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Ejercicios Resueltos Ecuaciones Diferenciales PDF
Ejercicios Resueltos Ecuaciones Diferenciales PDF
1.1
1.
dy
+ 2y = 0
dx
Definimos el factor integrante.
p(x) = 2
=0
d
2x
dx [e y]
=0
dx + c
e2x y = c
y = ce2x
2.
dy
= 3y
dx
forma lineal.
dy
dx
3y = 0
p(x) = 3
dy
e3x dx
3e3x y = 0
= 0 dx + c
dy 3x
y
dx [e
e3x y = c
y = ce3x
3.
3
dy
+ 12y = 4
dx
+ 4y =
4
3
p(x) = 4
Factor integrante: e
4dx
=e4x
dy
+ 4e4x y = 43 e4x
e4x dx
d 4x
4x
e dx + c
dx [e y] =
e4x y = 41 e4x + c
y=
4.
1
4
+ ce4x
y0 = 2y + x2 + 5
forma lineal
y0 2y = x2 + 5
Factor integrante: e
2dx
= e2x
y] = e2x x2 + 5 e2x + c
dx [e
e2x y = 25 e2x 14 e2x (2x2 + 2x + 1) + C
2
y = x2
5.
x
2
1
4
5
2
+ ce2x
4(x+y 6 )
y
dx
dy
4x
y
4y 6
y
Factor integrante: e4
1
y dy
4x
y
= 4y 5
; e4 log(y) ; elog(y) ; y 4 =
4
1 dx
y 4 dy
1 4x
y4 y
d 1
dy [ y4 x]
d 1
dy [ y4 x]
1
y4 x
1
5
y 4 4y
= 4y
= 4 ydy
= 2y 2 + C
x = 2y 6 + cy 4
6.
xy0 + y = ex
y0 + x1 y =
ex
x
Factor integrante:
1
x dx
= elog x = x
xy0 + xx y =
d
dx [xy]
Integramos:
d
dx [xy]
xex
x
= ex
ex dx + c
xy = ex + c
y = ex x1 + cx1
7.
x
dy
dx
dy
2
+y = 2
dx
y
y
x
2
xy 2
...(1)
dy
dx
1
y4
u1/3
x
2(u1/3 )2
x
+ 3 ux =
6
x
1
x dx
= e3 log x = elog x = x3
integramos.
d
3
dx [x u]
= 6x2
= 6 x2 + c
x3 u = 2x3 + c
u = 2 + cx3
Sustituimos u = y 3
y 3 = 2 + cx3
dy
+ y 3/2 = 1; condicion y(0) = 4
8. y 1/2 dx
dy
dx
y 3/2
y 1/2
dy
1
dx
y 1/2
+ y = y 1/2
dy
dx
Sustituimos.
2 1/3 du
3u
dx
+ 23 u =
La ecuacion se redujo
a una lineal.
3
3
Factor integrante: e 2 dx = e 2 x
4
3
2
3
3
2x u = e2x
e 2 x du
dx + e
2
2
3
d
2 x u]
dx [e
3
d
2 x u]
dx [e
= 32 e 2 x
3 32 x
dx
2e
+c
e 2 xu = e 2 x + c
3
u = 1 + ce 2 x
Sustituimos u = y 3/2
3
y 3/2 = 1 + ce 2 x
Solucion general.
43/2 = 1 + ce 2 0
81=c
c=7
y 3/2 = 1 + 7e 2 x
9.
y0 +
Solucion particular.
2
y = 2xy 2
x
u = y 1n ; donde n = 2
entonces:
u = y 12 ; u = y 1 ; u1 = y
u2 du
dx =
dy
dx
sustituimos en la ecuacion.
2 1
u2 du
= 2x(u1 )2
dx + x u
multiplicamos por u2
du
dx
x2 u = 2x
1
x dx
= elog x
= x2
2 2
2
x2 du
2x
dx x
xu = x
d
2
u]
dx [x
integramos.
5
= 2x1
d
2
u]
dx [x
2x1 dx + c
x2 u = 2 log x + c
u = 2x2 log x + cx2
sustituimos u = y 1
y la solucin es entonces:
y=
10,
1
2x2 log x+cx2
y0 + xy = xy 1/2
sea. n = 1/2
u = y 1n ; u = y 1(1/2) ; u = y 3/2 ; y = u2/3
dy
dx
= 23 u1/3
sustituimos en la ecuacion.
2 1/3
3u
+ 23 xu = 32 x
Factor integrante:
3
e2
3
e4x
du
dx
xdx
3
+ e4x
= e4x
3
2 xu
= e4x
3
2x
d 34 x2
u
dx e
= 23 xe 4 x dx + c
d 34 x2
u
dx e
3
2
xe 4 x dx + c
2
e4x u = e4x + c
3
u = 1 + ce 4 x
sustituimos u = y 3/2
3
y 3/2 = 1 + ce 4 x
3
2x
1.2
N
x
M
y
=0;
N
x
=0
M
x
= 2 xdx dx + g(y)
= g 0 (y)
integramos respecto a y
g 0 (y) = 3 ydy + dy + c
g(y) = 23 y 2 + y + c
= cosy senx
= senx + cosy
M
y
N
x
integramos respecto de y
g 0 (y) = ydy + c
g(y) = 21 y 2 + c
sustituimos en (1)
f (x, y) = xseny + ycosx 12 y 2
3.
Integramos respecto de y
g(y) = 2
ydy + c
g(y) = y 2 + c
sustituimos en (1)
x3 y + xey y 2 = c... solucion implicita.
4.
la ecuacion es exacta.
integramos fx (x, y) respecto a x.
derivamos respcto de y
fy (x, y) = 3x2 4xy + g0(y)
g0(y) = 0
integramos respecto de y
g(y) = c
5.
derivamos respecto a y:
fx (x, y) = 2x 3x2 y 2 + g0(y)
integramos:
g(y) = y + c
sustituimos en (1)
2xy x2 y 3 + 2x2 + 6x y = c... solucion implicita.
para y(1) = 0
2(1)2 + 6(1) = c
c = 4
6.
