Lesson 3 Optical Systems - WDM

LESSON 3: OPTICAL SYSTEMS — WDM DESIGN
Lesson 3: Optical Systems — WDM Design
Esta lección describeThis

cómo simular
lesson un sistema
describes WDM
how to con 8acanales.
simulate WDM systemSe familiarizará con la Biblioteca
with 8 channels. You will de
componentes, con grupos
become defamiliar
parámetros y con
with the visualizadores,
Component Library,como el Analizador
parameter groups, de
andBER (BER Analyzer
visualizers such ).
Parámetros globalesas the BER Analyzer.
.
Global
Para parameters
esta simulación utilizaremos parámetros predeterminados para la velocidad de bits (Bit rate), para la
longitud de secuencia de bits (Bit sequence length) y para la velocidad de muestreo (Sample rate).
. For this simulation we will use default parameters for the Bit rate, Bit sequence
length, and
Visualización de parámetros Sample rate.
globales
.
Para ver losViewing
parámetrostheglobales
globalpredeterminados
parameters (default), realice el siguiente procedimiento:
.
Paso Acción To view the default global parameters, perform the following procedure.
. Step Action
1- En el menú Archivo (File), seleccione Nuevo (New).
1
Aparecerá una disposición From thevacía
principal File (menu, select New.
Main layout ) en la ventana de diseño del proyecto (Project
layout). A blank Main layout appears in the Project layout window.
2- Haga doble clic en2 cualquier parte del diseño
Double-click anywhereprincipal
in the (Main layout).
Mainlayout.
Se mostrará el cuadro de diálogo de Parámetros
The Layout de diseño
1 Parameters 1 (Layout
dialog 1 Parameters
box appears (see Figure) (consulte
22). la Figura
22). The default global parameters used for this simulation are:
Los parámetros globales predeterminados utilizados para esta simulación son:
• Bit rate: 2500000000 Bits/s
• Velocidad binaria (Bit rate): 2500000000 Bits/s
• Sequence
• Longitud de la secuencia (Sequence length:
length ): 128128
bits bits
• Ventana de tiempo (Time •window Time):window:
5.12e-0085.12e-008
55
Figura Figure
1 Parámetros globales
1 Global parameters
56
Transmisores
Transmitters
.
Para crear los transmisores para
To create sistema WDM
theeltransmitters conWDM
for the 8 canales,
systemrealice
with 8el siguienteperform
channels, procedimiento:
the following
. procedure.
Paso Acción
. Step Action
Observación: Para aumentar el tamaño del diseño, presione Ctrl + Mayús (Ctrl+Shift ) y arrastre el cursor
Note: To increase the size of the layout, press Ctrl+Shift and drag the cursor
desde la esquina superior izquierda
from thedeltopdiseño principal
left corner of the Mainlayout
(Main layout) hasta
to the la esquina
bottom inferior
right derecha.
corner.
1- Cree un láser externo modulado (external modulated laser) utilizando los procedimientos de la Lección
1: Transmisor - Láser1modulado
Create an external modulated laser using the procedures in Lesson 1:
externo.
Transmitter
2- Seleccione los cuatro componentes láser — External
moduladosmodulated laser. (external modulated laser) .
externamente
3- Copie y pegue los 2componentes
Select seleccionados
the four external para crear unlaser
modulated total de ocho transmisores (consulte la
components.
Figura 23).
3 Copy and paste the selected components to create a total of eight
.
transmitters (see Figure 23).
.
Figura 2 Creación deFigure
ocho 2láseres modulados
Creating externos
eight external modulated lasers
. 4 From the Component Library, select Default > WDM Multiplexers Library >
4- En la biblioteca de componentes,
Multiplexers.seleccione: Default> WDM Multiplexers Library> Multiplexers.
5- Arrastre el WDM
5 Mux 8x1the
Drag a laWDM
disposición
Mux 8x1principal
to the (Main layout).
Main layout.
57
6- Conecte las salidas del modulador Mach-Zehnder (Mach-Zehnder Modulator) a las entradas del
6 Connect the Mach-Zehnder Modulator outputs to the WDM Mux 8x1 inputs.
WDM Mux 8x1.
Observación: Puede indicar losYou
Note: valores de los the
can select filtros internos
values Mux
for the que
Mux se mostrarán
internal filters to en
be el diseño, in
displayed
the layout
seleccionando la opción Disp by selecting
en la pestaña the Disp
Canales option indel
(Channels) thecuadro
Channels tab of the
de diálogo Mux
Propiedades
properties
Mux (Mux properties) (consulte dialog24).
la Figura box (see Figure 24).
.
Figura 3 Visualización de los canales
Figure 3 Displaying de frecuencia
multiplexer frequency del multiplexor
channels
58
Grupos de parámetros (Parameter groups).

. Parameter groups
Para introducir los valores de frecuencia para cada canal, haga doble clic en cada CW Laser e ingrese
ToPara
el valor de frecuencia. entersimplificar
the frequency valuesde
el proceso forintroducción
each channel,de double-click each CW Laser
valores de parámetros and
para cada
enter the frequency value. To simplify the process
componente, utilice la función de grupos de parámetros (Parameter groups). of entering parameter values for
. each component, use the Parameter groups feature.
Acceso a la tabla de grupos de parámetros (Parameter groups)
. Accessing the Parameter groups table
La tabla de grupos de parámetros (Parameter groups) permite acceder a los parámetros relevantes
de la simulación WDM The(como Frecuencia
Parameter groupsy Potencia)
table gives enyou
un solo lugar.
access Puede irparameters
to relevant a cada componente e
for the WDM
introducir los valores para cambiar los parámetros. Para acceder a un grupo de parámetros each
simulation (such as Frequency and Power) in one place. You can go into
(Parameter groups), realice el siguiente
component and enterprocedimiento:
the values to change the parameters.
.
Paso Acción To access a parameter group, perform the following procedure.
.
Step Action
1- En la barra de herramientas principal (Main), seleccione Layout > Parameter groups.
Aparece el cuadro de 1 diálogoFrom
Gruposthe de parámetros
Main (Parameter
toolbar, select LayoutGroups) (consulte
> Parameter la Figura 25).
groups.
. The Parameter Groups dialog box appears (see Figure 25).
Observación: Puede acceder a los siguientes parámetros de la tabla Grupos de Parámetros
(Parameter Groups) (consulte Note: You can25):
la Figura access the following parameters from the Parameter Groups
table (see Figure 25):
.
• Velocidad de bits (Bit rate)• Bit rate
• Convertir los compartimentos • de noise binsnoise bins)
ruido (Convert
Convert
• Frecuencia (Frequency)
• Iteraciones (Iterations) • Frequency
• Tipo de señal de salida (Output signal type)
• Iterations
• Potencia (Power)
• Output
• Frecuencia de muestreo (Sample rate)signal type
. • Power
.
• Sample rate
También se puede introducir las unidades del grupo de parámetros y editar los valores de los
parámetros, escribiendo nuevos You valores
can alsooenter
utilizando las herramientas
the units del menú
for the parameter groupcontextual.
and edit the parameter
values by typing new values or using the tools from the context menu.
59
Figura 4 Grupos
Figure de parámetros
4 Parameter groups
2- Haga clic2en la columna

Click theValor
Value(Value ). Se resaltará la columna Valor (Value).
column.
. The Value column is highlighted.
3- En la tabla Grupos de parámetros (Parameters Groups), seleccione la columna Valor (Value) y
3 In the Parameters Groups table, select the Value column and right-click.
haga clic con el botón derecho del ratón. Aparecerá un menú contextual.
A context menu appears.
.
4 Spread.
4- Seleccione Select Spread.el cuadro de diálogo Propagación del grupo de parámetros
Aparecerá
(Parameter GroupThe Parameter
Spread Group
) (consulte Spread
la Figura 26).dialog box appears (see Figure 26).
. 5 In the Start Value text box, type:
5- En el cuadro de texto193.1
Valor de inicio (Start Value), tipee: 193.1
.
6 In the Increment text box, type:
6- En el cuadro de texto Increment, tipee: 0.1
. 0.1
7- Para volver
7 a la disposición
To return toprincipal
the Main(Main click),Close.
layout
layout, haga clic en Cerrar (Close). Las frecuencias
en la columna ValorThe(Value ) se actualizan
frequencies de 193,1
in the Value THz aare
column 193,8 THz (ver
updated fromFigura
193.126).
THz to
. 193.8 THz (see Figure 26).
60
Figura 5 Introducción
Figure de valoresvalues
5 Entering frequency de frecuencia
Prueba del transmisor

Testing the transmitter
.
Para verificar laTo
configuración del sistema
verify the system settingenforeste
this diseño,
design, se
useutiliza un analizador
an Optical Spectrum de Analyzer
espectro óptico
and
(Optical Spectruma WDMAnalyzer
analyzer) y un analizador
to obtain WDMspectrum
the signal (WDM analyzer
and the) total
parapower
obtenerforeleach
espectro de
channel.
señal y la potencia total de cada canal, respectivamente. Para probar el transmisor, realice el
To test the transmitter, perform the following procedure.
siguiente procedimiento:
.
Step Action
Paso Acción
. 1 From the Component Library, select Default > Visualizer Library > Optical.
1- En la Biblioteca
2 de componentes,
Drag the Optical seleccione
Spectrum Default> Visualizer
Analyzer to theLibrary> Optical.
Main layout.
2- Arrastre el analizador
3 de espectro óptico ( Optical Spectrum
Drag the WDM Analyzer to the Main layout. Analyzer ) a la disposición principal
(Main layout).
4 Connect the Optical Spectrum Analyzer input and the WDM Analyzer input
3- Arrastre el analizador WDM (WDM Analyzer) a la disposición principal (Main layout).
to the WDM Mux output.
4- Conecte la entrada del analizador de espectro óptico (Optical Spectrum Analyzer) y la entrada
5
del analizador WDM Run Analyzer
(WDM the simulation:
) a la salida del WDM Mux.
5- Ejecute la simulación:a. Click Calculate.
a- Haga clic en Calcular (Calculate ). Aparecerá
The Calculation el cuadro
dialog de diálogo Cálculo (Calculation).
box appears.
b- Haga clic en el botónb.Ejecutar ( Run ). El
Click the Run button.progreso del cálculo aparecerá en el cuadro de diálogo
Cálculo (Calculation). The calculation progress appears in the Calculation dialog box.
6- Haga doble clic en Analizador de espectro óptico (Optical Spectrum Analyzer) para ver el gráfico
6 Double-click Optical Spectrum Analyzer to view the graph (see Figure 27).
(consulte la Figura 27). El gráfico aparecerá y se mostrarán ocho canales con la misma separación
The graph appears and displays eight equally-spaced channels.
constante.
7- Haga doble clic WDM Analyzer
7 en el Double-click the para
WDMver los resultados
Analyzer to viewnuméricos (consulte
the numerical resultsla(see
Figura 27).
Figure 27).
Se visualizará el cuadro de diálogo del WDM Analyzer que mostrará los resultados numéricos de los
ocho canales. The WDM Analyzer dialog box appears and displays the numerical results
for the eight channels.
.
Observación: La potencia Note:
media Thede average
la señalsignal powercanal
para cada for each channel is approximately
es aproximadamente de unos 17 dBm
17dBm
for a resolution bandwidth of 0.1 nm.
con un ancho de banda de resolución de 0,1nm.
61
FiguraFigure
6 Resultados de la simulación
6 Simulation representados
results from en los visualizadores.
the visualizers
Fibra Óptica
Fiber + tramosspans
+ EDFA de EDFA
.
Para crear un empalme de unaa fibra
To create fiber óptica con un
connected EDFA,
to an EDFA,realice el siguiente
perform procedimiento:
the following procedure.
.
Paso Acción Step Action
. 1 From the Component Library, select Default > Optical Fibers Library.
1- En Biblioteca de componentes
2 Drag (the
Component Library
Optical Fiber ), seleccione
to the Main layout. Default> Optical Fibers Library.
2- Arrastre la fibra óptica (Optical Fiber) a la disposición principal (Main layout).
3 Double-click the Optical Fiber.
3- Haga doble clic en Fibra óptica (Optical Fiber). Aparecerá el cuadro de diálogo Propiedades de fibra
The Optical Fiber Properties dialog box appears.
óptica (Optical Fiber Properties).
4- Para cambiar la longitud
4 del parámetro
To change the a 80km, haga
parameter clicto
length en80
la km,
celda Valor
click the (Value
Value)cell
junto a Longitud
beside Length,
(Length) y escriba: 80 and type:
5- Para volver a la disposición principal
80 (Main layout), haga clic en Aceptar (OK).
6- En la biblioteca de5 componentes ( Component Library),
To return to the Main layout, seleccione
click OK. Default> Amplifiers Library> Optical>
EDFA.
6 From the Component Library, select Default > Amplifiers Library >
7- Arrastre el EDFA Ideal a la disposición principal (Main layout).
Optical > EDFA.
8- En los Parámetros EDFA, cambie el modo de operación (Operation Mode) a Control de potencia (Power
Control). 7 Drag the EDFA Ideal to the Main layout.
9- Conecte la salida de
8 fibra In
óptica (Optical
the EDFA Fiber) a lachange
Parameters, entradaOperation
Ideal EDFAMode (EDFA Ideal) (consulte
to Power Control. la Figura
28). 9 Connect the Optical Fiber output to the EDFA Ideal input (see Figure 28).
62
Figura 7 Fibra
FigureÓptica + tramo
7 Fiber + EDFAde un EDFA
span
Conexión del control

