3

MÖxK ivóª`k©b : Gwi÷Uj Ges ZrcieZx© ivóª`k©b

f‚wgKv: Gwi÷Uj‡K ev` w`‡q cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi ivóªwPšÍv Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| Zvu‡K ivRbxwZ
weÁv‡bi RbK ejv nq| KviY GKwU c„_K I ¯^Zš¿ welq wn‡m‡e ivRbxwZ weÁv‡bi
wfZ wZwbB cÖ_g ˆZix K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb MÖxK `vk©wbK †cø‡Uvi QvÎ Ges wØwM¦Rqx exi
Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii M„n wk¶K| wZwb eûgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| bxwZkv¯¿,
Awawe`¨v, ivRbxwZ, c`v_©we`¨v, wPwKrmvwe`¨vmn Áv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq wZwb wePiY
K‡i‡Qb| ivRbxwZ welqK cy¯Í‡Ki g‡a¨ Zvui iwPZ Ôw` cwjwUKm&BÕ cÖavb| G QvovI
Zvui Ôw` Gw_Km&Õ, Ôw` jwRKÕ BZ¨vw` cy¯ÍKI D‡jøL †hvM¨| Z‡e Ôw` cwjwUKm&Õ MÖ‡š’B
Zvui ivóªwPšÍvi g~j welq¸‡jv wee„Z n‡q‡Q| wLªóc~e© 384 A‡ã ó¨vwMiv bvgK ¯’v‡b Zvui
Rb¥ Ges Pvjwmm bvgK kn‡i 322 wLªó c~e©v‡ã Zvui g„Zz¨ nq| ÔjvBwmqy¨g' bv‡g GKwU
wk¶v cÖwZôvb wZwb G‡_‡Ý cÖwZwôZ K‡iwQ‡jb| Gwi÷U‡ji mgq MÖx‡mi ivR‰bwZK
AsMb wQj Aw¯’i| †cø‡Uvi GKv‡Wwg‡Z Aa¨q‡bi mgq I Zvi c‡i wZwb MÖx‡mi
ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK ev¯ÍeZvi m¤§yLxb nb| µg:¶wqòz GB cwiw¯’wZ Zuv‡K e¨w_Z
K‡iwQj| Amnbxq GB cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K cwiÎvY cvIqvi Rb¨ wZwb AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib|
ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZvi mv‡_ HK¨ I msnwZ weavb wbwðZ KivB wQj Zvui wPšÍvi g~j
j¶¨| mgKvjxb NUbvi Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q wZwb weÁvbwfwËK M‡elYvi gva¨‡g ivRbxwZ
Aa¨q‡b g‡bvwb‡ek K‡iwQ‡jb| †cø‡Uvi gZ †Kvb Av`wk©K `„wó‡Z bq eis ev¯ÍeZvi
wbwi‡L wZwb ivRbxwZ Aa¨qb K‡iwQ‡jb| cieZ©x cvV¸‡jvi g‡a¨ w`‡q Avgiv Gwi÷Uj
cwjweqvm I wd‡cvKvi ivóªwPšÍvi wewfbœ w`‡Ki mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡Z cvwi|

GB BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q t

 cvV-1 : Gwi÷Uj;
 cvV-2 : Gwi÷Uj KZ©„K miKv‡ii †kÖYx wefvM;
 cvV-3 : Gwi÷U‡ji `vmZË¡;
 cvV-4: Gwi÷U‡ji wecøe ZË¡;
 cvV-5: ivóªweÁv‡b Gwi÷U‡ji Ae`vb;
 cvV-6: GwcwKDweqvbev` I †÷vwqK `k©b;
 cvV-7: †ivgvb ivóªwPšÍv: cwjweqvm I wm‡m‡iv|
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV-1

Gwi÷Uj
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 Gwi÷U‡ji ivóªwPšÍvi wewfbœ w`‡Ki eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
  Gwi÷U‡ji ivóªwPšÍv i mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡Z cvi‡eb;
  ivóª m¤ú‡K© Gwi÷U‡ji a¨vb aviYvi eY©bv w`‡Z m¶g n‡eb|

ivóªweÁv‡bi QvÎQvÎx‡`i ivóªweÁv‡bi RbK Gwi÷U‡ji ivóªwPšÍvi ms‡M cwiwPZ nIqv

evÃbxq| eûgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix Gwi÷U‡ji ivóª wPšÍv g~jZ Zuvi Ôw` cwjwUKm&Õ
cy¯Í‡Ki gva¨‡gB cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| AvUwU cy¯ÍK mg¤^‡q iwPZ GB MÖ‡š’i web¨v‡mi g‡a¨
h‡_ó wew”QbœZv j¶¨ Kiv hvq| ZvB †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib †h, GwU mgMÖ †Kvb MÖ‡š’i
GKwU f‚wgKv we‡kl| †cø‡Uvi b¨vq Gwi÷U‡ji ivóªwPšÍv cÖavbZ bMi ivóª †Kw›`ªK|
Gwi÷U‡ji ivóªwPšÍvi mv‡_ cwiwPZ nIqvi Av‡M ivóªbxwZ Aa¨q‡b Zvui Abym„Z c×wZ
Rvbv `iKvi| weÁvbm¤§Z Dcv‡q we‡kølYc~e©K ev¯Íe AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K mg¯Í wKQy
hvPvB Ges cix¶v-wbix¶vi gva¨‡g wm×všÍ MÖnYB n‡jv Zvui c×wZi g~j K_v| G ai‡bi
c×wZ‡K Av‡ivnx c×wZ (inductive method) ejv nq|
wb‡¤œ Gwi÷U‡ji ivóªwPšÍvi g~j welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
†cø‡Uvi b¨vq Gwi÷Uj bxwZkv¯¿ I ivóªbxwZi ga¨Kvi Nwbô m¤ú‡K©i Dci we‡kl †Rvi Gwi÷Uj wek¦vm
w`‡qwQ‡jb| Gi gva¨‡g Zvui ivóªwPšÍvi GKwU we‡kl w`K ¯úó n‡q D‡V‡Q| Z‡e Ki‡Zb, GKgvÎ
ivóªbxwZ‡K wZwb ¯^Zš¿ I ¯^vaxb mËvq cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z ÔivóªB n‡”Q iv‡óªi gva¨‡gB
gvby‡li m‡e©v”P ms¯’vÑivóªweÁvb GB ms¯’v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K, ZvB ivóªweÁvbB gvbyl m‡e©vrK…ó
n‡jv me©‡kªô weÁvb|Õ Z‡e Aa¨vcK m¨vevB‡bi AwfgZ Abyhvqx ejv hvq †h, bxwZkv¯¿ ˆbwZK Rxeb
hvcb Ki‡Z m¶g
Ges ivóªbxwZi m¤ú‡K©i cÖ‡kœ Gwi÷Uj †cø‡Uvi Abym„Z aviv †_‡K gy³ n‡Z cv‡ib wb|
G Kvi‡Y Df‡qi ivóªwPšÍvq bxwZkv¯¿ GK D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| Gwi÷Uj
wek¦vm Ki‡Zb, GKgvÎ iv‡óªi gva¨‡gB gvbyl m‡e©vrK…ó ˆbwZK Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z
m¶g|
iv‡óªi DrcwË I cÖK…wZ
c~e©myix‡`i gZ Gwi÷UjI g‡b Ki‡Zb e¨w³i e¨w³‡Z¡i m‡e©vrK…ó weKvk iv‡óªi ivóª weeZ©‡bi
gva¨‡gB N‡U _v‡K| Gwi÷Uj AviI g‡b Ki‡Zb gvby‡li cÖK…wZi weeZ©‡bi g‡a¨ iv‡óªi dj| gvbyl
DrcwË wbwnZ| A_©vr cÖvK…wZK ev ¯^vfvweK Dcv‡q iv‡óªi m„wó n‡q‡Q| wZwb wek¦vm cÖK…wZMZfv‡e
ivR‰bwZK Rxe
Ki‡Zb gvby‡li ¯^fveMZ cÖe„wË nj iv‡óª emevm Kiv| KviY Ôgvbyl cÖK…wZMZfv‡e
ivR‰bwZK Rxe|Õ cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë GB cÖeYZvB gvbyl‡K ivóª bvgK msMVb M‡o Zzj‡Z
D×z× K‡i‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ Rx‡ei gZ gvbyl ïay †eu‡P †_‡KB mšÍzó bq,gvbyl hyw³ I eyw×
cÖ‡qvM K‡i DËg fv‡e †eu‡P _vK‡Z Pvq| G cÖeYZvi Rb¨B gvbyl msMVb ˆZix K‡i
_v‡K| Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z,Ôivóª e¨w³ I ms‡Ni c~e©eZx©|Õ wZwb ej‡Z Pvb ivóª e¨ZxZ
e¨w³i Aw¯ÍZ¡ wPšÍv Kiv hvq bv| e¨w³i c‡¶ iv‡óªi evB‡i _vKv m¤¢e bq| e¨w³ ev
Ab¨vb¨ msN iv‡óªi g‡a¨ _v‡K| ivóª GKwU c~Y©v½ mËv| gvbe‡`‡ni †hgb wewfbœ A½
cÖZ¨½ _v‡K Ges Zv‡`i mg¤^‡q c~Y©v½ †`n MwVZ nq, †Zgwb iv‡óªi g‡a¨ _v‡K e¨w³,

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-31
 Gm Gm GBP Gj

msN BZ¨vw`| GKwUi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z †hgb †`n c~b©v½Zv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, wVK †Zgwb
e¨w³ ev msN e¨ZxZ ivóª c~Y© n‡Z cv‡i bv| Avevi †`n †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡j †hgb †Kvb
we‡kl A½ A_©nxb n‡q hvq, †Zgwb ivóª †_‡K e¨w³ ev msN wew”Qbœ n‡j Zvi Avi Aw¯ÍZ¡
_v‡K bv| ivóª m¤ú‡K© Gwi÷U‡ji ˆRe aviYv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q Gwi÷Uj e‡j‡Qb †h, gvby‡li msNe× Rxe‡bi ïiæ
n‡qwQj cwievi MV‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡q| wZwb AviI e‡jb' Ôcwievi MV‡bi †cQ‡b †Kvb
ewn:kw³ KvR K‡i wb|Õ KviY cyiæl I bvixi GKÎ emevm Kivi cÖeYZv cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë|
wKšÍz cwievi gvby‡li Rxe‡bi e¨vcK I eûgyLx mgm¨vi g‡a¨ mxwgZ wKQy †gUv‡Z cv‡i
gvÎ| ZvB AviI cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi j‡¶¨ gvbyl ¯^vfvweKfv‡e wKQy cwievi wb‡q MÖvg ev
mwgwZ MVb Ki‡jv| cieZ©x‡Z gvbyl †`L‡jv Zvi †P‡qI DbœZ msN cÖ‡qvRb, KviY
gvbyl c~Y©Zv Pvq| Avi P~ovšÍ c~Y©Zvi j‡¶¨ Lye ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB G‡jv ivóª| wZwb wek¦vm
Ki‡Zb †Kej ivóªB gvbyl‡K c~Y©Zv w`‡Z m¶g| Zvui g‡Z ivóª GKwU Ò¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Ó GKK
we‡kl|
gvbyl hw` ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© n‡Zv Zvn‡j cwievi, MÖvg, msN ev ivóª †Kvb msMV‡biB cÖ‡qvRb
n‡Zv bv| gvbe cÖK…wZi GB A-¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv, Dˇgi cÖwZ cÖwZwbqZ AvKvsLv, BZ¨vw`B
n‡jv iv‡óªi m„wói g~j KviY| Gwi÷Uj mgmvgwqK wecixZ wPšÍvwe` Z_v mwdó
m¤úª`v‡qi iv‡óªi DrcwË ZË¡ -Ôivóª GKwU K…wÎg cÖwZôvbÕ‡K Amvi cÖgvY Ki‡Z wM‡q
iv‡óªi DrcwË wel‡q GKwU ev¯Íem¤§Z Ges hyw³c~Y© Z‡Ë¡i AeZvibv K‡i‡Qb|

