n,.,.rn.rli:i.
(\-l}nrl'r( rrrrxnr'rrr
,,,k 1,.,\
(l,k1(Jrr,
-
-i.rt rr r r\ rI r" r Fr r(1rr('"
'i'
in''"' i'
'r'
'i'rL
rrr''
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(1'r'^L rr'r' r"r'
IIr"1nrr'rl'
..'.;,'r.,,".;,,,
,t.r'r,rrr.,-l't"LIr'ntrl('rlrr'r/\''rur'
i'r'fi*
llrl
JJI
Mr )lrlit.() M(,1)L l-ll- l'RANStTORIIA(,(
)N A I
.1t(
r
AvAN( t:S l:N PSt(:() f LRAt'tA !StC(rANAl !',r ILA
f)rirl(.s.
(,1(.
ln ott-()s, cn cantl)io, aut sufiicnclo intc-osaotcnte
(]l (ontlict(),v
Lr lrrrgrrsti:r, llrs repcretrsiones neur()vegcttivls n() ticnen ls <lintcnsioncs
tttc s<,rirrlentos rntcs. Generlt)tc-nte se picnsa que el grxd() cle llcti\.uci(in
rt('r()\'(l{cttiv.r clepencle exclusiv.tllcnte
(le
ll celicl:tcl <lc las fn:rss, <le
{
l(
i'slirs scllll clc las Il;rmrchs aerrolizrntes
()
sLls opuestas. las qrrc intrnclun
rlt
rletcr'.
iista es, sin e'rllurg(), rn \'ertient( cle l cresti<-n. As c()ut() el ni
rt'l tl<, ltrs
(listintts (\)nstntes
lti<>lrgi<:rs t.ar. clentro rlc lites lrtryrllrs plue
trDrr
rolrllcir-rn
(le
suicl()s. kr nisrDo sLce(lc c()n el glaclo clc reuctivjdx(l DeLl
r'( )\'('gcl
l tiya nte las i(ierls. I)<r ello. cle ll)itncril eqLlivalcnte.r
(.()
l() (lct.t.ls
l)(
r'sons s()n cl(l)itccs
(lc
ingcrir illit)tenI()s rlcl rtriis :ltr trrtcnitkr en colcs-
l(r()l sin qLle ste incrententc
(lcsnt(
sr ra(l.rnente cn sllugre nrientr.rs
(lLre
lrill
(f-,rs
no hrl\'(lict! <1ue pr.rccll c()ntr()larrl(). las pcrs<>nes
(litlefcn
t:l)11)i(,rl
(r) (LrirnI()
l
qllr(t()
cD cue cl ctrerrr> [ca(.(.i()n1l rntc lit
.(lict
i(lc.llt\.r,
(()tr
rut'le alimentl la lrente. C()ntinuan([() la enuloga: en
(.(n](lici(nres
llt)itux-
Its. l:t tlisnrinuci<in
(lel
colestcr'()l ex(igen() y r,lrs:rs tlisllinL,e el colester.ol
( tr sitrgre; en el niycl clc la lrnelogil. ll clisDtinrrcirl
(lcl
c()nlli(.t()
P\t(lUl().
l;t
rrcilicaci<in
de h lcnte,
(lisl))inLryc
cl glaclo clc ictiv.rci()n nerlir\LSct.lti-
r:t. Iis Io cttc la experiencia pii(( )t(,ritp,(rtic scillx. I'er()
(xistc
un grup() (lc
sLr,(t()s (ire
arr-l crrnck> sc ntoclifi<luen intp()rtntcs (()nteni(l()s
i(lcttiv{)s. it
lrtser
tlc ello, conserylrn tn elevltck nivr,l l:isico tlt, activr.i<-rr'l neLl()vcgc-
l.rlivxr"l
S:rbertxrs cre prrecle sorplcncler trl lettor' <ue inclulantrrs estas clcscr.ip-
r'ioncs <lcntrrr cle un ntoclelo psicolnelitico. v lrastr sc pu<littr lleg.rr..r .L_,nsr
rlt rrr tro l-liis plr>pio clc rur r,cnti(r()git nl(lic.l- A nu(stto
irici(),
el nllrsis
('r)
Lr inrlxntancix
(lel
c(xup()ncnte i(lcrli\,() cle les retresenta<.iones
.rsrrrrir.rr,
<le l:r significlrci<in sinthrlica, hizr clcsc.rrirle cn
tsicoantilisis
-\.kclar.
nrs crr
llr
rsicologia
(r).qniti\a.
tut- los ignollr contl)lct.uucntL' ks nivclc. rrris
l.-
)rili\'()s
(lc
la
lrcrsonaliclarl
en tuc las tccci()nes psicofisiol<igicas no IlLn pu-
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.1,.1",,;i,,.,,,,
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li k)1ili(l(l
clcl senticlr (lLtr
(qltieren
el) ci
llsi(luisrl(),
senticlo
qlle, cn ctnt-
l)io. resLltr cle su luticrLrirn
sr.rs ,re,ci,ncllrs.
l,r,,,,a..,an,tt't
()tis
crecncixs
clcl tiprl
cle las tllctafltnt;l
:.:::ll"::lti::::1,:1J,,...J:;:ii::.":l;,,:ill:i,::.:::i:l::.i:iiiliil.Ji:,:il:; ,
r'r ,
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nti .tl \
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t, ,
t)ln !trnt(..
Si <Drt vrnintos
insisicu(l()
a lo lurgo clc estc lilrr. l<s est:rclos,rfecti\r)s
y
];.:..:1.::1.,.: I :':r.rt,
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n \r prcscnr:rn (rnrx)
ct resuirl(k) (le
t lrri( Lll(.i(in
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lt:t,tttiCrt<<n cl rlrc <.lrcllr pers()n:t
Ori(lc l
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1
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() (lel
sulii)rirnl(>_
\.:l lr nrrt.:rr cacJlt alaa,-,,
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r.r\ r'fl\(.(.U(,\.
t.r. rtre
ro,l|t,,1
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tr I,rD(,\ 1., t.lrlh, rjc l.r
l).1.
(rL.ntL.,
Lr(l,r rr,r (l(ru
lr.rhr.
rrr.i n(fici:r
ck,slrgr.rrcllrlrlc..,,,.,.."n.,ll"ir,,
no
1,lor_llt lr(fi(.i:l
en si sirto por cl
f)eljgr.o sunu(\t,,
rltrt l-r rnisnr.r
r,,.t,.,.,,r._r,]...n,,,I, p,,,,
srr vkla.
"AIc:incenDte unil c()pit (.()n
alzLt(.:tr_1, r,[r sir grir
:rn!r;sliri(k)
L,n (,se,
l)r()nlcok).
rrlrir.:rnck
cnton<.r,s i,l puligr.,
r,n.u .,,._,1.,,
L,r., i,,.ii,,g,,,
r".,,trr,, r('..{i\'
lv,r
l.r 1,1i..
... rrn ,1r,.li..lr.ir,,frr..1,..,,.t.,1,,r,1,,,,.i
,;;,.,;;,i,,,,,,,,,,,n
Icnslt
l)cr(),
s,l.c
ttclo. si se
l>r.ol,
,nA.r
.,,,t, ,r,.,,
,r,.,1., l, i,. .. .,r,rii.,,
INr'tiNslr)A)
Ar.L.c.rvA
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rNsul,t(.
tNcrA
trtr I- lxpr.r
r:rriru DItr. I)r,spr.AZAr
riNt.a)
..-
I)cto
insistlln)(is
tn lil
I)rcgLtnt-l .rrrt.r,s k, rcre rlelrrrrtina
rrre
trnlr itlclt
l('n;l.r
un.t gr.tn
t.l)e(.u\i,,1
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r.r.,,,,.,r;,,;..,i.; ,,,;,r.,,,,.,
.."
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;,,.,.:,;;.;,,,;'.i.'.i...;,.,;,,,',,,..",,,,r.,r.,
c\pli(ilr
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<u.rlicllcl
cle <.ielt:ts
,,.r,,
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i.r".,.
-;,,,;;,:.
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,,,,,",liillii'll,l
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r,r.
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r'st,, strcrl.r
stl.r
tlliril c.rresl ionltrl< . lrstltnclr,,r,,"a,r,.,.i0,,
p,,t. t,,
clr'tic psic( )r n1r liti(.il
l)xra
rn(.()nfr-ilr
cvi(len(i1s.
.pcr(
) f"
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pr,ru..
(rn,,,(l.lt..irr,r
ln.t
n.rc rlc l:l ,,..r,,.,. ,,,,,r.'_.,.
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t]c:r cn c c io.ii\-i(lu()
cn pirnicrrl.r.,\Lur
r.r.rntlL,
"ix,li.,.r,l,,l"',,Ui."r,f,,.f c()r(cl)ro (ie
(lL'splazarlricnr(>
cn ,n.r
'rgrrsir,n
. I i" tit,,;-"-;;p;.'1r,,.
"n,.,,,.,
hrrrxrs
r.on Il oltliget.ion (le (lilr (.lentil
clc, crlil es l" r"r,rn if.l lr, inlp()rtun
<irr tlc le iclclr
r.irnlria cn l:t scric. _stL- cs cf pr.,rlrlcua
ccnrlrl qrrc:r
nL(,sr.()
jLtici.
st- s.slrrv:r
t.u:rncl<i
s<,uJ>cl.r
,,1 ,,,..-,,r,,,,,1,.1.,
.]..if").,,,,.,r1,,
,,,,,,,, ,.t.,
s:r sufi(.i(n1(.
l)ir: ir\tifi(rr el :lc,crrr
cle ,,r,, ;,f." pr,,,il;1i..,.-
-"""
Acaso
ia itlce clc la muerte.
(le
la:rgresitin, cle ia lxrroscxrtalitlrttl,
rrr,
(l(
n
()cupr
el lrrgar de causa inicil cuanclo cclrt]probanros
(lur
nli(ntrirs
I);ll.t
.rlrttn-tos sLr s<la rttencicin es clpaz cle clespefiar el lrlis illtcts() ltrrrrr. trt
,)lr'()s.
en cl(nll)i(). son
yivitlas
cle ttn nt:Ln<rl l()talmente <lilctcntt'i'Sttr()rtcr
,uc ttltrt itlelt tcngl cle p()r si ttn
(lete
nririt(ll inrensititi rrleclivlr, r,'
rr
r,lLr estuvicra cr ll nrturlczrr rlc les cosas, crr> algo innraneDt(, it-rlir:r ti.
\( chr ftr(l() el oxlen siml)rilicrr en el crLal aqulla se eligin.I y sLl)sisl( . I:r
(
l
Ir,lnbre nr sr-rlo la red icieokigica cir.re
ua
srt pens.lllient() no rcsttll:t tk l '
,tistr
rle lo niltllr:ll
ya
<tre <tc'tndc clc los lrrclrillos y cle la firlult
(lt ()rilirri
zrrfLrs tlur lc xp{)r'trn sus
()tx)i
sillDifici\'()s \in()
(lLe.
lxDrl)in, atlrrclkr rttt
, on lrastante l:rxitrrrl llenltnrrs afectlr cs crr'istrtticlo en tu-t proccso c-n cl ttrt
lr iclcntiilcacin clcsempea rrn
-lrpel
centr;rl. El horror
1
el placcr st r':ttt
.r rnstituycntk r. titlrrlrin. en los intcrcrnbios
jclentificak)rios
con el r)tro signr
lir rtrivo.
(lu:tnclo
cl nio. cn el irl)rrz() ittlilpantc
(lLtc
inrllicu l:r i(lcnt ificx( ii )n, rlllr'
tl.r lij;rckr lrl s(Dli(l()
(lLlc
Plir
cl olxr ticncl] Lr:, i(les
(lc
mrerte. cle lx1r,.,
rLaljclcl o rlc'agresirin, sir)lLlltnexlnente se Ic trlnsmiten ls manilrstr'rL rtL s
cor]xrtalcs tlre llts llc(nllp.rlln, el esta(l()
(llj
tcnsi<in cn k)s l1]itscul()s. Lrrl l( tlr
lrkr' cn ks lllisnt( )s. Ln lip()
(l(
rtlil-(l. Ln
(
ierta ntilnc'[
(le
rl'spiritt
-('l
s(,s
l)ir():ngrsti()s(). t<lt
ejenrplo . \'si en
(
) t r
'(
) : i r t t I r i t < . cl rlel lengrtaje. tlr.tt:tttt.
l,r rrcltuisicirin cic lrr clrpeticlrrtl
l)l.i
pl()tDciir-etucllt>s lirnct-ttas cttt'sort
rr'r>ios
clc Lrn iclirtlt y no rle ottt. sc terDlinil sbicncl( r.rrlocar en lrt
rrrsi
r'ron arltcucl algo ten prro risillc c<rx la lengLta en el interi()r
(le
llr lxxir
c,.r'rtle, llcglin<lose as lr
-rodcr
(]lllitir
s()ni(l()s cuc son iflrposibles
rrrr-;r
lrs
Iltlri:tntcs cle otto irlirrt:t, no nos clebexs s<:t'ptentlcr <ttc h iclentilicrrr. i,,rr
t,nrotrrr'.rl t())r'irl
(ucrp()
cn ttna rlir'rttnsirin tltre llt rrlis lrllll cle lt:s gcstrrs,,
lJ ir(titu(lcs cr1>orles xl)ic a)cntc olrserul>lcs. Soble L l>ase cle Ia rlisrrr
sition dl(la po[ la biokrgia. tlc ks <ilcuitos inmlk)s nclrr(flsi()ltgicos cut sr'
il(ti\'aln. se acl<uicrcn cn el cn(LcDtr() c()n cl
(r()
significlttivo los.ftncrLts,
(le
l()s cstx(l()s errr(irnrrles
().
p()r cl c()ntr'rio, se tlcjln
(le
ilctualizar
(l('((r
rin:rtlrrs
rotcnci.r
liclrrcles Los cst:rclos cnxrcirrn:Llcs s()n r(lui!lentes il i(li()
r)irs
(lue
se lsi:rilln en su tsrcc ifi< irlacl r.le rrcrcrckr a ciriilcs sen ks
.lllrllr-
rkrs, por lLtrrelkrs cuc r-orlean ul srtjeto. euntttc la caplciclltci cle haltlarl<s sclt
,,,1
.1,,
r
l)r{,\
l\t,,
l
n,r llr l,i,,l,'[r.r.
I)(r'()tr plr(e. los fi'nrinrcnts rrrrlrorales no sc lirttitan ll ser llleros (()r11
lnirrnlcs
t1e lus ir[es en un pr()((s() <tre ir'lt tlescle stiLs hxcilt atlull<. l,<r
rLre srrr'etlc cn tl trrcrlo sc inscrilc en cl
rsitrtisDro
en ur cloble ni\c'l:
I)()r
Un l(l(). en tant() rcprcscntil( i(in clel crre'rPrr pcxr. sirl1ult:inc:tlDente. csts r('-
rresentaciont's
rlel
(
uo p() pal.rr// ,l .d)t?silttlcdr las dcas tltlc las actit'Ln'()tt.
El in(()nscientc no srilo lc halrl:t ll clterpo, lo pareliza, lo xncstesia,
jtteg:t ,.,,tr
l.ls rcprcsentltci()oes rrerlintc hs crales el cr.rer'xr puccle inscribilse en cl
rsi
(lr,risrl)r).
sin() trre turtrbirr lo cstuehl. se
(lciil
slgssti()n.ll
:rot'trl.
Si cacl.t rt z
ruc el srrjeto sicnlc miecl() sr.')c
:)(rcltrce
Ll esl)aslr)() clc csfago, un.r
()lrr'
.1.5(
t
AYAN( ljS IiN lrsICo',r'laRAptA PSt(i()AN^Lt'r-tCA
si()n
(jn
el pccln)
()
Una clirea,
(lespus
lastarir la presencia (le
estos ele-
l]r(llr)s
Pl-:r
(lue
sc (tive la ctcenci cn el pelig). Y n() n()s est.ul()s re-
lilitrrrIr arrr ir qLe scxn crtlificados hipoconclriacarner)tc, a qLc cl su
j({() sulx)ngr qLlL, ell() indicall un nral firnci<natnient()
(lcl
cLlerp()
}'
que
l)r'('ilnLnciase
h mucrte, sin() a Lrn tip() l)s prilliti\.()
(le
pr()ccsuntietrk) in-
(()n\(iente.
[\)r estxr
iUnt()s
ckrs cstnclrs. ctr(h un() errrc:t al otL<t, p()r(luc llls
r(l)r esentilci( )ncs clcl pcligro sc .lc()t)rprin cle lus represelrtec ioncs cle los
l)r()aes()s.e
rlescarga l'egetativl
(lrrc
prsirn en cl cLrerp(), scrli stlicicnte ultc
ri()l-lDrnle quc estos ltitrr<s cst('r-r presentes
-cu.lLlui.,tu
.\1,/ .s/ d/ !,,r1. in-
r.hso rna cr:fereclrl iisice. pr>r cjenrp)r>-, p:rllt tue cl srielr) sicnt
(luc
el
I)rligr()
cxistc y l>trsclLrc entre slts hrellas tnnsicus las rrre cotresponclan al
rlisr](), c()n l< cual lemrinr:i enc()nt-lln(l( ) algo qtre lc :tstrslurr.
Explicacirin
(re
l)()sce
un inrera,s cspccial pucs lt()s llLestr:t el
(,fr()r
dc
elgun:ts teorus sol're Ils cnfentreclarles psi(
(
)s()ntiil ics c-n Ils cpc:l cllc()n-
1rrsc
(iefiirs
fcpresentlrci()nes filnt.r\Il].iti(.r:, sr \Lrp(,nc tr( i,(,n s\tats lxs
(luc
llrs originln. n() recon( )r in(l()se
(lLle
Ln:l lcz
(lcsetlax(lent(ll
lx xfi,L(t()n
(1)r-
1)(ill
tl psiqrisr))(, pirsir lt rsprcsenlarl. Sc trDl lrr irrraginulizlrcion oc rrlrich
(
l)().\lark'i
ct>r't\o la crrs clel ItniDcnr rrre en realicle<l firt la <4xrrlrrnicllrcl
rru:r
crtc aqulla se dcsrr<lllrr
'lirch
frtrttilil va crear-I(k) en srr nricrrrlrros, ctc,s<lc. l mris t(.nrpr!nl iniln-
ci;t. ttn acople enrre !lcter llIina(k )s cstt(l()ri errrocitrrlcs, el
>r'incipio
glrlreles
t ircliferenciaclos.
)
ciertxs l epresentci( )ncs
(lc
pers()nils, <lc cosls, dc sittra-
tioncs. constiruy('n(l()sc de cstlr mlrner.l Lrnu csl)ccie rle sillrlrrrio lr:isict.
(.tr;rrtkr
el nir) cscuchit s()steDc) su
()tr()
sigoifj(illirrr cltrc lgrricn
,,ttr!r)
tllt
stlir)lient() lltr'()2.... es Dr:is clc ]o
(lte
Ltnir pers()ti
I)Lecl(
sr)p()rlxl..., ni tc
rtrcclcs
imairtiu lo qur: srrfr-iri,,
(lLrecllln
c()n\'o(irdas t()cllts I.ts replescnlci()
rts tltl ckrlor', n< sirl<r l.ts sLtrgi(ls
(lc
cxpcliencitrs
rr<lpilrs
-r'e:rlcs
t,tirnta-
s(
(l'r\- sito )lrs aportlttlas pol Irs ctrcntos, l()s lil()s, les nril procltrr'ciones
rlt' llr <Llturr. I)er<. aclenrs. cotrr() cl sull-irlrienk) cs,,1)t1is cle kr rlre sc
tueclc
irrlrginar,, en sL mentc se gcnent I crnvi<r'iiln
(lc (lue
p()r nliis
(llrr
pin\E
,.'rr
rn tklor lrollible sierrlr: Ilav rrne posil>ilicla(l
l)c()r.
y s()l)rc fr)tLr rrrr rclri
irrso>rr able.
('()n
l()
(lu(-
se prepr:r el sentilnient() blrjo cl qLre sc \,'ivir.i. I)a(l()
(lr(
cst()s
jtricios
cle at[()z.
(lc'lt()rril)lc,
cle insoponable. son escuch(k)s p()r
t l rilto r'oro trlrlica(lo\ tilnk) a l.r l))Llcfle
(\)n1()
a ltL cntertnc<lucl iisicu, u l: ll-
crr. rrl ftLclrso nlrcisistl
()
lir Irr uoscxrrr liclarl, lockr k asi r'rrlificarkr tlue-
rIli virr<rrlckr entre s, lun(lue see <lispar, por el sinrple hech< cle ser sulr
r lrrst tk' l:r caltcl{()rll
(lue
los lrerca. l,uc.g. ca<lu lcz
(lLlc
sc acivc cn sLt
llx
(( (li\li(i(! (le -itir()2" ()
"ins(
)l)r rlxl)lr" sc ilfruerall 1()(ls lts reprcs(tl.( r(F
ts rI Lrs
(uies
se prretllt prerlicar
(]uc
liencn cs r'tralicllrcl la olu(rte. la
x
lsrtrrr'iir. l lr Lrltillaci(rn, el rhanclont, Il poltrezl, le faklacl-. lll fichcr
r Lrsilrr;rri lrrrr rltcl c()nccpk) se poncl[i cn filnci(r]xlllientr ), sc rc((,'(r..r.
rr
r|s r r /ri t t tk',q) i4 tlL, t)tdL' tPrau-dittutht lct q k ot gatiad lat c tL tlL tiitt
th,trrtn,lkts t,t'tts qtlc.l(pat lelt lc clld.
IUoDIj,() M()DULAR--t',RANSt<lRlv^(:rONAt.
3.'t7
Lin pacientc, cr-tya maclre le ltabia crinck en rn clilna cmoci<nel crn< si
estuvicrll en el
.tren
ttntasrutr"
()
en l.l "clsa cle ks lrr>rtrrres" dc ios plrques tlc
ertlret(nijcnl(), cn tLre catllr D)on)ctt()
(lcplu'
Ln sust(). vicne un cll a la sc'
si(ir c()n irnginas y IDc clicc:
,Jltngr
ur dokrr cle gargant:r teril>1c,, acentuan-
rk cn cl tono clc v<lz esta ltiDlr palalrr':r. Ilxcc Lrn silenci() y l c(rntinuaci)n
rrlrpiez:l ll scntirsc :rsustll(k). c()n llli((k) r ln()t'irsc tlcl corz<in. fl recons-
trucci(-)
(ltc ptrcle ltlLcer rlc l sccLcnci en l)sq lL expericncias alnlun()rcs
(D
r.uc algo sinrilar hlra rrtrrrickr fire cue <lcsrui,s rle
rrrrnunciar
la palaltra te-
t|ilrle
-,.'t
sr c?s.l
jrnrs
rn rl<lor clc
llrrl{lrnt
()
clc cubcza eran si[rpleuten-
tt os(), iici))l)r'e
(r
',I('l'U.l()
rn clkr clliblc, rlc.c;rl>c21....
(lc
gargnta, etc.,--
la palelrtr
"tcnilrle,
crlrr itLlr)n()nt:l c()n respc( I() lrl tlolr>r rle
largtnta
y ltc-
tLrn(l() c(nn() algo gcnrico pasr'r a signilicar.elgo terrihlc nte pa:ja,, re.tcti,
viln(l() el rllic(l() .ll int:rfi(),
(lLe
cstlrl).1 r incrrle<l< l:r mrrcrtc
(le (rn
rrnig(, srll-
rili(lti\1). lis l()
(lrc
succ(lc c(m a<rrellrs cue
r:rra
clcseril.lir rn estatl< fisicr
o tnental cliccn
"cstlty
I)c( lt() polvr. lo
(llre
Llnil vcz escuchark por el inc()ns-
\ l( nl('
I',.r\.1
: ll] I('lll( ll.lr (
l \Llsl,
l-rrs tjcrrlrkrs ilr{cIi()lts l))Lcstrn cr>llxr lits l))llri(cs pasioDltlcs:lhstrit('
lrs
l)r'()(h(en
ks nrictks crrc sc sucerlcn intrnt)in.rl)lcltrsnte. En algtrnos c:r
s()s ll
(iutlctcisli(:
csencitl cle estrs nlic<ks cs
(lLe
sc prcsentan cottxr cl
l.{ril(l()
Itlrixirn() ck'kr <rtc
rr.rcli(ta
cOmesponclcr':r clttllr ttno cle krs telttlts
(l(,
Irrs lttc se vlt ocrr>itnrLr l ncnte: si sc trltta tlc cntl,nlctllclcs, sc
nrcn\:
(,,r
clinccr; si la
rrcrxulltci<in
es l() ec()n(-)rlli(\), se rrrnclrtyc tltrc soltrevcnclrii llr
Iuinil t()txl. ctc. El inc()i]s(icnte firnCirne.
Pare
e<r.rellas
rcrsonas
dornin:r<ltrs
I)()r
cl s('!'tlit]ritn) tlc tltrc el ltrrol ae(r'h.r,
(()t)t()
Lr)il csl)ccic
(le
r)).(lrllr,
rlc tntrltirlicar pol lir crrl krlr l<: rue proccslr kr va tntnslirrmand() en l() )t:is
lcrr(nfic() <lc stt
rcnslrrlo
cn el ire cr-r
(
ucsti(in- N() cs
(lue
haya rrn clclt.r
nlin(la tiltrts:l elt
l)ilrlicLllr.
!'a
(()1sti(ui(lx,
cfi-r'icl u rrna situuci<tn cle
ltc
ligrr rlltkr sir'r()
(lrc
l()
(lLrc
exislc cs trn tlisrosilivo lujo llr lirrtna rle rrn rnl-
lriz
l)xsi(al
1ll)stnlct.r
(lLc
cs
(l)itz
cle kuar clt(lll una clc lirs fantasas
lr:trti(Llarcs
y bus.!r. titc(li.utt( utl !rdbd() tfu
!'()dt!cciAt.
hsta krgrar en
c()r1lr'.rr uni( \'itiiln(c
(lr
c(l !lolt tlc cllas, ttrt scr:'r llr crrclici't rlte tlcs,
l)c
xr cl l)()rr(n n)iixirl().rL)r'
l'aIe apttrxirnlrrnos l i<tca
(lc
c(inn) s()n ests rllatriccs arl)stratctats, intat
ginenkrs cl rlr()t)en) cn crrc rrlguicn, tflts lllll)cr
(lcnr(ll(l()
en el ret()rn() l slt
r;tse, lleglt crt c[r
(lct]lLtLl:r(Lt
]
c(
( )nl r:in(l( )sc
((n
a(lLtel <ltte kr espera lc
tlice:.l'eso alg() lerril)lcl,. I)rr1u-rtc l.t iicc i<-rn rlc tiell)p()
(lue
traoscLlrrc ll.ls-
t:t <uc se lrrincla h infirrrnaci<n. cl ruc se halla cn sLspens() pasa rcvista, c()n
r:I to(tzin cn vikr, rt ruil sitLr.lci()ncs rrrt
Purlitrrn
a()rrcs])(xxlrr u lo lntn-
106. l)r unr ihrs':r(i(in
(le
c(-,rrro.Lr;rncLr v pitsa (lu(
:llg() te|Tillc \r ocurrir se es(\(li
n:r cl h(ni,/n(( :r lx Ini.(t(l((lx (lc (.ll('
!'rr
(,(n.r(nlri. (krirn(l()\e
ir lx: i(lcls
([rc
rc varL
I\.r]
srrndo tic L,s rLrtlidad tlc lr,xn,r, \i.r\e !l rxs() (lc l pxci(nt.r)n rnl(l() rr ser h(nn(,\cxul
(l(l
(;rl)ittrl()
2 (rnc el rasrxuisnx:, a)xr'titrhr
.t rn
cxsi) .1inic() de fi)l)ix x h h(nn()srxulirl:l(1 .
33lJ AVANC]JS I]N PSICOTIJI{APIA PSI(JOANAI-1'I(]A
ciil(l(). t()chs ellxs sietltpre clentr() cle la cnteg()ra cle kr lr(.rorosr. cle kr ilrre
calsa espant(). Cruncio el psicluisrno firncic>na lrajo el iruperio cle matr.ices cle
estc tip(), ft)cl! rcpresentaci(-rn
-cl
citstigo edpico clue Drenitza el sujet(). lit
agresi(-)n quc l c<ruetiri < trntlseri. la talla crrc cuestion:t su narcisirrllr)
().
en
planos llrs c()nscientcs. las
(iistints
prerrcrrpaciones
cue h virla llr <frer.ien_
cl<r-, al se: nretlx)lizil(l p()r ess nlrLtl-iccs. ttcbir conru.firnta
lr.[icukff_
ztttlu u uttella dc sus t,.uidutas rlle dparczcat cont k.l nts t?rriblc.I)cl cn_
cLentr() c()llll)inat(r-i() entrc una ntltr.iz rle elevach grarlo dc- ill)slruc(.i(-)n
-"algo
tclrilrle pasar],- c()n
()t1.s
qlte. sin sel ltl)tl.c1Ltivas. sin elltl)ltrg()
tartrbin s<n clascs <r.re coltpren(lcn distint()s elct))tlnli)s
-.lte
ciistig.u.l...,, n
(uc.clstigllti"
es:rlgo inclefiniclo-, surge el scnti,trieut()
"el
clrsrigo srr.r telri
l1c,.
(irn
lo <rre sc:tltre el ccorriclo cle trrlos ls cstig()s tc-rril)lcs p()sil)lcs
hestl
,r'ti<ttlariznrse.n
Lrn() cle cllts. I)e cst.r,r.neftr. la,r-r<ltrina clc,trrlti-
plicar clel inc(s(ientc ha firnr.irlrrk
lencl.rn(l()
un<> nris cle sus pnrcluc.tos.
Bste
(tr:'lctcl
lenerlrtiv()
<lt'l inc<xlstiente es lo <ue sc le escata :l ls c()n(.cl)
(i()nes
quc
raru
cxplicar ls icles olrscsirus Iruscn otr:Ls idc:rs inconstjtntcs
<rte cstar'an c<rlelacionltclas. Llnir !l Llnlt. <rrn la tltrc
()cup
lll pr.e( )(11[)-lL l( rI
conscientr clel sLrjer.
l,:r clifcrcncilr purx l1l telapi:l cntr.( cstll crrnt.cpr.i<in y le rk:l clcspluze_
l)icnl() cs clecisivu: si sc crcc
(Ltc
cl lx-t.ol rrrc
(lespict.fil (nl
i(lc es
lx)t-(lur
(lct[is
licnc tr
()tr
qre selilr a la crrt ltlr]rtill-ln(nr(. 1(.((,rrc\l),n(lL.r11 cl ili,(.
tr), cl analistl se sulllerge cn Ltn nlar sin tilclo tlc ltrisrucrla clt rrril irlces
tar
ticulrrcs. []n crnlir si slr atencion sc clirige ltacia les crccn<.ias nl.Lrri(.(.s p.r_
sitnles. a le razrin cLc su c()nstitu(.i()it.
\, lll lrill)aj() solrrer clls. st: clcl L
l.rosilrilirhcl
cle sr clalxlrcirin.
LAs AN(iusttAS t o:srNltx;tr:riN ). l:ttA(; M ItN.r.A(.r(iN
K()lrLlt
(1977.
19u,i)
(lestxcl
rcitcraclunrentc l il]tp(r.txncii rlc lo rue rlc,
n(xlin:r ln+lsiis <le clesintcgra<.ir-rn. tlcntro clc les ctralcs iltcltyc l.r -utgrsli.r
cle ft:tgrtrentaci<-rn.
'
'- Rcslrltl nccc\.tri. L ).1 ai(rt.t
I),(](i.ii(,n.,.cr..-r
tlc rLri,sc
enticnde Ill)itLltllt)cntc p()1. 1tnlrsti.rs tlc clcsintcgrec.ir-rn y tragntcnt.r,. rl)n. sLr
bre toclo porrtte lrr exrr.csir-rn rrs:tcllr
rot.
los lrnlrlist:ts
(lLt (lc
Lrnl
(f.ir
ntlnc
l se hallan inflrrcncilclis p?rr l:r
rsicologe
clcl .scf est lcjos rle hecer un us<r
tni\'(x.<). C(nn() printclu il pt( )xinl(.i(')n (les(.tiplivx
tligatuos crrc lils argusliils
tlc li agnrcntecir-rn rr-r'esJtonclen a lo cue sc sientc tn el ctrarlro cle tlespersrr
rrrlizrir-n. en cue la
l)ers{)n
!ive sus
l)t.()pjlrs
cxpcriencias c()tn() cxtftrxs.
l(r- I'ir ,r in(J() rl! disrrirrrinl(.ta)Il .()r\(.rpllll .rrlre irnausijls (Lc ([\inr(,!rl(
i(-)n \
(l(
l,rgrr( fr.r( ra)n.
y(sr
]\kn]is()n. I9sr ltsrc (n-siguicnd()xK()lrur.(r,nsi(l(rx(lLr(.r.rs.ur!.:rr,rs
ri|lri(! i,s (l(.v:r.|()
\
(lrt)itidr(t (r)
rl hrnci(rrl ritnr() dcl r.4i v rIle tx (,rn(,rs(n(il (t(.rr1)i1| jn
crrttr.Lrrl:r rrrt l'r.c scnir (t.r
s. pi(r(te !l .(,nr()l \ tx (lirctir.nrtirlud
rtt t:r rrrtLrcrl
MoDIJI,o MODL]I,AIt'I'RANSlloI(MA(-IoNAI-
en <ue llrsca palalrras pan clescril)ir lrlg()
(luc
esc.tpa lt lu
>osilrilitl:rrl
tlt scr
tlirnsn]itid() : trr,s tlel lcnguaje conyencionll. pues corrcsrontlt lr s( ns.r( r,,
nes tan prfiiculrres
(lLrc
sa)lo pue(lcn ser xlu(li(hs me(lixntc mcllilirrs rr(
sic-nt() extrr(), c(mr() si calninasc sclrc rn nrrbe y no totsr rl sttIr. rrrrr
si li vieru t(xl() x tm\,s de un velo. c(nl() si n() firera
1t:.
<rrnl si nr
(
rr( rl ,
n() firem n)(), c(rt]() si n() frrer:rn Dtis pcnsautientos,. lll cltn()ntinlr<lor'<ttrrr
es
(lrte
a(luell() a l()
(lLre
llill)itlrallnentc n() sc presta ltrnci(in cl firntionrr
llricnk)
(lc
l:r prrria r]]ente. por ejenrplo- pasa a ser el fi)c()
(le
lrtcl( i, n)
tn
'r
cl scntil)rient()
(lc
extr:lezl rtre
Procluce.
Aigunas varilntes clc l.rs.lngu\lr.r\
rle f r':rgrrenteci<-rn son:
1. hl scntinicnto
(lc
cxtrxezll c()n respeck) x lx propia l)rentc:
('l
sui( l( )
sicnle
(lrc
tienc
(lilicuitx(l
l)[
cnc(rtfar Jls palabrls adeculclas, tr.r< str tlis
(Lll's()
es c()llx)
(lcsltilVan:lcl().
<ue lo tlr.re clicr lc rcsulta c()111() ilien(r, r('n, \r
n() cstL\'iclil kfllntente c( )nc('lttl aL(l( ). <rrrx si hhlase clc una lltilnc(r irutr)
Driti(x sin cst:rr irlcnliflclrclo con lo tue rlicr:. crrc sr llrente no resp()nrlt lrit r.
(irrrro
rlijo rnx prcienlL'pem rcftrirse al cstu(k)
(lLc
s()la tcner algrrrrrs rLr
nringos
J'tor'l
l}tnlt:
.l\4r
ler,nlo y nre sient() rlrra. le cal>ez:r no rr<
()lx'
rlece, estol'nredio srrrinrlrtl. S()tl rtli.
I)(n\.rrlli(nt,,\. PEr,)
<s r,\nn) si \'lli('
rn srkrs. sin r,,.
2. Scntiruient()s cle e'xtfaczrr corlxrrai. El grackr rnl'rxi|Ir lo en<<nlr;ru,s
cn el c(nnicnz()
(lr
algunxs cs(luiz(flenias. cn <rrc cl
(
Lrerp() y, sollc lo<kr
lrrl
Ies cle stc
--(:u-1,
l)rrz()s. rtc. s()n senti(k)s c(r() lljen()s. El signo rlt'l t sx
j()
c()nstituyc. plecisxlrente. trn intenlo tk rec()n()cer c()llr() propio elgo rLrt rI
pr(mt() pusr ir scr vivi(l() r'ortxr no integrack en la iclenticlacl. fln pa(i!'nl( nr('
rclelir <rre elgunes ,r()ches l llc()st1lr-se t('nr la scnsecir-rn cle
"c1r-rc
y() esl())':r(llrt
)'nri
cuerp() cstli ul lu<k nlo.
(()ln()
si esluvierll seperrdo rle Ir,,.
J.
SentiDricnt()s
(le
extrcz:r solrrc la itlcnticlacl gl()l)l;
"n()
Dre i(nt,, \!,
.es
c()n]() si lltrlricr' cirnll)i(k)'.
.n()
rtlc rcc()n()z(()". Fln cst()s crls()s k)
(lL('s(
ricrclc
es h sensut ir-rn cle crrntinuiclucl lelrpolel cle lu iclcnticlad, dc scl Lrn()
nrislx) tr.l\''s rlcl paso <lel lienlp() \
(ls
lts cerrlrirs c()rp()mies. clcl cnvtjc-
(inri('nlo.
No cs inflccr-rtntc cn l rlolcscencill cn l
(lue
rcstlta txn
(lil(il
nrntcncl cl scntinricnt() rle iclcniclrl.
(lc
misnri(l(l
(
Etiks<n, 1959).
KolrLl. cuanckr sc rcficle il ls n!Lrstils <lc <lcsinlegltcir-rn y frtgrllcrtlr
(i(-)ll,
s()slienc
(re
st.rs lcstirl()niln le clillcultlrrl
(le
Dlntcner un..rzf colrrsi
vr,, cs clcciL, una rcPrcsentaci(-)n
1'un
tirncionanlienl() en
(lue
el sujcl(, \('
siente
(\)n)()
Lrn uni(llld. en crrc cl clrcrp() \'lil lllentr s()n \i\i(los coll)()
l)ill
tcs in(lis()hrl)les cle si nislro cn el presentc y. aclernis.
(()n
sentirienk)
(l('
c()ntinui(la(l tcoll)oral. Un tjcrlpl() cle .scf cohcsirrr esture clack por la exrt'
rienciu clc Lrl sLrjet() t(flrlllentc surttclgido cn Llnll cicrtlr a(tivi(lrd 1jstlll l()
t:rltnente irrPlitackr en un lrllrajo, t:stxl rcluto(l() l!a() c()n cntrsisrll(). lrir
llarsc crxrtclltrlltnckr un cspectlicrrkr quc lrtrap, csiilr lixcicn(l() cl irll()r
(1n)
J4O AvN(iris EN
psrcot-riRAptA
pslcoNAl.r.tc^
pusin
,v
olvick> clel tiernpo. etc
-.
in k)clas csts circrnstancias,
el sujetc> n<r
(r)senil
sLt propio
funcionantienk)
c(rt pre()cLpaci(in,
no se f.ragntenra.
es
rne lnicl:rcl tirnci<nal. L()
()pLlest()
sea la prerxupacia)n y fttriaci(in ()l)sesi_
va cent(ll en la insarisf;cciitn
con la propiu ntentc <, el cuerpo.
Cleemos <ue K()hut let(xna, (lent()
cle sL pr()pi()
rtodeo c()nccptrx.
lc)
qtte en F'airl)lirn
(1952)
constitu,() cl c\tu(li() clc k,s cstr<k,s usrrrizoicles,
ca_
r,L'tertZ,Ll
'\
n(,I
len,,))en,)s
clt.tli.,,rl:rti,,n
n,, tlni{. t(-ntc,lvl.en.rr,,, _p.rr..t
er"itar la angrrstia- sin< crel>icr.s. tar,l>i,n. a falras est^rctrrales. Frn K()l)Lt, Ia
flilgtltentxci()n
es cielirla e la f-llla del
(r)iet()
extemo en
(lcvtrvclunt
tntagen
tniflcacll clel srick). C()nstitryc rrna cjentplific.acir-ln (lc
ca)tr() sc puc(lc_ (lcstl.Uir
le collesivitlecl clel .sr,//. la experiencie
"n,1,,.
l.,n nio sc clirige:r str
lnclctlrra-
clre <rrn. la.expectxti\,? (le
qLe lrella le contentple con entLrsiasnxr y la res
prestl (lel/'l.L
pacLe/nraclre
cs seulrle rn aspccrr> inaclecuaclo (lc
su vestinlcn
tl
() (lc
sLts nxtlales. < lo sucias <rre cst,ln sLrs ntarn()s. lln vcz cle clcvolt,elle.
a
tllrvs.cle h c,speclrlarizlrcirin positiva glolral.
una lepresent(.i(in
unilit.acle
clel
nio. kr cue hace es frrgrnentarle y <.cntnrr su xtcncin en Ln pllr.tc.
EI telrpcr.rtu purde
c()ntdl)Uir !l arl]lcntr le filrgrucntacirin
tlel plciente.
1'el
sentimient.
corresponcliente.
cran(l() sisteru.rti(:lnlent..
se
(letlenL,
cr-r sc-
ltla nrccanislos cle cletensas. f:rlls cn su senti(l() (lr
rcliclacl, crn<lu<{:rs
inatlectraclls.
sin transrnitif. siltlult.nc.lllrnf(, (lur
ui(rs.lspc(krs
s()n Lna par_
te rlc unl pers,naliclacl
lrs tnlplit, r-ic.:r, cli'er-sifir.ch (l.e
t(lLell() qac se est.r
tr.ll)1ljen(l() en ese l()nlcnto. Frentc la clisyr-rnliva
rle nr scallr las cletc,nsas
l'las lintitaciones, para no fiagnrentlf el stLjekr
_l)iisicanrente
l prrspcctrva
(le (iclt()s
anlisas krhtrtianos-
tlsl.s l clc ir knanckr clrclu vci rn cictr
rasg() pat()la)gic()
clel pacicntc
cn rna ser.ie infinita
_ltiisicntentc
l.l perspL_c-
tiv
(le
ciert()s analistrs kleinianc)s-, se cn(.rentn la r>1.rt.itn clc <ue c.uan<kr
sc extllin.t Ln aspeck) par.cial hnya xlgln tip() cle rcfrenc.ia. inclLrso explr.i_
1,. 1...1.,l
cle cue sc estal rral)ajan(l()
en un seck)r espccfico cie la pcrsonali_
clacl clel paciente pel1) (Ite
cilo nr clclre irnperlir ver e,l lesk). Ilste tlal)it) s()
brc- kr.particrrlar per() (r)n
h perspec.tivlr
-insistintos,
explic.it:r
1,no
stilo
c(rn() hofiz(rte general
clel n:ilisis- clc ll pers<>naliclaci
total cs lo crre le
cuitl el carrcter iatr()gni( o il rs intercnc irnes s.lrre rusg.s. raecanisr]l()s
cle
clcfens o c()ndLl(tls patolirgicas
aisllrciits.
. _
l,(r'()tt'.1 pllrtc.
as angusti:ts (le
iirgntcnlxci(in
n() srllacn nicanrentc ante las
firllls clel oblcr extern() sio()
(lLe
pueclcn
ser taltlrin.,i ,es,,lta<I , clel c_xcesivc
alLlk)cscrLrtiri()
ll()l.plu.tc
cle un srtpc-ryo st,t.cro y. soltre t(xk), c()nsecuencit (lr
ill]tstis (lre
rr
absorlrr gran pxnc
cle la atencirin clel sujet()
_sitlrx(i()n
pcl._
s('(rk)rill.
tenl()r x pcKler
a rrn oltjeto. pre<nrpaciones
hitrrondrjacls.
etc._.
k r tlisr x iun clc otnrs firos rle intc:rs y activiclaci clLe esn ;intrtineatrentc
pre
s( lt(.s.
(lrcctt()s
(lLte
csle sentio)ient. clc ]lestar Irt rec.n<ceri
c'al(l.ier tclJ
reultr
r.n s nlisnto cn la sitracirin elr <trc clelticnclo escuchaL a un pa(.icnte
tic_
l(' (
n s( ,r)(,r')tc unl pre<rupaci<in
cle la clrre no pueclc clesprenclerse.
El ltlestar
(lt(
s('('\x,r'iDlent
n() es ni angustill pc6e(tt()ria _n()
se siente eorenaza(l()
MODlit-o MoDUI-AR-',t RA NS|()R M A( -ON
^
l- lrl
pol nll(lie'-. ni sentil)]iento cle ctrlpabiliclacl
-ptrlr
aparccer sctLr(Llnilnr( rrt(
per() n() c()nstituye el centr(r-. ni engusti.r confilsi()nal. lis la per<cx i<'rrr tlt trr
cst.r(lo
(le
tensia)n p()r uoa fragnlentaci(in de sLl sei estll en
(l()s
lttgltt(s. t'n lrt
iLctivi(Ll(l a la cue no p!ecle sustlaerse p()r ser un.r iDrp()sici(')n <lc LL tlirlrtrl t
en el escen.rri() ilxginx o que es el fi)c() cle su angustia.:'"
Los ESrADos LMoctoN^LlS: I,()RMAS DIr c()MUNrc,{crN
Y r)E A(-(:tN SOllRti UI- OTRO Y Iit- SUJI],IO
I-r>s fect<>s, x(lemals
(lel
xspect() exprei\'t), s()n fi)rmas cle contunicltt lrl
(fr()
esta(l()s
(lel
suje), de p[or]r()\'er ciert()s !tl'ct()s cn el
()tl-() (lLc
l('('()r
(hrzcrn,
l su vcz, x hxco llgo en rellrcia)n al sujer. Cuanclo el lrel' lkr'. r''t:r
llanr)a en la mache. Ln esl.r(l() efccrivo. <1uc l lleva a ct>nductas tcn(l('nl('s i
xlivir ls calrs;rs rle] Ihnto. I)ero el crticter crnlttivt cle ks afeckrs no s,. r, s
tringc l
(fro.
El srricto percibe sLls rt(t()s c()l() ltne instrttccicin tlc lrtrtr
algo: si cluele, rpartrr el cucrp()
()
ll mcntc
(le
aquelk) que l() pr(xlt(
(',
sr
(
.rr r
slr plccr. :r rrgarlrrrlr fisicu r rnentalrrente. C()n l() cull hry un ac()l)l.tr)i( ,rli,
all'ck) signif icci(in cci(')n.
l:.n Atflttst.t
-l'
.ft
t ? /1.s,? ?r
(
Illcichr)rar, l9lJ6)
(lestacaDros (llre
la Ii)t] ir
(
rl
clre los
raclres
le!(ci()nln a I()s est(l()s alecti\'os
(lel
nio
-la
urgcn< ia y Lt
alxmrx,
().
p()r el
(()ntrirri().
l.l insensil)ili(lx(l . a trxvs del procexr clt'intcl
nalizci<-n, llcgallin lr c()nstituir cn el llii() un sistemlr scmi(-)tico prir I()s
l()
p()s xfect()s; es
(le(ir,
Ln sisteue corliflca<k)r cle c(im() se clcl)c rc:r(Lrrrt.rt
.rntc ell()s. Si xnte lx ansicclacl clcl ni() l()s pa(lles rercci()nan poni'rd()s( rn
si()s()s
()
alcttran(l()
(les(ngairizaclarnL-ntu,,
rn'rtrizrr(ntlJ, csc:<ri lrn lt<xltltr
plu- cl sujck)
(1.'cin))()
rccci()nal rnte sus afck)s. I)e() hly un aspect(,.rurl
ml-ls inrp()rlxntc: ks cstrrclirs solrc el fcn(nen()
(iel
cnt()naicnk) t( ti\1)
r))Lrestnn que estancl() cl()s sLrist()s cn sint()n. culn(l() uno cle ellts ticrtr trr
cst(l() irlcti\,(). sc pr()r))ueve otr() simill en cl segunclo siLieto
(Stern,
1985).
tlr-rc incluso llcga a ser transIrxlal
-el
ni() cllntttffc y la lt)a(lre i'i8Ll( c
'rt
su m()vimient() rrrrpolal el ritrrro. I caclcncia. cle la voculizacirin-. Crecrtr()s
(lue
es) se pue'cle
Poner
en rellci(in c()n kr cuc Piltget llaDr(r la reaecir-D r'ir'-
culxr pmilria, en
(lue
cl ni() escu(h,lnd()se llorr. lkr. Lls
(lecir,
el esta(k)
ll)il. No sc del)e c(tLipurr cs(c lc
(n)turo
cr)n h us.isi(-)n
(l(rl
v(). lrl
((nn()
luc dtscrilr
I)(n
htlrd, cn qur (]l
srr() srl)r lg() \'irl nrisnx) ricnrp() rcnicgx de cste sult sube dc la cllstril
(r(-)n
v sc ((nnp()rlr (rnn()si n() u\,ierr csc.(nn)(irnicnl() . \i llrn)p()a() c()n l()qtrc cn l
()ln'ir
klciri.nir sc llDx (li\:rjc o diso(iuci(')n. rn quc se scoiirlrn en
(l ()l)ie)
o en el suie()- k,s :rs
prcr()s l)ucr()s r n]ltl(,s. cnin(l()se rnr rcprrsenircnin prr(irl (le
un()
y ()tr().
l-rl ]ngustiu dc lrr,.l
rncnt(i(-)n
((r'rcsp(nr(l(.rl rxlestiu del suicl() <r)s.iente v. rspccilnrcrric. inc()lrs(icnl(-
([
no scr rrnx unidxd c(npral r DrcDtll. lir cl
(liv:rie
klcini:rn(). el suick) scpxrx los xspccl{)s
(lc
rn.r
uniclx(l por.lue cl \i\ir l t(frli(Lrd prx[r(r ]ngustir ]ir I;rngusrix de fixglnentci(in Lr unr(h(l
r* 1.,.,nlrt.,Ll,, ! 1,,,t.( ,(sr(rr(.t,r( n, { .
'
i,\rS,
Jrl
AVAN(jliS :N
pstco,t.ltR^plA
pst(.oANAI
it.t(.^
M()Dlrl-l) Nl())l l-A(-'l RA N \l:( )R l A(-l()NA I lri
:ll:::11(, ":
c'l csrmlrlo (luc
se rexlinrenta
1s nlisnro. En
()r.os
rnninos,
cl sLr
fek)
reacci()nr
a srrs estclcs:lfcti\,()s
lnecljantc
"l
t.,,_.,rr"n,,
at.li tt!oc1toud-
ntent() ,erti\,\). (Fe
increntent.r
el est.r(lr) fctivo.
E..tuTc>:rLor.vrN.r-()
A.rjc.r rv()
Cr.rirles
sr>n lus consecrrt,ncias
cle l internalizucia)n (lcl
cnton.llnicnt()
Itfectirr gcncrrrlo
en le rel:c ir)n c()n p.l(lrcs
crrc sc angrrsrilririn
fir.entc l l ;_,
iLsti:1 Qrc
cr:rrL
el sL)e() s(.
l)(t1ll):r
.rsrr.rt.r.kr,
..'.,.t.,.arr.i
,r,r.
llt)(,nk)_
n.lllti(nt,,:lU\'\u.tn(l,.r.
Ilcr,
ll,.r r,\(tl.(1,r. \(..^('r,.,,,.,1,,.:';.,;
l;i1,,(.st(.cn()
l.r(r'.
s( (.n',t.tr.i
.trn t).1\. r r,n 1,, rlUt.
r..tr,. t,sl.lrh,s .r11., rjri,.
.qlq..