Connecting thedeLoop
lazo cerrado
Control
.
El control deThelazoLoop
cerrado, permite
Control allowsestablecer
you to set elthe
número
numberdeofveces
timesque
thelasignal
señalpropagates
se propagainenthe los
componentes que están conectados
components entre los
that are connected puertosthe
between deLoop
entrada y salida
Control del and
input lazo.output
Se utiliza el
ports.
control de lazo
Usepara determinar
the Loop Control el rendimiento
to calculate thedelsystem
sistema, basado en un
performance número
based denumber
on the diferentes
of
fibras ópticas y de tramos EDFA. Para conectar el control de lazo cerrado, realice el siguiente
fibers and EDFA spans.
procedimiento:
To connect the Loop Control, perform the following procedure.
.
Paso AcciónStep Action
.
1 From the Component Library, select Default > Tools Library.
1- En la biblioteca de componentes (Component Library), seleccione Default> Tools Library.
2- Arrastre el2 controlDrag
de lazo
the (Loop Control)toa the
Loop Control la disposición
Main layout. principal (Main layout).
3- Conecte el3 puertoConnect
de salidathe WDMport
deloutput Mux of8x1 al primer
the WDM Muxpuerto
8x1 todetheentrada del Control
first Loop control de lazo
input
(Loop Control). port.
4- Conecte el4 primerConnect
puerto de thesalida del control
first Loop Control de output
lazo (Loop Control
port to ) al puerto
the Optical Fiberde entrada
input port de
la fibra óptica (Optical Fiber
(see ) (consulte
Figure 29). la figura 29).
5- Conecte el5 puertoConnect
de salidathe deloutput portEDFA
segundo of theIdeal
second(conectado
EDFA Ideala Optical
(connected ) al
Fiberto thepuerto de
Optical
entrada del Control del lazo ( Loop Control ) (consulte la Figura
Fiber) to the Loop Control input port (see Figure 29). 29).
.
FiguraFigure
8 Control
8 Loop de lazo cerrado
control
63
Ajustar del número

Setting de repeticiones
the number of signal deround
la señaltrips
.
Defina el número de repeticiones
You define the number ofderound
la señal a través
trips that thedel lazomakes
signal cerrado, configurando
through el setting
the loop by
parámetro Número
the Numberde bucles (Number
of loops in the) en
of loops
parameter Control.de lazo (Loop Control). Para
el Control
Loop
ajustar el número de repeticiones de la señal a través del lazo cerrado, realice el siguiente
To set the number of signal round trips, perform the following procedure.
procedimiento:
. Step Action
Paso Acción
. 1 Double-click the Loop Control.
The Loop Control
1- Haga doble clic en el control de lazoProperties
(Loop Control dialog
). box appears (see Figure 30).
Aparecerá el cuadro de diálogo Propiedades del control de lazo (Loop Control Properties)
(consulte la Figura 30). Figure 9 Loop control parameters
Figura 9 Parámetros de control del lazo (Loop control )
2- Para establecer
2 elTonúmero
set the de repeticiones
number of signalde la señal,
round trips,haga
clickclic
theen la celda
Value cell Valor
beside(Value ) junto
number
al número de bucles (number of loops), resalte el 0 y tipee: 3
of loops, highlight the 0, and type:
. 3
Observación: La señal se propagará 3 x 80km = 240km.
Note: The signal will propagate 3 x 80km = 240 km.
.
3 a la disposición
3- Para volver To return toprincipal
the Main(Main
layout, click),OK.
layout haga clic en Aceptar (OK).
. 4 From the Component Library, select Default > Optical Fibers Library.
4- En la biblioteca
5 de
Dragcomponentes, Fiber to theDefault>
the Optical seleccione Optical Fibers Library.
Main layout.
5- Arrastre la fibra óptica (Optical Fiber) a la disposición principal (Main layout).
6
6- Fije la longitud deSet the fiber Length to 100km.
la fibra óptica (Length) a 100km.
7- En la Biblioteca
7 de
Fromcomponentes,
the Component Library,Default
seleccione > WDM>Multiplexers
select Default Library Library
WDM Multiplexers > >
Demultiplexers. Demultiplexers.
8- Arrastre 8el WDMDrag Demux the 1x8
WDM a laDemux
disposición
1x8 toprincipal
the Main (Main layout).
layout.
9- Conecte 9el segundo puerto de salida de control de lazo (
Connect the second Loop Control output port ControlLoop ) al puerto
to the WDM Demuxde entrada
1x8 input
WDM Demux 1x8 (consulte
port (see la Figura31).
Figure 31).
10- Para ver10las frecuencias de WDM Demux 1x8:
To view the WDM Demux 1x8 frequencies:
a- Haga doble clic en WDM Demux 1x8
a. Double-click the WDM Demux 1x8
64
Aparecerá el cuadro de diálogo

The WDM Propiedades
Demux 1x8 WDM Demux
delProperties dialog1x8.
box appears.
.
b. Select the Channels tab.
b- Seleccione la pestaña Canales (Channels).
c- En la columna Disp,c. seleccione
In the Disp column,
la casilla deselect the check
verificación box beside
situada junto aeach
cada frequency.
frecuencia.
d- Para volver a la disposición principal ( Main layout ), haga
d. To return to the Main layout, click OK. clic en Aceptar ( OK ).
. The eight frequencies and their values appear below the WDM
Las ocho frecuencias y sus valores
Demux aparecen
1x8 debajo
(see Figure 31).de WDM Demux 1x8 ((ver Figura 31).
.
Figura
Figure 10
10 Demultiplexor
Demultiplexer
Resultados obtenidos
Obtaining después
results del proceso
after the demultiplexor
demultiplexer
.
Para verificar la configuración
To verifydel
thesistema
system para este
setting fordiseño, se utiliza
this design, you un willanalizador de espectro
use an Optical Spectrum óptico
(Optical Spectrum Analyzer ), una analizador
Analyzer, WDM Analyzer,de WDM and(WDM
an Optical Time) yDomain
Analyzer un visualizador óptico del
Visualizer.
dominio del tiempo (Optical Time Domain Visualizer). Para obtener los resultados de la señal en el
To obtain the signal results in time and frequency and the total power for each channel
tiempo y en la frecuencia así como la potencia total de cada canal después de que la señal pase por el
after the signal passes through the WDM Demux 1x8, perform the following
WDM Demux 1x8, realice el siguiente procedimiento:
procedure.
.
Paso Acción Step Action
. 1 From the Component Library, select Default > Visualizer Library > Optical.
1- En la Biblioteca de componentes, seleccione Default> Visualizer Library> Optical.
2 óptico
2- Arrastre el visualizador Drag
delthe Optical
dominio deTime
tiempo Domain Visualizer
(Optical Time Domainto the Main layout.
Visualizer ) a la disposición
principal (Main layout3). Drag the Optical Spectrum Analyzer to the Main layout.
3- Arrastre el analizador
4 de espectro
Drag the óptico
WDM (Optical
Analyzer Time Domain
to the layout. ) a la disposición principal
Main Visualizer
(Main layout).
5 Connect each of the visualizers to the first output port on the WDM Demux
4- Arrastre el analizador de WDM 1x8 ((193.1 THz). ) a la disposición principal (Main layout).
WDM Analyzer
5- Conecte cada uno de los visualizadores al primer puerto de salida del WDM Demux 1x8 (193.1 THz).
6
6- Ejecute la simulación: Run the simulation:
a- Haga clic en Calcular (Calculate
a. ).Click Calculate.
b- Haga clic en el botón Ejecutar ( Run
b. Click ). the Run button.
El progreso del cálculo aparece en The el cuadro de diálogo
calculation de Cálculo
progress appears(Calculation ).
in the Calculation dialog box.
Observación: Esta simulación llevará algún tiempo.
Note: This simulation will take some time.
7- Haga doble clic en los visualizadores para ver los resultados y los gráficos (consulte la Figura 32).
7 Double-click the visualizers to view the results and graphs (see Figure 32).
65
Figura 11Figure
Resultados de la simulación
11 Simulation mostrados
results from por los visualizadores
the visualizers
66
Agregar un receptor
Adding a receiver
.
Para añadir un fotodetector,
To add un amplificador eléctrico
a photodetector, y unamplifier,
an electrical filtro Bessel
andala diseño,
Bessel realice
filter to el
thesiguiente
design,
procedimiento: perform the following procedure.
.
Step Action
Paso Acción
. 1 From the Component Library, select Default > Receivers Library >
Photodetectors.
1- En la Biblioteca de componentes, seleccione Predeterminado> Biblioteca de receptores>
Fotodetectores (Default 2 > Receivers
Drag theLibrary PIN to the).Main layout.
> Photodetectors
Photodetector
2- Arrastre el fotodetector
3 PIN ( Photodetector PIN ) a
Set the Thermal Noise parameter la disposición
to 10principal
-21
. (Main layout).
3- Ajuste el parámetro de ruido térmico (Thermal Noise) en 10-21.
4 From the Component Library, select Default > Filters Library > Electrical.
4- En Biblioteca de componentes, seleccione Default> Filters Library> Electrical.
5 de paso
5- Arrastre el filtro Bessel Dragbajo
the (Low Pass Bessel Filter to the Main layout.
Low Pass Bessel Filter) a la disposición principal (Main layout).
6 Connect
6- Conecte el primer puerto de salida del WDMthe first output
Demux port
1x8onalthe WDMdeDemux
puerto entrada1x8
deltoPhotodetector
the PhotodetectorPIN.
PIN input port.
7- Conecte el puerto de salida del Photodetector PIN al puerto de entrada del filtro Bessel de paso bajo
7 Connect the Photodetector PIN output port to the Low Pass Bessel Filter
(Low Pass Bessel Filter) (consulte la Figura
input port 33). 33).
(see Figure
8- Para volver a la disposición
8 principal
To return (to
Main ), haga click
layoutlayout,
the Main clic en Aceptar (OK).
OK.
.
Figura
Figure12 12 Agregar
Addingun thereceptor
receiver atoun sistema
the WDM
WDM system
Observación: Este diseño se puede

Note: This realizar
design también
could be made utilizando el componente
using the WDM Transmitterdelcomponent
transmisor from
WDM
(WDM Transmitterthe) deOptical
la biblioteca de transmisores
Transmitters ópticossteps
library. Fewer (Optical if you ).use
Transmitters
are required Se this
requieren
menos pasos si se utiliza este componente.
component. When using Cuando
the WDM seTransmitter,
utiliza el WDM receiver will, require
theTransmitter el receptor
the
necesitará el componente 3R Regenerator
3R Regenerator de la from
component biblioteca de receptores
the Receivers library(consulte
(see sampleel archivo
file de
Lesson3B.osd).
ejemplo: Lesson3B.osd).
67
Figure 13 WDM Transmitter layout design (Lesson 3B.osd)
68
BER Analyzer
The BER Analyzer calculates system performance. It can predict the BER, Q-factor,
threshold, and Eye aperture of a system. You can view the BER patterns and the BER
value in each point of the Eye diagram using 3D graphs.
Adding the BER Analyzer

To add the BER Analyzer to the system, perform the following procedure.
Step Action
1 From the Component Library, select Default > Visualizer Library >
Electrical.
2 Drag the BER Analyzer to the Main layout.
Note: The first BER Analyzer input port receives the binary signal.
3 Connect the output port of the first Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence
Generator to the first BER Analyzer input port.
Note: The second BER Analyzer input port receives the original sampled
signal. It compensates the delay between the signals that are transmitted and
received.
4 Connect the output of the first NRZ Pulse Generator to the second
BER Analyzer input port.
5 Connect the Low Pass Bessel Filter output port to third BER Analyzer input
port (see Figure 35).
Figure 14 Connecting the BER Analyzer
6 Run the simulation:

a. Click Calculate.
b. Click the Run button.
The calculation progress appears in the Calculation dialog box.
Note: This simulation will take some time.
7 To display the results and graphs, double-click the BER Analyzer.
69
Viewing the BER Analyzer graphs and results

To view the BER Analyzer graphs and results, perform the following procedure.
Step Action
1 Double-click the BER Analyzer.
The BER Analyzer window appears and displays a graph.
2 Select Show Eye Diagram.
The graph is redrawn and displays the Eye Diagram.
Note: When you open the BER Analyzer, the following graphs appear
together with the Eye Diagram (see Figure 36):
– Q-Factor: Maximum value for the Q-Factor versus Decision Instant.
– Min BER: Minimum value for the BER versus Decision Instant.
– Threshold: Threshold value versus Decision Instant that gives the
maximum Q-Factor and the Min BER.
– Height: Eye height versus Decision Instant.
– BER Pattern: When Calculate Patterns is selected, displays the
regions where the BER value is less than the user-defined values.
Figure 15 BER Analyzer graphs
70
The Analysis group box displays the following values (see Figure 37):
• Maximum Q-Factor
• Minimum BER
• Maximum eye aperture
• Threshold
• Decision Instant at the Max Q-Factor/ Min BER
Figure 16 BER Analyzer results
Calculating BER patterns

To calculate the BER patterns, perform the following procedure.
Step Action
Note: The Calculate Patterns check box is only available when you select
the BER Pattern tab (see Figure 38).
1 In the BER Analyzer window, select the BER Pattern tab.
The graph changes to display the BER Patterns graph.
2 Select the Calculate Patterns check box.
The visualizer recalculates the results and displays a new graph.
71
Figure 17 Calculating BER patterns
Calculating the 3D BER graph