mgv‡jvPbv
cÖK…Zc‡¶ eûag©x iv‡óªi DrcwË I Zvi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q Gwi÷Uj KZK¸‡jv c~e©vbygv‡bi Avkªq
Dcv`v‡bi wgj‡bi wb‡q‡Qb| †hgb, cÖ_gZ: ivóª ¯^vfvweK I cÖvK…wZK Dcv‡q m„wó n‡q‡Q| A_©vr cwievi,
d‡jB iv‡óªi mwgwZi DrcwË ¯^vfvweK| Ges G‡`i †_‡KB D™¢yZ n‡q‡Q ivóª| wØZxq c~e©vbygvb n‡jv
Avwe©fve n‡q‡Q| ivóª GKwU Ô¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Õ cÖwZôvb| wKšÍz mgv‡jvP‡Kiv Zvui G `y'wU aviYvi mv‡_ m¤ú~Y©
GKgZ n‡Z cv‡ib wb| Zviv ej‡Z Pvb iv‡óªi DrcwË ¯^vfvweK n‡jI †mB cÖwµqvi
wewfbœ ch©v‡q m¤§wZ, ag©, i‡³i m¤úK© GgbwK ej cÖ‡qvM BZ¨vw`iI Ae`vb Av‡Q|
BwZnvm Zvi mv¶¨ †`q| cÖK…Zc‡¶ eûag©x Dcv`v‡bi wgj‡bi d‡jB iv‡óªi Avwe©fve
n‡q‡Q|
cwievi †_‡K iv‡óªi hvÎv ïiæ n‡q‡Q e‡j Gwi÷Uj aviYv K‡i‡Qb| b„ZvwË¡K `„wó‡Z
nq‡Zv Zvi G e¨vL¨v h‡_ó bq| cwievi MV‡bi ch©v‡q DcbxZ nIqvi c~‡e©I nq‡Zv
gvbyl †Kvb bv †Kvb fv‡e Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Zv| GB cÖv‰MwZnvwmK ch©v‡qi mv‡_
mg¤^qnxbZv Zvui ivóªZË¡‡K cÖkœ‡evaK K‡i Zz‡j‡Q|
Zvui ˆReZË¡ Zxeªfv‡e mgv‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| iv‡óªi g‡a¨ e¨w³ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wejxb- Giƒc
aviYv mZ¨ bq| ˆRe Z‡Ë¡i Dci AZ¨vwaK ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q wZwb ivóª, e¨w³ I mgv‡Ri
g‡a¨Kvi cv_©K¨ fz‡j wM‡q‡Qb| d‡j Zuvi Z‡Ë¡ MYZš¿ I e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨Zvi Afve
cwijw¶Z nq| Z‡e Zvui GB Z‡Ë¡i ga¨ w`‡q gvby‡li †Mvôxe× Rxe‡bi ¯’vqx wPÎ
cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q Ges ivóª m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ aviYvi hyw³c~Y© cÖKvk N‡U‡Q| ivóªwPšÍvi
BwZnv‡m GwU GKwU ‡gŠwjK ms‡hvRb| cieZ©x cvVmg~‡ni †fZi w`‡q Zvui ivóªwPšÍvi
Ab¨vb¨ w`K m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv c„„ôv-32

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mviK_v
Gwi÷Uj‡K ivóªweÁv‡bi RbK ejv nq| Ôw` cwjwUK&mÕ MÖ‡š’ Zvui ivóªwPšÍvi g~j
e³e¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| Gwi÷Uj ivóª‡K GKwU ¯^vfvweK I cÖvK…wZK cÖwZôvb e‡j
eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| gvby‡li hyw³ev`x wPšÍv‡PZbvi wbwi‡L cwic~Y© Rxeb e¨e¯’vi
cÖ‡qvR‡b ivóª Lye ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB cwievi mgvR BZ¨vw`i †fZi w`‡q DrcwË jvf
K‡i‡Q| ivóª‡K wZwb GKwU ˆRweK mËvi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| gvbyl‡K
cÖK…wZMZfv‡e ivR‰bwZK Rxe †f‡e‡Qb Ges AviI e‡j‡Qb †h, iv‡óªi evB‡i
gvby‡li Rxeb hvcb m¤¢e bq|

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-33
Gm Gm GBP Gj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| Gwi÷U‡ji Rb¥¯’vb †Kv_vq?
(K) G‡_Ý; (L) ¯úvU©v;
(M) †gwm‡Wvwbqv; (N) óvwMiv|
2| w` cwjwUKm cy¯‡Í Ki †jLK †K?
(K) ‡cø‡Uv; (L) Gwi÷Uj;
(M) m‡µwUm; (N) mwdó m¤úª`vq|
3| Ôivóª GKwU K…wËg msMVb' GwU Kvi Dw³?
(K) †cø‡Uvi; (L) Gwi÷U‡ji;
(M) mwdó m¤úª`v‡qi; (N) m‡µwU‡mi|
4| ivóª GKwU cÖvK…wZK I ¯^vfvweK msMVb-KviY :-
(K) ivóª weavZvi m„wó; (L) ivóª GKwU Pyw³i dj;
(M) gvbyl ¯^vfvweK I cÖvK…wZKfv‡e ivR‰bwZK Rxe:
(N) ivóª ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi Øviv m„ó|

mwVK DËi 1| N 2| L 3| M 4|M

2| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1| Gwi÷Uj wK fv‡e mgmvgwqK MÖxK ivRbxwZi Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡qwQ‡jb?
2| Av‡ivnx c×wZ wK?
3| iv‡ói ˆRe aviYv wK?
4| wK fv‡e cwievi I mgevq †_‡K iv‡óªi DrcwË nq Ges †Kb?
L) iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1| mgv‡jvPbvmn iv‡óªi DrcwË I cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Gwi÷U‡ji ZË¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| Ôivóª e¨w³ I ms‡Ni c~e©eZ©xÕ-Gwi÷U‡ji G e³‡e¨i e¨vL¨v wK? Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv c„„ôv-34

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV-2

Gwi÷Uj KZ©„K miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
  Gwi÷Uj KZ©„K miKv‡ii †kªYx wefv‡Mi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Gwi÷Uj KZ…©K miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM Rvbvi gva¨‡g Zzjbvg~jK ivRbxwZi wfwË
m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡Z cvi‡eb|

miKv‡ii †kªYx wefvM ivRbxwZ Aa¨q‡bi we‡klZ: Zzjbvg~jK ivRbxwZ Aa¨q‡bi †¶‡Î
we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K| Gwi÷Uj ZrKvjxb mg‡qi cÖvq 158wU †`‡ki msweavb msMÖn
K‡i †m¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbv K‡iwQ‡jb Ges GKwU DËg msweavb ev miKvi e¨e¯’vi Bw½Z
w`‡qwQ‡jb| Ôw` cwjwUK&mÕ MÖ‡š’i PZz_© Aa¨v‡q Gwi÷Uj wewfbœ ai‡bi msweavb, miKvi
Ges Zv‡`i †kªYxwefvRb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|
Gwi÷Uj KZ©„K cÖ`Ë miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q cÖ_‡gB GKwU
welq m¤ú‡K© cwi¯‹vi nIqv `iKvi, Zv n‡jv AvaywbK Kv‡j Avgiv miKvi, ivóª,
msweavb cÖf…wZ cÖZ¨q¸‡jv‡K ¯^Zš¿ g‡b Kwi Ges c„_K c„_Kfv‡e we‡kølY K‡i _vwK|
wKšÍz Gwi÷Uj G¸‡jv‡K Awfbœ g‡b Ki‡Zb bv| wZwb G cÖZ¨q¸‡jv Avjv`vfv‡e wePvi GwióU‡ji wbKU
we‡kølY K‡ib wb| Gi KviY m¤¢eZ: ZrKvjxb MÖx‡mi ivR‰bwZK ev¯ÍeZvi g‡a¨ wbwnZ| ivóª, msweavb I
miKvi me wQj
Zvui mgmvgwqK MÖx‡mi bMi iv󪸇jv‡Z awbKZš¿ (Oligarchy) Ges MYZvwš¿K‡`i
Awfbœ|
(Democracy) g‡a¨ ¶gZvi cÖwZwbqZ A`j e`j n‡Zv| Avi cÖvqkB Zv n‡Zv Pig
ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZvi †fZi w`‡q| Dc‡iv³ †kªYx `y'wUi †h †Kvb GKwU ¶gZvP~¨Z n‡j
ïay miKvi bq, iv‡óªi PwiÎ ev cÖK…wZB e`‡j †h‡Zv| ZvB Gwi÷U‡ji GK_v fveevi
h‡_ó KviY wQj †h, msweavb, ivóª I miKvi Awfbœ Ges G‡`i †h †Kvb GKwUi cwieZ©b
NU‡j iv‡óªi cÖK…wZi cwieZ©b N‡U| Gwi÷Uj msweav‡bi msÁv wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e,
Ômsweavb n‡”Q iv‡óªi m‡ev©”P ¶gZvmg~‡ni web¨vme¨e¯’v|Õ Ab¨K_vq Gwi÷U‡ji
gZvbyhvqx ejv hvq, mve©‡fŠg bMi iv‡óªi msMVb I cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ welqB msweavb|
Gwi÷Uj KZ©„K cÖ`Ë miKv‡ii †kªYx wefvM †Kvb bZzb Avwe®‹vi wQj bv| †Kbbv, †cø‡Uv
Zuvi wicvewjK MÖ‡š’i 8g cy¯Í‡K miKv‡ii †h †kªYx web¨vm K‡iwQ‡jb, Gwi÷Uj Zvi
Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡qwQ‡jb| G †¶‡Î ejv hvq, †cø‡Uv †hLv‡b mgvß K‡iwQ‡jb Gwi÷Uj
†mLvb †_‡KB ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb|
Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z bMi iv‡óªi D‡Ïk¨ cÖavbZ: `y'wU| h_v-
(K) mr Rxeb hvc‡b mvnvh¨ Kiv Ges (L) e¨w³MZ mšÍwó weavb Kiv| mK‡ji Awfbœ
¯^v_© msi¶Y KivB DËg j¶¨| wKšÍz mKj msweavb G bxwZ‡Z AwePj _v‡K bv| wZwb
e‡jb †h, †Kvb †Kvb msweav‡b kvmb¶gZvq AwawôZ e¨w³iv mK‡ji Awfbœ ¯^v_© i¶v‡K
cÖvavb¨ †`b| G RvZxq msweavbB h_v_© ev mwVK (Real)| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î
kvmK‡Mvôx e¨w³ ev †Mvôx ¯^v_© AR©b‡K cÖvavb¨ †`q| G RvZxq msweavb n‡jv weK…Z
(Perverted) msweavb| wZwb AviI e‡j‡Qb kvmb¶gZv GKRb, Aí K‡qKRb Ges
eûR‡bi nv‡Z b¨v¯Í _vK‡Z cv‡i| myZivs kvm‡Ki ¸Y (Awfbœ ¯^v_©) ev msKxY© ¯^v_© Ges
kvm‡Ki msL¨v (GK Rb, K‡qKRb ev eûRb) G `ywU bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i Gwi÷Uj

