Industrial Hydraulics

Visual Aids

Chapter 2
 T h e m o v in g w a te r h it t in g th e w a te r w h e e l t u r n s
k in e t ic e n e r g y in t o u s e fu l w o r k

flo u r

flo u r
flo u r
r
flo u r flo u

F ig u r e 2 - 1 H y d r o d y n a m ic d e v ic e u s e s k in e tic e n e r g y r a t h e r th a n p r e s s u r e
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 0 .4 3 3 p s i

1 . A f o o t - s q u a r e s e c t io n o f w a t e r 1 0 f t
h ig h c o n ta i n s 1 0 c u ft o f w a t e r. I f
e a c h c u ft w e ig h s 6 2 . 4 lb s

2 .1 6 5 p s i 1 0 ft

4 .3 3 p s i

2 . th e n t h e t o ta l w e ig h t is 6 2 4 lb s . T h is
w e i g h t is d iv id e d o v e r 1 4 4 s q in . T h is
g iv e s u s a p r e s s u r e o f 4 .3 3 p s i a t t h e
b o t t o m o f t h e 1 0 ft c o lu m n o f w a t e r

F ig u r e 2 - 2 P r e s s u r e “ h e a d ” c o m e s f r o m w e ig h t o f th e f lu id
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 2
A r e a = 1 in

1. A c o lu m n o f a ir o n e s q u a r e in c h in c r o s s - s e c tio n
a n d a s h ig h a s th e a tm o s p h e r e

15 20 25
10 30
5 35
0 40
p s ia

2. w e ig h s 1 4 .7 p o u n d s a t s e a le v e l.
A tm o s p h e r ic p r e s s u r e is th e r e fo r e
1 4 . 7 p s ia

F ig u r e 2 - 3 A t m o s p h e ric p re s s u r e is a “ h e a d ” o f a ir
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 Vacuum

1 . A t m o s p h e r ic
p re s s u re h e re
2 . s u p p o r ts a c o lu m n
o f m e r c u r y t h is h ig h 2 9 .9 2
in c h e s
A tm o s p h e r ic
P re s s u re

M e rc u ry

F ig u r e 2 - 4 T h e m e r c u r y b a r o m e t e r m e a s u r e s a t m o s p h e r ic p r e s s u r e

C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O P R O R A T IO N
 G auge A b s o lu t e A b s o lu te
P re s s u re P re s s u re P re s s u re
S c a le S c a le S c a le
(p s ig ) (p s ia ) (In H g A b s )

+5 +20 +40

0 in c h + 2 9 .9 2 in c h
0 P S IG + 1 4 .7 P S IA +15 Hg H g A b s o lu te +30
A t m o so p h e r i c P r e s s u r e - - - - 0
(5 9 F @ S e a L e v e l)

A b s o lu t e P r e s s u r e

-5 +10 +20

A b s o lu t e P r e s s u r e

Vacuum
-1 0 +5 +10
Vacuum

P e rfe c t V a c u u m ---------- -1 5 0
( A b s o lu te Z e r o P r e s s u r e ) -1 4 .7 P S IG 0 P S IA -2 9 .9 2 in c h 0 in c h
Hg H g Abs

F ig u r e 2 - 5 G a u g e a n d a b s o lu t e p re s s u re c o m p a r is o n
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 300 400 500 300 400 500 300 400 500
200 600 200 600 200 600
100 700 100 700 100 700

0 800 0 800 800

0
p s ig p s ig p s ig

F ig u r e 2 - 6 F lo w is v o lu m e p e r U n it o f tim e ; v e lo c it y is d is t a n c e p e r u n it o f tim e

C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 3 . T h e S u c c e e d in g ly lo w e r f lu id
le v e ls in t h e s e p ip e s is a
m e a s u re o f p re s s u re a t th e
p o in ts d o w n s tre a m fr o m th e
s o u rc e

4 . P r e s s u r e is z e r o h e r e
b e c a u s e t h e flu id is
u n r e s t r ic te d a t th is
p o in t

1 . P r e s s u r e is m a x im u m
a t t h is p o in t d u e t o t h e
d e p th o f t h e flu id
2 . F r ic tio n in th e p ip e c a u s e s t h e p r e s s u r e
c o lu m n
t o d r o p f r o m m a x im u m to z e r o