To calculate the 3D BER, perform the following procedure.
Step Action
Note: You must enable the calculation of the BER patterns and the 3D graph.
1 Right-click the BER Analyzer.
A context menu appears.
2 Select Component Properties.
The BER Analyzer Properties dialog box appears.
3 Select the BER Patterns tab (see Figure 39).
4 Select the Value cell beside Calculate Patterns.
5 Select the Value cell beside Calculate 3D graph.
6 In the Disp column, select Calculate Patterns and Calculate 3D graph.
7 To recalculate the results and return to the Main layout, click OK.
The visualizer recalculates the graphs and results.
72
Figure 18 Calculating 3D graph
Viewing the 3D graph

To view the 3D graph, perform the following procedure.
Step Action
1 If the Project Browser is closed:
• From the Main toolbar, select View > Project Browser,
or
• Press Ctrl+2.
2 In the Project Browser, expand the BER Analyzer component.
A list of available options appears.
3 Expand the Graphs item in the list.
A list of BER Analyzer available graphs appears.
4 From the list of BER Analyzer graph items, right-click the BER Pattern 3D
Graph.
5 Select Quick View.
The 3D graph appears (see Figure 40).
73
Figure 19 3D graphs from the project browser
74
Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence Generator Página 1 de 2
Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence Generator
Generates a Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) according to different operation

modes. The bit sequence is designed to approximate the characteristics of random data.
Ports
Name and description Port type Signal type
Bit sequence Output Binary
Parameters
Main
Name and description Default value Default unit Value range
Bits/s
Bit rate Bit rate MBits/s [0, 1e+012]

GBits/s
Operation mode Order - Probability, Order, Alternate, Ones, Zeros
Order
log(Sequence length)/log(2) - [2,30]
Order of the PRBS generator
Mark probability
0.5 - [0,1]
Probability of ones in the sequence
Number of leading zeros (Time window * 3 / 100 ) * Bit rate - [0,+INF[
Number of trailing zeros (Time window * 3 / 100 ) * Bit rate - [0,+INF[
Simulation
Name and description Default value Units Value range
Enabled
True - True, False
Determines whether or not the component is enabled
mk:@MSITStore:c:\program%20files%20(x86)\optiwave%20software\optisystem%207\... 02-06-2017
Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence Generator Página 2 de 2
Iterations
Iterations - [1, 1e+009]
Number of times to repeat the calculation
Random numbers
Generate random seed

True - True, False
Determines if the seed is automatically defined and unique
Random seed index

0 - [0,4999]
User-defined seed index for bit generation
Different each iteration

False - True, False
Determines if the seed is automatically defined and unique for each calculation iteration
Technical background
This model generates a sequence of N bits:
Tw is the global parameter Time window and Br is the parameter Bit rate.
The number of bits generated is . and are the Number of leading zeros and the
Number of trailing zeros.
Operation mode controls the algorithm used to generate the bit sequence:
· Probability: Random number generator is used, with parameter Mark probability
specifying the probability of ones in the sequence
· Order: PRBS generator[1] with Order k is used to generate a sequence with period of
k
2 -1
· Alternate: Alternate sequence of ones and zeros is generated
· Ones: A sequence of ones is generated
· Zeros: A sequence of zeros is generated
References
[1] Press, W. H., Flannery, B. P., Teukolsky, S. A., and Vetterling, W. T., Numerical Recipes in C. Cambridge
University Press, (1991).
Notes:
Optiwave Systems Inc.

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NRZ Pulse Generator Página 1 de 3
NRZ Pulse Generator
Generates a Non Return to Zero (NRZ) coded signal.
Ports
Bit sequence Input Binary
Output Output Electrical
Parameters
Main
Default Default
Name and description Value range
value unit
Rectangle shape Exponential, Gaussian,

Exponential -
Linear, Sine
Determines the shape for the edges of the pulse
Amplitude
1 a.u. ]-INF,+INF[
Peak-to-peak amplitude of the pulse
Bias
0 a.u. ]-INF,+INF[
DC Offset of the pulse
Position 0 bit
Rise time
0.05 bit [0,1]
Defined as the time from when the rising edge reaches 10% of the amplitude
to the time it reaches 90% of the amplitude
Fall time
0.05 bit [0,1]
Defined as the time from when the falling edge reaches 90% of the amplitude
to the time it reaches 10% of the amplitude
Simulation
Name and description Default value Default units Unit Value range
Enabled
True - - True, False
Sample rate
Sample rate Hz Hz, GHz, THz ]0,+INF[
Frequency simulation window
According to the parameter Rectangle shape, this model can produce pulses with
different edge shapes:
Exponential
Gaussian
Linear
Sine
where c is the rise time coefficient and c is the fall time coefficient. t and t , together
r f 1 2
with c and c , are numerically determined to generate pulses with the exact values of the
r f
parameters Rise time and Fall time, and T is the bit period.

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Mach-Zehnder Modulator Página 1 de 3
Mach-Zehnder Modulator
Simulates a Mach-Zehnder modulator using an analytical model.
Ports
Modulation Input Electrical
Carrier Input Optical
Output Output Optical
Parameters
Main
Extinction ratio 30 dB [0,+INF[
Negative signal chirp False - True, False
Symmetry factor -1 - [-1,1[
Simulation
Enabled
True - True, False
The Mach-Zehnder modulator is an intensity modulator based on an interferometric
principle. It consists of two 3 dB couplers which are connected by two waveguides of
equal length (see Figure 1). By means of an electro-optic effect, an externally applied
voltage can be used to vary the refractive indices in the waveguide branches.
The different paths can lead to constructive and destructive interference at the output,
depending on the applied voltage. Then the output intensity can be modulated according to
the voltage.
Figure 1 Mach-Zehnder modulator
The equations that describe the behavior of the MZ modulator are:
where is the phase difference between the two branches and is defined as:
with
and
is the signal phase change defined as:
where the parameter SC is -1 if negative signal chirp is true, or 1 if negative signal chirp is
false. extract is the extinction ratio, SF is the symmetry factor, and modulation(t) is the
electrical input signal. The electrical input signal is normalized between 0 and 1.
For parameterized and noise bins signals, the average power is calculated according to the
above.
Notes:

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WDM Mux 8x1 Página 1 de 4
WDM Mux 8x1
Multiplexes eight WDM signal channels.
Ports
Input 1 Input Optical
Parameters
Main
Default Default
Name and description Units Value range
value unit
Bandwidth Hz, GHz, THz,

10 GHz [0,+INF[
nm
3 dB filter bandwidth
Insertion loss
0 dB - [0,+INF[
Insertion loss of the demux
Depth
100 dB - [0,+INF[
Maximum attenuation value for the filter
Filter type Rectangle, Gaussian,

Bessel - -
Bessel
Internal filter type
Filter order
2 - - [1,1000]
Order of the function when using Gaussian or Bessel
filter type
Channels
Name and description Default value Default unit Units Value range
Frequency[0]
193.1 THz Hz, THz, nm [30,3e5]
Filter center frequency for channel 0
Frequency[1]
193.2 THz Hz, THz, nm [30,3e5]
Frequency[2]
193.3 THz Hz, THz, nm [30,3e5]
Frequency[3]
193.4 THz Hz, THz, nm [30,3e5]
Frequency[4]
193.5 THz Hz, THz, nm [30,3e5]
Frequency[5]
193.6 THz Hz, THz, nm [30,3e5]
Frequency[6]
193.7 THz Hz, THz, nm [30,3e5]
Frequency[7]
193.8 THz Hz, THz, nm [30,3e5]
Ripple
Ripple[0]
0 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Additional loss of the filter for channel 0
Ripple[1]
0 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Ripple[2]
0 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Ripple[3]
0 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Ripple[4]
0 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Ripple[5]
0 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Ripple[6]
0 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Ripple[7]
0 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Simulation
Default Default Value
Name and description Units
value unit range
Enabled
Resample
False - - True, False
Determines if the filter will down sample the signal bandwidth to the
filter sample rate
Sample rate Hz, GHz,

128 GHz ]0,+INF[
THz
New output signal sample rate
Noise
Noise threshold
-100 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Minimum value for adaptation of noise bins
Noise dynamic
3 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Threshold ratio for adaptation of noise bins
The eight input signals are filtered by an optical filter and are combined in one signal.
The optical filter can be a Rectangle, Gaussian, or Bessel optical filter. The subsystem is
illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Multiplexer subsystem
Defining crosstalk
The level of crosstalk for both MUX and DEMUX components, is defined by bandwidth,
ripple, and depth of the filter. These 3 factors will determine how much power, from
neighboring channels, will act as crosstalk terms when calculating the performance of a
specific channel. The most important parameter is depth, as it will play the most
significant role in determining the power levels of the neighboring channels.

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Optical fiber Página 1 de 22
Optical fiber
The optical fiber component simulates the propagation of an optical field in a single-mode fiber with the dispersive and
nonlinear effects taken into account by a direct numerical integration of the modified nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation
(when the scalar case is considered) and a system of two, coupled NLS equations when the polarization state of the signal is
arbitrary. The optical sampled signals reside in a single frequency band, hence the name total field [1]. The parameterized
signals and noise bins are only attenuated.
Ports
Input Input Optical
Parameters
Main
Default Default
Name and description Symbol Value range
value unit
User defined reference wavelength

If TRUE, frequency value of "Reference wavelength" is used internally as `zero' (or reference) frequency in spectrum of TRUE - TRUE/FALSE
signal envelope. Values of parameters (attenuation, dispersion) are assumed to correspond to this frequency. If parameters
are wavelength-dependent (from files), they are evaluated at this frequency. If FALSE, central frequency of simulated band
is used.
Reference wavelength
1550 nm [100, 2000]
Value of user defined/specified reference wavelength.
Length
50 km [0, 100,000]
Fiber length
Attenuation effect
- TRUE - TRUE/FALSE
If TRUE, attenuation effect is enabled.
Attenuation data type

Constant/ From
- Constant -
Defines the attenuation as a fixed constant value or as a wavelength dependent curve taken from a file. If `constant', value File
from "Attenuation" tab in component is used.
Attenuation 10
0.2 dB/km [0, 10 ]
Specified value is used if "Attenuation data type" is set to `constant'. If `from file', the value is ignored.
Attenuation vs. wavelength

- - - -
Defines the attenuation as a wavelength dependent curve in a file.
Dispersion
Default Default
value unit
Group velocity dispersion

- TRUE - TRUE/FALSE
If TRUE, the GVD effect is enabled.
Third order dispersion

- TRUE - TRUE/FALSE
If TRUE, the TOD effect is enabled.
Frequency domain parameters

Defines domain in which dispersion parameters are specified. If TRUE, frequency domain is used and
dispersion effect is specified in terms of and . Otherwise, wavelength domain is used ( and ).
Dispersion data type

Constant - Constant/ From File
Defines if dispersion parameter values are read from component tabs, or taken from a file
Beta 2 2 100 100

-20 ps /km [-10 , 10 ]
Value of the GVD parameter in the frequency domain
Beta 3 3 100 100

-20 ps /km [-10 , 10 ]
Value of the GVD parameter in the frequency domain
Dispersion 100 100

16.75 [-10 , 10 ]
Value of the GVD parameter in the wavelength domain
-
Dispersion slope 100 100

- 0.075 [-10 , 10 ]
Value of dispersion slope parameter.
Dispersion file format

Determines contents of dispersion file: group delay or dispersion vs. wavelength. If "Dispersion vs.
Dispersion vs
Dispersion vs
wavelength" and "Frequency domain parameters" are selected, it is assumed that file contains . If - - wavelength/ Group delay
wavelengtht
vs wavelength
"Frequency domain parameters" is disabled, component assumes that file contains . If "Group delay
vs wavelength", the file contains .
Dispersion file name

- - - -
Specifies file containing dispersion data
The parameter "Frequency domain parameters" refers to the alternative definitions:
and
of the dispersion parameters, but not to the argument of these functions, which is always assumed to be the wavelength. All
the parameters in the component (including and ) are given as functions of wavelength (not frequency). This is also
the case when or are specified from a file - the first column of the file contains wavelength values ( ) and the
second column - the corresponding values of .
PMD
Default Default
value unit
Birefringence type
Deterministic/
- Deterministic -
Defines the birefringence. If "Deterministic", both the strength of birefringence and principal axes are assumed Stochastic
constant, hence random mode coupling is disabled. If "Stochastic", random mode coupling is enabled.
Differential group delay

0.2 100 100
[-10 , 10 ]
If Birefringence type is "Deterministic", this is the value of the differential group delay. If "Stochastic", parameter
is disabled.
PMD coefficient
0.5 100
[0,10 ]
Polarization mode dispersion coefficient. If Birefringence type is "Stochastic", this is the value of the PMD
parameter. If "Deterministic", parameter is disabled.
Mean scattering section length

500 100
[0,10 ]
Averaged value of fiber length at which the polarization state of the signal is randomized by applying the
scattering matrix.
Scattering section dispersion 100

100 [0,10 ]
Dispersion of the scattering section length.
Nonlinearities
Default Default
value unit
Self-phase modulation
Determines if the self-phase modulation (SPM) effect will be taken into account. If FALSE all the nonlinear effects - self- - TRUE - TRUE/FALSE
steepening, SRS - are disabled. In the vector case enabling this effect enables also the cross-phase modulation between the
orthogonal polarization components.
Effective area data type

