ESTRATIGRAFA

Stratigraphy
The STUDY OF THE VERTICAL SEQUENCE OF THE LAYERED ROCKS AND THE
LATERAL VARIATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL BEDS ON A REGIONAL BASIS (Baars &
Stevenson, 1991).

AGIs Dictionary of Geological Terms in 1976 defines stratigraphy as that BRANCH OF

GEOLOGY THAT TREATS THE FORMATION, COMPOSITION, SEQUENCE AND
CORRELATION OF STRATIFIED ROCKS as part of the earths crust. Sequence
stratigraphy is used to interpret the origin of these stata.
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Stratigraphy
The study of the history, composition, relative ages and distribution of
strata, and the interpretation of strata to elucidate Earth history. The
comparison, or correlation, of separated strata can include study of
their lithology, fossil content, and relative or absolute age, or
lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and chronostratigraphy.

Geologic time scale

A CHRONOLOGICAL CHART OF THE STAGES AND AGES OF
EVENTS in the history of the Earth, from its initial formation to present,
that has been constructed on the basis of the rock record. As is the typical
natural position of rocks, the oldest event is at the bottom of the chart and
the youngest is at the top. Both absolute and relative ages of rocks and
fossils supplement interpretations from rocks. The vastness of geologic
time and the slowness of geological processes are difficult to capture in a
simple chart

UNIDAD ESTRATIGRFICA
Es el VOLUMEN QUE OCUPAN LOS SEDIMENTOS DE IGUAL LITOLOGA. En una
unidad estratigrfica estn presente materiales de diferentes medios sedimentarios
y de facies diversas.
FACIES
El concepto de facies, fue introducido en 1838 por Gressly para definir a la SUMA
TOTAL DE LOS ASPECTOS LITOLGICOS Y PALEONTOLGICOS DE UNA UNIDAD
ESTRATIGRFICA.

FACIES DESCRIPTIVAS
se refieren al aspecto externo del estrato o conjunto de estratos. Esta definicin debe
hacerse a partir de los rasgos observables en las mismas (litologa, textura, color,
estructuras sedimentarias, geometra, fsiles)
LITOFACIES
Se usa para definir los aspectos litolgicos de un conjunto de estratos y
correlativamente para las condiciones fsico-qumicas que estuvieron presentes
durante su depsito. Por ejemplo litofacies de calizas oolticas, areniscas
glauconticas, etc
criterios del establecimiento de litofacies:
Contenido en un componente.
Espesor de un componente litolgico.
Relacin entre dos, tres, o cuatro componentes.

Factores genticos que condicionan el cambio de litofacies:

-Subsidencia de la cuenca y su relacin con la velocidad de sedimentacin.
-Factores climticos, que controlan la cantidad y calidad de los aportes a una cuenca.
-Factores ambientales, en los que se incluyen los que regulan la distribucin de los
aportes, dentro de una cuenca.
BIOFACIES.
La biofacie, es el complementario y se refiere a los aspectos paleontolgicos y a las
condiciones biolgicas presentes durante su depsito. Ejemplo: facies de gasterpodos,
facies de carfitas, etc.
FACIES SSMICAS
El trmino facies ssmicas, se utiliza para denominar al conjunto de propiedades
observables en un perfil ssmico para un estrato o conjunto de estratos. Las
propiedades son: configuracin, amplitud, frecuencia, continuidad, velocidad de
intervalo, etc. y permite diferenciar tipos de materiales y geometra de las superficies de
estratificacin.
El volumen ocupado de los materiales de una misma facie ssmica es denominado
unidad litossmica.

CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY

The study of the ages of strata. The comparison, or correlation, of

separated strata can include study of their relative or absolute ages
ABSOLUTE AGE

The measurement of AGE IN YEARS. The determination of the absolute

age of rocks, minerals and fossils, in years before the present, is the basis
for the field of geochronology. The measurement of the decay of radioactive
isotopes, especially uranium, strontium, rubidium, argon and carbon, has
allowed geologists to more precisely determine the age of rock formations.
Tree rings and seasonal sedimentary deposits called VARVES can be
counted to determine absolute age. Although the term implies otherwise,
"absolute" ages typically have some amount of potential error and are
inexact. Relative age, in contrast, is the determination of whether a given
material is younger or older than other surrounding material on the basis of
stratigraphic and structural relationships, such as superposition, or by
interpretation of fossil content.
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Formation
The fundamental unit of lithostratigraphy. A body of rock that is
sufficiently distinctive and continuous that it can be mapped. In
stratigraphy, a formation is a body of strata of predominantly one type
or combination of types; multiple formations form groups, and
subdivisions of formations are members
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY