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-35
 Gm Gm GBP Gj

msweavb ev iv‡óªi †kªYxwefvM K‡i‡Qb| mwVK ev LvuwU msweav‡b GKRb kvmK ev

kvm‡Ki ¸Y I
K‡qKRb kvmK ev eûRb kvmK mgv‡Ri mK‡ji Awfbœ ¯^v‡_©i w`‡K `„wó †i‡L kvmb
msL¨v G `yÕwU
bxwZi Dci wfwË cwiPvjbv K‡ib| Gwi÷Uj GKR‡bi kvmb‡K ivRZš¿, Aí K‡qKR‡bi kvmb‡K
K‡iB Gwi÷Uj AwfRvZZš¿ Ges eûR‡bi kvmb‡K cwjwU e‡j‡Qb| kvm‡Ki msL¨v GKRb, Aí
miKv‡ii †kÖYx K‡qKRb ev eûRb _vK‡jI hw` D‡Ïk¨ wfbœ nq A_©vr wZwb ev Zuviv hw` mK‡ji Awfbœ
wefvM K‡i‡Qb ¯^v‡_©i cÖZ¨q †_‡K weP~¨Z nb Z‡e †m Ae¯’vq †h ai‡bi msweavb cvIqv hv‡e Zv‡K
Gwi÷Uj e‡j‡Qb weK…Z msweavb| Zuvi g‡Z, Giƒc †¶‡Î ivRZ‡š¿i wecixZ n‡jv
ˆ¯^iZš¿, AwfRvZ‡š¿i wecixZ n‡jv msKxY© †MvôxZš¿ Ges cwjwUi wecixZ n‡jv MYZš¿|
wb‡¤œi Q‡Ki gva¨‡g †kªYxweb¨vmwUi cÖKvk Kiv hvq:

kvm‡Ki msL¨v ï× ev ¯^vfvweK iƒc weK…Z iƒc

GKR‡bi kvmb ivRZš¿ ˆ¯^iZš¿
gywó‡gqi kvmb AwfRvZZš¿ awbKZš¿
eûR‡bi kvmb cwjwU MYZš¿

Aa¨vcK evK©vi Gwi÷U‡ji msweavb wefvR‡bi Dci gšÍe¨ Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb †h,
Gwi÷U‡ji G wefvR‡bi ga¨ w`‡q ivRbxwZ I A_©bxwZi m¤ú‡K©i cÖwZdjb
NwU‡q‡Qb| weK…Z msweavb g~jZ: A_©‰bwZK †kªYx ¯^v_© i¶vi cÖwZdjb|

cwjwU ej‡Z wZwb

Gwi÷Uj Dc‡iv³ wefvR‡bi g‡a¨ cwjwU‡K m‡e©vrK…ó e‡j‡Qb| hw`I GwU eûR‡bi
GKai‡bi kvmb, ZeyI we‡kl A‡_© cwjwU ej‡Z wZwb GKai‡bi fvimvg¨ i¶vKvix ga¨we‡Ëi
fvimvg¨ i¶vKvix kvmb ej‡Z Pvb| KviY GLv‡b Pig cÖK…wZi awbKZš¿ I MYZ‡š¿i µwU¸‡jv‡K cwinvi
ga¨we‡Ëi kvmb K‡i Zv‡`i ¸Yvejxi wgkªY NUv‡bv hvq| GwU abx Ges `wi‡`ªi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ eRvq
ej‡Z Pvb| iv‡L| Zvui GB †kªYxwefv‡Mi g‡a¨ w`‡q Gwi÷Uj mvgMÖxK ¯^v_©‡K †ekx cÖvavb¨ w`‡q
iv‡óªi wfwË gReyZ Kivi cÖwZ Bw½Z w`‡h‡Qb| iv‡óªi, miKv‡ii I msweav‡bi ¯^vfvweK
j¶¨ n‡jv mvgMÖxK Kj¨vY mvab G mZ¨wU wZwb cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z eªZx n‡q‡Qb|

mgv‡jvPbv
● MYZ‡š¿i cÖwZ AvµgYvZ¥K g‡bvfv‡ei cÖKvk NUvq Gwi÷U‡ji msweav‡bi †kªYxwefvM
me‡P‡q †ewk mgv‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| wZwb MYZš¿‡K weK…Z kvmb e‡j‡Qb| GwU
AvRKvj MÖnY†hvM¨ bq| msL¨vMwi‡ôi Øviv kvmbKvh© cwiPvwjZ n‡j iv‡óªi D‡Ïk¨
Z_v mvgMÖxK Kj¨vY mvwaZ n‡Z cv‡i e‡j eZ©gv‡b g‡b Kiv nq|
● ivRZš¿ DËg n‡Z cv‡i, Ggb e³e¨ eZ©gv‡b APj| ivRZš¿ AwZ mn‡R ˆ¯^iZ‡š¿
cwiYZ n‡q _v‡K| ZvB GLv‡b weK…wZi SuzwK †ewk|
● miKvi, msweavb I ivóª‡K GKB A‡_© e¨envi Kiv‡K eZ©gv‡b Avi hyw³msMZ g‡b
Kiv nq bv| eZ©gv‡b MYZš¿, e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ev`, ¶gZvc„_KxKiY BZ¨vw` aviYv¸‡jvi
mv‡_ Zvui †kªYxweb¨vm msMwZc~Y© bq|
● eZ©gv‡b miKv‡ii †kªYxwefv‡Mi cÖ‡kœ ïaygvÎ msL¨v I D‡Ïk¨ ev ¸Y wbf©i wefvRb
APj| Aaybv RwUj ai‡bi RvwZ iv‡óªi wewfbœgyLx mgm¨v I msNv‡Zi Av‡jv‡K wewfbœ

ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv c„„ôv-36

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Pwi‡Îi miKv‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| ZvB miKvi wefvR‡bi gvb`Û wfbœZi I
eûgyLx|
Z‡e ïaygvÎ AvaywbK `„wó w`‡q †`L‡j Gwi÷U‡ji cÖwZ Ab¨vq Kiv n‡e| AvovB nvRvi
ermi c~‡e© we`¨gvb ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZi †cÖ¶vc‡U wZwb G wefvRb K‡iwQ‡jb, G
K_vwU g‡b ivLv Avgv‡`i KZ©e¨|

mviK_v
Gwi÷Uj miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e Zuvi Kv‡Q miKvi, msweavb I iv‡óªi
A_© wQj Awfbœ| wZwb msL¨v Ges ¸Y G `y'wU bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i msweav‡bi
†kªYxwefvRb K‡i‡Qb| GwU Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb ¯^vfvweK iƒc h_v: wbwe©‡k‡l mgv‡Ri
mK‡ji ¯^v_© †`Lv Ges weK…Ziƒc h_v: e¨w³ ev †Mvôx ¯^v‡_© ivóª cwiPvjbv Kiv‡K
eywS‡q‡Qb| ivRZš¿, AwfRvZZš¿ Ges cwjwU‡K wZwb ¯^vfvweK iƒc Ges h_vµ‡g
ˆ¯^iZš¿, awbKZš¿ Ges MYZš¿‡K weK…Z iƒ‡ci miKvi e‡j‡Qb| MYZvwš¿K `„wó‡Kvb
†_‡K AvaywbK mgv‡jvPKMY Gwi÷U‡ji G †kªYxweb¨vm‡K bvbvgyLx mgv‡jvPbv K‡i
_v‡Kb|

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-37
Gm Gm GBP Gj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb:
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| AvaywbK Kv‡j miKvi, ivóª Ges msweavb‡K wfbœ wfbœ A‡_© eySvq KviY-
K. Gi d‡j MYZvwš¿K †PZbv DcK…Z nq;
L. Gi d‡j ˆ¯^iZvwš¿K †PZbv DcK…Z nq;
M. Gi d‡j AwfRvZZš¿ DcK…Z nq;
N. Gi d‡j awbKZš¿ DcK…Z nq|
2| cwjwU ¯^vfvweK iƒc, Gi weK…Ziƒc n‡jv-
K. ivRZš¿; L. AwfRvZZš¿;
M. MYZš¿; N. ˆ¯^iZš¿|
3| ivRZ‡š¿ kvmK ev kvmKeM© ÔweK…Zfv‡e kvmb Ki‡j †h iƒc cvIqv hvq Zv n‡jv:
K. ivRZš¿; L. AwfRvZZš¿;
M. cwjwU; N. ˆ¯^iZš¿|
mwVK DËi 1| K 2| M 3| N

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1| Ôw` cwjwUKm&Õ MÖ‡š’i †Kvb Aa¨v‡q Gwi÷Uj msweav‡bi †kªYxwefvM m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb?
2| cwjwU wK?
3| Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z †Kb ga¨weË Øviv kvwmZ miKvi DËg?
4| msweav‡bi †kªYxweb¨v‡mi wfwË `y'wU wK?
5| msweav‡bi †kªYxweb¨vm Ki‡Z wM‡q Gwi÷Uj Kv‡K AbymiY K‡i‡Qb?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| mgv‡jvPbvmn Gwi÷U‡ji miKv‡ii †kªYxwefv‡Mi eY©bv w`b|
2| miKvi m¤ú‡K© Gwi÷U‡ji aviYv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| wZwb †Kvb& cÖKv‡ii miKvi‡K
DËg e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb Ges †Kb?

ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv c„„ôv-38

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV-3

Gwi÷U‡ji `vmZË¡
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 Gwi÷U‡ji `vmZË¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Gwi÷U‡ji `vmZ‡Ë¡i mgv‡jvPbv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡Z cvi‡eb|