crc(cr.. c()))()
l)(r'cjctpl() stcet[
cn llr, h.r.lnlls
nl-t\
I)rin]ttl\lls
(lc
titlii
in_
(r'nrri,l.r(Ll
,lur
jl(.X.1
.r rt,xl.lrl.rl,
s rlt. lir.z rr,,lt.nr.rr
i,.i,.,
'
;Critlcs sr>
lls c<lsccrrc.:c.ils
p1lr.u l: psi(.( )t(,,_a
Dir
I ILrr Lln l:tcio. )1rr g
(xrrtllina
Stcrn
l)l
!Ltcia,., 1a,,.a.,ntt
rt hts as!tklos tlu,,n ,,rutrr,)'k,t
n,rrr!r,,,X,
.tttlcs
)'
por
ettcDttt
dcl c() tlttk)
senuitrtiL.qt
l, 1 1, rt,,i"'r)rlr,
lil l()tt() (le
trz dal toapt'rrtct,
cl ritruo (k,
st!s , t(,n,(,,c i( ),(,s. tr,
.Ji,,.,r,,,
rtr', ii,'to,.,1! nt1)r
.l
ptcict,tc
sou.lus q (
dcspie1tu
rcrs tttrtcirtt1,
,1ui,,,,r,,,r,:.i))"'r,".
on.,
.
qLtr'el
signilicrrcl>
cle la f.lrst, tcr..rn(jr
tiL .r .,: lt.rr,.r.,,r>l..trrci,r,'r,"
"n "l
p,,_
.ientg ;L, rlcslcrtltllin
cs:tclrls
ltttlr.,,. ,,,,"
.,.,,r.,,..,,r'tI,.
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r.l ,rnrli,.,.l,,
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. f ,,,,r".,j,i1..,,f,,f,
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clli'I, .r (lifi-r(n.r'r
rre r,, q.c
'r 'uerc
srsrcnt.r."
,r"ra;.,..i;.1.1;r.].ritu,,,
r.,.,ri
],ll lr).i,l.,rl'
cn
'lrL'
\(
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,,nil
I
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I:r. ir)t(.fr (,n(.ion,
* ,,1r.,n..,,,,,,r.
,t.t,cn
(r('\(rlrr(.\r,\.(,t)l|llt(lt,t\,(.ts,rt(.\Irr.,nt1..rri,,...
1,,
r,.rt,,,.,,t.. Ll inlr.rrrlt_
r'i<-r lrlt <lc prolongrrrse'.
ser retiultlllrc
an .u
a,r,,a_,rill,,-aai,n,r,u,..,r.
,,r,,a,r,,,_
se kr tltl( sc' quicrc
rlc-cir rles(l(,
lrutiplts
r.,.p..ti".rr. .1" ,u,,,ir',u,.
,,,r, ,,"_
lrenrl, l,rr,rr,,,
f\rrr.r
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prr.rl:r
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, ;
^i,
i,,ri,; .;
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,il;:
r,)(lc.
r l-rs
nill.hr\
(luc
str rlircn.
Ui tcr_xpcLrla
,,, p,,a.f.
ai..anonrlcnc
<lc
crin. clesea qr!-
se entien(lil
crr.i.nlnrere
1,, ,r.,J,,,, .i* i;:1,; l)rr cl,r. l:
intclr'cnci(-)n
rcr':rpcrtic
n., porrni
s.. ,, ,,r.i,r..,r,,.r',,
,,,,i..i ,.i",.i),'irro,,
,r" .r
l('rulpeLrla
n() x(l(l(icr.l
LnJ (.iertl
conviccion
<lc <1rrc. por i,, ,,,a,,r"
aa a,,
.r,,,. t('. lay tn rcnsrric
r-lrmionll (,n.1
dirc(.(.i(.)n
,i," a,_.l.la,r,'r,i.,rltr".,.
r1,.
(
l p.cienrc
e'sc.trcire
sienrprc
rlescle le r,"nsti,.r.,i;,.
:1,;;l;;.:11",,.t,,
,r,,
::.:ll:1, l.:l-Ll,. : I
rrr(,rrrn(1,,.r
r,,1e sq
t. ,ri,. ,,,.: r,,'i,,ti,,.,i,,.i.-,,
nrs,, ,._
sr,r't,r,'Ln
rn(1)u\(iuntc
Ll( ntilncr.t
cttc jltDt:is
sc puecla prar
aa. r,, efl,cf,i. t1r.,
r'l rl..rj, (ntrtr(li,l),,r
r.l .ln.rlst.r \(..1 \t(.rf.)\,
l)
lt_(.llr\rr.
queIr.ns
ltr.t lltU
r1t, ttlls rlrrc lcr <Lre su intenc
ion.rlirl.rti
.,,".,.,1,n,.
p,l ,n,,".-",,
'i.'.*,
*, a,,,*
tltrtl:..prrts
es ir
opio
clc l rrnti-run.i-r
y
.f. f" .i,iq,iin.,
1,,.,rr.,.,r,, .1 ln
( ()r)s(
i( nr(
,. r?nr() (le
l.r pertenc(.icnrc
-rl
.,-r1..,,. .,,,; .,f.i;.,11";;. pcrr
cjl.
r)t)(luir.r(
<lu ir rre se e levr nir.el clc vinLrcl
1, , ,,. .. .i. ,,rrll'.'i,,.
.,.,,.,,,,
irrr rst
it,rlt s t[ ] cn(.acnlr)
rntre (Irr
aar"a hu,ur,'_,,rr.
in aa,"a'.a,r,-,ra,,,.
,,, p*,-
l)u(stir
Iir(1lriirl.r
rlt. lrr interfrction.
o clel rrr-tc ,n"fiu..,i.:,,",,'l',n
-til
,,,,,.
(()lu()
alg() a ck:scifhr p()r el plrcicnte, cr>rtto Lrn sillniflcar-Itc lilltzrr(l():r lir lll,i
tuinl clel inc()nsciente clcl paciente
Pare
tuc lll prtxluzc:r sus t'li't1os. trrrrr r
rtlgo tluc solJrrencla al pacientc v al analistu. sokr ptretle refirzrr lir
l)ill()l{)ritit
l rlcir ll lzxr.
(lue
D() sicnrprc t,l)ai en l rlirrcci(-)n rlt,r'rrlrtlu
lrlu
t l
lr
ricntc. io <1Lte strcccic en I()s rn(,rltenk)s prcci()s()s cle Ia oroltrr n itl:rt l trrrir.r
(lu(
ptl tna persona irnpli<.t el analizarse-
l)c[() I)ay unJ c()nsecurnci:l aclicirrtll para l psic()ter]pia clel fi'rtorrclrrr
dcl
(.u
ttt)ettk)nul (,l{) xfcti\1) As crrxr en
ql
trttamient() r.1()
(lc
l()s
(l)iL,ti
ros lttscltlos cs rrre cl pacienle loglc clarse cLrerta cle ctltlo le lrli'c1lrn los t,s
turjos cocionulcs tle lrs ottos, rle igull ntaneltr unr clc los nt(lllipl('s lix(t\
h.t<iu el tlr.te sc clelre ayucl:tt' ill
I)cicote
l tliligir su Lrt(x)l)servir(i(r
(\.1
c<itxr r, leltcci< lnlrnck r :ttttc stts prtrios est;r(l()s afecti\()s. lin ltlgunos r'lrsos.
st tcaccirin es negellos. tlisotiltks. rlo.esctrr]ltr, ni st nicck ni su.llllu\rr.r
hlsto cs ic ptiotero ruc cr1ll(llri(r tefapcutl a>rr,nclc a lll()str'lr it srs p.t( t( rti,\
I)cr cn nrrr'ltos
()lr()s
crs()s. cl
rltr.
icttte rc:rr'r'i<l:r ttttktattlrttitttkL', n'lL-t.t
(l()
stl csta(l() ilt.'cli\(), x lt rrl1rcr-lr tlc urt cli:rrlrsrin cn res()rl:1nciJ. lln .skrs r'.r
s()s. l.r inlervenci()n ter.rpLrtic:l no se clirigc lIu( i llls f.rntLsirl\
(ue
nroviliz.rr, ,rr
cl
rrimer
ticrtrxr de h leccirin cn c:kn enrrcionltl six> al ti:nrinrcno th l ,rr
t( )cnk )nulllicnk ). l,il irlt('n cn( i(ir) tcl-l)a'Lrti( x
l)ue(lc
1( nr
(listintas
fi rr Irs. t lr r
tLrc sigrre cs
(:rsi
unlr crlri(:luri
lrr
lr estlrrr. Dlitica pero. al Dtcnrs, rllr rn.
i<I,.'lt ltl tcsl:rtr'to:
(ilrnckr
tttc cllrf)('/(i
(()nlirr
tl(()si. se ltsu:,t(i
-()
s(llu|l
(.1
(:ls(,.
sc
l)trs().tr)si()s(),
sc en()i(')
(]
iO rllq(li-lt.l I lrntc, siOtien(l() su proPt,
'
\rr\
k)
().
l)rln
el c.rso, LL ansiecllttl r cl cnojo-. lr:s()n(-) c(tn rstcd rllislt()
(rrr(l
trD cliel.llrsr'rtt. clc nrlrnt(r srrll('iJntc l crtxr crlttttkr algtricn ntira
(lr():lsrs
lirLI(, v sc llsllstir
rrrue
la crrr rlc lu
(frx prrs(til le inrlitlr ruc ha_v
tcliglr,
1
('nl(l(es ((),))cr)z(l
lr lsUrtrrr'se:iD t:is" l-'ste Iip()
(lc
inlcn'enci<nrs rlc r/t,
sctul)lu!4tta, tt,t'14)tiu /t()
-ltlcl:ll(it
ic. Itcnlc.
(lc\(()ne(tll
cl rttotor tlel trf<r.lrtrr
nanrirnto- sr-rk r
rocL
i clar lttglr r lr Lrrr t:Inlri< l cranclo a trar's clc slr lcl)rti( i(lr)
clltlxrratil'u \,. espc( i:r lr)rcnl e. st
l)r(fLln(lizlLci(;n.
cl pecientc
1.uecla
ir int', ,r
x
'
rtttkr coltx rcalc(i(-)n lt sL cslltkr
qrlrocir)rlrl
no t,l rrtr icnl r 'trtricnto sino,..l
rl)(ntlcn)
(l('cr)ilc
rlel rltisttr. c(11g
(lLc
rl rrtilist I('xliTlr
(rt sL intervrnL t()n.
en lrt <1ue, utlctltris <1,.'1 signilic.ttlo trxnsnrili(l(), intr()(lLc( n
(nrl)i()
enr<riorllrl
cn cl
(ircuilr
rlel il Lt( )cnt( )na Dlirot( ). l-lr intcrvrn(irin irnllticx
(le (lesfltllxlrl.luc
etnocitlltl, Lt
ycz
irtcrnltlizrl(lir
)'
nrctxl)()liz(l1l
l)(-
cl p:r(icnte. pusul'.t ll rr( f
cl segtrnclo ticrl)l)()
(lue
cn llr .tcucncil
cror'irltl reclllpll(e tl altt()ent()nil
nIicDt( ).
Ll .lsl'l.vq t)t.tt \\tvr,: t,lit.l\\q\ | \ I I t\',\\ It.\ri.
)'su t)ll,riRriNClA
(.()N
I_()s MtiCANrsr\!()s Dl] DIITINSAS
Frcnte:r le:rngustj.r v rlcnrris lirnlrs rlc rlis>lrrter', c cl ps:rr.risrtro sc
ro
ncrt rn lttar( h1t. llLrknur'tticllrtlenlc. cierk)s
lll()(cs()s
<letensivos tcn(l(0t(\,t
J r r
AvAN( tis |N
pst(:()l.l,RApt pst( ()^NA,iucA
r'()ntr:
l,stiulus
().
lll uen()s, I clislinrrirlas
(Freu(l,
1926. 193u1); Ogclen, l9U2;
\':rillrnt. 1992). N()s()tr()s venill)()s
hacicnclc itincapi en distint()s tml)aj()s so_
Irrr' lrr nt'r'csiclecl
te(rica y clinica cle clifercnciar
ikrs gr.ancles gmprs
cle cle_
It rrs:rs:
'r<
un liLclo. lts n)e(:ristnos cle dcfensas; por el otro, Ias rlcfenss
r,
(
l in(t)ns.itj,ltc
(
Uleichtar. I9t:. 19tt6).
l. .ll<'.autstnos
tlc tl{t'ttsct: sc>n los crre firerrrn
clescritos tlcscle el cr_
rrir.nzr <lcl psiccrantlisis c(n,() pr()ces()s de
()c,ltufitie1
(,.1
ld co,c(,,c.t
de
r(-l)rcscltil(i()nes
clisplxccnterasi represir-rn, pllryeccitn,
clesplltza]rienkr.
ne
g:rt i.r'r. rencgacitin. intL-lecttlizlcin.
racionrlizacirin.
aisi:rnriento. ilnrlr-
r'iot, rlisorici<-rn,
externalizaci(in (lcl
c()nflict(). plrpei
clc krs snt(ris (rnl()
lir-ltts tlc rrtltariento a li rrtt iencia
-<lscsii.les.
(\)nt,e,rsi(-)n.
erc.
l-os lDr,cinislt<>s
cle clcfenslr lttklrriercn srl rlc.itl]ir.lrl tcrl.ica clentr
tlc l:t
l'rnrcr'.r
fi rlrlrrr lacirn fieu<lian s()l)rc la cstrLrctLrr (cl
lrpllntto
.ls<ui<.o
_lu
c It nottt inlt<l:t priller
ta)picl en quc lo clccisirrr c.u el rlisllacer (lLte (tcrlxs
rtl)r'(,scntitci(xtes general):ln
l)xra
l c()ncicncir,
.lor.
lo <uc cleltn set txc[i_
tl:s rlc i'strr. lis lo tlr.re 'reucl tn()stl.(-) en L.! itltct?tvt[tciril
r/, /o.s.st,ir..r, el str
it(o,
r-ro rltterienclt sltl)er cle srs (lesc()s
inccstrr()s()s
t lrcsrilcs los c,rc.lrve clc
lrr urr'jencia
meclinte la reprcsi<in. kr rcrriltickr penllitne(.c
en ul l:,.ons_
('i(,r)l('Ji/
tttoi/ictcin )rtt cllo. s<>stienc l..[cu(1,
l)Liit
clcscle:rll
>urrr
crucrgct..
l'cr rnri rcz clrrc se titr.ntUla lit scgr<l.r
iri<.u
_l/.rr.,r,/
ttfu11921)
(
r (lLre
sc olLtr-stra l exislell(.it( (le
c()nfli(.t()s tlL, ttt <lcl inc(ntsctentc
__.1-ntlc
(l
\() in(()nsciente y el srrpcryti inc()nscienle.
J.xrr.cjcm>lt>_
y se clcsrrile
(\)r)l()
l)itril
c()nilITetaI la ctr(>l in<rrnsr.icnte hey eLrttx.ltitigc, renun.i.tr. ,Ia
srxrrisrrtrr
-txutl)in
inc()nscicntes-,
se c()nvicIc
en inclisltcnsllrle. lt fin cle
trilut I:t incrherencia teirrit.r, rJ conccptlrelizar l:r txisenr.iu clc prrresos
<te_
It rtsivos (lte
yx n() tienen r.rtrr> oltjetit.o cvilr cl salrer clc llr cotrr.lcntll sit<
l:r t''sli ,cir'n cle r'ierls rcpr(sL.ttcir)ncs
er.t cl se.:. <lcl r:tisxr rncr>ls
(
( l1lc. I)( hcclt<. es 1<l clrrc l-c,.rcl.
I krs psic<ranalistas ([lC
le siguicr()n.
llicic,
r()n (
uln([() explicll)an
(listin)s
fi,nr-rnenos clioicos. pero sin cLie lc <li,:r.lrn Lrn
Irrgul tlcrrlnr cle la teor it cst()s p1-()(.es()s, cleter-rsivirs r:n cl incrns<.icne.
Lll
rrr:rsrxuisnto
nxrtal en qtre s(,intenta c()ntrlLficstxt-la
culplr inconsrienlc
rnc
rlirrntc ci lruttcastig() inc()nscicnte, pr()\.enicnte
rlc un sLipctl<i inronst-rcnte,
cs rrro tlt los ejctnpkts li.r-'r.rcliltos
-rot
excelencia.
r"n,
*, al
(rnico.
Crltncl<
li,ttrrl cntjexlc
<tre cn el fi,ticltisnto lil xnfustiit rlt,<.stt-uci<in
in(.()ns(.1r,ttc (s
, r l]lrrrt'sltrllt
ror
rrn fetirJre cLrlrr signilir.:rrlo ir)(!)]scicnte
cs \cr
e) falO.
;rtr
(llr('r1.(l(,(
r cst() sitto clLrc trrtlt trngustilt inc(xts(.icntc pl-()tDLevc
llt clet<.i<ln <k:
.tkr rrr(' rtr 1() es llterlr rctrcsion. cxr.ltrsi<-n,
(
)(.ultllt))icnt( ) la c()nctcn(.i
\rri, rrr,\rni(nt()
crcllti\r) cn
(lLte
lll rcpresentlr(.irt generacla
ctntLau-est l
r'l)rr' (,lltil(
i(')l)
(lc
lx cstraci()n?
()
selr.
(lue
rrna reprcsentaci(in qrLe n() estai
, n l.r ,,,r, iorr. irr
-cl
significurkr irilico clcl fitichc-.
clue srlo existe en el io_
,r),rs( , ,t(,_ r,s
r.rx,.r.iclit I)tr
(lisl)lin.ir
el sLlfi-i,tiento inc.nscicnte
tr.tlrrci
(l(
'
In)r
r)t.r
(.1)r(.s(.ttil( ir)n iD(rrnseientc.
la clc ll c:rstcir,tn. El lspccr rlcri,
MOt)tit_(),u()Dt'I_AR'r RANSr()RM^Ct()NA. J ti
sivc clc l te<ra clel fetichis[x cs que illrstra la creacin cle nLrevas represen
taci()nes en cl inconscientc c()r-n() fi)r1l) cle contrlbiancea[ 1
(ras.
C()n csk)
y1l nos ?leju,)r()s cle la te<r de lu rr-,presicin colDo exclrsiiln
(le
la
(()n('lcn(
iir
y clcl incr-rsciente co
-lo
rlePtlsitrr clc k rechazaclo
(lLre
P(r')anece
inaltcratk
cn sr scn(). Al)or' se tr:tu cle rn irrconsciente pr'(xllrcti\(). creuclol cle kr tr.rc
nLlnca estu\1) en l c()ncien(ilr. <trc intcr'acta c()r1 otr() c()ntenicl()s in(i)n:,-
cicntcs qLlc t!nrl)()c() estlrviel()n previlnlcnte en lx
(()ncicncia.
Si hay :tlgo
rr.re clifcrcncirr la primel tripicrr clc ll elabol.uci<in treucliana rlteri,,r c\ LlLlc
en xqull rl incrnsciente er- Lrn inc(rlscientc-(lcpa)sik), un c()ntinente dc l()
cxclLli(l()
(le
L concicnci:. P()l t:url(). r-lcrcncliente clc cstx. En catrrl)i(). cuiu]-
cl() se pllrntel lir existencix
(lr (()l)lli(t()
en el ir-li rnsciente. cle representa,.irr
nes
(lLrc ({)nlti]rcstn
il
()tris.
rlc rlcli'rsas en c'l scno clel inc<nscicnle, ct'
t()nccs sc lc
()lr)r'g:t
xl il'lc()ns( icnlc sL plen() estltttt(r tlc sistena nr <leiinitlr l
pafiir tlc lrt c()ncicncil.
2- l)4|usui ?tl d iuc\lsciutt<,. Volviunos, rn l riesg() cle retlunclar, u r':
talle'cer sus
(lilrrcncils
crn krs nrccnisrrlos clc clcfcnsa. Al xctuar sk)s.
lnl-
l{1ul()s
p()r cirso la lepresiirn. cielta ideu cs exclui(la
(le
h concienir
} l)(r
frane(e in((lsciente.
2rl).sl/?
nrrlilicctcititt. !'rctcl insistiu cn este speclr)
('r
la i'po<rr clr-' llr prillrer.r t(ipicr. l)('cllo, cl ltccro c( )l1 csp()nclientc csir i(l('l
rtrt(lc
tclrp:trr'r'cr ir(lscriPt() i r)tr i(lc
(luc
Pits:
ir
Pr'()\()(llr
la lesPtlcsllr
(lr(
le cor-r'cspon<lcrilr u la iclce lcplirtri<[l
-ulecanisrn(
) (le (lesplxzlnienl(]-.
l )('
,rllrnclir sirttilltr. cuan(l() lgLlicrl.
I)alrir
n() r\p(j1.lrllcntau- c(mscientetllenlc :r
scntilricnt() rle ctrlpbiliclarl, pr()\'(ct.r cn
()tr()
l() recllitz(l() clc s misnx,,.r.rs-
ten cn cl psi(luisDro ckrs rcJ:rrcscntaci()nes cn op()sici(in: ll c<>nsciente
.cl
rrtl<r
cs nrlrl(), y() s()), l)ten(),, y lx in(()ns('iente
"yo
soy trtltlo,,. l-e reprcscntil('r( )n
c()ns(iente si[\e pl_a nlantencr lc>rinrich la leprescr-rtlr< irin clc s qtre rcsttltlr
int<lerrblc. l):rrcesos urrry <lifcrcntes rlcl ruc tiene luglrr',.rr;rnckr una prrs(lr,
l)llri
((1tllrr('sJr
l: frnl:si:r in(()Ds(igDIc clc cttr scr'li i1.(-ir(llt. lla('e tna i(lc)
tiilcac itin. t.lrrrl)ia'n inc()ns( i!-n1c, (\)n
[)crsr)flaics
ltrtoicos xlopcrlc|osos. por'
kr ctre p:rslt sentif
(lte
n:trll lc
rtrecir
()ctlr'rir.
I-
()l)()sici(')n
v! n() tr'lscLtrre
entre unal iclcx c()ns(icnte y
(fta
in((nscicnte sin()
(luc
k)(k) sc
juegl entrc
(l()s
flntusus inctnscicntes: h tunts:r
(lue
c(rlstituvc y s()stienen la irlenticlacl tn
nip()tentc clc invLrlncraliliclacl crtrrrest:r x
()tr'.r
flrntlsa inc(mscicnte en Ll
(Lrill
cl suict() sc reprcscnt:r c(r)lo ir(lcfcns(). tlbil y;rr::cr':azack. Si llt clefens
actLrsc s(')l()
('D (-()ntr
clel srrl.)el
(lc
lir
(r)t(icllcii y Il rel)rcscntacin
l)clsecr
t(),it
l)el'lllllccietit
sin rn< rlii ir':tt r<ln cn el in(r)nscrcnt(. crlk)nces cl \LJek, (\-
trt ple\()
(lc
l ltngLtstia attlrr(lLle sLl
(()ncicn(ilt
n() sc cnt( ratse en als<tlul cle
h rezt-n <lc lu nrisnra. Srilo ttrtn<lo en el intclir-(lel nrisnl() inconseicnf< sc
(relln
rr'pl e\cntitci( )nes
(lLrr
c()ntrltl.rrstarn al
()tl-ars,
cs
xrsible
crre llt ltngttrtr.r
(lisnrinLlva.
Iis lo <rLe pertrlitc lx clill)()ncia)n
(le
sitLixci()nes trxunllrtic:s cle hu-
nrilleci<'rn nlrr'istu en
(ltc
el sujct() pucde plslr cle sentimc inlerior y clcsp:t
cjx(i():r rnx itlt'-:tirlucl
(
arlrcfet'i7-.r(l p(n la grlrndi()si(ll(i. l sentilnient() cle r:\'
cepcionalicllrcl, tlc rrre ptrecle prc\( in(ljr
(le
ks clcnlis.
(lc (rc
est p(n' l:n(ror.r
AVAN(.riS taN
pstc()1-II{^ptA pslcoANA,i1,I(i^
IlIODI]I-O MODIiI-AR.'IRANS]IORMACIONAT-
317
([
fr'(l() (
l rr,(l(). r(lentichcr (lae
iurp]i(a Lnll ver(r,cler.l transfi),r.lcion
dc l
l)r(\_iiri )(n-titnl().
Lllt pf()ces() crellti\.() iuc()nscicnte. Iintle 1as clefensas crrc_
rrrrrlir'tttt I |t r r'tsti rruilci()nes
en el incrnscientc ntenci<narentrs:
.
,lstntcn
el<ttttsit'tt dc idautidtdas ncotlscartcs:
el clkictcr cortro clt-
Icnsrr: llr icl<'nticll<l clc fircte
).
pl()tc(.t()1.tar:r
con krs clelll.is l fin
(ir (.()ntrx_
,r( sl:rr' nsLstixs fl-ente:l l()s scntinlient()s
<lc clelilicllcl e indefnsi()n pcri(,
.irli
()
i(l( rti(lx(l tle clbir y crepencrienre parll ( ()ntrl)
hnc(.r sentinrient()s (re
lir trlirl:rrl y cle lxstilichcl por ias angustias persc(.Llk)rias
o cie culpa qLt( csk)s
rx isi()nltn. l:n t(xlos esk)s cls()s. cl sujet() arklrriclc una iclcnticlail rrre le per_
llrit(, (.\
it-()tlit iclenticla<l cue cs llt tcrtricllr.
.
l.t lalt,nstt st bilicd n)uscictll(,: tlticntrlts cn l:r iclentifi< .rt run
tl(,_
\'(11i\. lg() existente en ci srjc) cs utrilruirk < lrccltr r,it.ir l rl., cn I clc_
l( lsl si,)tl)ioli(.a
.llgo incxistentc cn la cstl.L(1Llr.r ps<rrica
<lcl sltjck) es itctn.
l)()tr(l()
t f nsik ian)ente gracis lr l rrnirn <.,,n cl i,tr.,.
1.
sr-r1,, ntrcntlits se
r'ortst'n'lt cl vncrlo. El
(rtro
es uiltz,.r(1,,. srn rlrrr Lr (t,n(iL.n(i.l
rlul sLjct() tcn_
llir
(\)l)()(
illlicnk). para pr()vecl- sentinticnt()s
clc scgrriclltcl. (le
arptrcigut)llunk)
(l(
lil ngLrstia nrcisista. <lc
rrfencilr.
cl,.: r,itlitllrt].
clc ilrtclcses.
l)ir;l
()r()rgr
st'rticio
tr lu cxperien(.ia. l-u clclens silltl)i(-)tic. cn sus tirruus ,tr,i.,,..1a..,r."r.
st nlnillrste bajo ll nccesiclecl, ti ve(.cs (.()!pulsjvx, (lc
l)l.csc-ltcill
tisi(.il (lel
(fr'(.). (l(.srntirsL
cLrerp(). int.lrrso ck, no
.lr
c,r rlol.ltrir sin r.,l c()ltt:l(.t() c()l.p()
,rl
r""'lt'ltin
r.t
llts c.nsecrtcnr.i;ts rLre, p'.clrrr.c (..,(l()
n() sc ptreclc
clis
In,r)(.r
(le
elllrs: pl'tnic.o. clesolganizac.ir'rlt ps<Lrica.
bscLrecllr clc crpelrcn.ils
rI srrtist.r'tir-n
c(r.l)cnsllk-i:ls
<lr..ge. c.nticltr.
"t,..]..
llri pxI.tic.litn.cnte
inrln1rltc cn Ilrs oLgenizrcirncs
inflrntiles clt llr
:)ersonaliclacl,
cD
(i(lt.r
l)cr_
'r,n:rliclrrrlcs
l)()1.larln(.
cn lrs crr:rtlrrs clc clcJx nclct-t<.ilr contpulsivlr y,,o in_
rlis.r'i,irrrla.
fil srrjet. tiene I. lrrliliclrrrl clr rn lrei.li,
1,
l. necciiclacl tle <uc cl
r)lr()
r(:lli(c las fincirnc's (lLc
ll.l)iru.llnt(nlr.Lrntri..,l
.rrlull,,
P:ra
utlLri,l.
rl:rrkr <rrc n. se hn inc.r-p.rucl.
csas clrp.r.icla(lcs flnci<nltles u [ esl.L(.tL-
Ir
rsi< tric:t.
Lr"
.
I)$.tclit ctciti, d(4
(llsco (,11
l itlc(),s(.k ///ci pr(li(la
clclcrsir, llr intct.s
x
rr t.l
()lricto ()
p()l.cieltlts
firt, ir.,oes
(lcl
suj(,t() pera trrntl.:luestlrr. llls i[rgrstis
rrrc cl cncrrcntrrr c(t rl
(,l)jct()
l.rtrlucrtr
o cr.rc las firncitnes (lespicr.lan (\,1-
s.
, t. r'l .rrtlr.rl.
J
.1,.
rerrir.irl.. l< n. c..slittricl<
),
1.
(lcs1l(.ti\:1tci()o
sc-(.t()
lr)() l:, lir r(r'rr)i'r- (\tu
nL(esid;r(r (rr
r
J)rcs(ir(irL
(r(r(nr()
sc nrr iflc\r,
I)(n
|rs rng.sriir (rc
:'
rj.,
r(,'..rrr( (rr,ri(|rri(r
inrcr,.p(iar ()el
inle:rl() c.lrL scsr(rrcs Hr csl()s..()s (l pu.l(Jlr
'
i['
''\l,r
lr,tr:' | r(
.
llr) l\,,lrr, (i(,k,,rinr-r
.\1,il/1!.1 irl .lrr. qLx.tLrrrrplc
|r i.!r(r(-)n (t(,sosr()r,r
ut ni,.isisr)r()
'l'L'1rr'r"
r, r,.r r(r.r(r !n( rli,ir.{/cs.nr v.rixnr(,. rn(r iirr:r (rcl
n:r(.isisnx). (rt,ni,xxrirri
,l.r,l,l, l,r.,\.r ,t|( \.1 ll]5 irtLi d(l nxl(.r r, \
(l,r( (,,nrr. (\r-r
Lir\uriL): Up!: Ltc llgurjrurs.
,,,,!,l.r,t!.r.,r ,,r.r\,,Ir\(ted\ir(tx.(tt,Lrn:rlulLL
enr,l senriric) (lc (rnrrl1)t
sohr(t iun.i()
,',ri!' r,, 0r( hr.rl i' (,trr,rJ
rial clel inc<nsciente,. cl aparted()
,J)esactivxcia)n
scctol'ilrl clel inc()nsLicnte.
crre es el clesurrrll< cue hlceD](rs I partir de ln ,)?1g!r./,lg freu(lianx).
He(hx esta
(lifcrcnci.lci(-)n
cntre urecanisn)()s
(le
defns v clefnsas r, el
inc()nscicnle, cliganros cut, existen
(lelnss
qLe llpuntlln tanto.l evit.r cl
(lis
pllccr c()ns(ientc c()lI() el inc()nscicnte. I)eiensas luixtrs cntrc Jas rlue rr.ri-
si'rar<s tlestltcltr rkrs:
l. l|-rlrkbs tltt-,nt. cs crttct tlt'fittstts: rn cleteninaclt estlL(l() D)ental cs Ltti
lizackr
rltrl
(()ntraftest (ft-()
estld()
(lLlc
pl'()v()ca sBfii,Iient() csteclo cle ex-
(iti(i()n
pxr c()ntrau-r(stur scntilnient()s
(lc
vato, clc tlepresin. <lc lr'.rgntcnt.r
iior-t . A vcces llt clcfensa no se clirigc
(()lttl
rn esticl() rentarl cn p1ricrllr
sin() c()ntr.r cl lin(i()n1ruticnt() glol>lrI rlcl
])si(luisln(),
en Lln intcnl() cle suspen-
tlr.:r srr rrctivicllrcl portuc i'ste testrlta rrngrrstilrntc {l tpi(o aclolnet iltien r
tlrprtsirrr cn cl
(ltre
l nc<r'siclrl clc cl<nlir. \'e(es inlpe
()s.
es unll Iir'
rlr clc tlejal de
rensur
y
srliir . ljn
('icrt()s
r.rraclrrs clinicts, cl pensar sc ha
((rlvrfii(lo
cn lg() 1n
(l()l()s() (lLrr (jl
suid()
Dl'i'lcticil|rcnte
suspencle el he-
c('rl(). plrsln(l() \'ivir en Lln cst(l() rr.tc C)gtlcn
(19t12)
clt-sigrrr-r c()t().nlcn
t(i(-)r,
l)ur.r
(lestti(lrr
su tlili,rcntilr <on la teptc-sirin. CorresJxx]clcn. tatnlin. a
cstx nrisnril Drrxllicllrtl
(lc
cnirenlut la tLngUsli los cstclos es(luiz()i(lcs
(lesc]i
t()s
l)(
|lil)lri
(
1952) cn
(lLe (iert()s
sectrcs clel v()
(lLc(hn (lcsactivx(l()s.
2. l.:\pcrurcits
(la
\disJt.ci ctrttpcnsdt(r'it.ts: ficntc :Ll riisltlaccr ir.r
c()ns(icnle tle Ln cico tip()
(le
cxpcri('ncixs se llcii'\'1ln plltf()ncs cle c()ncluc-
lus rrrc
rrrrlrrccn
pllr(cr inrrc(liirtoi il(licci()nes. scxritlizilcj(in
(le
la lngUSti
-rccnl)lllz()
clc l situaci<-n llltgustiantr p(n Ltnl
(lc
ex( itx( i(in sexLni. c<r]o
nllstLl-l)l('i(in crrnrJlrlsiy.
ltor
tjrrnplo-. l)Llil11ia. etc.
()tra
clili'rcntir'ir-n til u lt:rct,r cn cullnt() a trrtrllicla<les clc encrar llr
lcnsi(-)n inlrltpsi(luica/intcrsul)icli\'.1 es l existcntc cntl'c
(lcti'ltss
elopl:isticas
v eut<rlslicas
(Appcll)lrllr.
1977 ).
Akpktslit'itlatl: nrrrliiiclrci<in
(lc
rn cstu(l() ii,(ti\'()
()
sU lllntcniltlicnk)
ror
firerir clc la c<ncicnrirr a trer,s cle illgun.t .lcci(-)n heche cn el rnunck cx-
tcrn<r cs tlecit. tttnsfi nltcir-r
(lel
nlrn(l() cxtcrn() prr ctre se a<llrrtc a [:rs
ncccsi(l1r(lcs clcl sujclo I c()nlrlLnrst- rn cstl(i() cle tensirjn intcrior;
TIr
(j!,11
pkr, trcer tlePcnclencix en cl
(fr()
plrr lrecerst lrcotttparillf
y
c(ntl-:trfcstlr in-
gustis ti-)l)iclLsr obliger e los Dricnil)r()s cL: ltr flrrnilie o clc la institrr<iir a l:r
(lLc
sc pcl-trneae a lrclcrtltr un
()rlniz.r(i(-)n
<tbsesiva patt c( )ntrit l)il Iarncellr
artlLstills
Irr-rrnoicles
o rlc fregnrct-tter'i<'rn: hurtrilll algticn pr c()nlrlr-es-
tllr ungusti.r narcisistlr. Corresronclc a l in()culllcia)n
(lc
cstx(l()s elllr<ionales
cn cl
(fr().:t
l induccirin ptrr:r haccrlc lcl<tter roles. I <lcfens:rs interpcrs()-
nlllcs..r I1r identiticucirn p[()yccti\i
v ul <rnlr<l
()nlnip()teutc (tel ()l)ick)
cles-
crit()s p()r Klei1.].
344 AVAN(JIJS LN PSICO'I'I'RAPIA
PSI(]oANAI,I-ICA
M()DIrl-() M()DLII-AR
-l
RANSl:()RMA(il()NAl. t rt)
Aubplctstcialcl:
ten(lencii li elintin.u, a transfi)rn1ar ()
e nrantcner por fire_
rt tle h c<nciencia un csta<lo et-ectivo rlisplaccntenl nte(liitntc pt.()ces()5 (.()gnltt-
\)s y pcrccptuales.
El sujcft) ntrcliflc su rncnte
_rcprcsentai()ncs.
ti,(t()s_
para
aclaptanc a rqrlicla<les pat<>lrgices: (lis()(.i.rse
J:r:rra Jxrcler
<rl,ivir <rrn fl_
gules patol<->gicas,
l)usiv:rs: l)l()qLlerse afr.tivatrtente
J:rara
nc> tenel <.onflictcr
i erpersonal, yx sclt pxr n() cxprcsl[ Ix)stiicl:rrlo para no percilrir neccsiclacles
afectivas <uc ei cnk)rn() n() pt.()vccl
anular cl cle.c,i p,r,.lt n< irrital cl
()l)ick),
etc.
. _
l)igarn()s, p(n (fra
prte, tue no trxle cletc,ns clelc scr consirleracla pe_
kr(-)gicx y (lcstinltda
lr ser rlcsntrnt:rrla. I.l.entc ll tr:trrn]lr pscuico,
cl psirrris_
rno pueclc p()ncr
cn
jtrcgo
clifetentcs trecllnisnl()s (lue,
ns ull;i rlc las ljntitlr
ci()nes (lLrc
itnp()ncn, s()n x(Ltptlltiv()s ya (lLle
tien(ln x
(lisurinrir
la ungrrstia
<tte acui'l
()ri.in ((ixler(.h,
1990). Ani{usti.t
(lur
l)cl-trlrl)atr
scrillDlente cl
lirn< ionanticnto
rlei su
jeto.
_
Otrr crcsti(in
(luc
pte(.isll (lc
itrlltizil(.in
cs la relcirncla
c.on el origen
clc ]as <lcfcnslts.
(lllrcnte
t:'l
J.rsico.r
n.r lisis rn \Lrs (1,r1ltt:nz()\.1.
rna lerrria s,,
blc cl pirpel (lc
la i(lentitic(.i(-)n
cn la firllrtci<-r clcl t.arctcr
_enr)lezir
!l
(\)
lrrer rclevrtncia 1L p.trtir (ie
Psicoh),qu tla lus tttrtsus
.,
tttttilisis del
.1,r
t i:rcl<|,
l92l), y(lc til
)r
t,d L'lk(IietL(I, lglt)-, 1,,.nr.c-uri,rrr,,,tle ,.lclensa
lire.rr
ctnsicle'rrl.s c<r* c.ranancl< crcl inrci.r crer s.i({(), in(.rrs() s()l)rc r r>es. crc
l()s lrr)\,irnienk)s
c.r.r.ralcs (lLtc
scr.vifan
.r:tra
rlltrlc
'n
s()l)()rtc
_llt
int.lr_
ycccir-rn strpuqstlrrrrentc
se virrc.rlart lr la olitl:rtl incorltorlrtiva.
llr
troyet-
ci<in la anali<lucl expulsiva, etc.-. A(lerr)ris <lc Lr c<xrfiiirin dc nivtilcs <ue
esto inrplica, en rrrc la tr(n.izaci(jn lln-:tst(l(la prr l<s cx<.csos rlc lu rclafrri
zilci(-)1't tenlrina c.nsiclc*rnck ar titncir nanr ientr rlcr psi<rrisr.. (r),r()
is(),1(n--
flco con las lirn<.ioncs corpor:rlcs y rletcncliente
cte estas, hay unx cLtcsti(-)n
(lc
nray()r trascen(1en(.il
an: sc
(lcsc()n()cc
<rrc cl otro <lcl sujeio no sr-rlo trx,1lr
ter)r1ls l pcnsllltticnk)
c()ns(.icntc c inct)nscicntc sino tlull)in llrs firr-rttas lxrj<r
las <rre se p)ccslln (.()n1(,ni(l()s.
l,:l pr.()yc(.ciot-t (\)ltx)
tendL-ilcilt il xtril).ir 1t l()
extcrn() l() cuc lc succcle:Ll sujeto, la ncflil(.i(in c(lx) clesrnenticla clc un
uirirr
crrr: ha llcge<kr la crncient.i:r, cl ltkxueo ck,krs afect<s. l tuk)excitlt(.i()rl
l):Ll'il
c()nt[1u1estur cstarlos afe,ctivos clisltlec.enteros, ]a irlclizlrcitil.r.
v vens
(lr'.rs (lcfL,nsits.
licnen cn Ia iclentillcr.ir-rn (.()n
el
()t)
Llnx ilDI)()rt.lnt(r lU(tlt
tlc origen. l-a dinir.tr ]os kr rtestlt: ticrtas ltrlnilitrs sc caractctiztn
-ror.el Jtrr:-
tl<ltini< clc
(lclernlinll(l(
)s nqciitisn]( )ri rlt rlcfcnse.
I )/i,t rn. i4 L,u t t? pn t't ct. iLir t a dut t ilictc iti pro,kc
t it,.t
l;r
IrIrve.r'r'i<in.
tal crn< llr clccrilriri Flerr<1, cs l:r orcftrci<-rn por llr cual sc
rrtlilrr)'r.n :rl rllro c.Ulrlicl.rrles, sentintienk)s,
tleseos cLtt, cl sujct();echilz
rcc()_
D( x'(r' (r
)lI( )
l)-(
)l)i( )s
lx)r
sc|lit.l<s c<rx nrflativ()s. A partir clcl conccpt() h.cu
rli:rn, r[.tr.1,<,r.t.irilr.
,Vl. Klcin rleser.r<ll<i cl rle iclentii-icacir-n pr()\ectivu.
C())
torkr, <lificilrente podran equipararse un() y
(fl().
En primer lr.rgrrr'. t'n Kk'in L r
iclentificaclt pr()yectivrncnte en el
()t1'o
no son s)lo llspcct()s l-lcglrti\()s sir)
rr.re pueclen ser positivos
-por
cr.rlpa o pelsectLckin. cl suiek) n()
l)Le(lc
r-c(
(
)
n()cer aspcctos valkrscs cle s y tienc necesi(la(l
(le
a(ljLdiclilscl()s l
(fr()
l'cro hy una
(liffencia (le
nray()r trascenclencia. l\Iientrus que c'n lll
l)r()y(
(
Cir-n. Ial conxr F'reL(l
()riginarixr)re'nte
la
(lescril)ii),
se trata exchlsi\':l,Dcot(
(l(
un operxci(-)n intrlps<luicn
(lLc
n()ditic.l h representaci<in <Lrc cl inrlilirlrrr
sc hcc <lc s y (lel
nlund(), Klein. sin al)anclonar es climensi)n, .ril(l(' uo:r
nLlcvai con la cxpresirin iclentiflcacirin pl()ycctivl se refiere especiahlenl(' ll url
-r'rrceso
intcrtrbjctiv() p()r e l cual alguien incnrla y hace sentir al
()tr() (
i( rl()s
estacks ctr. ocionalcs
-nric(l(),
envicli. clcsvakrizirci(in, ral)ia. al)nd(nr(),
(
ul
pa-. L()
(lue
el otro siente es a(lLre ll() rltre posibilita qLe el sujet() vi\.r. ir r'u
vez, cicnx iclenticlacl y el esta(l() em()( i()nrl c(r-fesp()nclientcl p()r ejenpl(). s('f
lx)(lcr()s(),
atcnxniznte. culpabilizante indigna<lo
),n()
culpal)le. M. KIein
(r
tien(le isi cl cllriictcr-intrlrl)si(luic() rlc l clefenslt prlt al).lrcar I dimcnsi,rn rrr
tetsubjetiva en
(lLre
lu uccirin sole el olrjcr cs r-tccesarilr paral k)rlrr mx,rt( n( r
l() pr()yc(tal(l() cn
(:st(i
ltirn(). A nroclo cle ilusltL( i(-)n esruenrrtica, un
l):r'.n(
'i
c< rlcscrikr clcsrlc l'rclrtl prxlrie scr trn in(livi(iu() islx(l() que, en s()lc(l1l(1,
(r )ns
fr-uyctl intrrps(luicn)rntc Llnil imagcn clc krs clcrrrlis c(n'[() in(li.arl()s \,
(l(
sr
rlrisll()
(()nr()
r'liosr. []n parrn()ic(), clcscrito clescle Klein. sera algtrrc'n rrrl
persigLrc lrl otn rcrrsrn<klr. para hacerle scntil
(rc
cs mak. Por elk lt r t'
sitl v lr l)usc1l. cll<kr <lre la prr:sencia
(lcl ()tr()
es r:scncill pala intentlr rx u
lerlc. intlepcnclicntc
(lc (lLrc
lltlle cn el intcnk), cieff iclcnticlacl y
()l)tcncr.
l)irr:r
s. la crrplerrrcnt:tria
(Sundler.
l939). Estc carirctcr intersubjetiv()
(lrl
.()rr(\.1)
tr)
(lc
i(lrntificx( ia)o pl-()ye(tiv:l es lo <ue le
rreste
utiliclacl para c(l)l)r(r(l(f
tnto llr rcl:r<ir-rn trrLl)a'ulic, cn
([lc
pi(icntc
]
tc,':tl)cut! intcrc,lr'ul)irn i(l(,nli
flcucioncs pr())'ccti\'s. c(ml() ls rcl.rci()ncs clc
-ltrcjlt
o clc f'amilia o cle cu:rl
quir:t grLrp()
(Sclrarff
1,
S< lurfl, l9J7r Slirp. l9t'i9).
lr)ti^s
()BstistvAs
t)t-: A(;Rtist(iN A sliRlis
euuRlDos
Y t.^ Pr)' iNCrAcl(iN rMA(irNARrA t)Iir. Ullt-()
En la clnice cnc()nt[lnl()s c()n ciclt hccuencie Lrn tip() de ideas
()l)scsi-
\'1rs:rgresi\r1ls. ll ve(cs c()nl() trrrlro r'lnico
(nglnizlrd()
elreclcclot cle las ruis
Illls,
(fllls
c()m() nt()otenk)s
(lcl
tratxnticnt(). cn
(ltt
tl pliciente se tef1'()r'iz.t
ntc le irlelr rle rtre prrlrlr cllrr,'al l lrlguicr-r Un
(r)jet()
c()rtllntc.
()
lolpcxll('
(()n
Lln
()l)jd() (()ntlrnclentc. ()
:ur()j.r[ il un lrijo pol la \'entana, o estrangul:rr
a un ser queri(l(). kleas obsesivas rrre clan lrrgar rlre(li(lxs plecllutoils
(lue
clellen ser curlrpli(ls conrpulsivanrente.
(;eneralnrcnte
sc tien(len a expli(r
est.rs i(lelrs olrscsivs crllo cltl:licls la hostiliclacl clel paciente que, enr(.r
gienclo cle la represi<in. se nuniflc-sta xl)iefixnrentc en sLl concicncia. llntc l()
cul rcxccion c()n horr()r. Pcxr cll in)plic rnlr visi(in simpliflcadr
(lcl
rr,
J5() AVAN(J)JS IJN PSI(,o]'I]RAPIA PSI(JOANA,I'I'ICA
t()rn() cle i() reprilli(k) cn qllc ,ste surgirt t:ll cLlxl sin ningn tip()
(le
rans
firnacir-rn. Lo rtre ltentos pocliclo <llscnar es all() clifercnte: culrncl< icleas cle
este tip() srrrgiln en nLlestr()s pacientes haltan sick> ticcuentctnentc prccccli_
<lus por un m()ment() en <ue hal>en t: xperiment.l(l() el ten<.cle hllr.se en
pcligro, cle p()cler scr lteca(los Ilnt plcientc. clcspus clc la l]anrrla teleioni-
ca alnenlzllnte
(le
un Ilelnren() trc iralra teniclo c-piscxlios rle violen<.il lisicit
en contl cle elllr y cle srrs paclres, eJ colgar el telfirno clcsytris cle reciltir in_
sulkrs
I'anrenuzas
cic ntuertc. tle pronto. rliriginclosc a l cocina, se lc rcrr
rc un idca tue la atcnoriza: t(rn.rr un cuc.ltillo y clr,:irscio al hijLr
ruruclu
<1ue tkrrnra en unr llal)jtaci(in (.crc:ul:l.
A
l)a
ir
([c
ese llr(mrent(), l irlt, rlr-
sesiva cle cllrc
ltuecle
lt:rccr cla< sc le inponc, cuerlanclo rn rr t()titl scgult-
cto plano cl rectrelck clcl c()nlljct()
(1)n
el llcuulrr. l_ i(lc
()l)srsi\
lc Ilx
l)ct
nriticl() pilsalr represenlarse trrnro llt qrre prrcclc lrar.tr cltnro Y r.ro l:r cuc,.:stti
en pelir'o, ttlrnsfir-rnan(l() lil reprcsctl1l(.j(-)n clt s rlc nrcnazlrtle e lllrcn:t-
zllnte .
Iln un c.ls()
(lLl1j
pul>li<.anxrs
en
()tr()
tt-1ll).rj()
(
lllcicllrnilr. l9t(rh). rr rne
Ilr
(iente
le apalccier'()n griet:ts en kls
rczones
cuc cle lcr.rnir-rallrn <uc el clrr.tlc
rumer le slnlrltscn y chrlieran. conlirtienrlt l la<.tlu.tc.ie en un srrrlicio.
1>e-
senclr lr eslrcrar xngLtsti()slltltentr cl nl()lrlcnt() cn crrc O<.trrrir-ie. A krs
1.rors
clas. sc lc plesent Ln.l i<lelr rlrscsivtr: clle rrroltlclii el rlrtkr gor.ckr tlcl
