90988532-1c1e-44d2-a46d-7fd419d537ed

R
IG
KH H
AM
M
T
AM CH
,H
YD O
ER I
AB C
A E
D
.P A
h
:8
CA
98
50 D
95 E
59
9
M
Y
...q+¬Ç°¬¶zH...
ãp# ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç
1. ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç - P^¥~° 3-14

2. ²O^Î°<Q®iH`Ç 15-22
3. "Í^ÎÇòQ®=ò/P~¡¼ <Q®iH`Ç (ãH©.¬î.1500-600) 23-29
4. *ÿá#=°`ÇO, º^Î=°`ÇO / ãH©.¬î.6= ×`|O<\÷ ¬i²Ö`Ç°° 30-40
5. =°¿~¡°¼° 41-45
Y
6. =°¿~¡¼ J#O`Ç~¡ ÇòQ®O 46-50
M
7. §`Ç"¬ì#°° 51-59
8. ¬OQ®O ÇòQ®O 60-62
95 E
9
9. Q®°¬ôë ÇòQ®O 63-70
59
D
10. ¬ô+¬¼¶u =O×=ò / ¬ì~¡Â =~¡#°_È° (ãH©.×.606-647) 71-74
11. K×Ãä½¼°
CA 75-81
50
12. ¬Á=ô° 82-86
98
A
=°^Î¼ÇòQ® ì~¡`Ç^Í×
:8
KÇiã`Ç
13. ~[¬ôã`ÇÇòQ®O (ãH©.×.647-1206) 87-92

h
A E
.P
14. ~Rä@°° 93-94

AB C
D
15. KË×Ã° 95-98

ER I
16. J~¡|°Ä (=ò²ÁO) ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç° 99-101

O
17. _bÁ ¬° ìë#°° (ãH©.×. 1206 - 1526) 102-116

CH
18. ^ÎH÷Æ}ìk ~[=O§° 117-122

YD
19. H÷ë, ¬¶¦Ô L^Î¼=¶° 123-127

,H
20. q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ªã=¶[¼O, |¬ìàh ªã=¶[¼O - ä½`Ç°Ôì° 128-141

AM
21. "³òQ® ÇòQ®O (ãH©.×. 1526 Ð 1857) 142-157

T
22. =°~~ q[$O# / t"r 158-160

H
M
AM
IG
P^Î°xH ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç

KH
1. ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ S~Ë"¬°° ~H 1-6

R
2. POöQÁÇò° - JkHê~¡ªÖ¬# 7-22

3. 1857 ²~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@° 23-29
4. 19= ×`|O<\÷ ª=¶lH, ªO¬ø$uH ¬ô#~¡°rû=#O 30-39
5. =°`Ç L^Î¼=¶° (=°`Ç, yi[#, ï~á`Ç°, ä½, <¼Ç°/P`Çà QÒ~¡= L^Î¼=¶°) 40-45
6. *ìf³¶^Î¼=°O (ãH©.×.1885-1947) 46-74
7. ì~¡`Ç *ìfÇ° HêOãïQ¹ ¬=¶"Í§° 75-77
8. Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ Ê "³áã§° ÇòQ®O 78-86
9. Hq°\©° 87-87
10. W`Ç~¡ JO§° 88-96
G KÇiã`Ç#° POQ®ÁO Õ "HISTORY" JO\ì~¡°.
G J#° ¬^ÎO ãwä½ì+¬ Õx - J<Í ¬^ÎO #°O_ ¬ô\÷Ok.
Y
''²ì¬sÑÑ ''²ì(W) ªéiÇ¶ÑÑ
G ²ìªéiÇ¶ J#Qê - ¬iÕ^Î#, ¬ij#, qK~¡}, "³^ÎH_ÈO, "~¡ë, q+¬Ç°O "³òII J~Ö° H=ô.
M
G ²ìªéiÇ¶ J<Í ¬^¥xH÷ a#ßOQê [~¡à<£ Õ (¬O¦¬°@#), K³á< Õ
''ïQtóKÍÑÑ (Q®`Ç ¬O¦¬°@# #"³¶^Î°) Jx L¬³¶yªë~¡°.
''+ÔÑÑ
KÇiã`Ç ²`=°¬_È°
95 E
G Father of History - Ììi_Ë@¹.
9
59
G Kiã`ÇH ~¡KÇ# (ãwä½ - ¬iÂÇ¶Çò^¥°) `ùeªiQê ã~¡OaOz# "~¡° -
D
Ììi_Ë@¹.
G ì~¡`Ç^Í× ãH± KÇiã`Ç ²`=°¬_È° - H.D (KÇiã`Ç ¬OkÇòQ® ¬$+²H~¡ë)
CA
¬OHêÇ°
50
G POã^ÎKÇiã`Ç ¬iÕ^Î< ²`=°¬_È° - Hù=°ã~A H;}~=ô.
98
G ~[hu, r=§GO, "³°Hêr, WH÷ëÇ¶r,
A
Note : Other Points : Jiª\ ÷ :
:8
A"r §¢ªë ²`=°¬_È°.
h
A E
~*ì¼OQ®O J<Í ì=##° `ùeªiQê À~ùø#ß"~¡°.

.P
G
AB C
ÀÁ\Õ t+¬µ¼_È°, J ÿQêûO_È~ Q®°~¡°=ô.

D
G
ER I
G ¶q° Q®°Oã_ÈOQê LO^Îx `ùeªiQê À~ùø#ß"~¡°.

O
Ììi_Ë@¹
G WO_Ç°<£ Jiª\ ÷ kQêßQ®°_È° - `Ç~¡ø§G²`Ç - ã¬=¶}¬=òKÇóÇ°O ãQ®O^ÎH~¡ë.

:
CH
G ï~O_È= Jiª\ ÷ - - II (|¬ì=°h).

YD
=°¬ìà^£
G J~¡Ö§G ²`=°¬_È° - P_ÈO²à`.

,H
G ²ì¬s P¦¹ ^Î~¡à§G - A.S.

AM
T
''ãQ®O^ÎH~¡ëÑÑ P èH~.
G ¶q°g°^Î "³ò@"³ò^Î@ Pq~¡ÄqOz# rq - ì~Þ

H
M
G ì~Þ J#O`Ç~¡O - Ál èÁ\ì (h\÷ Õ) J#O`Ç~¡O - `Ç~Þ`Ç `Ç~Þ`Ç Pq~¡ÄqOK~¡°.

AM
=$HÆ*ì`Ç°° [O`Ç°*ì`Ç°° =¶#=ô°
¶q°g°^Î Pq~¡ÄqOz# ãp# =¶#=*ì`Ç°° :

IG
G
KH
1) Pãªé Õ²kH¹ - `ùe=¶#=ô_È° - Pã¦²Hê YO_ÈO ("³á§¼O Õ ï~O_È= ìQ®O, Pã¦²Hê J#Qê - x~¡O`Ç~¡ "³°Q®°)
2) ~=¶²kH¹ - ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ `ùe=¶#=ô_È°.
R
3) ¬ìÙ"³¶Z~¡H¹
4) xÇ¶O_³~¡ë 5) ¬ìÙ"³¶Ì¦²Ç¶<£
G P^Î°xH =¶#=ô_H÷ ¬î~¡Þ¬ô /¬g°¬ =¶#=ô_È° - giH÷ =°~ùHÀ~¡° -
¬ìÙ³¶Ì¦²Ç°<£ ãHË=¶Q®ß¹.
G ''e² ¬ô@°HÍ° <Q®iH`Ç Pq~Ä"xH÷ z¬ìßOÑÑ Jx À~ùø#ß"~¡° - Qêï~Û<£ K³á Û.
G =¶#= ¬i}ì=°ãH=¶xß q=iOKÍ §GO - ''POã`ËrÑÑ.
G KÇiã`Ç#° XH ãH=°¬^Îu Õ J^Î¼Ç°#O KÍÇò@ä½ =¶#=ôx ¬i}ì=¶xß "VàÇ°, ¬ô~=¬°ë, P^¥~#°
3 ^Î×°Qê
|\÷ qlOK~¡°.
''h=ô =$^¥KÍÀ ã¬u xq°+¬O, q+¬¼`Ç°ë Õ h J^Î$xß `~¡°=¶~¡° KÍ¬°ëOkÑÑ.
ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 3 ¬_ "³°\©iÇ° 3

coÌ_A§?i·,§JÃA§Ä{1?o _la
feaÈ!Q_¦± õ>±ì!Q_¦±
¨=±
>±aÈäR¯P_¦± »IøI!äR¯P_¦±
=~>ó±
³íP_Ï·!>±aÈ!äR¯P_¦± {äa±
ß_Îk!¢LÈ$±!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!r_Îk!¢LÈ$±
+â$!>±aÈ!äR¯P_¦± IA`©±
»_Ï!>±aÈ!äR¯P_¦± LjäaÈI!äR¯P_¦±!! äxå¾!Q_¦± >±%~áÈ±!ääaÈ±
sraÈ!LÈjäaÈ±!Ë ÈýÌ ³È±=¤
Y
sraÈ!=AIë± aØ äaÈ!äR¯P_¦±
Q_¦± uíç±
M
\IªÈ±!Ë!¨H«P÷IvI!äR¯P_¦± >ó³ÂP!Q_¦±
L´â=!Q_¦±
95 E
aÈr±Ø!äR¯P_¦±
9
59
D
I. "VVàÇ°/e² P^¥~#° |\÷ 3 ~¡Hê° :
1) Kiã`ÇH ¬î~¡ÞÇòQ®O (Pre - Historic Age)
CA
50
- e² èx HêO
Ex : ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ²O^Î¶ <Q®iH`Ç H<ß =òO^Î°#ß HêO.
98
A
; D Hê¬ô <Q®iH`Ç#° "~¡° L¬³¶yOz# ¬iH~°, =¬°ë=ô P^¥~¡OQê x~¡â~òªë~¡°.
:8
2) KÇiã`Ç ¬OkÇòQ®O (Proto - Historic Age)
h
-
A E
e² LO_ J~¡ÖO ¬æ+¬OQê `³eÇ°x HêO.

.P
Ex : ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ²O^Î¶ <Q®iH`Ç HêO.

AB C
D
; Kiã`ÇH ¬î~¡ÞÇòQ®O - Kiã`ÇH ÇòQ®Oä½ =°^Î¼Q® HêO.

ER I
; D ÇòQêxß ¬$+²Oz# "_È° ¬OHêeÇ°.

H.D.
O
3) Kiã`ÇH ÇòQ®O (Historical Age) - e²LO_ J~¡ÖO ¬æ+¬OQê `³°¬°ë#ß HêO.

CH
Ex : ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ²O^Î¶ <Q®iH`Ç `Ç~Þ`ÇHêO.

YD
II. ¬ô~=¬°ë P^¥~#° |\÷ 3 ~¡Hê° :

,H
1) ãp# t ìÇòQ®O (Palio - Lithic Age) Palio J#Qê - J#Qê Jx J~¡ÖO.

- Old Lithic Stone
AM
T
G D ÇòQ®O ãH©.¬î. 1,50,000 - 8,500 =~¡ä½

H
M
G D ÇòQ®O Õ =¶#=ô_È° LO_Í"_È°.

AM
J<Q®iä½_È°, ¬OK~¡rq`ÇO#° Q®_È°¬ô`Ç¶ =°$Q®ãÇò_³á

IG
G "Í@J`Çx =òY¼=$uë.
KH
G DÇòQ®O Õ =¶#=ô_È° L¬³¶yOz# t(PÇò^¥°) ¬i=¶}O Ì^Îíq.

R
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ãp# t ìÇòQ®O <\÷ ã¬^Í§°.

=°^Î¼ã¬^Í - ÿOÿ\ìø/ ìø, ¬O*ì - ªé<£#n ÕÇ°, L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í - è ì<£
G ¬ô~`Ç# ãp#ÇòQêxH÷ ¬O|OkOz# `ùe P#"×ÃÁ - t"eH± ¬~¡Þ`Ç
ãO`ÇO Õx '¬¬ì Õ (KÍuQù_ÈÛe) aOK~ò.
Qê"£Ñ Õ A.P H$â - `Ç°OQ®ã^Î ãO`ÇO Õ.
2) =°^Î¼ - t ìÇòQ®O (Mesolithic - Age) (ãH©.¬î.8,500-4000) :

G Meso J#Qê - Medival =°^Î¼ JxJ~¡ÖO,
- J#Qê Lithic Stone.
G ¬¶HÆ à~u ¬x=ò@Á#° L¬³¶yOK_È°. H#°Qù<ß_È°.

x¬C#°
G "`=~¡}O "Í_³H÷ø #n¬i"¬ì ãO`° q¬ëiOK~ò.

G D ãO` Õ HùkíHêO ²Ö~¡x"¬O U~æ@° KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
(Semi nomadic)

P#"×Ã¤ c~¬î~ - c¬ð~
:
QË^¥=i ÕÇ° - POã^Îã¬^Í

u~¡°# èÞe - `Çq°×<_È°
ìQË~, k ìÞ~ - ~[ªÖ<£
ìO¦¬¶ß* - Q®°[~`
¬iH~ ¬i=¶}O - =°^Î¼ LO_Ík.
1-8 cm
3) #g# t ìÇòQ®O (Neolithic - Age) (ãH©.¬î.4000-1000) :

G D ÇòQêxß Neo - Lithic Age JO\ì~¡°.
G Neo J#Qê #¶`Ç# Jx J~¡ÖO. J#Qê
Lithic Stone.
G #g# t ìÇòQ®O Õx =¶#=ô_È° #° ã~¡OaOK_È°.

''=¼=ªÇ°OÑÑ
Y
G ä½=°àiKÇãHO H#°Qù#|_Ok.
G D ÇòQêxH÷ ¬O|OkOz# P^¥~° (>ÿHøeHË@, ã|¬ìàyi,
M
=°²ø), è`ÇOKÇ~¡Á, è¶~¡°, POã^Îã¬^Í Õ =°KÇó zO`Ç=¶xQ®q,
L@¶ß~¡°, Q®O`ÇH°Á) =^Îí aOK~ò.
95 E
9
G |¶~¡û¬ìÙ"£° -
59
D
Hêjà~.
G ãp# =¶#=ô_È° dOz# e² Hx²OKÍ ã¬^Í×O -

zã`° (H~¡¶ß°).
öH`Ç=~¡O
G =¶#=ô_È° `ùeªiQê L¬³¶yOz# Õ¬ìO -

CA
50
Hê¬~ / ~y.
G ã¬¬OKÇO Õ =¶#=ô_È° `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍ²# "³ò^Î\ ÷ q°ã×=° Õ¬ìO - HOKÇ°.
98
G Õ¬ìÇòQ®O è^¥ |$¬ì`Çë~¡ÇòQ®O
A
ãH©.¬î. 1000 - 600. :8
G qeÇ°O*Õ<£ ''U+²Ç¶\ ÷H± ªÚÌá\ ÷ P¦¹ #° HH`ë Õ 1784, [==i 1# ªÖ²OK_È°.
ÿOQê ÑÑ
h
G nx =òY¼ L^Íí×O -
A E
.P
ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç x~à}O
G <\÷ ÿOQê Q®=~¡ß~ [~¡ß - "~¡<£ Àì²OQ·

AB C
"~¡<£ Àì²OQ·.
D
G qeÇ°O*Õ<£ - Ja*ìý# §ä½O`ÇO, =°#°^Î~¡àO, J<Í ãQ®O^¥#° POQ®ÁO ÕH÷ J#°=kOK_È°.

²ì`Ë¬H~¡}O
ER I
G A.S of Bengal J<Í ¬O¬Ö ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õx Kiã`ÇH JO§#° POQ®ÁO Õ ã¬KÇ°iOKÍk.

O
G 1861 Õ A.S.I.(Archaeological Survey of India) J<Í ¬O¬Ö Õ ªÖ²OKÇ|_Ok._bÁ

CH
G A.S.I.`ùe [#~¡ -
Director J ÿQêûO_È~ HxßOQ·¬ìÙ"£°.
YD
G W`Çxß "The Father of Indian Archaeology" Jx ²°ªë~¡°.

,H
G 1902 Õì~ÛH~¡û<£ / ¬ô~=¬°ë §Y#° ¬ô# ã~¡OaOK_È°.

A.S.I
G ¬ô#ã~¡OaOz# `Ç~Þ`Ç `ùe

AM
T
Sir John Marshal.

Director General -
G ¬~*ì<£ =¶~¡Â <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ ²O^Î¶<Q®iH`Ç ã`Ç=ÞHê° ã~¡O"³°Ø#q.