`vmZË¡ Gwi÷U‡ji ivóªwPšÍvi GK D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| Z‡e welqwU AZ¨šÍ
¯úk©KvZi| we‡kl K‡i eZ©gvb we‡k¦ †hLv‡b `„k¨Z I AvbyôvwbK wePv‡i ÔmKj gvbyl
mgvb' Ggb wPšÍv me©Rbfv‡e ¯^xK…Z| Avgiv BwZg‡a¨ †R‡bwQ †h, Gwi÷U‡ji ivóªwPšÍvq
ev¯ÍeZvi cÖwZdjb N‡UwQj| mgmvgwqK MÖxK mgvR wQj `vm wbf©i mgvR| bMi iv‡óªi
Drcv`b m¤ú~Y©fv‡e `v‡mi kª‡gi Dci wbf©ikxj wQj| GB `vm‡`i †Kvb cÖKvi mvgvwRK
bMi iv‡óªi
ev ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi ¯^xK…Z wQj bv| bMi iv‡óªi cÖwZ wZbR‡bi g‡a¨ `yRbB wQj Drcv`b
`vm| gv‡S g‡a¨ `vm we‡`ªvn bMi ivóª e¨e¯’v†K Aw¯’i K‡i Zzj‡Zv| ZvQvov mwdó m¤ú~Y©fv‡e `v‡mi
m¤úª`v‡qi wPšÍvavivq `vm‡`i mgvbvwaKv‡ii K_v evi evi D”PvwiZ n‡Zv| Dc‡iv³ kÖ‡gi Dci
ivR‰bwZK ev¯ÍeZvi Av‡jv‡K GKRb hyw³ev`x I msi¶Yev`x wPšÍvwe` wnmv‡e Gwi÷Uj wbf©ikxj wQj|
bMi iv‡óª `vm e¨e¯’v‡K ïay mg_©bB K‡ib wb, Gi c‡¶ hyw³ cÖ`k©b K‡i wM‡q‡Qb|
Gwi÷Uj Zvui Ôw` cwjwUKmÕ cy¯Í‡Ki 1g Aa¨‡q G wel‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| BwZg‡a¨
Avgiv †`‡LwQ [c~e©eËx© cvV `ªóe¨] Gwi÷Uj Zuvi ivóªwPšÍvq cwievi‡K GKwU we‡kl gh©v`v
w`‡q‡Qb| cwievi †_‡K iv‡óªi DrcwË e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q Mvn©¯’¨ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vcbvi
K_v e‡j‡Qb| Mvn©¯’¨ A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vcbvi GKwU Acwinvh© DcKiY wnmv‡e wZwb `vm
Ges `vme¨e¯’v‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| G cÖm‡½ Gwi÷Uj AvBbMZ, ˆbwZK,
A_©‰bwZK wewea hyw³i AeZviYv K‡i‡Qb|
● wZwb hyw³ cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb †h, `vmiv ˆRe ev mRxe hš¿cvwZi mvwgj (Animate
tools)| wZwb ej‡Z Pvb M„n¯’vjx Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wKQy DcKi‡Yi `iKvi| Avi G me
DcKiY `y' cÖKviÑh_v A‰Re (inanimate tools) I ˆRe DcKiY (animate tools)|
Zvui hyw³‡Z `v K‚ovj BZ¨vw` †hgb ÔA‰Re hš¿cvwZÕ †Zgwb M„n¯’vjx Kv‡Ri Rb¨ `vm e¨e¯’v
M„ncvwjZ cï, `vm BZ¨vw` ÔˆRe hš¿cvwZ|Õ G¸‡jv g~jZ: RxešÍ m¤ú`| G me ¯^vfvweK I
nvwZqvi (instrument) e¨ZxZ M„n¯’vjx Kvh© m¤úv`b m¤¢e bq| A_©vr Gwi÷U‡ji cÖvK…wZK, Z_v
K…wÎg bq|
g‡Z M„n¯’vjx cï I `v‡mi g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ bvB| cïi †hgb hyw³‡eva bvB, `v‡miI
†Zgwb hyw³‡eva bvB| Avi G Rb¨B Zviv `vm| G Kvi‡Y, Zv‡`i wbR¯^ mËv I
¯^vaxbZv _vKvi †Kvb A_© bvB| myZivs mwd÷ m¤úª`v‡qi hyw³i wecixZ cÖv‡šÍ `vuwo‡q
Gwi÷Uj ej‡Z Pvb, `vm e¨e¯’v ¯^vfvweK I cÖvK…wZK, Z_v K…wÎg bq|
● G cÖm‡½ Gwi÷Uj hyw³i AeZvibv K‡i‡Qb G fv‡e †h, me mgqB †Kvb MwVZ
Dˇgi Aax‡b
Aa‡gi _vKvi
mg‡MÖi †mB Ask KZ©Z „ ¡ K‡i _v‡K †h Ask DrK…ó| Gwi÷Uj ej‡Z Pvb †h,
g‡a¨ †Kvb cÖK…wZMZfv‡e mKj gvbyl mgvb bq| wKQy †jvK Ávb ev cÖÁvi AwaKvix Ges D³
A¯^vfvweKZv cÖÁvi Kvi‡Y Zviv ïay Av‡`k `v‡biB Dchy³| Ab¨w`‡K AwaKvsk †jvK ïaygvÎ
bvB| ˆ`wnK kw³i e‡j kw³gvb| Zviv ïay ûKzg Zvwgj Kivi Dchy³| cÖÁvi Afve Av‡Q
e‡j Giv ûKzg `v‡b A¶g| Ab¨ K_vq cÖfz Zuviv hviv Ávbx Ges `vm Zviv hviv

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-39
 Gm Gm GBP Gj

cÖÁvev‡bi Av‡`k gvb¨ K‡i| cÖfziv gw¯Í¯‹ I AvZ¥v Øviv PvwjZ nq| Avi `v‡miv
†`n ev Av‡eM Øviv PvwjZ nq| †`n cÖÁvi Aax‡b _vK‡e GUvB ¯^vfvweK| Dˇgi
Aax‡b Aa‡gi _vKvi g‡a¨ †Kvb A¯^vfvweKZv bvB|
● Gwi÷Uj DbœZ I ˆbwZK Rxeb hvc‡bi j‡¶¨i mv‡_ `vm e¨e¯’v‡K GK K‡i
†`‡L‡Qb| wZwb hyw³ †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, cÖf‡z `i hw` M„n¯’vjx Kv‡R e¨vc„Z _vK‡Z nq,
Z‡e DbœZ Rxeb wb‡`©kbvi Rb¨ Zviv ch©vß mgq ÔAemiÕ cv‡eb bv| ZvB iv‡óªi
cig j¶¨ Z_v DbœZ ˆbwZK Rxeb AR©‡bi wbwg‡Ë `vme¨e¯’v Acwinvh©|
`vm cÖ_vwU `vm, ● Gwi÷Uj hyw³ †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, `vm‡`i Kj¨vYv‡_©B Zv‡`i `vm n‡q _vKv DËg|
cÖfz Ges bMi ivóª †Kbbv cÖÁvi Afve _vKvq Zv‡`i c‡¶ ¯^vaxb I gvbexq my¯’¨ Rxeb hvcb m¤¢e bq|
mevi Rb¨B GgZve¯’vq cÖfzi Aax‡b †_‡K Zvui ¸Yvejxi Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q `v‡miv ˆbwZK DrKl©
Kj¨vYKi
jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| Ggb n‡j GKw`‡K `vmiv gy³ gvbyl n‡Z cv‡i, Ab¨w`‡K cÖfziv
`v‡mi Dci Drcv`‡bi fve †Q‡o w`‡q DbœZ Rxeb iPbvq g‡bvwb‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i|
myZivs `vm cÖ_vwU `vm, cÖfz Ges bMi ivóª mevi Rb¨B Kj¨vYKi| Z‡e G cÖm‡½
wZwb ej‡Z Pvb †h, `vm‡`i Dci Drcv`‡bi fvi †Q‡o w`‡q Aemi‡K hw` cÖfziv
mبenvi bv K‡ib Z‡e `vm e¨e¯’vi †Kvb ˆbwZK wfwË _v‡K bv| wZwb ej‡Z Pvb
`vm‡`i m„ó Aemi‡K cÖfziv hw` DbœZ Rxeb iPbvq e¨envi Ki‡Z bv cv‡ib, Z‡e
H me cÖfziv cÖfz _vKvi †hvM¨Zv nvwi‡q †d‡jb| †gvU K_v Gwi÷Uj `vm e¨e¯’v‡K
cÖvK…wZK, ¯^vfvweK, AK…wÎg Ges bMi ivóª I gvby‡li Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi GKwU cÖwZôvb
wnmv‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|
mgv‡jvPbv
Gwi÷Uj Ô`vm e¨e¯’vÕ mg_©b K‡i Zvi c‡¶ AZ¨šÍ †Rviv‡jv hyw³ cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb| wKšÍz
ZrKv‡j Ges eZ©gv‡b Zuvi G ZË¡ wecyjfv‡e mgv‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|
● Gwi÷U‡ji G ZË¡ gvbeZv weiæ×| mgZvi bxwZ‡K wZwb A¯^xKvi K‡i mve©Rbxb
gvbeZvi weiæ‡× K_v e‡j wM‡q‡Qb|
● wZwb †h bxwZi wfwˇZ gvby‡li g‡a¨ wefvRb Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, ZvI Lye hyw³hy³
bq| Ôgvbyl gvÎB hyw³ev`x Ges c~‡Y¨i cÖwZ Abyi³Õ-G evYxB mZ¨evYx e‡j ZrKvjxb
mskqev`x I †÷vwqKev`xiv cÖPvi K‡i wM‡q‡Qb| ejvevûj¨, eZ©gvb Kv‡jI Giƒc
`k©bB me©Rb ¯^xK…wZ †c‡q‡Q|
● `vm‡`i‡K cï I M„n¯’vjx hš¿cvwZi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i Gwi÷Uj †Mvuov I i¶Ykxj
`„wófswMi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb|
● `vmZ‡Ë¡i †fZi w`‡q Zvi MÖxK Ans‡ev‡ai msKxY© cÖKvk N‡U‡Q| KviY, MÖxKiv
`vm n‡Z cv‡i bv, Ggb wKQy e³e¨I wZwb w`‡q‡Qb|
● ZrKvjxb MÖxK bMi iv‡óª `vm‡`i g‡a¨ †h Dch©ycix we‡`ªvn msNwUZ n‡Zv Zv Zvu‡K
wKQyUv weeªZ K‡i Zz‡jwQj| wZwb mwd÷ m¤úª`v‡qi gZ cÖMwZi c‡_ wPšÍv bv K‡i
i¶Ykxj `„wófswM‡Z `k©b I hyw³i gva¨‡g Zv cÖwZnZ K‡i µg:¶wqòz MÖxK mgv‡Ri
g~j¨‡eva‡K msi¶Y Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Z‡e G K_v ejv hvq †h, mgZv I gvbeZvi
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K Gwi÷U‡ji `vmZË¡ cÖwZwµqvkxj `k©b e‡j g‡b n‡jI Ges AvaywbK
hy‡M Zv `„k¨Z wb›`bxq n‡jI ev¯Í‡e eZ©gv‡b Avgiv wK †`wL? gvbeZvi bv‡g weËnxb
gvbyl GLbI mgv‡Ri D”PweË I abx‡`i B”Qvi `vm| myZivs Gwi÷Uj Aev¯Íe wPšÍv
K‡iwQ‡jb, Ggb K_v ejvi †Kvb wfwË bvB|
ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv c„„ôv-40
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mviK_v
ZrKvjxb MÖx‡mi mvgvwRK ev¯ÍeZvi †cÖ¶vc‡U Gwi÷Uj `vm e¨e¯’v‡K mg_©b
K‡iwQ‡jb| mwd÷ m¤úª`v‡qi wecixZ cÖv‡šÍ Ae¯’vb wb‡q Gwi÷Uj `vm e¨e¯’v‡K
ˆbwZK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K h_v_© e‡j‡Qb| ZvQvov AvBbMZ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ˆea
e‡j‡Qb Ges `vm e¨e¯’v‡K cÖvK…wZK I ¯^vfvweK e‡j MY¨ K‡iwQ‡jb| Z‡e Zuvi
G ZË¡ eZ©gv‡bi mve©Rbxb gvbeZvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K bvbvfv‡e mgv‡jvPbv Kiv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-41
Gm Gm GBP Gj

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| Gwi÷U‡ji mgmvgwqK MÖxK mgvR wQjÑ
(K) abZvwš¿K;
(L) `vmwfwËK;
(M) mgvRZvwš¿K;
(N) mvgšÍZvwš¿K|
2| Gwi÷Uj `vme¨e¯’v‡K cÖvK…wZK I ¯^vfvweK e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb, KviYÑ
(K) gvbyl mK‡jB mgvb;
(L) gvby‡l gvby‡y l Áv‡b ev cÖÁvi cv_©K¨ Av‡Q;
(M) AwaKvsk `vm wQj A-MÖxK;
(N) `vme¨e¯’v MÖxK mgv‡R cÖPwjZ wQj|
3| Gwi÷Uj `vm‡`i‡K g‡b Ki‡ZbÑ
(K) mRxe hš¿cvwZi mvwgj;
(L) eyw×gvb cÖvYx;
(M) kvmK nIqvi gZ †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ gvbyl;
(N) ûKzg Zvwgj Kivi †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ gvbyl|

mwVK DËi: 1| L 2| L 3| K
msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1| `vm mgvR wK?
2| ˆbwZKZvi `„wó‡Z †Kb Gwi÷Uj `vme¨e¯’v mg_©b K‡iwQ‡jb?
3| `vme¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© mwdó m¤úª`vq wK `„wófswM ‡cvlY Ki‡Zb?
4| Gwi÷U‡ji `vmZË¡ m¤ú‡K© eZ©gvb `„wó‡Z wK wK mgv‡jvPbv Av‡Q?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| Gwi÷U‡ji `vmZË¡ ms‡¶‡c eY©bv Kiæb|
2| mgv‡jvPbvmn Gwi÷U‡ji `vmZË¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cvV-4

ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv c„„ôv-42

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Gwi÷U‡ji wecøeZË¡
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 Gwi÷U‡ji wecøeZË¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z wecø‡ei KviY¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wecøe `g‡bi Dcvqmg~n m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

c~‡e©i cvV †_‡K Avgiv Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQ †h, Gwi÷U‡ji mgmvgwqK MÖxK bMi ivóªmg~‡n
cÖwZwbqZ ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv weivR Ki‡Zv| Nb Nb miKvi I msweavb cwieZ©b, wecø‡ei AvaywbK A_©
mgvR I ivR‰bwZK Rxeb‡K Aw¯’i K‡i Zz‡jwQj| ejvevûj¨, G Ae¯’v Gwi÷U‡ji gZ Ges GwióU‡ji
GKRb ivóªweÁvbx‡K welqwU m¤ú‡K© fvwe‡q Zz‡jwQj| Gwi÷Uj Mfxi fv‡e Zuvi Kv‡Q wecø‡ei A_©
GK bq
AwfÁvbev`x c×wZi gva¨‡g cix¶v wbix¶v I ch©‡e¶Y c~e©K welqwU wb‡q M‡elYv
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Ges †m¸‡jv wb‡q M‡elYv K‡iwQ‡jb| G fv‡eB wZwb Zvui wecøeZË¡ `vuo K‡iwQ‡jb|
G Z‡Ë¡ wZwb wecø‡ei KviY Ges Zv wbim‡bi Dcvq m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|
AvaywbK hy‡M wecøe ej‡Z Avgiv eywS mgv‡Ri Avg~j cwieZ©b| †hgb divmx wecøe, iæk
wecøe BZ¨vw`| Gwi÷Uj wKšÍz wecøe ej‡Z Gi AvaywbK A_© †evSvb wb| Zvui Kv‡Q
wecø‡ei A_© wQj wfbœ| Gwi÷Uj Ôwecøe' kãwU e¨vcK I mvaviY A‡_© e¨envi K‡i‡Qb|
miKvi cwieZ©b, msweavb cwieZ©b, kvmK †kªYxi cwieZ©b‡K wZwb wecøe A‡_© e¨envi
K‡i‡Qb| ZvB Zvui Kv‡Q ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv I Dc‡iv³ cwieZb©B wQj wecøe| wecøe
†Kb nq? G cÖ‡kœi DËi LyuR‡Z wM‡q Gwi÷Uj wecø‡ei KviY¸‡jv‡K `ywU cÖavb fv‡M
fvM K‡i‡Qb| †hgb mvaviY KviY I we‡kl KviY|
mvaviY KviY: wecø‡ei mvaviY KviY‡K Gwi÷Uj gb¯ÍvwË¡K, gybvdv I m¤§vb Ges
cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vb G fv‡e we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb|
gb¯ÍvwË¡K D‡Ïk¨: Gwi÷Uj g‡b Ki‡Zb †h‡Kvb ai‡bi msweav‡b b¨vqwePvi m¤úwK©Z
aviYvwU mve©Rbxbfv‡e ¯^xK…Z| Z‡e A_© I Gi cÖ‡qvM me©Î mgvb bq| G iƒc cwiw¯’wZ‡Z b¨vqwePvi
A_©vr b¨vqwePv‡ii aviYv I ev¯Í‡e Gi cÖ‡qv‡Mi g‡a¨ †h Zdvr _v‡K e¯ÍzZ ZvB m¤úwK©Z aviYv
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cÂg Aa¨v‡q Gwi÷Uj welqwU cwi®‹vifv‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| b¨vqwePvi †_‡K hviv ewÂZ gvbyl‡K wecøex
K‡i †Zv‡j
Zviv g‡b K‡ib †h, mgv‡R Amvg¨ weivR Ki‡Q| AZÎe mvg¨ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Zviv cÖe„Ë
nb| Zviv wecøex n‡q I‡Vb| myZivs b¨vqwePv‡ii bv‡g Ges Amvg¨B wecø‡ei cÖavb
KviY| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ¶gZvq bvB Ggb e¨w³iv g‡b K‡ib †h, ¶gZvmxbiv †hvM¨Zvq
Zv‡`i PvB‡Z nxb| myZivs Zviv ¶gZv jv‡fi b¨vh¨ AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ| hLb
awbKZš¿ _v‡K ZLb MYZš¿xiv mvaviYZ Giƒc g‡b Kivi Rb¨B wecøex n‡q I‡Vb|
Avevi wecixZfv‡e awbKZš¿xiv g‡b K‡ib †h, Áv‡b, ¸‡Y, m¤ú‡` Zviv Ab¨vb¨‡`i
†P‡q DbœZ wKšÍz AwaKvi †fvM K‡i‡Qb Ab¨vb¨‡`i gZ| GB g‡bve„wËi ekeZx© n‡q
Zviv gh©v`v cvIqvi Rb¨ wecøex n‡q I‡Vb|
● m¤§vb I gybvdv: ivR‰bwZK ¶gZvi mv‡_ gybvdv I m¤§vb jv‡fi evmbv IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e
RwoZ _v‡K| ZvB KLbI †KD †KD gybvdv I m¤§vb jv‡fi cÖZ¨vkvq cwieZ©b
Avb‡Z Pvb| Avevi wecixZ fv‡e gybvdv I m¤§vbnvwb‡K †iva Kivi wbwg‡ËI gvbyl
wecøex n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i|

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-43
Gm Gm GBP Gj

● cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vb: cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vb A‡bK mgq wecø‡ei mvaviY KviY n‡q `vuovq|
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wecøe NU‡Z cv‡i| wecø‡ei we‡kl KviY ej‡Z Gwi÷Uj we‡kl msweavb ev miKvi
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Gwi÷Uj Mfxifv‡e wPšÍv K‡i wb‡¤œv³ D`vniY w`‡q‡Qb, †hgb kvmb ¶gZv hLb
MYZš¿x‡`i nv‡Z _v‡K ZLb Zv‡`i RbwcÖq †bZviv †¯^”QvPvix n‡q I‡Vb| G Ae¯’vq
Zviv abx‡`i Dci AvµgbvZ¥K g‡bvfve †cvlY K‡ib| d‡j abxiv Zv‡`i weiæ‡×
msMwVZ n‡q wecøex ZrciZvq wjß nb| mvaviYZ G e¨e¯’vq ÔMYe³viv' evi evi
K_vgvjvi gva¨‡g abx‡`i Dci AvµgY Pvjvb| ivRZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vi weiæ‡× cÖavbZ
`ywU Kvi‡Y wecøe N‡U _v‡K, †hgb-ivRcwiev‡ii g‡a¨ Af¨šÍixY Ø›`¡ I we‡iva Ges
ivRv‡`i †¯^”QvPvi| wbwe©Pvi †¯^”QvPv‡ii cÖwZev‡` RbMY ivRvi weiæ‡× we‡`ªvnx n‡q
D‡V †¯^”QvPvix kvm‡bi Aemvb NUv‡Z Pvb| AwfRvZZ‡š¿ GK ch©v‡q AwfRvZZš¿xiv
AviI we‡Ëi †jv‡f RbMY‡K †kvlY K‡i| d‡j RbMY w¶ß n‡q I‡V| ZvQvov
m¤ú` I c` fvMvfvwM wb‡qI AwfRvZ kvmK†`i g‡a¨ AšÍ©Kjn A‡bK mgq wecø‡e
iƒc wb‡q _v‡K| cwjwU ai‡bi kvmb e¨e¯’v MYZš¿ I awbKZ‡š¿i fvimvg¨ m¤úwK©Z
wKQy `ye©j w`‡Ki Dci cÖwZwôZ _v‡K| G fvimv‡g¨i †ni‡di n‡jB wecøe N‡U hvq|
Z‡e Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z Ab¨vb¨ e¨e¯’vi †P‡q GB e¨e¯’vwU A‡c¶vK…Z ¯’vqx
(Stable)|Gfv‡e Gwi÷Uj weÁvbm¤§Zfv‡e ivR‰bwZK cwieZ©b I wecø‡ei e¨vL¨v
cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|
wecøe cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq: Gwi÷Uj wecø‡ei KviY AbymÜvb K‡iB LvšÍ wQ‡jb bv, wKfv‡e
wecøe cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq, †m m¤ú‡K© wZwb KwZcq g~j¨evb mycvwik K‡i †M‡Qb| †hgb:
● wZwb e‡j‡Qb miKvi †h‡bv †Kvb µ‡gB RbMY‡K cÖZviYv bv K‡i| RbM‡Yi Av¯’v
AR©b Kiv n‡e kvmK ev kvmK‡`i Ab¨Zg j¶¨| KviY cÖZvwiZ RbMY cÖZviYvKvix
kvmK‡K KLbI ¶gv K‡i bv|
● AvBb jsNb I wek„•Ljv‡K h_vm¤¢e †gvKvwejv Kiv DwPZ| KviY G me †QvU †QvU
welq cyÄxfyZ n‡q e¨vcK AvKvi aviY K‡i _v‡K|
● kvmK I kvwm‡Zi g‡a¨ my-m¤úK© eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ kvmK‡K hZœevb n‡Z n‡e|
kvwmZ †_‡K kvm‡Ki wew”QbœZv‡eva bvbvfv‡e me©bvk †W‡K Avb‡Z cv‡i| Df‡qi
g‡a¨ my-m¤úK© I †mZzeÜb wecøe wbevi‡Yi Ab¨Zg Kvh©Ki Dcvq|
● kvmK‡K j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z cÖfvekvjx I AwfRvZ e¨w³iv mšyÍó _v‡Kb| KviY,
cÖfvekvjxiv mn‡R Ab¨vb¨‡`i‡K wecø‡ei c‡_ msMwVZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Dc‡iv³
†kªYxi Dci Kov bRi ivLv `iKvi|
● MYZš¿x‡`i DwPZ abx‡`i cÖwZ m¤§vb †`Lv‡bv, Avevi awbKZš¿x‡`i DwPZ
me©mvavi‡Yi AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ hZ¥evb _vKv| iv‡óªi mKj †kªYx I A‡ji mg
Dbœq‡bi †Póv Kiv `iKvi| KviY GKwU iv‡óª Af¨šÍixY Dbœqb ˆelg¨ wecøe †W‡K
Av‡b|
● ˆelg¨g~jK fv‡e KvD‡K AwaK m¤§vb bv †`wL‡q †ewk msL¨K e¨w³‡K m¤§vb w`‡Z
n‡e| d‡j mK‡j gb¯ÍvwË¡Kfv‡e miKv‡ii cÖwZ AbyMZ _vK‡e|

ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv c„„ôv-44

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

● miKvix Kg©Pvix‡`i Dr‡KvP MÖnY †_‡K weiZ †i‡L wecøe cÖwZ‡iv‡ai K_v Gwi÷Uj
e‡j‡Qb| KviY miKvix Kg©Pvix‡`i Dr‡KvP MÖnY cÖeYZv RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Zxeª
†¶v‡fi mÂvi K‡i _v‡K| Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K G K_v ¯úó n‡q I‡V †h,
Gwi÷Uj AvR †_‡K AvovB nvRvi ermi c~‡e© wecøe m¤ú‡K© †h ZË¡ w`‡qwQ‡jb Zvi
AwaKvskB eZ©gvb Kv‡ji Rb¨I cÖ‡hvR¨ I wµqvkxj|

mviK_v
ivóªweÁv‡bi RbK Gwi÷Uj Zvui wecøe Z‡Ë¡i ga¨ w`‡q ivR‰bwZK cwieZ©b Z_v
miKvi e`j, msweavb e`j‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| wZwb mvaviY I we‡kl G `yfv‡e
wecø‡ei KviY‡K wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wecøe `g‡bi Rb¨ KwZcq mycvwikI
Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi G e¨vL¨v eZ©gvb Kv‡ji Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ e‡j ivóªweÁvbxiv
g‡b K‡ib|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb:
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| Gwi÷Uj KZ¸‡jv †`‡ki msweavb msMÖn K‡iwQ‡jb?