tic
tlc
stt irijo v se k r-ran<arir. Hu llrliclo un invcLsir-r <lt, llr silrlrciotr: clc
.rct.so
n:L cn pelig(r pslr. scl la pcligr.<;slr. .rn(lue csl() lr
tlrxlrrzc:t
el]grrsti.r.
()tr()
pcientc tienc ultat pcsar-lill;t rlt
.r.-rse
crr cion: rs lrr.orlal:rrkr
.xrr
rrn
grttpo clc nralheclrrcs rlLrc lt emenazan c{)n uo l-c\'(il!.tr
Y rrn
rrrnlrl
-en
la
realitlecl, e'l rla previo hlrie hulrirlt rn.rsilk) en su brrir. rrrc st, llrbia
c()nvefii(lo en los ltiluis D)escs
(]n
Lln llt!llr inseglt-(r-. I-ll srrcliu sr intr-
rruntpe bLuscantentc ll pxtil c()ntinulrr
(1)n ()tl.al
csccn en <r.rc l ;tltlltsfa llr
culrt'za clc Lln ni() c()ntrit un rcju. hrrcii'nclota
rcnctrar
cntre ls l)llrrls (lc
rttctarl. Se rlespieria cot-l scnsacion cle lrsr.()
-lcr-o
sin sentiDtirltl()s (l(,
lx,rsc
ctciin.
lln pcicnte tel)le srr clespc(li(kr ctr el tr.lrl)lrjo tlils a(x)lttrr rn en()1.(lLc
provoct-r ll irlr dcJ jefe.
cuicn le clit.c
(lrc
es sL ltiulL i.rottirnirl:rcl
t.trrt,si
no caDtbiab
,Jc
r'an lr clr una
lllrlacla
y tirllr por l \.rutxrl,. .\l
(li1l
sil"Ll(.nt(
le *rlrrencle.
lenckr Ilr<ia el tralrajo. llt I:lnlxsl rlc rrr-rojarsc
l)(r-un l)Llcnle.
ltntc it c lral sc ierr()riz!. Est iclcll c(xltienzal ct.ccr:r en krs cl:rs sigtricntc rlt
lriencl< abncl<nat el cltr))in() habitrral trre vlr clcsrle sLr rasa ul tnrllrjo, en cl
rue lray un prentc. prcs lenre cecler l inr:ulso tle clcsreerst. f_n sr nrnlr
sc ha r4relatkr s Ltnll tr:nslin tltirr.ion: r-le ser ltn.ojackt
ltor
l \'ctlllnll
l)trsx
l
scr'l trritn sc arrjlrrlr al vacio.
l.ln l()(l()s cs(()s cs()s, el iLnlilisis
(lel
l]lltcri.ll as()ciilti\1) y (l(.
l()s alltte
ct<lcnlcs rL'l srrlgirniento clc Ie icl,.ts Oltscsil.us pclt)itjer()n \er
(lLlr
cst.ri ! i,--
nilu't :r ckll :rl sujel()
(lc
rin scntirtrient()
(le
scl lrcucl <ue pocle inicttr una at,
ci<in rrtc
l)t-cviltntcntr.
p()r el c()ntl.ri(). cl.1t scnti(l c<ttO iniciltcle
xrr
rlll1r
M()t)til-() i\'l()DUI-AR
-t
RANS|()RMA(-r()NAl, 1t
ligull anlenazante. Es
(lccir
ctte lo que el suic) lenre sutl-ir
l)si\':ul(
nl(
(s
inrrrginaizaclo. a travs cle mltiples fantlsias agresivas. crrxr atrtcllo rlttt ril
rucclc
hlcer activxrrente. Esta transfirmaci<in cle lo qtte sc sullc
l)xsr\.llrr(
l
lc prlr representiusc cort]() <ue se realiza lctivarnente es lo <ttc l'retrl rrttcs-
lrir en ,}fti. all .lel prittcpo dcl plLtcer: el ni() xl
(lue
lc
(l(-slgrir(l.r
s('r
rulrncknaclo poL su nraclre, y
(ire
'st.t tlcseparezca sin slr intelvcn(i()r),
I):rs.r
ru s(jr cl srjck) xcti\'() que hace clesaparecer el crnete. Prr-crtr ladr, cn el r'
rtukr
cleclicaclo al estu(li() cle la dcpresi(ln nos refriuxs a las tesis rlc |uir'-
hairn y cle Killingnro
(lle,
a nlest()
jrici(),
est,n relaci()naclas c(l cst t('n-
clcnci:r rlel psi(luisrn() a 1lp()(ler-arsc cle k taurrrtico, <le kr tue n() sr
l)L((l('
(
ontr()hr,
)
1r crelr i ilrrsirin rle
(lue
el sujc) cs cl
(pre
c()ntr()la l()s ac(rl('( i-
ruient()s. Irairl)aiIn
(l9.iJ)
consiclcra que el ni(). necesitanclo clescslcrarllr-
llente scntirsc protcgiclo v ctrcliclo p(r-srs
lll(hes,
preele pensar qu( l
(s
nlal() y n() <ltrc sr.rs patlres s<n s:'iclicts
()
quc n() lc ctticren para ntatntcrt( [ lir
iltrsi<in cle ejerccr un cierk) c()ntr()l
(mrnip(fen(e
soltre ll eeiirhd
(prit{. ()5).
trres
as
rtrccle
flrntilsellr:
.Si
nrc
P()lt()
lricn... si n() s<>y tttalo... enr()n(cs. rrl(
qurrran. n() l]rc clrstill.u.'in,. tll scnlirse ctrlpalrlc se h c()nverti(lo en uril
(l('
f-ens. cn un nretli< iltrsori<
(le
rec.lpir.uu[ un sentir]rienk) cle c()ntr()l s(r)t'('( l
cLrrs() de l()s nc()ntecinlicnk)s, cn Lln:l estl.ategix lrental inc()nsciente
l)llr;r
(
n
cuflu situllci()nes
([e
lpxrecqn cor]r() tl'lrLrm,tti('s pr el psiquisl)r()
((ir(fs
tein y liinslcl', 199.i). Killingnro
(
19i19) clestucu qLc cxiste un tip()
(lc
cLli)x
('n
tue el nirro
leficrc
pcrts;tr <tre i'l cs tnakr poruc h nr:tclrc ic abanclt<i lt'
clara unu ticrtu illsir-n dc crfol lllargic()
(x))r-lip()tente (le
la realidacl.
l)u('s
si
se p()rtsc bien. enlrnces la rneclre rrrlvera
(luc
pcnssr sinlplcllente
(lLt(
lc
lrncktr- y
(lue
n() cstal a sl alcancc ha<c'r nlrcla p:u-l c()ntrilnestar csc rl)iln
clrxt<>.
tin el capttrkr 2 s<lrrc cl ])s()qLrisnro. en el xpl't1L(l()
.Forma
de crntrol
,y
trnsli )mlll( i(-)n <lcfensi!a cle h sitr.r-tciun tr'.rurlritic.r. Lr\ isJlll()s la 1tl)ur)
chnte eviclenci clirica cuc inrlica <1tre el sriet() preere ser el <Itre se infligc
rlao por tcnlol a
(llreclr-x
mcr-ce(l
(lc
un
()l)jct() (lLlc
n()
I)uc(le
cont[()lr. l]l
liiull crrc el mxs(xllistu inrlx)ne l sL plrlej s:irlirl coloca x l.l c()nclLlctl
(l('
st1r I).rj() Ln rcgLrllrci(')n trar)(luilizx(l(xxi el nas(xlLista es el que cleciclirli qu'
cs lo rue lral1i sr.r parcja.'lxl]l)i'n nx)stl'lur)os criDto tl stjet(),.lntc el terr()l l
una persecLrcia)n rue va nrs ellli clc sL r'rlirntd, prcliclc scl cl tlue prvtxlt
el castig() pues clige cl nx)merk) eD
(lue
s()l)[even(]r.i
-narla
mirs irn.!.lLr\ti,n-
te que estrr n llcr-cc([. c()n l guaxlill baja. cle un otro <ue cleciclirr el mo-
llrcnlo clel atuttre.
En lls tlcs c()n(lici()nes mcnci()nl(llls
-i(lcas
obsesilas cle cllr a un se-r
(reti(l(),
au)atril)trci<jn de llt cr.rlplt.
'tlirclslts
firnrlts cle Inris(xluisl)ro-. cl
srjct() t(mr r.rr-ia rcaliclcl 1ll)rcn:rzntc
(luc
sientc inc()nl[olxlrc
]
en l):rsc 1r
c()nvcrtirse. cn I:l t.Lntasi:r t en ll relithrl. cn el srist() cti\'() salc cle su scn-
tirnient()
(le
inlp()tcnci.r e inclclcnsjrln. lgr.Irl sucecle c()n lxs
(
reencils y l()s ri-
tulles luigi<os. trrn las funtesas de
(lre
se puc(lc
(lxr
xl cnelnigo
-ritr:r
3t2 VAN(]I:S I'N PSICO'I-I.:RAPIA PSICOANALiI'ICA
Ies vud-. Parecierl enk)nces que n()s enc()ntrallos ante una llr()cl.rlidad cle
clefensa n.rrry lrsica y
eneralizaclt).le
potetrciacn
iuag o,ct del su/eb N
travs cle representarse c(ll() activo. lo que le pemrite salir cle rn aterri-
zJnle \rnLi,))icn[i,
r.le irnp,,rent i.r
ORGANIz^ctoNEs
pseuICAs
supRAoRDINADAS:
R!:I.ACIONES INTr-tRN^S DU
()BJtilO
Hasta acltr llentcs viskr v as cliDtcnsitnes
-cleseos.
estaclos cnx)ci()n-
les y angustias, el siste|ra clefensi',,r>- (lue
en slt .trticrla(.i)n gcneran clife-
rentes c<>nfiguluci()ncs. Estas
(liltensiones
se \..1n c()nstituyend() en cl inter-
jueflo
entre lt intcno
1,
la intersLrltjctir.idl(1, intedLeg() clel cual van
elregiend() ciefis estrLtctrtras intr.lps(lLticils, c()n gr.ln estxl)ili(lcl
-de
ah
e l clenrrrin:rrlrrs estructuras-, rtrc li
jen
las nurfuliclctdas cn las crales el su-
iet()
se relci()n
(()n
k)s
()tt()s
)
c()nsig() u)isrlr()
(Grecnl)erg
y Nlitchell, lguj).
Ests estnctulas inhapsquicas supraorclina<las
-ls
llanurnt<s ls pucs clc
temrinen llrs cr'actersticas cle llts clirnensiones a las cue ltbrcan- crlr-
prcnclen:
l. Representaciones lantase-acls
(lcl
sujet(). incluyenclo lu replcsentacin
cle su cuerp<> y llcnte en nrltiples niveles, clcsclc la
ltercateci<in
rlc sus fLl.1
citnes hasta h valoracir-n csttic()-narcisist.t. llel)rcscntaci()ncs, txI])l)in,
acercx
(lcl
grackr tle c()ntr()l qre el sLljct() srpucst.ulentc ten(lr:L s()l)re sr
cuelP() y Dtentc. cle l<s clesc<s, clc krs peliglos lr los clr.re estir cxJ>uesto, cle la
p()tenci ()
irllpotencia tue se ldjtrclic.a a s )lisnt() pm tisiltccr ks rlcseos
()
paru protegerse cle los peligros. Estas rcprcscnt.lciones crre firnrran los litT-
cleos bscos del sc t llticitto .k' de tiddd no cuctlan restringi(lus rl plano <le
sin'rples ilr,rgenes sino
(lre
c()nsfiruyen al('ntdu(lcs.lincio,/tlc.s des(le Lts
cueles el sujcr act[li. Cuan(l() sr rcpresent.r en peligr.o no srkr sientc y picn-
se s<lrre si y l()s
(fl()s
sin() qre. sirnult:tnctntente, rellizl acciones: sc lrlcla,
sc esccncle o. por el c<tntrrrit). se .lcct-cu
1.
agreclc,
()
intetrtlt inllt<vilizar l
Presunt()
attc.lnte.
2. Rcpresentaci()nes ttntascaclas cle l<s <tl.os con los crre cl sLjek) cstx,-
cn rclaci<-rn: personajes tcrrilrles r figrrras ltenvolas y slva(l(n..ls. kr rue in
cluye les replescntaci()ncs
(le
srs sLlpuestas intcnci()nes, cle los clese< y con
rluctlts qrre inlaginarintente tclt(han c()n respect() lll sujeto. cle l firnna cn
(luc (ptarian.
sxtisfalxn o trLstrarxn sts clese<s.
S( llittu
(le
un verclaclcro esccnri() lDentitl
(l(r,uina(lo
p()l la tirnt:ls in
trrts,r'it'l)tt'cn <1trc los pers()nxjes crre lo pueltlan.
el sujet<l incluickr. son r.e-
rttsr'rrtlrrkrs
rrtxr !ltaciln(l()se < atltnckrsc. pr<)tcliencl() ()
xl)andonanckr. reac
ci(r:rn(k) tt <lcscln o c.on sirrrpatit. Estas felaci()nes internas de
()hicto
M()t)l]I_() M()DUt_At{- t',RANS()RMA(:r()NAr
1 r )stitLr)'cn cl plrxllrcto
(le
interlrcci()nes le.rles del pusa(l().
(lc
itlt'ntilit:rt ir r
rr( s
(()n
tls figrrras significativrs
-c(illl()
stos vier()n l suict(). l rttttrtrir
1
;t
\r r)isnl()- y
(le
ln cleativiclacl
(le
la fantrsa inc()nscicnte.
l,l cuesti(')n bhsica respec> a estas relaci()nes internus clc
()l)icl()
r'\
(1,llr
xrncrhs
al clescul)iclto. a pilrtir
(lc
qL in(lica(k)res
(ledtcirlxs, (l.l(l() (lu('(
s
t.rrr rrrs allh cle hs representac iones c()nscicntcs dcl srick). l)rir estc
(l(s('l
llllr)]icnk) contlll()s. en pilr)ef hlgar. c()n el exanren cle
((im()
c'l sLrjel() s(' \'ill
(
ol c()n l()s ctistintos personljes c()n l()s
(lLlc
cntfa cn c()t-ttilck) y (()rrr(r r.('
trit.r a s urism(). Es acr.r clt>ncle el vnculo con el tenpeutI. cl arllt y ltlrrrt
rlL'la tnrnsfcren<i:1. c()nstitu,vc un instlLmenk) cle primer
()r(len,
ts c(nll() lir
li rue cn quc cl pcicntc vx reccionxn(lo irnte sus propias flLnt:rsrx\ y
( (
nr
clLr'llrs c[rante el h.tnscrls() clc- clrcllr scsi<in: cn())s c()nsig() l))isrl](), ttl()1tli
lrenzas, piinicrr xnte el strgirrlicnto tlc kr cuc no espcral)a enc()ntrr
(rnr(,
l)irfie
(lc
su scr, etc. tln segrn(l() tr!)rino. \'ienen en nuestra rylrcla pxlir (\)
rrocer las relci()ncs intemas clc objcto las prrxlrrcciones imaginarias c['l
rrr
(
iente. espcciarlnlentc l()s rcllt()s
(luc
ltce clc las interaccicncs qtlc ir()slr( n('
rr rn los personajes que le r(xlean. ruc nlis cue infi-marnos s<l'rc l rcrlirlrrr l
clc lo qrre tcstil)x)niirn. infirnnan tle l<ls cricligos con rue el suiet() llr
(lrl)l:l
ct-xligos pltrtnoiclcs. iclelizantcs. liil)ic()s, nlrcisistxs. etc. . P()r cll()
(ir(l:r
vcz tlue el pa(icntc
(renta
un.r interir(ci(in cuc lc lre <rurrick c'n le virl:r lt';rl.
Io qrrc nos pregLrntlln)()s cs:
p()r'qL
la ve y siente cle estil maner:l?.
(lu
irs
I)ect()
(lc
slr biograf1. rlc lts succsr>s
(luc
vivi(-),
(lc
l()s c(-xlig()s cle srs p.r(lr('s.
(lelem)inu
qLe le xt l)u_va.r la
(()n([ct1l (lel ()tr()
esk)s significaclos c irrltrr
(i()nes
cn pilrticul:lri.
lor'<trir
tle las lril firnuas c()n
(lLrc ()tl-()s
sLjet()s r('ir('
cion:lrn frrnte ] igull c()ntecimientu) nuestr() p.rcicntc lo hace clc cstrr rrr
ncril
(lLre,
I sL \'cz. lx vcnl()s rtpetilsc cn
(listint()s
lll(nllcnt()s y c()ntexl()s'/
En fcfcef lrrgar.
y
muy cspecixlnlcntc, vcnl()s cl relk)
(lc
slls suc()s.
(
r)
los crre se clespliegan escenari()s tantslicrs cle seres rue se s(reten a ft)(l()
tipo cle accioncs. Si l()s srcn()s fr-reron crnsidcraclos poll'rettci la
"via
rcgirt ltl
inc<nsciente" es, pre(isilmente. prrre ll cles.lpxrecer lu realiclacl exteri(r'.
)'
crn ello llts pr()v( )( ll( i( )nes. in<lrcci<nes o peso cle lo clre hacen los qtre rr
tlean al srrjeto, t()(l() I()
(lue
sllce(lc cn llr proclrrcci(rn onric es pro(luct() lrl)-
s()lLlk)
(lc
ste. I)cs(lc cl pr.rnto cle \istu terpLrtic(). cl nailisis cle l,.rs sucnrs
cs Lrn insh!rmcnt() inigtralablc
(F'lanclefs.
1993). csrccialntcntc cn el caso clc
arr.rellos pacientes
(lLe
sc ven sienrpre
(\r()
Ias r,ctirnas
lusivas
cle sujelos
ctre le Draltr:rtan, y
(lLlc
cxpliciln invxl-ixl)lclncnte su propix conduct;r c()n]() ll
nicx rcspLcst1l p()silre flente a k> cue hacen los clcms. L()s slrc(,i\ prnri
ten m()strar a estos pacicntes quc
(lentr() (le
s existcn imigenes prefomrx(las.
l)rc'jLlici()ss.
(lLle
n() rc(lLlieren cle nclic en el cxtcri()r plrl ilctivane. Su l)rull
(l()
intcri()r es el
(lue
tcnlrinxral rcccnc()ntftrn(l(). f:rl)ricn(lo. l otl'o.
Intentancl() especificar kr tue acalramos cle ver en un nivel gcnclxl. l;rs
pregLrnr.ls
(lle grxn la <bsen'acirin son. entle
()trxs.
l:ls siguientes:
t5 I AV^N(.1:S liN PSI(lo'l EitAPlA PICOA N
^Ll'l
l(:A
Nl())l:
()
lll()l)lll-All_ l lt^NS'()RNl^( l( )NA I
|
"(,iit)to
sc &'Lrciottu cottsilo 111snK)?
I'll cstu(li()
(le
lxs lelirci()nes intcl sl ll)lcl ivas licnrlc rt irltr'r.'
l)ilsil
il ll) \t
rlrrrrtlo
rleno
trl llechtl cle tue el stLjcttr cstai en c()lllil)tl rcltirln
'lrtsigr rli'
,r ). (lLrc
se lonll .l si cctnt si filera Lln
(lr()
al cLtc le hallll. al tr'tt'<ltsliglt tl
,,r. cienigra o tlab, ltl
(lLc
c()nstelll tl intran<itliliz:t. ill
(lLlt(l(litt( rr txii:r /'il
tt' l
L'l ellrt
(trctt(1.
192J) signific<i cl lxnte lllais illlp()fint(' ill
(()rl(x itrri( rrl(
il( L'stlr escisi()n clel siricro cn l)1ltiPlcs
pe rsol)lli(liclcs tttc inttlitcltilttl
Al
r( r,l)c(t(), es
(1)nvenienlc c()nsi(leratrr
1. lil eru<rt u <tclir <littgicl< lrcilt ri ttlisux. eslc'cialnrcnte
llts tirlllrts trl
( i)icrtlls
(l(,
ut()lllfcsi()n.
(irranr.[r
l)lrlrlrr clc si. !>s lrtllin()s cl] ttr.- ir llrt, r'
:rcljctivos iltscalilicrlntcs.
illsLlll()s- rcflcjlLn
(lcsl)recio. rlll)ixl
Sc
gr((l("r
(licanlentc l
1icne
ttne rclat'ii-n lilliclinitl.
(lltili()srl. consio l)risnr()i'
2. La otglrrlizltcin tlcl
'-leseo
v rcl(-(i')n
(l(l stljek) h-entc a stt
Jrt<ri.
tk
rc() ts tle: ,(()lcr:tnci1l,
I('(l)117().
(()ntr()1.
[)iillic()/
3.
F)l sttrclvt-r sistctlt tlc i(lc1Ll('s. \'.tl(n-cs; lrllras cle ill)Plenrcnlll'! )lrlrr
(litl()s
v
pr()llil)icioncs. tiP()s clc t'astigo
(Ile
st ritll()il)lpor)c; ctivi(Ll(l
(l( lr
(()ncicn( iit clitic. sltciisn<r int r;tlls<
1r.tico.
r rr
-i.
Ilclrr<i<irr con tl
rtorio
tLtctr<r
-
lDtir{.1( l) trlrot'rti
(Ortsll
\ I'llzil)sk}'. l!)!)o) L'l
'tlcrl)()
llttctlc
:r'r t rrlr
li(i() cles(lt cl cixligrl clsl nrlrcisisnro
(
l)crnl()stlr lc;Lltlltcl; habiliclacl/l()rl)('z
l)
1
o clesrlc lits angr.tslilts li rllict llarenoitlcs
(l'ttlncralliliclacl pcligro"stgttlitlrttl)
(i)n()(inlicnk) (lt
ncccsi(lll(les \' lcnsi(nles crpt-ales NL'$ttLirttt tltl
./ll) Dtotk) u
)rP )17rl.1' (ft'l s//1's
(llf(zlir2
l9S5).
Arnor
),
otli() ll(lta(I)s
(rll
t'l:rciirn lll
Prr)l)i()
ttl(l-p()r critlatlos, ltto;
grcsi( rcs.
(l('s(ln, (lcslttcnci(')n.
5.
O<-rtt()
featcci()ll ntc sLls cstli(l()s :tferlivosl
lse
asLlst:I. sc pxcigLli7
Itctnlltl([) lls lclltir-lt's itllr.:t-ns tlt'()l)ici() tllle sc cli\ ll!-]
]_'-!ct\ixIl
(l\
l.r llltclsul)ieti!i(lt(1. tlclxtD,rs eslecificrtr':
,(,:luifus
st)tt l()s )ttfl.fos tkffcsst1s c.)r/
('1(]1/r)T lliYllli(la(l itl)ierta
()
cn( tl
l)icltlr, negli\ isrl)()
l)si\1)
llgrtsi\'o.
(
)
Ix
)si('i()n isnl( ) x(li\'() \' l)rllniflcst(), sll(lis
nl() n]l-cisistlr, ct(.
Ql(t
ttlros
(lc (ttsil(t(lL'\ (l?spi(rttt L'l
(
1t)?l)c illxln(l()n()
Pers('t
rl()ri r\
-ca.stigo
f;sir\)
()
l)si(()l(ilii((),
scntiD)itlltos
(lc
iD\1lsi()n <lel espacic tncntl
()
c(n.p(n-ll-. scntilr)iclltos
(lc (.ull):1. ll{ustixs nur(isistlls
-infri<r'iclrrtl.
\er{rli'nzit
(l}r(ltlcck.
1991, Nilthxns()n. l9u7)
^iltstjxs
(lLle rlcl)cn scr
r:slrcr'iiirlitls eD 1ti))i)l()s ,.lt cctnltrtos l'.tnlst't{()s tlt
l)tls(nliljes
atciln
Ici. ri(li( LlizrnlL's,
sufri('rlrcs. sc(lLlct(r'cs Inl\()lr)s tttc lrtcgo lrttstran, tttt
asfixien coqtoral v nlclltJln)cntc.
(l(l(- in\dcn cl psi<lttistllo Y t1';lsftln(i('lr
t I-l \
('r5(
IIL(1, hlllrr 1 tr)r)i). ! en t'sl( lLlrr l crPrrtrlo
I
{ltrt cl sttpct1'r'
l .
Lnto
sc rdacion,t cou los ott'os
t, dL,fiti'o d(' ld lo'ap.L
c<)n cl tarcOautt?
Es
sumis(),
(lorrinxntcT
C()n sul)tipos: sumis() p:lsiv()-agresiv(). r'ulIis(
:n1()r()s()i
(lol)rinltnte
libiclinal-protecllr. clominante lnt()ritl'i().rflesiv<).rrr
icolal)()r.
se Llnci'(J, p()r el c()ntlilri().
cs
negx(iyista, slrlTOtel, :rlcjl?
flsperil
ser'pl'(fegi!k). <.tll]reck en sLrs irnglrstiJs
(),
p()r el
(.r)ntr.rl.l,).
pr(F
tcgcr y cxL)I?
ll,egitinla
s!rs
(lese()s
y los clcl otro'l ;Rec()nocc estacl()s mentules
)'n(]cc\r-
clucles clcl ttr<1
Se
aterorize xnte el
(fr()-1
Atcrr()rizx
1rl
()t)7
,il)crsigLc. hlrntill:t. g,,z.r r.-
(liclll))ente?
lEs
scdLrct( )r',sc(lrrcitlo?
lde:iizL\l lluscr
ser iclelizaclo'l
l'is
e-rhil.)iCir
nisti'
Se
(lesc()ne(tx
flsic:r. rlcntal
()
1l tcl ivxl]rentc'a
lF:st':I sot)rcin\1)lucril(t( ) eu( )ci()nx lllrcr'r(t cn lil relu<irirtl
Sc
l)rgl
((x-
prrlsivamentcl
aEs
desllfiaDtc. tenrer()s()/
Es
confiuckr. sLspiclzT
N()
(lej
espa(j() rl
()tr().
le inr'cie nrentalnlcntc?
Solrrcinrrlu<
ra cnxr
ci()nalnrcntc ul <t, inocr.rl:incl()lc csl1l(l()s alcti\'()s-1
lis
clcslrorclante con sr.t
<liscursrl'
T()clas cst5 forrttas clc rclar'ionsc.;s()o eslll)]cs, se van llcrnJn(l()7 li')
cu)'() cs().
7.crriincio.
Jrr
trri', lntc cu crrnrlrrct:rs tlcl rfn firncirna clc rrrrr
Ll
()tr'
manera'1 lll lcrrpeLl:r tr.ttr clc
(ontcst.tr
a la
l)rcl{unt.r;lrajo
rrrr: per-
sonaje illtaginlr|io nre estii rel)r'esentl n(l( ) cn est( rll()nlcn) y c()n
(lLricn .r
est:i ellrci<nunclo ]h()rxi rl)cs(L
(lua'i(lcnti(tx(l
sLrni(liL in((
)n:cirnte!n(
n(c
-perscgr.rickr.
>erseguirk.
crt. sc rcl.rci()n.r conl.igo? ;Qrr[' lr.tc l<> rtre
suce(li(-) inme(i:lt.urentc r)tcs tle <1ue lrsumiera trl i(lcnri(lcl v rtte acljr.rcli-
clrr':t tal rtr1
C(tt() se vc p()l-cstirs
l)raglntlls,
r('stlltrt inclispensahlc estttcli:tr en c:tcl
nr())ent() cl lilx)
(lc
vin(ul() tLre el
lrcio'ttc
ticn(le.r
(r)nflgLrrirr,
yir seil c(r()
init iclrr o c(r)() rcsptlestil r h ac< irin rlt l <flo. l)elr tlrlin cxrnrinar lls s-
cuutcitts de cslrs c(nrlllllrilci()-lcs. csp(,cixlnrcntc llrs raz<ncs pof las crrc sc
l)itsll
dc tnas ir
()tr-ls.
El exrllcn
(l(]
lils scclrcncis. cn el nt(nrlen() 1t rll()rllent()
<lc l:t sesin, <lc l:ts f'nntrrs:. cslar(l()s crll()(i()nllcs
'.rrncltr<t.r.
c()ncretirs cs
I r rinirrr cre
rucrle
rccltreir lit rlitruiccl<l inlrcrctc a rcl <l>scn',,'iirt c ir
t(r)l()
(lc (lescilr.lnricnt(
)
(lel
rllrn(l() intclno clcl
lrr.iente.
A<u no lustltn las
lirlrrrtrlus gcner':tles. lequiri( nclose la reconsttrccirin fina clel esplrcio ir:t.rgrn.r-
ri<
lrolrl:rrl<
<le person:rjes cn ctrc cl
l)xcientc
\i\e, espaci()
(liti'rc'nte
p:[l
r.rtl;r
>rlsortr
\ r'csLrita(l() rle srr irit-irfilt
l-rccrrlilrr.
lll l':rr rLril re\isi(-)n (le
l(,s lhll].l(los nr(,(1c1(,s.c.nrplrtos.
(le
reh(i(rrcs irtcrt)trsirlx-
l(.' \,,,r\'(lrr.rl.rt,, rlc Snrith ll(t.rnin
(t991) (lol
rn c1 ni\'!l
(lesrripti\'()
rrt)r1.serrlir un c'-
\\'AN(:ris IrN PSr(
(r-fllRAplA pst( ()^NAt
'r't( A
.ulJltsli. A rstc lespc(t() eS interesllnte la clrreja cle nttrchos aclctlcscentes
,r'r'r'r'lr r['l t()n()
(lc
\,()z
(lc
slls plclrcs. que es scntid() csi crnr ntolestil
( (,rln)lll:
1()n()
(lc
v()z sol)re e[
(lLe
se lu c]espl:lztclo cl etecro pe{urblclor
(()rr (lue
sientcn lt tr'rnsnrisi<in rte l<s estltcl<;s cle anqtrstie cl<.css ltirrros.
rr,lriculrzatks. prccislrntentc, p()r Il v()2.
.Qrrtl.lirrtcirrts tietulc a urntplir cl slcto poru cou st!s d)?tos sillnific.tti-
/ r,rT lintrc otlts. ser el clcpositario cle plutes (lel
.\//
(lcl
otr(): scr el vengaclor
rk lls rfi,nss reales o imagineri.rs perpc-trxd.rs c()ntl-it uno clc sus peclrcs
Jtor
t.l rfrr ricltlt-r <lc le parejlr
1,tLnrc
hs crralcs el printero no
llLrlc
rcsxrn
rl,.l scr el olrlekr tle lu tlcnigrrcir-rn clrl
()tr()
I)ir'il
l.lllLtrccrrr el tr;u.c.isislto tle
t str': scr cl
()l)jct()
pr(fcct()r p( scntitnient()s rle r Lrll}tlriliclari: ser el superi
rk,l tfro. o cuntplir lirnciones
lrrictrs
parl cl nlisl)n) eit cLlllnl() la relacion
< rrr lu reali<ltcl ser el <uc le clelr infinclir vicle
1,
elcgrtr
-rclat.ion
crrn un
(,1)i(1()
u()ril)Lrn(l() el clrrc sc cielc re|ivir, ct(..-. El srrict() pu((lc ser fizurl<
.r <ltscrtrpeiLr el
lLrtl
cle un y<;. Lrn clkr
()
un super\'() \.i(.ut.i:lntc
l).l.ll
el
()tt.().
;(.\!.ilas st)t fus lit'eles k,tlisc'intiltlci(it s?ll,1ltrl(iat.rcirlrrcl rlc selrlrr r
(lisarirrinLl-
Jo crr'son
(lese()s,
cstlill()s cnt()(.i(tlrles
),
lcpresentci(ntcs
(lc
s
nrisnro clc les qrrc se lc atlil>uyen l <ltt, r'e c(-)ox) srrlx)ne (lue
cl
(fr(,
lc vc
(.|r,
crlrson, l9(ri). C()n
(k)s
\.riantes cn
(.larnt()
lr l tro cliscrinrir-ur< ir-tn .sr//,;t f tor
I l)r()yecci(in cn el
(fr() (lr
l()s
l)r()i)i()s
(lcsc()s.
esl(l()s rrx.itnltlcs rr
nt'r't sichcles ((p(nllles
-si
sc esti eu()ja(k), lristt:. tststatL. rrn hlltlc.
f r( ). etc., sc sicntr que el
(f
r() sientc est()s csti(l()s-. I.'tectcnle cn ls lcllt
('i()rcs
silDi)i(-)ti(.rs: tllachc.ltaclre
(lLe
vivc srs
(lese()s
y angrstixs a(til)r),,n
,1,
'1.r.
.rl ltr r A \r \
(,/. (, ,n rI ,r r.rli.rntt r:
1.1. I)n)ye(ci(jn tlrfi,nsir:r: clcstrcnrlcr.sc <lc csos esttr<los cnrrr.i<nl<.s
lx)r
r(sLrltxr iltk)le[l)lcs, r'irincktlrs c()D)()
(lLt('s()n (lel ()lr()
\'n,) pr.()Pt(,\
(
lik'in. l!.16; Snrller', I9l19)r pot cjcurrlo. gentlrrr dcpen<lcnt'ilr cn cl otro
1-rr
n() l()leftlr versc c(n() nccesitltr-h v tlc,lril.
1.2- Prr.t.yecci<i .'tryk)b{ullc. ilt)ilgina
(lLc
el
(fr()
c()nlpurte Ln estlL(l()
,. rrx'ionl
()
ticnc
(
icl-ts cll l-11( tcl isticars <rre el sr.rjer accpt c(nD(, pr(rpi.l:
Ntt..icllL<l nilrcisisti( clcl
"ckrltlc, Es l,r rluc K()ltrlt rlcr)()tr)jnii tr li r-rsfc'r enc i.r gu-
nr( lrtl
(
Kolrut. lt)-1).
l. lntft))'ecci(in o iclentilicL ion ltr.lsi\l: sc tlrran los dcsc<s. cstatlos
t rrrrx'ionles, nec(.sid.r(les
() (lecucirLs
clel ot1. pasenckr cl srrjeto a lra<.erlos
s1'rrs Fil e
je
nrplo e \tl clll( ) cs cl clcl ntienrlrrr
l)ilsi!()
cle l:t
fili<'ti
tletl.
l)t ltuos nten(i(n)lr l1lnl)i1 Ix .lp.tcidqd cllpitcr: nircl rlc
(.rl)t(.r(,n
Lh l.r rrrlrr nl(Dlil
-irlL,(.ti\,11.
r.ognitirrr- y tlcl estrrilo cor..xrlul rlel
()tr.())
srs
rrr, r'.rrLrrlt.s
(llas(l),
t9lJ.l). l)altkrgias clc Ia ei.lrtie: l) cli,flcit rlc L cnrJtlrr.r.
n( ,
(
.r|ll;r( r )r (le
l()s senti[licnt()s clcl otrot /r) fllllrts en [a lrar.rela cnrritit..r. rr-
r r'r. r[ 11;1I, res()nan(ia cxcesiya c()n l()s esta(l()s cnroci<nlrles clcl otrr.
r,L trlr(,r( ir r rusir':r c()n k)s
(lesc()s
v xnguslixs
(lel ()tr()
l\Ir)DIll
()
M()r)t r.AR-'l nAN\l:r)lrrllA(.t()NAl
J5-
Lls concliciones reseadxs Ins ariba col'n() dilllcnsi()nes clc las rela< iones
intcrnus cle
()l)ieto (lcterminrn
la trlerancia
()
int()lerxncix lnte l intirricla,,l
rrli,ctirl, corporal y nreotal. v eJ tipo cle apego
-segLrr(),
insegLrK) rcsisten-
le
/
illrl)i\'-.Llente . insegLrll) c!'itxti\'o. etc.
(,{ins\\()ril)
}
(xros.
1()7S; l}()w!{)\'.
l9(9. l97J; Murral Prrtkcs
y ()tr()s.
l !)9-1 .'laml)iD. el tip()
(le
\'ncr()
-r]]
soquisnr(), saclislrx). :,1nrisi(in. c()nt(, pr()tect()r u hostil. etc., l3cnjumin, 19911
(ilic
k y l\Ieyer. 19llll-; o los conflic)s cle sepaLrci)n/incliviclLracin
(Mahlc-r.
1975):
Ir()[
xngLstil cle separrcit->n. por tclll()l-,r la inclefensi<in lx qLe exP(nl
rlrilr llr scp:rraci<in. el sujcr cleseu .l\c('.lIsc.
nt]r,
,. p, r n.trLisi\n . plrx scntir
sc in(lepcD(lientc r porler
rrescirrlir
rlel r>tro. ne(esitl scp.lr-.usc.
[.]t- stsi-t":MA NARCrsrs'r'A tN'r'liRN()
L | 1
Fls
(l (luc
dctet.llil1',r. c(nu()
f)r()(lLrc)
tle s.r firnci<rnrLricnt(). ul l)xlxcc in-
c(rrscicnlc
)
r(rrscisDte tlc satisllrccirir I instislircci(lr
(l)nsigo
nlisD](), .le v:rl()
r:rci<in . clesvnlorizaci(;n. Si l() heflros clct<llirlrck) sistcn].l nalcisist rntL:r'n() es
p(r'(lLc
(jn
este lJnackr nrs liDritlurs la estfuctLlrlr intrupsquica lun sir-
lrienrlo cr.rc cl nlrcisisrn()
ixD)ils
cxiste
rot
fircr:r tle lll inlersll)jetivi(l:r(|, n< srik
cn
(ulln)
r su gnesis sin() sr firn( i( n'r[tricnk)
(()nlillLl().
Est,t c()nstitui(l()
l)(n:
L l?L! csentalck) t(,s utha i t'tts r/,/.rzl. Son lus Dtltiples rePfescntlr(i()
nes in(r)nscicntes \,
(()ns(ientcs (.1?la
unal p?rs1cclt'.t I' k)rcttit'at est() l.ls
cliftr,.:nci
(le ()tras
rcl)r escntlr( i( )nes-
(lLle
el sLrjet() lirnc s(r)1c si. lgrtlpr(LLs
cn iircls c(nn() cl cuerl)(). l:r rnente. l:ts <rrliclclcs nxrrles. Ias lr:thilicl:trlcs
instlLrnr.ntlrlcs. r(Llci()nlrles. et(. Si llal)':tlgo <rLc <lrtctc|iz csts reltrcscn-
tllci(r-rcs cs
(llle
nLn( s()n h()ltx)l-ai'neis: dentr()
(ie
rnll misnlil :irclr hay te-
pleseDtrtci()ncs contr'tlir'torilts en cL[rnk) sus \'1ll()rci()nes, y. aclemlis, l;ts
vll()r(i(rtcs pue(len \'rillr tlc- trn :'rre' .t
()tr1r.
es clecir. scr cliferentes plnt el
crrcrpo. la caucirlecl rnent1. l r)()r'rrii(lir(i. et(. P()r
(fra
p.ltte, si l)ien cstas
t)tiltil)lcs rcpl cscnt
(
i( )res existen
(r)rll()
tn.l espc<ic de archirr l).l.ii(,, sin
cnrl)irrg()
(
rl-ies se il(li\,rttiin clcpcr:tlcr'li cle clc()s
(1)t)frx[()s prl i(rrlres. Asi
se pur:rlcn ctivrr.
\'
l)lsxr
e scr el tir'o <lc las
rreor'tt:laciones
clel sujeto. las
rcl)rescnlx( i()ncs
(lcl
t,utl p()
-en
l (l()les.enci.
lx)r
cjrmpl()-. l- lrctiva-
cit-rn prrrcle olrcclcccr il sitLlaci()ncs il(rules
(lur
errran sittci()nes trl[r[rirti-
(.rs ()
I)()r(llle
s(n llls rele\'.ntcs pare el ptlsonajc silnifictivo ciel r Lr:Ll el stt
jeto
cs cltltcrrcliente. lntcrcslr. p()r-tarnt(). lrt :ttrk rnorrrlt
'
cleltenclen< ilr
,
lu<
tiene
cl suict{) respeck) l()s r)lr()s signi,ic,li!()s en cunl() irctivci(in rlc ls reus
cue le scrl'tn illlp(ntaDI('s.
Lxs pregunilrs s()n:
cL(iles
s(r ls.ires.
(lc
cntre las nrltiplcs leprcs('|
t:rci()ncs \':rloriltivils
(te
s nrisnr(). rrrc tesultan nr:is signifi< atir':rs'1
Cruills,
ll1 \!rn:Ll()s(rt)iulr)s.irrlfxsr,rrn):n:r(rsrsr\((,)\s(r)('p\r.()rc[rpi.r
(iul\rrt)r1\,,r'l
J5J AvAN(-liS IiN PSI(i()TIrlr,APA PSICOANAI-lTI(-A t()l)ril-() Mol)rr l-At{-'l-RANs|()RMA(ll()N^ -
NrvEr-ES
pRlNrrrrvos
DIt oRGANIZACTN DEL PstQUISMo
Si lien el lcnguxje rc(xganiz ls fonnes cie lrrglnizacirn psiqttir il
l)l(
\ i:r\
lu su crttergencil,
jatllis cs caplz ni
(le
inc()rporar i()(lo lo existcntc
ni
(l(
s(I
meterlt e su tttal inl'lttencir
(Crlst()rilrdis
ALrlagnier' 1975r Gecio. 1979i Sl('rrr.
I9u5). Siempre tttcclan lcskrs inasilrilad()s. firnllas cle activi(la(l etll(x i(nlill cn
cr.re iuirgencs y estacl()s rtfcctir'os no lrxlulatlos cliligcn la conclltcta' c<l() st'
ol)selvlt cn atttclllts pcrsonlts clte cn el lll(nrlent() cle ckfores corporalcs o
rs
(ltric()s
intcns()s mLtcstr:tn estalli(l()s cle ll:tnto t clc agresiviclacl clesorgan izecllt,
<i necesilar-t In()\'elsc. gritrr. incltls() arr()jalse.ltl stLclct y clcsptenclcrsc rlt' lrt
rope. no ttsancto c()llt() intcnk)s clctensivos les rllleracioncs llrentalcs clc tt'rt'.'
si<'r o sirrl<lizecirin sino les lirttllas efcctir's y llx)trices
(ltc
son activa(llts
('ll
cl la<.tntc antc el
(l()l(x (r)l-p()rI. lln est()s
(1ls()s
el tlolor psquico cs vi\(l()
c(ntl()
(l()l(n-corpotal
1-xrnit'ntlt)
cl'l lllllr( 11 ks nllvitllienirx expresivos
y
lisi
c()s
(lLlc
en los nivelts lis ninrltlcs clel
lsitttisttlo
s()n activaclos
Por 'l(lrr(
lks. Son cs<s extrel]l()s
l)cl()
cn slts ,llxnitestitci()nes n)en()les i()s lcetl'()ll
tlm()s cn llts crisis cle llnto o rltlia. en la xgitx(i(in lllQtriz m()\'in)iclll()
(l(
pirmits,v cle rrnos-. cr'l c()ttterse llts ttlts. cn lcsarsc el cal.lclkl, en:trt'lttl
cark. clr cir:tius ctisis lrllttlics cn ctte la ingcstll colllPtllsi\'al ll() tl( rt(' tlrr
c1lict('r silr)l)(ili(o sitto tLte t'orrtsPonclc I tirttttlts pritllitiv:ts cle r':rlrll:tr'l;t
nsicclacl- Activirhclcs
(lu('cn
ttn ltllrsl tle intt:rlretacitin se les da cl sigrlili
cucl< sirrll-liur
(ltre
ten(lrn en ttnll organizltcirin psi(ltlicil trrs cv(rltl(i(n]:l(lil
por cjenplo lrulirttirt. <ltercr inc()rP()rllr a la nlclrel c(nlle$e las tln.l\.
I
lrl(
rcr m()r(lcr a alguien eo
Plrlli(trl:rr.
F.sl1s fi)nIllls
Prinlili\':ls
tle organizacitin tlel psitttisltto son clcnrrrirrrrtIts
prcsinrb<ilicns
1-ror
algltnos ltttt()rcs
(Liclltenl)crg,
1989). As.
Por
eic!ll)l(). rll
gunls pcrs()nlts rercci()nan.lnte
(li\'('rs()s
tipos tlc sttttitrlicnto fisico
"
1r:i' r
rr
t<, cuct14lt(,ftt
(ltt('st
st! ct)ttt(llkk) l( tttlco
-tttic.]kt,
\'etgiicnzal, cLlpil' lris
teza. fftstr(i(-)n cle ttna neccsiclt<] fsitlt, no telizalliliclatl clt'un clcserl- Irltjtr
rrna rut><lliclacl nron<ctrtle: agrcsiviclecl. Sittteci<in ecttivelente le clel nilltr
(lLlt
xnle cl stteti<. el hltnlllre, cl tllieclt. la litlslr.tci(-)n en cl cleseo
(le
c()nlr()l
nr(friz
(le
sL cucl-p()
-n()
atl(attzrt eL
()l)jd() (lcslj.t(l().
slj cae- leacciona, tilnl_
bin nrr'x>cotclenlcnte, c()n initcitin. llglesivi(l(1. lallttnxlr.
Iin itlgr.tnos pecicntes. lt los <lte n( )s( )l)gi( alllcnte se lcs sttelc ltli<rtl'
tt:il't< lxrlcrlittt', c()ntl)t()l)ilnl()s c<-ttno nivclcs ell)()ck)nales
pintitirr
's
l:i_
nicr. nccesiclatlcs cr>rpotelcs sentidlls illlPeli()rinrentc tlesencerlenln rl'l
resprestl ltgresivu cltscontrt)l(la. Si.
P(n
cielllPkr. entran en pniclr. y eslo tla
lr.rglrl lt egresivi<lecl. los argtttllenkrs qrtc'csgritllirl'tn. lcl qtte criticln. atr'tclkr
(lue
reclarxn ltirlr(Lllllclltc 1L sLls
Pers()naies
siflnifl(.ltiv()s --el teralPeutx enlr('
elks- r-tr se cleltc consiclclltr <1ltc aciarrt teillliticallrente l razcin cle la egrr'-
sil'icl:rcl. No sclit la clescorlilicircirin tlc sts argtllllenk)s. cn llttsca de r'tn sigtri
ficuck inconsciente ltl tlr.tc relrescntariln, lo clr.te n()s
(lar
acceso a la rllz(nr
clc su rl.li. sin()
(ltte
st es Lrn:l ti)llll1l pfitnitiva
(le
clefensa qlre st' tlt st ltr':t
sicnckr significatir,?s, cstn r,rs clisociadas, rcprirnidasl
Cules
utiliza pala
(1)Dpensr
a las rcrlesentaci()nes que siente insltisf'rctorias'1 l'or cjelnillo.
profirnde inseguriclacl .()n la epresentacir-rn colporel
,v
cornpensacirn con le
representalci(-)n intclectral clc s misrllo. o crn ln tle reelizlci<-n prirctice en la
vicla.rr'Qtrc1 contextos
-ci(cultstn.i.rr
) i)(.r'\onJ\-
-rLti\'.rn un.r\ Lr rxras <lc
I.rs rcprcscnlxci()ncs posil>lcs
(lcl
sujck)l
2. l,:l sstemlr de itlcules nol'lll.!tt,z.tnlts Irajo los c'ueles cl slrjet() se re-
prcscnta c(nr() cligno rnotalmentc: iclealcs clc no agresi<in. clc protc<cirin <lel
objeto. tle nr hacerle srrfrir. cle flcleliclacl. rle no cleseLr l
(r)ieto
c( )nsi(ler'
(l()
incestlros().
(lc
c( nr)p( tanricnto dc acucrck l llts rcgllts lijaclts pol la tlrruili
1,
la cultnrl. Icle'eles nr mativizllntes respe(J() l crlil clelre ser el cleser
-he-
rcrrscxLulicl:rcl,

