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11 Teorema de Taylor
11 Teorema de Taylor
[∑ ]
n
∂f
f ( ⃗x 0+ ⃗h ) =f ( ⃗x 0 ) + hi ( ⃗x ) + R1 ( ⃗x 0 , ⃗h )
i =1 ∂ xi 0
Nota 1
h n
( h−t ) n+1
Rn ( ⃗x 0 , ⃗h ) =∫ f (t ) dt
x0 n!
Nota 2
R 1 ( ⃗x 0 , ⃗h )
→ 0 si ⃗h →0
‖h⃗‖
[ ] [ ]
n n 2
f ( ⃗x 0+ ⃗h ) =f ( ⃗x 0 ) + ∑ hi ∂∂ xf ( ⃗x 0 ) + 12 ∑ ( hi ) ( h j ) ∂ x∂ ∂f x ( ⃗x 0 ) + R2 ( ⃗x 0 , ⃗h )
i =1 i i , j=nada, 1 i j
Nota 1
R 1 ( ⃗x 0 , ⃗h )
2
→ 0 si ⃗h →0
‖h⃗‖
Nota 2
Nota 3
2
∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
∑ ( hi ) ( h j ) ( ) ( i )( 1 ) ∂ x ∂ x ( 0 ) ( i) ( 2 ) ∂ x ∂ x ( ⃗x 0 )
⃗
x
∂ xi ∂ x j 0
= h h ⃗
x + h h
i , j=nada, 1 i 1 i 2
Se resuelve así:
2 2
2 ∂ f 2 ∂ f
( h i) 2 ( 0)
⃗x + …+ ( hi ) 2 ( 0)
⃗x
∂ xi ∂ xi
2 2
2 ∂ f 2 ∂ f
( h 1) 2 ( 0)
⃗x + …+ ( h2 ) 2 ( 0)
⃗x
∂ x1 ∂ x2
2 2 2 2
2 ∂ f ∂ f ∂ f 2 ∂ f
( h 1) 2 ( 0) ( i) ( 1)
⃗x + h h ( ⃗x 0 ) + ( hi )( h2 ) ( ⃗x 0 ) + ( h2 ) 2 ( 0)
⃗x
∂ x1 ∂ x i ∂ x 1 ∂ x i ∂ x 2 ∂ x2
2 2 2 2
2 ∂ f ∂ f ∂ f 2 ∂ f
( h 1) 2 ( 0 ) ( 2 )( 1 )
⃗x + h h ( ⃗x 0 ) + ( h1 )( h2 ) ( ⃗x 0 ) + ( h 2 ) 2 ( 0)
⃗x
∂ x1 ∂ x2 ∂ x1 ∂ x1 ∂ x2 ∂ x2
2 2 2 2
2 ∂ f ∂ f ∂ f 2 ∂ f
( h 1) 2 ( 0) ( 2) ( 1)
⃗x + h h ( ⃗x 0 ) + ( h 1) ( h2 ) ( ⃗x 0 )+ ( h2 ) 2 ( ⃗x 0 )
∂x ∂ y ∂ x ∂ x ∂ y ∂y
Ejemplo 1: Segundo orden
[ ] [ ]
2 2 2
f ( ⃗x 0+ ⃗h ) =f ( 0 , 0 ) + ∑ hi ∂∂ xf ( 0 , 0 ) + 12 ∑ ( hi ) ( h j ) ∂ x∂ ∂f x ( 0 , 0 ) + R2 ( ⃗x 0 , ⃗h )
i=1 i i , j=nada, 1 i j
[ ] [ ]
n
∂f ∂f 1 ∂2 f
¿ 1+ h 1
∂ x1
( 0 ,0 )+ h2
∂ x2
( 0 , 0) +
2
∑ ( hi ) ( h j ) ∂ x ∂ x ( ⃗x 0 ) + R2 ( ⃗x 0 , ⃗h )
i , j=nada, 1 i j
[ ] [ ]
n
∂f ∂f 1 ∂2 f
¿ 1+ h 1
∂x
( 0 , 0 ) +h2
∂y
( 0 ,0 ) +
2
∑ ( hi ) ( h j ) ( ⃗x ) + R2 ( ⃗x 0 , h⃗ )
∂ xi ∂ x j 0
i , j=nada,1
[ ]
n 2
1
¿ 1+ [ 2 h1 +3 h2 ] +
2
∑ ( hi ) ( h j ) ∂ x∂ ∂f x ( ⃗x 0 ) +0
i , j=nada,1 i j
n 2
∑ ( hi ) ( h j ) ∂ x∂ ∂f x ( ⃗x 0 ) :
i , j=nada, 1 i j
2 2 2 2
2 ∂ f ( ∂ f ( ∂ f ( 2 ∂ f
( h 1) 2
0 ,0 )+ ( h2 ) ( h1 ) 0 , 0 ) + ( h1 )( h2 ) 0 , 0 ) + ( h2 ) 2
( 0 ,0 )
∂x ∂y∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
2 2
4 ( h1 ) +12 ( h2 ) ( h1 ) + 9 ( h2 )
Entonces:
1
f ( ⃗h )=1+ [2 h1 +3 h2 ] + [ 4 ( h 1) +12 ( h2 ) ( h 1) + 9 ( h2 ) ] + R2 ( 0 , 0 , ⃗h )
2 2
2