H
1921 Õ
M
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ x=tOz# 6 *ì`Ç° ã¬*° :

AM
1) hãy\Õ° 2) ãé\Õ Pãªé ì~ò_£ 3) ìãH÷ ²¦¬ 4) "³°_>èiÇ°<£ 5) <iÛH± 6) =°OQË ì~ò_£
IG
KH
G `ã=° t ìÇòQêxH÷ K³Ok# ì~¡fÇ° <Q®iH`Ç - ²O^Î¶/¬ì~¡æ <Q®iH`Ç.
G Õ¬ìÇòQ®O (W#°=ò#° L¬³¶yOz# <Q®iH`Ç -

R
=°e"Í^Î <Q®iH`Ç.
ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç P^¥~° ï~O_È° ~¡Hê°. 1) "VàÇ° 2) ¬ô~=¬°ë P^¥~°.

Jq :
G "[àÇ°O J#Qê ed`Ç¬î~¡ÞH / ãQ®O^Î~¡¶¬O Õ LO_Í P^¥~°.

G "VàÇ° P^¥~° =°m¤ ~¡Hê°Qê qlOK~¡°. 1) ¬Þ^Íj P^¥~° 2) q^Íj P^¥~°.
ï~O_È°
G ¬Þ^Íj P^¥~#° =°~¡ ì ï ~¡Hê°Qê qlOK~¡°. 1) =°`Ç¬~¡"³°Ø# 2) ºH÷H ¬~¡"³°Ø# P^¥~°.

~O_È°
v =°`Ç¬~¡"³°Ø# P^¥~° :
1. ²ìO^Î¶=°`Ç ãQ®O^¥° / ãì¬ìà}©H ãQ®O^¥° :
G Wq ¬O¬ø$`ÇO Õ ã"Ç°|_¨Û~ò.
G g\÷ Õ À~ùø#^ÎQ®¾q /=òY¼"³°Ø#q "Í^¥°- 4.

A) "Í^¥° : 4
G "Í^ÎO J<Í ¬^ÎO J<Í ¬O¬ø $`Ç¬^ÎO #°O_ ¬ô\÷Ok.

''q^£ÑÑ
G q^£ J#Qê - *ìý#O/q*ìý#O/¬qã`Ç*ìý#O . Jx J~¡ÖO
G *ìý#O J#Qê `³eÇ°x ^¥xx - `³°¬°HË=_ÈO . Jx J~¡ÖO
G "Í^¥#° U XHø~¡¶ ~¡zOKÇ è^Îx Not made by the manJx À~ùøO\ì~¡°.

G "Í^¥#° JÏ~¡°õÇ¶° JO\ì~¡°.
G x`Ç¼ãQ®O^¥° (JxßÇòQê Õ LO_Í ãQ®O^¥°), ×$u ª²ì`Ç¼O (q#_ÈO Jx J~¡ÖO) JO\ì~¡°.
"Í^¥° - 4 : Jq 1) |°°öQÞ^ÎO 2) ª=°"Í^ÎO 3) ÇòAö~Þ^ÎO 4) J^Î~¡Þ}"Í^ÎO
1. |°°öQÞ^ÎO :
G "Í^Î=ò Õ/ã¬¬OKÇO Õ `ùe è^¥ Ju .
ãp#"³°Ø# ãQ®O^ÎO
Y
G ~¡`Ç=~¡ÂO J#°¬^ÎO ã¬ã¬^Î=°OQê =iâOKÇ|_#k.
WO_Ë-Çü~Ë²Ç°<£ ì+¬ ÕÁ aOz# "³ò^Î\ ÷ ãQ®O^ÎO.
M
G
G ~¡zO¬|_# HêO ãH©.¬î.1500-1000
95 E
G =¶H± =òÁ~ =°^Î¼Hê ìxH÷ K³Ok#^Îx À~ùø<ß~¡°.
9
ãH©.¬î.2500 - 1500
59
D
G uH± YQË×§GO P^¥~¡OQê ãH©.¬î. 5000 Hê ìxH÷ K³Ok#^Îx À~ùø<ß_È° .
G POã^Î°#° Q®¶ió `ùeªiQê ã¬ªë=# ¬OMì¼=°#°_È° ã"²# H^Î°.

CA
S`Çö~Ç° ãì¬ìà}O Õ
=t+¬µ_È°, "¬°^Í=ô_È°, q§Þq°ã`Ç°_È°, Pã`ÍÇ°, ~¡^¥ÞA_È°, JOw~¡¬°_È° J<Í |°°+¬µ° ~¡zOK~¡x HùO^Î~¡° À~ùø<ß~¡°.
50
G
|°°öQÞ^Î ~¡KÇ# Õ °¬OKÇ°ä½#ß ¢Ôë° - Õ=òã^Î, ¦¬°Õ+¬, P, q×Þ=~¡,×~òH`x"×i.
98
G
A
Zä½ø= |°°öQÞ^Î ÕÁHê° H÷ K³Ok#q.
:8
G JOw~¡¬°_
G |°°öQÞ^ÎO Õx "³ò`ÇëO ìQê°/ =°O_È ì° -

h
10
A E
.P
G 2, 7= =°O_È ì° "³ò^Î\ ã"Ç°|_ÈQê, 1-10 =°O_È ì° z=~¡Qê ã"Ç°|_#q Jx À~ùø<ß~¡°.
AB C
D
G |°°öQÞ^ÎO Õ 1028 H=ô.

|°°ä½ø°/=°Oã`°
ER I
G FO - 1028 ã¬ªëqOKÇ|_Ok.
ª~¡°Á
O
G =°Oã`° =°¿dHOQê `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍÇ°|_#q.

|°°öQÞ^ÎO Õx 3= =°O_ÈO Õ ¬¶~¡¼, ªqãu ^Í=`Ç#° H©ië¬¶ë H^Î°. Wk Ju ¬qã`Ç"³°Ø#k.
CH
G ''QêÇ°ãu=°Oã`ÇOÑÑ
YD
G 6= =°O_ÈO ¬ì~¡æ#° - WOã^Î°_x -

¬ìiÇòã²Ç°OQê, À~ùøOk.¬ô~¡O^Î~¡°_Qê
,H
G 7= =°O_ÈO Battle of Ten Kings

''^Î×~[Q®}Çò^ÎO / "
~g #k X_È°Û# [iy#@°Á À~ùøO@°Ok.

AM
G
T
G 9= =°O_ÈO H÷ JOH÷`Çq°=Þ|_Ok.
H
M
''ªé=°^Í=ô_(=$HÆ^Í=ô_È°)ÑÑ
G 10= =°O_ÈO Õx - q×ÞO¬ô@°H, KÇ`Ç°~¡Þ~¡â =¼=¬Ö/ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê ×´ã^Î°#° Q®°iOz ã¬ªëq¬°ëOk.
AM
''¬ô~¡°+¬¬¶HëOÑÑ
IG
(¬ô~¡°+¬¬¶HëO HêH KÇ`Ç°~¡Þ~¡â =¼=¬Ö#° ã¬ªÖqOz# L¬x+¬` - ) |$¬ì^¥~¡}¼HË¬x+¬`

KH
G |°°öQÞ^ÎO P~¡¼ ^Í=`Ç ¬î*ìq^¥#O =iâO¬|_Ok.

Õ
R
G =¶#=ôx =°#¬° è^¥ #°O_ Çò^ÎíO "³ò^Î=ô`Ç°O^Îx À~ùøOk.

"³°^Î_È°
G |°°öQÞ^ÎO Õ =°Oã`° ¬iOKÍ "ix JO\ì~¡°.

''¬ìÙãuÑÑ
G ²O^Î°/ WO_È¹ #kH÷ Q® 5 ãH÷Ok q^ÎOQêÀ~ùø#|_#q.

L¬#^Î°°
HË_£ ã¬¬°ë`ÇÀ~¡° |°°öQÞ^ÎO Õx À~¡° ãwä½<=°O
J rO (N#Q®~-JÕä½_È°) q`ÇÀë Ìáì_¨¬æ¹

r ~q ¬~¡°+²}÷ Ìáìã_Ë`Í"£
B aÇ¶¹ q¹ Ìáì²¹
S ¬>*Áÿ ¬ã`Ç°k [~¡ã^Î¹
C p< J²H÷ß JïH²<³ ¹
G ¬~¡¬Þu - |°°öQÞ^ÎO Õ J`Ç¼kHOQê Á ã¬ªÖqOKÇ|_Ok.
116 ª~¡°
G Wk P~¡°¼ J`Ç¼O`Ç ¬qã`Ç"³°Ø#k, #n`Ç=° - #^Î° Õ L`Çë=°"³°Ø#k Jx À~ùø<ß~¡°.

G |°°öQÞ^ÎO Õ Zä½ø=Qê "_# ¬^¥° :
¬^ÎO Zxßª~¡°Á ã¬ªÖqOKÇ|_Ok ¬^ÎO Zxßª~¡°Á ã¬ªÖqOKÇ|_Ok
FO - 1028 ãì¬ìà} - 14
J×Þ - 315 HÆãuÇ°, ¬q°u - 9
[# - 275 ¬ - 8
QË"£ - 176
Ç°=ò# - 3
q¹ - 171
¬~¡¬Þu - 116 "³á×¼, ×´ã^Î, ~[¼
Y
Q®} - 46 Hæ, XO>ÿ, Q®OQ®, ¬=òã^Î - 1
M
G |°°öQÞ^ÎHêO Õ ä½=¼=¬Ö Ja=$k Hê è^Î°. Hêh <\÷ ¬ô~¡°+¬¬¶HëO Õ ¬$+²H~¡ë.
95 E
9
#°k\ ÷#°O_ - ãì¬ìà}°°, °[¬øO^¥#°O_ - HÆãuÇò°, `ù_È#°O_ - "³á×Ã¼°, ^¥ #°O_ - ×´ã^Î°°
59
D
L^ÎÄqOK~¡x À~ùøOk.
G |°°öQÞ^ÎO Õ ã¬ªëqOKÇ|_# Ju=òY¼ [O`Ç°=ô -
CA
²O¬ìO.
50
2. ª=°"Í^ÎO :
98
G ª=° J#Qê Jx J~¡ÖO. (~Q®|^ÎOQê Z ì LKÇóiOK Õ À~ùø#|_Ok.)
A
ã§=¼`Ç :8
G ªé=°Ç°[ýO Õ ª=°"Í^ÎO#° _#@°Á `³°¬°ëOk.
''L^¥¾`Ç~¡°_È°ÑÑ
ì~¡fÇ° ¬Ow`xH÷ ã¬=òY P^¥~¡O -

h
G
A E
ª=°"Í^ÎO (¬, i, Q®, =°, ¬, ^Î, x - ¬¬ë¬Þ~°)

.P
G ª=°"Í^ÎO Õx ÕÁHê° - 1603

AB C
D
G KÇiã`Çä½L¬³¶Q®¬_Èx "Í^ÎO.
ER I
G ª=°"Í^ÎOä½ ¬O|OkOz# ï~O_È° ãQ®O^¥° -

O
JióHê°.
G JióHê° J#Qê ¦¬°#"³°Ø# =~¡â#°.

CH
G ª=°"Í^ÎO ãì¬ìà}ì° - 1) Ò_È¼=°¬ðãì¬ìà}O - ãp# ãì¬ìà}ì Õ Wk =òY¼"³°Ø#k.

YD
2) *ÿáq°h ãì¬ìà}O.
,H
G nx Õ Q® L¬x+¬`Ç°ë° KO^ËQ®¼, öH<Ë L¬x+¬`Ç°ë°.

AM
T
3. Ç°Aö~Þ^ÎO :
H
M
G Ç°[ýÇ¶Qêk ãH`Ç°=ôä½ ¬O|OkOz#k.

AM
G nx Õ Ç°Oã`° ¬iOKÍ"ix JO\ì~¡°.

IG
'J^Î~ÞÇòÑ
nx Õx ÕÁHê° -
KH
G 1984.
G Wk ï~O_È° ~¡Hê° : 1) H$+¬â / # ÇòAö~Þ^ÎO - `³á`ÇësÇ° ãì¬ìà}O - "Í^Î"¼¬°_È°.

R
2) ×ÃHÁ / "[¬<ÍÇ° Ç°Aö~Þ^ÎO - - Ç¶[ý=°ø ¼_È°.

×`Ç¬^Î ãì¬ìà}O
(ãì¬ìà}ìxßO\÷ Õ#¶ Ì^Îí^³á# ãì¬ìà}O - ãì¬ìà}O) ×`Ç¬^Î
G ¬^Î¼, ~¡¶ Õ ~¡zOKÇ|_# "Í^ÎO.

Q®^Î¼
G "Í^ÎHêO<\÷ ã¬[ ã¬uaOaOKÇ°#°.

=°`Çì"#°
G Ç°Aö~Þ^¥xH÷ ¬O|OkOz# L¬x+¬`Ç°ë° - `³á`ÇësÇ°, H^¥, j`×Þ`~¡, |$¬ì^¥~¡}¼H, D×.

4. J^Î~¡Þ}"Í^ÎO :
G "Í^Î"[àÇ°O Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ "Í^¥ä½ a#ß"³°Ø#k.
3
G K ìHêO "Í^ÎOQê ¬iQ®}÷OKÇ|_Èxk - "Í^Îã`Ç~üq^Î¼.
G Wk =°Oã`Ç`ÇOã`#° Q®°iOz `³°æ#°, nx Õx ÕÁHê ¬OY¼ - 711.

G J`Ç¼O`Ç ãp# "³á^Î¼§G .
ãQ®O^ÎO
G =¼=ªÇ° Hê~¡¼H ì#°Q®°iOz À~ùøO@°#ß `ùe ãQ®O^ÎO.

G Pö~¼`Ç~¡°K Í ~¡zOKÇ|_# "Í^ÎO.
G nx Õ =°Oã`° ¬iOKÍ"ix JO\ì~¡°.
'ãì¬ìà}Ñ
G ¬, ¬q°u ã¬*ì¬u ä`Ç°~¡Áx / JHêø, K³ ÿÁ×¤=O\÷=x / H=²Áx À~ùøO@°Ok.

G ¬f¬¬ìQ®=°#O Q®°iOz À~ùøO@°#ß `ùe ãQ®O^ÎO.
G J^Î~¡Þ} "Í^¥xH÷ ¬O|OkOz# ãì¬ìà}O - QË¬^Î ãì¬ìà}O.
G J^Î~¡Þ} "Í^¥xH÷ ¬O|OkOz# L¬x+¬`Ç°ë° - =òO_ÈH, .

=¶O_È¶H¼, ã¬×ß L¬x+¬`
G ^Í=<Q®i e² ÕQ® ''¬`Ç¼"Í°= J#° "H¼O

[Ç°`ÍÑÑ #°O_ ãQ®²ìOKÇ|_Ok.
''=òO_ÈH L¬x+¬`ÑÑ
G ~A#° q#`Çë J#Qê ï~á`Ç°#° H÷ÆOKÍ"_Èx À~ùøO@¶ J=¬~¡"³°Ø#¬C_È° ã¬`Ç¼HÆOQê Z#°ßHË=KÇóx À~ùøOk.
J^Î~¡Þ} "Í^ÎO Õx ìQê°/=°O_È ì° -
Y
G 20.
G ã¬u"Í^ÎO Õ ìQê° LO\ì~ò -
M
4
1) ¬O²ì`Ç 2) ãì¬ìà}ì° 3) J~¡}¼Hê° 4) L¬x+¬`Ç°ë°

ã¬u"Í^¥xH÷ =üìQ®O -
95 E
G ¬O²ì`ÇìQ®O.
9
Wk Q®=O`Ç°xß ^¥Þ~ #° `³°æ#°.
59
G
D
H©iëOKÇ_ÈO ''"³¶HÆO ªkOKÇ°@ÑÑ
ãì¬ìà}ì° : ^¥Þ~ "³¶HÆO#° ÚO^Î°@.

H~¡à=¶~¡¾O
G Wk U^Ë XH "Í^¥xH÷ ¬O|O^ÎO Hey L#ßk.

CA
50
G |°°öQÞ^ÎO ³òHø ãì¬ìà}O : S`Çö~Ç° ãì¬ìà}O - ~*ì¼kHê~¡O Q®°iOz `ùeªi ã¬ªÖqOK³#°.
98
A
ª=°"Í^ÎO ³òHø ãì¬ìà}O : *ÿáq°h, KO^ËQ®¼ ãì¬ìà}O.
:8
Ç°Aö~Þ^ÎO ³òHø ãì¬ìà}O : ×`Ç¬^Î ãì¬ìà}O - Ì^Îík (=_Û"¼~¡O, L¬#Ç°#O, ¶q°x ^Î°<Íß@¬C_È°
h
A E
.P
\÷OKÇ=²# PK~¡ =¼=¬ð~°)

AB C
J^Î~¡Þ} "Í^ÎO ³òHø ãì¬ìà}O : QË¬^Î ãì¬ìà}O.