The study and correlation of strata to elucidate Earth history on the basis of
their lithology, or the nature of the well log response, mineral content, grain
size, texture and color of rocks
BIOSTRATIGRAPHY

The application of plant and animal fossils to date and correlate strata in
order to elucidate Earth history, combining the principles of paleontology and
stratigraphy. In the petroleum industry, biostratigraphy often denotes the use
of terrestrial (pollen and spores) and marine (diatoms, foraminifera,
nannofossils) microfossils to determine the absolute or relative age and
depositional environment of a particular formation, source rock or reservoir
of interest
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GEOCHRONOLOGY
The study of the relative or absolute age of rocks, minerals and fossils. Absolute age
is the measurement of age in years, but "absolute" ages typically have some amount
of error and are inexact. Relative age, in contrast, is the approximate age of rocks,
fossils or minerals made by determining the age of the material relative to other
surrounding material.
ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY
A surface that separates younger strata from eroded, dipping, older strata and
represents a gap in the geologic record

Angular conformity: younger sediments rest

upon the eroded surface of tilted or folded older
rocks.
Disconformity: contact between younger and
older beds is marked by a visible, irregular or
uneven erosional surface.

Paraconformity: beds above and below the

unconformity are parallel and no erosional
surface is evident; but can be recognized based
on the gap in the rock record.
Nonconformity: develops between
sedimentary rock and older igneous or
metamorphic rock that has been exposed to
erosion.
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ESTRATIGRAFA
TECTNICA DE PLACAS
REGIONAL
CAMPO
YACIMIENTO
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TECTONICA
DE
PLACAS

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ESTRATIGRAFA
A
NIVEL DE REGIONAL

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ESTRATIGRAFA A NIVEL DE REGIONAL

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Schlumberger
H -RT
Bermudez
Complex
Integrated Study

Western Atlas
Cunduacan
Oxiacaque
Study

Stratigraphic
Layer

JST1

Schlumberger
H -RT
Bermudez
Complex
Integrated Study

Stratigraphic
Layer

jscal1

jst1

jscal2

jst3

Upper Jurassic

jst4b

jst5b
jst6a
jst6b

jst7a

JST

jst7b

jst8

JST4

jst9
jst10

Middle Jurassic

jst4a
jst5a

JST3

Stratigraphic
Layer

Stratigraphic
Layer

jst2

JST2

Western Atlas
Cunduacan
Oxiacaque
Study

JSCAL

jscal3

JsCall

jst11

JST5

jst12
jsk1a
jsk1b

jscal4

jsk2
JSK

JsKmm
jsk3
jsk4
jsk5
jsk6a
jsk6b
jsox1

JsOxf

jsox2

JSOX

Jurassic stratigraphic zonation

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Upper Cretaceous
Middle Cretaceous

Schlumberger
H-RT
Bermudez
Complex
Integrated Study
Stratigraphic
Layer

KS 0

Samaria

KS 1.5

KSdwf3

KS3

ks2c

ks2

ks2d

KS

KSst2

KS

ks2e

KS2

KS 3

KSdwf2

ks3

KSpt1

KS1

KSst1

KS 5

ks4a
ks4b

KSdwf1

ks4
km1

KM

KM

km2
km3
km4
km5

KIcd

Lower Cretaceous

ks1

ks2a
ks2b

KS 1

KS2.5

Stratigraphic
Layer
ks1a
ks1b

KS4

KSdwf4

Western Atlas
Cunduacan
Oxiacaque
Study

Study

Stratigraphic
Layer

KSdf4

KSpt3

KS 2

Intera
-Iride

KI1

KM

km6

KImd

KI2

km7

KI2.5

km8
km9

KI

KI3

ki1

KI

KIls

KI4

ki2

KI5

Cretaceous stratigraphic zonation

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Log character observed in stratigraphic