xrr e jenrplo.
1. Ill sistcnru da ctnbicittt.,s /:r,rr-,/crrs rrrresentu<las
lxrr
nr<xlrkrs concte-
t()s
(le
gren(li()si(l1rcl r xr iclcal
(
l,agrrclte. l96l). Es <lccir. le rtirkrga cle l'igrr
r's iclealizaclas. Irf'lcs
1'clioses
pclsonalcs,
(c (()nstitlrycn
utrrelkrs crrn los
<irrc el srrjcto aspira iclentiflcarsc. Sc rrc()nocsn cst()s Dr()(lelos ir trur's cle krs
l)c1s()najes
qrre se :rdrlirln hi'rrres literarirs. ciDentogftifirrrs. ctc. .
'lirDl
lrii'n. por las
1-rcrsonas
a las tlrrc s(
(l'iticlr
cn xtll(lucs cnvi(lj()s()s <1ue trtrlten
llr icleirlizacirn strl)ylcente respecto el
(lue
se rcprcsentl <rrnro posel'enckr Lr
tuc rl sujeto sicntc que no ptrcrlc logLltr o scr.
.t.
l.al c(tcctlciat crlicat qtc (()nlinLrirlrrnlr
r(cslrLlclr-il llr r'lreci<il
(t),rscientc
c inc()nscicntc al conrpeler rcpl-cse llilci(mcs cleI srrjcto crn cl sis
It nrt clc icielcs Y rrmbicirlrs. Aclrri trsrrlta
l)xl.ticulxueotc
in)l)()rt:rntc espe-
(ilicl[:
l severi(lcl cle l concicncir crticlr. sr.r gnrrkr rlc slrtlisrro
rllrccr
cn
tlcriticlrr. cn crliar . s c()r)x) cl glltdo r-lc uLrk)n(nr),
(lci)rn(lcnt'ia
cluc cl
suict() p()sra c(n rcspcck) 1ll jr.ri.io cut cl
()tr()
signifl(xti) 1c:rliz srlc el slr-
j('l() (Arieti y IlenrPoracl. 19781 Illilt(
1,
i\laror.rclas. 1992r lllutt y
()tros,
191]2:
llltt y ZLrolT, 1992).
lil ballnce n.ucisistu no clepcncle exclrrsivumente del inlL'rjLego entle es-
llrs
(
L.tr() r'lriablcs y las clinrcnsirxres intcrnlrs clc tltdl une. sinr teDrlin cle
lrrs tlcft'nsas que se pongun cn
iucg()
plua rcccLrililrrarkr
-l)r()]rc(i,,n,
(',rr-
[
r]sar-ion rDcc]ientc la l1rrtsirs. ctLlrci()nes cD la rcelidltcl, ct(. l)(n-otr-
rrItc.
clclrcrrros evrlulr l:t .st.tbl.kl/] tlt.tbilidad dcl b.
(utce
:'.lrcssti/.
l\'licr(as algunos suietos p()seen rle raner Islnte estable un tip() detenni-
nlttlo <le ll:tt-lcc ntrcisist
-serL
istr
Ir'
,sitr\ ,
'
( ,
n(glti\ r
-,
t rl otros l:ts r'
rilr'itrcs son c()ntinLras, \'caes c()n inversiones polarcs cxtlrrllas enle pe-
(lu(
r()s :l(\lc( irllient()s
()
rer((i(es cle l<s rfr'<s signific'ativos.
ll I l.r , \.l,r.r, ir
(l(
:rn.rs lr nnirti/ir(l,rs
!
iir(.xs
(l( (r
rrrP(Irsr(
j(-)n
n() (s p.ir ((rrsi(l(.|lll
lL..,,,rrr1, rr..r, r,f,
'
,,rr, (l(l(,nsl:
l de\l ontr sino pur s.rl)cr qur re.ur's(,s posrt cl r
teto
!
, f
't,r'
..,'.rti^
r
t'.,rr
\L'\r,'r(r sLr Lrt()eslirlr Hxr quc (lilrcn(lr
r(nrrprnsrri()ncs prn)1()ai(rs
,1, rt,ll.r',,t,
(
'
{ r t r i l r r t r r . r I : r I . L r t r r' ; t r
'
I I t irLrto(slrr
(l(
rnln(Jr. lIlrnrarrx^lir. n(,nnirl
I
J()0
AV^CliS l:N
pstcot
tilt^ptA
pslLoANAI-1,CA
Nl()l)lil.() l\l()l)lrl Alr- I RAN\l r)llruA( I)NAr
(len:l
frente l p,lnico.
[tn:r I,ez.r,.trrcl
la rgresir rcL.l. krs rlrguntentos que
sLtPUestailtente
la SCstenclrrn
s,)n h.lsic.ullrntL.
l.-,. i, rn.,l,a-,a,, ,nCr. lr()r tant(),
rn cstos clsos, el li)c() de e\:lnlen
es el estaclc afectil.r (le
p.,lnico,
clel cual la
rabi es st consecuenci.l,
ls c(ro qre el pacientc
1r..1,,
i.... la relacirn en_
fre rn() y.t.
estacl< af-ectirrr.
cuancl< un paciente
c()n.st.rs
caracterstic.ns,
::ll:; lli l"l],i".",i,r
rh. rrn.r srl)Jf.r(
i,,n sicnre
r.rnir.
y .. r,,,]n.,
"g,...,'..,,.
.n
(Cr)(t(ft,,
\t(,lllnr( (-n
un n,\.(,1 1.I( i\i\t,l \.\.r.(.cr,lL(.sicnl(,tr(
I,.rlrlrn,.l,nl.
)l()s palil irn()s C()n figrr[tS rtrC sc lc r()n\.icrtcn ,:n nV]es LnlnteS
_inter-
I)relirci(in
eclipica cll-rsica-, () (lLr!
n() t()lcJn Llcp(jnLlcr
>rrr.rc
clLr los hac.e
s(nlir
l\.rlu(.,'.
\ i)r
r r.\rr.(l )\
Puele
rlt,s.l,.ncl,lr,,r.
.i p.ii.,, rr.\
l)rirrt
vo y n<r ll vak>ra<.ir'n
nilrcisistu
es kr <ue estii cn
Lreg<1.
t,,j, t,,,tt,,. lra1,rlue te_
ne[ en cltent:
l-. tsl nir,el clc regr.esi<in
-t(ipicil,
tcrlrp(),?1, linral_.
co
(luc
el pcicntc
esti fincit>nenck
en cLda nronrenl<.
2. Rigiclez / tlexibiliclacl r rr ntrol (lc
la regrcsi(-)n.
.
l.le.ribld.t.l tlc l.t regt?si
:
Jtosibilicl:Lcl
de (.tivxr (.((luct:rs
r.cgtcsrvas
Pefiinentes
parx
ca(l.r conte\t(). l-n L rcll(.irrn tcl]pcrlr(.t. (l
p.l(icntc sc per_
,r)its l en)cryenci.r cle aspeckrs
itl,nrilrs. , r t-rllrir.ln .n I.,:' ,,--i.n,.,rr". intirr".
\
.st-Nrles,
mientfs (lue
vrrcltc
[ipitlltlrtentc
i l)ivc]cs
rlc lilnt.rr n:rnricn r
rtltltr> en h vith citli:rn:
()
il Isultin.l l scsijn.
.
kigi'z e h tL,gttskit:
fLln(.i()nLntient()
rn<rrocr_clt
<lcl nir,cl cle rcgrc
sion
inclepenclicntenlentc (lcl
c()n(cxk). En l.rs ltrl.l(.1(xr(.s lntllrt.ls y
sexLrales sc
sigur firncionunclo
bajo
rerronts
rlr
r.rrtitid.rrl,
.[. Jitl.Lrlt.rl'cle
enso:_
lrient(). p()r tenx)l 1 l:t rejrc:,()i].
r lil pr(li(llr
rle c<ntrol.
(J
cn lls rclaciones
lalr<r:rles sc lirncirna
crlu si se trltse rlc rellrr.irnes
irrtinr,".--ir_r.tr.r,
tr,,,,
rrrocilliclecles
inftrntilcs cle ralriehs ylo rcclam<s cle lm<r.
I-a ten(lencia .t una tegrcsjat
incrntnllcla pone cn gtlrrclitr
srltre l nc
cesiclcl <le rcgular a cistl. l-ll rlir.:.in, el silencir ilcl ,.,.,p._,,r"
'"i
i,,,lrfrr.
"l
in
crsrit-nte. el <lejar qrrc t.rczt. l rrnsit,clecl sin cltarlu llcclirrntr.,r,l
apoyo o
cl up:rciguanri.nt.,
cl p.a,itir'<c
rir tlirslcrcac ilt r't,,r.r.,
"n
.,., inr.n.iar".t
v
(l)n (()(llr:
las clistor.siones cle ltr r<,lLlicllrcl cxtcri().quc
inrtli<a. plrru ,.l"..in,;
<icnte ptrecla sLpucstlnlcnte
rntrilr en )ntal(.f() (.()n
sLs
clcscrs y tclll()es,
kxk) cst(), qLre en LlnaL pcrs.nelirlacl
integrucla ,..rlt, ,at.au"a,,.
,,.r.r"a .l ,r,i_
\ir)l() r'iesg() cuanrk l tcn(lenci
a Il_rcgrcsiirn
clesr lr
an
izl ote a" l, qu" p.a-
ri:inlr. Lo qre n()s c()n(lLce
a rr clillr-,nsi-rn inrprrr,,,.,.'f,,*,
.r.,r..ulL,,,cla,
t l
,{rck
de separucirin entrc
lx c(mcicncil y el inconscicrit..
-.j,o
r'rrir rrr_
rlirrrr..lc
scgn l.s pucicntcs.
I)entr() (lc
t.,n
"rJr.atrr,
,,r.,fli,r,-'Jna,rrrr.,,r,,r.
r l s li rr rn;rs
.lt
ares: r.r) rgirl ser:rrtirrn
cntr.c rLnrientr
. ,,ra,^"aiar,a
__
a.r_
r.r, rr rrl,.rlr. ,,1\(\i\.1 (l(
n]lin.r(l.l p()r rn pensalDientr>
k-rgicrr. ()icntx(lo
luciil
r,
lr.rir,((,\,rtr(tt.rnr).11,nff.rl (
l!,sa( )n()cilll ient()
(lc
la vitl rlc flrtsia r cie
l(,s.\(1liai(,nl()s
t t(,ti\.at(i()rtc\
<rre orientan h rtxrclttct:r_
: n() se fe(.Lterdlln
,r, o,,, /rl irrr:rsir:n <lc lu c()ncicnci porcl
rr.<x.cso l)rrrrirri{) ) .xrI
lrrs l.rrrl,r
rr . lr.rlrluillr)t(rlt(, in(()nscienles psicosis o lI()|llent()s <lc <lcsr'o| r
Pt.r
r:. r
, ,,,r, ,1,
x.rsr
l-ra li<l:.tdcs b<'clerline.
lir, I r{\()s t)tlt,IctT t()rc()s
lrl lritln)iento nr> rlrpencle sollmente clc le clinrinaci(in clc lo rrt,g.rrrr,,
rr,,. r r[' trlner rlecisira. <lc la tttilizcir-.ln
]'
(lc
la lrplixci(-)n cle Lrs ttrr'
,,. ,1,' lu
rt'rsonltliclarl
clel
racicntc.
l):tr elkr. Irrl rr.re crl)rtrr:
l.
(irrkr
clc <upaciclacl pxrll Lr intr()spec.i(in y el i/.Eh/ cr)( )( i( )nir l.
(\
,l, r ir, llt carar-iclrrcl pela vcr h concxir-rn entre est.r(l()s cm()ck)nlcs y lis
l)rl
I'r.r\
( ()n(llrctlls,
rntre xfcct()s e ides, cntfe lr(
(
)t'ltecilt)ient() extern()s y (
sl.l
,1,s t rnrxi<nllcs, entrc el plsr(l() y cl prescntc. Esto deremlinar.i
(l
tiro rlt'
rrt( r\'(ncin tetlprtic
lx)sil)lc;
especfi( anrente. si el pacicntc plrc(lc r rrr
r, .rlizu un anirlisis en <ue- el lllslgb/ selt el elrrucnto teraputic() clt.t isivo t I
r.r
Lri<
re cle Lrnir psi(
(
f('rpia cle ap()y()
(lue
cn Ilr rrcjor cle las ev<lrr i, ,rrt s
1,
,
rrlrIs pu<'rlu ir lr:rr-il u':r
(lc
tiP() expresi\() crpl( -it()ri.
2. Crtprtcirllttl rlc
rostc'rgar 1,ir
c()nlr()lur el xclr:r l()s impulsos v tlt.r'o..
.i.
Rc.rrr-sos instl'U111!'ni.rles r!icos: h:tlilitl<lc.\
('()glriti\as, p(r.r')r\.r\
, or-roralcs. clltcir nlrIes.
l'riR rrNr.th'(itA
y
I(tit.tivANcr^ r)E I-A IN r'uRvHNctN
'
iR^prlL,TrCA:
r I kI|s(t' t\t I I'R\tlA.to I'\ .A Ptit t-l.t{tA Dt: tA PAIot.rx,t\
Lin teruprutl srcnrpre puc<lc trxl)ajar xl8() irtclcslrntc
(lel
pacientc
-ur)
nreclnisrll() clc rl-'fcrsa. el vnculc con krs pltcites u
()lr'()s
pers()nilj(s \lllrr
Iicatirrs. lr rclucii-r r-l el trul)aj(), un isPcctr) clc llr rclacirn transferc'nt ilrl.
cl senlinrienl() dc rhi r srr ncglc ir-rn frenle ir un.r c()n(lucta del terapculr.
le relction ticnte x lxs seplrutci()rtcs
(ltrl(t() ()
tireri
(lel
tt'lt:lniient(). l: tcl;t
ci(in clel suict()
(r)n
sLr
(lese().
los IlLrnctltkls \Lrl)cty()i(()s. pl()yect()s
1.1lilr)
tliosrs. etr'.-. l)cr() lnte esa cliversiclar,l clc fcu:rs
1'
lireas posibles ll pre-
gLlnt
(lllc (lebe ()ricntar
el trl(t.rnricnk) cs:
;el
:lrea dc intcrvenci(n elcgirla
es pcltinrnte. cs relevlnte. est rlticulll(l
(t)n ()tr()s
c(nllp()ncnt(\ inll)('r
tantes-/ Ul ricsg() es n() cxptrr gl()l):rlmentc 1rl
l)acientc.
entencler Ln mc(
nl:rrr,',lct[.lenr.rI,r.'rrnr).t n\(tir't,'(1,nilt\prr,](\f,)5.:(\llngt\li.ls.lt\
firnns clc vincrrlrse. lil riesgo es ver un
(lcs(()
sexurl. una livllidacl eclri
c.l sin entcn(lcr
(lrr
significan dentrr cle Ilt
>rrsonuliclacl
totel ni cn qr-ri- r:r,
'-
r))cnto vilal se eDcueDtlir cl paciente. culilcs sr>'r llrs trreas cvolutivirs lr lirs
(lrc
sL- L.nficntir en cse prc(is() ln()r))cnt() y c()Dr() l() h.1cc. El tcraputltt th'lI
tot at's! cnlft 11t tcroscopct dc/ atlilsr tlL'lt scctrctcitt et kt scsitin r Lt
1r)2
AVAN( iS DN
pSl(iOl'littAptA pstcoANAl..r.tcA
t)ttL'r()scop/r! lc llt LrpOL'i1 d!l
l,dcict!t'ctl
l()s aftt)tdes n(\'ini? los
(11ft,
1).!rtla!D
str ! (.1
P(rt)teitai0 lci ircq de iitt?n'eict1: sinificil
(lue
llt inter\.cnei{)n Ict.r_
l)lrti(il
es colter-clttc con krs olrjctirrrs. rn aruelkt
(lue
pxrecic[l
Drtcs.rrirr
(
Jllll)iil'en el paciclllc, n() c()ntritdict( )rja c()n l()s tDisnt()s. n()
.il)rpeffioente,.
l)rtr cjt,rurlO, unil terllpiit
(lestina(h
1l un.t ntitv(. lil)et.td en l,.t exprest(,n !-ll)()
t i()nel es pertinente pllll pers()nirs c()n l)l(xlre() 1lfectiv(). c()n gLtsliil fi-snte
l clesrfrolk cle ettcione.s
-cierft)s
pltcient(s ()lt"esivo,.,-,
l)e.()
n()
l)1r11
Pcrs()nli(la(les
histri(inicas hipel etlr()t ivas. c()it estructLLr fuzler/ittc,,, <lcs
lr, ,ti l(
. (.lrt, n