D
ER I
J~¡}¼Hê° : Wq ³¶Q® / ^¥Þ~ "³¶HÆO ÚO^Î_ÈO#° `³°æ#°.

^¥¼#=¶~¡¾O
O
G Wq J~¡}ì¼ Õ ¬iOKÇ=²# ãQ®O^¥°.

|°°+¬µ°
H~¡àHêO_È#° YO_ªë~ò.
CH
G
YD
G J~¡}ì¼h ^Í=`Ç#° Q®°iOz `ùeªiQê ã¬ªÖqOKÇ|_Ok.

,H
L¬x+¬`°
Ç
ë ° / "Í^¥O`° : Q®°~¡°=ô ^¥ ^ÎQ~¾® ä¡ ½ =zó t+¬µ¼° ä~ùóx Jx J~¡OÖ .
*ìý<xß ÚO^Î@O ^
è ¥ <Í~°
¡ óHù#°@
^¥Þ~ "³¶HÆO ÚO^Î_ÈO Q®°iOz `³°æ`~ò.

AM
G
T
*ìý#=¶~¡¾O
G "³ò`ÇëO L¬x+¬`Ç°ë° - JO\ì~¡°.

H
M
108 / Jé`Çë~¡ <=¶=o
G Wq ¬O¬ø $`ÇO Õ ã"Ç°|_¨Û~ò.

AM
IG
G L¬x+¬`Ç°ë Õ ²^¥OfHiOKÇ|_ÈÛ `Ç`ÇÞO - `Ç`ÇÞÕ^Î#.

KH
G H~¡àHêO_È°, [O`Ç°|°#° =¼uö~H÷ªë~ò.

R
G g\÷Hê ìxß =¶H±=òÁ~ ãH©.¬î.1000 Qê x~¡â~òOK_È°.

- 600
G ãp#"³°Ø# L¬x+¬` - |$¬ì^¥~¡}¼HË¬x+¬`.
G nx Õ ''`Ç=°ªé=¶*Õ¼u~¡¾=°Ç° / ã\ì<£"³¶+¬¬<£ Q®°iOz ã¬ªë=# H^Î°.

P¦¹ ªé ÑÑ
G P`Çà¬ô#~¡û#à#° Q®¶ió `³eÀ L¬x+¬` - HÒ+²`ÇH± L¬x+¬`.
G =òO_ÈHË¬x+¬` Õ Jx ^Í=<Q®iHe² Õ À~ùø#|_Ok.

''¬`Ç¼"Í°=[Ç°`ÍÑÑ
G [¬ð<£ *è¼+¬»ä½=¶~¡°_³á# ^¥~+²HË L¬x+¬`Ç°ë#° ¬iÂÇ¶ì+¬ ÕH÷ J#°=kOK_È°.

1657 Õ
G W`Ç_°È Q =® n¾`#Ç ° ä_¨ ¬iÂ¶Ç ì+¬ ÕH÷ J#°=kOK_È°.

G ã¬¬OKÇO Õ L¬x+¬`Ç°ë#° q°Oz# ¬~¡#O "Íö~ è^Îx J#° [~¡à<£ "Í^¥Ou À~ùø<ß~¡°.
''ªÚøÌ<£¬ìÇ°~ÑÑ
G L¬x+¬`Ç°ë° P`Çà*ìý#O, q°=xKó~ò.

ã|¬ìà*ìý#=òä½

B) L¬"Í^¥° : 4
G Wq "Í^¥Ìá ã"Ç°|_# "¼Mì¼<°.

1) PÇòö~Þ^ÎO - "³á^¥¼xH÷ ¬O|OkOz#k.
2) QêO^Î~¡Þ"Í^ÎO - ¬Ow`xH÷ ¬O|OkOz#k.
3) ^Î#°ö~Þ^ÎO - Çò^ÎÎH×ä½ ¬O|OkOz#k.
4) tæ / ªOöHuH "Í^ÎO - "¬°ëH×ä½ ¬O|OkOz#k.
C) "Í^¥OQ®=ò° : 6
1) "¼H~¡}O - ¬^Î=ò x~à}O

2) tHÆ / ¬ï~á# LKó~¡} - ^ÎÞx §GO
3) KÇO^Î¬° - ¬^Îã¬³¶Q®=ò
Y
4) *Õu+¬¼O - YQË× / q+¬¼` §GO
M
5) x~¡°HëO - ¬^Î*ìO
6) Hæ - ãH`Ç°=ô x~¡Þ¬ì}
95 E
9
G ì~¡fÇ° `Ç`ÇÞ§G §Y° - 6.
59
D
D) Wu¬ðª° : 2
"bàH÷ ¬O¬ø $`ÇO Õ ~¡zOK_È°.

CA
1) ~=¶Ç°}O :
50
G nxH÷ =°~ùHÀ~¡° - 'PkHê=¼OÑ.
98
G HêO_È° H=ô.
A
7 :8
G ~¡OQ®<^Î / `³°Q®° ~=¶Ç°}O - (kÞ¬^Î ¬^¥ Õ Qù¬æk)
QË#|°^¥íï~_Û
h
G `Çq°× ~=¶Ç°}O -
A E
.P
HO|<£
G ÿOQêm ~=¶Ç°}O -
AB C
H$u"¼¬°_È°.
D
2) =°¬ðì~¡`ÇO "Í^Î"¼¬°_È° ¬O¬ø $`Ç ì+¬ Õ ^Í=<Q®i e² Õ ~¡zOK_È°.

:
ER I
G =°¬ðì~¡`ÇO `ùeÀ~¡° -
O
[Ç°¬O²ì`Ç.
G W`Ç~¡À~¡°Á - ¬OKÇ=°"Í^ÎO, ~¡*Ç°<=¶, ×`Ç¬¬ìG ¬O²ì`Ç.

CH
G nx Õ "³ò^Î\ÕÁ 8880 ÕÁHê° LO_ÈQê `Ç~Þ`Ç 24 "Í° P `Ç~¡°"`Ç

YD
HÆ ÕÁHêÇ¶¼~ò.
G ã¬¬OKÇª²ì`Ç¼O Õ<Í JuÌ^Îí ¬^Î¼ãQ®O^ÎO.

,H
G "³ò`ÇëO 18 ¬~Þ°H=ô.
AM
T
G 6= ¬~¡Þ"³°Ø# c+¬à¬~¡ÞO Õ - H^Î°.

''Q®=n¾`ÇÑÑ
nx Õx ÕÁHê° 700, J^¥¼Ç¶° 18 H=ô.

H
M
G
AM
G Q®°¬ôëHêO Õ J`Ç¼O`Ç ã¬*ì^Î~¡} ÚOkOk.

IG
Q®=n¾`Ç
G NH$+¬µâ_È° J~¡°û#°_H÷ KÍ²# L¬^Í×O.

KH
G Q®=n¾`Ç#° POQ®ÁO ÕH÷ J#°=kOz# "~¡° - Kï~Á¹ qeø<£, JxaÌO\.

R
G Kï~Á¹ qeø<£ ã"²# qeø<£ Q®=n¾`Çä½ ¬iKÇÇ°O ã"²#"~¡° - "ï~<£Àì²OQ·.
G =°¬ðì~¡`ÇO Õ H~¡°â_H÷ q°q^Î¼° <Íiæ# Q®°~¡°=ô - ¬~¡°×Ã~=ò_È° / q+¬µâ=ô 6= J=`~¡O.
G =°¬ðì~¡`Ç HêO Õ Qù¬æ Çò^ÎÎíO - HÒ~¡=ô° =°iÇò O_È=ôä½ =°^Î¼ [iyOk.

''ä½~¡°öHÆã`ÇOÑÑ
G ä½~¡°öHÆã`ÇÇò^ÎíO Õ HÒ~¡=ô `Ç~¡°¬ô# é~_ÈQê ¬¬ì^Í=ô_È° "ix F_OK_È°.

POã^Î°°
E) ¬ô~}ì° : 18
G L¬¬ô~}ì° ä_¨ . J^Î× ¬ô~}ì°.

18
G ¬ô~}ì Õ Juãp#"³°Ø#k - "Çò¬ô~}O.
G =°`Ç¼ ¬ô~}O - Õ ¬OH#O KÍÇ°|_Ok.

Ç°[ýN§`ÇHiâ HêO
G q+¬µâ, ìQ®=`Ç ¬ô~}ì° <~Ç°}°_ J=`~¡OQê À~ùøOk.

|°°(=$)+¬<^Î°xß

F) *ÿá#=°`Ç ãQ®O^¥° :
G *ÿá#=°`Ç ¬qã`Ç ãQ®O^¥° JOQê° - . 12
G JOQê°(12) - ì+¬ Õ ã"Ç°|_¨Û~ò.

J~¡Ö=¶Q®k
G LOQê° - , ãH©~¡âO° - , KÍk¬¶ã`° - , =ü¬¶ã`° -

12 10 6 4.
G Àì=°KÇOã^Î°x - ¬i+²+¬»¬~¡ÞO
G ã^Îì¬=ô - Hæ¬¶ã`°.
G ¬ìiã^Î°_È° - P=×¼H ¬¶ã`°.
G POã^Îã¬^Í Õ `ùe *ÿá# Q®°~¡°=ô - HùO_Èä½O^Î< K~¡°¼_È° DÇ°# (Ju =òY¼"³°Ø#k). ã¬=KÇ#ª~¡O,
¬=°Ç°ª~¡O
¬OK+²»HêÇ°ª~¡O, (ã`ÇÇ° / ã¬ì$`Çª~¡O JO\ì~¡°). ãH$`Ç ì+¬ Õ ã"§_È°.

G LãQêk`Ç°¼_È° - ("³á^Î¼ §G ãQ®O^ÎO)
Hì¼}Hê~¡H
¬O¬Hq - Pk¬ô~}O Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ f~¡ÖOH~¡°_³á#
Y
G
|°°/=$+¬<^Î°x ¬OKÇHì¼}O Q®°iOz À~ùø<ß_È°.
M
G W`Çx a~¡°^Î° - Hq` Q®°}ì~¡â=ô_È° - (ï~O_È=/W=°à_ JiöH¬i WKó_È°).
ªé=°^Í=¬¶i - ÇòH÷ë zO`=°}÷, ¬<ß=u ã¬H~¡}, Ç°Õ^Î~¡ =°¬ð~A KÇiã`Ç.
95 E
G
9
W`Çx a~¡°^Î° -
59
G
D
§¼^¥Þ^ÎKÇ²O¬ð.
G ¬^ÎàHq - l<ÍOã^Î ¬ô~}O.
G J"³¶¦¬°=~¡°Â_È° -
CA
50
~¡`Çß=¶oH.
98
G) º^Î=°`Ç ãQ®O^¥° :
º^Î=°`Ç ¬qã`Ç ãQ®O^¥° - 'ãuÔ~¡Hê°Ñ - Wq mì+¬ Õ H=ô.

A
G
:8
G Ôì<Ç¶# §Y ¬qã`Ç ãQ®O^¥°.
h
A E
.P
G ãuÔ~¡Hê° :1) ¬°`ÇëÔ~¡HO - P#O^Î°_È° - |°^Î°_ Õ^Î#° / ã¬=KÇ<° - Ì^ÎíÔiH.

AB C
2) q#Ç° Ô~¡HO - Lo - "³ò^Î\ ÷ º^Î¬Owu. (¬°`Çë, q#Ç° Ô~¡Hê° "³ò^Î@ º^Î ¬i+¬` Õ
D
ã"Ç°|_¨Û~ò.
ER I
O
3) Ja^Î=°à Ô~¡HO - 3= º^Î ¬Owu Õ "³ò¦¬°e¬ô`Çë u¬ ã"§_È°. nx

ª~O×O - 'H^¥=`Ç°ëÑ ~¡zOK_È°.
CH
YD
G º^Î *ì`ÇH H^Î° - Wq |°^Î°_ Q®°iOz `³°¬ô`~ò.

¬î~¡Þ[#à
,H
G |°^ÎQË+¬µ_È° - =¬°kÇ¶Q®,KÇ°Á=°Q®¾ - (q¬ð~ x~à}O.)

<Qê~¡°û#°_ - =¶^Î¼q°H "^ÎO (Hê~¡H) ²^¥O`ÇO, ×´#¼"^ÎO.
AM
G
T
G ^Î~¡àH©ië - ã¬Ç¶}H©iëH, <¼Ç°aO^Î°.

H
M
G W`Çx a~¡°^Î° - Kant of India.

AM
IG
G q°oO^Î¬<Ý - g°<O_È~ ã¬×ß° - <Q®À#°_ ¬=¶^¥<°.

KH
G =°¬ðÇ¶#°° - "³á¬ô¼ ¬¶ã`ÇO

- e`Çqªë~¡O
R
- ¬°^Î~¡à ¬ôO_ÈsHO J<Í ¬O¬ø $`Ç ãQ®O^¥#° P~kOK~¡°.

G n¬=O×O, =°¬ð=O×O, ä½=O×O° - m ã"Ç°|_# NOH ãQ®O^¥°.
ì+¬ Õ
G J×$aO^Î°=ô / Hhß\÷ KÇ°Hø PHê~¡O Õ Q® ^Í×O.

G ²O¬ì×O / ² Õ<£ / NOH - ~[^¥x- HùOÕ / [Ç°=~¡# ¬ô~¡Hù>ÿ.
G ºH÷H (=°`Ç¬~¡OHêx) P^¥~° : g\÷ Õ =òY¼"³°Ø#q.
G Kiã`ÇH ãQ®O^¥° HÝ}°_È° - ~[`Ç~¡Oy}÷ (12= ×`|íO)
:
G Wk Hêjà~ ~A KÇiã`Ç#° `³eÀ ¬O¬ø $`ÇO Õ Q® UïHáH Kiã`ÇH ãQ®O^ÎO.
G HÝ}°_È° - 3= [Ç°²O¬x ( ç¬ð~¡=O×O) H_È°.
PªÖ#O Õ

v rq`Ç KÇiã`Ç° / <@Hê° :
1. J×Þ¦¬°Õ+¬µ_È° - |°^Î KÇi`ÇO
2. ì}°_È° - ¬ì~¡ÂKÇi`ÇO
3. ×´ã^Îä½x - =°$KÇóH\ ÷HO
4. aÝ}°_ - qãH=¶OH ^Í=KÇi`ÇO (6= qãH=¶k`Ç°¼x PªÖ#Hq)
5. ì¬°_ - ¬Þ¬ß"¬=^Î`Çë - =~¡H@ßO Q®°iOz `ùeªiQê À~ùø#|_Ok.
6. ¬ð°_È° - Qê^¥¬¬ë×u (ãH$`Ç ì+¬ Õ 700 ×$OQê~¡ ¬^¥¼°)
7. a~¡°^Î° - Hq=`Ç°_È°.
8. q§Y^Î`Ç°ëx - =òã^¥HÆ¬O, ^ÍgKÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ëO
9. J×Þ¦¬°Õ+¬µ_ - ªÏs¬ôã`Ç ã¬H~¡}O.
Y
v ~[H©Ç°, §GªOöHuH ãQ®O^¥° :
M
G HÒ\÷°¼_È° - J~¡Ö§GO - =°¿~¡°¼ ¬i##° Q®°iOz `³°æ`Ç°Ok.
G Wk ãp# ª²ì`Ç¼O Õ .
95 E
ã¬ã¬^Î=° ºH÷H ãQ®O^ÎO
9
G }÷}÷(`ÇHÆt) - - `ùe ¬O¬ø $`Ç "¼H~¡} ãQ®O^ÎO.
59
D
J^¥¼~òx
(J=°~¡²O¬_ - J=°~¡HË×O- `ùe ¬O¬ø $`Ç x¦¬°O@°=ô)

G ¬Ò[e - Qê~¡°¾_È° -
CA
50
=°¬ðì+¬¼O. *Õu+¬¼ ¬O²ì`Ç
G ¬O¬Hq - (H#ß_È)
98
qãH=¶~¡°û# q[Ç°O, ¬O¬ì~¡`ÇO
G ~Rä@ #$¬`Ç°OQ®°_È°/J"³¶¦¬°=~¡°Â_È° - Hq~[=¶~¡¾O (H#ß_ÈO Õ)

A
:8
G Ç¶[ý=ø¬à $uH÷ KÍ²# "¼Mì¼#"Í° -
q*ìý<Í×Þ~¡°_È° q°`HÆ~¡ ãQ®O^ÎO.
h
q°`HÆ~¡#° `³°Q®° ÕH÷ J#°=kOz#k -

A E
G
.P
öH`Ç#.
G 3= ªé"Í°×Þ~¡°x q*ìý# ¬~¡Þ¬Þ"³°Ø# -

AB C
D
Jaf~¡Ö zO`=°}÷.
G Ç¶^Î= =°¬ð^Í=ôx =°Oãu J~ò# Àì=¶ãk ~¡zOz# - K`Ç°~¡Þ~¡¾ zO`=°}÷ nx Õ =òY¼"³°Ø# ìQê° -
ER I
ã=`ÇYO_È,
O
^¥#YO_È.
`Çq°× ãQ®O^¥° :
CH
YD
1. WOQË J_Q® - tækHê~¡O

2. u~¡°`ÇëH ^Í=~¡ - r=H zO`=°}÷
,H
3. ²`Çë ÿá ¬`Çë<~ - =°}÷"Í°H ÿá

AM
T
4. ÜH÷ø ì~ - ÀiÇ°¬ô~}O

H
M
5. [Ç°HùO_¨ - HeOQ®¬@°¬~¡}÷
AM
IG
6. u~¡°=×´¤~ - u~¡°ä½ø~¡ - `Çq°×Ã ¬OKÇ=°"Í^ÎO, ÿáa .