(xy sin x + 2y cos x)dx + 2x cos xdy = 0;
10
integramos respecto a x:
derivamos respecto a y:
fy (x, y) = 2x2 y cos x + g0(y)
igualamos con Nx
2x2 y cos x + g0(y) = 2x2 y cos x
g0(y) = 0
integramos respecto a y:
g(y) = c
sustituimos en (1)
f (x, y) = x2 y 2 cos x + c
2.1
1. y00 = 2x2
Integramos ambos lados de la ecuacion:
y00 = 2 x2 dx + c
y0 = 32 x3 + c1
Volvemos a integrar:
y0 =
2
3
(x3 + c1 )dx + c2
y = ( 23 )( 14 )x4 + xc1 + c2
Solucion:
y = 16 x4 + c1 x + c2
11
2. y000 = sen(kx)
Integramos ambos lados de la ecuacion:
y000 =
sen(kx)dx + c1
y00 = kcos(kx) + c1
y00 = k cos(kx)dx + c1 dx + c2
y0 = k 2 sen(kx) + xc1 + c2
y0 = k 2 sen(kx)dx + c1 xdx + c2 dx + c3
y = k 3 cos(kx) + 12 c1 x2 + c2 x + c3
3. y000 = x1
Integrando:
y000 =
1
x dx
+ c1
y00 = log x + c1
x2
2 (log x
12 ) 12 x2 + c1 12 x2 + c2 x + c3
4. y00 = x + sin x
Integrando:
y00 =
xdx +
sin xdx + c1
y0 = 12 x2 cos x + c1
y0 = 12 x2 dx cos xdx
y = 61 x3 sin x + c1 x + c2
+ c1
dx + c2
y000 =
x sin xdx + c!
12
2.2
1. xy00 + y0 = 0
Deniendo:
p(x) =
dy
dx
dp
dx
d2 y
dx2
xp0 + p = 0
= p1 dp
1
1
x dx =
p dp + c1
c1
p
hacemos p(x) =
x=
dy
dx
c!
dy/dx
x = c1 dx
dy
integrando:
1
x dx
log x =
1
c1
1
c1 y
dy + c2
+ c2
valor positivo.
2.(x 1)y00 y0=0
Denimos:
p(x) =
dy
dx
dp
dx
d2 y
dx2
(x 1)p0 p = 0
Dividimos entre (x 1)
x1
x1 p0
p0
1
x1 p
1
x1 p
=0
=0
1
x1 p
=0
dp
1
dx = x1 p
1
1
p dp = x1 dx
integrando:
1
p dp
1
x1 dx
+ c1
13
haciendo p =
dy
dx
dy
dx
= c1 (x 1)
dy = c1 (x 1)dx
integrando:
dy = c1 (x 1)dx + c2
y = c1 12 x2 x + c2
3.
2.3
1.y00 + y0 2y = 0
Resolvemos la ecuacion caracteristica asociada.
m2 + m 2 = 0
(m + 2)(m 1) = 0
m1 = 2 m2 = 1
2.
y00 2y0 + y = 0
solucion y = emx
y1 = ex
y2 = y1
y2 = e
p(y)dy
y12
dx
2x
e
e2x dx
y2 = ex x
solucion.
y(x) = c1 ex + c2 xex
3. 4y00 8y0 + 5y = 0
14
Ecuacion caracteristica.
4m2 8m + 5 = 0
m1,2 =
m1,2 =
8 6480
8
1 12 i
solucion.
y = c1 ex ei 2 x + c2 ex ei 2 x
1
y = ex (c1 ei 2 x + c2 ei 2 x )
y = ex (c1 cos 12 x + c2 sen 12 x)
4.3y00 2y0 8y = 0
Ecuacion caracteristica:
3m2 2y 8 = 0
(3m + 4)(m 2)
m1 = 2
m2 = 43
y2 = e 3 x
Solucion:
4
y(x) = c1 e2x + c2 e 3 x
Solucion:
y(x) = c1 + c2 e3x + c3 e3x + c4 ex + c5 ex
15
m1,2 =
4 36
2
m1,2 = 2 3i
Solucion:
y(x) = e2x (c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 3x)
y0(x) = e2x (3c1 sin 3x + 3c2 cos 3x) 2e2x (c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 3x)
Para y 0 (0) = 3
3 = e0 (3c1 sin 0 + 3c2 cos 0) 2e0 (c1 cos 0 + c2 sin 0)
3 = 3c2 2c1
3 = 3c2 2(2)
3 + 4 = 3c2
c2 =
1
3
1
3
sin 3x)
d y
d y
7. dx
4 7 dx2 18y = 0
Ecuacion caracteristica:
4
m4 7m2 18 = 0
2.4
Ecuacion caracteristica:
m2 + 3m + 2 = 0
(m 1)(m 2)
m1 = 1 m2 = 2
yh = c1 ex + c2 e2x
2. y00 + y = sin x
Resolvemos primer la ecuacion homogenea asociada.
y00 + y = 0
Sustituyendo
yp = 12 x cos x
17
y(x) = yh + yp
y(x) = c1 cos x + c2 sin x 12 x cos x
sustituimos en la ecuacion
10(A) + 25(Ax + B) = 30x + 3
25A = 30...(1) entonces A =
6
5
3
5
6
5x
3
5
y(x) = yh + yp
y(x) = c1 e5x + c2 xe5x + 65 x +
3
5
4. 14 y00 + y0 + y = x2 2x
Resolvemos la ecuacion homogenea asociada.
1
4 y00 + y0 + y = 0
1 2
4m + m + 1 = 0
m1,2 = 2
yh = c1 e2x + c2 xe2x
yp = Ax2 + Bx + C
yp0 = 2Ax + B
yp00 = 2A
18
x2 2x
2x
A=1
2A + B = 2
B =22=0
1
2A
1
2A
+B+C =0
+C =0
C = 12 A = 12
yp = x2
1
2
y(x) = yh + yp
y(x) = c1 e2x + c2 xe2x + x2
1
2
m1,2 = 3 m1,2 = 3i
yh = c1 cos 3x + c2 sen 3x
Susituimos en la ecuacion.
