Diseño sísmico de estructuras

de acero
Por:
Ricardo Germanetti

11-Sistema
Estructural (EBF)
 Riostras excéntricas

• Se desarrolla en los 70 y 80
Fujimoto (1972) Tanabashi (1974) Popov (1978)

• Suministran buena rigidez lateral (Control

derivas)

• Suministran una buena ductilidad (Como los

pórticos resistentes a momento)

• Difícil reparación después de un sismo severo

Century Tower, Tokio, Japón
First story of a six-story split k EBF test – stable and well rounded
First story of a six-story split k EBF test 90% de la energía lo disipa los links
Requieren el doble de ductilidad
del link para una misma deriva
CBF MF CBF MF

Links cortos para reducir derivas (Mayor rigidez)

Links muy cortos
Requieren gran
Ductilidad del elemento (γp)
Para una misma deriva (θp)

Rango para
acomodar
deformaciones
Momento
se concentra
en extremos

Cortante
constante
toda la longitud
(Disipa + Energ)
Resistencia independiente de la longitud del
link (e) cuando controla la cortante

Simple calculation horizontal force – link shear
only frame geometry (independent
No elastic o elastic)
 VL= P h / (L – e/2)

Menor P para un mismo e que la configuración en K

En link controlados por flexión
Se reduce la capacidad y
Depende de la longitud e
Will shear or flexure control the behavior of the link?

Member proportions and frame geometry will

dictate link behavior

The length of the link (e) serves as a key

design parameter.

Shorter links expected to yield in shear and longer

links are expected to yield in flexure.
Cortante
web yielding Flexion
flanges yielding
Test results also showed that a properly stiffened short link can strain
harden and develop a shear strength equal to 1.5Vp.

To avoid low-cycle fatigue failure of the link flanges due to high strains,
these end moments are limited to 1.2Mp
Short
Inelastic web shear buckling
Long
Fracture of flange weld, Severe flange buckling, LTB

SHORT LINKS
MEJOR COMPORTAMIENTO

El cizallamiento inelástico
resulta más eficaz que el
pandeo inelástico del alma
para la disipación de energía

La rigidización mejora la
capacidad de disipación de
energía del LINK
al retrasar el inicio del
pandeo inelástico del alma
FUERZAS MÁXIMAS GENERADAS POR EL LINK
Effect of Axial Force in a link

The presence of an axial force in a link

reduces not only the flexural and shear
capacities but also its inelastic deformation
capacity (Kasai and Popov 1986b).
 NO Reduction

Limitar la longitud del Link para evitar pandeo

Lateral Bracing of Link

To ensure stable hysteresis, a link must be

laterally braced at each end to avoid out-of-plane
twisting. Lateral bracing also stabilizes
the eccentric bracing and the beam segment
outside the link. The concrete slab alone cannot
be relied upon to provide lateral bracing.
Therefore, both top and bottom flanges of the
link beam must be braced. The bracing should
be designed for 6 percent of the expected link
flange strength, RyFybf tf.
Effect of Concrete Slab
Research conducted on composite links
showed that composite action can significantly
increase the link shear capacity during the first
cycles of large inelastic deformations.
However, composite action deteriorates rapidly
in subsequent cycles due to local concrete floor
damage at both ends of the link (Ricles and
Popov 1989). For design purposes, it is
conservative to ignore the contribution of
composite action for calculating the link shear
strength. But the overstrength produced by the
composite slab effect needs to be considered
when estimating the maximum forces that the
shear link imposes to other structural
components (Whittaker et al. 1989).
Diagonal Brace

The required axial and flexural strength of

the diagonal brace shall be those generated by the
expected shear strength of the link RyVn
increased by 125 percent to account for strain
hardening. The nominal shear capacity, Vn, is the
lesser of Vp or 2Mp/e. Although braces are not
expected to experience buckling, the AISC Seismic
Provisions take a conservative approach by
requiring that a compact section ( λ < λ p ) be used
for the brace.

25% adicional (Endurecimiento por deformación) al Ry (Sobre resistencia)

Brace resistente a
Momento

Reduce momento viga
fuera link

CONECTIONS DETAILS
CONECTIONS DETAILS

Pandeo local
CONECTIONS DETAILS

HSS shape Bracing
No resistente a momento

CONECTIONS DETAILS

W shape Bracing
resistente a momento

Beam-to-Column Connection

For the preferred EBF configuration where the link is

not adjacent to a column, a simple framing
connection between the beam and the column is
considered adequate if it provides some restraint
against torsion in the beam. The AISC Seismic
Provisions stipulate that the magnitude of this
torsion be calculated by considering perpendicular
forces equal to 2 percent of the beam flange
nominal strength, Fybf tf, applied in opposite
directions on each flange.