KH
7. `Ë×H²æÇ¶~ - `Ë HÔæÇ°O - `ùe `Çq°× "¼H~¡} ãQ®O^ÎO

8. Z\÷`ËïQá - 8 Hê=¼¬O¬ô@=ò°
R
9. ¬@°¬@° - 10 Hê=¼ ¬O¬ô@=ò°

10. "³òeø#ä½ø - ã¬^¥#"³°Ø#q
11. Heø#ä½ø - 18 z#ß¬ô¬ëHê°
v q^Íj P^¥~° / ~¡KÇ#° :

1) ãwä½ P^¥~° :
G "³°Q®¬ëh¹ - WO_Hê (ãwä½ì+¬) - POQ®ÁO ÕH÷ J#°=kOz#k - M.C. ãH÷O_ .
G HêÁ_Ç°¹\ìq° - ¶QË×§GO.
G P ìàl¹ - YQË×§G ÿáa

G Ìáø ìH± -k JHÒO\ P¦¹k *ÿiß P¦¹ Ìáø ìH±.
G J*ìý`Ç<qä½_È° - ''k Ìi¬Á¹ P¦¹ k ZsãuÇ°<£ ÔÑÑ (Zã~¡ ¬=òã^ÎOÌá k#KÇ~¡¼)

2) Çü~Ë²Ç°<£ P^¥~° :
G "³h¹ Ç¶ãuä½_³á# =¶~Ëøé Õ - k (~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq HêO)
ã\ì"³
G W\ìeÇ°<£ Ç¶ãuä½_³á# xHË ÕHêO\÷ - k ã\ì"³ P¦¹ xHË ÕHêO\ ÷.
G 1443 Õ ¬iÂÇ¶~Ç°ìi J~ò# J|°í- ï~O_È= ^Í=~Ç°° PªÖ#O#° ¬O^ÎiÅOK~¡°.

~¡*ìH±
G é~¡°ów¬° =~¡ëä½° - _ùq°OQËÀ¹, NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° PªÖ#O#° ¬O^ÎiÅOK~¡°.

#¶¼x*°
G J^¥<Í+²Ç°<£ xH÷@< £ (~¡¼=~¡ëä½_È°) - |¬ì=°h ~[¼O Õ ¬~¡¼\÷OK_È°.

3) =ò²ÁO P^¥~° : 8= ×`|íO #°O_ ¼=°=ô`Ç°<ß~ò.
G P ÿ~¡¶x - H÷` - L - ²ìO^Î¶ (Q®[h`Ë @° ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ =Kó_È°)
G W|<£ |@¶\ì -
Y
H÷` - L - ï~¬ðÁ.
G W`Ç#° "³ò~HË ^Í×¬°Ö_È° - =°¬ìà^£ c<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± PªÖ#O#° ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°.
M
G Ì¦iª - ìM - W - (c*ì¬î~ ¬° ìë<£ 2= Wã|ÔìO Pk )
Ì¦iª
G lÇ¶Lní<£ |~Òx - (¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH± PªÖ#O)
95 E
ìM - W - ¦²~Ë*Ôì
Jg°~Y°ã¬¶ - - yÇ¶Aní<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± Q®°iOz
9
G `Ç°Q®ÁH± <=¶
59
D
G Jg°~ Y°ã¬¶ - J ìÁLní<£ dbû PªÖ#Hq.
G P =°¬¶k - q°²ì~¡ÕAx #ãH÷O^Î L#ß ~[¼O Õx ã¬*ìr=#O Q®°iOz ã"§_È°.
CA
H<Ë*
50
4) K³á< P^¥~° :
98
G K³áhÇò° |°^Î°x [#àã¬^Í×O J~ò# ì~¡`Ç^Í×O#° ²°ªë~¡°. (ì~¡` - K³á< =°^Î¼Q®
¬tó=° ¬qã`Ç¶q°Qê
A
¬i¬ì^Î°í ö~Y - "³°H±"³¶¬ì<£ö~Y).
:8
G ²ìÇ¶<£ - - ä - "Ë/¦¬HËH÷. (ï~O_È= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôëx HêO)
h
A E
¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· - Ô - Çü - H÷(¬ì~¡°Â_È°)

.P
G
G ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· a~¡°^Î°° -
AB C
D
Ç¶ãuä½ Õ Çò=~A - ï~O_È= §Y¼=òx.
G ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· - ¬ì~¡°Â_È°, ï~O_È=¬ôöHt, "³ò^Î\ ÷ #~¡²O¬ì=~¡à, ä½|ûq+¬µâ=~¡#°_ PªÖ#O#° ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°.

ER I
G WuOQ· 7= ×`|íO Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í§xß ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°.

O
G WuOQ· - º^ÎaäÆ½=ô "Í+¬^¥~¡} Õ L#ß t ìqãQ®¬ìO <Í#° KÇ¶§#x À~ùø<ß_È°. <Qê~¡°û# HùO_È=^Îí º^ÎaäÆ½=ô°
JÕä½x
CH
¬°¬ì$ èÁY#° HO~¡¬ÖO KÍ¬°ëO_ÈQê <Í#° KÇ¶§#° Jx À~ùø<ß_È°.

YD
v ¬ô~=¬°ë P^¥~° :
,H
G PiøÇ° ìlH ¬ö~Þ P¦¹ WO_Ç¶ ã¬^¥# Hê~¼Ç°O -

AM
ASI
T
#¶¼_bÁ.
G §¬<°, <}ÿO°, zã`°, H@_¨°, t ìæ°, =°$}àÇ°ã`Ç°, `×¬ã`Ç ãQ®O^¥° "³ò^ÎQ®°#q.

H
M
§¬<° :
AM
G §¬<#° Q®°iOz J^Î¼Ç°#O KÍÇò §ãªëxß JO\ì~¡°.

IG
''Z²ãQ®¦ÔÑÑ
KH
G ãp# §¬#=ò#° Q®°iOz J^Î¼Ç°#O KÍÇò §¢ªëxß JO\ì~¡°. ''e³¶ãQ®¦ÔÑÑ
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ `ùeªiQê §¬<° "Í²#"_È° -

R
JÕä½_È°.
G 1837 Õ JÕä½_ §¬<#° `ùeªiQê KÇkq#k (ã|Ôìàe²) - *è"£°ã²x¹.
G JÕä½_ Y~Ë+²» e² Õ Q® §¬<#° KÇkq#k - ï HÌ<£ <ùãs¹.
G 13= t ì§¬#O - HoOQ®Çò^ÎÎíO(261 - H^Î°.

BC) *ìQ®_È=^Îí
G JÕä½x À~¡°#ß §¬<° - =°²ø x@¶~¡°, Q®°*ìû~¡§¬<°.

(K.A 1915)
G <QêxH "Í~òOz# - <<¦¬¶\ - "³ò^Î\ ÷ §`ÇHiâ q[Ç¶#°`³°æ#°.

§¬#O
G QÒ`Çg°ì ìN `Ç# Hù_È°ïHá# - QÒ`Çg°¬ôã`Ç Q®°iOz `Ç# =°#°=°_³á#

§`ÇHiâ q[Ç¶#° ï~O_È= / =t+²»¬ôã`Ç ¬ô Õ=¶q
HêO Õ <²H± §¬#=ò "Í~òOzOk.

G nx Õ ï~O_È= ¬ô Õ=¶qx ^ÎH÷Æ} Jx À~ùøOk.
¬^Í×Þ~¡°_È°

G ~¡qH©ië "Í~òOz# §¬#O ï~O_È= ¬ôöHt (¬tó=° K×Ãä½¼ Õ Qù¬æ"_È°.)
S¬ìÙ
G HoOQ® Mì~¡"Í°_È° - ¬ðuQ®°O (U#°Q®°^ÎO PHê~¡O Õ Q® Q®°¬ì) §¬#O.
G Q®°}Q® q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼_ Q®°iOz - J^ÎOH÷ §¬#O. nxx ¬O_È°~¡OQ®_È° "Í~òOK_È°.

G Z~§¬#O - `ùeªiQê ¬ux Q®°iOz À~ùøOk.
G ¬ìiÀ#°_ - J¬ðì^£ ¬ÖO §¬#O (¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôëx q[Ç¶°)
G ~¡°ã^Î^¥=òx - A<¦¬°_£ (y~ß~ §¬#O ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ (`ùe ¬O¬ø $`Ç §¬#O)
G P²Ç¶ "³°Ø#~ä½ K³Ok# "³ákH ^Í=`Ç#° =iâOKÍ ãH©.¬î.1400 <\÷ §¬#O Õ¦¬¶*HË~ò §¬#O nx =# P~¡°¼°
WO_Ç¶ Õ ã¬"ÍtOz# q=~#° Q®°iOz `³°¬°ëOk.
<}ÿ=ò° :
G <}ÿ=ò Q®°iOz J^Î¼Ç°#O KÍÇò §¢ªëxß JO\ì~¡°.
''#¶¼q°¹ =¶\ ÷H±ÑÑ
G "³ò^Î\ÕÁ q^¥#O LO_Ík. `Ç~Þ`Ç q^ÎOH <}ÿ=ò`Ë ã~¡O"³°Ø# <}ÿ=ò° Ja=$k
Y
=¬°ë=¶iæ_ (ì~¡~²¬"£°)
K³O^Î°`Ç¶ |OQê~¡°, "³O_, HOKÇ°, q°ã×=° Õ¬ì <}ÿ=ò =~¡ä½ KÍ~~ò.
M
G x+¬ø=ò, ×`Ç=¶#, ¬°=~¡âO, ¬}, Hê~Â¬} "³òII <}ÿ=ò° =òY¼"³°Ø#q.
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ |OQê~¡°<}ÿ=ò#° "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê q_È°^Î KÍ²#"~¡° -
95 E
WO_Ëãwä½° / ì¢H÷Ç°#°Á.
9
G <}ÿ=ò=# ^Í× KÇiã`Ç#¶, `Ín#° ãH=°¬^Îíu Õ xiàOKÇg ÿáOk.
59
D
G ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ aOz# ~Ë=°<£ |OQê~¡° <}ÿ=ò° <\÷ q^Íj "¼~¡O Q®°iOz `³°æ#°.
CA
G ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç#° `³°¬°Hù#°@ä½ Q® =òY¼"³°Ø# P^¥~° - <}ÿ=ò°.
50
G ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° (WO_Ç°<£ <³éeÇ°<£) <}ÿ=òÌá `#° LO_È@O Õ J`ÇxH÷ ¬Ow`ÇO
¬ÞÇ°OQê g}"~ò¬°ë#ß@°Á
98
¬@ÁQ® q§Þ¬O `³°¬°ëOk.
A
:8
G Ç°[ýN §`ÇHiâ <}ÿ=òÌá ''`³~¡K¬Hey# LO_È@O`Ë <\÷ ¬=òã^ÎÇ¶#OÌá Hù#ªöQ =~¡ëH "}÷*ì¼#°
F_ÈQ®°~¡°ëÑÑ
Q®°iOz `³°¬ô#°.
h
A E
.P
G =°#O ã¬¬°ë`ÇO L¬³¶yOKÍ <}ÿ=ò#° `Ë `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍªë~¡°.

AB C
''Ì~ò<£ ÿ¹ Ô ÑÑ

D
G Ì~ò<£ ÿ¹ : Ô¬=ò, ãHËq°Ç°O, xïH , Ì¦ã~¡¹ q°ã×=°O.

Ô
ER I
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ J=°° Õ L#ß J`Ç¼O`Ç q°"³á# <}ÿ=ò : ~¡¶.10 <}ÿ=ò.

O
zã`° :
CH
G ¬î~¡ÞHêO <\÷ "~¡° "Í²# zã`° "i ÷ x^Î~¡Å#OQê xeK~ò.

YD
Hì<³á¬ô}ì¼xH
G J[O`, Z ÕÁ~ Õx zã`° <\÷ `³°æ#°.

,H
''ª=¶lH =¼=¬Ö#°ÑÑ
G ²O^Î¶<Q®iH` <\÷ zã`° <\÷ '"³á"xßÑ `³°æ#°.

AM
T
H@_ ¨° :
H
M
G tk Q®$¬ð°, t ìæ°, Q®$¬ìÙ¬H~¡}ì° "³òII D qìQ®O Õ H=ô.

AM
G Wq KÇiã`Ç ¬î~¡ÞÇòQêxH÷ K³Ok# Yzó`Ç"³°Ø# P^¥~° Wªë~ò. Kiã`ÇH ÇòQêxH÷ K³Ok# q+¬Ç¶#° `³°æ`~ò.
IG
KH
=°$}à°Ç ã`Ç ° :
R
G Wq <\÷ ²O^Î¶ ÕÇ° <Q®iH`Ç #°Oz <Í\ ÷ =~¡ä½ ¼=°=ô`Ç°<ß~ò.

G Wq J<ÍH ~¡Hê =°\÷`Ë `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍ²# ã`Ç°.
`×`
ã¬ Ç Qã O® ^¥° :
G Wq `\÷Pä½Ìá, Q®°_ÈÛÌá ã"²#q. Wk ä_¨ KÇiã`Ç x~à}ìxH÷ `Ë_Èæ_È`~ò. "³ò¦¬° Hê ìxH÷ K³Ok# ''ì|~<=¶ÑÑ,
(J|° ¦¬A )° Q®°_ÈÛÌá ã"Ç°|_#q.

''JHÄ~<=¶ÑÑ
t ìæ° :
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ Ju ã¬=òY"³°Ø# tæO Z ÕÁ~ Õ H^Î°.
G YA~¡¬ìÙ ^Í"Ç°O Z~Ë\÷H± tæ Üáe Õ xiàOKÇ|_Ok.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Q®`Ç ¬sHÆ Õ =zó# a\
1. POã^Î KÇiã`Ç ¬iÕ^Î<²`=°¬_È° 11. J ÿ Q êû O _È ~ ãH© . ¬ î .326 Õ ¬ ô ~¡ ° é`Ç ë = ò_ ` Ë KÍ ² #
1) Ììi_Ë@¹ Ç ò ^Î O .
2) ¬OHêeHê
H.D. 1) ~HÆ¬ `ÇOQ®_ 2) `Çï~á<£ - I
3) Hù=°ã~A HÆ à}~=ô 3) Hê}ìÞ 4) Ìáì_¨¬æ¹

4) Jiª\ ÷ 12. Q®=n¾`Ç Z=iHêO Õ Zä½ø=Qê ãKÇ°~¡¼O ÚOkOk?
2. ä½=°ài KÇãHO |Ç°æ_# HêO?

1) Q®°¬ôë° 2) =°¿~¡°¼°
1) ãp# t ìÇòQ®O 2) =°^Î¼t ìÇòQ®O 3) §`Ç"¬ì#°° 4) ä½}°°
Y
3) #g# t ìÇòQ®O 4) `ã=°t ìÇòQ®O
M
13. ~=¶Ç°}=ò#ä½ =°~ùH À~¡°?
3. =°^Î¼t ìÇòQ®O<\ ÷ ¬iH~ ¬i=¶}O?