Constant/ From
Constant -
Defines is effective area parameter value is read from the component tab or from a file. If "Constant", the value from the File
component is used.
Effective area
80 10
[0,10 ]
Defines the value of the effective area parameter. This value is used if "Effective area data type" is set to "Constant".
Otherwise, the value is ignored.
Effective area vs. wavelength

- - - -
If "Effective area data type" is "From file", this tab specifies the file containing the effective area data.
n data type
2
Constant/ From
- Constant -
File
Determines if parameter (nonlinear index of refraction) value is read from the component tab or from a file. If "Constant", value is taken
from component.
n
2
-20 100
2.6 X 10 [0,10 ]
The value of the parameter (nonlinear index of refraction). If data type is set to "Constant", this value is used, otherwise the value is
ignored.
Self-steepening
- FALSE - FALSE/TRUE
Specifies whether self-steepening effect is taken into account. Can be enabled only after enabling the SPM, and is taken into
account only in the scalar case (if Model type is set to Scalar), and if Full Raman response parameter is FALSE.
Full Raman response

Defines the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) effect representation in the model. If TRUE, SRS is represented through the
convolution integrals of the fields with the Raman susceptibilities [6, 18-21]. Intrapulse Raman scattering is disabled.
Intrapulse Raman scattering

Defines the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) for [19-21]. Can be enabled if Full Raman response is FALSE. If both Full
Raman response and Intrapulse Raman scattering are FALSE, SRS effect is not taken into account in the simulation.
Raman self-shift time 1

Value of the Raman self-shift time parameter associated with the parallel SRS effect
14.2 100
[0,10 ]
Units are such that [19-21].
Raman self-shift time 2

3 100
[0,10 ]
Units are such that [18, 20, 21].
Fractional Raman contribution

0.18 - [0, 1]
Fraction of the nonlinear polarization, related to the stimulated Raman scattering effect [2].
Orthogonal Raman factor
0.75 - [0, 1]
Units are such that .
Numerical
Default Default
value unit
Model type
Defines model type used for simulation. Depends on polarization state of signal. If "Vector" selected, signal can have
arbitrary polarization state and a system of two coupled equations (17) is solved. If "Scalar" selected, the signal preserves
- Scalar - Scalar/Vector
its polarization state and a single equation is solved (1). In the following cases, vector simulation is performed regardless
of value of model type parameter:
· Two polarization components are detected at fiber input
· PMD effect is "Stochastic".
Exponential
Propagator type th
Runge-Kutta 4
Method used to apply nonlinear propagator in the split-step Fourier method. "Exponential" corresponds to standard order
th nd th nd Exponential -
implementation [2], "Runge-Kutta 4 (2 ) order" uses Runge-Kutta 4 (2 ) order (see [3]) to apply nonlinearity Exponential
operator. Exponential cannot be used when Model type is set to Vector, and SRS effect is enabled. The default selection is nd
nd Runge-Kutta 2
Runge-Kutta 2 order. order
Calculation type Iterative/

- Iterative -
Noniterative
Specifies implementation of split-step Fourier method [2, 4] when Propagator type is "Exponential".
Number of iterations 10
2 - [2, 10 ]
Switch On/Off the dispersion slope (the third-order dispersion)
Step Size
Specifies whether variable or fixed step-size simulation is used. If "Variable", step size is adaptively changed depending
on value of "Max. nonlinear phase shift" parameter, and solution itself. If "Constant", step size is evaluated once at the Variable/
- Variable -
beginning of simulation. In some cases, the fixed step size calculation executes faster, due to the smaller number of Constant
calculations per step, but the variable step size calculation is more flexible and can be faster if the peak power of the
waveform varies considerably in (for example, in the presence of strong attenuation).
Max. Nonlinear phase shift 100

3.14 [0,10 ]
Maximum (over the time window) phase shift induced by the self-phase modulation effect per step.
Boundary conditions Periodic/

- Periodic -
Absorbing
Specifies type of boundary conditions used in simulation.
Filter steepness
- 0.5 - 100
[0,10 ]
If "Boundary conditions" option is set to "Absorbing", the "Filter steepness" parameter determines the
absorption/reflection properties of the time window boundaries.
Lower/Upper calculation limit

- [1400, 1700] [100, 2000]
Set the spectral range in which the simulation is performed. Any spectral components outside the range is ignored.
Graphs
Name and description Symbol
value unit range
Calculate graph
Enables/disables 3D graphs. If disabled, no graphs are plotted and no data are stored.
Number of distance steps

Number of snapshots used to construct a 3D plot. If this value is increased, the fidelity of the plot is improved only if the value [1,
- 200 -
is below the number of actual steps in . The number of snapshots stored cannot be bigger than the number of steps in 100000000]
taken by the simulation to obtain the solution. The latter is determined by the maximum nonlinear phase-shift parameter
(numerical tab).
Number of wavelength/time steps

[1,
Number of stored points per snapshot. If this value is increased, the fidelity of the plot is improved only if the value is below - 200 -
100000000]
the actual number of points in the time (frequency) domain used by the simulation to obtain the solution. The latter is related
to the number of samples, which is a global parameter.
Linear scale
- TRUE - TRUE/FALSE
Determines axis type (linear or logarithmic) for the dependent variable. If TRUE, the axis type is linear.
Note: The rest of the parameters in the Graphs tab of the component determine which graphs are plotted after the
simulation is complete.
Simulation
value unit range
Enabled
- TRUE - TRUE/FALSE
Determines whether or not the component is enabled. If FALSE, all input signals reach the output port of the
component without any changes.

value unit range
Convert noise bins

If TRUE, each noise bin within the bandwidth of the signal is converted to a Gaussian white noise, with the correct
power spectral density, and the noise is added to the signal.
Noise
Random numbers
value unit range

- TRUE - TRUE/FALSE
Determines how random number generator is initialized (seeded). If TRUE, the seed index used for the initialization is the
random number itself. Otherwise, a user specified number is used.
Random seed index

If "Generate random seed" is FALSE, this value specifies the seed index. The generated pseudo-random sequence is the - 0 - [0, 4999]
same if the seed index is not changed. The value of the "Random seed index" is ignored if "Generate random seed" is
TRUE.
Technical Background
Scalar approach
Basic equation
When the optical field is assumed to maintain its polarization along the fiber length, the evolution of a slowly varying
electric field envelope can be described by a single nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) [2] equation (the scalar approach, Model
type parameter from the "Numerical" tab is set to "Scalar") of the form:
(1)
In Equation 2, is the electric field envelope. A frame moving at the group velocity (
) is assumed.
The derivatives of the propagation constant of the fiber mode ,( is the mode effective index), with
respect to frequency
and are the first and the second group velocity dispersion (GVD) parameters, respectively, and is the
reference frequency of the signal, related to the parameter "Reference wavelength" ("Main" category of the components tool-
box) through with being the light speed in vacuum.
The physical meaning of the terms in Equation 2 is the following. The first term takes into account the slow changes of the
electric field along the fiber length. The second term takes into account the linear losses of optical fiber. The third term
represents the (first-order) group velocity dispersion. This is the effect responsible for the pulse broadening. (See "Group
velocity dispersion" in the Tutorials). The next term is the second-order GVD, known also as third-order dispersion (TOD).
This effect becomes important for a signal with a broad spectrum (e.g. femtosecond pulses or WDM systems with many
channels). The pulse shape becomes asymmetric due to the effect of TOD. (See "Third order dispersion" from the Tutorials).
The parameters and are denoted as "frequency domain parameters" in the interface of the component (see the
"Dispersion" category in the Parameters table). The following relations are used internally to convert between them and the
commonly used wavelength domain parameters (dispersion) and (dispersion slope).
(2)
The parameter is given by:
(3)
In Equation 3, is the nonlinear refractive index coefficient and is the fiber effective area. The first term in the right-
hand side in Equation 1 accounts for the self-phase modulation effect. It is responsible for the broadening of the pulse spectra
and, in the presence of anomalous GVD, for the formation of optical solitons (See "Self-phase modulation" and "Self-phase
modulation and group velocity dispersion" from the Tutorials). The second term in the right-hand side of Equation 1 takes
into account the self-steepening effect. It leads to an asymmetry in the SPM-broadened spectra of ultrashort (femtosecond)
pulses [2] and is responsible for the formation of optical shocks (see "Self-steepening" in the Tutorials). This effect will be
taken into account only if the "Full Raman response" parameter is set to False. The last term in Equation 1 accounts for the
intra-pulse Raman scattering effect with the parameter being the parallel Raman self-shift time. The intra-pulse Raman
scattering is an approximation to the actual Raman response of the material which is valid provided that signal spectrum is
narrow compared to the Raman-gain spectrum. The parameter is related to the slope of the imaginary part of the Raman
susceptibility at zero frequency offset [2]. The parameter is the fractional contribution of the delayed
response of the material to the total nonlinearity [2]. The intra-pulse Raman scattering effect is responsible for the self-
frequency shift i.e. energy transfer from higher to lower spectral components. It leads to a decay of higher order solitons into
its constituents (see "Intrapulse Raman scattering" in the Tutorials). The intrapulse Raman scattering plays the most
important role among the higher order nonlinear effects [2].
In a WDM system, the stimulated Raman scattering is responsible for an energy transfer from higher to lower frequency
channels (crosstalk). The Raman induced crosstalk can be neglected when the following relation is satisfied [5]:
(4)
where is the total effective length, is the fiber loss, is the amplifier spacing, the link length,
is the total optical power, and is the total optical bandwidth.
Full Raman response
By selecting the option "Full Raman response" from the Numerical tab, the component can simulate the SRS effect even if
the signal spectrum is much narrower than the Raman gain spectrum. In this case Equation 1 is replaced by:
(4a)
Contained within Equation (4a) is which is the (time-domain) Raman response function [2], [20]. It is the Fourier-
transform of the of the Raman susceptibility . In this case the self-steeping effect is neglected.
Numerical solution
In dimensionless form, Equation 1 reduces to:
(5)
where the coefficients are given by:
(6)
The new quantities are introduced according to:
(7)
In Equation 7, is the time window size and is the maximum (over the time window) of the electric field intensity
The symmetrized split-step Fourier method [2, 4] is used to solve Equation 5. The solution is advanced from to (
is the step-size, related to the value of the Max. nonlinear phase shift parameter ) according to:
(8)
where the dispersion and nonlinearity operators are given by:
(9)
and
(10)
The different options available from the "Numerical" tab specify the details of the implementation of Equation 8 and
Equation 10 (see Figure 1). The simplest (and the fastest) implementation corresponds to "Propagator type" set to
"Exponential" and "Calculation type" set to "Noniterative". In this case, the following approximation is used:
(11)
Figure 1 Component "Numerical" tab
According to Equation 11, the half-step propagated field, with the nonlinear effects ignored, is used in turn to evaluate the
nonlinearity operator. The dispersion operator is evaluated in the frequency domain according to:
(12)
where means fast Fourier transform. If, in addition the "Step size" option is set to "Constant" ("Propagator type",
"Exponential", and "Calculation type" are set to "Noniterative"), the number of operations per step decreases because the
first and the last Fourier transform for each step cancels each other out (dispersion operators combine) (see Equation 13).
(13)
When the "Propagator Type" is set to "Runge-Kutta 4th order" (or "Runge-Kutta 2nd order") (RK4 or RK2), the exponent
with the nonlinearity operator in Equation 8 is replaced by the direct integration of the following system of coupled ordinary
differential equations:
(14)
by means of the standard RK4 (or RK2) routine (see example in [3]). The application of the dispersion operator is the same.
Note: The Runge-Kutta (2nd or 4th order) implementations in the fiber component enable modeling the stimulated
Raman scattering effect with the optical signal having an arbitrary polarization ("Model type" parameter set to
"Vector"). However, due to the larger number of operations per step, they are executed slower and are not recommended
otherwise (in "scalar" simulations or when the Raman effect is not included in a vector simulation) because the
"Exponential" implementation of the nonlinearity provides faster execution.
If the "Propagator type" is set to "Exponential" and "Calculation type" to "Iterative", Equation 11 is replaced by [2], [4]:
(15)
The symbol means . Since is unknown at , it is necessary to follow an iterative
procedure that is initiated by replacing by (see [2], [4] for the details). Working with two iterations gives
a reasonable combination between accuracy and speed, as recommended in [2].
Figure 2 Evolution of for N=3 soliton over 15 soliton periods with different calculation modes
Note: In the three cases presented, , constant step size.
A comparison between the "Iterative" and "Noniterative" approaches is presented in Figure 2. Evolution of N=3 soliton over
15 soliton periods is presented. The "Step size" is kept "Constant" with the "Max. nonlinear phase shift" parameter is equal
to 27.6. mrad. The noniterative approach is the fastest but not accurate enough at this step size. The development of spurious,
numerical instability, which breaks the periodicity of the soliton evolution [2], is evident at the end of the run. For the same
step size the iterative implementation of the split-step Fourier method suppresses the instability, thus improving the quality
of the results, however this improvement is at the expense of increased computation time.
The step size in the component is determined through the value of the parameter . In the case of
the constant step size calculation, it is calculated once, using the input signal to obtain the maximum value of the intensity. In
the case of variable step size calculation such an evaluation is performed at each step.
Figure 3 Variable step size, value of is
In Figure 3, the calculation presented in Figure 2 is repeated using variable step size. This calculation takes longer in
comparison to the "Noniterative" case presented in Figure 2, but less than in the case where two iterations are used.
Depending on the behavior of the solution, variable step size calculation can take less time compared to the constant step
size, although the fixed step size calculation performs a smaller number of operations per step (see Equation 13). In the
presence of considerable attenuation, the importance of nonlinear effects decreases along the fiber length, which would
permit the use of a larger step size. In this case, the use of variable step size will reduce the computation time. The variable
step size calculation is more flexible, because different tasks can be handled keeping the value of constant. For the
case presented in Figure 3, this value is double the size of the one used in Figure 2, but the results are even better (refer to
compare with Figure 2, "Noniterative").
The split-step scheme used in the model is locally second order accurate which means that the local error is proportional to
the . However, the global error (after N steps) is proportional to [22]. Thus, increasing the fiber length
might require decrease of the step size to maintain the same accuracy.
The use of FFT implies periodic boundary conditions. In some cases a part of the pulse energy may spread eventually hitting
the time window boundaries. When the energy reaches one of the edges of the time window it automatically reenters from
the other edge perturbing the solution. This can be avoided using the absorbing type of boundary conditions. To achieve this
at each step the optical field is multiplied in the time domain [10] by:
(16)
where indicates the nearest edge. The effect of periodic and absorbing boundary conditions is shown in Figure 4
where the results presented in Figure 3 from "Birefringence and solitons" (propagation distance is equal to 1262.34km) are
displayed. However here the time window is reduced to show the effect of the periodic boundary conditions. The oscillatory
tail developed by the solution in the case when periodic boundary conditions are used is an unphysical effect, resulting from
the interference of the radiation that has reentered the time window and the solution. In the case when absorbing boundary
conditions are used the radiation that has separated from the solution is removed. The smaller the value of the filter steepness
parameter the better the time window boundaries absorb (and do not reflect), however the larger part of the time window
becomes absorbing (see Equation 16.
Figure 4 Periodic (left plot) and absorbing with filter steepness 0.05 (right plot) boundary conditions
Vector approach
When the polarization state of the incident light is not preserved during its propagation inside an optical fiber the scalar
approach is no longer applicable and Equation 1 is replaced by [2], [6] - [10]:
(17)
Equation 17, contains the Raman response functions [6], [18]. Their Fourier transformations and Raman
susceptibilities , are shown in Figure 4.1. The convolution integrals in Equation 17 are evaluated in the frequency
domain, by multiplying the spectra of the electric fields with the Raman susceptibilities and then performing the inverse FFT.
Figure 4.1 Raman susceptibilities for fused quartz [6, 18]
The SRS effect is represented by "Intrapulse Raman scattering" (Equation 17) is replaced by [20]:
(17a)
Note: In the case of Equation 17 or Equation 17a, due to the orthogonal Raman gain terms (the last sections in
Equation 17 or Equation 17a), the "Exponential" option for the "Propagator type" is not applicable. The component
automatically selects "Runge Kutta 2nd order" when the model type is set to "Vector", and the Raman effect ("Intrapulse
Raman scattering" or "Full Raman response" options are selected. Due to the increased number of convolutions
performed at each step the fiber component can be slow when solving Equation 17.
In normalized units and when the SRS effect is neglected ( ) Equation 17 reads as:
(18)
The quantities and are the inverse group velocities for the and polarization components respectively.
Figure 5 Optical fiber as a concatenation of trunks
Note: The arrows represent the principal axes.
The parameter is given by , where is the value of the differential group delay
parameter entered from the "PMD" tab, in the case where "Deterministic" mode is selected for the birefringence effect (see
"Birefringence and solitons" from the Tutorials). The effects of four-wave mixing between the orthogonal polarization
components are not taken into account due to their negligible contribution for typical values of the birefringence [9], [10].
The normalized time is introduced according to where . All the other