F ig u r e 2 - 7 F r ic tio n in p ip e s r e s u lt s in a p r e s s u r e d r o p

C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
A.
1 . T h e liq u id is s u b je c t to a t m o s p h e r ic p r e s s u r e a t a ll
p o in t s s o t h e f lu id is t h e s a m e le v e l a t a ll p o i n ts

B.
2 . T h e liq u id is s t ill s u b je c t to a t m o s p h e r ic
p r e s s u r e a t a l l p o in t s , s o t h e f lu id is h ig h e r,
b u t s t ill t h e s a m e le v e l a t a ll p o in t s
1 . I f th e p r e s s u r e is
in c r e a s e d h e r e

F ig u r e 2 - 8 L iq u id s e e k s a le v e l o r le v e ls d e p e n d in g o n t h e p re s s u r e
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 3 . G r a d u a l c h a n g e s in
d ir e c t io n d o n o t
1 . L o w v e lo c it y f lo w in a s t r a ig h t p ip e is u p s e t th e f lo w
s tr e a m lin e d o r la m in a r. T h is is t h e p a t t e r n , t h is h e lp s
m o s t d e s ir a b le flo w c o n d it io n k e e p p re s s u re
d r o p s lo w

2 . G r a d u a l c h a n g e s in
c r o s s - s e c t io n d o
n o t u p s e t th e
la m in a r f lo w

F ig u r e 2 - 9 L a m in a r f lo w is in p a r a lle l p a t h s

C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 3 . A b ru p t c h a n g e s in
d ir e c t io n in c r e a s e
1 . F lo w in a s tr a ig h t p ip e is p re s s u re d ro p d u e to th e
s tr e a m lin e d f lu id f lo w b e c o m in g
t u r b u le n t . T h is is h ig h ly
u n d e s ir a b le d u e t o h e a t
a n d e n e r g y lo s s

2 . A b r u p t c h a n g e s in c r o s s - s e c t io n u p s e t th e la m in a r flo w a n d
c a u s e it t o b e c o m e tu r b u le n t . T h is in c r e a s e s th e p r e s s u r e
d r o p a n d c a u s e s h e a t in g o f th e f lu id

F ig u r e 2 - 1 0 T u r b u le n c e r e s u lt s in flo w r e s is t a n c e
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 200 300 400
100 500
50 600
2 00 300 4 00 7 00 200 300 400
0
1 00 500
600
p s ig 100 500
600
50 50
0 700 0 700
p s ig p s ig

1 . I n th e s m a ll s e c t io n o f p ip e v e lo c it y is
m a x im u m a n d p r e s s u r e is 3 0 0 p s i. W h e n
f lu id r e a c h e s t h e la r g e s e c tio n o f p ip e
v e lo c ity o f t h e flu id d e c r e a s e s a n d th e
p r e s s u r e g o e s u p . A s t h e flu id le a v e s t h e
la r g e r s e c t io n it s p e e d s u p a n d th e
p re s s u re d ro p s b a c k to 3 0 0 p s i

F ig u r e 2 - 1 1 T h e s u m o f p r e s s u r e a n d k in e t ic e n e r g y is c o n s t a n t w ith a c o n s t a n t f lo w r a t e

C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 1 . V o lu m e o f a ir is
d e t e r m in e d b y
t h e b u tt e r f ly v a lv e

2 . A t th e v e n tu r i th ro a t
t h e a ir s p e e d s u p a n d
th e p re s s u re d ro p s

3 . T h e p r e s s u r e is h ig h e r in t h e fu e l b o w l
t h a n in th e v e n t u r i t h r o a t , th is p r e s s u r e
d iff e r e n c e p u s h e s th e f u e l in to t h e
m o v in g a ir s tr e a m

F ig u r e 2 - 1 2 V e n t u r i e f f e c t i n a g a s o l i n e e n g i n e c a r b u r e t o r i s a n a p p l i c a t i o n o f B e r n o u l l i ’s p r i n c i p l e
C O P Y R IG H T C (1 9 9 9 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 1 .F r ic tio n r e d u c e s th e
h e a d a t s u c c e e d in g
p o in ts