1) [Ç°¬O²ì`Ç 2) PkHê=¼O
3) ¬OKÇ=°"Í^ÎO 4) JióHO
95 E
1) 2)
9
1 - 10 cm 5 - 10 cm
59
3) 4)
D
14. ãì¬ìà}ì Õ ïH ìÁ JuÌ^Îík?
1 - 8 cm 10 -20 cm
1) S`Çö~Ç° ãì¬ìà}O 2) *ÿáq°h ãì¬ìà}O
CA
4. Archaeological Servey of India _b
Á Õ ªÖO
² z#
3) ×`Ç¬^Î ãì¬ìà}O 4) QË¬^Î ãì¬ìà}O
50
¬ O II?
98
1) 1861 2) 1900 3) 1885 4) 1917
15. "Í^¥O`° Zxß?
1) 6 2) 108 3) 12 4) 16
A
:8
5. ã¬¬OKÇO Õ Juãp#"³°Ø# ãQ®O^ÎO?
1) ~=¶Ç°}O 2) =°¬ðì~¡`ÇO
16. HÝ}°_È° ~¡zOz# ãQ®O^ÎO?
h
A E
1) qãH=¶OH^Í= KÇi`ÇO 2) ¬ì~¡ÂKÇiã`Ç

.P
3) |°°öQÞ^ÎO 4) Ç°Aö~Þ^ÎO
AB C
3) ~[`Ç~¡Oy}÷ 4) ^ÍgKÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ëO
D
6. ¬Ow`ÇO Q®°iOz `³eÀ "Í^ÎO?

ER I
17. WOQË J_Q® #° ~¡zOz#k?
1) |°°öQÞ^ÎO 2) ª=°"Í^ÎO
O
1) ÀiÇ°¬ô~}O 2) HoOQ®¬@° ¬~¡}÷

3) Ç°Aö~Þ^ÎO 4) J^Î~¡Þ}"Í^ÎO
3) r=H zO`=°}÷ 4) tækHê~¡O
CH
YD
7. Ja*ìý# §ä½O`ÇO#° POQ®ÁO ÕH÷ J#°=kOz#"~¡°?

18. §¬<#° Q®°iOz `³eÀ §GO?
1) Hêo^¥¬° 2) Kï~Á¹ qeø<£

,H
1) Z²ãQ®¦Ô 2) #¶¼q°¹=¶\÷H±
3) JxaÌO\ 4) qeÇ°O*Õ<£ 3) e³¶ãQ®¦² 4) Ú\=¶l.
AM
T
8. |°°ö Q Þ^Î O Õx Z#ß= ì Q® O Õ 'QêÇ ° ãu^Í q =°Oã`Ç O Ñ

H
M
19. ì~¡`^
Ç
Í §xß `ùeªiQê ¬O^ÎiÅOz# K³<
á Ç¶ãuä½_È°?
1) ²ìÇ¶<£ 2) ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ·
AM
H^Î°.
IG
1) 3 2) 4 3) 7 4) 9 3) WuOQ· 4) "³°Q®¬ëh¹
KH
9. =¶#=ôx =°#¬ ° #°O_ Ç ò ^Î O "³ ò ^Î =ô`Ç ° O^Î x

20. QËã`ÇO Q®°iOz `ùeªiQê À~ùø#ß ãQ®O^ÎO?
R
À~ùø#ß ãQ®O^ÎO?
1) |°°öQÞ^ÎO 2) ª=°"Í^ÎO 3) ª=°"Í^ÎO 4) J^Î~¡Þ}"Í^ÎO
3) Ç°Aö~Þ^ÎO 4) J^Î~¡Þ}"Í^ÎO
10. |°°öQÞ^ÎO ãH©.¬î.5000¬OII Hê ìxH÷ K³Ok#k Jx
["|°°
1) 3 2) 3 3) 3 4) 1 5) 3
À~ùø#ß"~¡ °
6) 2 7) 4 8) 1 9) 1 10) 3
1) ^ÎÇ¶#O^Î°_È° 2) q"ÍHê#O^Î°_È° 11) 4 12) 1 13) 2 14) 3 15) 2
3) uH± 4) =¶H±=òÁ~ 16) 3 17) 4 18) 1 19) 1 20) 4

Y
95 E
9
M 59
D
CA
50
98
A
:8
h
A E
.P
AB C
D
ER I
O
CH
YD
G ã¬O
¬ KÇO Õ "³ò@"ò
³ ^Î\ ÷ <Q®iH`Ç - "³°¬\
¬ Õq°Ç¶, Wk Çüã\¬ © ¹ - >ÿãØ w¹ #^Î° =°^¼
Î H^Î°. (ã¬°
¬ `
ë Ç W~H± - ìQêí^)
£
,H
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ "³e²# Ju ãp# / `ùe / "³ò^Î\ ÷ <Q®iH`Ç -²O^Î¶<Q®iH`Ç.

''Qù¬æ[ ì×Ç°OÑÑ
AM
T
G ²O^Î¶ J#Qê Jx J~¡ÖO.
²O^Î¶#k ¬i"¬ì
H
G
M
ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ <Q®iH`Ç ãO`ÇO Õ q¬ëiOzOk.

AM
G 2880 k.m
IG
²O^Î¶#k "³ò`ÇëO Ú_È=ô -
G 709 k.m
KH
ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ öH=O [=üàHêjà~ Õ<Í ã¬=²ì¬°ëOk.
G ²O^Î¶ <Q®iH`Çä½ Q® W`Ç~¡ À~¡°Á -

R
; ¬ì~¡æ<Q®iH`Ç ; =ü ì~¡fÇ° <Q®iH`Ç ; `ã=° t ìÇòQ®¬ô <Q®iH`Ç
; HêO¬¼ / HOKÇ° <Q®iH`Ç ; ãé\ÕKiã`ÇH <Q®iH`Ç ; ªék<Q®iH`Ç
G ²O^¶
Î <Q®iH`Ç ¬=°Hêb# <Q®iH`
Ç ° - "³°¬\
¬ Õq°Ç¶, Dl¬ô,
ãwä½, K³<
á "³òII.
v HêO :
G ²O^Î¶<Q®iH`Ç HêO C
14
« Hê~¡Ä<£_Í\ ÷OQ· "³°^Î_£ ã¬Hê~¡O - 2300 - 1750 B.C
G ¬¶Ö Hê=¼=k - 3000 - 1500 B.C (=¶~¡Â )
G =¶iÇ°~ g~ ã¬Hê~¡O 2500 - 1750 B.C
-
G ^¥^¥¬ô 800 ¬OII Hù#ªyOk.

G ²O^Î° <Q®iH`Ç ¬i¬HÞ / L#ß`Ç^Î× 2200 - 2000B.C 200 ¬OII°
- - .
G ²O^Î° <Q®iH`Ç qÔë~¡âO - 12,99,600 KÇ.H÷.g°.

G ^¥^¥¬ô 1.3 q°eÇ°<£ KÇ^Î~¡¬ô H÷ Õg°@~¡°Á.
G 1826 Õ `ùeªiQê ²O^Î° <Q®iH`Ç#° ¬ì~¡æãO`ÇO Õ H#°Qù#ß"~¡° - Kï~Á¹"³¶~¬<£.

G 1831 Õ J ÿQêûO_È~ |~ß ²O^Î¶ <Q®iH`Ç#° Q®¶ió `³ ìæ_È°.
G 1856 Õ *è"£° - |~¡<£ ªé^Î~¡°° H~z #°O_ ì¬ìÙ~ä½ ï~á° =¶~¡¾O "Í²#¬ô_È° H#°Qù<ß~¡°.
G 1920 Õ ãa\ ©+¹"~¡° "Çò=¼ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ï~á èÞ ÿá#Á#° xià¬°ë#ß¬C_È° "iH÷ XH <Q®iH`Çä½ K³Ok# Hùxß =¬°ë=ô°
¼ "³ ° Ø # q.
G ^¥xx H#°Qù<Í ì^Î¼`Ç#° ì~¡`Ç¬ô~=¬°ë §Yä½ J¬æyOK~¡°.
G A.S.I (Archaeological Survey of India)

J¬æ\ ÷ ¬~*ì<£ =¶~¡Â . K³á~¡à<£ -
'¬~*ì<£ =¶~¡Â Ñ
Y
G 1921-22 =°^Î¼HêO Õ <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ ²O^Î¶ "³°Ø^¥# ãO`ÇO Õ ã`Ç=ÞHê° [iy#q.
G ^ÎÇ¶~O¬¬ðx
M
1921 Õ ¬ì~¡æ Õ ã`Ç=ÞHê° [i²#"~¡° - .
G ²O^Î° ã`Ç=ÞHê Õ `ùeªiQê ¬ì~¡æ. |Ç°æ_# ¬@}O -
²O^Î° <Q®iH`Ç#° ¬ì~¡æ <Q®iH`Ç
95 E
G JO^Î°öH Jxä_¨ ²°ªë~¡°.
9
G 1922 Õ ~d ^¥¹ (R.D) ÿ#sû.
59
D
"³ò¬ìO*ç^¥~Ë Õ ã`Ç=ÞHê° [i²#"~¡° -
G ²O^Î° ã`Ç=ÞHê Õ "³ò¬ìO*Õ^¥~Ë

|Ç°æ_# ï~O_È=¬@}O - .
G 483 H÷.g°.
CA
50
¬ì~¡æ, "³ò¬ìO*ç^¥~Ë =°^Î¼^Î¶~¡O
G Heras ã^¥q_È *ìuH÷

98
J<Í ¬O_`Ç°_È° ²O^Î° ã¬[° K³Ok#"~¡x À~ùø<ß_È°.
4 *ì`Ç°°
A
G ²O^Î° <Q®iH` HêO Õ ¬=¶*ìxß =~¡ëä½° eOKÍ"~¡° gi Õ
:8 H=ô.
¬~ *ì<£ =¶~¡Â

1) "³°_>èiÇ°<£ 2) =°OQË ì~ò_£ 3) ãÚ\çãªÚ ì~ò_£ 4) P ÿæå<£
h
A E
G
.P
gö~ ²O^Î° <Q®iH` x~à`Ç°.
v ²O^Î° <Q®iH`Ç =òY¼ HÆ}ì° :

AB C
D
ER I
G ¬@} <Q®iH`Ç
O
²O^Î° <Q®iH`Ç .
G ¬ì~¡æ, "³ò¬ìOA^¥~Ë° Ì^Îí #Q®~° HêQê, Õ^¥ , ~¡¶¬~° z#ß #Q®~°.

CH
G Õ^¥ G
YD
(Q®°[~`) ã¬=òY F_Èö~=ô. ã¬¬OKÇO Õ<Í `ùe >ÿØ_È F_Èö~=ô.
G ²O^Î¶ ¬@}ì° Zä½ø=Qê Q®°[~`.

Q® ~RO -
,H
G "³ò`ÇëO ^¥^¥¬ô 250 ²O^Î° ¬@}ì° |Ç°æ_³#°.

AM
ãQêg°}ãO`Ç
T
G ²O^Î° - H©~ë~ ¬~¡Þ` =°^Î¼ J=õ° |Ç°æ_³#°.
ï~O_È°
H
M
G ²O^Î° <Q®iH` HêO Õ ~Ë_È°Û ã¬^¥#OQê ~¡Hê°.

AM
IG
1) ã¬^¥# g^Î°° - L`Çë~¡ - ^ÎH÷Æ}OQê LO_Íq.

KH
2) L¬g^Î°° - `Ç¶~¡°æ - ¬_È=°~¡°Qê H=ô.
#Q®~¡ (=#) x~à}O : ²O^Î° ÕÇ° Õ ¬@}©H~¡}

R
G ¬ì~¡æ ¬O¬ø $u Õ ª=¶#¼"³°#

Ø k, JxßKË@Á H#¬_Í JO×O - #Q®~¡ x~à}O. nx<Í UH~¶¡ ¬`Ç / Uniformity JO\ì~¡°.
G g~¡° =# x~à}ìxH÷ ''>ÿã~¡Hê\ÑÑ J<Í Hêeó# W@°H#° "_¨~¡°.
G gi x~à}ì Õ =òY¼"³°Ø#k - =°¬ð Qù¬æ ªß#"\÷H ("³ò¬ìO[^¥~Ë Õ H^Î°)
G nx J_È°Q®° ìQê# l¬O #° "_¨~¡°.
G ª=¶#°¼ W°Á 2 è^¥ 3 Q®^Î°° LO_Íq.
G ¬O¬#°ß W°Á 10 HO>è Zä½ø= Q®^Î°°O_Íq.
G W×¤ ^¥Þ~° g^Î°"³á¬ô LO_ÍqHê=ô.
G ¬@}ì Õ ¬_È=°~¡"³á¬ô HË@°O_Íq.
G WHø_È ä½°, JkHê~¡°° LO_Í"~¡x HùO^Îi JaãÇ°O. "³ò¬ìO*Õ^¥~Ë Õ Ì^Îí ªß#"\÷H

G `Ç¶~¡°æ "³á¬ô# HË@ kQ®°=# ã¬[ x"ª°O_Íq.
G ¬ì~¡æ, "³ò¬ìO[^¥~Ë Õ #Q®~¡ g^Î°° 90° HË}O ''ãy_£ ¬^ÎuÑÑ

Õ YO_OKÇ°ä½<Íq. nxx JO\ì~¡°.
G ²O^Î° ã¬[° #Q®~¡x~à}ìxH÷ Hêeó# W@°H#°, ãy_£¬^Îíux, WOwÁ+¹ìO_£ J<Í `Ô ¬^Îux `ùeªiQê L¬³¶yOK~¡°.
G <°Q®° g^Î°° H°¬°ä½<Í 'PH±¦¬~ ¬~¡ø¹Ñ

ã¬^Í×O#° JO\ì~¡°.
G Jxß #Q®~¡ g^Î° Õ n¬¬ëOì°O_Íq .
G ã¬u WO\ ÷H÷ ìq, =°~¡°Q®°^ù_È°Á LO_Íq.
G ²O^Î¶<Q®iH`Ç ã¬^¥# HÆ}O - ¢_³á<Í* ²¬"£°.

G ¶Q®~¡Ä h\÷~¡°^Î =¼=¬Ö P<\ ÷ ªOöHuH ã¬uä½ "³°Ø°~~ò ìO\ ÷k.
G WO\ ÷ Õx =ò~¡°Q®°h~¡° =°\ ÷Qù\ì ^¥Þ~ HêÞ ÕH÷ ã¬"ÍtOz
z=~¡ä½ ²O^Î¶#k Õ HeÀk.
²O^Î° ÕÇ° Õ ¢_³á<Íl q^¥#=ò
Y
G HêÞ#° ×ÃãO KÍÇò@ä½ JHø_ÈHø_È ~¡Oã^¥° LO_Íq.
G =¶¼<£¬ìÙ
M
"\ ÷x JO\ì~¡°.
v PiÖH =¼=¬Ö :
95 E
=¼=ªÇ°O, ¬×Ãé+¬}.
9
G
59
²O^Î° ã¬[ =òY¼=$`Ç°ë° -
D
G ²O^Î° <Q®iH` HêO <\ ÷ PiÖH =¼=¬Öä½ "³<³ß=òH =O\÷k =¼=ªÇ°O. -
<Q®ex
CA
G g~¡° |O[~¡° ¶=ò#° ªQ®°¶=ò°Qê KÍÇò@ä½ L¬³¶yOK~¡°.
50
G =~¡^Îh\ ÷H÷ J_È°ÛH@"Í² =¼=ªÇ°O KÍÀ"~¡°.
98
G HêmOQ®<£ Õx ¦¬°Q®¾~ #nf~¡O Õ
A
=¼=ªÇ¶xH÷ L¬³¶yOz# ¬x=ò@°Á P#"×Ã¤ :8 |Ç°æ_³#°.
G October / November q`Çë<° KÇeÁ April Õ ~u Hù_È=×¤`Ë HËÀ"~¡°.
Õ^¥ , ~¡OQê¬î~.
h
G
A E
.P
ªO¬ø $uH =¼=ªÇ° ¬^Î`Ç°° |Ç°æ_# ã¬^Í§° :
G QË^Î°=°, ìsÁ.
AB C
²O^Î° ã¬[ ã¬^¥# ¬O@° -

D
G =i, #°=ôÞ°, ã¬uë, Y~¡¶û~¡O, P"°

ER I
"³òII ¬O@° ä_¨ ¬O_OK~¡°.
G ã¬uë, =ix
O
ã¬¬OKÇO Õ `ùeªiQê ¬O_OK~¡°.
G ãwä½° ''²O_È~ÑÑ
ã¬uëx Jx ²eK~¡°.
CH
G Y~¡¶û~¡O. J~¡\ ÷, ^¥x=°à

YD
gi ã¬^¥#"³°Ø# ¦¬ ì° (K#°Ý^¥~Ë)
v =~¡ëHO :
,H
Õ^¥ F_Èö~=ô
AM
T
G ²O^Î° ã¬[° "³°¬¬\Õq°Ç¶ (¬°"Í°iÇ¶)`Ë =~¡ëHO KÍÀ"~¡°.
G Õ^¥
¬°~Ëø@_¨
H
M
<\ ÷ ã¬=òY F_Èö~=ô - , ï~O_È= F_Èö~=ô - .
G "³°¶¬ì `Ç¶~¡°æ^Í×OQê
AM
"³°¬¬\Õq°Ç°#°Á ²O^Î° ãO`xß / =iâOK~¡°.
=°ãHê<£, _ Çò<£ / ã¬¬°ë`Ç |¢Ìáì<£

IG
G
KH
²O^Î¶ - "³°¬¬\Õq°Ç¶ =°^Î¼ ã¬^¥# =~¡ëH öHOã^¥° - .
G g~¡° ã`¬°°, `Ç¶xH°

=~¡ëHO Õ G 1 : 16
L¬³¶yOK~¡°. ã¬=¶} `Ç¶xH x+¬æuë Õ LOk.
^Î§OH ¬^Îu Õ ö~vÇ°¬^Îu

R
G Hù`Çeß G
L¬³¶yOK~¡°. g~¡° Hù`Ç Õ H÷ P^Î°¼°.
G ZQ®°=°`Ç°° =ò`Ç¼¬ôz¬æ°, >ÿã~Hê\

- =¬°ë=ô°, QË^Î°=°, ìsÁ, ã¬uë, #¶<³yO[° "³òII.
G ã¬¬OKÇO Õ =¶#=ô_È° L¬³¶yOz# ~y "³ò^Î\ ÷ Õ¬ìO - (POã^Îã¬^Í Õx JyßQ®°O_¨ (Q®°O@¶~¡°) ~y L`Çæuë
öHOã^ÎO)
kQ®°=°`Ç°° : `Ç Q ® ~ ¡ O - c¬ð~
; |OQê~¡ O - H~â@H, "³°Ø¬¶~ ¬ K Ç ó ° - \ ÷ÿ\
; "³ O _ - P¦¬Éxªë<£ h=°}÷ - =°¬ ð ~R
; ~y - ÿ°zªë<£, L`Çæuë - MèãuQ®#°#°O_ - ~[ªÖ<£. "³ á _ È ° ~¼° - W~<£
G JöQ\, @~Ëø~ò<£, ì²¹ ìAe, HêsßeÇ°<£ J<Í q°"³á# ~×Ã¤ ¬tó=¶²Ç¶ #°O_ kQ®°=°u KÍ¬°ä½<Í"~¡°.