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-45
Gm Gm GBP Gj

(K) 150wU; (L) 158wU; (M) 100wU; (N) 50wU|

2| Gwi÷U‡ji wbKU wecø‡ei A_© wQjÑ

(K) mvg‡Ri Avg~j cwieZ©b;
(L) `wi`ª †kªYxi ¶gZvqY;
(M) †kvwlZ †gnbZx RbZvi weRq;
(N) miKvi, msweavb ev kvmK‡`i †h †Kvb cÖKvi cwieZ©b|

mwVK DËi 1| L 2| N
msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ|
1| AvaywbK A‡_© wecøe wK?
2| Gwi÷Uj wecøe ej‡Z wK eywS‡q‡Qb?
3| Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z wecø‡ei KviY KZ cÖKvi?
4| MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq †Kvb& †kªYx wecøex n‡q I‡V Ges †Kb?
5| wecøe `g‡bi cÖavb wZwbwU Dcvq wK?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z wecøe wK? †Kb wecø‡ei DrcwË nq?
2| Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z wecø‡ei KviY Ges Zv `gb Kivi Dcvq m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
Kiæb|

cvV-5

ivóªweÁv‡b Gwi÷U‡ji Ae`vb

ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv c„„ôv-46

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 Gwi÷U‡ji Ae`v‡bi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Gwi÷Uj n‡jb ivóªweÁv‡bi RbK' G Dw³wUi mZ¨Zv g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ivóªweÁv‡b Gwi÷U‡ji Ae`vb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ I ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Gwi÷Uj‡K ivóªweÁv‡bi

RbK ejv nq| G e³‡e¨i h_v_©Zv we‡køl‡Yi `vex iv‡L| ivóªweÁv‡b Zvui Ae`vbmg~n Gwi÷Uj wQ‡jb
cix¶v K‡i G e³‡e¨i mZ¨Zv hvPvB Kiv hvq| AvR †_‡K cÖvq AvovB nvRvi eQi c~‡e© ev¯Íeev`x
ivóªwPšÍvwe`
MÖx‡mi bMi iv‡óªi ev¯ÍeZvi wbwi‡L wZwb ivR‰bwZK wel‡q M‡elYv K‡iwQ‡jb| wKšÍz
Kv‡ji Ave‡Z© Zvui wKQy wKQy wPšÍv fvebv eZ©gv‡bI eRvq Av‡Q| m¤¢eZ ivóªweÁv‡b
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Ae`vbmg~n wb¤œiƒc:
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Aaxb¯’ K‡i‡Qb| d‡j, †cø‡Uvi nv‡Z ivóªbxwZ †Kvb c„_K I ¯^vaxb gh©v`v cvqwb|
wKšÍz Gwi÷Uj ivóªweÁvb‡K e‡j‡Qb Master Science ev ÔcÖf‚Z¡Kvix weÁvb|Õ
bxwZkv¯¿‡K wZwb g¨vwKqv‡fjxi gZ eR©b Kivi K_v e‡jbwb| wKšÍz ivóªbxwZi Dci
bxwZkv‡¯¿i cÖavb¨‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i ivóªweÁvb‡K Ô¯^Zš¿' gh©v`vq mgvmxb K‡i
wM‡q‡Qb|
● Gwi÷Uj ivR‰bwZK welq¸‡jv Aa¨q‡bi †h c×wZi cÖeZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb Zv wQj
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ch©vqfy³ n‡Z †c‡i‡Q| cix¶v-wbix¶v I ev¯Íe M‡elYv GB Av‡ivvnx c×wZi gva¨‡g
ivR‰bwZK welq cVb I cvV‡bi Rb¨ Gwi÷Uj wPi¯§iYxq n‡q _vK‡eb|Õ
● ev¯Íeev`xZv Ges AwfÁvbev`‡K ivRbxwZ Aa¨q‡bi †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i Gwi÷Uj
ivóªweÁvb‡K `k©b †Nulv, Abygvb I Kíbv wbf©iZvi †eovRvj †_‡K gy³ K‡i mgvR
weÁv‡bi GKwU kw³kvjx kvLvq DbœxZ K‡i‡Qb|
● ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv Aaybv ivRbxwZi GKwU eo mgm¨v| Gwi÷Uj w¯’wZkxjZv abx I `wi‡`ªi
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`wi‡`ªi g‡a¨ A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ cÖKU n‡j iv‡óªi w¯’wZkxjZv webó nq| G mZ¨ iv‡óªi w¯’wZkxjZv
webó nq|
Dcjwä K‡i Gwi÷Uj wek„•Ljv I wecø‡ei Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY wnmv‡e jvMvgnxb
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ga¨we‡Ëi †bZ…‡Ë¡i aviYv Gwi÷Uj‡K hy‡MvËxb© K‡i‡Q|
● e¨w³ ev †Mvôxi kvm‡bi †P‡q AvB‡bi kvmbB †h DËg, G ai‡bi e³†e¨i Rb¨
AvBb ˆbe¨w³K,
wbivk³ Ges Gwi÷Uj ivóªweÁv‡b Agi n‡q Av‡Qb| KviY hyy‡M hy‡M cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q Ges n‡”Q
hyw³i Dci †h wewa m¤§Z AvB‡bi cÖwZ AvbyM‡Z¨i gva¨‡gB e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZv I gyw³ mywbwðZ
cÖwZwôZ| n‡Z cv‡i| AvBb ˆbe¨w³K, wbivk³ Ges hyw³i Dci cÖwZwôZ| AvaywbK
ivóªweÁv‡bi G aviYvi †MvovcËb n‡q‡Q Gwi÷U‡ji nv‡Z|

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-47
Gm Gm GBP Gj

● mxwgZ miKv‡ii aviYv Gwi÷U‡ji m„wó| AvB†bi mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i K_v e‡j Gwi÷Uj
wbqgZvwš¿K miKv‡ii aviYvi m~Pbv K‡i‡Qb| hvi g~j K_v n‡”Q, miKvi e¨e¯’v
AvB‡bi Dci cÖwZwôZ Ges miKviI AvBb ØvivB wbqwš¿Z n‡e|
● ivóªxq e¨e¯’vi Dci †fŠMwjK Dcv`v‡bi cÖfv‡ei K_v e‡j Gwi÷Uj GKRb
AZ¨vaywbK ivóªweÁvbxi gZ K_v e‡j †M‡Qb| KviY ivóª I miKvi e¨e¯’vi mv‡_
†`‡ki Rjevqy, †fŠMwjK I cÖwZ‡e‡ki m¤úK© wPišÍb| AvaywbK f‚-ivRbxwZZË¡,
e¨e¯’vZË¡ Zvui Kv‡Q FYx|
● Gwi÷Uj Zvui ivóªwPšÍvq iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ I DrcwËi †h e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb Zvi †fZi w`‡q
wZwb G msMVbwUi gnr D‡Ï‡k¨i wPišÍb evbx D”PviY K‡i wM‡q‡Qb| gvby‡li mvwe©K
DbœwZ I Kj¨vY mvabB n‡jv iv‡óªi Pig I cig j¶¨| GK_v †KDB A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z
cv‡ib wb| ivóª Qvov †Kvb e¨w³B m¤ú~b© n‡Z cv‡i bv, Zvui G e³‡e¨i †Kvb weKí
bvB| G fv‡e wZwb ivóª I ivóªweÁv‡bi aviYv‡K mycÖwZwôZ K‡i wM‡q‡Qb|
Z‡e Zvui A‡bK mxgve×Zv wQj| †hgb, Zvi wPšÍvi g‡a¨ i¶Ykxj `„wófswMi cÖwZdjb,
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wPiw`b D¾¡j n‡q _vK‡eb|

mviK_v
Gwi÷Uj ivóªweÁv‡b wKQy ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges ¯’vqx Ae`vb †i‡L †M‡Qb| ivóªweÁvb‡K
GKwU ¯^Zš¿ I ¯^vaxb welq wn‡m‡e wZwbB cÖ_g cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb| ivR‰bwZK
welq¸‡jv‡K weÁvb wfwËK cix¶v wbix¶v, hvPvB, cybhvPvB‡qi gva¨‡g wm×v‡šÍ
DcbxZ nIqvi gZ ˆeÁvwbK c×wZi wZwbB AeZviYv K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb
AvB‡bi kvm‡bi cÖe³v| Gwi÷UjB wbqgZvwš¿K miKv‡ii aviYv m©ecÖ_g †`b|
ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZvi cÖ‡kœ wZwb e¨vcK M‡elYv K‡i †h djvdj †i‡L wM‡q‡Qb
Zv AvRI Avgiv e¨envi K‡i _vwK| ivóª‡K GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq gvbexi msMVb
wnmv‡e cÖwZwôZ Kivi g~j K…wZZ¡ Gwi÷U‡ji| G me Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ Gwi÷Uj
Agi n‡q Av‡Qb Ges _vK‡eb|

ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv c„„ôv-48

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb:
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| Gwi÷Uj‡K ivóªweÁv‡bi RbK ejv nq KviY wZwbÑ
(K) iv‡óªi DrcwË I cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© ev¯Íem¤§Z e¨vL¨ w`‡q‡Qb;
(L) e¨w³i kvm‡bi PvB‡Z AvB‡bi kvmb‡K DËg e‡j‡Qb;
(M) e¨w³, mgvR I iv‡óªi g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ wbiƒcb K‡ib wb;
(N) ivóªbxwZ Aa¨q‡b ˆeÁvwbK c×wZi AeZviYv K‡iwQ‡jb|
2| ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZvi Rb¨ Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z kvmb ¶gZv _vKv DwPZ
(K) D”Pweˇ`i nv‡Z;
(L) wb¤œweˇ`i nv‡Z;
(M) Ávbx I ¸Yx e¨w³‡`i nv‡Z;
(N) ga¨weË †kªYxi nv‡Z|
3| ivóªweÁv‡bi mv‡_ bxwZkv‡¯¿i m¤úK© Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z †Kgb nIqv DwPZ?
(K) ivóªweÁvb‡K n‡Z n‡e bxwZkv‡¯¿i Aaxb¯’;
(L) ivóªweÁvb bxwZkv¯¿‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ev` w`‡e;
(M) ivóªweÁvb I bxwZkv¯¿ ci¯úi †_‡K m¤ú~Y© c„_K _vK‡e;
(N) bxwZkv¯¿ ivóªweÁv‡bi Aaxb¯’ _vK‡e|

mwVK DËi: 1| N 2| N 3| N|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ:
1| Gwi÷Uj‡K †Kb ivóªweÁvbx ejv nq?
2| †Kb Gwi÷Uj‡K AvB‡bi kvm‡bi g~j cÖe³v ejv nq?
3| ivóªweÁv‡b Gwi÷U‡ji me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb wK?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1| ivóªweÁv‡b Gwi÷U‡ji Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Kiæb|