9e3x (Ax2 + Bx + C) + 3e3x (4Ax + 2B) + e3x (2A) + 9e3x (Ax2 + Bx +
C) + 3e3x (2Ax + B) = 48x2 e3x
9e3x Ax2 + 9e3x Bx + 9e3x C + 12e3x Ax + 6e3x B + 2e3x A + 9e3x Ax2 +
9e3x Bx + 9e3x C + 6e3x Ax + 3e3x B = 48x2 e3x
9A + 9A = 48
18A = 48
A = 38
B=0
C=0
6.y00 y0 = 3
y00-y0=0
m2 m = 0
m(m 1) = 0
m1 = 0 m2 = 1
19
yh = c1 e0x + c2 ex = c1 + c2 ex
En este caso podemos ver claramente que existe ya una solucion que
es c1 igual con 3
entonces por la regla de multiplicidad. la solucion propuesta yp = Ax
yp = Ax
y0p = A
y00p = 0
Sustituyendo en la ecuacion.
0 A = 3 entonces, A = 3
yp = 3x
y(x) = yh + yp
y(x) = c1 + c2 ex + 3x
6C + B = 0...(2)
Igualando 1 y 2
B=
C=
yp =
6
37
1
37
1 3
2x
6
37 cosx
y(x) = c1 + c2 x +
1
37 senx
c3 e6x 14 x2
6
37 cosx
20
1
37 senx
Solucion particular
yp = Acosx + Bsenx + Ccos2x + Dsen2x
yp0 = Asenx + Bcosx 2Csen2x + 2Dcos2x
yp00 = Acosx Bsenx 4Ccos2x 4Dsen2x
sustituyendo.
AcosxBsenx4Ccos2x4Dsen2x2Asenx+2Bcosx4Csen2x+
4Dcos2x + Acosx + Bsenx + Ccos2x + Dsen2x = senx + 3cos2x
3Ccos2x 3Dsen2x 2Asenx + 2Bcosx 4Csen2x + 4Dcos2x =
senx + 3Cos2x
3C + 4D = 3...(1)
3D 4C = 0...(2)
C=
D=
9
25
12
25
2A = 1 ; A = 12
2B = 0 ; B = 0
y(x) = c1 ex + c2 xex 21 cosx +
2.5
9
25 cos2x
12
25 sen2x
Variacion de parametro.
1. y00 + y = sec x
Resolvemos la parte homogenea de la ecuacion esta es yh = y00 + y = 0
Para la ecuacion homogenea asociada, resolvemos la ecuacion caracteristica.
m2 + 1 = 0
m1,2
m2 = 1
= 1 ; m1,2 = i
m1,2 = i ; donde = 0 = 1
21
yh = c1 cosx + c2 senx
y1
y10
W1 =
W2 =
u01 =
W1
W
y2
cosx
=
y20
senx
senx
= [(cosx)(cosx)] [(senx)(senx)] =
cosx
cos2 x + sen2 x = 1
0
y2
0
senx
=
= [(0)(cosx)] [(senx)(secx)] =
f (x) y20
secx cosx
senxsecx = senx
cosx = tanx
y1
y10
0
cosx
0
=
= [(cosx)(secx) (0)(senx)] =
f (x)
senx secx
cosxsecx = cosx
cosx = 1
= tanx
= tanx ; u1 = tanxdx = [ln(cosx)] = ln(cosx)
1
1
2
u02 = W
dx = x
W = 1 = 1; u2 =
yp = u1 y1 + u2 y2
yp = ln(cosx)cosx + xsenx
y(x) = yh + yp
y(x) = c1 cosx + c2 senxi + cosxln(cosx) + xsenx
2. y00 + y = senx
Resolvemos yh = y00 + y = 0
m2 + 1 = 0
m1,2
m2 = 1
= 1 ; m1,2 = i
Donde:
=0y=1
yh = ex (c1 cosx + c2 senx)
yh = e0x (c1 cosx + c2 senx)
22
yh = c1 cosx + c2 senx
Denimos y1 , y2
y1 = cosx ; y10 = senx
y2 = senx ; y20 = cosx
Calculamos el Wronskiano.
W =
cosx
senx
W1 =
senx
= cos2 x + sen2 x = 1
cosx
0
senx
cosx
senx
W2 =
senx
= sen2 x
cosx
0
= senxcosx
senx
Ahora calculamos u1 , u2 .
2
u2 = senxcosxdx = 12 sen2 x
yp = u1 y1 + u2 y2 = ( x2 14 sen2x)cosx + 12 sen2 x(senx)
yp = 12 xcosx 14 cosxsen2x + 21 sen3 x
y(x) = yp + yh
y(x) = c1 cosx + c2 senx + 21 xcosx 14 cosxsen2x + 12 sen3 x
3. y 00 + y = cos2 x
Ecuacion homogenea asociada yh = y 00 + y = 0
Esta ecuacion tiene solucion de la forma:
yh = c1 cosx + c2 senx
Denimos y1 , y2
y1 = cosx ; y10 = senx
y2 = senx ; y20 = cosx
W =
cosx
senx
W1 =
senx
= cos2 x + sen2 x = 1
cosx
0
senx
= senxcos2 x
cos2 x cosx
cosx
senx
W2 =
0
= cos3 x
cos2 x
Denimos u1 , u2
senxcos2 x
= senxcos2 x
1
"
#
cos3 x
cos3 x
2
u1 = senxcos xdx =
=
3
3
u01 =
u02 =
u2 =
cos3 x
= cos3 x
1
sen3 x
3
!