G >ÿã~¡HË@, ²³¶>ÿØ\ - J<Í "³°`Çëx ~~ò`Ë =òãkH° / Ô `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍ§~¡°.
G =òãkH ¬i=¶}O 1-5cm.

G "³°¬¬\Õq°Ç¶ Õx - L~, H÷+¹, L=¶à Õ ²O^Î° =òãkH° aOz#q.
G ²O^Î° ã¬[° ¬Þ^Íj=~¡ëHO#ä½ 'EKKA' J<Í Z^Î°í |O_ÈÁ#° L¬³¶yOK~¡°.
G Zä½ø=Qê =òãkH° / Seals aOz# Õ^¥ .

ã¬^Í×O -
G =òãkH g°^Î Zä½ø=Qê Hx²OKÍ [O`Ç°=ô XO\÷ Hù=òàQ® Z^Î°í.

-
G ²O^Î° ã¬[ PÇò^¥° - Qù_ÈÛ×Ã¤, Huë, D>ÿ°, | ÿÁO .
G L¬³¶yOKÇx / `³eÇ°x PÇò^¥° _¨°, t~Ëãªë}O.

-
G ²O^Î° ã¬[° =°zóHKÍ¬°ä½#ß [O`Ç°=ô° ä½Hø, HËu "³òII#q.
G Ì^Îí¬ôe, Y_È¾=°$Q®O =O\ ÷ [O`Ç°=ô° ä_¨ `³°¬°.
G ²O^Î° ã¬[ä½ `³eÇ°x [O`Ç°=ô° - Q®°ã~¡O, ²O¬ìO

Q®°ã~¡O
Y
G ¬ì~¡æ ¬O¬ø $u Õ zãuOKÇ|_È è^Î°.
G =ô~¡O.
M
²O^Î° ã¬[° ¬îlOKÍ ¬H÷Æ -
v ªO¦²°H =¼=¬Ö :
95 E
9
G
59
²O^Î° <Q®iH`Ç Õ À^Î"~¡°, ^Î#=O`Ç°° J<Í ï~O_È° =~¾° H~¡°.
D
G [<ì Õ J`Ç¼kH ìQ®O - KÍu=$`Ç°ë"~¡°.
CA
G ²O^Î° ã¬[° |OQê~¡°, "³O_, HOKÇ°`Ë KÍ²# P~¡}ì° ^ÎiOK~¡°.
50
G ã¬¬OKÇO Õ "³ò@"³ò^Î@ "³O_x L¬³¶yOz#k - ²O^Î° ã¬[°
"³O_
98
A
(J`Ç°¼`Çë=° q^Î°¼` "¬ìHO - )
Q®_Ç¶~°, LOQ®~°
:8
G - ¢Ôë ¬ô~¡°+¬µe^Îí~¡¶ L¬³¶yOK~¡°.
G ''JOHê~¡ ã²Ç°`ÇÞO Õ ²O^Î°HêO <\÷ ¢Ôëä½ U=¶ã`ÇO f²é~¡°ÑÑ R.C. =°AO^¥~

h
A E
Jx À~ùø<³#°.
.P
G KÇ^Î~¡OQ®O, <@¼O, ¬Ow`ÇO, E^ÎO, D`Ç¬O^³O° gi x<^¥°.

AB C
~¡^Î ¬O^³O
D
G ²O^Î° ã¬[ä½ `³eÇ°x q<Ë^ÎO.

ER I
G ²O^Î° ã¬[° Lxß, #¶°`Ë `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍ²# L`ÇësÇ°O, JO`ÇsÇ°O, J<Í ^Î°¬°ë° L¬³¶yOK~¡°.
O
G t ì*ì@ J#Qê çQ®°¾=òHø Jx J~¡ÖO.

CH
v =°`Ç q§Þª° :
YD
G J=°à`ÇeÁ, ¬×Ã¬u
,H
²O^Î° ã¬[° ã¬H$u ×ä½ë ÿá# #° P~kOK~¡°.
G
AM
T
J=°à`ÇeÁ "i ã¬^¥# =¶`Ç$^Í=`Ç HêQê, ¬×Ã¬u "i ¬ô~¡°+¬^³á=O.
G ¬×Ã¬uH÷ t=ô_È° Jx <=°H~¡}O KÍ²#k - =¶~¡Â .

H
M
G ¬×Ã¬u KÇ°@¶ - ¬ôe, Y_È¾=°$Q®O, U#°Q®°, ^Î°#ßé`Ç°/ öQ^³ ãH÷OkìQ®O Õ

AM
IG
ï~O_È° lOH° H=ô.

KH
G ²O^Î° ã¬[° ×H÷ë¬î[, ¬~¡Þ¬î[, =$HÆ / ~q K³@°¬î[,

R
[O`Ç°¬î[ (=$+¬O) KÍ§~¡°. Wq <Í\ ÷H÷ J=°° Õ L<ß~ò.
G ²O^Î° ã¬[° P~kOz# ¬H÷Æ - =ô~¡O. ¬ô~¡°+¬^Í=ô_È° - ¬×Ã¬u

G giH÷ ¬ô#~¡û#à g°^Î q§Þ¬O H^Î°.
G ²O^Î° ã¬[ z¬ìßO - ¬Þ²ëH± (<rs Q®°~¡°ë ä_¨ ¬Þ²ëH± )
G g~¡° =°~¡}÷Oz#"ix Y##O (3 ¬^Î`Ç° Õ) KÍ²<~¡°.
G ^Í"Ç¶° èx <Q®iH`Ç.
G ²O^Î° ã¬[ e² : ç=°àe² / zã`Çe² / ²HËãQ®¦² / ÕãªéÏ_È<£ / ¬~¡Þ èY#O.

G g~¡° Z_È=°#°O_ ä½_H÷, ä½_#°O_ Z_È=°ä½ Ìá#°O_ ãH÷OkH÷ ã"À"~¡°.
G ¬ì~¡æe² "³ò^Î\ ÷ #=ü<#° 1853 Õ#¶, `Ç~Þ`Ç 1923 Õ H#°Qù#|_Ok.
G ²O^Î° e² ã^¥q_È e²H÷ ^ÎQ®¾~¡ ¬O|O^ÎO LO^Îx '¦^Î~ ª~¹Ñ À~ùø<ß~¡°.

G WO_Ë - P~¡¼<£ ì+¬`Ë ¬O|O^ÎO H^Îx S.R.Rao À~ùø<ß~¡°.
G HO¬î¼@~ ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë ²O^Î° e²x ¬ijeOz#k 'S~=` =°¬ì^Í=<£Ñ.

G ^¥^¥¬ô 400 Q®°~¡°ë° (396) |Ç°æ_#q.
G WO`Ç=~¡ä½ D e²x Z=~¡¶ KÇ^Î= è^Î° JO^Î°öH ªék <Q®iH`Ç JO\ì~¡°.
G "³ò¬ìO*ç^¥~Ë Õ |Ç°æ_# JuÌ^Îí =#O ¬i< qìQ®"³°Ø LO_È=KÇ°ó.
G ¬ô~¡H ¬O¦¬¶° eOz LO_È=KÇ°ó Jx J.N nH÷Æ` Jx JaãÇ°¬_³#°.
G =°`Çã¬=HëKÍ eOKÇ|_#^Îx ²Qê\ - .
G ¬î*ì~¡°° eOz#@°Á D.D. HÒ§Oa , =~¡ëä½° eOz#@°Á =~¡à

S.R. À~ùø<³#°.
G ²O^Î¶ <Q®iH`Ç L`Çë~# =°O_¨- (J & k), ^ÎH÷Æ}ì, - ^³á=¶ì^£ (M.H) `Ç¶~¡°æ# - JOw~¬î~ , ¬tó=¶# -
¬°\çø*ÿO_È~ (ÿ°zªë<£) "¼²OzOk.
G He¦¬° =°¬ìà^£
Y
ãH±-¬ì~¡æ J=õ° : =^Îí ^ùiHê~ò.
G ²O^Î° <Q®iH`Ç ã`Ç=ÞHê Õ 250 ¬@}ì° |Ç°æ_³#°.
M
v =òY¼ ¬@}ì° :
95 E
1. ¬ì~¡æ :
9
1921 Õ ^ÎÇ¶~O¬¬ðx ã`Ç=ÞHê Õ |Ç°æ_# `ùe ¬@}O.
=°¿O\ Qù=°i
59
D
G ¬ì~¡æ ã¬¬°ë`ÇO H÷ªÖ<£ Õx l ìÁ Õ ~g#k Z_È=° Q®@°# H^Î°.
G (6 { 6) 12
CA
Zä½ø= ^¥<¼Qê~° HË@ |Ç°@ |Ç°æ_#q.
G 12
50
HêO¬¼ ^Î~¡æ}ì°.
G #@~[ qãQ®¬ìO
98
~u Õ Ju KÇHøQê =°ez# .
A
G Z~¡°¬ô ~u`Ë K³H÷ø# #Q®ßOQê L#ß ¬ô~¡°+¬µx Ku ìQ®O.
:8
''Ç°äÆ½x qãQ®¬ìOÑÑ
h
nx<Í Qê ìqªë~¡°.
A E
.P
G |°°öQÞ^ÎO Õx 6= =°O_ÈO Õ ¬ìiÇò ã²Ç°OQê À~ùø#|_Ok.

AB C
G
D
H PHê~¡O Õ Q® ¬à§# "\ ÷H, K³Hø`Ë KÍ²# ×=À\ ÷H.
G =$`ëHê~¡¬ô "ÍkH°
ER I
^¥#¼O ×ÃkKÍÀO^Î°ä½ L¬³¶yOz# .

O
G XO\ ÷ Hù=òà Z^Î°í =òãkH.
G
CH
=°\ ÷ W@°H`Ë xiàOz# ^¥Þ~¡ ãOQ®}O, ~¡HÆ}QË_È |Ç°æ_³#°.
M.S.Vats.
YD
G 1921-34 =~¡ä½ ¬ì~¡æ Õ ã`Ç=ÞHê° [i²#"~¡° :

,H
2. "³ò¬ìO[^¥~Ë : 1922 Õ ²O^Î°ã`Ç=ÞHê Õ |Ç°æ_# ï~O_È=#Q®~¡O.
G R.D. ÿ#sû.
AM
T
D ã`Ç=ÞHêä½ <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO =²ìOz#k :
G WOQêÁO_£ Õx '' ìOH±Ì+á~ÑÑ #° ée LO@°Ok.

H
'=°$`Ç°k|ÄÑ
M
G "³ò¬ìO[^¥~Ë J#Qê ²On ì+¬ Õ

AM
G kÀÁ¹ P¦¹_³_£ èH k =°¿O_£ P¦¹ k _³_£

IG
POQ®ÁO Õ - Jx J~¡O.
#dÁªë<£
KH
G =°~ùHÀ~¡° - J#Qê ²On ì+¬ Õ L^¥¼#=#O Jx J~¡ÖO.
G ' ì~<Ñ
R
H± Õx l ìÁ Õ ²O^Î¶#k ä½_X_È°Û# ²O^Î° ~RO Õ H^Î°.
G =°¬ðªß#"\÷H |Ç°æ_Ok - nxH÷ L`Çë~¡ - ^ÎH÷Æ} k× Õ "³°@°Á H=ô.
G nx l¬O#°
J_È°Q®°ìQê# "_¨~¡°.
G nxx "³eH÷ ¬~*ì<£ =¶~¡Â .

f²#k -
G Ú_È=ô 39, "³_È°æ 8 J_È°Q®°°

23, Õ`Ç° - .
G F_Èç=°à, ¬äÆ½ Ô
JOH~¡} L<ß .
G 7 ª~¡°Á =~¡^Îä½ Q®°ï~á# #Q®~¡O.
G JuÌ^Îí ''¬ì=¶OÑÑ
^¥<¼Qê~¡"³°Ø# (nxß "³eH÷f²#k =¶iÇ°~ g~)
G ²O^Î¶ / `Ç=ÞHê JuÌ^Îí ¬@}O

Õ |Ç°æ_# .
G HOKÇ°`Ë ''#Q®ß<@¼H`³ë qãQ®¬ìOÑÑ.

`ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍÇ°|_#
HOKÇ° #~¡Hë ÷

G ¬×Ã¬u =°¬ð^Í=ôx =òã^Î / Seal.
G eOQ®, ³¶x (=°~àOQê) ¬î[ä½ ¬O|OkOz# P#"×Ã¤.
G "³°¬¬\Õq°Ç¶ä½ K³Ok# <Í²# #¶° =G¬ô Q®°_ÈÛ=òHø .
G Q®_ÈÛ¬ô =°x+² ç=°à, 2 ~y Qù_ÈÛ×Ã¤.
G ¬=¶"Í×=°Ok~¡O / JÌOcÁ¬ð° / ^Í"Ç°OQê Q®°iëOz# =#O.
3. KÇ#°Ý^¥~Ë :
G "³ò¬ìO[^¥~Ëä½ ^ÎH÷Æ}OQê 130H÷.g°. ^Î¶~¡O Õ H^Î°. ²O^Î¶#k Z_È=° X_È°Û# H^Î°.
G 1931 Õ M.G. =°AO^¥~, 1935 Õ =¶öH° ã`Ç=ÞHê° [i~¡°.
G HË@ / ~¡HÆ}QË_È èx UïHáH #Q®~¡O.
G ²~|°_Û, ¬î¬ `ÇÇ¶s¬iã×=°, Ì^¥ä½ ~¬°ä½<Í ~¡OQ®° , <³=°e ç=°à.
G G G
Y
=ò`¼ ¬iã×=°. ç=°à öHOã^ÎO. ä½Hø ²eÁx `Çiq°#@°ÁQê L#ß ¬zó W@°H°.
M
Y~¡¶û~¡, ^¥x=°à, J~¡\ ÷ ¬×¤ä½ ¬O|OkOz# P^¥~°.
4. ~¡OQê¬î~ : 1931 Õ M.S.Vats H#°Qù<ß_È°.
G =i G
95 E
WHø_È ä_¨ x ¬O_Oz# P^¥~° aOK~ò. Q®°[~` Õ H^Î°.
9
59
D
5. HêmOQ®<£ : 1953 Õ _ÏI A. ¦¬°Õ+¹, 1961 Õ B.K. ^¥¬~, B.B. Lal ° H#°Qù<ß~¡°.
G HêmOQ®<£ J#Qê #Áx QêA° Jx J~¡ÖO.
G ¦¬°Q®¾~ #n X_È°Û#
CA
50
HêmOQ®<£ ~[ªÖ<£ Õx Q®OQê#Q®~ l ìÁ Õ - H^Î°.
G HêmOQ®<£
98
ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ<Í "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê =¼=ªÇ°O Õ<Í ã~¡O"³°ØOk.
A
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ<Í `ùeªiQê <Q®e`Ë ªQ®°KÍ²# P#"×Ã¤ |Ç°æ_³#°.
:8
G Jyß"ÍkH°, XO>ÿZ=òH°, =°\ ÷ W@°H "ÍkH°.
h
#y+Ô`Ë
A E
HêmOQ®<£ ¬ìÙ=°Q®°O_ÈO
.P
G ä_È°ä½#ß W@°H° |Ç°æ_³#°.
HêmOQ®<£, |<Þe
AB C
D
Note : ¬ì~¡æ ¬î~¡Þ ¬O¬ø $u, ¬ì~¡æ ¬O¬ø $u ï~O_È° ^Î×° Q® #Q®~°. .
ER I
6. Õ^¥ : S.R. Rao Vats.