parameters have the same meaning as in the scalar case.
The "coarse-step method" [11] is used to simulate the PMD effects in the "Stochastic" mode. The fiber is represented by a
concatenation of trunks and the propagation of light in each trunk is simulated by the split-step Fourier method described in
the previous section. The lengths of the trunks are random numbers with a Gaussian distribution [12]. The average and the
dispersion of this distribution are the "Scattering section length" and "Scattering section dispersion"
parameters:
(19)
It is recommended [12] that the dispersion is 20% of the average value. The birefringence of each trunk is given by [11] (see
the related PMD examples in the tutorials):
(20)
where is the PMD coefficient. The principal axes of the trunks are randomly oriented with respect to each other (see
Figure 4). To simulate the random mode coupling at the end of each trunk the following transformation is applied [11], [13]:
(21)
In Equation 20, and are random numbers uniformly distributed in the interval .
Wavelength dependent parameters
The file that specifies the wavelength dependence of the parameters consists of two columns with the left column being the
wavelength in nanometers and the right column containing the corresponding values of the parameters (see Table 1 ). The
sampling interval is not necessarily be constant. The parameter values must be given in the units specified in the "Units" tab
of the table.
Table 1 Wavelength dependence of the attenuation parameter
1400 0.31405
1402.5 0.30246
1405 0.29276
1407.5 0.28457
1410 0.27757
1412.5 0.27153
The values of the parameters in Equation 1 and Equation 17 are evaluated at the reference wavelength.
Note: The reference wavelength must be within the wavelength interval covered by the files for all the wavelength
dependent parameters specified.
The reference wavelength can be either user-specified or "automatic". In the last case the wavelength corresponding to the
central frequency of the spectrum of the signal is assumed by the component to be the reference wavelength. Linear
interpolation is used to calculate the values of the attenuation, effective area and parameters at this wavelength. For the
dispersion parameters the following procedure is used. The wavelength dependence specified by the file is fitted internally
using the five-term Sellmeier formula [14]. The higher-order dispersion parameters are then obtained by analytically
differentiating this expression. If the option frequency domain parameter is unchecked, the file may give either the group
delay or dispersion (depending on the choice made in the "Dispersion file format" tab), and if the frequency
domain parameters option is selected, either or can be supplied, again determined by the value of the
"Dispersion file format" parameter. If the wavelength dependence of the group delay is given by the user, two successive
differentiations are applied to its Sellmeier fit. Differentiating the analytical fit instead of using a direct numerical
differentiation of the data provides the advantage of being able to produce reasonable results even in the case where the
supplied data is noisy (see Appendix 1).
Note: The accuracy of the Sellmeier fit depends on the type of the fiber. This is shown in Figure 6, where the results
obtained for dispersion flattened and dispersion shifted fibers are shown.
Figure 6 Comparison between the original dispersion data and their fits for two fiber types
Guidelines for using the component for WDM simulations
Periodic boundary conditions are required for simulating the propagation of long bit sequences at different carrier
wavelengths, which is the case when WDM systems are designed.
To avoid the aliasing phenomena (see e.g. [3]), the sample rate is chosen to be at least three times bigger (Figure 7) than the
bandwidth occupied by the simulated channels (see e.g. [15]).
Figure 7 WDM channels and their four-wave mixing products
Any frequency component outside the frequency range (F -SR/2, F +SR/2), where SR is the sample rate and F is the
c c c
reference frequency is falsely translated (aliased) into that range by the very act of discrete sampling [3]. If the sample rate is
bigger than the bandwidth occupied by the WDM channels (so it can accommodate all the channels) but less than three times
that value in the presence of nonlinear effect the four-wave mixing products resulting from the nonlinear interaction between
the channels (spurious waves [16]) will be aliased. In [16], to minimize the amount of aliased power the requirement that the
value of the power spectrum at the boundary of the available spectral range be -40 dB of its peak value is used.
The longitudinal step size depends on the importance of the nonlinear effects for the particular simulation. If all the nonlinear
effects are disabled step size equal to the fiber length will be used. The increase of the impact of nonlinearity will require
decrease of the step size (decrease of the value of the max. nonlinear phase shift parameter) to maintain the same accuracy.
Figure 8 Output spectra corresponding to
Note: The propagation distance is 100km. Input configuration is given in "Cross-phase modulation" in the Tutorials.
Values in the order of a few miliradians (one [15] and three [17])) are used with this parameter in a WDM system simulation.
The effect of an improperly chosen step size is shown in Figure 8, where the output spectra corresponding to an interaction
of two Gaussian pulses with carrier wavelengths one nm spaced are shown (see "Cross-phase modulation" from the
Tutorials). While the correct result that the four-wave mixing products (or spurious waves) should disappear when the pulses
are no longer over-lapped (in the absence of any loss and gain [16]) is reached when the step-size is small enough, in the
opposite case, the spurious frequencies present in the output spectra are still evident. The improperly chosen step size (too
big) tends to exaggerate the four wave mixing products (see [22] and references therein).
To increase the accuracy, you can switch from a "Noniterative" to an "Iterative" calculation type, keeping the step size the
same (with the same step size, the "Iterative" implementation is more accurate, (see Figure 2), or alternatively, to keep
working in the "Noniterative" mode and decrease the step size, or the value of the "Max. nonlinear phase shift" parameter.
With respect to saving computational time, the latter strategy is better. It should be noted that computational time will not be
saved by simultaneously increasing the number of iterations and the step size.
Appendix 1
Dispersion fitting according to the Sellmeier formula
When the option "Dispersion from file" is selected, the dispersion data are internally fitted according to the five-term
Sellmeier formula [14], namely:
(1)A
where is the group delay (per unit fiber length) or, respectively:
(2)A
where is the dispersion [ps/nm/km]. The user supplies data either for the dispersion or the group delay that are then fitted
according to Equation 2A or Equation 1A, and the slope and/or dispersion are calculated by differentiating Equation 1A and
Equation 2A analytically.
The least-square fitting associated with Equation 2A amounts to minimizing:
(3)A
where is the number of points. Using:
(4)A
the following linear system is obtained:
(5)A
which is solved by LU-decomposition [3].
In the case when the user supplies a group delay data file, Equation 1A is used and Equation 5A transforms into
Equation 6A.
The fitting procedure is useful when/if noisy data is supplied by the user, as the following example shows. Figure 1A shows
dispersion-versus-wavelength dependence of SMF-28 and the corresponding "exact" results for dispersion parameters are
displayed below the graph.
(6)A
2 3
Figure 1A Lambda = 1550.75nm beta2=-2.08625e-026 s /m beta3=1.27246e-040 s /m
D= 1.63411e-005 s/m2 S= 56.9931 s/m3
To assess the influence of noise on the results from the calculation some noise is added to the data presented in Figure 1A
with the resulting graph presented in Figure 2A. Supplying the data from Figure 2A to the Nonlinear Dispersive Fiber Total
Field component gives the results for the dispersion parameters presented under Figure 2A.
2 3
Figure 2A Lambda = 1550.75nm beta2=-2.10115e-026 s /m beta3=1.32966e-040 s /m
D= 1.64578e-005 s/m2 S= 60.3521 s/m3
Appendix 2
Optical fiber data
SMF-28
The SMF-28 model used in OptiSystem has the following characteristics:
Figure 1 Attenuation
Figure 2 Group Velocity Dispersion
Figure 3 Effective Area
Figure 4 Group Delay
Attenuation curve shows a minimum of for a wavelength of .
GVD curve reveals a dispersion of at with a dispersion slope of .
Effective area at is .
Group delay is .
This model can be varied in any way because you have the ability to change any particular parameter. Create a new file and
then load it into the appropriate section, or just set the parameter to 'Constant' and enter a value. The Nonlinear Fiber model
is very flexible, because it has the ability to model practically every manufactured fiber that exists on the market today.
+D NZDSF model
The +D NZDSF model used in OptiSystem has the following characteristics:
The effective area at is .
Group delay is .
-D NZDSF model
The -D NZDSF model used in OptiSystem has the following characteristics:
Figure 9 Attentuation
Figure 11 Effective Are
Group delay is .
CDF (Standard)
The DCF model used in OptiSystem has the following characteristics:
Group delay is .
References:
[1] G. P. Agrawal, "Applications of nonlinear fiber optics", Academic press, 3rd edition, 2001.
[2] G. P. Agrawal, "Nonlinear fiber optics", Academic press, 3rd edition, 2001.
[3] W. H. Press, et al., "Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing", 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
[4] M. Lax, J. H. Batteh and G. P. Agrawal, Journ. Appl. Phys. 52 , 109, (1981).
[5] F. Matera and M. Settembre, Journ. Lightwave Technol. 14, 1 (1996).
[6] R. W. Hellwarth, Prog. Quant. Electr. 5, 1 (1977).