cos3 x
sen3 x
(cosx) + senx
(senx)
3
3
yp = u1 y1 + u2 y2 =
yp =
cos4 x
sen4 x
+ sen2 x
3
3
sen4 x
cos4 x
+ sen2 x
3
3
4.y00 y = cosh x
Ecuacion homogenea asociada y00 y = 0
m2 1 = 0
m2 = 1; m1,2 = 1 = 1
yh = c1 ex + c2 ex
Denimos y1 , y2
y1 = ex ; y10 = ex
y2 = ex ; y20 = ex
W =
ex
ex
W1 =
ex
= ex (ex ) ex (ex ) = 1 1 = 2
ex
0
ex
= ex (coshx) = ex coshx
coshx ex
ex
ex
W2 =
0
= ex coshx
coshx
Calculamos u1 y u2
ex coshx
2
u01 =
u1 =
1
2
= 21 ex coshx
u02 =
u2 = 12
ex coshx
= 21 ex coshx
2
ex coshxdx = 21 [
x e2x
+
]
2
4
ex
xex
+
4
8
y(x) = c1 ex + c2 ex + 18 ex (2e2x x 1) +
4. y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y =
x e2x
)
4
8
xex
ex
+
4
8
1
1 + ex
Denimos y1 , y2 .
y1 = e2x ; y10 = 2e2x
y2 = ex ; y20 = ex
Calculamos Wronskianos:
25
W =
e2x
2e2x
ex
= (e2x )(ex ) (ex )(2e2x ) = e3x + 2e3x =
ex
e3x
0
W1 =
1
1+ex
ex
ex
x =
e
1 + ex
e2x
2e2x
W2 =
1
1+ex
e2x
1 + ex
Calculamos u1 ,u2
ex
ex =
u01 = 1e+
3x
u1 =
ex
(e3x )(1
e2x
ex )
1
e2x (1
ex )
e2x
1
+ ex
1
dx = ex + ln(ex + 1) 1
+ ex
e2x
1
e2x
ex =
= x
u02 = 1 +
3x
3x
x
e
(e
)(1 + e )
e +1
u2 =
1
dx = x + ln(ex + 1)
+1
ex
5.3y 00 6y 0 + 6y = ex secx
yh = 3y 00 6y 0 + 6y = 0
3m2 6m + 6 = 0
a = 3 , b = 6 , c = 6
Denimos y1 , y2
m1,2 =
(6)
(6)2 4(3)(6)
6
=
2(3)
6
36 72
=1
6
=1,=1
yh = ex (c1 cosx + c2 senx)
Deniendo y1 , y2
26
36
=1i
6
W =
W = ex (cos2 x + sen2 x) = ex
W1 =
W2 =
0
e secx
x
senx
ex senx
= (ex senx)(ex secx) = ex (
)=
e senx + ex cosx
cosx
x
e tanx
x
ex cosx
e cosx ex senx
x
cosx
0
) = ex
= (ex cosx)(ex secx) = ex (
ex secx
cosx
Calculamos u1 , u2
u01 =
ex tanx
= tanx
ex
ex
=1
ex
dx = x
Ecuaciones de Cauchy-Euler
x2 y00 2y = 0
27
2.
x2 y 00 + y = 0
Suponemos la solucion y = xm
y = xm
y 0 = mxm1
y 00 = (m 1)mxm2
Sustituimos en la ecuacin
x2 [(m 1)mxm2 ] + xm = 0
(m 1)mx2 xm x2 + xm = 0
(m2 m)xm + xm = 0
xm (m2 m + 1) = 0
Ecuacin auxiliar
m2 m + 1 = 0
m1,2 = 21 12 3i
donde: =
1
2
1
2
3
1
y = c1 x 2 + 2
3i
28
+ c2 x 2 2
3i
Usando la identidad,
xi = (elnx )i = eilnx
entonces
xi + xi = cos(lnx) + isen(lnx) + cos(lnx) isen(lnx) = 2cos(lnx)
xi xi = cos(lnx) + isen(lnx) cos(lnx) + isen(lnx) = 2isen(lnx)
si y = C1 x+i + C2 xi
y1 = x (xi + xi ) = 2x cos(lnx)
y2 = x (xi xi ) = 2x isen(lnx)
se concluye que
y1 = x cos(lnx) y = x sen(lnx)
As la solucion general es
y = x [c1 cos(lnx) + c2 sen(lnx)]
1
y = x 2 [c1 cos( 12 3lnx) + c2 sen( 12 3lnx)]
3.
x2 y 00 + xy 0 + 4y = 0
Suponemos la solucin:
y = xm
y 0 = mxm1
y 00 = (m 1)mxm2
Sustituimos en la ecuacin.
x2 [(m 1)mxm2 ] + x(mxm1 ) + 4(xm ) = 0
xm (m2 m + m + 4) = 0
xm (m2 + 4) = 0
m2 = 4
29
m1,2 = 4
m1,2 = 2i
=0=2
y = x0 (c1 cos2lnx + c2 sen2lnx)
y = c1 cos2lnx + c2 sen2lnx
4.
x2 y00 3xy0 2y = 0
Solucion propuesta.
y = xm
y 0 = mxm1
y 00 = (m 1)mxm2
Sustituimos.
x2 [(m 1)mxm2 ] 3x(mxm1 ) 2(xm ) = 0
xm [(m2 m) 3m 2] = 0
xm (m2 4m 2) = 0
m1,2 = 2 6
y = c2 x2+
5.
+ c1 x2
25x2 y 00 + 25xy 0 + y = 0
Solucin propuesta.
y = xm
y 0 = mxm1
y 00 = (m 1)mxm2
Sustituimos.
25x2 [(m 1)mxm2 ] + 25x(mxm1 ) + xm = 0
xm [25m2 25m + 25m + 1] = 0
30
25m2 + 1 = 0
r
m1,2 =
1
1
= i
25
5
= 0, =
1
5
1
1
y = x0 (c1 cos lnx + c2 sen lnx)
5
5
1
1
y = c1 cos lnx + c2 sen lnx
5
5
6.
x2 y 00 + 5xy 0 + y = 0
Solucion propuesta.
y = xm
y 0 = mxm1
y 00 = (m 1)mxm2
Sustituimos.
y = c1 x2+ 3 + c2 x2 3
7.
xy 00 4y 0 = x4
Solucin propuesta.