O
1957 Õ ° H#°Qù<ß~¡°.
G Õ^¥ J#Qê ä_¨ ²Onì+¬ Õ =°$`Ç°k|Ä Jx J~¡ÖO. x~à}¬~¡OQê ''q°x¬ì~¡æÑÑ Jx ²°ªë~¡°.

CH
G ²O^Î° ã¬[ ã¬=òM F_Èö~=ô, <ñHê x~à} öHOã^ÎO / <ñHêã×Ç° ¬@}O.

YD
G ã¬¬OKÇO `ùe >ÿØ_È F_Èö~=ô

Õ<Í J¬ìà^¥ì^£ Q®°[~` Õx l ìÁ Õ H^Î°.
''çQË" #kÑÑ
,H
G ¬|~¡àu #kH÷ L¬#k J~ò# X_È°Û# H^Î°.
G HùeKÍ ã¬=¶}O / Hù|^Îí / Àø°

AM
T
G ã`¬°, HOKÇ°~_£
H
aOzOk.
M
G
AM
Hêeó# =°\ ÷`Ë KÍ²# Q®°ã~¡¬ô ç=°à.

IG
G ãH©.¬î. 1800 Õ `ùeªiQê =ix ¬O_Oz# P#"×ÃÅ.

KH
G ¬f PK~¡Oä½ ¬O|OkOz# `ùe P^¥~°.
G ã¬^¥# =òY^¥Þ~°
R
~Ë_È°Û"³á¬ôQ® UïHáH ¬@}O.
G K³¹Õ~Û, Õ¬ì¬iã×=°°, P~¡}ì° `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍÀ ^Î°Hê}ì°.
G XH =~¡ëä½x Q®$¬ìO JO^Î° Õ 12 ªß#¬ô Q®^Î°°.
Note : ¬OKÇ`ÇOã`ÇO Õx #Hø H^Î ìO\ ÷ XH H^Î *ì~ g°^Î K³H÷ø# P#"×Ã¤ - Õ^¥ , HêmOQ®<£ Õ |Ç°æ_³#°.
7. Jãq° :
G "³ò¬ìO[^¥~Ëä½ 160H÷.g°. ^ÎH÷Æ}OQê ä½_"³á¬ô# H^Î°. G ²O^Î¶#k X_È°Û# ²O^Î° ~RO Õ H^Î°.
G =°AO^¥~ , J.M. Hê[~° H#°Qù<ß~¡°. G AOQê~ / [OQê~ ¬O¬ø $u "³²#k.
8. ~Ë¬~ :
G 1953-56 =°^Î¼HêO Õ Y.D. ×~¡à ã`Ç=ÞHê° [i~¡°. G ¬O*ì Õ ¬>ÿÁ* #k X_È°Û# H^Î°.
G ¬ì~¡æ J#O`Ç~¡ ¬O¬ø $u |Ç°@¬_Ok. G WHø_È =°x+² (Ç°[=¶x) ä½Hø#° He² ¬î_óÌ\ ÷# P#"×Ã¤ aOK~ò.

9. JOw~¬î~ :
G L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í Õx g°~¡\ä½ 30 H÷.g°. ^Î¶~¡O Õ Ç°=ò<#k X_È°Û# H^Î°.
G ¬ì~¡æ <Q®iH`Ç `Ç¶~¡°æ ¬i¬ì^Î°í.
G z=i^Î× Õ ã¬uëx ¬O_Oz# P#"×Ã¤ H=ô.
10. ¬°~ùø@_¨ :
G 1964 Õ [Q®¬u *Õ+² H#°Qù<ß~¡°.
G Q®°[~` Õx HK l ìÁ Õ H^Î°.
G Q®°ã~¡O J=õ° HxæOKÇ_ÈO`Ë giH÷ Q®°ã~¡O ä_¨ `³°¬x HùO^Îi JaãÇ°O.
G Ì^Îí|O_È~u`Ë, ä½O_ÈÌOä½`Ë H¬æ|_# ¬=¶^Î°°.
G ~uQË_È`Ë xiàOz# ~¡HÆ} ä½_È¼O.
Y
H©Æ}^Î× Õ L#ß ²O^Î¶<Q®iH`Ç J=õ° |Ç°@¬_#q.
11. |<Þe :
M
G 1973-74 =°^Î¼HêO Õ R.S. a¹ë H#°Qù<ß_È°.
G ¬~¡¬Þu / ~¡OQË~ò
95 E
¬ì~¼< Õx ²ìª~ l ìÁ Õx #k X_È°Û# H^Î°.
|OH=°\÷ <Q®e, ¬ôeç=°à L#ß Ô , ìsÁ P"°
9
G
59
¬O_Oz# P^¥~°.
D
G ãy_£ q^¥<xß \ ÷OKÇä½O_¨ J¬Ö=¼¬ÖOQê xiàOz# ~¡¬ì^¥~¡°° Q® UïHáH ²O^Î° ¬@}O.
ä½=°àiKÇãHO, =$`ëHê~¡O Õ Q® ¬@} ã¬}ìoH

CA
G aOz#k.
50
12. ¬°\Õø*ÿO_È~ :
98
G z`¬àO G
A
^¥z# ã`Ç°. ~uQù_ÈÛ×Ã¤, ìa ÕxÇ¶`Ë "}÷[¼ ¬O|O^¥° Q® P#"×Ã¤ aOK³#°.
:8
13. HË\_l
:
h
¦¬A J¬ìà^£Mì<£
A E
G
.P
1935 Õ `ùeªi Q®°ö~, 1955 Õ ° H#°Qù<ß~¡°.
G
AB C
D
²O^Î° ~RO Õ ²O^Î°#k X_È°Û# H^Î°.
G G
ER I
~uì}ì° |Ç°æ_#q. Jyß ã¬=¶^ÎO=# <×#O J~ò¼Ok.
14. ^³á=¶ì^£ :
O
G ²O^Î¶ <Q®iH`Ç ^ÎH÷Æ} ¬i¬ì^Î°í (¬ì~¡æ ¬O¬ø $u ³òHø ^ÎH÷Æ} ¬ikx ¬¶z¬°ëOk.)
CH
G G
YD
^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ Ju ¬g°# L#ß #Q®~¡O. QË^¥=i L¬#k J~ò# ã¬=~#k f~# H^Î°.
G ~y`Ë `ÇÇ¶ï~á# ~¡^ÎO, Y_È¾=°$Q®O ç=°à° ¼"³°Ø#q. G =°¬ð~R Õ H^Î°.

,H
15. ^Ëg~¡ : 1990-91 =°^Î¼HêO Õ R.S. a¹ë H#°Qù<³#°.

AM
T
G Q®°[~` Õx HK l ìÁ Õ H^Î°.
ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õx ²O^Î¶ ¬@}ì Õ JuÌ^Îík

H
M
G .
AM
G
IG
10 Ì^Îí Q®°~¡°ë`Ë Q® ¬ì~¡æ=òãkH aOz#k.
G
KH
~u`Ë xiàOz# i[~ÞÇ°~, kQ®_¨xH÷ 32 "³°@°Á xiàOK~¡°.
(32 Article - ~*ì¼OQ®¬i¬ð~¡¬ô ¬ìä½ø - Dr. B.R. JOè^Îø~)

R
G =ü_È° (ZQ®°=, =°^Î¼, kQ®°=) ìQê°Qê qlOKÇ|_# #Q®~¡O.
Note : =°e¬ì~¡æ ''Ì~òO>ÿ_£ ãöQ"Í~ÑÑ

¬O¬ø $u Ìá Ú~¡ Õ ¬O¬ø $u U.P Õ ã¬=òYOQê ^ùiH÷Ok.
G '"³ò¬ìO[^¥~Ë JO_£ WO_Ç°<£ ²q ÿá*è+¬<£ÑÑ =¶~¡Â . ãQ®O^ÎH~¡ë -
'k WO_Ç°<£ ²q ÿá*è+¬<£Ñ =¶iÇ°~ g~ - ~¡zOK_È°.
v ¬`Ç#O :
G ²O^Î¶ <Q®iH`Ç ¬`Ç<xH÷ P~¡°¼ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç =¶iÇ°~ g~.
Hê~¡}O Jx -
G ã¬H$u "³á¬s`¼° Hê~¡}O Jx - =¶~¡Â , ~|~ï~áH±, D.F. Dales °.

G "`=~¡}O Õ =zó# =¶~¡°æ° Jx D.D. HÒ§Oa.
-
G JO`Ç~¡¾`Ç ¬=°¬¼°, J<Q®iä½ ^¥_È°° JxQêï~Û<£ K³á Û°

- =iâOK~¡°.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1. HùeKÍ ã¬=¶}O aOz# ²O^Î¶<Q®iH`Ç öHOã^ÎO? 14. Q®`Ç º=° =°¬ðÇòQ®O Õ ºuH ¶QË×§GO ^Íx Õ
(Group-I - 2012) He² L#ßk? (Group-II - 2011)
1) ¬ì~¡æ 2) "³¶¬ìO*Õ^¥~Ë 1) |³¶l³¶ãQ®¦Ô 2) ²ìªsH l³¶ãQ®¦Ô
3) HË\ _r 4) Õ^¥ 3) e³¶ãQ®¦Ô 4) Ìá=hß
2. ã^¥q_È ÜáeH÷ K³Ok# "¬°ë§GO HxæOKÇ°#k? 15. ~×¤Ìá K³Hø|_# Ju ãp# e² U ì+¬ Õ L#ßk?
(Group-I - 2010) 1) ¬O¬ø $`ÇO 2) ãì²ìà (Gr-II - 11)
1) L`Çë~¡ì~¡`Ç^Í×O 2) ^ÎH÷Æ}ì~¡`Ç^Í×O 3) o 4) ãH$`ÇO
16. =¶#=ôxKÍ "_# "³ò^Î\ ÷ Õ¬ìO?
Y
3) =°^Î¼ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O 4) `Ç¶~¡°æì~¡`Ç^Í×O (Group-II - 2011)
3. ¬ì~¡æ <Q®iH`Ç =ieÁ# ¬ì~¡æ#Q®~¡O U #k X_È°Û# 1) W`Çë_ 2) `ÇQ®~¡O 3) W#°=ò 4) ~y
L#ßk?
M
(Group-I - 2004) 17. ¬ì~¡æ ã¬[° ¬îlOz# ¬äÆ½° ãH÷Ok "x Õ Uk?
1) rO 2) p< 3) ²O^Î° 4) ~q
(Group-II - 2011)
95 E
4. ãH÷Ok "i Õ ¬ì~¡æ e²x J~¡ÖO KÍ¬°HË=_¨xH÷
9
ã¬Ç°ußOKÇx "ï~=~¡°?
1) =ô~¡O 2) <³=°e 3) HêH÷ 4) Q®^Îí
59
18. ²O^Î° ÕÇ° <Q®iH`Ç ^Íx Õ ã¬`Í¼H©H~¡} Hey#k?
D
(Group-I - 2002)
CA
1) S~=`ÇO =°¬ð^Í=<£ 2) ~"£°×~¡} ×~¡à
(Group-II - 2011)
50
3) Z¹.P~.~"£ 4) ¦^Î~ Ôì~¹
5. ¬ì~¡æ ªÖ=~¡O H#°Qù#ß ¬O=`Ç~¡O?

1) =# x~à}O 2) ¬@} ã¬}ìoH
98
(J.L - 2006) 3) tæ H× 4) Ìá=hß
19. ¬ì~¡¬æ<£ <Q®iH`Ç Õ Qù¬æ^³á# ^¥#¼Qê~¡O U~æ@°

A
1) 1921 2) 1929 3) 1946 4) 1950
:8
6. "³ò¬ìO[^¥~Ë <³ Hù#ß ãO`ÇO? (J.L - 2006)
KÍÇ°|_ L#ßk ZHø_È? (Group-II - 2008)
h
A E
.P
1) ¬O*ì 2) ²O^£ 3) Q®°[~` 4) =°¬ð~R
7. ²O^Î¶ tk ì° H#°Qù#|_# ã¬^Í×O?

1) ~Ë¬~ 2) ¬ì~¡æ
AB C
(J.L - 2006)
D
3) Hêo|OQ®<£ 4) "³ò¬ìO*Õ^¥~Ë
1) ¦¬~¾< 2) =°Q®^Î
20. ãO`Ç°OQê "³ò¬ìO*Õ^¥~Ë ³òHø <=°=ò?
ER I
O
3) Õ^¥ 4) "³°¬¬\Õq°Ç¶
(Group-II - 2001)
8. ¬ì~¡æ ã¬[ ZQ®°=°`Ç°° Zä½ø=Qê ¬O¬|_#
ã¬^Í×O?
1) =°¿O_£ P¦¹ k ãöQ\ 2) =°¿O\ P¦¹ k eqOQ·
CH
(J.L - 2006)
YD
3) =°¿O_£ P¦¹ k ¬ï~á Þ=~ 4) =°¿O_£ P¦¹ k _³_£
1) Dl¹ 2) "³ò¬Ú>èq°Ç¶
21. ¬ì~¡æ ¬O¬ø $u Õx Ju =òY¼"³°Ø# JO×O ^¥x?
,H
3) ÿ¶zªÖ<£ 4) Jö~aÇ¶
9. "³ò¬ìO*ç^¥~Ë #~¡ëH÷ qãQ®¬ìO `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍÇ°|_#

(Group-II - 2001)
AM
T
¬^¥~¡=ò?
1) e² 2) =°`ÇO 3) H× 4) #Q®sH~¡}
(J.L - 2006)
22. ãH÷Ok "\÷ Õ ZHø_È ¬ì~¡æ <Q®iH`Ç J=õ°
H
M
^ù~¡H è^Î°?
AM
1) HOKÇ° 2) ~y 3) t 4) ²Ç°>ÿØ\
10. ¬ì~¡æ ¬`Ç<xH÷ Hê~¡}ì ÕÁ XH\ ÷.

(Group-II - 2000)
IG
(J.L - 2006)
1) Õ^¥ 2) Hêe|OQ®<£
KH
1) JO@°"¼k 2) =¶ï~ø@Á ¬`Ç#O

3) ~Ë~ 4) <Qê~¡°û#HùO_È
23. ¬ì~¡æ <Q®iH`Çä½ ãp#"³°Ø# ªÖ=~¡"³°Ø# Hêe|OQ®<£

R
3) =~¡^Î° 4) [<ì H©Æ}`Ç
11. Õ^¥ ^ÍxH÷ ¬O|OkOz#k? (Group-I - 1991)

ZKÇó@ H^Î°? (Group-II - 2000)
1) ²O^Î° ÕÇ° <Q®iH`Ç 2) L"Í°iÇ°<£ <Q®iH`Ç
1) ÿ°zªÖ<£ 2) P¦¬ÉxªÖ<£
3) *ìa ÕxÇ¶<Q®iH`Ç 4) Dl²ÂÇ°<£ <Q®iH`Ç
12. ²O^Î¶#k ãO`ÇO`Ë ¬O|O^ÎO =ô#ß ãp#^Í×O 3) ~[ªÖ<£ 4) =°^Î¼ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O
À~¡°? (Group-I - 1984) ["|°°

1) L~ 2) >ÿØ~ 3) "³¶°¬ð 4) xx"Í
1) 4 2) 2 3) 4 4) 2 5) 1
13. D ãH÷Ok À~ùø#ß ¬ì~¡æ ¬@}O Õ =$`ëHê~¡ ¬@} 6) 2 7) 3 8) 2 9) 1 10) 3
ã¬}ìoH Hey# ã¬^Í×O? (Group-II - 2012) 11) 1 12) 3 13) 4 14) 2 15) 4
1) "³ò¬ìO*Õ^¥~Ë 2) Õ^¥ 16) 4 17) 1 18) 4 19) 4 20) 4
3) K#°Ý^¥~Ë 4) |#Þe
21) 4 22) 4 23) 3

(ãH©.¬î. 1500 - 600)
G P~¡¼ J#Qê - ¬î*ì¼, QÒ~¡=hÇò ÿá# Jx J~¡O.
G P~¡°¼° - <iH± *ìuH÷ K³Ok#"~¡°.
Y
G D Hê ìxß "Í^Î<Q®iH`Ç° Jx ä_¨ JO\ì~¡°.
M
G P~¡°¼ / "Í^Î<Q®iH`Ç#° `ùe"Í^Î |°°öQÞ^ÎÎ, =°e"Í^Î Hê¬ô <Q®iH`Ç° Jx ï~O_È°Qê =s¾HiOK~¡°.
1) `ùe (|°°öQÞ^Î) "Í^ÎHêO - ãH©.¬î. 1500 - 1000
95 E
9
2) =°e"Í^Î¬ô HêO - ãH©.¬î. 1000 - 600.
59
q^£
D
G J<Í ¬O¬ø $`Ç ¬^ÎO #°O_ - "Í^Î("Í^ÎO) J<Í ¬^ÎO ¬ô\ ÷Ok.
G *ìý#O/ q*ìý#O
CA
q^£ J#Qê Jx J~¡ÖO. (*ìý#O J#Qê - `³eÇ°x ^¥xx `³°¬°HË=_ÈO.)
'ì~¡fÇ° ¬O¬ø $uÑ P~¡°¼°.
50
G x fiókkí ^¥xH÷ XH qt+¬»~¡¶xß Wzó#"~¡° -
98
G P~¡°¼ [#à¬ÖO (¬Þ¬ÖO) Q®°iOz KÇiã`ÇHê~¡° Õ qq^Î JaãÇ¶°<ß~ò.
A
:8
v KÇiã`ÇHê~¡° JaãÇ¶° :
h
A E
'¬¬ë²O^Î¶ ãO`ÇOÑ ^¥¹, Z_ÈàO_£bK.