[7] E. A. Golovchenko and A. N. Pilipetskii, JOSA B, 11, 92 (1994).
[8] P. T. Dinda, G. Millot, and S. Wabnitz JOSA B, 15, 1433 (1998).
[9] C. R. Menyuk, Opt. Lett., 12, p. 614 (1987).
[10] C. R. Menyuk, JOSA B, 5, p. 392(1988).
[11] D. Marcuse, C. R. Menyuk and P. K. A. Wai JLT, vol. 15, No. 9, pp. 1735 (1997).
[12] C. H. Prola Jr., J. A. Pereira da Silva, A. O. Dal Forno, R. Passy, J. P. Von der Weid, and N. Gisin IEEE Phot. Technol. Letters, 9, No. 6, 842
(1997).
[13] P. K. A. Wai, C. R. Menyuk, and H. H. Chen , Opt. Lett. 16 1231 (1991).
[14] L. G. Cohen, Journ. Lightwave Technol. 3, 958, (1985).
[15] M. I. Hayee and A. E. Willner, IEEE Phot. Technol. Lett. 11, No. 8, (1999).
[16] D. Marcuse, A. R. Chraplyvy, and R. W. Tkach, Journ. Lightwave Technol, 9, 121 (1991).
[17] R. W. Tkach, A. R. Chraplyvy, F. Forghieri, A. H. Gnauck, and R. M. Derosier, Journ. Lightwave Technol, 13, 841 (1995).
[18] P. Tchofo Dinda, G. Millot, and S. Wabnitz, JOSA B, 15, 1433, (1998).
[19] R.H.Stolen, J.P.Gordon, W.J. Tomlinson and H.A. Haus, JOSA B, 6, 1159 (1989).
[20] C.R.Menyuk, M.N.Islam and J.P.Gordon, Optics Letters, 16 566, (1991).
[21] K.J. Blow and D. Wood, IEEE J. Quant. Electr., 25, 2665, (1989).
[22] O. Sinkin, R. Holzlohner, J. Zweck and C. R. Menyuk, Journ Lightwave Technol. 21, 61 (2003).
Notes:

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Optical Amplifier Página 1 de 6
Optical Amplifier
Enables the design of amplifiers, including EDFAs, that consider pre-defined operational conditions. This
means that expected gain, noise figure, and amplifier output power can be previously specified. The amplifier
presents the same facilities as a black box model, which enables you to select the operation mode with gain
control, power control, or to perform simulations under saturated conditions, as well as define the expected
amplifier performance. It is specially suited to perform prompt performance analysis of one or cascaded
amplifiers in a long-haul system.
Ports
Input Input Optical
Parameters
Main
Default Default
value unit
Operation mode Gain control, Power control, Signal power

Gain control - -
control, Saturation
Amplifier operation mode
Gain
20 dB - [0,100]
Determines the signal gain
Power W, mW,
10 dBm [-100,100]
dBm
Determines the signal output power
Saturation power
10 dBm - [-100,100]
Specifies the optical power at the gain
compressed by 3 dB
Saturation port
Output - - Input, Output
Determines the amplifier saturation port
Include noise YES - - -
Noise figure
4 dB - [3,100]
Determines the amplifier noise figure
Polarization
Polarization filter
None - None, Polarization X, Polarization Y
Determines the polarization of the filter
Simulation
Enabled
True - True, False
Noise
Default
unit
Noise center frequency 193.4 THz Hz, THz, nm [30, 3e+006]
[1e-100,
Noise bandwidth 13 THz Hz, THz, nm
1e+100]
Noise bins spacing Hz, GHz, THz,

125 GHz [1,1000]
nm
Specifies the noise bins spacing
Convert noise bins

Convert noise
- - True, False
Determines if the generated noise bins are incorporated into the bins
signal
Random numbers
True - True, False
Random seed index
0 - [0,4999]
User-defined seed index for noise generation
The simulation of the flat gain amplifier is performed in the opposite way than that used
by the previous described models. In this case, the desired amplifier performance given
by the gain, the output power, the saturated output power, and the noise figure values are
used as input parameters to design the amplifier.
The input data are related by the propagation equation written in terms of the parameter
required in each mode selected. There are three different mode controls - Gain control,
Power Control, and Saturation. Large and small input signal can be considered in this
amplifier model. The concept of the flat gain amplifier enabling you to define the device
performance makes this model flexible to design amplifiers considering different
applications in a system such as booster, in-line, and pre-amplifier.
The amplified spontaneous emission is included in the model of the Flat Gain EDFA and
it is built from the noise figure input value.
Operation Modes
The Flat Gain EDFA subsystem enables three operation modes, which you can select in
the Flat Gain EDFA Properties dialog box by clicking on Main/Operation Mode/Value.
The first option is the Gain Control that maintains the gain constant and allows you to
include (or not include) the amplified spontaneous emission in the calculations. In the
second operation mode option, Power Control, the value of the output power is
maintained constantly. The third operation mode, Saturation, considers the amplifier
operating in a saturated condition - operating in an output signal power correspondent to
a gain 3 dB lower than the saturated gain.
Gain Control mode

In this mode, you set the desired amplifier gain (in dB units), which is given by the ratio
of the total output power (P ) and total input power (P ), including (or not including)
out sin
the generated ASE (P ), as given by Equation 1. There are no additional iterations or
ASE
complicated equation solutions in this mode. The set amplifier input parameters as gain
and noise figure give the performance of this sub-system to be inserted in the global
system.
(1)
Power Control mode

The value that you define in the power control mode is the desired amplifier output
power (in dBm units), which is maintained constantly. If the gain required to keep the
desired output power is higher than the value of the parameter Gain, the amplifier will
saturate, and the maximum power will be determined by the input power amplified by the
parameter Gain. Analogous with the gain-controlled mode, there is no additional
calculation involved in the designed amplifier. The output power set as input parameter
defines the amplifier performance to be considered in the system where this amplifier is
inserted. The ASE, which basically computes the noise introduced by the amplifier into
the system, can be included (or not included) in the amplifier performance. Note that the
specified output power is not degraded by the ASE noise included in the amplifier
subsystems - however, this noise source is computed in the global system analysis. Signal
power control mode will not include the input noise into the calculated input power.
Saturation mode
In the saturation mode, it is assumed that the pump power is constant, causing the
amplifier to operate in a saturated regime. The saturation power, gain, and noise figure
are the parameters required by this mode. The saturation power is the input parameter
maintained constant in this mode selection, and in an ASE-free model can be related with
int
the gain (G), output power (P ), and intrinsic saturation power (P ) by the
out sat
expression:
(2)
where G is the small-signal gain or unsaturated gain.

0
The intrinsic saturation power is written as:
(3)
where A is the mode-field area, h is the Planck's constant,  is the frequency at the
propagating signal,  is the absorption cross-section, and  is the Er metastable lifetime
a
in silica.
These fiber specifications are not required in this amplifier module, since the intrinsic
saturation power will be related to the amplifier saturation power under the gain
compression condition.
Under the 3 dB gain compression, the output power is proportional to the intrinsic
saturation power. This relation is:
(4)
ASE calculation
The ASE noise spectrum is built in this model from the noise figure provided as input
parameter, considering the expression that relates spectral ASE noise with noise figure.
The noise figure (NF) evaluated at a specific signal wavelength is:
(5)
The term 1/G corresponds to the shot noise, S is the output ASE spectral density at the
out
signal wavelength, and h is the photon energy. In practical cases, there is ASE present at
the input of the doped fiber so that the amplified input ASE must be added to the output
ASE spectral density. The output ASE can be written as:
(6)
where S is the spectral density ASE generated by the doped fiber.

amp
Correcting for the input ASE gives the signal-spontaneous beat noise limited noise figure
as a function of the signal gain, and input and output ASE spectral densities:
(7)
In the signal-spontaneous beat noise limited regime, with high gain and negligible input
coupling, the noise figure of the optical preamplifier approaches a theoretical limit of [1]:
(8)
where the spontaneous emission factor, n , is defined as:

sp
(9)
where
(10)
Since n 1, an EDFA at high gain has a minimum noise figure of 3 dB. This is derived
sp
by assuming that the input signal is shot noise limited and the output noise is signal-
spontaneous beat noise limited. In practical situations, the noise figure is degraded by the
amplifier input coupling loss.
Noise figure
This lists the signal-spontaneous beat noise limited noise figure. For each signal
wavelength, the noise figure is:
(11)
where is the output ASE spectral density (W/Hz) at the signal wavelength, and
is the input ASE spectral density at the signal wavelength.
Rewriting the ASE spectral density as a function of noise figure value, the noise spectrum
can be generated considering the noise figure input parameter. Therefore, the ASE
spectrum is obtained from the expression:
(12)
References
[1] T. Okoshi, "Exact Noise-Figure Formulas for Optical Amplifiers and Amplifier-Fiber Cascaded Chains,"
IEEE/OSA Topical Meeting on Optical Amplifiers and their Applications, Monterrey, PDP11, 1990.

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Loop Control Página 1 de 2
Loop Control
Allows you to build systems using loop structures.
Ports
Input Input All types
Loop Input Input All types
Output Output All types
Loop Output Output All types
Parameters
Main
Number of loops
0 - [0,+INF[
Number of iterations in the loop
Simulation
Enabled
True - True, False
The loop topology starts at the Loop output port and terminates at the Loop input port.
The signal enters the Input port and circulates in the loop N times, where N is defined by
the parameter Number of Loops.
Notes:
Loop Control Página 2 de 2

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WDM Demux 1x8 Página 1 de 4
WDM Demux 1x8
Demultiplexes eight WDM signal channels.
Ports
Input Input Optical
Output 1 Output Optical
Parameters
Main
Default Default
value unit
Bandwidth Hz, GHz, THz,

10 GHz [0,+INF[
nm
3 dB filter bandwidth
Insertion loss
0 dB - [0,+INF[
Insertion loss of the demux
Depth
100 dB - [0,+INF[
Filter type Rectangle, Gaussian,

Bessel - -
Bessel
Internal filter type
Filter order
2 - - [1,1000]
Order of the function when using Gaussian or Bessel
filter type
Channels
Frequency[0]
193.1 THz Hz, THz, nm [30,3e5]
Frequency[1]
193.2 THz Hz, THz, nm [30,3e5]
Frequency[2]
193.3 THz Hz, THz, nm [30,3e5]
Frequency[3]
193.4 THz Hz, THz, nm [30,3e5]
Frequency[4]
193.5 THz Hz, THz, nm [30,3e5]
Frequency[5]
193.6 THz Hz, THz, nm [30,3e5]
Frequency[6]
193.7 THz Hz, THz, nm [30,3e5]
Frequency[7]
193.8 THz Hz, THz, nm [30,3e5]
Ripple
Ripple[0]
0 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Ripple[1]
0 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Ripple[2]
0 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Ripple[3]
0 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Ripple[4]
0 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Ripple[5]
0 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Ripple[6]
0 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Ripple[7]
0 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Simulation
value unit range
Enabled
Resample
False - - True, False
Determines if the filter will down sample the signal bandwidth to the
filter sample rate
Sample rate Hz, GHz,

128 GHz ]0,+INF[
THz
New output signal sample rate
Noise
Noise threshold
-100 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Minimum value for adaptation of noise bins
Noise dynamic
3 dB ]-INF,+INF[
Threshold ratio for adaptation of noise bins
The input signal is split into eight signals that are filtered by an optical filter. The optical
filter can be a Rectangle, Gaussian, or Bessel optical filter. The subsystem is illustrated in
Figure 1.
Figure 1 Demultiplexer subsystem
Defining crosstalk
The level of crosstalk for both MUX and DEMUX components, is defined by bandwidth,
ripple, and depth of the filter. These 3 factors will determine how much power, from
neighboring channels, will act as crosstalk terms when calculating the performance of a
specific channel. The most important parameter is depth, as it will play the most
significant role in determining the power levels of the neighboring channels.

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Photodetector PIN Página 1 de 5
Photodetector PIN
PIN photodiode.
Ports
Input Input Optical
Parameters
Main
Responsivity 1 A/W [0,100]
Dark current 10 nA [0,+INF[
Downsampling
value unit range
Centered at max power

Determines whether the internal filter will be centered at the maximum
amplitude of the signal or if it will be user-defined
Center frequency
193.1 THz Hz, THz, nm [30,3e5]
User-defined center frequency for the internal filter
5*(Sample Hz, GHz,

Sample rate Hz [1e-3,+INF[
rate) THz, nm
Noise
Default Default
value unit
Analytical, Numerical, Numerical - Convert
noise bins
Noise calculation type Numerical - -
Add signal-ASE noise True - - True, False
Add ASE-ASE noise True - - True, False
Add thermal noise True - - True, False
Thermal noise 0 W/Hz - [0,+INF[
Add shot noise

Determines if shot noise is added to the signal
Shot noise distribution

Gaussian - - Poisson, Gaussian
Determines the distribution used to generate the
shot noise
Random numbers

True - True, False
Random seed index

0 - [0,4999]
The incoming optical signal and noise bins are filtered by an ideal rectangle filter to reduce
the number of samples in the electrical signal. The new sample rate is defined by the
parameter Sample rate. You can define the center frequency, or it can be calculated
automatically by centering the filter at the optical channel with maximum power.
If the noise calculation type in Numerical:
Optical noise bins are converted to Gaussian noise inside of the signal bandwidth. The
combined optical field is then converted to optical power. If the option Numerical - Convert
Noise Bins is selected, the output noise and signal are combined. This means that you
cannot see the separate contributions of the noise. However, if you select Numerical only,
the signal and noise are separated and you can select the different contributions of the noise.
Figure 1 Convert noise bins
enabled
The PIN resamples the signal and converts the noise bins when Convert Noise Bins is
enabled.
Gaussian shot noise distribution

If the parameter Add shot noise is enabled and the Shot noise distribution parameter is
Gaussian, the optical power is converted to electrical current by:
(1)
where i (t) is the optical signal calculated from the responsivity r:

s
(2)
where i (t) is the thermal noise current calculated from the power spectral density defined
th
by the parameter Thermal noise, and i is the dark current.
d
The shot noise current i (t) is calculated according to the power spectral density [1]:
sh
(3)
Poisson shot noise distribution

If the parameter Add shot noise is enabled and Shot noise distribution parameter is Poisson,
the electrical current is calculated according to [2]:
(4)
where n denotes the number of electrons generated in the time instant t. The average
e
number of generated electrons (equal to the average number of detected photons)
within the time interval is given by:
(5)
The number of generated electrons is the Poisson random variable with mean and
variance equal .
If the noise calculation type is Analytical:
In this case, the signal and the noise components are calculated independently. The noise
components are the variance and the noise PSD.
Figure 2 Convert noise bins disabled
In Figure 2, the PIN resamples the signal and does not convert the noise bins if Convert
Noise Bins is disabled.
The output electrical signal is:
(6)
Note: This signal does not include the noise components. The noise components are
calculated by the noise variance and by the power spectral density.
For the noise variances:
(7)
where is the signal shot noise:
(8)
where is the electrical bandwidth.
and is the signal ASE beating:
(9)
For the noise PSD components:
(10)
where P (f) is the thermal noise and P (f) is the beating of ASE-ASE:
TH ASE-ASE
(11)
and the ASE shot noise is:
(12)
Defining sensitivity
The sensitivity of a receiver can be defined by optimizing the receiver parameters.
A typical way of doing this is to optimize the thermal noise in your receiver, to obtain a
specific BER .
References:
[1] Agrawal, G.P., Fiber-Optic Communication Systems. John Wiley & Sons, New York, (1997).
[2] Jeruchim, M.C., Balaban, P., Shanmugan, K., Simulation of Communication Systems: Modeling,
Methodology, and Techniques. Plenum Press, New York, (1997).