2 .H o w e v e r w h e n t h e p ip e d ia m e te r is in c r e a s e d
th e v e lo c ity o f th e f lu id s lo w s , t h is r e d u c e s t h e
p re s s u re d ro p a llo w in g p r e s s u r e to r is e in t h e
la r g e r s e c t io n o f p ip e

F ig u r e 2 - 1 3 F r ic t io n a n d v e lo c ity e ff e c t p r e s s u r e
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
3 . T h e p r e s s u r e lin e is 4 . P ilo t l in e s o p e r a t e v a lv e s o r
a w o r k in g lin e , s o it o t h e r c o n tr o ls , th e y a r e lo n g
is a s o lid lin e d a s h e d lin e s . T h e y o p e r a t e w ith
lo w f lo w s o n ly

1 . T h e p u m p in le t 5 . S h o r t d a s h e d lin e s a r e 2 . R e t u r n lin e s
is a w o r k in g d r a in lin e s . T h e y d r a in a r e w o r k in g
lin e , s o it is a le a k a g e o il f r o m p u m p s , lin e s , s o th e y
s o lid lin e v a lv e s , a n d m o t o r s a r e s o lid lin e s

F ig u re 2 -1 4 T h r e e c la s s if ic a t io n s o f li n e s

C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
1 . T h e flu id e n e r g y tr ia n g le p o in t s o u t 3 . T h e t r ia n g le p o in t in g in s h o w s
s h o w in g t h e p u m p a s a s o u r c e o f f lo w t h e m o t o r r e c e iv in g e n e r g y

Pum p M o to r

2 . T w o f lu id e n e r g y t r ia n g le s s h o w t h e p u m p 4 . T w o tr ia n g le s s h o w th e m o t o r t o b e b i-
t o b e b i- d ir e c t io n a l, m e a n in g f lo w m a y d ir e c t io n a l, t h e m o to r is r e v e r s ib le
s w it c h b e tw e e n p o r ts

B i- d ir e c t io n a l B i- d ir e c t io n a l
Pum p M o to r

F ig u r e 2 - 1 5 A c ir c le w it h e n e r g y t r ia n g le s s y m b o liz e a p u m p o r m o t o r
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 P is to n r o d
P o r t c o n n e c t io n

P is to n

P o r t c o n n e c t io n P o r t c o n n e c t io n

S in g le - a c tin g D o u b le a c tin g
C y lin d e r C y lin d e r

F ig u r e 2 - 1 6 C y lin d e r s y m b o ls a r e s in g le a c tin g o r d o u b le a c t in g
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
A.

A d ju s t a b le

S p r in g
F lo w p a th

O ut
R e lie f V a lv e
B. P o r t c o n n e c t io n s a r e d r a w n in
t h e c e n te r e d o r n e u tr a l p o s it io n

A B

T h re e b o x e s m e a n s th e A r r o w s s h o w flo w p a t h s a n d
v a lv e h a s t h r e e p o s it io n s d ir e c t io n o f f lo w

P T

D ir e c tio n a l V a lv e
(b a n g b a n g ) ty p e
C.

H o r iz o n ta l b a r s s h o w a n a b ility
S p r in g s to c e n t e r t o b e i n fin it e ly p o s it io n a l
t h e v a lv e ( S e r v o , P r o p o r t io n a l V a lv e s )

D ir e c tio n a l V a lv e
P r o p o r t io n a l

F ig u r e 2 - 1 7 A n e n v e lo p e is th e b a s ic v a lv e s y m b o l
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N
 D ir e c t io n a l V a lv e

R e lie f V a lv e P A
Pum p M o to r

T B

R e s e r v o ir
R e s e r v o ir
R e s e r v o ir

T h e r e i s t y p ic a lly o n ly o n e r e s e r v o ir in a s y s t e m t h o u g h t h e s y m b o l is r e d r a w n f o r s i m p lic it y s a k e .

F ig u r e 2 -1 8 G r a p h ic a l d ia g r a m o f m o to r - r e v e r s in g c ir c u it
C O P Y R IG H T C (2 0 0 1 ) E A T O N C O R P O R A T IO N