'n.tl(.-.
I.ln
(Lillnk)
llt tinlrt clt Ia intcrt,encion. stit trillll)in
(icl)e
s(.r
l)cr.rl
ncnte c(xt
(]l ()l)ictiv()
tcrltl)a,Ulir.(). I,()r ejcr)Ii)i(). cn
(rn
l)1(.icntc
iutclcctrrlli
zx(l(n. cn cltte ls
Palel.ttirs
s( lrn
(()nvei(l() (n
l.r (lclnsx
l)11
r(clnpltzltr
lll s(ntir
)
rl
(ontalck).
n() s()ll p(,ftincntcs l1(s txpli(a(.i()n(,s rc(.(ritsrlt(.(ir,1s,
l:rs cxllir ]c ir trcs (,n
ta11il()s
(lr
l)tt]( itn isot( )s. <lc <lesr.t.ilt<ir'rtr intcl(,(.lL11 (le
(()rt()
funci()nil sLt psi(lUistn(1. I)< el <rrntraio. cn {tn
l)a(.i(.nlr
rlcsl.)r.tlaclo
Ix)r
I;ts crlx)cii)-tes. urn <lificrl:rl pare sirnlrciliz:rr sLs esuclos c]))( )(.i( :llcs.
lo <1rrc sc re(llrictc t's l()
()l)Lcst():
t,l tlcsrrtrrlL
(le
ll1 !.()
()l)s(,rvl(l(n.L.if.t/
(lc
l)()ne.
en pulelrras aqucllo <uc es rivirlr Lrr(rnlilicilll(ntc. !_rr rrn
r.r
(i('ntg (lel)Iesi\O,
c()D l)a,lt ilLl()cslilll. un:nitli\l (lUL,
lc t]lLlestr(, lit nag-
r ir-rt, rrrc c( )nl inuil lllente lc sctLlc nte(.irnislu()s clr <lcfenslr. lltnltrsr.r,. .rgIe
si\'s. l() irni(() rlrte lrgx es Itlccrlc s(,nlit-(lUc li(ne
(l(.tct()s
il sL|lD:ll.ir l()s
rrrc el
llrcientc
y;t (lestil(.it.
flst(,efL,(1() (lcscalili(x(l()r
r. lntis ll ck, lr r,.t,r
tlecl ctrc
urlicla
en(.erurr
(l (\ntcni(l() (lc
l interpl.ctilci(jn, rr:ftlzlncLr. t,n
( (
)nsc( ucncit! llr clepre.iilt-
l?elct..ntca qtrc la intrlvrn(.l(-)n ()cupc
Un [l]lxl.ilup(ntllnfe cn l()s
(r)ieti
\()s [iiit(l()s cn iitnci(in <lr ltr vir[t nr(,nt:ll c inlcrl]rl.s(ntxl (lcl
I)ll(.icntc.
P(n.
r.je,r1tl., si xlg.ien l].r srrfrichr un etisrrli. tr.ltrr.ritic() rcciclttc. (l
:rn,liz.-.n
lspeckl clc la trartslirenci no clltcionlrkr
t.rrn cl tpisrxlir. :.tn(lLrc c()rfes
irottclu
I una clilut nsllr clc Ilr re:rfirlacl lrrtrrrl clcl
Ilrt.icntt,,
<lcscnlirc. rlc,l olr-
i('li\,() llti()ritalri().
Igu:lllllclttc.
etr un
i)1r(.icn(r ltsic.sort)li
tirr r.
(() (lcsL(rflr\i(,n
tlc lu
lcc(ucir'rn
<ic su prrtio r'trcr')().
(l(
l()s lle((()s
(lcl
cnllict<. tlc lus trn
se<uet1r'i.ts (le
lt rlngLsri soltrc
gl q.,11.2.tr<t
ric,lrcr.il scr rn licl pti()r.it:ltii
(lr(
:ltr'!r!es.ls( k)(l() cl trl):i() t(l:l)a,ic.) (lurilttc
t.i
(.ick)
tcr..tkr
ltt rrrnc_
\i(-)r'i
(lrl
pxci('nc con srrs srns:rr.i<nrs c()rl)r)irlcs n):i\
(r)n([{ts?
l.]s
(iccir,
trnro eltc<irna s( cu(.r'p()
-tcnsiam
Dtrs(.1lit[. '(.tcn(.i(')n rle l re.pjrtr,..r()n,
(
,r )i( (
ir)ti(,nlo, etL..- ll
(
ntc x
(.il(l:
(r))('l() (lcl
vnolo trnsti,rt.ltcil1. tlc lo
rrrt. lt sLrct.clt rn l rc]lci(-)n rrrn lu
lrrejlr
o en cl ttrllrjo.
.ltlk l\(rt ltni c(rn!lLl(Ilt. rn..1 l1ntllsilt. unlt sLll)ts1nl(\ul-:
tlc
J)e,rsonlr-
li(l.r(l(l( l\.:,t.r
rcnsucll
en sLl ilrticuhcii)n c()n
(fr()s
c(rlp()ncntcs. P(n.eielt.l
Pir.:
,,,a,,..,, r.stri (l(,1)rilni(l(),
insltist(lx) cr)nsif{() iuisn}().
v ts< le llo,u tr
.rt.r( rr rl(,1( ll\i\,r( l(, it l()s clcmis,
1,
lrrego p<lr. el xtit(lre surge el tenr(tr a
,rrIrl.rrsr. sollr. [, ,. tlI Irrg:rr e crnrlUcts n]ilnipultivas Ilistri()oi(s, sE
MODIL,O M()t)U,,A(rl l(Al\SIr()i{ M^(.l(rN^ I
dcl)e trxbaiar toclo es(c'cilcuito. O sea, cllx) el nxrcisisn() s('111(n.r
((xr
la agrcsiviclad. stx c()n Ix xngLls(i'.I
(le
seJrtt'itt'itin, y 'stit c()n LIs li,r'rrt.r' .'
pccilicls tUe esr sLlie) utilizil
l)rr,\,1lcntetlletc
ptlra relcncr al rlriclr u
('U;tl
quie[ cost.r. i)er'o, por enc'it,l e cle t()(l(). se
(lel)e
elltencler
(l.rc
el ttticlLt tt'lt'
,.1,//(,,ro es l.L conclrtctli nlanipul:.tivlt o la serluccit>n llisda)ni(il tln(ltr( c\l,l\
()(Lpcn
el prinicr plxx). l)ctenc'rsc en stlrs
()
cn l.r igrcsivi(Ll(I, sinrPlcrl)('rr
te
ror
el lic<1ro cle ruc estn cpriri(l:ls, r slltisiilcersc c()n hltcrrllls
((ls
(
ientcs, es clcs(
(i(l.lr (ltl<
t( )(l(, cl
nr,
\'L'\ ) :c
Punc
(jn
tnt
'vil-lie\t\
t
Lt pdt'lr \l.l
tr]sl{r'nr)
(le
Ia :ut()cst))
y
cle lr>s scntirtticntos
(l('Ptesivos.
Lo trre nos conclrrtr
(litrencillr
entrc
xtt(lolau PrDtridy Patt()h)R(t
tct
1rl,/lf.r.
'lirr'rer'tt)s,
l lin
(le
Jclt.lrI los trntin()sl1L secuencil sig].li('nte: illflttict,
pr Un trs()r'n() nirr(isist.l,
P()r
Lrn sentinrientr bsico tlc inllx)ten(i.1,
P.l..l
.t
sunlile arlenaz-ir(l(). lo
(lrc
c()ntril)LLve a gencirr unt fol)i1t q(c le intpi(l( sir
lir clc caslt y resp(rl(ler a l:ts cltttrancls clc la lcaliclacl
-lral)ai().
cLli(lx(k)
(lc
str
f.rlrili. etc.-. I-'(r)i prx acttrilr cn lt realirhtl quc si se lc()l'[pril de s(trli'
nicnk)s clc
(ulp.i
p()r n()
(Lli(llrr
.ldrculr(hll)e nte r str fl[liiia
-{]xiH(
r't( i.r ir)
tcln supery()icu- poclt'l'r activlr cl n)ccanisrll() cic pr()yeccin, etribLtyi'rrtI rlt'
:r ks clcllts el ser ios quc sLll)Lleslrll]lcnte le estlu'irt e\i!licn(l() <lcr:lrtsirttL;, <
imlrtrlsarii :r l)uscrtlcs
(lefe(t()s
pllrx clcer
(lLlc
s()l] st()s kx itrlt<lecrr:t<krs
I
rt,r
cl sLrirt(); es
(le(i[
lrgrcsivi(la(l cicft'nsiva. Agtcsir iclatl tre ptclr<e (n
lit (irli
(lll(l
rcspuestas cie ulnckrtx p()r pxrtc clc l()s scils sil.attilic.ti\'()s. anl(' llrs
(
l,rr
lcs rl suj('t() rclrcci(r rcg|csivitrltcntc c()rt l)s(ltlt(h c()rlll)lllsif il alc:lll()r. A
su ver, en ll lclci<-rn
(crr[)u(i(x.
cl sujct(),
P{)r
I1t :ln]tsrit de pltlidtr ttrt lt'
ckltrin cn csc nr()rtrcnk)
(lc-
slr \.ial. se vuelye ll)iis
(lepen(licnfg
v r('grr'\r\ r,.
AIr()ru l)i(ri. en este
(rs()
l:r
1rr,/ol{)gitl Ptirluria
es cl scntittiiento lri sic r clt itt
I)()tcnciai
h
?tRlt)Bd
r(slitlrriz
-intent()
cle salir tle l .Pxt()loga
trirt.tt'i.t-
cst:i c()nslitri(Ll p() l.r:rcsivi(l.l(i, Ia prrve<cirn. lll refresia)n y llr l)tis(lu('(l
c(lpllsivr
(lr
rr)r(. Hrr(cr ltintapi cn llts tlelttancllts cle llrx)r en llt tllttrslt'
rcnci:l r)()slraincl()le su cr)n(lLlctlr
(lcpenclicnic
-v
tr-gresivlt con el trrltl)('Lrlil
c()nslituvL- lo tue rlenoDrinuD)<ts lr. )a() ett k! pcrifrio de ld pdtol(\|.L N<t ts
(lr.r(
n() tljnglt irup()11:tncir pcr() n() v l centr()
(lc
lo qttc' le pas',t l
Pacicl'l('.
rr la conclicirin cle llt ctrrl
(lrpcn(len
las clcntits. Nluclus vece's el tcrapcLttit, n()
purlienclr cncrlr h plttologia prrrxrir, se c(rltent c()n
('l
trxl)xi() en ix
P(
ri'
fea rle la pxt()l()lr. kr cLLc le ,.rrnclttce .t
(lesllcut
los logtos en esta ircx sin
percil)ir qu{j elg<; nt;is <lecisivo
(lucdx
sin ttxtliflcll.
'lb.b
ps co.t t llilsis as.i )cLt I
sta es uoJ fi nrrrl:rci<lt tlc< iclill:rmentc p( )\,(xi.rIivu :r fin cle colr>cr en t
-
iieve rrnl
lttlrlemriticri
pcro <1rrc exige sc [n(lar]rentt(l
Plril
no c()nfLrr)(lil'l()
(lrLe
enuncix c()n l()
(ir(:.c
b llrl:(k) ti)c() cn psi(()tcPilt, sea llt ftr'l o llt
lrrel'c, ctryo carl4ro rle petincn( ix y )r>s pr,>gtcsos rtte se h:tn rerlizllcl() r'tl |irl
364 Av^NCrs tiN
ps(.o.r.riRpr^ pstLc,AN^l_-.rcA
esclxlecill1ent()
est:in firer.:r cle rresriin
(A\rl:r
EspJCl.r, 1991; I].tlint y otros,
1972; Buuer y Koltos. 19l]7r tkrckne, 1991; Bu<lman y Gur.ntan, t9t3li;
Crits
Chrisk)ph y llarl>er, 1991; I):rvankx,
1990r Farr y otr-os, 1992; I.iorlni, l9tt7,
1993; Gr>ves. 1992; Guillier.
l9l.i3r Hrou,itz y rtr<s. 19tj.1; H()r()\\.itz. 19l9i
Knobel, 19ur; Laikin y otrr>s. 1991: Lulxxsky, lggj: Prez Sncitez
,y.Anibar_
te, 19U7r Prch v Btrllict y Mcslrc L(n.n, 1994: Sithers. 1992). Cr,.l.i ..2
.rr.
el
f)li,l)lcnu
,.lel
ii,c.r, t . .rf rhl.L,.l, rrrrge
l.r ,.uesri, n
rle .i
<ll r n, csrrr t,n (,ntrJ
de la cseci:l nlislnil del rnrilisis. si nct signitica conr el hilt lsocitriv().
el flLir
tlel clese<l y ls reprcsentitci()ncs.
Pero
existe
acas() un s()l() nlllisrs
en clrre el
analista nt vlya firrjanrlo hiptitesis
soltre Io qur va trlnscr[ien(l()
c()ntinu:l-
nrente a I(). lara() cle la sesirir y
cl tratllIienti),
;,
ctre ello no vaylr rletenrri_
nan(k) su finna <le interyen(.i(;n
tepLttic?
Aclrio
la atencirn lilrrenrcnte
fl<tante nr es sa)l() unt l)letl at l:t
(luc
se atpLnIrr, rltl
(r)()
sLlce(le
l)ill
lat rj()_
ciacijn lilre
l).t:i
cl prcientc, per() nrnc1r ak.anzalrle?
f.s l)()sil)ic
Lrn ?nxlistx
.sin
ltlenr()rir
ni clesc<, corrro :L<uel ll cue usflir.ullr Ilioni Irar. n()s()tr-()s r_c_
sulta cr idcnte (ple
t()cl() :urtlist.l tiene siempre un ti><.o cle oltscrvacron
y rue
elkr conclici<>na
su intervenci(ln,
y con ello il nrarcha clcl pxrce,so nalitic<.
I;r
ncg:rcirin dc est() es equiv.tlcnte
a la cle lr pen(a (Le
sostienc ruc no ticnc
:.1.,'l',ft,',ljl :r(,
ti,::]es un rnrlr sibiliclacl y cLr:rnrkr..
..rit. r,.,. lrr ruc cli-
terentirr cl
Isitr:rnrilisrs
rle lr
:sr1rrc'1pi
cs rlrc el p ltre[() n() ticne rD fi)c()
se core el rilslo cle cicsconor.cr que el lnalist:r, cr io <Lrc lr;r<.c <r rlejlr rlc hlr
(er,
\', llril-(..1n(l() fir.s cle signifi<acirn.
acrir.:rnkr y rliligicnckr cl
rsrturs,*r
dcl pacieQte
hacia l reacrllizecirin
cle cicl.ts cstucks urentules.
l)er()
(ile
hayl un firo. en el sentid() r:n qtre kt estuntos c.rrclerizlrnclo,
n<t signific:r
c1r'rc se prrecla
crejar <le racr, i:r as<ciucirn lilrrt, c.[xr a(lecrll(rlurentc
arertir
Fau
(
1992), que selcccioncntt>s
tn lic< y n()s teng:lnx)s rigichnrcnte
a 1,
c(r)lo plun
tleciclicl< en l:l enlr(\.ista t ul cal>r> clc las prinrer:rs scsi(ntcs.
[_]stx
ttttt'ilitlul
ttntinll (lcl
tix.(). nr l flltlr clc 1. cs Lnr> rle los elrrenlrrs
tuc
(listinge
l psicoanlisis
tlc la psi<oterapi:t
tix.al cn <Lre p()[ r:rz()ncs
l)r:icti_
cas
-lriisiclttrente
cle tiellp( F
,
rrnlr vez elegickr uno, el tcnpeut:r vrrclvc
a
1, trna y <tr.a vez. poclamlo,
clesatenrlicnclo
aqrrelkr qrre. kr alenrri .l.l ,ri"nur.
Por tnt() la cucstia)n n() es si cl psicoenrlisis
clel:re cle s.. firc"l ,, n,,
_n,,
puecle cleja: rle selkr. y pe()r pitr
n()s(f) si kr rtescrn<ccrnos pucs
surel)t()s
r[lst(l(l()s
cicgiLltlente p<ir rrn lixrt solxe cl rrre nr> ref]exi<,n r ellos il
(.recr
(tc
D() cxjstc- sino <Irc el lixo see
)cr.tinentc,
reicvlnte y
ficxiblarnctth, n_
r'fl c:rr:rrteristic:r
estl Liltinrr
(lue
ol(rece tur nos <letenganrirs en ella pues ya
kr lclx lrcclx crn ls ckrs:tntr:r.iores
L tiexilrilitllrcl
iltltlica ester sicrrrprc
dis_
l)u(sl()
ir resitur
al firo par.:r eclccturlr aqrrclkl
alu. ri,aga coDto relcvante y
Ix
rlin(nlc,
Io cue no cs sin(inilln)
cle srguir nrecniiautenrc
al plciente
p()r l()s
r':rrriro.s rlrc sts dcfinsas y llr r.onrpulsirn J la rel)cticin van olganitnd().
A
r<tcs tl lr.xrr trnalitico, acrrclkr tlue cleltc pr.,r.,,ru
al analista, es,
tr.rcisa_
ltlcnt(', I; lrltrr clc Lrn fiur c.antio el pac.ientc
Lrtilizl la fragteni:rci(rn
cle lrs
It rt:ts. cl s:tllo
<it. rrnl scsi<-tn tr
()triL
c()ll() si n() tLvicliln nacl,r ct,e \.el.entre
M()l)l:!
()
tl())tr.AR--l RAsl:()RrlA( ,( rN Al.
\r. (()nl() (lcfnsas
evitiltivxs p:rra n() pr()filn(lizitr en a<r.rello tlc l<r rLrt cl srr
lnricn, le hace escapar.
l.ir asociaci(-)n lilrre v h tencit-rn lil)rernente fl()tante, l()s clos ittstnrrrt nlos
lr.rsicos c<n los cue trabajamcls y sin los cttales sera impensulrk cl rrnrilisis,
l)('(lcn
c()nvefiirse ----fs s(r)re est() que ,lertatrrx);-
g
1115
l)t('\'1rl('llt(
s
lt ll rcsistencia clcl p:tciente
\'(lel analistlr, tirlnas <le n() nlt)lr(rirrs(
(t(l
{'\lLlclz() y las lngusti:ts que h pr()fLndiznci<in cle un rnilisis c\igc. Mris irun,
Irs lrenxrs vist< invocaclts cuan(lo al falta cle rna complensi(in
l)si(\,1)lll()l(')lli
r l clcl rast. y
(lc
lxs fi)rrnxs
(le
intervenci(ln especficanlentc rc(lucri(lirs,
('l
rulista se refr-rgia en clejlr <ue el pacientc as()cie y se reserve prrllr s r'l
rr
pcl rlr
.escucha,,
es clecir rlel silenci(). Rd()nxlizacia)n de la inrrrtcnti.r ,.rr
rlue se utiliz el pdncipi() cle l tencin lil)reDrente fl()tante c(r() i<lcolri;r
rue justitica:a que l)asla ruc cJ analiste prcst('sr presencil puIir tut'lrry:r
.In:'r Iisis
l'cr'o lu situuci-n c()rltlirriil n() cleix
(lc
pr.sen(r p()l)lemxs: cttan<kr t'l
r:r
r.icnte o cl analist? sc ciricn
(r)sesiva,Dentc
:t un ficr tem,ltic(). sc.r
(st(' u
rroblenra
en las rclaci()nes intcrpcrson:rles,
()
Lrn lnecanislll() cle rlcli'nsrr,
()
l.
egresivi<lacl,
()
cl nllrcisisrt)(), o la scxualiclacl, I()(l() esto puecle in(li(ar
(lu(
l()
(luc
sc tqne, y evita. es ll asrciacir-n lil)rc y li .ltenci(in lilrrerlrcntr. llot:rrrlr'
Fls
(lecir.
pclDritir
(rrc
Lr csr<rtlrncitlacl cle
)cnsruDient<)s
y crr()ci(]('s s( \'ir)'ir
clt'senrth ienckr cn:rlllx)s nignrl)1)s
(le
Il)s
l)ticipltntes
(lel
pr()((.\() lr\j
rlent'i. ln vez llll-ls.
(lLrc
lls itleologias
(ltle
l)r()p()nen
frrus ru<,n,xrrrl,t
cle intcrvcnciin p.rrx n() illp()rta qlr lip()
(lc
l)centes
()
lr]or)lent()s
(k
l lr:r
taluient()
(lescnrl)()cn
iecLrcntemcnte en Ia iltl-ogenir. l"rente llrs ctrrlcs. lrr
nic srlucitin quc cntrcvcnr()s cs ll tle <lisprner
(lc
rn rn()clel() psi(r),rirlrli
co qrrc rl cuentx cle la rrnplejiclacl rlcl psiqLrisno
--curntas
r))s
(lir)('nsi( )
ncs rcc()iit lllcj(-.
(lLe
cstl>lezr'a las firrrtras cn qlle se fiicrlltn csls clinrt'rr
siones. Ilts tratDsfir)llrci()ncs
(lrc
\'aln
(xunicn(k.
ls nrfivacir-les rtrt lrrs
intpulsun v crc. clcstle rl
rr.rnto
cle vrst:t cle LLs intcr!cnci()nes rerxpLti(s,
apLlrltc sicr))pre a la cs1-lccificirlacl cle lxs lrlis0l.r'. Es clccir, que se
(li[ii:r
il
ln)
cler responcler a la
xcgurttl
c()n que inicillll()s este captukr, y (rc
int('nl
rrros presicliera ltrs clesar(rllos plcsentackrs en estc lil)r():
qu
tipo d? inlo'
t'elrcitit tataPAtlicq aspaclicd
Puru!
tt tipo tlc atfi|toztcn dugnslc!? < )
iclrrso. tlc ranera nr-rs precislr:
i([a'
tip()
(lc
i]tcnenci(in para qU cor?po-
r,1, cle ll cstructt)Llr psit r
rutolrigiclr
y cle pcrs< ltlitlatli'
APNDICE A
UNA GUiA PARA LA PRESENTACIN DE MATERIAL CNICO
A SI]PER!'ISIN
Fil proceso de sul)eivisi(in en psic()tcrxPi.l tlil])ailL c()n kts clatts
rt'ltll.tt'1,,r
rrrt'ellla terapeutu itp()lta r l Inincla cle un tcrccr</a. Por elkr, cl xito clt Lr
srr'tcrvisi<-rn depenclerr. lt<lemlis clel clima cle conflanzt y Pefitlra qttt
lrttt'tLt
tlcserr<llursc, clc l rirLrcza y fiabiliclacl clel ntatcrial clel cue se clisponga. llrt t't'
lrrci<-rn a lu fialiliclrrrl. ol)viarente el mate l ya ha rccilickr !na priltlerl lr:rns
li)rrci(-)n: ha siclo captaclo por cl/llt telaper.rtit
)'
transmiti(l() en trt)lin()s
(l('
srrs plopios cirrligos cle signiticlci(in, ctn la selccc
jn/clcf()rnnci(in (lt( (sl,)
rrnlle'r'1. A
(()ntinuxci(in presenllm()s Lna
fltx
qtre provee algrtnos litrtrt
I)icntos
(lr.rc'
pue<lcn ser cle utili(l1l(l pra la
Presentlci(in
(le
mxtcrial
(
lni(
(
).
1 . l;ornut
(lc pt?seilto" (4
fitatcf idl clco pcu'at sttpen'si
ED l()s tn)tin()s nren()s te(iric()s posibles. actuanros cortto It lr:tt ttn
buen novclistu c()n penctr.Lci(in psicoltigiclt qtte qtlisicril ltacetnos conrxct rt
Lln pers()oaje
rata
rue kr sintinn()s rea[. cle carnc y hlteso. o com<. Lttr t'i
nc.rstlr
(lue
filnase clesclc el intcrior del personaje. clesclc h perspectivl tott
(le
sle vc al nr.r-tcl<. Se tlelcn recoger las pllltlrras <lel
Paciente
l() n']:is tcx
tll.lhnentc posil>lc y. cspecialtlcnte. slrs cstrl(k)s ctlx)ci()nales, as ctrx llts
pal:rlrras
v estlr(l()s enl()ci()nlles tlel tellpeuta. ll ap()rtar posibles sLrc,,..
1
las lsociaci<nes correspon<lientcs, es un nrate al clt pritner orclen para un !l(:
ceso a niveles n() convcnci()nles clel rehk. f)ltclo cltte el clikrgo teruptrtictr
se cstnrctura p(n cl cncucntr() entre d()s inc()nscicntcs, el clel
Paciente
y el
(lcl
telilpcLrt. se re<Friere <1ue el terPeutil llrantenga, silnUlttinellrente con stl in-
volucacir-n cn la intel:rccirin, un yo obscrtltclor rrte, a la rttanera cle ttn ttr-
cer(), rlire a es()s cl()s
(lle
son l uristno y el pacicnte: tlll c(xr() k) hlra un tc
rapelt.l
(lc
prcja.
El/la str.lcn'isor/a lrtscat:i finrluse ltna iclca
-el
nratclial cleberi posilri-
litarlo- nr s<ik acerc:t
(le
ca)D() es cl
plcicntc en general sint cle itr, ts
en cl contcxt() en
(|.re
el lelrpcut le estlt inflLrenciantlt c<ln stts palalllls, stts
em()ci(mes, sLls
(lesc()s
y. tambin. sus silencios.
J(,u AVANCES EN PSICOTI]RAPI PSICOANAI,I]'ICA
2. Pri rcru entt?t,slat
1.
lcmro
se present(-) el paciente?
Qu
aspecto tena?
Curl
fue su rcti-
tud corpolal, su f<>nna cle mirar ---directx, evasiva-, cle clar la ntano, etc.?
C)mo
hal)lal),r
-t()n()
de voz, ritl)to, silenci()s, etc.? Cuitles fucron srrs estt-
ckrs enocionales, sLrs angrstias'1
Se
penitia) sentir y,/o cxpresr ral)ir. triste-
za, etc.i'Se sintia)
(lesl)()rdr&)
p(r'sus sentillientos, :lslstacl() tiente a elk>s?
l,os
Lrs) c()n-r() una finra cle vinctrlarsc, creancit un clinr cie encuentro
(),
por
el contrario, los emrleri para utantencr llejaclo al terapeuta
-{'on
el n}alhu-
tnrr < Ia rtbie. p(n- eielt)plo-?
Htrlro
hipercontrol, clesl<rle cux)ci()nul'/
2.
C)o
se rclaci()n(-) con el terapeut;r? tsjcnrplos sLntis(). pasiv(), ut()li
tario/'(lol'ninantc. clesconectcl< xfectivarnentc. sol>einvrfucnncl<) enx)ci()ntl-
mente al tcrap(]Lrtir, clesafiante, ateu)orizad(), c<nfiaclr. suspicaz, <leslxrrcllrnte
en su
(liscrrrs(),
clesvalolizantc. idcalizante. exhilticionist. etc.
3. Motivo r)lanifiest()
(lre
prcsent(i c()D)() caLsa cle la consulta: snkntlxs,
rasgos cle clrctcr qLe le resultan intisf:tct()r'i()s, rclacir>nes interpersonalcs
que consiclcra c()nf lictivas.
,1.
1,()s
(listjnt()s
pcr.s()nxies (lLe
fire intorluciendo cn sL lelat(). tenclietr)n
r ser visk)s bajo la misma perspecti\'tl
l-Le
vrilln(l() krs personajes <le su rc
l1t() pc() trckrs ellos fiter<tn c<>nsiclcrlckrs rrno at:lcantcs o tLai(loncros cr
inaclecuaclos o egt)st.s
()
lrarlvill()sos o sah,'aclores
()
tl)an(k)nantes'1
Se
pue-
tle ir construyenckr un n<lcle
()
plttt()n
(te
trxs(ien(le 1l l()s pem()nxjesT
5.
C<itxr
fie cncaclenancl< l()s
(listint()s
tclrrus cle los <tre ltablir? Llr sc
crencill
(lcl
clcsarrtlkr cle la entle"ist es esencial pues lo qLlc silllc r aig()
prtecle scr la firma cle cleltmlcrse, cle eradir, cle c<trupenslrl lt antcrior. El re-
lato se puecle ver'c(l() Ln pr()ces() en que sus p:r es lesLltan sef c()nse
cuencia cle c(rmo cl paciente va reccirnnrlo lr lo que l ntjsll()
(licc
y. D)ry
especiaLlcnte. a lo que picnsl <Ue ser:i h reacci)n clel tenpcutx. El pacien-
tc lralrla y se escucha hal>hndo; .// /ac/,() es, tanlbin. rrrt tliriktgt atr qrrc
recbazl, dcepta, se aliscttlpd, sc escdPal, sc c lusiustnu cou lo qtrc l ts to |Lt
diciettck. Aclems. l seclrencja cle telts
ruecle
indicar crrc clos cpis<xlios,
rlos personajes. ckrs concepcioncs, cstlin elacictnack)s inc()nscie ntelre nte en
l:t mcntc clel paciente.
()
critno algo clel pre'sente est c()ncctack) con alg<l <lcl
pasaclo cue reclrcrd, plecisallente, en ese ul(nltcnt() y n() en
()tt().
6. Pcse a l ilp()(xnci.l que tienc el rclr, el riesgo es clueclar atrapacl<r
r' llt historia: reslta necesali< c()ncctarsc c()n la intenci<in clcl clat() ---qL cle-
sca cl
raciente
que sient cl teru-rcuta. bajo qu inragcn clesea cue le vea-. El
r('lirl(). u(lcl)li'is cle su contenicl< sen)ntic(), cle kr cue dice, es trna acci<in cliri-
girlt ltl teratuta, act.I s()l)re sus sentilnien)s, s(r)re sus icleas, soltre su con-
(
lu( lil. |l rclirt() es un hacer s<>lrc el rtrr a travs cle la palal)r, implica una pr)-
lrt.sl:r
clt, r'irr< lrkr cuc el peciente activa en el terirpeltar.
l.
I<k rttirlrcl clcscle la <ue .rct, hal)la, clescle la cue constnlye sL relat();
;clt'stlt'
lu itlentirlecl
(le
sLlfriente, cle altnegaclo,
(le
persegui(k). (le pcrs()ntje
pnl:st:1.t
<-<i I)tit, MAt'lRIAt_
(.t,Nt(.(,
maravillosr. cle hlltlse en peligrr. (lcl
quc sientc (prc
n() tictc
(.(nrtt()l
s(l)r(.
sLl ntente <t ctrerpo?
ti.
Qu
relaci(>n ItLl)() entre a<trello clc kr que haltlaha y la firnrra tlt. lr:r
cerl(), entre el c()ntcnid() tet)ttico cle stL cliscurso y la firna clc vin(\tlurs(. (r )n
el terpeutai'
Repr()cluce
en su filrna cle relrcicnarse las conclrrctus
(lu(, (,r
su
lelat() atribuyc .t
()tr()s?
I)()l ejempkr. el p.ciente cuenta cue le visitir cl
,rrlrr.
y se pas(t tod() el tiel))p() criticancl() a la uraclre, sin ver que repr)([t(.c. .tt()r:t
con el terapetrta, un vincrrll en quc cl-itica r Un terccr()
-al
paclre- tlrrt:rrr
ckr cle consegrril el ap<tyo clei terapcutt.
9.
CDtct
ev<luciomi el paciente a lo larg() cle la entrevistx? Viltilt(.i( )n(.s
especi.llurente en st cstacl<s xfcti\,()s, en el tip() cle ccntacto con el tclir.rt,rr
ta.
l-s
in,lgenes que tirc prescntanclt
cle si l.nisll< y cle los otros tircrr r..s
t.lllcs r l< largo clc la entrevista
()
pasalre. sin notal las c()ntra(licci()ncs. (l(,
,1.
prescnt.lci()ncs iclealizacl:ts a
()tras
k)tallucnte negativesi,
El
relato er r..rr f ir u.
<rrnfirs<, r ex(esivllltente orclcnckt y nteti(.rlos(), apegackr a la rcali<t:rl, sirr
(lue
cn)crgieran firntas:rs, desers?
10. I)ak)s cle l hisk)ria clel paciente surgiclos en la entrevist: strt.r.s, rs
siflniflcativt)s. recrerd()s inllrntiles. Expe c-ncias tltulutic.rs
-tlcsrrrrrlrro,
pr<litllrs. separaciones. lrrrnrillc irnes. xgresioncs fisics. em<ri<nales. st.xu:r
lcs, enfi,nDecllrclcs, etc.-. l-a represcntacin
(Fte
tiene de sus paclres. Itr lirtrrIr
cn
(re
rccucr(l episrxlios o los <>rnite.
'lhntlin,
Io tue los padres rttci.rr
-srs
r.liscrrsos, sLs ntik)s, sus
(.()nccpci()nes
e iclealcs-. N() interesan srjlo lrrs tL
rs lriogrti<os sin(), nruy espe(.illll)lente. ca)l)to el pacicnte
ks selct.<.irrr:r. l.;rs
ltlablas
-trnrinr)s
agrcsiv()s. clenigrutor.ios- cue ct.r-rplet clan iclc:t <lt.l t.r r
cligo tlue organiza cl reluto, <lc les l-rntrrsius qUc
j,Ltl)yl(.cn
.r sU relk. I,ll
(.lrr
t() qLle el ptcientc hace rlc su infanci:t nrs infi)nra x(.erc cle su firna rk.
lot zur s! \ itl,\.
12. Lo qtrc cl p.lcients
()tlitc
y rlue el trreper.tta siente c()lu() un huq(t)
(,rl
el relato, es clecir. alo que tenclr que estul pfcsente p()r kr que el plcicrrlt,
vlr <licicnclr. pcl-()
(lLle
no es cxplicituckr
-sexrraliclrl,
por ejemplo.
13. C(tratrunsfetcncilr:
crDl(r
se sinti<-> el telapeut?
c(>nroclo,
vakizu,
ckr, cle-nigratlo, exigiclo, lnsioso, llsust.l(k). illtp()tente. eufiilico, granclioso. r.c
rlcntor, alegre, rlnrntackr. <lcsborcllrck. sorprcncliclo. confuncliclc. rnaniu.rlu-
clo, inrlignado. etc.?
QU
c()n([lcta clel plrciente. cu sentinrientr>s, cu(,
f'ltntasas, ctr fil'rn cle p,lscnt:r las cosas pue<lcn hulter contriitticlo u ar.ti
vxr en el te r.lpeuta ks estlrckrs cle 'lniDl(r, tucnci( nadosll
ett
conllictos .,1
l(ropcul.t, .l tspcclo dc su histo-i.t L's dctit'ttrlo pu.(,ste p.rcic|te
en p rtict!-
lur?
Los
seiinieto qtrc t ro.f)?nta d $tc pacicita,
bs cxpement ese .lt
.ficnle.t
()tt'os
p.tciet?s o los stlcla tctrcr con cictlo tip() rb gente?
14. liol cue el p.rciente tencli inducil.en el ter.Lpeuta.
El
tri clel cue
esctrcha clelienrh estar p.rsivo. clcl <ue clel.le ser un lliacl< cn sus pelels c()l)
otrr>s, clcl quc clisctrtc, clel qrre se cle cortrpaclecer, del ctre clelrc irconst.j:rl
y
()rientxr
en la vidlr, clci qtrc clebe fijer lltites y
()cup.rrse
clel senticlr clt,r,;r
\1o AV^NCl'S l]N P5t(-(rflit{APIA PSI(.()^NAI-1t(.A
l'Rl slrN- A(-l()N l)lil- lVA'l lrlil^1.
(..lN
(
() l-t
2.
QLt
crxrtltrctlts e interyenci()nes clcl tetlttcr.tfit cn lit tclrt(i{)tl
(r)tl (l
Plrr-ientc
se liclon ln()str'itn(l() c(ml() inadecLla(lxs
!'
g(ncrllr()n r('il(( .,ll( s
l).1
rrrlogicas cle stc'l
Qu'
tusgos dc petsoturlddcl
(lal
t('1up.,ul.t,
() (1.'stt
tc(ttttt
lubitud, pue(lalt nciir en ese paciate paru rcJi'zar p.iol(8.t?
a<)ttt
tcl1(fi
(lLrr (rLllll)ixr,
en la fi'ru habiturl cle colllP()rt.trse
(l
teraPetlt.
>atlt
:ttlltrl;tr
sc e lcrs <rl>jetivrrs espc,cilic<ls clel tr.rtamiento c()n ese pxcitnte'1
Qtt
ft,qt)s
tld tardpetta I'rlc
su tctc.t t?pt!(lttcett o st'tts?tl1tlt rt ftls!1os
(1.'h)t
!)<'r$)
locs sigltilicttit\)s tl?l pociL,ttlc.
.t'qttc
lto !t nlL\'t l1,Pc'tic k;t1 l11/lli!'t't, i(tl t)
ln\,'(cLtrt?s !)or Purl!
(ld
utL:cttt?
stt) L'\.\tittlos tr'(tle's dL' kr pust)ttlt
l'
lt't
ttca da.ct'i1|tzu"
(ltk,el
t<'t.upt'!ttd afitplt? .<)tt
c(nttcnt:lli()s
Ptlcdc
ll:l((t
(l
tclupcut rle ll p:r|cja rr.te litul c()n sL
llt.icnte,
cle la contigltrlrti,,tr,rr,
clcan l()s l-ilsf.4( )s
(lc
Lrn() y
()tr()
l intertctLlri'
J.
l)iflcult(lcs
(lLc
sc lirer()n enc()ntr.Lncl() en cl trrtirmienl()-
,i.
llv()lLrci(in de krs sink'lts. cle hs rcllLciottes interpclsonlles. clt Lt.
corclicirncs cle vicLt <icl pacicnte.
5. I'lrrlici(rn rlt: ks teras qLe pre()ctlPtn c()nscientetrente 1ll
llrl(ir'tll('
(r.
llrlucir-rn rlc ls flntass inc()nscicr-rtcs. cle les ensieclaclcs y rlt'li ttsrts
cn
jLeg().
7. l)csrrllollos rrirrs, srrllirnacir nes, l()Br()s or l leliclacl.
J. IJist(iir clc ll r'irl:r
(lcl
plrciente rur: vrt sicnclo rcc()nstru(h lt Ir lrrIg0
cici tr':rt:tticnt<l- A(()rl(c(i,ilicrrt()\ .ignificlti\
()s
] cxPcIiclcial [l]ll,r,,-rl,r.r\
(iaratlerologr:t
lsi<r
rlrk rlog:t tle los
racltes.
litl:rl, tlel rre se clelt encargar cle pr()teger el tratrruiento, clel que toclo kr
lreclc
lueghrT
15-
Ct-rmo
responcliir. corporlLnente
-expreskin
frcial. nttvimientc cle
llrs ul:Lnos. caml)i()s de p()sicin- y en el cliscurso verlal, ante las interr en-
ci<nes clcl tcrapeLt.r'/
Crr>
reaccior-r<-r el pacicntc si el tcnpeuta se apart)
clcl rol asignaclo?
Con
clt prcsl(rn, pasiviclacl. rebia, rrnen.rzus uliertas o en-
crliert:rs cle retirarsc
()
rle cttlcit->n rutoagresivilT F:n estc scnticl(),
cl
tera-
l)crt
se sinti(i li)rlc
}tllt
cxpl()lirr te,ltas. pare Ituccr lrlgitn c('ltcntari() qLte
(
re)1i pctincnr?
Fll
p:lciente lecihiri ls intcrlen(i()nes tlcl trnrperrtir conr(r
()l]rnip()tentcs,
c<lrn<l |cgakrs. c<uxr otnsas nxrcisistxs. c(n']() l]llrn(Lil()s sL-
pt'ryoicos a cttrtillir-.
(
oll() lullenazalntcs, corll< <lotltchs
(le
segun(llls inten-
ciones
-sec[rcci<-n,
nlltrlipLrlacin. etc.-/
1.
El
plcienrc col:tlxrni?
l-a
c(ral)()ra(i(in fr-rc cxccsiva, sc hiJrcratlaltt<i
l nllrco terapLttic(). se
(tetect(i
lxrstiliclrl encLll)icr-t,t, rircionalizr sus resis-
tenci1ls. lrpreci Dr()tiv:l(l() para r.rna alianza terpLrticxl'
17.
I)crr()str(')
penet(rci(in psicol<-rgica, cepe<iclecl
(le
int()spcccr
'n,
r'il
paci<lacl para
(lelectar
el clc(t()
(1Llc
pL(liera estxr clclr)(l() cn el
()trr).
r'iqLez.r
en su vi(lll
(le
fxntasl y rj\cl sinrlx-)lic() r'cll.)lrl!'Sc lr vt crlx Un p.l!icnt(
rpt() para l.r psi(r)Icltpi:r cle tsi!.!ht.
l)arl
krerxr lir ;rnglrstill. o reclrrirrc nru
(li(is
inIne(ljlrlas
P!ri
c(rrfenc Jlr lrr-rgr.rstia
(,
sus snl())rs7
18.
ll)u(l()
<lrtener el tcrpertu llglnl in(li.k). rt nIn(ra clr- ptitrerl hi-
I)()tcsis
tcntativt. s()l)re
(lesc()s
inc()ns!icntcs inlp()ltln(cs
xr[r
cl pacierrtei'
,Sobre
la firrma cn
(lLrc
rcllcci()n:l ilnte sus
(lcse()s?
lS()l)re
c(-)nr() cspe[
(lLrc
sLls dese()s sean torttkrs
ror
el tcftrpcutal
Solrre
ol)xr sc ubica frcntc al
clescr clcl tcrapetta
()
cle otr()s person.rjcs a l()s
(luc
introclujo cn l entte-
vistal
3.
.:t\lucit t .lel hat.t t1? it' t t( )
l. !lv<ltrcirin clcl vncrk ] el tcLl-:rcrrtlr, dc-sclc l r:ntrsr ista hitsta cl
ln\'\crrl(
. cnit,n,1, , r'n
(
rel)lir.
(,lr(j
lr
,s
n:r,!rr
r({rr )\.
1.1. Represtntltri()rtcs <uc cl p:lcicnte fue h:tcit'ncl<
(lel
lcll)eut y clc s
nris[ro. Vicisitt(les cle esliLs representacioncs v c<rn ctt prrcclen estaI reluci()-
nltrllts.
1.2. Ct->r'r'lo sc fie ulricrrntk el pacicntc frcnte a l<ls rlesers clel terapcLtx,
.y
triuto kt bzo sfc_fiotla'o los das?os
(ld puci?ttt?.
I
J.
Rerrcci<ncs llcnte a las separrci()nes
-clepresirin.
sentirnient()s
(lc
irrln)l(,n.ir. h<stiliclacl. tlescrncxirin lctivx, etc.
l. t. llvoltr<i<in clel glurkr (lc
t()lcnncix :ll xcercamicDt() afectiv() c()n el tc
r:ll)( lllir.
(!(
inlir)li(lli(1. I-t tnistlo paru el Ierrpeuta.
1.5. l{rlts
(luc
cl pltcieutr tcncli( a inclrrcil en cl rerpertl.
L6. llr<lrt ii,n
(le
la c(rtriltrnsfcrcncia.
APNDICE B
PARA LIN PSTCOANLISIS DEL PORQU DE TA ADHESIN
A MODELOS REDUCCIONISTAS
No puecle clejar cle llamar la aten< ic-n el hccho cle qrc l()s analistus
(l(
lirs
clistints rscuells teng?n la c()nviccia)n, sincera y pnrfirncla,
(le
qLc l()s ox)(l('
l()s
(lte
c()nstilLrvcn krs rasgos
(listintivos
cle sus respectivas aclsclipciones lt's
pcnnitcn cntcn(ler trxla la clnica sin necesichd
(le
ningn aporte alcn(
'
.r su
escucla. as c<nr la enolnte satisf':lccin con cue enfientaclos a un cuso cli
nic()
"rccncLrcntran,
sLrs c()ncepciones veliclaclas por l<>s clatos que el
l).t<
i< tttr'
les aporte.rF NLrestr() inters n<> es el <le repetir l conocida tesis
-tcsis
(lu(
cxigir:r p:rrtirn<lizuci(in v mxtizxci()nes- clc que las escttelas obserl'ltn <livt r
sr)s aspe(t()s cle ln fcnreno c(xnplei() sino prxler responcler a lx pr('llunlir
crri-
r'rrzones pnrfirn<las cleterrinan 11r.re prefilanros sistel)ras conceptualcs
(
\
plicrti\'()s sinrrles a k)s c(nnplei()s'/
(lrn
su crrolrio:
por
qtr krs tcftll)(ulirs
tenclenros e cnrrlarnrs cn Llnll esctlela cttalcuiera y c()nsidefaDt()s, c()n l()l:rl
lruena fc, tltre la misma es suflciente plra aborclar t(xl()s Ios pr<lblcnras rrtr'
nrest[l priicticu n()s
ya
prcscntan(k)7
P()r
qu, atn a(lLell()s telapeltas
(luc
Ic('r]
s()l)[c
()tras
c(r'riefltes.
(llre
est:ln inf<rmeclos, sin eml)argo slo operan, lleglr-
ck a un cas< pr'ticrLhr, con Un()s p()c()s instnrnrent()s c()nceptuales'l I;l cucs
tia)n es ccntrxl. chclo <ue el eclucci<nisnr<> irnplicatkr en lilnitar la complcj-
clacl clc le psic()pt()l()gix y rle la psicoterapia r Llnus p()cs dimensi()ns
()
parhrnetros tle anrlisis c()nstituye, seln nucst() parccer, el mayor obstitctt-
kr plrm cl prrgreso <lc estas clrs clisciplinas.
L.r prinerr resplresta quc se sr-tele dar a esta cuestin es cle orden psict
s()ciol(igic(): hs clistints esctrelas imponen rcstficci()nes intelectules a sus
riembr<s p(n raz()nes cle pocler. L<s miemlros clorninantes cle las misl.r:,
aqlrellos c1r.rc ocupan el lugar maixim() cn las
jeruqults. (lictarninln
qu es l<r
sagraclo y ru kr slcrlego a fin <le establecer c()k)s cerracl()s, siernpre l>ajo Ia
coxa(la lt()ir.rstifica>ria clel purislIl() ide(r)gicr, es clecir, pam prcsunta-
lrente n()
(()ntau]lin:tr
sus Dl()(lek)s c()n c()ncepci()nes qtre son declaraclas rr
ll5 Si lrxccor)s rciren(ir l()s psi(r)xn.rlistls n()es p()rquc prnserlr()s quc lcngxn el pxtri
nrnri()
(lc l()s pft)lrcnr;rs que phntellnn)s rn este upr'ud(). I-() lisnn) cs(ri prcsente cn ctrirkl(rier
()rir
cs(\rch psicolgicr <r)gnitivisnn). .()(lr.risnr(). Clrslt. enli(lte sislnrico. erc.- pcr() (
l
undi,cirln) nnndrDlienr(,
(lr .n() pr()vc.txr:is, n()s olnillx x c(nncnzllr por clsx, el pslcoxnrilisis.
J-r
^v^N(itis
liN
pslcol
liRApt,{
psfco^NAt,t
lIcA
/r'lr)/l
(()rn()
espites. Delintitaciitn
(le
tL-r t(-i()s ntecliante reglas clel paren,
l( s(t) iotclcctLrel cue rcglrhn ks intelcamlios, estl)leciencl() qtre la cncloge-
nriir cs k) lcgtimo y la crlrzx intelectual Ic incestutso. Regulaciones cue son
ll('(
l)((lls
p()r el resto cle ks ntiemltros por el pl'inico
la clisensir-n. a l<s
trrnflicftrs <1uc ella acarrea, incluso por nlz()nes
(le
sLpe iven(.ilt cle clistin
til)()
-cn
cl caupo cle la psicotcrapia por la clepenclencia con respect() il la
tlt'r'irrrcirjn cle pacientcs. p()r tent()r lllcstf()s. sltpelvis()res y r))ig,)s (lUe
l)renriln
()
cxstig.ln l.r lcalttcl intelectuxl lr srs infrccirnes.
Sin [lgr[ a clucles, ste es un t:ctor clc pfime'r or(lcn pxr.r
explicar cl ccl<t
(\)n (lLlc
se nlantiere iiL ptrreza
"rnica-iDtelectra1,,.
y n() cree[los cstlr xl)r-
slrnrkr cuanck pcns.lul()s encontrlr un crntinrichcl. sin qLc Ln()s expli<Lrcn
:r ks <trrs, cr-ttre fen<-renos c<lrxr cl cle h c()nstitucin clc sectas. el na(.i()n
lisrrro y h organiza( i(in
(le
institLci()nes polticas, rcligiosas. r.ientficas. con
sts sLl)c()l- entes. Petr) esta linea explicativa.
(lue
sea plovccltoso llxrnclar.
(r)n
k)ck) no agotl el proltlertra ni c()nstiluyc resprest:l sutlcicutt:..lLnt() a las
necesicldes de p(xlcr, cle pefiencncia, existen
()tras
lazoncs profirnchs <lcl
l)si(luismo
ruc clel>en sel teniclas en cuenta.
l't\\?n alciD dc ld o ntipof atrc.t
.,
tlLfi,ttsct ttttta lus rtnpttsli/,s
rk' lu ccttplciicltttl t,it,idu cult() ck)s
.t, l<.li!lJ1)
u lt lcsttoL itkt
Si sc
(r)ser\
a a cual<ltrier partirl:rit cle uo sistcn) de crccn(.ias
-sc.rn
,..\
llrs tle'orclen poltico. fikrsrifico o, parr nueslro cas<t, cle unil escLrcllr
-rsicoe-
rltltica inme(liatatnente se percilrc l sxtislucci(in
(.()n
que sicntc cl p()clcr
t,drlinir explicativ() que su sistenlt c()nccplLtl le otor.gtr:t srlre ll reli-
tld.
(,t
uuus pocds
.fiirnt
u lus esk) es l()
(lrrc
rcnlitrclull()s- se sicntr
(l
xtz.
gracias el inmensr> pocler dec[r(tivr)
(lel
psiquisnro hr.rmanr),
(lc
dlr cLen-
l clc trxl< lo existcnte bajo una cohcc'rr< ia casi sin lisLrrlrs.rL(' I)ensar l
rt':rlicl<1, lcleDrlis cle su us>eckr i-rstr-tntentll
-acci(in
p()tcncial soi)te la rrris
nlr-. l)or11r'la ilusi(in nrcisistrr cle cltntinallr.
trrcld plantc) cuc el yo, lrclcrrs
([e
licliur con el elk) y cl sr.rpery<i, clebe
tlt llLcerkr con la realiclarl, con los lctuclinrient()s cn()nles cue sta lc im
lnrrr:.
I)()l'nuestla parte. cligantos cuc as
((nt)o
cn lx mana el strxry<i cleje
I l(, l.(,
(lue sc 'cl:rcitna con Ln hecho n<tblc: lus clttgori:rs nrenrelcs crrn lus rLre rrn scl
lrrLrrr:rrro rrr c.rptantir> h 11;rli(Ll(lse !1n r\pxrLlicndo cn narn)r) \'r()lnfleji(l(l ;r kr lurgo c|: srr
r 1.r. t. sirr rrttlrur$. nrrncir son scnti(hs c(nn() insufi(icI(s cll cl(Lr u ) dt l()s nr(nen)s ev()
lrr\,x,l,l sul(1,) l.ir insufi(ienci:r sl() se prr(ic clnrlrr r7r,sr,o,. c.rrllnrkr vu sc p(rsecn lls
(.:r
r( 1r'r,.r.,tL .Irr(,\ \c (ks.()n().irn.
t,(n clk). cl ingcnu() nLrn.x sc
(t (.uenr (lu
sLr linrirl(in srI
\,'(tr \(.r L.r rrr.ril,r
(k.llguicrrquc
l()
((nlrcDrplx
i(lentitlc.in(l(rc.()ru() ingtnrl(). !.quc su ver
,.\( ,,rr!, ., ,)ltt1,, (h
sU
t)llsrn
lnn)()s Culn(lo llguicn .rerc in(elcdrtlLnrenle
-l()
nrisnx)
r.rl,
r.rr.r
rrr.r ,,rlt, I \..,)rncrnpLr a si nlisn) hrrbicndo si&) inltenU() rn Una cr.rp.r rnrcri(,
'.,,r r.r,f.u l.r rrl rrrl.r(l
I'r(
s(!rt(,.
PSICOANI-ISIS Y ADHESIN A MOI)IJ]-OS REDUCCION]STAS 375
(lc
c ticar .rl sLr,ct() ---en ks tr'Drincs freuclianos se lx)rra la distancia entrc
el y() y el icleal clel yo-.
(le
rnanera sin)ilar. l()s sistemls conceptuales siltt-
pliflcntes permitcn lxrrr la clisuncia entre pensallriento y realiclacl: Ias ca-
tcgoras clel pensanrient()
"explican,
la kfxlidad cle la reeliclecl. L()s
()ios
l)ri-
llantes clcl usrrali() cle un sistenla conceptual simplificante al altol{ar l
realiclad dn test)roni() de ese titnfi:l ltlanac() clel intelecto s<le l; reali-
clcl. Prr esr el refirgio cn l()s grancles principi()s epistetu()l(-)gic()s o flksirfi-
cos es el preti'ricl<) p(n-un p.rfie clel psic().tn.ilisis actttal antes qtlc el estu
clio por[renorizaclo clel firnci()nluuicnto clel psi<luisttx-r n()rlnal y
Plt()lgic()
a
trxvs de una i(la y vuelt inceslntc entre tc()ria y eclent[() ccn los clat<s.
los clr:rles. sin scr jrr))lis pu'os, pol l() [ren()s
l);nen
un cliqlre al cliscurlil dcl
pcns Itient( ).
L I
Alx)r l)icn. ,-pocleDros
enc()nt[rr ante(ellqntes de esta slltisf-acci,.;n
()n]nj-
P()tcnte
cn altrne ctapa cle la vich cn l ctal y:t sc
(r)seen
esl)()z()s
(le
tlnil
cstr.rlctlllir c()flriti\Flrlctivx ciuilctedz.rd p()r
PlltceI
en el d()lrtini()
(lue
ttn()s
p()c()s pl'incipi()s intelectlrlcs y
()pe'irci()nes pc[r)itirn tener s()l)re la reali
clatll'rN I'rr r-le prrnto. h.r)'Ln n(n)rent() e[ la xcl(luisi(i(jn clel lenuaje cn ttt(
unlls p()cls prhl)ms I)(cn scnli[ que se ckrtuin
(n]lniP()tentcllrente
la rcltlitlrrcl.
Onrnip()tcncia clel lcniueic
(lLlc
sc
(luplica
c(tn l1l
(lcl
Pensamient(),
parll c()l()
c.rr a xrll)()s
l)()r
encinut cle una rclitlatl que sicrrPrc ser nzarosa, cotrttlcilt.
luremzante. sljet
(lcteflrinxcioncs
ajtn1ls a l()s
(lese()s
clel stLjeto. Por ello,
l()s ni()s s()n inflc,ribles cn
(ltc
k)s cLrcnk)s les scan lclxta(l()s sictulre tlc lrt
nlisllllt nlitnclll.
(Lesti(xrllrt([()
rl rlltlto corr llr trsc
.Nr.
I]() es asi cttlnclt
('slc
inlnx[cc elgr.rna nrxlificac i<-rn. I-o tlr.rc n() clej il(inicarl)ente
(le
]ePr()(ltrcirs('
en la ti)Illllr cn
(lLc
feacci()r]attt l()s prti(lllri()s cle tln escLclal clc pcnslttnictrt,r
crranclo alguien intr(xluce un cattrbio en cl
"cLlcnt(),(\rr
(ltre
se captrt l l!'illi
clacl. I'rr cso krs
rsicoenalistes
qLtefelll()s
"teenc()ntrr"
cn ntlestr()s pxcientcs y
leLlni(nres cicntiilcas el nlisrr() cr.rcnk) sin nxxlif icci(mes. .tntc las ctlales tet)-
(lcrlt()s
1l fcsp()ndef, c()n ill)s()lLtx
('ellezat y l)ttenrl fe. crtt tn
"No,
no cr'.tsr,-
Etplr clr:
()nrrip()tcnt'i:r
inlrintil <1tte es seguicla
lx)l'ottil
qLlc alcanza st
rlcno
rlcsrruollo cn la urkrlcstcncil cuan(i() la
(nIInit)()tencia
ry) rec.rL'ni str
las pallbrlrs ni cr-t krs crxrccrtos trlis t rtlcrl<s isl(l()s sin() cn l()s sisk'nl,ls
c(mccPteules iclcolcigicos. Es la ip<ra cle' acllicrcncia rl grancles c()nccP('ir }n('s
k)1lizntcs sustentxclxs cn un()s
lx)c()s Posttilaclos.
A cst etaPll clel pensa-
I l:. Ial crpirisrr)(). .(nr s irJtcnuidlr(l d( urlr
()l)s(nrr(in
n:is ;rll:i
(lc
lx ltorix. corrtitLrvc
csru ulturu tlcltlcsrrollo cpistcn)(rosi(o un.itsg() tlr(n( qtrt h idtok)gizuci(-)n
(lcl
Psi(\)rrnarlisis
Nu(l.r
I)u((l(
s('r nrxs xh Dlc quc Lrn
l)si(()n:rlistx-
s(rnllr(k) tn 5u
(jscri()ri(i ()
oc Lrn rrdik!
rnr rlc r'olcgus.
(
ntr1ni^(l() p(, ('l
lrl(,rr() irDugin:rri\1) {trt rcrlnt!rte
P()sec-.
tcrnrinc
(li(
trrinirr(l()
(lLri
cs /r/
t)\nr)si:.
/ cnlflrrc(lx(l
Psi(()s(,rrilri(1r.
o /r n.'trrosis en brre .r trn
'rst.'rr.r
lrt)(na1ir()
(le(lLr(rit'(). irnpulsx)
D()
el pluLcr rli: l:r
(nrrnip(fcn(ir
dc 1
Pulrtlrt
y
rlcl tliscrrt'so
l lil N() p()qlrt cl in() !\pliqLrc rl rdtLlt()
()
Itlrllllncztu
cn ste rtl ctrl tire
-erl1r-
(lt
.i( r
r() enlixlr cvr)llrti\() sl() p(n1lue nlt(rs \eccs rlgtrn()s lirnirncn()s
(icl
r.ltrll() sc
Prcsunirn
rr)cn()s rnnr:rsclrrit(i()s cn tl nio.
17(
AV N(JI]S IIN P5ICO1'I]RAPIA PSI(JOANI-'I'f(A
PSI(-OANAI-ISIS Y ADHIjSION A M()l)lil-()S lll r,llr I r'rlr\r |'!
Dicn) n() existe slljeto que escxpe. pudiendo.
en.llgUn()s clls()s ser segui(la
l)()r'()tra
estrttctura c()gniti!,o-atectiva
en que el pensamiento
crtic() receri
)
n() sa)l() sol)re cl mund() externo al SLjet() sin() s<ltre l Iismr y sL srsre-
r)lil.(le creencias l>ajo l:rs preguntas
por
(lu
cre() en cstc sistellta concep_
Iuxl7.
qu
m(fivaciones t))c i.ltpLtlj.rtn J t(h)ptJr cstc s,\tr-r.nt tle creenciasl.
l(lua'xspecto
(le
uti biorufa
-inchicla
en sta el panor.rlta
c()n(.cl)tr.tl en
(lLe
('
suieto se f()r1ll- inci(l< especflcl)rente patu (lLtr
ciert()s ;isleluts me
s,.'rn ullis iltractiv()s y cLrles
xnt
(llte ()lr()s
nle pr()\()qLen
reclxrzr:7 l>r.egrrn-
(ls
quc, p()r lil)titar l:l
(nllnip()tencir.
:ll nx)strur l() tclxtit,() <lel c<nr rr. inlrcnkr.
(,
n() s()n fbn]tulachs
()
aLlil cLliln(k) acl<uieran exisfencil ser.in, rlefc-nsiv:r_
rucnte, rpicla,.tente al.rncl<nchs.rr',
En c()ntrap()sici(')n con ()s sistcntas siI_
tlificantes
cue son cerlrrlos ltl firncirnar en l.rase a un()s
lx)c()s
prinLipi()s
o
rrstullcios.
sienckr el resk) prr.r clecltcciin, l()s sistenrxs coritplejris s,rn
lrlicrtrs a la inc.rp.rac irin interrinallle crc nLev()s frct(r.cs
v
(iilucnsr()nes
rlc anlisis. Desrle el contienz() l()s sisterllls cr>rnplejos enti.c;ntan
al sLrjet<r
('()n
el sentimient( cie sls lirritltci<nes
al intental alrarc:rrIrs.
l).r alg. krs ni_
ri()s plefieren kls juegtis
cle reglas sencilus.
lbr tuto. priokru.fircnta
cle.
l
uccr tlc /o.s s,'./cr?a. c()tr(.(pu l(,s sntplfi_
(tt16:
el sentmi(',to de omtipott,tt(.tt
,dtrisistd d ,s,,ti() ((),
t.t spL,.:to a lal
nrtlidttd. u ltt ttte si?,lt'
4,c
{l(7t,/.r-,,l)er(), ll(lL-,))s rlc l:t cl:tci<ir r.lei .sua-
ir <n el sistentar (()nccptllall,
il lrlr\,s <le ste est:rlrlecc r,nr..Llos c<n los <trrs
rrsLrrrios, relaciones dc pertencn(in
v de
()p()sici()nes,
:rnrltlrs inclispcnseblcs
I)iu-
s()pofie cle la onrnipoten<itr
nxlcisistI. Lil pcfienell(.iu
per.tnitc qrrc los
(fr'()s (lel
pl.()pi()
flupo
nitr(.isicen al srict() c()nnniinclole
<rie ecuello en l<>
(lLc
clee es v/tlid<. La op()sj(.i(in.
c()n rcspectg al <ue rt6 p(,l.tencce
al
*arLp(),
nrcisiz tltntl)in pues pelrtrite estal.rlece la cliferencilr con aquel que esttra
tn cl error, rsaflnan(l() xs lx identi(la(l iclelizacla clcl srrjero
".ta."rp".r,,. l)ilsta ser tcstig()
(lel
placer.narr..isista,
incltrsr h s<rna clesr.alillcnt..,rn
l,r ,r,e
('n (
Ll,l(trier relni(in se cscr(1]a . l()s qLc sapaesta,renrc
n() l)ll),-rn cnten(li-
r.k L verclKl c()nteni(l:r en cl sistsr)t cle creencias tlel sujeto, clrrrk> tuc la <li
lr. rcncilr es enten(li(ll en prir-tcipi()
cr.:.:o ignorencilt o crrr. rlcl rlro.rll
I lr). N() (l(r:r (le
rcs.lrtr (1r (s(, (r.(
cn Lrn rnrcn psi(l)xnirisis p( r.()n.rr (r(,
.n xn.risl:r cn i)r
,r.r(r,nr sc prse rc'isr:r . k)d() (t<s(t(.su
!lr((l(in clc p.rri. l):rst
t).r
(tLrc q.rcr(.\(r
ll..rlisra.
tr.
r.,,rrr(rnc lirs rrx)ri\'(i()ncs
l)r(firr(ru\
ir(r(ir (lc p(, (rr
rlnxr l()s p.ir,.lr)i,\ r):isi(r)s (lc
su (.s
(rrch (lc
)crt(nen(i,
gcrl(l'ilnrenr! ((nl\)xrliLl;r
r(n cl que lr lnxlizir
,t s qrrt..,l rrlltrin(n)i() cn-
rr( .n sL(1()
\'s.s
(rcrn(ias
r(i,i(r\ n() rcvistr irpinr.n.i? ocrnx)s qur,h s.p.rsrx nc.rirri,
(l.r(l
irn.lir(ir p,r'l;r cu.l el rn.lisx no re\is11 1x i(rc(r{)rix cicnlificn (rc
, pciqnrr. cn.Lrrnr.
r.r( )I.rliriirr(l(r(,, un pirclo i /cr1.
llo I s.:rfi() (lc
.n sis(cnr:r .,rr(!nr.1 rl q! n() rrc. sinr) (lel (\r!l
es (lepen(ticntc
\
(t.e
fit:r
,.1
r.rrror.rrrr.r
rlc
lrttlc
ser pcnsurl,
l.,l lll\1r,,rxt:rl)l((t.tLrc|>sqrrcperrencr.enirunx$.Lrclil\i)l()lcJnirquclk)q.clrenl()s
,r,i*rrr.r)rlr,,\{[
l.rr,lisnr:r \c cnti.rD(k, si\c tiene cn ..utnt] qlrr ll lcorrr:r cs tr,:rrrcnrernenr| algo
,tr. .,r\,.t,.r'.r rr,,rrrrrr.rrl,r.rl ,rr,.
).rr.
piiri(.ipur en lx in(.r:rrri(.)r) \(('rl A(.U.r (l
,)i:nr,r p,11-
.,t,,,'
'
l,tr!.,ri,,l,
t,.,
'Irr'
rn, \lr pUc(tir (tci.rr(lercrel
titn)r.rt c\in UL,D(k) t,)s. )r,s()s.
Ahora l'ien,
p()r'(lLt
ll pertenencia itctuarr lu!('r('r ,rrlr ,r Ir{
,rt{tr
rr,r.
conceptu:rles siDrplificantes y n() a l()s colnpleios, <l:ttIr rrrr,r,,,lr r \ I l
lr[
t,,
de nlrestr intcr()gaci(-)nl P()l'Ln simple problema csliltr,ttr
,
r rrrrrrr Ir
lllrr
ba la auclicncin clifl'renci:rl que tienen en la televisi(in rl(.1 r.l tlr Lt{
t'r
ducciones segn sean sinr-rJes, lincales r>. por el contrrlio, sllt.,th,ll,lr