Conexión simple pero resista torsión

Beam Outside of Link
The link end moment shall be calculated using 1.1 times the
expected nominal shear strength (RyVn) of the link. Because
a continuous member is generally used for both the link and
the beam outside the link, it is too conservative to use the
expected yield strength (RyFy) for estimating the force
demand produced by the link while the beam strength is
based on the nominal yield strength (Fy). Therefore, the AISC
Seismic Provisions allow designers to increase the design
strength of the beam by a factor Ry. The horizontal
component of the brace produces a significant axial force in
the beam, particularly if the angle between the diagonal brace
and the beam is small. Therefore, the beam outside the link
needs to be designed as a beam-column. When lateral
bracing is used to increase the capacity of the beam column,
this bracing must be designed to resist 2 percent of the beam
flange nominal strength, Fybf tf.
ANSI/AISC 341-02
An American National Standard
15.1 Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF) – Scope
EBF are expected to withstand significant
inelastic deformation in the links when
subjected to the design earthquake.
Diagonal braces, columns, and beam segments
outside of link shall be designed to remain
essentially elastic under maximum forces that
can be generated by the fully yielded and strain-
hardened link, except where otherwise
permitted.
Link
beam
brace
connection
Columns
15.1 Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF) – Scope
In buildings exceeding 5-stories, upper story of
an EBF building is permitted to be designed as
an OCBF or an SCBF and still be considered
part of an EBF system for the purposes of
determining system factors (i.e. R-factors).
15.2 Links
Links shall comply with width-thickness ratios in
Table I-8-1. Seismically compact

Specified minimum yield stress of steel used in

link shall not exceed 50 ksi. Se Elimino en 2005
Web of a link shall be single thickness without
doubler-plate reinforcement and without web
penetrations. Ductility
15.2 Links
Except as limited below, required shear
strength of Link Vu shall not exceed the
design shear strength of the link φvVn.
Where: φv = 0.9
Vn = nominal shear strength of
link (lesser of Vp or 2Mp/e)
(kips)
Vp = 0.6FyAw (kips)
Aw = (db – 2tf)tw
Mp = Fy Z
15.2 Links
If required axial strength Pu in a link is less
than or equal to 0.15AgFy, the effect of axial
force on the link shear strength need not be
considered.

No hay reducción en la cortante y momento por efecto combinado con axial

15.2 Links
If required axial strength Pu in a link exceeds
0.15AgFy, the following requirements shall be
met:
(1) Link design shear strength shall be lesser of
φVpa or 2φ
φMpa/e

where:
Vpa = Vp[1-(Pu/Py)2]^0.5

Mpa = 1.18Mp[1-(Pu/Py)] …and…

Reducción Mp y Vp por la interacción con la carga axial

15.2 Links
If required axial strength Pu in a link exceeds
0.15AgFy, the following requirements shall be
met:
(2) Length of link (e) shall not exceed:
ρ’(Aw/Ag)]1.6Mp/Vp
[1.15 – 0.5ρ when ρ’(Aw/Ag) ≥ 0.3

nor
1.6Mp/Vp when ρ’(Aw/Ag) < 0.3

where: ρ’ = Pu/ Vu

Aw = (d- 2tf) tw

Evitar elementos muy largos y pandeo

15.2 Links
Link rotation angle is inelastic angle between link
and beam outside link when total story drift
equals design story drift, ∆.
Link rotation (γγp) shall not exceed:
(a) 0.08 radian for links of length 1.6Mp/Vp
or less
(b) 0.02 radian for links of length 2.6Mp/Vp
or greater
(c) Value obtained from linear
interpolation for link lengths between
1.6Mp/Vp and 2.6Mp/Vp
Link cortos
cortante Largos
flexión
Giros diferentes pero pueden producir derivas similares (Diferencia longitud)
Ignora deformación elástica
15.3 Link Stiffeners
Full depth web stiffeners shall be provided on
both sides of link web at diagonal brace ends
of link.
Stiffeners shall have a combined width not less
than (bf – 2tw) and a thickness not less than
0.75tw nor 3/8 in., whichever is larger
where bf and tw are link flange width and link web thickness,
respectively.

Link Stiffeners are required to prevent buckling of the web in shear

or Local buckling of flange (Flexión links)
 Link Stiffeners are required to prevent buckling
of the web in shear
15.3 Link Stiffeners
Links shall be provided with intermediate
web stiffeners as follows:
(a) Links lengths 1.6Mp/Vp or less shall be
provided with intermediate web stiffeners
spaced:
≤ (30tw - d/5) for γ = 0.08rad
≤ (52tw - d/5) for γ = 0.02rad or less

(linearly interpolate between 0.08 and 0.02)