y = xm
y 0 = mxm1
y 00 = (m 1)mxm2
Sustituimos
31
xm (m2 m 4m) = 0
m(m 5) = 0
m1 = 0 m2 = 5
yh = c1 x0 + c2 x5
yh = c1 + c2 x5
Q(x)y 0 = f (x)
identicamos f (x) = x3
Denimos y1 , y2
y1 = 1 , y10 = 0
y2 = x5 , y20 = 5x4
x5
= 5x4 0 = 5x4
5x4
0
x5
W1 = 3
= 0 x8 = x8
x 5x4
1 0
W2 =
= x3
0 x3
Calculamos u1 , u2
8
1 4
u01 = x
5x4 = 5 x
1
1 5
4
u1 = 5 x dx = 25
x
1
x3
0
u2 = 5x4 = 5x
u2 = 15 x1 dx = 15 lnx
1 5
yp = 25
x (1) + 51 lnx(x5 )
5
1 5
x + x5 lnx
yp = 25
y(x) = yh + yp
5
1 5
x + x5 lnx
y(x) = c + c2 x5 25
W =
1
0
7.
x2 y 00 xy 0 + y = 2x
Solucion propuesta.
y = xm
y 0 = mxm1
y 00 = (m 1)mxm2
32
(m 1)2
m1,2 = 1
yh = c1 x + c2 xlnx
1
x2 y
= x2
Identicamos f (x) = x2
Identicamos y1 = x , y2 = xlnx y y10 = 1 , y20 = lnx + 1
x
lnx
= (x)(lnx + 1) (lnx)(1) = xlnx + x lnx = xlnx
1 lnx + 1
x
lnx + x = xln x + x = xln(1) + x = x
0
lnx
W1 = 2
= (lnx)( x2 ) = x2 lnx
lnx
+
1
x
x 0
= x2 x 0 = 2
W2 =
1 x2
Calculamos u1 , u2
2
lnx
u01 = x x = 2lnx
lnx x2 lnx+1
u1 = 2 x2 = x
u02 = x2
u2 = 2 x1 = 2lnx
yp = y1 u1 + y2 u2 = x( lnx+1
x ) + xlnx(2lnx) = lnx + 1+
W =
8.
x2 y 00 2xy 0 + 2y = x4 ex
Solucin propuesta.
y = xm
y 0 = mxm1
y 00 = (m 1)mxm2
x2 [(m 1)mxm2 ] 2x(mxm1 ) + 2xm = x4 ex
x2 y 00 2xy 0 + 2y = 0
xm (m2 m 2m + 2) = 0
m2 3m + 2 = 0
(m 2)(m 1) = 0
m1 = 2 , m2 = 1
yh = c1 x2 + c2 x
y 00 x2 y 0 + x22 y = x2 ex
Denimos y1 , y2 , f (x) = x2 ex
y1 = x2 ; y10 = 2x
y2 = x ; y20 = 1
Calculamos el Wronskiano
33
x2 x
= x2 2x2 = x2
2x 1
0
x
W1 = 2 x
= 0 x3 ex = x3 ex
x e
1
x2
0
W2 =
= x4 ex
2x x2 ex
Calculamos u1 , u2
3 x
e
= xex
u01 = x
x2x
u1 = xe dx = ex (x 1)
4 x
u02 = xxe2 = x2 ex
u02 = x2 ex dx = ex (x2 2x + 2)
yp = u1 y1 + u2 y2 = [ex (x 1)]x2 + [ex (x2 2x + 2)]x
yp = x2 ex (x 1) + xex (x2 2x + 2)
y(x) = yp + yh
y(x) = c1 x2 + c2 x + x2 ex (x 1) + xex (x2 2x + 2)
W =
9.
1.
y00 xy = 0
Sutituyendo y =
n=0 cn x
n=2 (n1)ncn x
n2
P
1)ncn xn2 x ( n=0 cn xn ) = 0
P
P
n2
n=0 cn xn+1 = 0
n=2 (n 1)ncn x
n=2 (n
Ahora sumamos las dos series igualando los indices de ambas sumas.
P
P
2(1)c2 x0 n=3 n(n 1)cn xn2 n=0 cn xn+1 = 0
P
P
2c2 n=3 n(n 1)cn xn2 n=0 cn xn+1 = 0
ck1
(k + 2)(k + 1)
34
c0
3(2)
c1
=
4(3)
c2
=
5(4)
k = 3 , c5 =
= 61 c0
1
20 c2
1
12 c1
= 0 c2 = 0
k = 4 , c6 =
c3
=
6(5)
1 1
30 ( 6 )c0
1
180 c0
k = 5 , c7 =
c4
=
7(6)
1 1
42 ( 12 )c1
1
504 c1
k = 6 , c8 =
k = 7 , c9 =
c5
= 0 c5 = 0
8(7)
c6
=
9(8)
1
1
72 ( 180 )c0
1
12960 c0
k = 8 , c10 =
c7
=
10(9)
k = 9 , c11 =
c8
= 0 c8 = 0
11(10)
1
10(9)(504) c1
1
6
180 x
1
9
12960 x )
+ c1 (x +
1 4
12 x
1
7
504 x
1
10
90(504) x )
y00 + x2 y0 + xy = 0
Sutituyendo:
P
y = Pn=0 cn xn
y0 = Pn=1 cn nxn1
En
P la ecuacin original
n=2 (n
1)ncn xn2 + x2
P
n=1 cn nx
35
n1
+ x[
cn x n ] = 0
P
P
n2
+ n=1 cn nxn+1
+ n=0 cn xn+1 =P
0
nx
n=2 (n 1)nc
P
P
=0
0
k+22
2cP
+ k=2 ck1 (k 1)xk1+1 +
2 x + 6c3 x
k=2 (k + 2 1)(k + 2)ck+2 x
k1+1
c0 x
=0
k=2 ck1 x
P
2c2 + 6c3 x + c0 x Pk=2 (k + 1)(k + 2)ck+2 xk + ck1 (k 1)xk + ck1 xk = 0
Entonces tenemos
2c2 = 0 ; c2 = 0
6c3 + c0 = 0
c3 = 61 c0
kck1
(k + 1)(k + 2)
Sustituyendo k = 2, 3, 4, ... en la formula se obtiene
2c1
c4 = 3(4)
= 16 c1
3c2
c5 = 4(5)
= 0 c2 = 0
4c3
2
1
c6 = 5(6)
= 15
( 16 c0 ) = 45
c0
5c4
5 1
5
c7 = 6(7) = 42 ( 6 c1 ) = 136 c1
6c5
6
c8 = 7(8)
= 56
(0) = 0
7c6
7
1
7
( 45
)c0 = 72(45)
c0
c9 = 8(9) = 72
8c7
4
5
5
c10 = 9(10) = 45 ( 136 c1 ) = 45(34) c1
9c8
9
= 110
(0) = 0
c11 = 10(11)
10c9
5
7
7
c12 = 11(12) = 66 ( 72(45)
c0 ) = 66(72)(9)
c0
ck+2 =
[(k1)+1]ck1
(k+1)(k+2)
Por tanto,
y = c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 + c3 x3 + c4 x4 + c5 x5 + c6 x6 + c7 x7 + c8 x8 + c9 x9 + ...