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-49
Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV - 6
GwcwKDwiqvbev` I †÷vwqK `k©b
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 myLev` m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z mg_© n‡eb;
 †÷vwqK `k©‡bi †gŠwjK welq¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†n‡jbxq hy‡M MÖxK `vk©wbK GwcwKDivm (341-270 Lªx: c~:)-Gi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o
D‡V myLev`x gZev`| GB gZev‡`i †gŠwjK wk¶v n‡”Q gvby‡li R‡b¨ me‡P‡q Kj¨vYKi
Dcv`vb nj ÔAvb›`Õ Ges Rxe‡bi GKvšÍ D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q Zv AR©b Kiv| GwcwKDixq‡`i
aviYvq myL Avm‡Z cv‡i hveZxq fq-fxwZ, we‡klZ Ck¦i fxwZ, g„Zz¨ fq I ciKv‡ji
fxwZ BZ¨vw`‡K Rq Kivi gva¨‡g| Zv‡`i `k©‡bi cÖavb j¶¨ wQj gvbyl‡K RMr-Rxeb
m¤úwK©Z welqvw`‡Z hveZxq fq-fxwZi D‡aŸ© wb‡q Avmv| GwcwKDixq `k©b AwZgvÎvq
e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ev`x cÖK…wZi| GB `vk©wbK gn‡ji cÖwZôvZv GwcwKDivm †P‡qwQ‡jb gvby‡li
myL I m`&¸Yvejx‡K ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek †_‡K gy³ ivL‡Z| wZwb cÖPvi K‡ib †h, e¨w³i
Kj¨vY mva‡bi Rb¨ iv‡óªi aviYv †Kvb gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
GwcwKDwiqvbev‡`i `„wó‡Z ivRbxwZ‡Z Ávbx e¨w³‡`i ¯’vb †bB; hw` bv Zviv G Kv‡Ri
R‡b¨ wb‡qvMcÖvß nb| G ai‡Yi Rxeb Ávbx e¨w³i ¯ú„nv I bxwZwbô Aw¯’‡Z¡i mv‡_
†egvbvb Ges †evSv¯^iƒc| GwcwKDixqiv †h-‡Kvb ai‡Yi ivR‰bwZK KZ©„‡Z¡i cÖwZ
AvbyM‡Z¨i wk¶v †`q, hw` Zv mgv‡R myL I k„•Ljv i¶vq wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K|
GwcwKDiv‡mi ÔweÁ AvZ¥-¯^v‡_©iÕ aviYv mvsweavwbK `¶ miKvi cwiPvjbvq cwicyiK|
G wPšÍvi Abymvix‡`i GUvI wk¶v †`qv nq †h ÔmvsweavwbK miKviÕ Ges Ô`¶ KZ©„Z¡ev`xÕ
kvm‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ mvgvb¨B|
GwcwKDixq `k©‡bi Aci GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq nj Ck¦i m¤ú‡K© aviYv| Ck¦‡ii
Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K †g‡b wb‡qB Zviv hyw³ DÌvcb Ki‡Zb †h ÔmyLx Ges wejqnxbÕ AwZw›`ªq kw³
wn‡m‡e gvby‡li KvRK‡g© Ck¦‡ii †Zgb †Kvb AvMÖn †bB| Gfv‡e Ôg„Zz¨ fq I Ck¦‡ii
†µvaÕ †_‡K gvbyl‡K gy³ Kivi cÖqvm Pvjvq GwcwKDixq `vk©wbKMY| GwcwKDiv‡mi
g‡Z, GKRb e¨w³ ZLbB g„Zz¨fq‡K Rq Ki‡Z cv‡i hLb †m AvZ¥vi MVb m¤ú‡K©
mwVK aviYvq DcbxZ n‡Z m¶g| e¯‘ev`x wPšÍvavivi Av‡jv‡K Zviv `vwe K‡ib †h,
AvZ¥v n‡”Q gvby‡li mviv †`‡n we¯Í…Z my²vwZmy² A‡bK¸‡jv †Kv‡li mgwó| g„Zz¨i ci
†`‡ni webvk mva‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvby‡li AvZ¥vI webvkcÖvß nq| †`‡ni evB‡i †h‡nZz
AvZ¥v weivR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv; G R‡b¨B g„Zz¨i ci †Kvb gi‡YvËi Rxe‡bi m¤¢vebv †bB|
Zv‡`i hyw³‡Z, g„Zz¨ gv‡bB cy‡ivcywifv‡e webvk n‡q hvIqv|
bxwZkv‡¯¿i AšÍwb©wnZ ¸Yvejx Z_v b¨vqbxwZ, mZZv Ges Avb›`-‡e`bvi gv‡S fvimvg¨
i¶vi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv nq GwcwKDixq gZev‡`| GwcwKDivm g‡b K‡ib AvZ¥-
wbqš¿Y, cwigvR©b I eÜbgyw³ gvbyl‡K cÖK…Z my‡Li ¯^v` G‡b w`‡Z cv‡i| e¯‘ev`x nIqv
m‡Ë¡I wZwb B”Qvi ¯^vaxbZvq Av¯’vkxj wQ‡jb| GwcwKDivm wk¶v cÖ`vb K‡ib - wekvj
g„Zz¨ fxwZi nvZ †_‡K Aegy³ n‡q gvbyl KZUv ¯^vaxbfv‡e †eu‡P _vK‡Z m¶g| Zuvi
g‡Z, Ôgvbyl hv Pvq Zv nj myL Ges hv Zviv eR©b Ki‡Z Pvq Zv nj `ytLÕ| gvby‡li
ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv c„„ôv-50
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Rxe‡bi D‡Ïk¨ ÔmyLÕ Qvov Ab¨ wKQy bq| †h‡nZz DËg †KvbwKQyi gvÎvB nj myL, GKwU
my‡Li PvB‡Z Aci my‡Li gvÎvMZ ZviZg¨ n‡Z cv‡i, Zv DrK…ó A_ev wbK…ó n‡Z cv‡i
bv| GwcwKDivm Av‡iv `vwe K‡ib †h, gvby‡li mKj Dcjwäi ïiæ Ges †kKo nj
ÔD`‡ii myLÕ; GgbwK cÖÁv I ms¯‹…wZi myLI Gi mv‡_ RwoZ| GwcwKDixqiv G‡¶‡Î hv
`x¶v cÖ`vb K‡i Zv nj ÒLvI `vI d‚wZ© Ki, wKQyB bv enb Ki|Ó
GwcwKDixq `k©b‡K ivóª weÁv‡bi †Kvb †Kvb we‡kølK ÔjvMvgnxbÕ `k©b e‡j AwfwnZ
K‡ib| †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib GB `k©b wQj AóZvq fiv| Gme mgv‡jvPbv _vKv m‡Ë¡I
ejv P‡j GB `k©b wQj avivevwnKZvc~Y©| d‡j Zv‡`i mgKvjxb †÷vwqK `k©‡bi Zzjbvq
BwZnv‡mi PovB-DrivB AwZµg K‡i Av‡iv GKwU RxešÍ— `k©b wn‡m‡e A¶zbœ i‡q‡Q
GwcwKDixq wPšÍvaviv| GB `k©‡bi Abymvix‡`i gv‡S wMÖK e¨vKiYwe` G‡cv‡jvWvivm,
†ivgvb Kwe †nvivm, ivóªbvqK wcøwb `¨ BqvsMvi, Kwe jyK‡iUvm D‡jøL¨| GwcwKDixq
wPšÍvaviv PZz_© kZvãx‡Z wejyß n‡q hvIqvi ci mß`k kZvãx‡Z divmx `vk©wbK wcqv‡i
M¨‡mwÛi †Quvqvq cybRx©eb wd‡i cvq| AZtci †WwfW wnDg (1711-76) Ges †R‡iwg
†eš’vg (1748-1832) GwcwKDixq gZev‡`i Dci wfwË K‡i iPbv K‡ib Zuv‡`i
Dc‡hvMev`x ivóª `k©b| GwcwKDiv‡mi `k©‡bi mv‡_ cwiPq bv _vKv m‡Ë¡I Zuvi
wbixk¦iev`x wPšÍvaviv hyM hyM a‡i eû gvby‡li gv‡S we`¨gvb| Dciš‘, GwcwKDixq gZev`
A`¨vewa ˆbwZK `k©‡bi †¶‡Î GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wPšÍvaviv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †c‡q Avm‡Q|
†÷vwqK `k©b
Gwi÷Ujxq wPšÍvavivi ci †n‡jbxq hy‡M †÷vwqK `k©b GKwU mvov RvMv‡bv gZev`
wn‡m‡e weKwkZ nq| GwcwKDwiqvbev‡`i cÖwZØ›Øx GB gZev` G‡_‡Ýi †óvqv bvgK
¯’vb‡K †K›`ª K‡i M‡o D‡V| GB gZev‡`i cÖeZ©b wmwbK‡`i gva¨‡g n‡q _vK‡jI Gi
wMÖK ¯’cwZ Gw›Um‡_‡bm wQ‡jb m‡µwU‡mi wkl¨| wZb c‡e© weKwkZ nq GB gZev`|
cÖ_g ch©v‡q 300-200 wLª: c~:| wØZxq ch©vq 200-50 wLª. c~. Ges Z„Zxq ch©vq †ivgvb
kvmbvgj ch©šÍ we¯ÍZ
… | †cø‡Uv Abym„Z avivq †÷vwqK `k©‡bi PviwU AšÍwb©wnZ ¸Yvejx
nj: cÖÁv, mvnm, b¨vqbxwZ I wgZvPvi| GwcwKDwiqvbev‡`i gZ †÷vwqK `k©b wQj
GKvšÍfv‡eB e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ev`x|
†÷vwqK `k©‡bi i‡q‡Q cÖavb wZbwU aviv| h_v : e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ev`, wek¦RbxbZvev` I
mvgvwRK gZev`| GB `k©‡bi †K›`ªwe›`y nj e¨w³, B”Qvi w`K †_‡K †m ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ,
†m wb‡RB Zvi AvZ¥vi gwbe Ges fv‡M¨i wbqvgK| †÷vwqK‡`i Kv‡Q m`&¸Y Avb›`gq
Ges e`&¸Y AwbóKi| m`¸Y Ges e`¸Y nj h_vµ‡g B”Qvi mwVK I åvšÍ- ewn:cÖKvk|
†÷vwqK‡`i g‡Z e¨w³ gvby‡li Gme ˆewkó¨ cy‡ivcywifv‡e B”Qvi Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| G
fv‡e Zviv gZvgZ Ávcb K‡ib †h e¨w³i cÖK„Z Kj¨vY Zvi wbR¯^ ¶gZvi AvIZvaxb|
†÷vwqK‡`i aviYv GKRb Ávbx e¨w³ Zvi ˆewkó¨ Abyhvqx †Kej Zvi BPQvi mwVK
w`KwUi cÖwZdjb NUv‡eb|
Rxe‡bi Zvrch©‡K †÷vwqKiv cÖK„wZMZfv‡e `yÕfv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| cÖ_gZ: e¨w³ Zvi
mnRvZ cÖe„wË Abyhvqx mvaviY evmbv¸‡jv hyw³m½Zfv‡e c~iY Ki‡Z Zrci n‡e|
wØZxqZ: GKB gvbe cwiev‡ii m`m¨ wn‡m‡e †m Acivci m`‡m¨i cÖwZ mn‡hvwMZvi
nvZ cÖmvwiZ Ki‡e| †÷vwqKiv Av‡iv g‡b KiZ †h, cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ Ab¨vb¨‡`i Zzjbvq
GKwU wbw`©ó f~wgKvq AeZxY© nq cÖK…wZ cÖ`Ë weavb Abyhvqx| GKRb e¨w³
cÖK…wZMZfv‡e hyw³i Aax‡b KvR K‡i Ges hyw³ nj e¨w³i m‡e©vrK…ó Ask hvi djvdj
Zvi gb:cyZ bv n‡jI G‡K †m mg_©b K‡i| GKRb hyw³kxj gvbyl wn‡m‡e †m Rv‡b