Link Stiffeners are required to prevent buckling of the web in shear
15.3 Link Stiffeners
Links shall be provided with intermediate web
stiffeners as follows:
(b) Links lengths greater than 2.6Mp/Vp and less than
5Mp/Vp shall be provided with intermediate web
stiffeners placed at a distance 1.5 bf from end of
link
(c)Links lengths between 1.6Mp/Vp and 2.6Mp/Vp shall
be provided with intermediate web stiffeners meeting
the requirements of (a) and (b), above
(c) Intermediate web stiffeners are not required in
links lengths greater than 5Mp/Vp
 15.3 Link Stiffeners
Links shall be provided with intermediate web
stiffeners as follows:
(e)Intermediate stiffeners shall be full depth
For links less than 25 in. deep, stiffeners are
required on only one side of link web
Thickness and width of one-sided stiffeners shall
not be less than tw (or 3/8 in., whichever is
larger) and (bf – 2tw), respectively.
For links greater than 25 in. deep, stiffeners are
required on both sides of link web
15.3 Link Stiffeners
Required strength of fillet welds connecting link
stiffener to link web is AstFy
Required strength of fillet weld fastening stiffener
to flanges is AstFy/4

where Ast = area of stiffener

 Preferible articulado
15.4 Link to Column Connections
Link to column connections must be capable of
sustaining maximum link rotation angle based on
link length (i.e. as specified in Section 15.2).
Strength of link connection, measured at column
face, must be equal to at least the nominal shear
strength of link, Vn

Link to column connections shall demonstrate satisfaction

of the above by:
(a) Using prequalified connection per Appendix P
(b) Providing project-specific tests or tests from the
literature per Appendix S
15.4 Link to Column Connections
Link to column connections shall demonstrate
satisfaction of the above by:
Exception: Where reinforcement at beam-to-column
connection at link end precludes yielding of
beam over the reinforced length, the link is
permitted to be the beam segment from end of
reinforcement to the brace connection…and…

Alejar articulación plástica de la columna

15.4 Link to Column Connections
Link to column connections shall demonstrate
satisfaction of the above by:
Exception: …Where such links are used and link
length does not exceed 1.6Mp/Vp, cyclic testing
of connection is not required if design strength
of reinforced section and connection equals
required strength based on strain-hardened
link per Section 15.6
Full depth stiffeners per Section 15.3 to be
placed at link-to-reinforcement interface.
15.5 Lateral Bracing of Link
Lateral bracing shall be provided at both top and
bottom link flanges at each end of link.
Required strength of link end lateral bracing is
0.06RyFybftf (i.e. link flange force)
15.6 Diagonal Brace and Beam Outside Link
Required combined axial and flexural strength of
diagonal brace shall be forces generated by
1.25RyVn (i.e. shear strength of link).
Design strength of brace shall be based on LRFD
Specification Section H (including Appendix
H3).
Flexo-compresión
15.6 Diagonal Brace and Beam Outside Link

Design of beam outside the link:

(1) Required strength of beam outside of link shall
be forces generated by 1.1RyVn (i.e. shear
strength of link).
For purposes of determining design strength of
beam outside of link, Ry may be used to
calculate available strength (i.e. you can use
on both demand a capacity sides of equation)

Se reduce de 1,25 a 1,1 el factor (Se permite alguna plastificación en vigas)

(2)Beam shall be provided with lateral bracing where
indicated as required by analysis.
Lateral bracing shall be provided at both top and
bottom flanges and each brace shall have a
required strength of at least 0.02Fybftf.
15.6 Diagonal Brace and Beam Outside Link
Required strength of diagonal brace-to-beam
connection at link end of brace shall be at least
expected nominal brace strength as given in
Section 15.6.
No part of this connection shall extend over the link
length.

If brace resists portion of link moment, connection shall

be designed as a FR connection.
Brace width-thickness ratio shall satisfy λp per
LRFD Specification Table B5.1
15.7 Beam-to-Column Connections
Beam-to-column connections away from link may
be designed as pinned in the plane of the web.
Connection shall be designed to resist rotation
about longitudinal axis of beam based on two
equal and opposite forces of at least 0.02Fybftf
acting laterally on the beam flanges.
15.8 Required Column Strength
In addition to requirements in Section 8,
required strength of columns shall be
determined based on load combinations from
applicable building code…
…except that moments and axial loads
introduced into column at connection of a link
or brace shall not be less than those
generated by 1.1RyVn of all links above level
under consideration (i.e. expected nominal
strength of the link) .
Se puede utilizar un valor menor
el máximo generado por el mecanismo
Se reduce de 1,25 a 1,1 (no se plastifican todos los link simultáneos)
8.3 Column Strength
When Pu/φφPn > 0.4 (determined without considering
amplified seismic load):

(1) Required axial compressive and tensile

strength, considered in absence of applied
moment, shall be determined using load
combinations from applicable building code
including amplified seismic load …but…
 8.3 Column Strength
When Pu/φφPn > 0.4 (determined without
considering amplified seismic load):

(2) Required strengths need not exceed:

(a) Maximum load transferred to column
based on 1.1Ry times nominal strength
of connecting beam or brace elements
…or…

(b) Limit as determined from resistance of

foundation to overturning uplift