5
5
1 6
7
7
y = c1 [ 61 x4 + 136
x7 + 9(34)
x10 ] c0 [ 45
x + 72(45)
x9 + 66(72)(9)
x12 ]
3.
y00 2xy0 + y = 0
Sutituyendo:
P
y = Pn=0 cn xn
y0 = Pn=1 cn nxn1
En
P la ecuacin original
P
P
n2
2xP n=1 cn nxn1
+ n=0 cn xn = 0
n=2 (n 1)ncn x
P
P
n2
n
(n 1)ncn x
2 n=1
cn nx + n=0 P
cn xn = 0
n=2
P
P
n2
n
2c2 n=3 (n 1)ncn x
2 n=1 cn nx + c0 n=1 cn xn = 0
Hacemos
y k =P
n para las dos y P
tres.
P k = n 2 para la serie uno
k
k
+
c
2c2 k=1P
(k + 2 1)(k + 2)ck+2 xk+22P 2 k=1 ck kx
0
k=1 ck x = 0
P
k
k
k
2c2 + c0 Pk=1 (k + 1)(k + 2)ck+2 x + k=1 ck kx + k=1 ck x = 0
36
5c2
3(4)
c5 =
c6 =
9c4
5(6)
c7 =
11c5
6(7)
c0
4.
11 7
42 ( 40 c1 )
c9 =
15c7
8(9)
15
11
72 ( 6(40) c1 )
17c8
9(10)
7 5
40 x
5 4
24 x
7
40 c1
1
= 16
c0
13
1
56 ( 16 c0 )
9
5
30 ( 24 c0 )
1 3
2x
5
= 24
c0
7 1
20 ( 2 c1 )
13c6
7(8)
c11 =
h
c8 =
c10 =
y = c1
= 12 c1
5
1
12 ( 2 c0 )
7c3
4(5)
3c1
2(3)
11
6(40) c1
13
= 56(16)
c0
161
72(240) c1
17(13)
= 9(10)(56)(16)
c0
18c9
10(11)
1
161
55 ( 8(240) )c1
11 7
240 x
161
9
72(240) x
1 6
16 x
13
8
56(16) x
161
11
55(8)(240) x
17(13)
10
90(56)(16) x
Sutituyendo:
P
y = n=0 cn xn
P
y0 = n=1 cn nxn1
P
y00 = n=2 (n 1)ncn xn2
P
P
P
(x2 + 2) n=2 (n 1)ncn xn2 + 3x n=1 cn nxn1 n=0 cn xn = 0
P
P
P
P
x2 n=2 (n1)ncn xn2 +2 n=2 (n1)ncn xn2 + n=1 3cn nxn n=0 cn xn =
0
37
P
3cn nxn n=0 cn xn = 0
P
P
P
n
n2
+ 3c1 x n=2 3cn nxn c0 +
n=2 (n 1)ncn x +
n=2 2(n
P1)ncn xn
c1 x n=2 cn x = 0
P
n
22
3c1 x + P
c0 + c1 x n=2 (n 1)ncn xP
+ 2(2 1)2c2 xP
+ 2(3
32
n2
n
1)3c3 x
+ n=2 3cn nx n=2 cn xn = 0
n=4 2(n 1)ncn x
P
P
3c1 x + c0 + c1 x + 4c2 +P12c3 x n=2 (n
1)ncn xn + n=4 2(n 1)ncn xn2 +
P
n
n
n=2 3cn nx
n=2 cn x = 0
n=2 (n 1)ncn x
n=2
n=1
c5 =
+ 16 x5 +
Transformada de Laplace
1.
(
f (t)
L{f (t)} =
1, 0 t < 1
1,
t1
est f (t)dt =
st
= es |10 +
38
1
0
est (1) +
est
s |1
est (1)
11 7
126 x ]
s(1)
s(0)
= e s [ e s ] +
=
es
s
(
f (t) =
2es
s
2.
1
s
es(1)
s
es
s
es()
s
0
s
1
s
0t<1
t1
t,
1,
s(0)
= e s (1 1s ) [ e
s
s
= e s + es2 + s12 1s
(0 1s )] + [ e
s()
es(0)
s ]
f (t) = te4t
L{te4t } =
est te4t dt =
te(s4)t dt
e(s4)t
[s + 3]|
0
(s 4)2
e(s4)0
e(s4)
[
]
2
(s 4)
(s 4)2
1
0
+
2
(s 4)
(s 4)2
=
1
(s 4)2
3.
y00 + 3y0 + 2y = 0
y(0) = 1 , y0(0) = 1
Aplicamos transformada de Laplace a toda la ecuacin
L[y00] + 3L[y0] + 2L[y] = 0
[s2 Y (s) sy(0) y 0 (0)] + 3[sY (s) y(0)] + 2[Y (s)] = 0
s2 Y (s) sy(0) y 0 (0) + 3sY (s) 3y(0) + 2Y (s) = 0
Factorizando
Y (s)(s2 + 3s + 2) s 4
39
Y (s) =
s2
4+s
+ 3s + 2
A=
4 + (1)
=3
1 + 2
42
= 2
2 + 1
3
2
s+1 s+2
3
2
] L [
]
s+1
s+2
1
1
y(t) = 3L1 [
] 2L [
]
s+1
s+2
y(t) = 3et 2e2t
y(t) = L1 [
y00 xy = 0
Sutituyendo y =
n=0 cn x
y la segunda derivada y 00 =
n=2 (n1)ncn x
n2
P
1)ncn xn2 x ( n=0 cn xn ) = 0
P
P
n2
n=0 cn xn+1 = 0
n=2 (n 1)ncn x
n=2 (n
Ahora sumamos las dos series igualando los indices de ambas sumas.