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-51
Gm Gm GBP Gj

m`&¸Y cÖK…Z A‡_©B e¨w³wbi‡c¶ Ges Zvi Rxe‡b hv wKQy NU‡Q Zv cÖK…wZi kvk¦Z
weavb Abyhvqx N‡U P‡j‡Q|
gvby‡li hyw³kxj wPšÍvi cÖwZ †÷vwqK‡`i wQj cÖMvp Av¯’v| Zviv g‡b KiZ Ck¦i hyw³kxj
Ges gvbylI hyw³kxj| gvbyl Ck¦‡ii mšÍvb Ges †m wn‡m‡e cÖwZwU gvbyl G‡K Ac‡ii
fvB-‡evb| †h‡nZz gvbyl hyw³ Øviv cwiPvwjZ, †m wn‡m‡e Zviv mevB mgvb| G fv‡e
†÷vwqK‡`i aviYv Abyhvqx c„w_ex nj GKwU wek¦ ivóª| GLv‡b Ck¦i I gbyl¨K‚j mevB
Gi bvMwiK Ges GLv‡b i‡q‡Q mwZ¨Kv‡ii hyw³kxj msweavb, hv gvbyl‡K †Kvb& KvRwU
KiYxq Ges †Kvb&wU eR©bxq Zv wk¶v †`q| GLv‡b mwVK hyw³ nj cÖK„wZi AvBb, Ck¦‡ii
weavb hvi bxwZgvjv, kvmK-cÖRv wbwe©‡k‡l mevi ‡¶‡Î hv cÖ‡hvR¨|
†÷vwqK‡`i g‡Z, cÖwZwU gvby‡li Rb¨ `yÕai‡Yi AvBb i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ: Zvi bMixi
AvBb ev ixwZ-bxwZ; wØZxqZ: wek¦-bM‡ii AvBb Z_v hyw³i AvBb| G `yÕ‡Uv AvB‡bi
g‡a¨ wØZxqwUi e„nËi ¶gZv _vKv PvB; Ges Gi wfwˇZB iwPZ n‡e bMixi kvmbZvwš¿K
wewa-weavb, cÖ_v I ixwZ-bxwZ| bMixi ixwZ-bxwZ eûwea n‡jI hyw³ GK| †mw`K †_‡K
ixwZ-bxwZi KvR n‡e hyw³i D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ nIqv| G fv‡e †÷vwqK gZev`‡K †`Lv
nq wek¦-we¯Í…Z GKwU wewa e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e hvi i‡q‡Q AmsL¨ kvLv-cÖkvLv| G gZev`
e¨w³i mvgvwRK ¯^vZ‡š¿¿i ¸iæZ¡‡K cwinvi K‡i ivóªmg‚‡ni gv‡S mg‡SvZv e„w×i cÖqvm
Pvjvq| Gfv‡e †÷vwqK `k©b wek¦Rbxb gZev` †_‡K gvbeZvev‡` cwiYZ nq| Aek¨,
†÷vwqKiv cÖPwjZ `vmcÖ_vi we‡ivwaZv K‡i wb| Zv‡`i aviYv, gvby‡li evB‡ii
c`gh©v`vi ‡P‡q Zvi †fZ‡ii gvbylwUi ¸iæZ¡B AwaK|
ivóªZ‡Ë¡i BwZnv‡m †÷vwqK `k©b GK ¸iæZ¡cyY© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| G gZev`
cÖvK„wZK AvB‡bi aviYv‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡i hv cieZ©x‡Z †ivgvb RywimcÖæ‡W‡Ýi wfwË
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| ivóªZ‡Ë¡ wLªwóq gZev`, ga¨hyMxq I AvaywbK wPšÍvaviv eûjvs‡k
†÷vwqK `k©‡bi Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Q|

mviK_v
GwcwKDwiqvbev‡`i g~j cÖwZcv`¨ welq nj e¨w³ Rxe‡bi Rb¨ me©gq my‡Li
AbymÜvb| Zv‡`i g‡Z, hv-wKQyB myL ev Avb›``vqK Zv-B Ôfv‡jvÕ, Avi hv `ytL
†`q Zv-B Ôg›`Õ| hveZxq AKj¨vY I fq-fxwZi k„•Lj †_‡K e¨w³‡K Aegy³ K‡i
¯^vaxb Avb›` PP©vB Zv‡`i j¶¨| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î Avb›`-Dc‡fvM hv‡Z jvMvgnxb n‡q
bv c‡o †mR‡b¨ b¨vqbxwZ, mZZv I Avb›`-‡e`bvi gv‡S fvimvg¨ i¶v Kivi
civgk© i‡q‡Q GB gZv`‡k©| †÷vwqK `k©b AZ¨šÍ cwi”Qbœfv‡e gvby‡li mgZvi
evYx‡K cÖwZôv K‡i †M‡Q| Ôwek¦ bvMwiK‡Z¡iÕ aviYv †÷vwqK‡`i m„wó| gvby‡li gv‡S
wek¦åvZ„‡Z¡i eÜb Ges wek¦ miKv‡ii aviYv cÖPvi †÷vwqK `k©‡bi †gŠwjK Ae`vb|
gvby‡li ˆbwZK g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖwZ ¸iZ¡v‡iv‡ci gva¨‡g GB gZev` ivóªZ‡Ë¡i
BwZnv‡m Av‡Rv mgy¾j¡ n‡q Av‡Q|

ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv c„„ôv-52

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb:
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| GwcwKDwiqvbev` †Kvb& ai‡Yi gZev`cyó?
(K) GwcwKDwiqvbev` MYZ‡š¿i mg_©K;
(L) GwU ˆ¯^iZvwš¿¿K kvmb‡K mg_©b K‡i;
(M) GwU e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ev`‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i;
(N) GwU ˆbivR¨ev`x fveaviv‡K mg_©b †hvMvq|

2| †÷vwqK `k©b Abyhvqx e¨w³ wK‡mi cÖfv‡e KvR K‡i?

(K) e¨w³ ivóªxq AvB‡bi cÖfv‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K;
(L) cywjkx wbh©vZb I nqivwbi f‡q Kg©Zrci nq;
(M) cÖK„wZMZfv‡e hyw³i Aax‡b KvR K‡i _v‡K;
(N) iæwU-†ivwRi cÖ‡qvR‡b KvR K‡i|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1| GwcwKDwiqvbev‡` gvby‡li Rxe‡bi GKvšÍ D‡Ïk¨ wK?
2| †÷vwqK `k©b †Kv_vq KLb weKwkZ nq?
3| GwcwKDwiqvbev‡`i mv‡_ †÷vwqK `k©‡bi †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ wK?
4| Ô`y‡ói `gb wk‡ói jvjbÕ cÖev`wU †÷vwqK `k©‡bi mv‡_ KZUv m½wZc~Y©?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| GwcwKDwiqvbev‡`i g~j ˆewkó¨mg~n e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| †÷vwqK `k©‡bi cÖavb avivmg~n eY©bv Kiæb|

wVK DËi : 1| M, 2| N

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-53
Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV - 7

†ivgvb ivóªwPšÍv : cwjweqvm I wm‡m‡iv

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 cwjweqv‡mi ivóªwPšÍv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wm‡m‡ivi ivóªwPšÍv m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

HwZnvwmK cwjweqvm (200-120 Lªx: c~:) Zuvi †jLv MÖš’ Ôwnw÷ª Ae †ivgÕ iPbvi gva¨‡g
we‡k¦ L¨vwZgvb n‡q Av‡Qb| weL¨vZ wMÖK HwZnvwmK †n‡iv‡WvUvm Ges _ywmWvBWm& Gi
ciB Zuvi Ae`vb ¯^xK…Z| wZwb Av‡K©wWqv bMi iv‡óªi AšÍM©Z †gMv‡jvcwjm bvgK ¯’v‡b
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†Kb Ges wKfv‡e c„w_exi mf¨RvwZmg~n G‡Ki ci GK †ivgvb kvm‡bi cZvKvZ‡j
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ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv c„„ôv-54

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wm‡bU m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb|
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c‡¤úBÔi mv‡_ ZLb Rywjqvm wmRv‡ii PjwQj †Nvi kÎæZv| 48 Lªx: c~e©v‡ã wmRv‡ii

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-55
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Kv‡Q c‡¤úBi civR‡qi ci wm‡m‡iv GKRb mvaviY bvMwi‡Ki Rxebhvcb ïiæ K‡ib
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cÖK…wZ I D™¢e, miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM Ges Gi kvLvmg~n Øviv wKfv‡e, b¨vqwePvi
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iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© wm‡m‡iv e‡jb, ivóª †KejgvÎ RbM‡Yi msNe× cÖqvm bq eis
GwU me©mvavi‡Yi Kj¨v‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ AvB‡bi cÖwZ m¤§wZ Ávc‡bi GK mg‡eZ cÖ‡Póv|
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wm‡m‡ivi g‡Z, AvB‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o DVv ivóª‡K GKwU ˆbwZK m¤úÖ`vq wnm‡e
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cvj‡b e¨_© nq Ges GwU hw` ˆbwZK I Av`k©MZ eÜb Øviv hy³ bv _v‡K Zv n‡j Zv
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AvBb‡K Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z n‡e| wm‡m‡ivi g‡Z gvbyl ivóª Movi †cQ‡b GKZve× nq
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eȇbi cwiKíbv| miKvi wb‡`©kbv `vwqZ¡ GKR‡bi nv‡Z _vK‡Z cv‡i Ges †m myev‡a
GwU ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq ivRZš¿, AwfRvZZš¿i ev MYZš¿ n‡Z cv‡i| Gwi÷U‡ji g‡ZvB
wm‡m‡iv g‡b Ki‡Zb kvmKiv AvZœ¯^v‡_© A_ev RbM‡Yi mvwe©K Kj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ miKvi
cwiPvjbv Ki‡e| GB bxwZgvjvi wfwˇZ wZwb b¨vqbxwZi gvcKvwV wba©viY K‡ib|
wm‡m‡iv miKv‡ii wÎgvwÎK †kªYxwefv‡Mi †¶‡Î ivRZš¿‡K DËg e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Z‡e
wZwb GUvI g‡b K‡ib †h, ivRZš¿, AwfRvZZš¿ I MYZ‡š¿i mgš^‡q MwVZ fvimvg¨c~Y©
PZz_© auv‡Pi wicvewjK miKvi n‡e m‡e©vËg|

ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv c„„ôv-56

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wm‡mv‡iv iwPZ ÔwW wicvewjKvÕ MÖš’wU wQj b¨vqbxwZi c‡¶ GKwU ewjô `wjj| G MÖ‡š’i
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nj cÖvK…wZK AvBb hv hyw³kxj wPšÍvi Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| G ai‡bi AvBb me hy‡Mi
mKj gvbyl‡K AvK…ó K‡i| AvBb me©ÎB GK cÖKvi, AcwieZ©bkxj Ges me RvwZi
mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK| cÖK…wZi AvBb Z_v cigvw_©K AvB‡bi aviYv‡K
weKwkZ Kivi gva¨‡g wm‡m‡iv cÖRvZ‡š¿i cÖwZôvbvw`‡Z weï× hyw³kxjZvi Dcv`vb
mÜvb K‡ib| G ai‡bi AvBb‡K wm‡m‡iv mf¨ Rxe‡bi wfwË wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡ib|
cÖvK…wZK AvBb‡K †`‡ki Rb¨ BwZevPK e‡j wPwýZ K‡i wZwb e‡jb G¸‡jvi AvBb
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cÖ_gZ: ¯^vaxbZv mKj bvMwiK‡K Zv‡`i †kªYx-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l †`qv cÖ‡qvRb Ges wØZxqZ:
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BDwbU-3 c„ôv-57
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cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb:
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(N) G‡_Ý|

2| wm‡mv‡iv †Kvb †`‡ki gvbyl wQ‡jb|

(K) fviZe‡l©i;
(L) Pxb †`‡ki;
(M) †ivg †`‡ki;
(N) BZvjxi|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1| cwjweqvm cÖYxZ miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM wK?
2| ¶gZvi fvimvg¨ I wbqš¿Y m¤ú‡K© cwjweqv‡mi gZvgZ wK wQj?
3| wm‡mv‡iv wK Rb¨ weL¨vZ?
4| b¨vqwePvi A‡_© wm‡m‡iv wK eySv‡Z †Póv K‡ib?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| ivóªZ‡Ë¡i BwZnv‡m cwjweqv‡mi L¨vwZi KviYmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| wm‡mv‡ivi ivR‰bwZK wPšÍvavivi cÖavb w`K¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mwVK DËi : 1| L, 2| M

ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv c„„ôv-58