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Low Pass Bessel filter Página 1 de 3
Low Pass Bessel filter
Filter with a Bessel frequency transfer function.
Ports
Input Input Electrical
Parameters
Main
Cutoff frequency
0.75 * bit rate Hz Hz, MHz, GHz [0,+INF[
3 dB cutoff frequency of the filter
Insertion loss
0 dB - [0,+INF[
Insertion loss of the filter
Depth
100 dB - [0,+INF[
Order
4 - - [1, 100]
Order of the function
Simulation
Enabled
True - True, False
Digital filter
False - True, False
Determines whether or not the individual samples filter is digital
Bessel filters have the following transfer function:
where  is the parameter Insertion loss, N is the parameter Order, and
being a normalizing constant and B (s) an nth-order Bessel polynomial of the form:
N
where
and
where f is the filter cutoff frequency defined by the parameter Frequency and W
c b
denotes the normalized 3 dB bandwidth and can be approximated by:
for N 10
For N<10, a table of values for each Wb is used and the exact value of the bandwidth is
obtained.
Important: Previous versions older than OptiSystem 7.0 used a different equation to
estimate the 3 dB bandwidth. The following table provides the multiplication factor that
has to be multiplied by the current bandwidth in order to obtain the same results of
versions older than OptiSystem 7.0:
Filter order Multiplication factor
1 1.1989
2 0.9476
3 0.9476
4 0.9581
5 0.9791
6 0.9791
7 0.9895
8 0.9895
9 0.9895
10 0.9895
Notes:

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Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA) Página 1 de 5
Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA)
This visualizer allows the user to calculate and display optical signals in the frequency
domain. It can display the signal intensity, power spectral density, phase, group delay and
dispersion for polarizations X and Y.
Ports
Optical Input Optical
Parameters
Resolution bandwidth
Off - On, Off
Determines whether or not the resolution filter is enabled
Filter type
Rectangle - Rectangle, Gaussian, Butterworth
Determines the type of resolution filter
Bandwidth
0.01 nm [0, 1e+100]
Resolution filter bandwidth
Graphs
Default Default
value unit
Power unit
dBm - dBm, W
Power unit for the vertical axis
Minimum value [-1e+100,

-100 dBm
1e+100]
Minimum value for power when using units in dBm
Scale factor [-1e+100,
1e+100]
Vertical axis scale factor 0 dB
Power spectral density

False - True, False
Determines whether or not to calculate the power spectral density for the
vertical axis
Frequency unit
m - m, Hz
Frequency unit for the horizontal axis
Calculate phase
False - True, False
Determines whether or not to calculate the phase graphs
Unwrap phase
True - True, False
Determines whether or not to remove the phase discontinuity
Calculate group delay

False - True, False
Determines whether or not to calculate group delay graphs
Calculate dispersion
False - True, False
Determines whether or not to calculate dispersion graphs
Limit number of points

True - True, False
Determines if you can enter the maximum number of points to display
Max. number of points

128000 - [100, 1e+008]
Maximum number of points displayed per graph
Invert colors
False - True, False
Determines whether or not to invert the colors of the display
Simulation
Enabled
True - True, False
Graphs
Sampled signals
Name and description X Title Y Title
Sampled signal spectrum Wavelength (m) Power (dBm)
Sampled signal spectrum X Wavelength (m) Power (dBm)
Sampled signal spectrum Y Wavelength (m) Power (dBm)
Wavelength (m) Phase (rad)
Sampled signal phase X
Sampled signal phase Y Wavelength (m) Phase (rad)
Sampled signal group delay X Wavelength (m) Delay (s)
Sampled signal group delay Y Wavelength (m) Delay (s)
Sampled signal dispersion X Wavelength (m) Dispersion (ps/nm)
Sampled signal dispersion Y Wavelength (m) Dispersion (ps/nm)
Parameterized signals
Parameterized signal spectrum Wavelength (m) Power (dBm)
Parameterized signal spectrum X Wavelength (m) Power (dBm)
Parameterized signal spectrum Y Wavelength (m) Power (dBm)
Noise bins
Noise bins signal spectrum Wavelength (m) Power (dBm)
Noise bins signal spectrum X Wavelength (m) Power (dBm)
Noise bins signal spectrum Y Wavelength (m) Power (dBm)
After you run a simulation, the visualizers in the project generate graphs and results based
on the signal input. You can access the graphs and results from the Project Browser (see
Figure 1), from the Component Viewer, or by double-clicking a visualizer in the Main
Layout.
Figure 1 Project browser
Access the Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA) parameters, graphs, and results from the
simulation (see Figure 2).
Figure 2 OSA display
Use the signal index to select the signal to display from the signal buffer.
Use the tabs on the left side of the graph to select the representation that you want to view
(see Figure 3).
· Signal
· Noise
· Signal + Noise
· All
Figure 3 Multiple signal types display
Use the tabs at the bottom of the graph to access the optical signal polarization (see Figure
4).
· Power: Total power
· Power X: Power from polarization X
· Power Y: Power from polarization Y
Figure 4 Signal polarization display

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WDM Analyzer (WDMA) Página 1 de 6
WDM Analyzer (WDMA)
This visualizer automatically detects, calculates and displays the optical power, noise,
OSNR, frequency and wavelength for each WDM channel at the visualizer input.
Ports
Optical Input Optical
Parameters
Main
Name and description
value unit range
Lower frequency limit Hz, THz, and

185 [30,+INF[
nm
Defines the lower frequency limit for the calculation bandwidth
Upper frequency limit Hz, THz, and

200 [30,+INF[
nm
Defines the upper frequency limit for the calculation bandwidth
0.1 nm [0,+INF[
Determines whether or not the resolution filter is enabled
Minimum value
-100 dBm ]-INF,+INF[
Minimum value for power when using units in dBm
Extended scan
False True, False
Determines whether or not to scan for additional WDM channels
Max. number of additional channels

10 [1,100]
Defines the maximum number of additional channels
Precision
5 [1,20]
Number of decimal places used to compare two channel frequencies
Peak threshold
10 dB [0,100]
Peaks with amplitudes below this value, relative to the max power peak, will not be
included in the channel count
Peak excursion
15 dB [0,100]
This is the level the signal has to go up and down for a spectral feature to be
considered a peak, or a WDM channel.
Pit excursion
15 dB [0,100]
Maximum excursion from the lowest point between adjacent channels (pit).
Interpolation
Noise interpolation
Auto - On, Off, Auto
Determines if the noise will be estimated by using the signal
Interpolation offset
0.5 nm [0,+INF[
Spacing between the signal maximum and the signal value used as noise value
Graphs
Frequency unit
nm - nm, m, Hz, THz
Frequency unit for the horizontal axis
Simulation
Enabled
True - True, False
Graphs
Signal spectrum Wavelength (nm) Power (dBm)
Noise spectrum Wavelength (nm) Power (dBm)
Results
Signal
Name and description Unit
Min. signal power dBm
Min. signal power W
Frequency at min. signal power Hz
Wavelength at min. signal power nm
Max. signal power dBm
Max. signal power W
Frequency at max. signal power Hz
Wavelength at max. signal power nm
Total signal power dBm
Total signal power W
Ratio max/min signal power dB
Ratio max/min signal power -
Noise
Min. noise power dBm
Min. noise power W
Frequency at min. noise power Hz
Wavelength at min. noise power nm
Max. noise power dBm
Max. noise power W
Frequency at max. noise power Hz
Wavelength at max. noise power nm
Total noise power dBm
Total noise power W
Ratio max/min noise power dB
Ratio max/min noise power -
OSNR
Min. OSNR dB
Frequency at min. OSNR Hz
Wavelength at min. OSNR nm
Max. OSNR dB
Frequency at max. OSNR Hz
Wavelength at max. OSNR nm
Ratio max/min OSNR dB
After you run a simulation, the visualizers in the project generate graphs and results
based on the signal input. You can access the graphs and results from the Project Browser
(see Figure 1), from the Component Viewer, or by double-clicking a visualizer in the
Main Layout.
The WDMA estimates the signal and the noise power for each optical signal channel
based on the resolution bandwidth. Click the Analysis tab to view results such as
frequency, power, noise, and OSNR.(see Figure 2).
Figure 2 WDMA analysis tab
Click the Details tab to view the detailed analysis of the results, such as the minimum
and maximum values for the signals (see Figure 3).
Figure 3 WDMA details tab

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BER Analyzer Página 1 de 15
BER Analyzer
This visualizer allows the user to calculate and display the bit error rate (BER) of an
electrical signal automatically. It can estimate the BER using different algorithms such as
Gaussian and Chi-Squared and derive different metrics from the eye diagram, such as Q
factor, eye opening, eye closure, extinction ratio, eye height, jitter, etc. It can also take in
account Forward Error Correction (FEC), plot BER patterns and estimate system penalties
and margins.
Ports
Bit sequence Input Binary
Reference Input Electrical
Input Input Electrical
Parameters
Main
Default Default
value unit
Algorithm
Gaussian, Average Gaussian, Gaussian Worse Case, Chi-Squared,
Gaussian -
Determines the algorithm used to Average Chi-Squared, Chi-Squared Worst Case
estimate the BER
Time window
1.5 bit [1, 3]
Time window for the eye diagram
display
Ignore start bits

1 bits [0,+INF[
Number of start bits to be ignored in
the eye diagram
Ignore end bits

1 bits [0,+INF[
Number of end bits to be ignored in
the eye diagram
Lower calculation limit

0 Bit period [0,1.5]
Defines the lower calculation limit
for the time window
Upper calculation limit

1 Bit period [0,1.5]
Defines the upper calculation limit
for the time window
Clock
Name and description
value unit range
Clock recovery
On - On, Off
Determines if the delay compensation between the reference and the received signal
will be applied
Enhanced
Enabled FEC gain estimation False - True, False
FEC estimation type Analytical - Analytical, Measured
Measured FEC filename FEC.dat - -
Threshold
Default Default
value unit
Threshold mode Relative,

Relative -
Absolute
Determines the value mode for the user-defined threshold
Absolute threshold
0 (a.u.) ]-INF,+INF[
Amplitude value for the threshold
Relative threshold
50 % [0,100]
Relative value for the threshold, relative to the average values of 1s and 0s
Load threshold from file

False - True, false
Defines whether the threshold will be loaded from a file or not
Measured threshold filename

Threshold.dat - -
Threshold file name
Reload before calculation

False - True, false
Defines whether the file should be reloaded when the calculation starts
Decision instant
0.5 Bit period [0,100]
The user-defined decision instant for the eye analysis, jitter calculation, histogram
and probability graphs
Graphs
Default Default
value unit
Time unit
Bit period - s, Bit period
Time unit for the horizontal axis
Ratio unit
dB - none, dB, %
Ratio unit for the vertical axis
Limit number of points

True - True, False
Determines if you can enter the maximum
number of points to display
Max. number of points

128000 - [100, 1e+008]
Maximum number of points displayed per
graph
Invert colors
False - [100, 1e+008]
Determines whether or not to invert the
colors of the display
Enable color grade

False - True, False
Determines whether or not to color grade the
displayed graphs
Number of color bins

500 - [100, 1e+008]
Number of vertical and horizontal bins of
the display
Color grade palette Default, Agilent, Gray, Black, Red, Green,Blue, Agilent red,
Default -
Agilent blue, Agilent green, Agilent yellow
Determines the color grade palette
Smoothness
10 % [0, 1000]
Determines how smooth is the transition
between color grades
BER patterns
Calculate patterns
False - True, False
Determines whether or not the component will generate BER patterns
Number of points
16 - [10, 1e+008]
Number of vertical points for the patterns
BER for pattern 1 1e-012 - [0,1]
Calculate 3D graph
False - True, False
Determines whether or not the component generates a 3D graph with the BER
Penalty calculations
Default Default
value unit
User defined, First sweep iteration, Current