P
P
2(1)c2 x0 n=3 n(n 1)cn xn2 n=0 cn xn+1 = 0
P
P
2c2 n=3 n(n 1)cn xn2 n=0 cn xn+1 = 0
ck1
(k + 2)(k + 1)
40
c0
3(2)
c1
=
4(3)
c2
=
5(4)
k = 3 , c5 =
= 61 c0
1
20 c2
1
12 c1
= 0 c2 = 0
k = 4 , c6 =
c3
=
6(5)
1 1
30 ( 6 )c0
1
180 c0
k = 5 , c7 =
c4
=
7(6)
1 1
42 ( 12 )c1
1
504 c1
k = 6 , c8 =
k = 7 , c9 =
c5
= 0 c5 = 0
8(7)
c6
=
9(8)
1
1
72 ( 180 )c0
1
12960 c0
k = 8 , c10 =
c7
=
10(9)
k = 9 , c11 =
c8
= 0 c8 = 0
11(10)
1
10(9)(504) c1
1
6
180 x
1
9
12960 x )
+ c1 (x +
2.
1 4
12 x
1
7
504 x
1
10
90(504) x )
y 00 (x + 1)y 0 y = 0
P
P
n
n1
Sutituyendo y =
derivada
y la segunda
n=1 cn nx
n=0 cn x la primera
P
00
n2
derivada y = n=2 (n 1)ncn x
P
P
P
n2
(x + 1) n=1 cn nxn1 n=0 cn xn = 0
n=2 (n 1)ncn x
P
P
P
P
n2
n=1 cn nxn n=1 cn nxn1 n=0 cn xn = 0
n=2 (n 1)ncn x
41
2c2 x0
n=3 (n
P
P
n
0
n1
1)ncn xn2
n=1 cn nx c1 x
n=2 cn nx
P
0
n
c0 x
c
x
=
0
n=1 n
n=3 (n1)ncn x
n2
n=1 cn nx
n=2 cn nx
n1
n=1 cn x
0
c2 c1 c0 +
k=1 (k
P
P
+ 2 1)(k +P
2)ck+2 xk k=1 ck kxk k=1 ck+1 (k +
1)xk k=1 ck xk = 0
c2 c1 c0 +
k=1 [(k
(k + 1)ck+1 + (k + 1)ck
(k + 1)(k + 2)
Sustituyendo k = 1, 2, 3, ...,
k = 1 , c3 =
k = 2 , c4 =
k = 3 , c5 =
2c2 +2c1
2(3)
3c3 +3c2
3(4)
4c4 +4c3
4(5)
=0
3
= 12
c3 = 0
=0
Serie de Taylor
1.
y 0 = x + 2y 2
y(0) = 0
y 0 (o) = 1
Derivando
y 00 = 1 + 4yy 0
y 000 = 4y 0 y 0 + 4yy 00
y iv = 4y 00 y 0 + 4y 0 y 00 + 4y 0 y 00 + 4yy 000 = 12y 0 y 00 + 4yy 000
y v = 12y 00 y 00 + 12y 0 y 000 + 4y 00 y 000 + 4yy iv
42
y vi = 12y 000 y 00 + 12y 00 y 000 + 12y 00 y 000 + 12y 0 y iv + 4y 000 y 000 + 4y 00 y iv + 4y 00 y iv + 4yy v =
36y 00 y 000 + 12y 0 y iv + 4y 000 y 000 + 4y 00 y iv + 4y 00 y iv + 4yy v
y 00 (0) = 1 , y 000 (0) = 4 , y iv (0) = 12 , y v (0) = 76 , y vi (0) = 408
y(x) =
x
1!
x2
2!
4x3
3!
12x4
4!
1.
f (t) = 4t 10
L[f (t)] = 4L[t]
10L[1]
Integramos
por partes la primera integral
4 0 test dt =
u = t , du = 1
st
dv = est , v = e s
st
1
st
= 4[(1)( e s )|
)]dt
0 + s 0 (1)(e
4 s()
4 s(0)
1 est
= s e h ( s e
)i+ s s |0
=
4
s
4
s
1
s
s(0)
s()
e s )
1
4
+ 1s ( 1s ) = 2
s s
+
(e
Hacemos
la segunda integral
10
=
st
e dt
0
es()
s
st
= e s |
0
( e
1
=
s
entonces
L[f (t)] =
s(0)
1
1 3
1
4
2 = 2
s s
s s s
2.
L[f (t)] = L[et/5 ] =
t
= 0 e 5 (15s) dt =
=
(15s)
5
1
5 (15s)
f (t) = et/5
et/5 est dt
t
e 5 (15s)
1
5 (15s)
0
e 5 (15s)
1
5 (15s)
3.
|
0
5
5
=
=
1 5s
5s 1
f (t) = et2
43
76x5
5!
408x6
6!
=
=
(e2 )( e
(0)(1s)
1s
e
e
=
=
1s
s1
4.
f (t) = et cos t
s
s2 +1
= L[et cos t] =
5.
s
(s 1)2 + 1
f (t) = et cos t
st
dv = est , v = est dt = e s
= (cos t)
est
|
s 0
1
s
est
)| 0
s 0
est
s ( sin t)dt
(
)
cos
tdt
0
s
0
s
s
1
1
1
st
= 1 + s12
e
cos tdt = 2 st sin t|
cos t|
0
0 =
0
s e
sest
s
1
st
s
s
0 e
cos tdt =
= 2
s +1
1 + s12
Aplicando el teorema de traslacion del eje s
L[f (t)] = F (s)
L[eat f (t)] = F (s a)
= [(cos )
44
a = 1
L[et cos t] =
s+1
(s + 1)2 + 1
6.
0<t<2
1
f (t) =
0
2t<4
1
t4
st
2 st
4
7.