llr
nlrs
([c
rnatices: h:y n)s gcnte qlre ticn(le pensar y ir \r,ll t r lr. ||l||ll,,
sirDples rue x l)xccrl()
(lenlr() (lc
estluctulils c()nceptuirl('s
(rll|l[,1,u I rlllt
riis siruple sca Lnx te()ril e:-t cl cltnrpo cle la ciencia, ris
Prlrlrrr.l,r,
tlr
<lilt, enc<nrr:trii dispucs) x lr(k)plxrlx. Crr tcxlr, se pcxlria lurrrrrr.rrt,rt rrt, ,rf
!{Ln()s
sujct()s preticren s()steneI sL nulcisisn']() eJ1 cl sentiol('rl(, ([.' rrltlll||tl
uni min()ril, arisk)crlrci intclccrtl qre se
(liferen(iirr
cle l rrlryrt,r, r rtt hr
cLlal creccntara str sentLmicnk) cle cxcctcionalicl:tcl- Per< t,l n:rr lrlltrr rll
reprcsent:use c()m() nrir()ra excepci()nal cs, y valga l:t ironia. :rlrsrlrrt,lltlttll
nrin()ritxli(). Si n(). n() existi an las ru<xlas intelectu.rles, que invohrr r.rrr ,r
rrr
P()S
nUnlgr()s()s,
y
el cntusialsr-n() p()r
Paic\)a[
en c()ncentaci('r's rtrtllllrtrll
n.lrias qtc avalaran ctl cl nnrerc la clidacl cle lo tue en ellirs tlllrr llr,
f)c xrcl< ttte l<>s sistern:rs simpliticantes tienen unlr vt:lociclad dc rlilrrstrrrrr,
iIprcgn:lci(-)n nlry()r
(lrc
Ir>s sistcmas complejos. l)ensemrrs en lxs li:r\(.
(.\
Iere()tipa(lits
(luc
se repitcD c(n)r() c()dsigns y ir lirs
(ulcs
bastir ckrrrr.rr .rr
P()(()
tier))p() p:r'l oblener pr cnerci:1. EI :rrlc>to ecjt llcgrcl() J unt
(,\
cuellr
(le
pens:rnli(-ot() sillrplilicirntc repite los
[)rin.il)i()s
l)lisic()s c()n el ||ris|| |
phccr <ue el nio [o hcc c<n ies palal],-as qLe he incolpolrckr, generlnrl,
se cl scntimicnt() rlc ctre sc pertenece l mun(k) rtt l<rs
"irclultos,, es clc(ir
(.1
rlc los lclcrcs clel l)r( )\'ilrrient(). La repetici(in de krs csl<igtLnes es instruDtcnlr r
idcntificat()ri() con las figuras idclizaclas.L]
,Vgundr!/iknlc dc placcr da bs ssta uN cotrcalf u.tlas stltpllicctltes: l.t
l)catk'Dcct
at
!!nq)os
!t qlu'se t?cibc s()sltt t'ccpt'o) de lat
(
nipotencu
t t Lt t c s sl.t c( lt p.u1 iel.t.
:'
R(tluccin d? lt at\:t tst itt
./i'(
t t(
(tl
c,tos
I)ero la proclttcci<itr (lt: pllrccr
(llL(l()
por la omniltfcnci.r n:r[risista es Ln()
tle los lltctores psi(!)l()gi(\)s (prc pr(rlrLcvcn nLcstl'x inclinxci(in hacia ks
l2l. l)c rrh el rlrr(ti\(. \ l.r (lifLrsi(lr. (le liirn rLs del tipo dc-lx psir(),rs cs p()r Lr fin(hrsnin
tlcl n<brc rlrl p:r(lrc: Ix pcr'\'ersin. p(n lx rencgx(x-),1i Lr ncr1)sis. p()r l] reprcsi(in,. fiinnu|rs
rcnr't;tlcs.
g1uttltosas
1)e()
lrn vr.ir\ dr
((nltcnid() quc unir rez enr)n(i;r(Lrs corlx) /itlun n() rc
(luicrcn
nrr(ncs prLr{rl)rs r () pr nitctr nin!unr prohrrdizxcn, c<Do k mUcstr:r el lrccho cic
qu(, lrrs
('u:rrcntx
;r()s d( L'r)ur)( i(l;r l pnrrlerr n() sc lruyri l)ech,) nU)gn rp(e .r h chr( idxrin
(l(1
c(m(cpt()
(l('
lin.(ir.x)n
l.i til cl nxn)rnr() r(rllirl. si s(,vlJ cn hrcn()s Aics
()
dr l)rs cs rnris probul;lc crc s('
icnl]x url.l influcci:r Lrrnirn.r. cs
(lc(ir qoc sc
(ien(l
ir hrl)):rr sr )cgLric r riuc s,:
Pr<,r..
..
in
\rs c()n.cftr)(i \i \j hrbjtr cD ChirJ.t(). existe un:r r)ri(.nL(rn li(rlutixnir: s, sc estri
(,lr
II N
t-s AVAN(,llS I:N PSIC()l liRAPlA PSICOANAI.Il'l(lA
Psl(.(lANl.ll
Y AlHlrsl)N l\l()l)11'('s Rl:l)tr(-( ()N\'l'^s
l)()fiancil
estal flerx cle ctesti<in
Pues Pe
nite nt> clificultltr t'l stlrgit)li('r'll('
(l(
ies pr,>clttcci,xres clcl paciente, la llctn<s vist() c()nvcrtilse cn lit
lll'illl
c()rl:l
cl:t rlci<nl liz:tclorll cuirn(k) sc c.trece de recurs()s toric()i
y
tcni('\
l)rl
l
conrpremle r o inte,:veni[.
[,ts "ccttcluls
deol]icos" o at\tttllttllt)s.le cct'l'! tlcl sistenut
Si l<s sisteurs c()nccl)tttalcs
sil'l)l)lilicantes se sostienen scl>re llrUllr
'rt'i(,
nes
Psicolirgicas
tan ptxlerosas
(()nl() h
(nl)niP(lenci nrlcisitx
y los intcnltts
dc ntralreslr les ingLrstias ticnt( 1l cal()s. lll lt''lgttlentaci<ilt,
o l1l
Pcrsc'tl
tirin, r'errticren
larlt
tl tt-tcttllrittr ie n )
(le
estiLs 1ll( )tivllci( )ncs
(lc
[l4tllll(lll()s
rt,. c,rn,.titL,yeo
racionlizciones tc(il'icas. tll
Psic()ntllisis
lu()str(-)
(ltl( l;ls
:rtr>justificac:i.ncs
rrcirnalizacrrs s.n rnr clr l.s Ittats fr.tertes
()l)st(tll()s (l
r<lntr tle la nxxlificlcirn
cle los sntrltllls o clc ltls rasgos
l)xt(')gic()s
(lc (
il
rctcr.'lildos l()s sistetllrs sirlrl)lif(1tlrtts, V
llts cscrtclas <r'te los cliftln<lctr' tl<r
tlrn i stts t)licD)l)r()s de rrftllucnt()s tLre clilicLrltan lx Pe tlra' Illetll)iltil)i'\
ruc cstlblecen Ias reglas llajrl las crtales se
lrtlran
mtclitlcar krs prin' rri' rs
tn gencral, parx c()nvcfii! a
('stls
en n() cLlesli()nill)les,v slgraclos Son :tl'gtt
rrr.rrt,r. cle iicfte clel sistcllla
()
'cxn(lacl()s
iclcok-lgicos' lt ltrs clte s< :tr' llt
cltrllt vez tr.tr el sistetnl es
(
Llesti(n'l(lr) Si i>ien ios hcl<s I islr> a lo lrrr
I clt l
lil.tro. <ttererrlos
(leten!-tn()s
cn Lno: ll apelacir-rn a la suPLlestil c('rcrt'll('i:i'
llurczr
c incolttPutil)ili(lx(l
cntfe el Irxtlclc
Ptcc()niz(lo
por h-t'stttt llt
'.'ll
ctresti<-rn
,v
()tlrt posicia)n. Cttal<lttiet intenl()
(le
inc()rP(ncin
cle clirrrlnsi"tl'"s
tut no firrtl]ln
trtrtt
dcl :trsenltl tc!ic()
(lcl grrtllrt cs tl-tpicl:ttnente cs(illlll:lti
1,.1,,.,nx, irltplicanckr ttna llcrcjirt
P(n-.lPanrrsc
dc Io linicc l'erclcL'o t
clesculiflcch
l.la) el ePitck) de
'eclc(
ti( isux )'. cue cs tls:ttlo conl() anllll lll-t()
jrl(liza.
I.ats cla/s qt!? allttccadett lcllal?raitt Lt scr cscltdil.ts
Irretrd lt:thk- tlc cscisiiln clel yo
llltra
tles<rilir cl
lo<lerostl
proccs<l clc-
Itnsivo
rot
cl
(tlal
!i!-tits icielts tttc illtll(ltrc u() cstitll rePril))i(las v
Perlil_
ncccn c<nscientcs. sin clbltrgo,
P(
la angusli1l ctrc protlLtccn
P()t
ch(x-
(r)n (lesc()s
clel stic). prreclen ser clciatlas clc latlo' Se las acePta per() sc
l:Lcc cttto si ese
(\)n()(inlielt() n() existicr, lil 1l(tittld dcl sujeto n() se lll()-
tliliclt. !,s el riesgtl <ttt Icrllclll()s
1lr.tc<lltn
cor-rcr lits tesis e\PLtcst:ts
nr'i\
'trri
Irr s<lrre ls t:tz()rlss
I)()r
Lls crtalcs se prcfit''rcn ll>s sistclnls sitrlplificrlntes a
krs cornplejos. I)(xlrn ser llccl)tx(lits' incltls() clespcfil'ailllesi<-tn
p()l p:lrt('
<lc llgunos lcctores, pcro ll cll()cf con ls tentlcncias rtte lcs hen tirtzltcltr
lr rtt:tntenetse tlentr()
(lc
ciertas cscLtel:ts
Psirrlill
1l scl l)lel() slll)er qLlc n" itl
ciclili en stt lorttta clc
lcnsltr
y, sr>l.)rc toclo.
(le
ilctuar
(ltlrinte el c()'|llil(l()
sistcr)lirs c()n(eptrrales simplilicantes. Otro f'actor es evitar ciefl()s tip()s de
nlirsti:ls. l'rcntc il l lNlltiplic:lcin clc estnulos unt cie las prinreras mocl!-
licluclcs rlel psiqrrisolo pu-x cofrcntaf eritx condici(-)n es 1 rech,rcci<in tle los
nrisrlros, el r>lrnamiento olsesiv<. l! ritu:ilizaci(ill I-(, qre se ha llm.rk
1rn.lLrstis ccnfusirnlLles. o h iclea cle'rn: barrera dc c(rntacto cn contra clt'
Ln exces() de estilnulci(-)n. tiene com() refelencia cs()s esta(los clel psiclLris
no en rlue preclcrrnina el sentimient() de c<s, cle fult:t rle c<herencilt, cie l-
neas cle
rcr-rsa
r':r icDt( )s qr( D()
l)ucden
ssr cleiinicllrs. l-inritar
1'ortlc-nar
lue-
cc scr rn mecnismo cscrcill clcl psi(luisrllo. Nr> lray ningrrna csctrellr
psicolt-rgica qLle ponfli en clutlt la exjstenci clc este principio organizltclor
l)sico. lttrn([lc su doDlinio n() scr ]l)s()lLrl()
_y
est l]lxlizacl() por ll l)s<ue-
ch cle estnrrlos. <L: la n<vccl:rtl
(Stcrn.
Iqj5). Lx r(1ivi(ld o|ganiz:rcla soL<r
se p()nc cn nrar<llt si exstc rn ntnilrr de tLrler cortlo conrlrcir,n pr'cri.r
que disllinLr!.1 la angrrstia y rlentro clel cLal ll nrr'etl:tcl aclcuic're ttn scntickr
n() xtemuizlnte. l)or ello, usitr eslirg:rncs pe rite contrrrrestxl csc tip()
(lc
angustiil V Il onrniJt<rtcncia
([lc
csli-l en
jr,tego
es clifererrtc
(lc
lll
()rlrrl),,t(n
cia nlrcisista. Estlr iritirra ticnc p()r'()hjcto
()lrccer
irl sttjcto Lrn scnlil))icnt()
(lc
r,ula. cle srrpcriori(ll(1, rnientris <rre llr trrnirotenciir c()nx) recrus< clcfL'nsi-
v() fiente .r lx angustilr cle fiugruentecir-rn y taos he<e scntir que se est,L ill
ahrigo <lel pcli.1ro. []n c()sll
('s (iuc
ci
I)riritiv().
itntt cl fcn-()r'
tlovocuclo
trrr
el r'cllirllrgo. ittt;tgirtc crre ttrrt srr penslt rtt icrtl
(
) l()
(()nlr()lar
v,
('r)
c()trs(-
crrcn(ir, n() tenga r)i(l qLrc Icnlel.
y (f (ltc
sient
(lIrc
lil
(\)nl[()h[l()
cs trt
ser sul)eri()1. rrejor que lrs <lct,. :is. sin linritci()nes. I-in cl prinrcr c:ls() n()s
cnc()ntr:trilDt()s nle un
(nllnil)()tcncilt
<lctc'nsivrt an(c las ansic<l:tclcs pc|sc-
cLrk)riars. l-()s sisterll:ts c()n(sl)tttalcs sinrrlili<anlcs pt<lclttcen el scrrtirni(nt,,
()nlniP()tente
<lc trre las
rrrlrs
varialrlcs urntcnrplu<lrts
lor
cl nrtxlelo r:strir-r
l).rj() c()ntr()1. En el carnpo tle la psi<rrtclt-rilt, flente llts engr.rslils ,.rc.rsir.r
naclas
x>r
las cluclas:tccrc cle rLti'signilicaclo licnc l(,
(lte
el, lrt pacicnte
lracc o tlice. crr cs lo
(lue
vrt 1l p.rslr <rn l,/cllu. irnte el c1l()s c[' rlaks tn
cicn njr.'elcs
(lili'rrntcs
qttc sLr
(lis(ul's()
\'st
crncluct: glolral n()s l]){)l'tn, -c
clrcir lr rrnlrs
rocas
variablcs lrr
rsicoplrtoirgia
y x un pL(lo lus tirrrnes cle
intcl'vcnci(-)n, ls rue sc c()nsi(lcrx <orno sr.rlicicntes, tI:Ln(lLiliz.r xl lerlr-
l)cutl.
fln este scnti(l(). si c<llr rno clr n<s<tr<s lricii'r:trtos tn lisll(l()
(lel
n
ntt.ro cle clttcgt-rs us:rd:s o rlc Irs iJros
(lc
inl(Tvc]r'i( )nqs
(luc
r'cltlizalr()s
(()n
llUrslr() pcicntcs perlr lrrs rlistintos
(trll(lf()s psi(i )p.tk)l(-)l.li( r )s. n()s s()r-
I)r'(
)(l( r11 c(upr(r)xr
(lue
tiente a une li(ltrczlt cn(nlrc cle estructLfi\
l)\j(,,
rrlokrgiclrs
y dc clirnc'nsioncs de la
lrels<rnaliclecl
nuestr()s nr<clrs rlc acci<'r
s,,rr h tltr. irlsirrros. En cslc senti(l( ), la rcgl:r <lel silt'ncio clt'l arlLliste, .'rt) .t rtn-
l,'D {[
(l.r
url)rp(linrp{IrrtcaLinerslrl)icti\i(Lrd:enNtrcrir\i)rk.pesexl 1r\'ntctlt1utt
,r.r{h l.r'r(l.r(i,'r(\(,1'etlcs\'(lc11rnlrrsLrl)ictivi(l:r(l.hrlniuntir(1r(pcso(leLr p\i(rr()gir (l(l
\{\
(l,,nrllr(r,' \1 lrr,(l(l
f)r&)
(l(,(ir que lx anrnlrirr
(s
el
(lctin() l:r!cr)sir[i]cs.lJestill()rtu('
r rr'.r l,sr.rll,:rrrrIl,rru.rlrsr las nrrrtrtnrrs quc krs tderrn.
.Jr.i(
) AVANCIS tiN
pSlCOl
tiR^PtA PSICOANAI .rlCA
(-()n
sLrs p:lcicntes
()
en lJs reuniones cientlicas en las que participen. Sin ttn
rrrrcso
de ellrlcracir-rn 1', especialmente. cle pr;ictica <lel pensatuiento c<tt't't-
1>k:jo.
la resistcn<ia rl aiull)i() teDderi ir))p()ncrsc. Por ellt
ProPt>nerts
trne vigilancil c()ntinux s(r)re lls Lazones enl()ci()nales de ntestras lclhe-
tcnci:rs te(iricas a lnrxlelos simpliticantes v unx aut()exigencia de ir profun-
clizlrnclo en Il prcir.rcci<ln de c()n()cimicnk) pllrtictllllr
(lcntr()
cle Dx)(lel()s
conrplejr>s. Pero s<-l<> si sc slpcrln los rbstricttl<s.tlctiv()s
(lttc
se
()J)()nen
xl pensiur)ient(, co[rplcio seri'r posible que l,l plopuesta epister]I()l(igica
(le
cue.Del>emos lrtchar contla la <lis,vunci<in !'a
flv<r cle la conjuncirn, es clc-
cir. cslul)lece) liuzones cntrc
(-()sls
tttc estlin sep:tr;tclas"
(iU(in.
199'i) n()
se c()nvierta en mcra cleclaraciin voluntarist.
DIAGRAMAS
JS.J
ldenlifcacin con
fguras que lienen
Y
I
Culpa
!
V
I
n""oqr"ro
]
I lsometimrento, I
I
auloprrvacrn,
I
I
autocastrgol
I
.1;;;l'
ldentificacn co
figuras que
tenen
Fealdad
traumtca
lmpotenca/
Oossperarlzo por
opresn, privacn,
abandono,
efof6dad, etc.
DEPRESIN
Sentimiento
impotencia/desesperanza
para realizacin deseo
significalivo al cual el
sujelo est fijado
Mltples
orgenes
D:: da er a
V
Deterioro
del se f
Angustias
persecutorias
V
Defensas activadas Para
conkarreslar angustias
persecutorias
v
OBJETO EL PROPIO
EXTERNO SUJETO
V
Bespuesta hosti
del objeto
YV
Prdida de Abandono
oponun dades y por parie
logros en la de objelo
realdad
S e obielo
era un objelo
narcisizanle
usaoo paf -
punlalar
auloestima
Dereroro menral
I srco y/o social
<
Si se srenle
por elbienestar
<
del objeto
ry)
Proyeccin
Y
t- r".,**
-i
D]
n..".uto.r. F
t-
J
V
Deleroro de
funcionam ento
fental foblas.
dficil yo cos
,
V
OBJETO
V
Delerioro y prd da de
obielo como valor zado
V
SELF
V
Crtca digda
Deleriora
pelgros
Y
Si el objeto es
delobjeio
V
S e oblelo es un
"obielo
de a
aclividad
posbrladas por
el oblelo
Sl ei
1":li."J"
/
a
:
!
z
a
Si se siente
resoonsabfldad
>
p,ri
"
o,"n"rt,
DrA(iRA\lA l.
Anguslas
YV
I
S.rmerrmienro
I I
aoLcalonoyo ll Fantasras v
I seduccron de I I .".a ,"t,.
I
rre,seou
oo,
|
"s'"",r".
]
HeLnc a a a
altonom
l-
lAutoinculoacrn 1
J
aetensiva
L
V
I
rantasras y
omn
oot"ntes
I
Ll
=
:L
DEPRESIN
NARCISISTA
-@,)'
Cotrol
i de!
pensm ento
I
i
v
aaccon
l
Fmoobrec mrenro vorco v oe relacione. nlerpprsonalps
perJrbaco,rdljJcode'eaload'
.et o. " oooarn,Jro"s.
10 I Drdi'1izc or de provclos E co,lsecuecr' lracasos' srl'-lertoq
de'mpolenc'a de nL'valla
1)ir<:nrrr.r.l
@
DEPRESIN
trr@tr1
Formas del masoquismo de acuerdo
al tpo de placer que produce
o
del displacer que
evta
MASOOUISMO
Varianles a especficr en cada caso:
a) Bsqueda activ del sutririento
b) Tolerancia anormat al sufrimiento
c) Huda del placer (autoprvacn)
Autoconservativo
(senlimiento
de segur dad y
cobrjamiento en la unin/
fusin con un objeto al que
masoqusticamenle)
tensn
organsmica,
ldentircacn
con figuras
agresvas
AGRESIVIDAD
(predisposicin)
Dsposcn
consttuconal
Experiencas
traumticas
espacio
psquico, del
(ej.:
adolescencia)
ls-
.11J6
^vAN.lis
IN
pst(_(rt
liRAplA
pstr:rt_i
t<_
Con Ia fnalidad
de apoderarse y
controlar la
siluacin
traumtica:
Es actvada
por:
YYY
Dotnsa snte ) I oa.n""
"nt")
f ) I Manloulatva ) lAl scrvlclo c e)
snsusraa
| |
senttllrentoe
I INARCISISMO | |
(p""pt"",
ll
seperacln/
|
.uroconservacnJ
1tp1,*9 t]11",*l finy:""l)
Nasoquismo como
lorma de vinculo con
Proyeccn y
ataque al
ob6to
Raba
ercssta
(defensa anle
senlimiento de
,
; humillacinl
t**"*; F".;;;l t*;; l m;",..J
I
persecucion
| |
amor del otro o
I encubierla det oaranoide:
I
externa o det
lldet
supery a
ll sadsmo: /l maonao l
I
supery
I
travs de
llgenerarcutpallorovoarratoi
t1--
-
-1 inspirar tstima
I I enelotro: I I inu"r"
"..,
I
I
Para gratiticar
| ] {s
es con et yto
lrustrarie I I ientirse I
I
a.un olro
| |
supery. et
I ]
en sus Oeseos
] supero. o
saorco: para
| |
sujelo se
I I
(Dersonatidad
I i bo.rr
I
retenerle (no
I lautocontempta ll oasiva/ l l r"..r*".r" I
I
abandonarle).
i
con cari'io por
| |
asresjva)
I I uloa I
I
Y/o
para
I I
et sufrmento)
j
I
aptacar_
l,
i
persecucron
I
Anqustas
psrsecutoras
Dnglde
mismo pare
aplacar al
Rivalidad
bipersonal,
6nvida
Celos
Autorreproche
(Escisin
defensva del
vo)
I)r<;rtu l.
Hffiffi
Angustas narcisistas
v
g
-ro
'/
1a
9c)
do :
60
=
oo
eq
i
qo
:
5il z
90, :
E6
z
9.O a
tt
=- =
d3
t
0)
Senlmientos de inlerordad y/o vergenza, o malestar
cliluso de nsatisfacci consigo msmo, o sentimienlos
de vco, cle aburrimento, desvitalizacin, mpotencia
Expe.ienc <,e
atsicci sustrufi va
Angustas de desnlegracin: sentimienlos de extraeza
con respecto a la menie y/o al cuerpo, de no poder
conlrolar su fuconamenlo, de desprsonalizacin
Acluac ones sexua es:
p,.mscudd, dntu
nrsmo. masturbacin
Conduclas de nesgo
Uso del obeto
Par.
copnsar narci33mo
-
Bsqud de especu acin
exh b c oniso lisico mental
-
Fusin con imagen rdeazada
Objelo como posesin ac s sla
-
Objlo de l actividad nacrssla
derl'ficacn proytiva pa
deposilar aspecros den grados
|
.-.'.'.-......l
i :l",ll1s!19 i
Agrcsvdad
(rabia narcissta)
Como rorma de adquirir un
sentimiento e identidad
imaginaria de
polencja/
podro
Oposicio.ismo como lorma
de utoalimacin narcEista
Prsonalidad pasivo-
agesrva: renuncia
t0nclons y acrividades
como loma d casligar l
(lrisidez. anor a)
Z
S as delensas y/o compesioes son exlosas no hay dprsi arcisisla Pro s
,lan y no se puede sostener. o provocan lraslmos en las relaciones inlerpeGonales
oen os lgrs n la raidad o periurbacDnes del lucioai6to yoico, ser
codilicados como lracaso nrcisista enloces se prodlce depresin narcisisla
Ades ellraslorno narcisrsla o compnsado pud orginar dlves siiomaloogia:
lrasrornos de la sexuaidd. fbs obsesioes hipocondrias. eic pus alleer lsujelo
un image de s como deb incapaz o rmpolnle iodo le .esul1 aenazanle
I
- -a
-dm =
e# aE aig*i
d
=
s ; t F! B I i
!-{P,-9:;eiE