Reference values setup User-defined -
sweep iteration
Total power -1000 dBm [-1e+100, 1e+100]
Signal power -1000 dBm [-1e+100, 1e+100]
Noise power -1000 dBm [-1e+100, 1e+100]
Min. BER 1 - [0, 1]
Q factor from min. BER 0 - [0, 1000]
Max. Q factor 0 - [0, 1000]
Max. eye height 0 a.u. [-1e+100, 1e+100]
Max. eye amplitude 0 a.u. [-1e+100, 1e+100]
Max. eye closure 0 a.u. [-1e+100, 1e+100]
Max. eye opening factor 0 dB [-1e+100, 1e+100]
Extinction ratio at min. BER 0 dB [-1e+100, 1e+100]
Min. BER at user defined decision instant 1 - [0, 1]
Q factor from min. BER at user defined decision 0 - [0, 1000]

instant
Q factor at user defined decision instant 0 - [0, 1000]
BER at user-defined threshold 1 - [0, 1]
Q factor from BER at user defined threshold 0 - [0, 1000]
BER at user defined decision instant and 1 - [0, 1]

threshold
Q factor from BER at user defined decision 0 - [0, 1000]

instant and threshold
Eye height at user defined decision instant 0 a.u. [-1e+100, 1e+100]
Eye amplitude at user defined decision instant 0 a.u. [-1e+100, 1e+100]
Eye closure at user defined decision instant 0 a.u. [-1e+100, 1e+100]
Eye opening factor at user defined decision 0 dB [-1e+100, 1e+100]

instant
Extinction ratio at user defined decision instant 0 dB [-1e+100, 1e+100]
Simulation
Enabled
True - True, False
Noise
Add noise to signal True - True, False
Random numbers

True - True, False
Random seed index

0 - [0,4999]
Graphs
Amplitude Histogram Amplitude Amplitude (a.u.)
Amplitude Probability Amplitude Amplitude (a.u.)
Eye diagram Time (s) Amplitude (a.u.)
Min. BER Time (s) log of BER
Q-factor Time (s) Q
Threshold at min. BER Time (s) Amplitude (a.u.)
Eye height Time (s) Amplitude (a.u.)
Eye Amplitude Time (s) Amplitude (a.u.)
Eye Closure Time (s) Amplitude (a.u.)
Time (s) Ratio (dB)
Eye Opening Factor
Eye Extinction Ratio Time (s) Ratio (dB)
BER pattern 1 Time (s) Amplitude (a.u.)
BER pattern 3D graph Amplitude (a.u.) Time (s)
Measured Threshold Time (Bit period) Amplitude (a.u.)
BER at Measured Threshold Time (s) log of BER
Amplitude Histogram Amplitude Amplitude (a.u.)
Amplitude Probability Amplitude Amplitude (a.u.)
Results
Total Power dBm
Total Power W
Signal Power dBm
Signal Power W
Noise Power dBm
Noise Power W
Signal Delay s
Signal Delay samples
Bit Rate Bits/s
Max. Q Factor -
Q Factor from Min. BER -
Min. BER -
Min. log of BER -
Max. Eye Height a.u.
Threshold at Min. BER a.u.
Decision Instant at Min. BER Bit period
Max. Eye Amplitude a.u.
Max. Eye Closure a.u.
Max. Eye Opening Factor dB
Max. Eye Opening Factor -
Max. Eye Opening Factor %
Extinction Ratio at Min. BER dB
Extinction Ratio at Min. BER -
Extinction Ratio at Min. BER %
Q Factor at User Defined Decision Instant -
Eye Height at User Defined Decision Instant a.u.
Min. BER at User Defined Decision Instant -
Q Factor from Min. BER at User Defined Decision Instant -
Min. log of BER at User Defined Decision Instant -
BER at User Defined Threshold -
BER at User Defined Decision Instant and Threshold -
Q Factor from BER at User Defined Threshold -
Q Factor from BER at User Defined Decision Instant and Threshold -
log of BER at User Defined Threshold -
log of BER at User Defined Decision Instant and Threshold -
Eye Amplitude at User Defined Decision Instant a.u.
Eye Closure at User Defined Decision Instant a.u.
Eye Opening Factor at User Defined Decision Instant dB
Eye Opening Factor at User Defined Decision Instant -
Eye Opening Factor at User Defined Decision Instant %
Extinction Ratio at User Defined Decision Instant dB
Extinction Ratio at User Defined Decision Instant -
Extinction Ratio at User Defined Decision Instant %
Penalty: Total Power dB
Penalty: Signal Power dB
Penalty: Noise Power dB
Penalty: Max. Q Factor dB
Penalty: Q Factor from Min. BER dB
Penalty: Min. BER dB
Penalty: Max. Eye Height dB
Penalty: Max. Eye Amplitude dB
Penalty: Max. Eye Closure dB
Penalty: Max. Eye Opening Factor dB
Penalty: Extinction Ratio at Min. BER dB
Penalty: Q Factor at User Defined Decision Instant dB
Penalty: Eye Height at User Defined Decision Instant dB
Penalty: Min. BER at User Defined Decision Instant dB
Penalty: Q Factor from Min. BER at User Defined Decision Instant dB
Penalty: BER at User Defined Threshold dB
Penalty: BER at User Defined Decision Instant and Threshold dB
Penalty: Q Factor from BER at User Defined Threshold dB
Penalty: Q Factor from BER at User Defined Decision Instant and Threshold dB
Penalty: Eye Amplitude at User Defined Decision Instant dB
Penalty: Eye Closure at User Defined Decision Instant dB
Penalty: Eye Opening Factor at User Defined Decision Instant dB
Penalty: Extinction Ratio at User Defined Decision Instant dB
Min. BER after FEC -
Min. log of BER after FEC -
Min. BER after FEC at User Defined Decision Instant -
Min. log of BER after FEC at User Defined Decision Instant -
BER after FEC at User Defined Threshold -
BER after FEC at User Defined Decision Instant and Threshold -
log of BER after FEC at User Defined Threshold -
log of BER after FEC at User Defined Decision Instant and Threshold -
Peak to Peak Jitter at User Defined Threshold UI
RMS Jitter at User Defined Threshold UI
After you run a simulation, the visualizers in the project generate graphs and results based
on the signal input. You can access the graphs and results from the Project Browser (see
Figure 1), from the Component Viewer, or by double-clicking a visualizer in the Main
Layout.
The BER Analyzer estimates and analyzes the BER of the signal received. Double-click
the BER Analyzer to access the parameters, graphs, and results from the simulation (see
Figure 2).
Figure 2 BER Analyzer display
Use the signal index to select the signal to display from the signal buffer (see Figure 3).
The available results are:

· Max Q-factor: Maximum value for the Q-factor in the eye time window.
· Min BER: Minimum value for the bit error rate in the eye time window.
· Eye height: Maximum value for the eye height in the eye time window.
· Threshold: Value of the threshold at the decision instant for the maximum Q-factor /
minimum BER.
· Decision inst: Value of the decision instant for the maximum Q-factor/minimum BER.
Note: For additional results and graphs, you should use the Project Browser or the
Component Viewer.
Figure 3 BER analysis
When the parameter Calculate 3D graph is enabled, you can visualize a 3D graph that
shows the values of BER versus the decision instant and threshold (see Figure 4).
Figure 4 3D BER graph
BER and Q-factor estimation

The parameter Algorithm defines the numerical method to use for the BER estimation.
Gaussian
Assuming Gaussian noise with the standard deviations and , the BER is [1]:
(1)
where P0 and P1 are the probabilities of the symbols, M is the number of samples for the
logical 0, and N is the number of samples for the logical 1.
Also, P 0 and P 1 are:

e e
(2)
(3)
where , , , and are average values and standard deviations of the sampled
values respectively, and S is the threshold value.
Average Gaussian
An enhancement of the simple Gaussian approximation can be achieved by averaging the

separately estimated BERs for different sampled symbols [2]. For M sampled values for
the logical 0 and N sampled values for the logical 1, the corresponding error rates are:
(1)
(2)
If the signal is mixed with the noise, the Average Gaussian method is modified to calculate
the average error patterns. The detailed description is [4]:
(3)
where NP is the number of one occurrence of any pattern, N is the total number of patterns,
and are average values and standard deviations of the sampled values for each
pattern respectively, and S is the threshold value.
Worst-case Gaussian
Since the Average Gaussian method can estimate the BER per bit or per pattern, the
Worst-case Gaussian searches for the min BER for each bit or pattern instead of
calculating the average values.
Chi-Squared
The Chi-Squared estimator is adequate for received signals with non-Gaussian statistics
[5][6][7]. The analyzer will estimate the Chi-squared parameters after statistical analysis of
the received signal. The probability of error is calculated according to:
(4)
The model can also calculate the average error pattern and the worst case pattern.
Calculated results
There are two modes to calculate the Q-Factor:
The Q-Factor from BER is calculated numerically by:
(1)
where the Q-factor is calculated
(2)
The eye height is calculated by [2]
(3)
The eye amplitude is calculated by:
(4)
The eye closure is calculated by:
(5)
where min(V1) is the minimum value of the amplitude for the marks and max(V0) is the
maximum value for the amplitude of the spaces.
The eye-opening factor is calculated by:
(6)
The extinction ratio is calculated by:
(7)
For the user defined threshold, the input file, given by the parameter
Measured threshold filename, is formatted with two items per line, the time and
threshold amplitude. Time is given in ratio of the bit period, and amplitude is given in
arbitrary units (voltage or current)
As an example of input file, we have:

0 0.5
0.1 0.5
0.2 0.5
...
0.9 0.5
FEC estimation
Parameter Enable FEC gain estimation allows the user to select between an analytical FEC
estimation [8] or to use measurements. For the measured FEC, the input file, given by the
parameter Measured FEC filename, is formatted with two items per line, the current BER
(before FEC), and the BER after FEC gain.
As an example of input file, we have:

1.0e-2 2.0e-3
1.0e-3 2.0e-4
1.0e-4 2.0e-5
... ...
References:
[1] G.P. Agrawal, "Fiber Optic Communication Systems," John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997.
[2] J.C. Cartledge, G.S. Burley, "The Effect of Laser Chirping on Lightwave System Performance," Journal of
Lightwave Technology, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1989, S. 568-573.
[3] D. Derickson, "Fiber Optic Test and Measurement," Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1998.
[4] C.J. Anderson, J.A. Lyle, "Technique for evaluation of systems performance using Q in numerical
simulation exhibiting intersymbol interference," Electronic Letters, Vol. 30, No. 1, 1994, S. 71-72.
[5] P. A. Humblet, "On the Bit Error Rate of Lightwave Systems with Optical Amplifiers", Journal of
Lightwave Technology, Vol. 9, No. 11, pp. 1576-1582, November 1991.
[6] D. Marcuse, "Calculation of Bit-Error Probability for a Lightwave System with Optical Amplifiers and
Post-Detection Gaussian Noise", Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 505-513, April
1991
[7] D. Marcuse, "Derivation of Analytical Expressions for the Bit-Error Probability in Lightwave Systems with
Optical Amplifiers", Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 8, No. 12, pp. 1816-1823, December
1990.
[8] Keang-Po Ho, Chinlon Lin, "Performance analysis of optical transmission system with polarization-mode
dispersion and forward error correction", Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 9, No. 9, pp. 1288-
1290, September 1997.
Notes:

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Fax: (613) 224-4706
E-mail Optiwave

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LESSON 3: OPTICAL SYSTEMS — WDM DESIGN

Lesson 3: Optical Systems — WDM Design

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Grupos de parámetros (Parameter groups).

2- Haga clic2en la columna

Prueba del transmisor

Conexión del control

Ajustar del número

Aparecerá el cuadro de diálogo

Observación: Este diseño se puede

Figure 13 WDM Transmitter layout design (Lesson 3B.osd)

Adding the BER Analyzer

Figure 14 Connecting the BER Analyzer

6 Run the simulation:

Viewing the BER Analyzer graphs and results

Figure 15 BER Analyzer graphs

Figure 16 BER Analyzer results

Calculating BER patterns

Figure 17 Calculating BER patterns

Calculating the 3D BER graph

Figure 18 Calculating 3D graph

Viewing the 3D graph

Figure 19 3D graphs from the project browser

Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence Generator

Generates a Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) according to different operation

Bit sequence Output Binary

Bit rate Bit rate MBits/s [0, 1e+012]

Operation mode Order - Probability, Order, Alternate, Ones, Zeros

Number of leading zeros (Time window * 3 / 100 ) * Bit rate - [0,+INF[

Number of trailing zeros (Time window * 3 / 100 ) * Bit rate - [0,+INF[

Generate random seed

Random seed index

Different each iteration

Optiwave Systems Inc.

NRZ Pulse Generator

Generates a Non Return to Zero (NRZ) coded signal.

Bit sequence Input Binary

Output Output Electrical

Rectangle shape Exponential, Gaussian,

Optiwave Systems Inc.

Simulates a Mach-Zehnder modulator using an analytical model.

Modulation Input Electrical

Carrier Input Optical

Output Output Optical

Extinction ratio 30 dB [0,+INF[

Negative signal chirp False - True, False

Symmetry factor -1 - [-1,1[

Figure 1 Mach-Zehnder modulator

The equations that describe the behavior of the MZ modulator are:

is the signal phase change defined as:

Optiwave Systems Inc.

Voice: (613) 224-4700

WDM Mux 8x1

Multiplexes eight WDM signal channels.

Input 1 Input Optical

Input 2 Input Optical

Input 3 Input Optical

Input 4 Input Optical

Input 5 Input Optical

Input 6 Input Optical

Input 7 Input Optical

Input 8 Input Optical

Output Output Optical