(
f (t) =
3t
0
0<t<1
t1
0dt = 0
1
3
1 1
L[f (t)] = es (1 + )
s
s s
45
1
s2
L1 [ s12 ]
n!
L1 [ sn+1
] = f (t) = tn
L1 [ s12 ] = t
10.
f (t) = t cosh t
sean:
46
11.
f (t) = t2 cos 3t
Sean:
f (t) = t2 cos 3t , f (0) = 0
f 0(t) = 2t cos 3t 3t2 sin 3t , f 0(0) = 0
f 00(t) = 2 cos 3t6t sin 3t(6t sin 3t+9t2 cos 3t) = 2 cos 3t12t sin 3t9t2 cos 3t
Aplicando el teorema
L[f 00(t)] = s2 F (s) f (0) f 0(0)
L[2 cos 3t 12t sin 3t 9t2 cos 3t] = s2 L[t2 cos 3t] 0 0
2L[cos 3t] 12L[t sin 3t] 9L[t2 cos 3t] = s2 L[t2 cos 3t]
2L[cos 3t] 12L[t sin 3t] = s2 L[t2 cos 3t] + 9L[t2 cos 3t]
2
6s
s
12 2
= (s2 + 9)L[t2 cos 3t] podemos observar que la
+9
(s + 9)2
6s
transformada de t sin 3t es 2
pues ya la habiamos resuelto
(s + 9)2
s2
anteriormente.
2s(s2 + 9) 36s
= (s2 + 9)L[t2 cos 3t]
(s2 + 9)2
2s3 + 18s 36s
= (s2 + 9)L[t2 cos 3t]
(s2 + 9)2
2s3 18s
= L[t2 cos 3t]
2
(s + 9)2 (s2 + 9)
2s3 18s
L[t2 cos 3t] = 2
(s + 9)3
12.
F (s) =
L
1
s(s 4)
1
s(s 4)
Sabemos que L
1
= eat , entonces:
sa
47
t
1
ea t
eat
1
= 0 ea d =
|0 =
donde: a = 4
s(s 4)
a
a
a
e4t
1
1
=
= (e4t 1)
4
4
4
L1
13.
F (s) =
1
s2 (s + 3)
1
L
=
s2(s + 3)
1
Si L1
= eat , donde a = 3, entonces:
(s
+
a)
t
1
1
1
1
= 0 e3 d = e3 |t0 = e3t
L1
s(s + 3)
3
3
3
t
t 1 3t 1
1
1 3 1
1
1
1
L1 2
= 0
e
d =
e = e3t t
s (s + 3)
3
3
9
3 0
9
3
9
1 3t
f (t) = (e 3t 1)
9
1
14.
F (s) =
L1
1
t
3
3
s2 (s2 9)
=
s2 (s2 9)
a
Conociendo L1 2
= sinh at, donde a = 3, entonces:
2
s a
t
3
1
1
1
= 0 sinh 3 d = cosh 3 |t0 = cosh 3t
L1
s(s2 9)
3
3
3
t
3
1
1
1
1
1
t
L1 2 2
= 0
cosh 3
d =
sinh 3 = sinh 3t
s (s 9)
3
3
9
3 0
9
f (t) =
1
(sinh 3t 3t)
9
48
por linealidad
y = ex
16.
y00 + 4y = 2 ,
y(0) = 0 , y0(0) = 0
2
s
2
s2 Y (s) 0 0 + 4Y (s) =
s
2
2
Y (s)(s + 4) =
s
2
Y (s) =
s(s2 + 4)
se aplica
la transformada
inversa
2
L1
=
2
s(s
+ 4)
Si L1 2
= sin t donde = 2, entonces
s
+
2
t
2
1
1
1
L1
= 0 sin 2 d = cos 2 |t0 = cos 2t +
2
s(s + 4)
2
2
2
1 1
f (t) = cos 2t
2 2
por linealidad
y=
1 1
cos 2x
2 2
17.
y00 + 16y = 4 ,
y(0) = 1 , y0(0) = 0
49
4
s
4
Y (s)(s2 + 16) + s + 0 =
s
4
4s2
s
4 s2
Y (s) = 2s
= 2 s
=
(s + 16)
(s + 16)
s(s2 + 16)
Aplicamos
transformada
inversa
4 s2
4
s
1
1
1
L
=L
L
=
2
s(s2 + 16)
(s2 + 16)
s(s + 16)
s
= cos t , donde = 4
L1 2
2
s +
s
= cos 4t
L1
2
(s + 16)
4
1
Entonces para L
s(s2 + 16)
= sin t , donde = 4
si L1 2
s + 2
t
t
4
1
1
1
1
L
cos 4
=
cos 4t
= 0 sin 4 d =
=
s(s2 + 16)
4
4
4
0
1
1
cos 4t +
4
4 2
4s
1
1
3
1
1
L
= cos 4t + cos 4t = cos 4t +
s(s2 + 16)
4
4
4
4
por linealidad
y=
18.
1
3
cos 4x +
4
4
y00 2y0 + 5y = 0 ,
y(0) = 2 , y0(0) = 4;
Y (s) =
19.
w00 + w = t2 + 2 ,
w(0) = 1 , w0(0) = 1
51
L1
1
= sin t
(s2 + 1)
Sustituyendo
f (t) =
1 3
t + 2 sin t t 2 cos t + 2 + cos t sin t
3
References
[1] Ecuaciones diferenciales con aplicaciones de modelado, Dennis G. Zill,
Novena edicin, Editorial Cengage learning. Ejercicios 7.1, Problema 21
[2] Ecuaciones diferenciales, Isabel Carmona Jover, Cuarta edicin, Editorial
Pearson Educacin, Ejercicios 7.1, Problemas 1, 4, 14, 18. Ejercicios 7.2,
Problemas 1, 2, 5, 9, 10, 15, 18, 19
[3] Ecuaciones diferenciales y problemas con valores en la frontera, R. Kent Nagle, Edward B. Sa, Arthur David Snider, Cuarta edicin, Editorial Pearson
educacin. Ejercicios 7.5, Problemas 1
52