18 zones

A
Laminated marl

Talus debris

Laminated marl

B
Talus
debris
Laminated
marl

Talus
debris
Laminated
marl

Jurassic Tithonian talus breccia lithofacies. A) Talus debris flow bed about 1.5 m thick encased in
laminated marl. B) FMI showing stacked cycles of laminated marl interbedded with talus debris
packstones. C) Depositional model for debris flow beds encased in basinal limestone facies (Cook
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A
Talus debris
flow
Packstone
breccia

Cunduacan-41; 4301 m

Cunduacan-14; 4850-4856 m

Cunduacan-41; 4205 m

Lower Cretaceous talus breccia lithofacies. A) Talus debris flow breccia composed of lithoclast
packstone. B) Talus breccia of lithoclast grainstone. Clast supported breccia of dolomitized
mudstone clasts cemented with crystalline dolomite. C) Talus breccia of lithoclast packstone.
Mudstone lithoclasts in a laminated marl matrix. D) Talus breccia of lithoclast wackestone.
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Mudstone clasts are suspended in a micrite matrix.

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Grid of stratigraphic and structural cross sections included in study to

document the structural and stratigraphic framework.
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Seccin Litoestratigrfica con base en registros de pozo

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Seccin Litoestratigrfica A-A

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CONTROLES SOBRE EL DESARROLLO DE LA SECUENCIA

Eustacia
Subsidencia-/Levantamiento
Acomodo
Nivel del Mar relativo
Frecuencia de los Cambios en el nivel del mar
Suministro de sedimento
Nivel Base
Particionamiento Volumtrico
Diferenciacin de Facies
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Retrogradation
The movement of coastline land-ward in response to a transgression. This can occur during a sealevel rise with low sediment flux. Retrogradational stacking patterns of parasequences refer to
patterns in which facies become progressively more distal when traced upward vertically
El movimiento de la lnea de la costa hacia tierra adentro en respuesta a una transgresin. Esto
puede ocurrir durante una subida del nivel del mar con flujo bajo del sedimento. Retrogradational
que apila patrones de parasequences refiere a los patrones en los cuales las facies llegan a ser
progresivamente ms distal cuando estn remontadas hacia arriba verticalmente

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level produced by subsidence and/or eustatic sea-level rise, and the rate of sediment influx is
sufficient to maintain the depositional surface at or near sea level (i.e. carbonate keep-up in a HST
[highstand Systems Tract] or clastic HST). Occurs when sediment flux = rate of sea-level rise.
Produces Aggradational stacking patterns in parasequences when the patterns of facies at the top
of each parasequence are essentially the same
Acumulacin vertical de una secuencia sedimentaria. Ocurre generalmente cuando
hay una subida relativa del nivel del mar producido por el hundimiento y/o subida
eustatic del nivel del mar, y el ndice de la afluencia del sedimento es suficiente
mantener la superficie deposicional en o cerca del nivel del mar (es decir el carbonato
guarda -para arriba en un HST [ zona de los sistemas del highstand ] o HST clstico).
Ocurre cuando flujo del sedimento = ndice de la subida del nivel del mar. Produce
Aggradational que apila patrones en parasequences cuando los patrones de facies en
la tapa de cada parasequence son esencialmente iguales

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Lateral outbuilding, or progradation, of strata in a sea-ward direction. Progradation can occur as a result of a sealevel rise accompanied by a high sediment flux (causing a regression). This latter usually occurs during the late
stages of the development of a Highstand Systems Tract and/or an Falling Stage Systems Tract.
A Progradational stacking pattern of parasequences refers to the pattern in which facies at the top of each
parasequence becomes progressively more proximal
Dependencia lateral, o progradation, de estratos en una direccin de la mar-sala. Progradation
puede ocurrir como resultado de una subida del nivel del mar acompaada por un alto flujo del
sedimento (que causa una regresin). Este ltimo ocurre generalmente durante las ltimas etapas
del desarrollo de una zona de los sistemas de Highstand y/o de una zona de los sistemas de la
etapa que cae. Un Progradational que apila el patrn de parasequences refiere al patrn en el cual
la facies en la tapa de cada parasequence llega a ser progresivamente ms prxima

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EJERCICIOS

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