g;R
tBBs
ge.t
. ! c o sii
^
P:.O

e! i*q E
!-n
6ic,
a6i
338
Ao-

3e
=;
i
q.d
.^
co-;!
B;:3
9.H1.!
!! ,96
ruf !) 6
-1r-,P-roo:{
I-
qrb
i E
=E
6
e m
!lE$i3qi
:il9eiSstI
i;Ei3css".E3
d.,:d?ag;r,
EiEats
iB
136 le
o
:_^"
:g:"3E;i
=fc:io6
;?o:s;q
-'ouolr?
o6
Defensa y compensacones
para
salr de esos siados moclonalea
I)1.\GR.{}tA
-
-t
I
I
_o
'9
6r a)
in o
9
3 o* !
+::. o
q r:
J
oP;:t
E0eq
i=6 E:
oh

0J6'

9i a
g.G
- qi
;s
5E
E
I
g
*
3oq
i
Y.I
s 5r
;;.$i {
;
Eig;
I
6!!
t
!t
9.
o
Gt
t
\
q
@
t
t,
o
a
o.
ao
ai"

frsl :
iSiE'e
g
eE:
EtE
**
6<

a=r
"
&;
3t
!3o
E
g
xE'
d
$ *'i * ;t
eaioeig
3ri;HEii
-:

o r o o

*
eI3 3I
a: ? E s
ai!FE
-,ooo-ot-
;EE;iEi
-
s'i e
! o
q-
-o
x
;in-rEE
:B;H!qsa
*ic*is;
33
B;6E
E;6-:
-E
59
a
z

=E
.3ts
={
gSia'*i
: o B 6
g:
BHi5
6':9gE
:'9si
,!*
'!
a
DUELo PoR la
pRotoa
DE oBJETo
CONDICIONES OUE LO AFECTAN
La jacn
dificulla difjgjrse
al objeto
suslilulivo
vincularse al
objelo sustilutivo,
objeto perdido,
idealizndolo
Dfculta
vincularse a un
objelo
susilutivo:
1) Angustias
paranoides frente
al mismo
2) Dficit de
cognitivos e
3) Falta de
conlianza del
capacidad de
superar la pr-
dida
realidad de un
objelo sus!jluljvo
o imagrnaflas
(
dealLzacin)
obeto de la
smbtica:
Constitua
I narcrsrzante
+
-
obeto del
sell
-
posesn
I nercisista
-
obeto de la
I aclvidad
i narcissta
Obieto
transforacional:
Ttauma
narcssta:
venganza o de
coaapu s v
lla
prdida es
vivida como
I
nac s sta)
I
Proteccn:
conlrarreslaba
anguslas
(otorgaba
emoconal)
I)r {(,R {\r.\ 9
T-;l
I 68' I
| =. I
I rro I
I .n0 I
| 9o I
e I 6'(D I
; I
o
i
E
IPAI
I E I
t&l
l'l
o
m
2
m
z
a9 ). AVAN(-liS IiN
pSI(iO',l
lrRAptA
pslc()A
N A r, l.lcA
Mdulos motvaconales
(Diferenciados pero
nterrelacionados: la articulacin
ser de complementaredad / integracin
o de oposicin / conflcto)
rrsuocRAIA
puede
\lrrrir. l(
(l9l
l).
.\()l(s
on tht
Psvclxrlinltll'lit
in\csligllti(nl xn(l trc:l1n]crll
()f
nlil
rlirr(-(lrlrrrssi\
( insrrnitl entl ellierl <rrrltlititls. sL'l!(ll l)4)crs rl Kdrl
'4b't11(tt)t'
\!r(\'it li,rk. llrrsic lnx1'
(
l95J).
\ln-xhrrrr. K.
(
l9l I ).
.A
ilr() sitrtll <f rllc cltvtkltlrcnl tf thr.' libick. \ ie\le(l in lll('
light
()l
rll(Dtll rlistclc'rs. St?(l t'/]lx'^
()tt
l)sl[l1t).t](thss
(
Kdrl Ab)rtb(tt
\rrirj \irk. Ilxsi( lJ(x)ki
(l(rij) (ltir(1.
test.: ['n l:)evt esltr(lk)
(le
lx cv()ltlci(-)n
(lc
Ilr lil)irl()
(\)rlsi(lcrll(llt Irr lLrz rlr l(rs trlsl()rll()s nltnllcs, tn K. Al)rxhm. /\l( r)r/
)t.iIisi! cIti(t). lltr( n()s Ailcs. I I()llrt).
,\ins\\1n1h. \1. l). S.. lJlclrr. \f.. \\'l(r's. Ii.. \\lrll. S. llt) t-8). l'ttlt(11s
(f
'ltk!'h1t()l'
Ilills(l.lc. \1. Li ll)urnr.
,\lirrxriirr. A.. Iienv. l'. \'. llt)-;). .'lt lttlto(lltcttt)t l!) tl)('l'ri1ciPrs
(l
-li-t!1t:i/)
tt(tlt)
nrtl .\.\' td-t.
(lxrlllkl:tt.
\14. U'l l'jrcss.
\lexrrrrrl,.'r. I'.. lrcn.h. l. \1.
(l(rl6).
t's)(l)()(tttt!l-)lic lltol4)l' PtitciPl.'s.!nl .'ll4lnrt
1r'rr1 \uevir \'(nk. ll(rtrll(l l)i(<s
(trx(1.
ti\s .. lL't-rtPtTtt(t
l)\r()tttl1ia(t
I)ttt l)r)5
\ dpliLki(j llLk'r1,)i .\irt's. I'1ti(kis. 1956).
Arnurxl l)ixs.(1.(19()l),l.1lfirtttioritrrnlt'ltltlltttlel'ltlltlvslc.
lI)tr(xlLlcti()11 cl rill)ln)'.
/,t l(, idt+tis? d( l's).fut1t(!l-)st'. t-\'lll
(Dlinlcr()
tsrcciel tlel
(ongrcs()).
l):1]ls.
LJ-J LjslJ v 1.J91 l. rrr
r\rcrk.jlr 1))(irirtri(
^sr)(iirli()n
(199r)../f\.1.i
tl l)alttt)sti tt11(lst,]lslic lDt(!ttt(tlI4'
ntuil(tl tl\'
'',l,\.
\\'.tshri rgl, ,1. l).( l.
\nth(nr\ Ii l
(
l9l'jj).
,.\tr
1,\.r\ i.\\
()f
tll('ctlccls
(f
rulltctnxl
(lcprtssi()n')n lllt inl)l
rrncl clriltl . trn II. 1.. \lorris(r l(<)ttl]).
(])l(lrrt
of .lq a'ssl l>.t,lttls Risks- hh'|'
til'ic(ttit)1t ttttil ttllct't 'lrlr)1. \r.rc\' \'(r'k.
(irtrllc
Strrl(t(1
AnTreo. I).
(
I968).
,l)c
lrl nli11()loj-ajc p.lrlictlii're l clle<trc tt'Pe
(le
lulls()cllisntc",
'/Jl
llL,litt
(h' l -1s:;). ttliott PslL'furttrrll'lirrc tlt' l:t(ttct'- t.l)ligs. tj1 91.
Al)l)cll)rLrnr.
s \
(lgll).
Il.)?,'ltt(ttt)t.1 rl
(-:llttt.q(
'1 'll':')t)tgL'
li't)t(l'ttit)t Rept))lI)tt
'f.li)!
tl)('l:.lkcs r)J t':,\.lx I l)o1\'. \trrv.r \ik. lllcntrrll l)rcss.
Arieli.S.. lltrrrp(nlr(1..J
(19;li).
\Ltt'tt'tttttl ttiltl rlLltlt's/1,/. \rtr \i)rk. l]:rs( l](x)ks'
At\\1xxl.
(i.
iol,;\. ll.
(1931).
.i/r(l///1\
(l
Stt{)1t'tll: l',.\Pk)r.nit,ts i1 l'5.)cbt)d'
.t1.) lL l'l\'rr'ttcntlr,.qt. l lillsrlele.
\1.
Anrrlvti( l'r('5s.
l:rcni(rllgsr). t.-dPl'otli his!)riL'tt cl l( ltltil11's()aLr'. Dtt
(lisc()t!t'.i ifullt!1t rttt
t l ist t t s t lcl i t t. l):rs. l'rc\scs I ni\.crsililirts
(lc
!11ln.('.
r'ill lisrucle. A.
(t99l).
L
Psi(()l(rPirl
l)re\'( \'h intcnencit en crisis:
(i()s
csll-lltt
l.iis
(lc
rnlcrvr,rt(i(in ctr Sllltl(l Nlcntxl
(i)nlLlnilllrill
"
Psklttiattt.t
ptibl(Lt
i
(
t\'
p,rgs. 17+- 186.
Necesdades / deseos reoulacn
psicobiolgica
-
Necesida-
des/deseos
apego
Deseos
narcisstas
Sislema delensrvo
alarma)
Sistema de alarma:
angustiasi/arectos
espectcos para cda
mdulo
Recursos yocos
caPaces salislcer
ecesidades/
deseos
AGBESIV DAD
Necesidades / deseos sensual-
sexuales
l)l \r,t \t \ ll)
391 AvANcris riN
psrco'l
riRApA
psrcoNr..r.rcA
IJxlint. NL
(
1952 ), Pri ,j Lot c a)kl Ps.J'clitAi .l.t ti. T?th I iq c, I_on(lrcs. I L Kxn c
(Iixks)
l-tcl.
llrljn(. Nf.
(
1968). The ts.!c ;.utlt. Ilt?ttpc tic ,,lspacts oJ,l/i,.s()7t. l_(rxlres. Tuvis
t()ck/ R()utle(lgc
(
19i.19 ).
Brlirt. NL. Orstein. 1,. I I.. lllinr. E.
(
1972). Psicotct dpt l'ocdl
'ltupil
b?te pdj.d psLr)
!nttlistts. lk)dclo csatnllllto etl la aliiic.t Tdt,sfuck,llLre()s Aircs_ Ge(list
(
11IJ5 )
Ilarr1f.er, N]l.. l}xrllngcr. \V.. Nl(rll..l. NL
(19J8).
"The
inf:Lnrile psyclric rr-xrrlri 1i(rD us
) Freir(l.
l)Urc
tr-xLnli, reti()llclivity lln(l rec()nst.ucti()n,. tDt.
-1.
tts.l,cl.)o.! .tl ,6t).
prigs. 113 12J.
I]xrth. E. Nf.. \lxfiers..J. f,.
(1t)82),
A]gt! eit.tti)t. Al?nnrchcs to tllc\)t, li]).Dt.tto.
{Ir.ter,l.,rr.
.1,
'lrn
ln.
i.
,rs t \
1i:lsch. lvf. ll.
(19u.J). ,,l.:nlphatic
rt'r(lerslxn(lin!{: x rcvie\\.()f lle conc.crl lrnrl soure thc-
()retic.rl
c( )nsi(lerxt ions,.
.1.
AD(\.. I)st'cb()atltdl. Assr..31. p:igs. 1,126.
l]xlrdry. Ij.
(198J), .Thc
r\hnirn of the concept of chuflrcter in lrelr(ls \\.l.ilings,../
Arncr. Ps.tch()a).tl- A./.. Jl, p:ias
.J--31
liuer, G. l).. Kol)()s..1.
(1.
\1t)Ei ). Bric
'll1c'.tPt
Sbotl-TerDt I'st(h().t.t4tic l,s.tcbot-
l:c,rzlpr Northvale, Nre\,11.f ersey..Jis()n Ar()ns()n. In(..
lleck.
^.'l'.,
Iapsteitr. N.. IlaITis(r], lii.
(19lJJ).
"(i)gniti(]trs. llltitLr(les 1](l
l)crs(rtlit\.(li-
mensi()ns in depressiot't". llrtisb
.k)lt'tdl a!g tha P:i.J'(l1otcl7{71,. I.
I):ias.
l- 16.
llenixmin. L. S.
(
1991 ).
.llriei
SASII I)irectc(l lleconsl.lr(.rive l_c.rl.nini4 fherup\a. eD l).
Cirs-Chris()Ph
_v.1.
Ilulbcr'
(cot\1ps.).
I I,t.lb(x)k tl shr)rt tcn)t t )ttDtic ps.)c11(tl)c-
/z/pll Nrr\'x Y(r'k. l]xsic ll(x)ks.
Ilerher, 11.
(
1951J),
,Thc
r()le
()f (l)iecl
relitti(nls i llel nlts<rltisnt,.
l);igs.
J-ii J59.
cn I;irzl)itrick Hunlv. M.A.. Essc ti(l Pr4)ot
())t
,lust)chsnt. Nuc\'
y(r.k.
Ne$.
Y()rk tlni|crsity l,ress
(
1995).
ilil)rin8, 1.
(
l95J),
.'l
lte Dechxnisl
()l (iepressi(xr,.
cn I).
(irccnxcrc (c1DI).
). -,1/f,.1tt,
/.o/ir: Nueva \i)rk. InrrDa(i(nlltl Ihri|crsilles ])rcss.
llion. \f.
(
1959),
"Attecks irn ln1king,. cn SI)illius. t.t.8. \cottrgt.). ,llcltttt,Klt,itt
'lirkr,_
Dat cbpn(Dls i tha(r'.J, dD p)Ltctao. t\l l. ,llaDl-t ll)a())'. l_((lrcs.
'lrvi
s)ck/l.loutlc(lge
(
l9lJJ ).
Ili(nl, \.
(1962). ,A
theorl. of thinkinf.i,. rn Sl)illirs, I.l.ll.
((.(rl).),
,tf . t iL, Kla
'lba]
.
I)ctvk)pnto tts it t thc()t)' 4kl ptttctic.t.
t,ol t :
j.fo
it t l-)' tbat rl. l_( rl(lrcs,
'fxvist(
)ck/rll( )Lrt-
ledge
(
l9t'lll).
ltlett. S..J.
(
I97,1).
.l-evcls ()f ()l)ject
t.cl)l!scn(11(i()n in anaclit,c :tn(l inta()jrctivc (lepres-
stot\', l)stclx).tt.tl.)tc Stttd) of tll(
(hi1.1.
29. prigs. l0] 151.
lllull. S..J.. lleltrcn(ls, R. S.
(
19ti7).
,,1ttcrnilizuli(rt,
Sel)auti()n Inclir idtruti<n. :rncl tilc
Nrttrrr-e <rl
'l'lreftl1rrcutic
At.J<tn,, ]lttcrtttktt!l.k)t!ntol ()J p\..),cl1r)
/,rl)ls/.i 6tj, p;igs
Il[ltr, S..J . lIonu,]n, Il.
(1992). .l)arenr-cllil(l
inleracri(m in thc eriol()g].of (lcf)cn(lcnt
ancl sclf-cliticl
(lel)rcssi(,, (]ittictl
Ps.l'chologicdl l?at,iau.l).
ligs.
.i7
91.
Illrttt. S..1.. I\fetoutltrs. C
(
1992).
"C()n\crllenccs lrrrrong
Psydtoenelyric
;rnrl rgnitivc he,
lvirrrl tlrerdes of clepr-ession". Pstcl\)tulttic ])s)'chotoR|.
t)2 (..
pargs. li7-190.
lll.ll. S.
1.. Qrinhn.
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r). palgs.
3();-S91.
Kcrnl)crg-
()
llr:a)-B(rzlt'liDt,(i))t(ltk)tls.ul)4tlxr,qr1,\1//1/i:vlr/,NUe\1r')1)rk,
.Jxs()rl
,\r
(
)ns( )rr. In(.
Rernl)crg.
(). (
19J6). .!i1(ri, 1llt\/)tdlut l)srntlt\-:: l's)\full)dtq)t't!lr i//?r.qtL1J \cN
I lrvt'n. \ ril( l Ili\ r'rsilr l'r( ss
KcrlrlxrS.
(). (1988). ,(llini(xl (liirlensi()ns ()f
nr.rsr)(hisrn,.
.knu'tldl
tl ,ltit:rLlit l,:..J
tht,(nt(tl)l( Asst)(idti()t. J(r
(
rl.
lrtigs.
l.Oo; lO29
N('rrIlr( rlt.
(). (
1()92). .lqq,(,.$/()// tjt l)L't'-sotLtltt.) l)i\()rct\ dtttl l\,n (/rrrr/r.
N(\' ll:r!rn.
\ ul [ rr\rrsit\ I)r.ss.
Killinglln). 1].
(
1989).
(l(nlllict
rn(l
(leli(
it: Irrrl)li(illi(nrs lirr technicluc,. ltto'
(tt
I
I)!;.)
Lh!) ,1tdl -71).
|ri1s.
6i--9
Killirrgrrxr. I].
(
1995).
,Al1il'lll:lti(
in
l)s\'(hoxnl\'sis
. Itk'Dtdtit.t[.]) t)tdl(l l)\t(l)()
l,k1l)sr\.
-().
P:igs.
i01 517.
Kl(irr. tr1.
(
l9-i;).
,^
c(rltrilnr!()ll r() lir(.
I)s\(1)()1.i(,rt(sis
(f
t)lllniuL
(lrl)rcssr\(.
\t.rtus.
'IhrlYriit,qsr)lMditiaKlat.
v()1. I. L(rxlres. II()g.fih l)rcss
(
11)8).
Klein. lU.
(
l9Jr).
"l-()\'e.
guih 1ln(l rel)r.tirr",
'll1(
ll'rti;.s
(l
.llalotic KlciD. \'ol. l.
ol AVANCIS IJN PSICO'I'IJRAPIA PSI(]OANAI-TI(]A
l.()r(lr(s. I l()gr[h l'jess
(191]5) (ttecl.
cast.,
"Am(r-.
culpa
)'repitracia)n,.
cn Orl-als
tt)Dt|(t/:'s ? tclc\tie KleiD. vol. l, I]r.elonx. l'ri(kis. 1990,
r:igs. -310-3ii).
I\lcin. Nf.
(
l9 i0),
.lvlorrrnirtg
n(l its llchtion Io Nlnic l)eprcssive Stxlcs,. Tibe ltl-/l/3s
tl .lt?|.|ti(: Klet, vol. l. L(dres. Hognflh I)ress
(
l9U5)
(tr(I.
cxst.r
"El
(ltelo
v st
r(lrrci()n c()n krs estarlos rllllnuco
(lcplesi\t)s,.
en O/r/?/ c()ttPlcfats .lc .llcltltic
^,//.
\'ol. 1. li:trcekx, l'icl(is. 1990, prigs.
J46-i71).
l.il(irr, \4.
(19,i6), .\(res (t
S(ne SchiT()i(l Mcchirnisrlls", Tl.t! lYiit!s
(1
,\Iellti.'
^,1,7.
\r)1. IIL L()D(lres. 1he Hogarth l)ress
(trd.
cst.:
"N(fs
s()l)re lgtIt()s n]e-
L:rrrisrrx)s csquiz()i(ies,. cn O7l. c()rttplclds
(lc ,llel.t1i(' Kfui1. \'()l-
-1.
tlllrccl(tl.
llxi(kis. 1990, prigs. 10 33).
Klcin. NL
(
t95?),
.Hr
nd
frtittt(Ie,.
)t'.t .ttLl GtLtlilttLle l1 O//r(r'uir*ri. 1-()n(lrcs.
Il()g[h Press n(l the lnslitute of Ps)chonlysis
(
19lt'i)
(l(1.
cst.:
,]hvi(lilr
v
Ilr:rtitu(1,,,
en Obas co tPlelds c ,14ttic Klc t. \'(r. 3. IlxrcL'l(n111. l)lli(ls. 1988.
I)args.
1u1-2i0).
Klcin. Nl.
(
1958 ).
.On
thc
(lcvelopmcnt ()f
lenlxl tirncti( )ninft". Tll(' \l i il ls I
l
.vd(t t t i!
(/.,,,
\'(r. IIL L((lres. The Ilogxrth l)rcs
(198+) (trx(I.
cxst.i
"Stlrre
el deslrrlk>
(lel
funci()nanrient() mentxl". en
()bt'cts
c()npl.'lLts
(la.ll.!t?
Kfuit. \r)1.
J. llxr(('_
lonu- l'ri(l)s. 19itt. p1igs. 2.11 250).
Krr()l)el. iU. ll()8;. Psicoter.V.l l2l? a. lltren()s Ailes, l'xi(k-)s
K()lrt. tl.
(
l97l). El dtlsis lclsc'.lluen()s Aircs. AIll(nt1)r1lt.
li()hUt. H.
(1972),
"'Ilrorrghls
()n
flrcisiis n(l nxr(issisti( t.tgc,,
-ll1c
])s)'cl.)()(!t(tl.1lc
Stt!.t'tl thc Cl)il1.27.
P:rg.
360
'r(X).
l(()lrLrt. ll.
(1917).
Ld i?stduraci|t ('l s('ll lltlenos Aires. Anl(nf(n'tLr.
li( )lrut. I L
(
1979).
.Thc
turr rnal-vsis ol Mt - /.'. lttl|DtLtt()tctl-k)tt tdl
(l
l'st cl)()att.tlt sis.
(l).
patgs.
J-21.
li( )l)ul, Il.
(
191]0).
.lleflections ()r
:i(h xnccs in sclf
l)s)
cholola)
,.
en A.
(;()l(11)erg (
c(n111). ).
Allr'otces tt ScU l>s.)chorqtl \ucva \i)rli, lntelnxti(rtrl I lnivclsilies l)fcss.
li()lrut. Il.
(
l9tl.i),
(,
1t) ct.4 el dt(.ih:rr\1 llLrcnos Aires. l)ui(kis
(19,96).
l.irc:ro..1.
(19;tt).
L o8t1'ssit it a| ps.lclttt,tlv:L' i.tnt: l'.r\ l)Lr \(tril Il0lrr))
l.x.n,.J.
(
li)53 51). Lc S nkit'., lt rc I: 1.c:; cLrit. lc.hti41tcs a l:R\t(1.l)x.is. I)Lr Setril
(
1975)
(urr(1.
crst.i ,rrs
(cr-ltor /i. ti(os Ll( F'r'ttd- l,l .\etttilt(trio. trrro /, Ilxrcel()nx.
I':i(l(-)s 19iJ6).
I;r(xn,
.f.
(
1951-1955). Le sD)ditr, lit''t: ll: La )1o drts la ll.t'iL' dc l:t:tttl tt tltts lt
t'1.)tk\e L'l.t pitchdlr.\1,. l)ilris. l)lr SeLril
(
l1)fJ)
(trlr(|. (rsl.:
lll
.)\)
cl kt lcori!
(b
lir:trrl
l
ot kr l<icttittr
psi(()(t)tdlilicLt- ],l Sr,/)1ttdrk). t()1() 2- Iitr(cl(ntit. l'>xi(kis. l916).
l.ircr.
.J.
(
1966). l].,-11s, l)uris, l(lili()r1s
(lu Seuil.
l.xcun,.l.
(19(lr)).
l)'Llllc qLresli(
l)rlinrinlli|c
:i t()tt
(11itcll]eni
l)()ssible
(lc
lr
I)sy
ch()se. en /iil-lls. l':rris. l(lili()ns
(lr
SeLril.
Lc.r. l.
(
1967-6i). Ldcle ps.l'cl.)(uult t itlltL'- S1itti)t'()7'6ti. L\1rr. scl nlxns
(
l1)lJ2).
I-:rg:rclrr. l).
(1960).
"Situli()n
clc lugressitit".
^!res:;it
it s;lnrclttrae l(! l'().t)t11(tliki
ct /t!l)?s li-tu.ttr
(Ettt jl:s
Il'l9i() /9a)2. l)xris. l)resscs I lni\'('rsilxires (lc
l"r:lnce
.ilgchc. l).
(1961).,l.rr
ts1th:rrr:rlt'sc
ct Ll stt-uctLtlc
(lc
l pcrs()nn:rlil,. ;.q/('.\'.\'.rl'k'.
\11tcfup .b l.t p(1!(lttalit L'| ttlts
'li-att'4t!)i. (li!t
t,A. '()/ 1ll l)xris: l)rcsses I ni
versilrir( s
(L
l"r:r(c
(
l()ti2).
I-1riki. Nl.. vinst()n, r\.. \lcCrrlk[rglt. I-.
(l()91), ,lntensive
Sli()rt-1rl.lr l)-vn:lnri( l'sy
ch()tlrcrxp\., tt1 Htutdb()()k r)/ sllt) terDt l.llLtttc
Ps.t'cltrthe
rup., \lre\'lt Y(r-k, llll-
sic lkxks.
t lt_l()(;(^ trA
l( ).J
l..rrlrrnche..f. l lt)71)), 1'i1.!.t'ntuctlcettpsc()duatliss.llLtru()sAires.All)(n.1.(1u.
llr)lnche.
.].
(71)A1).
I,tobltll.ttilucs ll': l iDcotscie)t (,t
le
C.!.
)'|i5. l)rcsscs i
trli\.(.rsi.
t:rircs
(le
Frxncc.
l..rrlrrnclre.
-f.
(7981-
). i\'
(,tos.fitltdLtncD[t)s
putt cl psico.tnilisis.
Ld \a.l c(-) t)t.tet)ttt
7l. IlLlen()s Aires- AtD(r'n1ll
L.rpLrnche..1.
(1992r). ,Lntel?tetxli(r'r
l)elwee detemtinism xncl heeneu(ics: Ilcsl;llr-
nlcnt
()fllre
p)blent". htton.ttk)ttal./ttrrttcrl tl
ps-t.l:to
A Ml.lriis.1j.
I)lif,ls.
r29-'t.t().
l.:rlrlrnclrc-,
.T.
(1\)921')),
It prk)tu\.! cl
(tt1) ( psco.uli/t.t:.
lluenos Aircs.
^
r(nr()rtu
(
1996)
Irrrlrruche..J.
(1992c),
"N{lrs()chisr)te rt rhorie (lc
h s(lLrcti()n gnertlis". l,sl,cl1 ttl_t-
sc
(i
llt)tircl;if, 17. p:gs.
-J-18.
l.rrrlenclre.
.f.
(
191)j ).
,I-e
fi)ul\ oierent biol( )!{isxnr (le.l
sexrulit[.
,
pst
ch.t t1l.l,sc . l.t
,
,/i1crxftr. ltj. pigs.
.3-36.
L.rurcnt. Il.
(7981).
ai)tc?pcioltcs a L! ctt).4 ot p.\ict)t//ilr.\l.t
lllen()s Aires. Edici()ncs
;\lnntial.
l.r\. It. |.
(l9S9). ,lllle
nxrcissis(ic investDlent in
l)llll)l()!aicl
chrectcr-taits:rnl tlrc
nxlCissisli( (lel)rcssi(ti
s(l1e inrplicilti(nts li)r lrcutntett,. Iltt.
-1.
I,s.),cho0)Ltl.. 7o.
prigs. til 90.
l.r1x)\'ici. S.
(199+). .Fltrpitllie
ct cnt(ttrlenl (l!ns
lc tr:tulil ([e
c()ntre-tmnsir1,_ R,,//r,
l ftt t.tisL,
(lc
I'stchdtlrll:i,. I-Vlll
(
n11)l.() espccixl (lcl (i)ngres(
)). prgs. 1.551 I .5() I
l.cl)()ox,.J. Ii.
(199i),
"ljtr()ti()n,
ntenroLl.ancl the l)min,..!il A11(,1-ic.!t t. 270, pgs. 50 51.
L('
(iucn. (j. (
199;). I-c princil)c (lt
r:tlite
f)sYclljqre,.
Retttc Ftttlatisc tlL,],st,(l.rt
////tr(. l.l\.
t,.rg.
.,.1i
l.(
(;en,
C. \'(nr()s
(19U6).
J.c refi[lcntent
(lcs
rlli,nses),. I?t.tr,];rdt(ls(,( I)st,
,l,,lt,tlr..1..
I
,, r)-. I l-t1i
l.r|i Sr1rLrss.
(1. (
l9i9),
"l-t eflccia sitnlxili(:t,. .:n Atttx)p()l(I:o estn talr,1.l lIrn()s Ai-
res. l.lu(iel)x
(
l96iJ).
I-(\'in, l]. NI..
(rclltt() (1990), ,Sx(lislll
r)(l nlls()cltisol in ncut.()sis ancl svnt lirr.
t1\ll)n'..lntDttl (l',1n1r'ricd)t
l)s.t-ih,attttt/t,tt. A\\t'Lttttittt.3i rJr
l).rg\
7Sr) S(Il.
l.cvirr(. II 11.(199i).
1l'ltc
xnlhsts pufii(.ipxri{rr in thc enelrtic
r,rrcss,.
t]tt..l. I,:i),(-fu)
,1,rrl 75. prigs. 66J-676
l.(\\is. lI. Il.
(
1987),
.Shxtu('
an(l lllc irxrcissistt(.
I)e()nrlit\".
etr l). L. Niltltans(n)
lcoi\P.). 7'l1c ,11/l).t' ltdcat
(l'.\lxuta,
Nucvll
y(n-k, 't
lte Glrilii.(l l)ress.
Li( lrtcnberg.
l.
(.()rl).) (19J.l).
lirl2rtl))t Ilillsdulc. NI, I.trll)xunl
Li( lrtcnl)erg.
.l
l).
(.lt)P,t)t.
Pst'cl1o. t(.tl.t.ss d.1 ut(ttLttir. Hillsclle. NJ: Thc Analytic
k,ns. Ti)ttvr (t
7btr.'o/ 1,s1'cl.tot tt!l.t,tic tc(l)ilt!c. illsdele. \1,
,fhc
Anulyric
l)rcss
Livesly. \\7.
.J.
(c(r)tl)
)
(lt)t)a),
lh? t).\,V-Jl I,erit)t4litt /_)r.so7,/.-. Nrerx \1xk Thc
r,.rl(lrl,frl
l,r c\\.
l-()e\!enslein. ]t. NL
(1951). ,A ((rtril)uti(l
k) the psvch()nxll,1ic
thc(n1.
()f
ots()
('hisI,.
en Iritzptlick Ilxol). VLA r(,ntrP.r.
/.iv,,1rri1 /tr(,\,,// !//\r,.,/rl.Jr/.
Nre-
ru \i)rk, Ne\\' 'I(r.k Ihi!,et.sit,v l,rcss
(
1995).
l-rgs. -15
61.
L(r1rs, 1'j.
(
19i7).
')l)?
litits
d iitol?rtr)//, I_onch.cs, P(rnguin.
LLrlrrsky. 1..
(198tr).
I,t.ittcpla:;
(l
['st'(hodt!l.tt.
pstcl.)otlJo.apt,.
. ,l!tt.tl.for Sttp_
Porit'(
llrptasstc Tia'.ttta)tt. \Uc\,:l
y(l(.
IJitsic I,(x)ks. Inc.
.i0-
AvAN.lts liN
psl(:(rl'l]RAptA
rrsl(i()ANAl-il tcA
\lxlrler. U S.. l'jnc. lr.. llcrHnr:rn, A
(1(r-i)
7h( J)11,t)qiLrtl llfl1) t)l ll)(lltnkttlt
f!tt
Sl t))l)t'sis t! ltt'itlt!tfk'tt. Nlrc\ il \irk. Ililsi( ll,l()ks.
N{uhkr. }{.
(1981),
",\ggrcsir)n
in thc scrvicc of srl)xrxti(rr indivi(luirti(xr. Cx\e stu(l}'
.)f nn)ihc,-(luughrer clxti()nship.. I'stclttLtttl
Q,
I-. prigs. 625 638
\l;rlrlrskr. l)
(l()s6).
,/i/larl/ !s tltt'(isisttts
(.t)tlittci(i).)'I)'l)tsfi)rDuLtrt6.
l\rc
nr)s Aires. r\rtt( )tf(n1.
i\'lrrrksrr, ti lt.
(
l99J).
.l)(prrssirxt
rllrcl 11(tl nrasrchisr,. lttlcndl.-J l)\)L11(,4)].tl
r
r
(5).
I)liAs.
9il-9 r0
\lrissncr. \\'. \\
(1991).
l\i1rtl s l::l/i\ir( P\\'Ll,)rt4lt!L Ihull)\' ll,!.llr)t'r,
Ini
lltlo2l1tlttt tt liclttltt- \ctx.lcrs,-f..1.r51)n ,\r'()ns()rr. lrr(
i\lerssDcr'. \\i. \\.. ltirzLrt(). A. ivf.. Sasliin,.l. l.lluic l) I{.(l(rs;/.r\\i(\\'(t.r{!lrt"r,rn
in
l)lr()l)i(
\lulrs,. !'5.\'(h().ttul
!f..
;6.
l)rigs.
r;2 r:6.
\'!r\ (
i. I l.
(
l9SS).
,
^
c{si(icrti, )il
(,1
lr eutnrr1 l( ( hni(ir(s in rrlxti( )rl li ) lhc tirncli( )\
,f rrtrvrrlrisrrt.
('rr li ,\
(ili(k
r I) l. ,tlcr r'r s {trnnl}5.). l/.1!,1r1,)1
(.itn{'tt!
l'5j-
( l)(xu t(t l \ t ( l \. sl ) lrlr,r. tlill:riirlc Nl, l lrt \n.rll tit l)rt.s.
IIillr.r.
.f
.-A.
(
I981).
,A(l() ('
ir'r(r)nscie1c,. cn Ackt c ltl(tl)tL'lLt( lrjl. Illlcn()s Aircs. Nla-
rlirrllill.
\lrtrlrcll. S. r It)'rj). \!!r('ssxn) r.1 llrr r'rl.Irrl,.rrl sJll.. l'st\l)'dttl.l)////7 l-\ll.
l)1igs.
J5l .ts2.
NI()rin. Il
(l9lr).
l.(t ntllhr)Llc I - l.(t ]t.tltt\, (l( ltt r/./1?/1'. I)ilrls. l)uScrlil.
l\ii)rin, ll.
(
l9r.r).
,1,
n()(ir-)n (L( slrjct().. cn l). l'r'ic.1 S.hnill;llr
(.(nl)s.r.
.\/r(,r'r^ /).//u-
rl ilrtu t..
(
-i t l t t t t t .t l\L'l i t i(lth l. lltr(rr()s
^irLs.
l'iri(l()s.
\l()rIiso. ,\
(
l9iir).
.Slrrnr('
rrnrl tlrc
IrsY.lrol,rgr
rf llre sell .
(n I). Sl('J):rnskr \ ,\.
(i()l(il)rri{ (.(nrp.).
l)tt'sL(\(!.t
(,))Dlil)lti)
\t().\d/11rt(l)r,/r{ql1 IIillsrllc. \f.
An:rl\li(' I'ress I-lr\\'rcn(e Iirll)iLtirl)
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19s()). .V)1rr('j ll\'
(
1(hr\t(h, | )/ ,\it tr [vsr. I lil]stl:rk. Nl.
'lhr
\n:r\ric I)|t ss
l\l(rri\(. ll. l. I l\)A)).
(.1)ikltt,t
t)l tlq't7ssl Ilu<,tt: lit!l\ kl<rrl4iLttttt)t tt)ttl lttk,t-
tr7li()/. \uc!ir Y()rk.
(,runc
& 5(rirll()ll.
Nfrrrrirv l)irLe\.
(,..
Stercnsr Ili(lr.
J..
\lirrri5. l'.
((rnrrl).)
llt)t)3)...111.,t.1)tttttl lla)t)\s
tl\ ltl
-t
tth l.',n'h(. li,,.rli\\ll(
\l)'(r'()r. l'.
(; (l99Jr
Ii.t((1iI]l.{ li, tlrc
(,l}i<
s
()l
l)s\(l)():rnirl\l(
inl.r1('rlr1s". a.1r-
tc t n
P(
) t-l t1 l's.t c h
( )(, trllrs^. 29
( j
).
f
):111s. J9-- l l i.
Nrclll. S.
(
]965). l.?.ll1lst,r'h5ut( / iJ. rrr. Irilrp.rlrick llnl\. ;\'1.A.
(c(rrl).).
/..c,1r1
I\tp(ts tr ,ll(.ts()(hisu /. N|lcrl Yr)r'k- \e\\ Yi)rk I ni\crsit\ l)r(ss
(
]9r;).
\:rlr.ursrirr. l) I r l98rr.
'lhL,tttrrtty
/ittt's
o/:hlr/(,. \Lrevir \irk.'lhc
(lrrillicl
l'tus\.
\i)(lr.
(
l1);). ldi,ll),'t,i,t t'/ sL'u1,,!r(j. lndi:rniitx,lis. In(lixnx i nivtrir(\' l'rc\i.
Ntick..l.. \()\ick. K. K. 11991).
"S(nrlc
c()rrllrents
(n
I]l:ls(xlrisltr 1rn(l tlt (lelLrsi(rr ()f
(rrmil)()lr)(r trrrnr :r <ler,ckrprrt nlxl
l)crsl)rcivc,. .lt)tnktl
(l
l11t,.,lt)t?trL(tt l)st'
.hr).ttrtltti( ,lssoLialit)1t. J9
(l).
l).rgs
Jol'JJl
\rrirk. K. K \rnick..l
(l'/ii-).;llrc(s(,,((,)l
i rs()clrinr.l):tLl),ttitttl.tt(.\ttttlt l
tl)c
(.:htLl.
. pgs.
-r:
i Jti r
()s(len.'l'.
tl t lt)32), l\1)tr\ lit'( kletl/i(dtk 4t I\\'< l)r nl)L tltPut liL 7Li l, i (lue. Nrc-
! rr
.J(rrsr\. .Lon
r\r(rls()rl. Iir(.
()M:{lr),.,jr. (.ll:lOiiztstt)t1n)st)trll(tl.,r)'(lcl(\t1lx}tlLu)11t1ttt
l)L,iLnl)Lit)t1!\t/ttt(t1s
.t' l
)t t t t l l:
l
\ t t't ! t' l r l i
A/l/iJ/l.r).
N1:r(lri(1. \'1r(hr( )f .
l);ni:rgur.
(1. i
1995).,())nrnr(nl gr()Lr(1. unc(nIrlr()n rrleth()(is,. 1l../ l)s.t ch( lt41..:6,
l)ligs.
Jil
tr l.
lJtl]t-t(xi RAllA
l{}l
t /. l.<rclcs. I{orrtlccl.e
l'.rrliin. A
(1960). ()n
ntes()Chis(ic cntllrrl tct)t. A c(nIril)lrti()n t() tlle stud\,
(r.r))rnll
0rJs()(lrisnl". l)tt(ntdt()l.l)nttl
tl'I's.l.l}A l\,.ris 6l
(--l).
l).lgs.
j --ll
I
ll r('./ Srin(h(,z. 1.. { ilIrrrc. It
(
l9s7).
.l)si((,r\):rf)ix
l!c\( psi((,il;}iriti(l ii. tixrli,/rt
tit)t\.. Ijt/)rDtut(i)n(s psil triLds. loi.
l)tigs.
1J9 l;0.
It i\()r1. li s.
\ K.. H.
(l()91). ,llslxl)lishing
lrLrtrx: rhe Lliflicrrltl clisringuislrrng lx,rr.,
('n
r)rcr(xics rr)(l i:tntltsics ../.
^
t?r.
plt.al1t)it(//
,.!\]r,/.
.il.
piigs l ll55_l Oril
l', \ li \ Ii1lli.h.J.. \,\l.rcrlrr I-(r lr,)r)r).t)sic()tcrirl)i.rhcrtl
I.fi).ll rlcslr cl
lrD
l() (lc \istx
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titliti(1r, cn r'il;r lisr11. A.. r l,(rlt r JlLrlliclt,.l.
(c(nl).).
.l//
tttlI (la
lLic4s (fu
l):.iL
t tt,t.4pd. liigl( ) \X1!l\lir(lri(l
l!,ll()(k.
ti. \lt)it)t. t'lp _llt) .ti)t.q Lil)!fttti)t
ptr)(L,s:;_
Il(lis()n. C.f Int(,nxli(n)ill lini
\ L'r\ilr's I),\\
t.rrrirr,rtl,,z.
I-l\1.
ll,)t)1t I.! ,ttlt!klL, llpl.itt)ts<1(,. L-t!]t.q,,ttt(,.lr, S:(llrutlti(t (,
I)t\,([,tt
/k//)'rc. I)xris. I),(,sscs I r1i\.(tsit]ilrs (lc
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t.)Lrin()(ir)2..J.
1.
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l9') r). I_c
I)r(llllnltl\s(r.
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itatil (ltr
lil c,rf[e i(lcntifi(itlioll
l)1((livc..
ll(t tt( li-.t ( i.( th, l)st,cltttt0l),s(,.1_\'lll (rt|lDeri)
r:srr,riel clcl tirnqr.r,
.,1.
l)irgs
1.;9- l.rr()O.
lir(l() 5
(l')18)
,:llrc
proll<ni Lrl rtle nclr, rli,. ttt..1. I,:.)\ho,4tdl.
9. piigs. rlO- t.tS.
r'n\\'(irr).lin(irntlr
). l)st(l,r)(l-l, (!Dli( f klL,t.-rt!tit,g ()l
I)(/r/1\\lo,;, NLrr\it \r,fl,.
.Itson
\1511 1 t3 .
lrrrl,, 5 ilt)il) .l)s,rlr,rl,.n.u]r(r,rl
r[.Irc,si<rn li()lil .l (ti()i().qi.
I)()rtt
(f
\i(.. /ll,
t l)t^t)tndtic .lkllt<t)t. lJ
(
ll
l)li1ts
l1 ;;
li.r\n(r.
[
(1992).,\]:
(ltin.q..\ttUrtrtlt(1I
llld tlrc 1)s\1.1r()rtDitl\1i(. I)il()grrr,. ////(rrrl
tt'tLtl
l()t tdl t)l l)st(l)t) ,.1)t(rl),si5. fJ.
l):lSs J9-; i.
li, rrrl.r). ll ]1.
(
lr)()l)) l,lrl slur|l(.\ (l
rtrr:rl ulrl

I I r t I I r I ) r I

i r I r J ,))r)xts._.1) .\),/4r
^
/i /
'lit1tttt(tl [ntIt ttltetrtttt| t] rkl)t^sr)tt d(l
(!tt.\(t-),"
.\th l\,)rl a:(rt.!t\,r )/
/'. , /,/.//,rt \lir,.l
li, ril\.
() (
1990).
,()ntcnls
of tlrc t.lilrit.ul lnitl\is ()l
.tn\i(,tv itrl (lcl)rcssi\1.
irlli.(.1..
l,itLl)t\r)ttl.
ettrt
. LlX.l):i,ts 126
jtt.
lir, lr.r(l l'.
(lt){t))
It:\(l\l)1?[]i<
tlt's rlLl|t,ssiotts ttt
.
1r//k. lr.uis. l,rcsses
(
i\(,r
\LIilll(,s (lc
li:tn(.(,.
l(r,,,,rrt().
\ r\1.
(
l()91).
.Sllirnc
ir
lsrclx[litl\sis]
tlrc fn.ti(nt ()i
rc(s(.i()us Iullit
.r( \.
/,/i../ l'.t)Lht)l)tttl.lt
I).is
19--il-.
lr,f)lrIr.i.trl (
lt)liS]. llrt lt(lll)tirlt\(,sillnrli(.llr(.(.(f (l(.stllt(.ti\ln(.ii
in
Pr.imrtrr( Ir(.tso
nJl!(:,
l)
Dktl t)/ ..1t(t.111u l,s.)\.1.)tx! fl.)tic-Asst)(.ktti()t.36 f..if.
lig.
rr-,-,
li,,,s(.S I) r(;licli. It A
(
1995 ).
.^n\icr).
ls
\ tl)r()nn(l Sigftll,,. Hilis(lalc. Nr(\:r l(.r
,r
\Il.rl\ ll( l'.i..
li.,,r'rllc
. 1. {ltX,l) r)n (lte
p,!(ll()l).t(ltoiogr
r1 n.r<rrsis tr .l (lit1i(l
.lf)l)l():(i1..
I'str.l\'t( .tt trs .1 l)st.l)rr tal.t ti( tlllr?)k.l)_ t.(rt(lrcs. Nlur(.shel(ls lleprints
(
tr)S t)
li,)\( nl('l(l Il.
(19();)
/!.lnr \tdtas. ..1 l,s.\,.1)t )
j
tdl_t t i. .
V)p
).tc 11. I_ontL es. ogrrlrlr
I,r ( \s
li,,\( r)lr'lrl ll tlt)S-\.
ltlxNr(lj(l ltt?ry)rL,t.tttt)t. \Lltr:r )rrk. li(1llrlgc
li,,rLssrll.rr.
l{
(1r)9) .l-lt
ttrtil
I)\r(
h( )l( )!1. tlts
rr-.r.erstr,
ct lt tritrrsitL();n.llil(,. /i(,/,/r.,
Ij'(ttI\'(ts(,(l? Ps] L l)d,/r//)sr, l_l-\. p;igs. I
Jl;,1.5I9.
lirrl,)llrr.
)
(l9lJl).
^ggrrssion
in llicsrnirc<f rhe Ligo un(l lllc Sclf,../o1l/1/r// ry' //,,,
. lttt'rit t Pi L bt'( t ) t(t lJ t iL,1:! (
i(t it ) ) t. l()
( 3) pjgs Sr)_;r9
DII]I-IOGRAI.-IA 107
lO() AVAN(]ES IJN PSI(JO't'IiRAPIA PSICOANA],iI'ICA
Ituir \'1rrg]s..J. If.
(199.i).
l,at t)tctlt()rid btDdid:.fuicit.f
(rrrarl7?,
N{dri(1.
Sircl(s. Nf. fl.,
(rclator') (
1991 ).
"Sx(lisDr
rn(l nlasocllisDr in charrcter
(lis()r(ler
1n(l resis-
\ice".
-krt
ttl of Anericdit ?s.l,cl1()ldl.lfic Associttiul. J9
(
1). pl'rgs. 215 226
sro(llcr,.J.
(1987).
[i()1 Sdft.t to.9uPc7-c,gr). Londres. Kxrn.l. ll(x)ks.
S:tllc.r..f.
(
1t)8<)), Pft\'ec(kit. dotliL(tct. rlettifictcit p)oj'c./r?/, Nf:rdd(I.'lcc
nif )lrblic:Lci()nes. S.A.
Srrrller..l . Ik)l(ler. A.. Meers. l).
(196.3). .The
ego iclcel n(l thc i(lcrl sclf,. P-r'tt lror
t.!1. St d.J CllilLl. 18, pigs. 139 158
Srrrrlltr-.
-1.. -loffe.
\'.
(;. (1965). ,N<tes
rl ltilclh<xcl clrpression,. It?t']t.tt-.J- Ps.)'Lho
,,1ria1..
.i6.
pgs. ttli
{)6.
S( lr(l-S()nrers
(lt)82).
Sd(k)111ts()chsnt: Etidt)Rt' ra ta"//r?(r/. Nuevr \i)rk. llLlnrxn
Scicnccs l'rcss.
5r'lrrrt]. l). Ii., Sclr.rfi..,. 1198r-i, Obcct )1,ktti01s.fit tlt th(,tltpt,. Noll ult. NLrrvl.lrr-
sc\':
.Js()n
Ar(xrs()n.
s( l)'xbcr. Ij. A.
(
1990).
,Ltery)re(iti()n
xn(l lhe lherxpeLrlic lrcti()n
()f
pslclx)n:rlvsis'.
lttl(rtdfi(t(tl.k)t!Dttl of l's.)'ch()(Dt l.)'sis.7i.
l)rigs
229 2 i0.
Silrrruhcr. ll. A.
(
1992),
,I)svcl)(
)inirlrtic llre(nl'irnd its rellrli( t() cljni.:ll \!()rk,../r)/r/-
ttll
(t'
lhe ,lntc,rica t t Ps.tcll()aIta!l.tlt<: 11ss()cLtt)t.1f\.l)lif.{s. 1.O-11)-1.057
S.lr\\'xl)er. li. A.
(
199).
"The
ps1,lrlrnlrll,st s llrin(l
-fi(r
listening t() i,rlcr-pl'rluli()nl
;r cliniclrl rcp()rt,,. I ttertlit)ndl
-k)u
D t l
()f
l's.t'(l)().,,ttltss.7(r.
l-rgs
271-2It1.
Slrcr. l\'1. K.. C()oper. A. NL, Klem n.
(;
I-.. lfusclr, I:. N.. Sllxl)iI.().
'1.
(
I99J).
.A
ps)
(ln)(linnric
l]xrlcl of penic dis{)r(ler,. /1r(riarl
-l()lnutl
of l's.)'(hi4l)1. 150. palgs.
rJ59-rJ66.
5lr!'nfl()l(1. l-. l-.
(
1979 ).
.Chil(l
xl)use !n(l
(lel).ivirti()nr
soLrl rrtrrrltr,.
./rrr,ri4l
t)f tht'Att(
ricut I's.) chocti t.tl.tl c,4ss()c t k, . 27. prilas. 53J-5d).
5lr()rc.
^.
N.
(19t)a).
Alct t?glkttio| a]d he t)t ist rf tllc s.ll. Ih? tuu(hit)b(t'
()/'
(,i)()l ioid l det'?k )Pnt?//. llills(lle.
\1.
lrrll)xru) Ass()cirtcs.
Silnr()s. I). F..
(19t)2),
Shul tcjDt .t)t.ril.t pt-()t\)ki /S
l)stch(l1c't-atp)'.
/1 ttcdtDtcul t)t4-
lai NLle\' York. llasic li<xrks.
Slil)l). S. {l9U9). Th lc'ch)tqtrc ott(l prrcticr'(i r)b.,c1 t'tlbis
fitnil.\'tlro.tP.l.
N<)r\lt-
\'le, Ntrevll.Je$ey.
.las()
Ar()ns()n.
Snrillr llenjlurlin, 1.. 1199a). Llu?ctrottl l)(ryDosis d d'li'ellt., l t)/ l'ct1i()tdlil.t'1)i
rrril,.\. Nue\'11 Ycr'k.'l'lie Guilfi)r(l I)ress.
s()cirridcs. C.
(195l).
"Thc
firnctkr of nrorl us()chisDl: \\ith spccilrl rctcrcncc t() It(
(lefi-nse
I)r()ccsscs,.
htc1tli)tdl.L)ttnttl o/ l)a.)(ho(!tttl)'sit. J9.
I)gs.
)i7 5()l
S(,lrrls. ,U.
(
1996).
,il()w:lr(ls
xn An)n))'
()f
llte [:n(r)ns( i()us,.
.rl/'//
tl tl L'liiL:tl Ps.t -
I ltrxtttul.)sis. i, pri4s.
-3-31--167.
Sl)cncc. l). l'. l7t)82). ,\itt-t..ttitc''li1ttl1 .utd Itisturic.tl
'l'
tl): ]Ie.Dti)tl tDtd ltletprdd-
li() it Pst'c11().11/lllsA. \Lrr\':r Y()rk. N()rt()n.
Slxzzn(),(-,(19t)3).Al/\'littl's.\,ch(n.Dttl.)'sis.Acli?l.d/s-)rtlr(,s.r. llills(ile. NI. Anxl\-
lic I)rrss.
Sl)ilz, l{.
(). (
19 i(r ).
.ADr(
liti('
(lepressi()n,,.
I's.t.bot.tl.tfi< Sntdy of tb( C:l)ld. ). pigs.
Jl.JJrl.
Sl),1ri( ll. \'
(
I9()3).
,,1)etemrin
isti( cha()s xn(l thc s(iences of c()nrrle-ritv: ps\'.h()xnrl)'-
sis ir) Il)( nri(lst
()f
al gcncrxl scientiflc re\,()lLllion .
-kntntal
ol the A lerut .ts.l'
t I \ \ t t t ! I I I i t,.lsst )( i t | ( t.,i 1. pags.
J-1 1.
Stcperrskl. l'., Golcll)elg, A.
(19u{).
-(o/rll
-.s
l(gdc.\- Ltrtrbltids b Sc Pi.J'c hobgt.
Hills(lllle. NJ.
^nal,vtic
Pr-ess'l-.I\\'rcnct: F:rlbunr.
Stern. I). N. l.lt)qii. Tl)c litupelaital \hrkl
([the
hlftilt- A l'eu
.l'oDt
P'cbo.t\ctl]sis
dtd lfu|ebpitkitll Psfal)(./l].ql,. \Lleve Y()rk. flxsic ll(x)ks.
(Ira(i.
c^st.: El 11!tt.lo
intcryc^(t.tl .lcl iift,ft,. l).ri(kis. []ren()s Aires, 1991).
SrkIoru. ll. l).
(1975), ,Tlle
nxrcissistic tirnction <l ms()chisnl
(an(l
sx(lisot),. 1r-
lcrlttlkt.!l_k)lt-tt.tl
(t
Pst'cbt).t..t\s.56. prigs.
,i+1-.i,il,}.
Stol<rr<n', l{. l)., Lchmrnn, F'. N{.
(
19110). I'stcli()attltsis of Dd'ck)p tcitt!l Ai'trsts.
Thc()r.t ttt1.l Tt?.tt e,7 Nue\! Y()rk. lntcrnti(l llnive$ities Press.
St()lor(). It. l).
(198.1). .Agliressi()n
in thc psychrunrlytic siu.tion". ai) tetnPo4t1
l':r h,\|t,tlr\i. lll p.ilt\
r'r.1.1,<l
Sr()lor(xr'. R. l).. llrunclchfl. 1]., At\\'(x)(1.
(1.
l-:.
(
l9i7i l\cbo.rt.tl.\,tic Ti?dtndtt- Ail
I t.,tr,l bec ti r( A?p11)/.1). Ilills(lxlc.
\1.
Analytic Pless.
Sk)lle.. R.
(
t9t'l,i).
,l,x
pe'e$ion et le
(lsir (le
l'air-e rnel,. rt/1e. /?,r . Ps.tcll.utdl.t'sc.
29. pgs. f-i7-171.
S)ller, R.
(1991).,1)lnel
cle Ia Arllericen l'syclx)rnirlltic Ass()(iiti()ni Su(l()urxsochisu
in the pen ersi(nrs".
.lot!
nttl
()
tl.)c' ,1Dt.,ri(d I l's.t,cl1t)djt!l.J tc A.\l\oaafrl.
--i9.
pigs.
r il-755.
St()nc. I-.
(
l916).
"l)svch()xn:Llvti(
Ol)sel\ ti()ns
(l
thr l)lrtllrlogy of I)epr-essivc Illncss:
Sclccte(l Sphcfcs
()l
Arrrhi.{uil\
()r
I)isxll-crnlcn'../- ADrr l's.),cl)oat.tl Ass1t.. a1
(2).
I)gs.
329 J62.
Slrx('ltc\'..J.
(
l9J{).
"Thc
Nattrrr of tltc
-l'ltelel)eu1ic
A.1i(11 of l'svch()xnalvsis,. 1,fc,'rlr-
loDal.k)t!itLtl tl l'stcho,4)tdl.)sis. l5: 127-l9. Ileill)lcs() tt-\ l)tltiDtdtiutdl.l(nt'
r.!l ol l':i.t cl)( tArd lt s.s 50r
(
1969). pligs 27-292
Strrnllcr.
(1. (lt)t)l).
lSdu r(tt hrnn.,nc' lits.fi(l scioa(-,,1) tssd.t ol tllr? cpi:;taD l()flt
o/ ps.'chrtottrl.l'ss- \Ue|x Y()rk. Inlernirti()nxl
(rniversilirs
I)rcss.
Sr.UlIucIs. I..
(
1996).
,i.l-\istcntixI
guilt: lrn
()l)je(r
rehli(ts c()rccl)l,,.
(,'()tt(tlttnrd\
Ps)'
L tu nt ) I t ! l)'sis. J2.
I)lis.
t3-J
Ttsrlalc..[. l).. l]xrnru(1. P..J.
(199-l).
1lllii(1. c(Eniiot tDtd <:hutt1|a. Rt-ntotltlll< lt'
Pcssit
c, tl\)ttll.)l- IIills(l:rlc. L\ucr)cr Il l)iIrni As()ciutes.
llxn1rii. ll.. Klichclc. Il. \lr)A<)).'li\)rid
I
l7i(lit:4
tl.l
l)si(()4lisis.
I lu ddDtc)ttos.
Ilur(cl()nu. I lcr(lcr.
'tlr(nnii,
H.. Kriclrelr. H.
(
lt)t)ll). 7i\)td.\ pt-liclict! (ful
Psc()djt.ilsis-
II ll:iutlio:i cl c)s.
Iir(cl(. I lcr(lcr
(
1990).
'li)ll)in,
l'. tl.
(
198J).
,A
cl)rngc in thc stll: thc
(lcvel()l)nlent
lrncl tLlrr'rsfirllr1etirn of en
klcrlizinil trxnslcrcntc . It
.l
l)i,cl.)t)4til..6-i, pargs
.i6l
ij3.
tilul)r), I-.
(
199r).
.l-e
trxvril
(lc (t)nr(,':rnstil.r,.
R(, tc )rttfctk Llc Pstcha tltsc.
l-Vllf
(nrcro
esreci:rl clel C()ngrcs()).
l)tils
1.271-1.-ll2
Vxilllnl.
(i.
E.
(
1992). lir.o tnt'tltanists o/ dt/i'tse: 4
,qui( f)t'cliltcito\
4tt(l s?t!t'
r)(,/s. \1, shing . rericn I)s) chiutri( l)rcs. Inc.
\rxlcnitein. 1\. I_.
(19r-3)..()n
llttl(hnlcnl to pei|lrrl li.elings uncl the ncsetivc ther
l)ct(i(
rex(ti(n'r,. Ps)(ho.ott!l_)li. St Llt tl tl)1,
(;L)k|.28.
pitgs.
j65-J92.
\r) I)iik.
'l
A.
(
l98Ou). listntct,/tts.t'.fiDtcioncs tl dsc i\o.lu\ic(). Sigl() XXL
\n l)iik.
-1.
A.
(
1980b). .llLtct-t)sntcllls. Au tt(,t1lt\clliDdt :;tu.J ol pkl)!l str'1tctu-
,ts l/1.14(rr1,'.\.. i t lct dtt i()n .u t.l c()gt /lor, tlillsclle. NLrevx
Iursc_\'.
I-:t\\ rcllce F.l-l-
l)1ttllL
Vign.rUx.
(1. (lt)]6).
/. A tgl tctlt0l i()) lissdt d ttt( kBq1lc dsc tsit,.,. Gincl)r.t. l)roz.
l( )l"i AvAN(itis liN
pst.(lftiltAptA pst( ()ANAI-'l't.A
\ill.!rrirrz(). P Ii
(199).
l'i!l(rtctd clnictt c l:tt:u. lll nto(h.f1'tti(t()
((rt1o
stt!(t
t i,t
('.\/)(,t
)totl4l. SLncll. A,lrar I](li('i()nes.
\\'r< ltrl. t). 1.. t.lt)9i). ,,1ctu)r
(!n
/ //r1q/r \Lrcr:r \'(nl(.
'l
he
(irilli)r(l
l'r'css.
\\ itligcr.
'1
. A.. Srn(ler s()n. C..J.
(
1995 ).
.li)\\
r(l
(lirensi( )nl oro(lel
(
)f pe()nilil\' (li
s(r-(lcr's". cn Il)c l)S.ll Il Pct\r)ttdlit.l Disr)ftfut5. \\'..J. I-i\csl\
(c(Dl)
). \re\'1r Y(r-k.
'l
lr.
(iLrilf()r(l
l)ress.
\\ inrric()tl. I). \\.
(
19)).
,llrc
theorl of tlre
Purent
iniunt rclti()nshil),,,
'lhc
tLtltur.!li()
ttal
rtct'sscs
attd tht'
ftL
lildtt! L't ir /rcl. I-(xr(lles.
'l
llc I l()!lxrtll I)r ess
(
I9lJ7).
\\inni((fl. l). .
(l9(r5).
'lhc.ll(ttu.!t())tal
l)t1)(!:sjs
(ot
lh( l:(tLill!litg l:tti)t)tl
,1.,/11. I-()n(lres. H()!,luItl) I)ess
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Psicologa
Psiq u iatra
Psicoterapa
168
Frente a concepciones consideradas reduccionis.
tas, tanto en la descripcin del
psquismo
com(
en la teora de la cura, el autor toma partido po
el denominado
paradigma de la compleiidad,
qur
aparece en el horizonte epistemolgico actua
como una importante va
para
la
produccin
d'
modelos integrativos en distintas disciplinas d
las ciencias del hombre. Desde esta
perspectiv
el
presente libro examina diferentes condicione
psicopatolgicas
-depresn,
agresvdad, trastor
nos narcisistas, masogusmo, patologa del sr
pery,
etc.-, considerndolas como el resultad
de mltiples
procesos
de articulacin entre vark
sistemas motivaci0nales, con l0s consguentr
deseos, angustas
y modalidades defensvas
qr
ponen
en marcha, ascomo del inleriuego reve
beranle entre lo infapsquico y
lo ntersubjetiv
entre la fantasa nconscente
y
la realidad.
objetivo es el desarrollo de una
pscoterapia pl
coanaltica
que permta
superar el empleo de u
tcnca monocorde
para proponer,
en camb
intervenciones especficas en funcin de la estrr
tura de
prsonalidad y
del cuadro
psicopatolgir
Hug0 Bechmar,
psiquiatra y psicoanalista,
profesor
de la Unversidad Pontfica Comil
(Madrid) y presdente
de la Sociedad Forum
Psicoterapia Psicoanaltica. Adems, es autor
La depresin. Un estudio
psicoanaltico,
El na
sismo, lntrcduccin al estudio de las perversior
El Edipo en Freud y Lacan,
y
Angustia y fantast
Matrices inconscientes en el ms all del
princ
del
placer.
ISBN 84-493-0394-X
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