.P
G (¬O*ì) - A.C.
ìQ®OQê^Î~ uH±
AB C
D
G Piø\ ÷H± ãO`ÇO - (k Piø\ ÷H± ¬ìÙ"£° P¦¹ P~¡¼<£ ãQ®O^ÎO)

ER I
(a~¡°^Î°° - ÕH=¶#¼, ì~¡`Ç J§Ou [#ä½_È°, ã²<£ P¦¹ Àã\ ÷Ç¶\) ''¬Þ~[¼O < [#à¬ìä½ø ^¥xx <Í#° ªkOz
uH
O
f~¡°`#°ÑÑ - ±)
=¶H±=òÁ~
CH
G =°^Î¼ P²Ç¶ ãO`ÇO - (W`Ç#° "Í^¥#° POQ®ÁO ÕxH÷ J#°=kOK~¡°)

YD
G Pãªé - ¬ìOöQi ãO`ÇO - "³°HËÛ< , _ÏIïQá .

''QËì¼H± @°k
,H
G \ ÷ÿ\ ãO`ÇO - ªÞg° ^ÎÇ¶#O^Î¬~¡¬Þu (1875 P~¡¼¬=¶[O) W`Çx J¬°À~¡° =ü ì×OH~¡°_È°.
"Í^¥¹ÑÑ ~¡°ªé
AM
T
(Go back to the Nature - )
G ãÚII ÌOHê
H
M
[~¡à<£ ãO`ÇO -
G "³¶~¾<£
AM
ÌáciÇ¶ ãO`ÇO -
IG
G Qêï~Û<£ K³á Û, ¦¬°Õ+¹ <³¬ìiOQ·.

KH
~¡¼ -
G P~¡°¼° ^Î¬°¼(²O^Î°ã¬[) `Ë é~_ "i x"¬ ãO`Ç"³°Ø# '¬¬ë²O^Î°Ñ ãO`ÇO#° PãHq°OKÇ°HË=_ÈO`Ë P ãO`xH÷
R
''P~¼=~¡ë#OÑÑ Jx À~¡° =zóOk.
G P~¡°¼° ãH©.¬î 1500 - 1000 L#ß KÇiã`Ç#° |°°öQÞ^ÎO P^¥~¡OQê ¬ô#~ xiàOK~¡°.
G ãH©.¬î.1000 - 600 (=°e"Í^Î¬ôÇòQ®O) KÇiã`Ç P^¥~¡O° - Ç°Aö~Þ^ÎO, ª=°"Í^ÎO, J^Î~¡Þ}"Í^ÎO, ãì¬ìà}ì°,
L¬ x +¬ ` °.
G P~¡°¼ "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ãuä½_È° - k=^¥¬°_È°.

G W`Ç#° ªOì~ J<Í <Ç°ä½_x F_Oz ¬¬ë²O^Î¶ / "³°¶¬ì ãO`ÇO Õ ²Ö~¡¬_¨Û_È°.
G `Ç~Þ`Ç ''ãu¬^¥¬°¼_È°ÑÑ ^ÎO_³uë J<ÍH=°Ok ^Î¬°¼° / ¬Þ^ÍjÇò#° F_OK_È°.
JO^Î°öH W`ÇxH÷''^¥¬°¬ì`Ç¼ÑÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î°H^Î°.
G |°°öQÞ^ÎHêO Õ Çò^¥° =òY¼OQê ''QË=ô°ÑÑ èH ''¬zóH|Ç°×Ã¤ÑÑ HË¬O [iöQq. g\ ÷x ''Q®q+²»ÑÑ ° J<Í"~¡°.

G |°°öQÞ^ÎHêO Õ [iy# JuÌ^Îí Çò^ÎO - ^Î×~[ Q®}Çò^ÎÎO . Wk ¬°=¶~¡° ãH©.¬î 1000 Õ ~q (¬~¡°+²}÷) #k
X_È°Û# ~¡`Ç=O§xH÷ K³Ok# ¬°^¥=ò_È° ¬ô~¡° `³Q®ä½ K³Ok# ¬ô~¡°ä½HÆ (ã¬^¥x - q§Þq°ã`Ç°_È°)ä½ =°^Î¼ [~¡°Q®Qê
¬°^¥=ò_È° (ã¬^¥x - =t+¬µ_È°) q[Ç°O ªkOK_È°.
G D Çò^ÎÎO `Ç~Þ`Ç ~¡`Ç, ¬ô~¡° `³Q® =°^Î¼ q"¬ì ¬O|O^¥° U~¡æ_#q.
G ¦¬e`ÇOQê ä½~¡°`³Q® Pq~¡ÄqOzOk.
G ä½~¡° `³Q® `Ç~Þ`Ç =°m¤ ï~O_È°Qê peé~òOk. 1) O_È=ô°, 2) HÒ~¡=ô°.
G O_È=ô° =°iÇò HÒ~¡=ô =°^Î¼ [iy# Çò^ÎO - ''ä½~¡°öHÆã`Ç Çò^ÎOÑÑ.

G POã^Î°° HÒ~¡=ô `Ç~¡¬ô# é~_ÈQê ¬¬ì^Í=ô_È° "ix F_OK_È°.
v P~¡°¼KÇiã`Ç#° Q®°iOz `³°¬°Hù#°@ä½ Q® P^¥~° :

G "Í^¥° : "Í^Î=ò J<Í ¬^ÎO 'q^£Ñ J<Í ¬O¬ø $`Ç ¬^ÎO #°O_ ¬ô\ ÷Ok.
Y
G q^£ - J#Qê *ìý#O (`³°¬°HË=_ÈO)
M
G "Í^¥° -
G "Í^¥#° U XHø~¡¶ ~¡zOKÇ è^Î°. JO^Î°öH g\ ÷x ''JÏ~¡°À+Ç¶°ÑÑ JO\ì~¡°.
95 E
G
9
"Í^¥#° x`Ç¼ (Jxß ÇòQê Õ LO_Íq) ãQ®O^¥° JO\ì~¡°.
59
G
D
Wq `Çé("³¶HÆ) =¶~¾xß À~ùø<ß~ò.
G "Í^Î ª²ì`¼xß ï~O_È° ^Î×°Qê qlOK~¡°. 1) ×$u ª²ì`Ç¼O, 2) ¬à $u ª²ì`Ç¼O.
G q#_ÈO
CA
50
×$u ª²ì`Ç¼O J#Qê - , ¬à $u J#Qê q#ß^¥xx *ìý¬H×H÷ë ^¥Þ~ ã^Î¬~¡KÇ_ÈO.
1) ×$u ª²ì`Ç¼O :
98
"Í^¥° - 4
G "Í^ÎO :
A
ã¬u"Í^ÎO Õ 4 ìQê° H=ô.
:8
G 1) ¬ O ² ì `Ç ì Q® O - Q®=O`Ç°xß H©iëOKÇ_ÈO ^¥Þ~ "³¶HÆO
h
A E
.P
2) ãì¬ ì à}ì° - H~¡à=¶~¡¾O ^¥Þ~ "³¶HÆO.

AB C
D
3) J~¡ } ¼Hê° - ³¶Q® =¶~¡¾O ^¥Þ~ "³¶HÆO.

ER I
4) L¬x+¬`° (108) - *ìý#=¶~¡¾O ^¥Þ~ "³¶HÆO.
2) ¬à $u ª²ì`Ç¼O :
O
"Í^¥OQê° - 6 , L¬"Í^¥° - 4 ("Í^¥Ìá "¼Y¼°Qê ã"ªë~¡°)
G +¬_£ ^Î~¡Å<° - 6
CH
YD
1. ªOY¼ - H²°_È° (ãp#"³°Ø#k)

,H
2. <¼Ç ° - JHÆ¬^Î QÒ`Çq°
3. ³ ¶ Q® - ¬Ò[e
AM
T
4. "³áõ+²HO - ä}ì^Î°_È°
H
M
5. ¬î~¡Þg°=¶O¬ / g°=¶O¬ - *ÿáq°x

AM
IG
6. L`Çë~¡g°=¶O¬ ("Í^¥O`Ç) - |^Î ~ Ç ° }°_È °
G Hæ¬¶ã`° - 4
KH
1. ãº`Ç¬¶ã`° - H~¡àHêO_È°, Ç°[ýÇ¶Qêk ãH`Ç°=ôä½ ¬O|OkOz# xÇ°=¶°.

R
2. ^Î~¡à¬¶ã`° - ¬O¦¬°O#O^Î° ¬°¼xQê <³~¡"Í~¡ó=²# q^Î°°.
3. Q®$¬ì ¬¶ã`° - ä½@°O| ¬°¼xQê <³~¡"Í~¡ó=²# q^Î°°.
4. ¬°Þ ¬¶ã`° - Q®$¬ì x~à}=ò#ä½ ¬O|OkOz#q.
G ì~¡fÇ° ö~MìQ®}÷`xH÷ ¬O|OkOz# xÇ°=¶° ãº`Ç, ¬°Þ ¬¶ã` Õ HxæOKÇ°#°.
G Wu¬ðª° : ~=¶Ç°}O, =°¬ðì~¡`ÇO.
G Pã×Ç¶° - 4.
1. ã|¬ ì àKÇ ~ ¡ ¼ O - 0-25 Years - <Í~¡°óä½<Í ^Î×.
2. Q®$¬ì¬ë¼O - 25 - 50 Years - q"¬ ì ì^ Î ¼ `Ç °
3. "#ã¬¬ëO - 50 - 75 Years - f~¡ÖÇ¶ã`Ç°, ¬ô}¼öHÆã`°.
4. ¬<¼¬O - 75 - 100 Years - ¬<¼¬O.

G ¬ô~}ì° - 18. Wq Q®°¬ôëHêO Õ ~¡zOKÇ|_¨Û~ò. (ï~O_È= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôëx HêO Õ)
G "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê ¬ô~}ì° 4 ÇòQê#° Q®°iOz À~ùø<ß~ò.
G 4 ÇòQê°
1. H $ `Ç Ç ò Q® O - 4800 ^Í=ôx ¬OII~° - ì¬ |e - ^Î~¡àO <°Q®° Hê×¤Ìá x|_È°#°.
2. ã`Í ` Ç ò Q® O - 3600 ^Í=ôx ¬OII~° - N~=ò_È ° - ^Î~¡àO =ü_È° Hê×¤Ìá x|_È°#°.
3. ^¥Þ¬ ~ ¡ Ç ò Q® O - 2400 ^Í=ôx ¬OII~° - NH$+¬µâ_È° - ^Î~¡àO ï~O_È° Hê×¤Ìá x|_È°#°.
4. H e Ç ò Q® O - 1200 ^Í=ôx ¬OII~° - Heø - ^Î~¡àO XO\ ÷ Hê°Ìá x|_È°#°.
G 8 ~¡Hê q"¬ð° :
1. ã|¬ ì àq"¬ ì O - XöH `Ç~¡Q®u Õx ã¬[=°^Î¼
2. ^³á= q"¬ìO - Ìo¤ KÍ²# ¬ô~Ë²ì`Ç°xH÷ ~¡°¬°=òQê Ç°[=¶x `Ç# =°~ùH ä`Ç°~¡°xzó q"¬ìO KÍÇ°_ÈO.
Y
3. ã¬ * ì`Ç ¼ - H@ßO èä½O_¨ q"¬ìO KÍ¬°Hù#°@
M
4. P~ / Arsa - H@ßOQê QË=ô#° WKÇ°ó@.
5. J¬°~¡ - H<¼×ÃøO
95 E
9
6. QêO^ Î ~ ¡ Þ - ãÀ=°q"¬ ì O
59
D
7. ~HÆ¬ - Z`Ç°ëä½é~ò ÌO_Á KÍ¬°HË=_ÈO
CA
8. Ìá§zH - xã^Î Õ L#ß¬C_È° (| `ø~¡O KÍ²) Ìo¤KÍ¬°HË=_ÈO.
|°°öQÞ^ÎO (`ùe"Í^ÎO) <Q®iH`Ç HêO <\÷ ¬i²Ö`Ç°°

50
I.
98
A
:8
1. ~[H©Ç° =¼=¬Ö : `ùe P~¡°¼ HêO Õ ã¬°`ÇÞ Ç°OãÒQ®O#° |"³°Ø# `³Q®° U~æ@° KÍÀq.
h
A E
'~[<£Ñ
.P
G `³Q® Jk¬ux J<Í"~¡°.

AB C
D
G g~¡° `Ç=°~*ì¼xß 3 ìQê°Qê qlOK~¡°.

ER I
1. [# - ~A
O
2. q¹ - q×¬u
CH
3. ãQê=°O - ãQê=°}÷ / QË=ô_È°
''|e¬#°ßÑÑ
YD
G ~A ã¬[#° Hê_#O^Î°ä½ ã¬[° ~Aä½ #° Hê#°HQê WKÍó"~¡°.

,H
G ~Aä½ ¬@¬ô~}÷, ¬ô~Ë²ì`Ç°_È°, À<x, ãQê=°}÷ # Õ ¬¬ðÇ°¬_Í"~¡°.
G ¬, ¬q°u Q®}, q^¥`Ç

AM
T
~Aä½ ¬¬ðe=Þ_¨xH÷, JkHê~xß xÇ°OãuOKÇ_¨xH÷ , =O\ ÷ ã¬*ì¬° H=ô.
G ¬ :
H
Ì^Îí ¬, ã¬=òY° ¬, ^Î#=O`Ç° ¬.

M
G ¬q°u :
AM
ª=¶#¼ ã¬*ìhHO JO` ¬°¼ è.
Q®} :
IG
G Wk XH Çò^Î=°O_Èe. PÇò^¥°, Q®°ã~ P=×¼H`Çä½ ¬O|OkOz# ¬¬ð° WKÍók.

KH
G q^¥`Ç : Wk XH =°²ìì=°O_Èe. =°²ì× ¬=°¬¼ä½ ¬O|OkOz# ¬¬ð° WKÍók. =°e"Í^ÎHêO Õ J^Î$×¼"³°Ø#k.
R
G =°²ì×° ¬, q^¥`Ç Õ =¶ã`Ç"Í° ç¾<Í"~¡°.
G ¬, ¬q°u ã¬*ì¬u ä`Ç°~¡°Á Jx, JHêø K³ ÿÁ×Ã¤ (H=²Á°) Jx J^Î~¡Þ} "Í^ÎO Õ À~ùø#|_Ok.
G Ìá#¼O Õ ~¡^Î|O, JtÞH^Î×O, HêÄO LO_Ík.
G Ìáxä½° 't~¡ãªë}ì°Ñ ^ÎiOK~¡°.
G `ùe P~¡°¼ Õ 1) ³¶^Î°° 2) ¬ô~Ë²ì`Ç°° 3) ª=¶#¼[#O J<Í =ü_È°=~¾° LO_Íq.
G ~Aä½ "~¡ë°, èY° ¬O¬_¨xH÷ '^Î¶`Ç°Ñ J<Í L^Ë¼Q®°°O_Í"~¡°.
G <¼Ç°qK~¡} k=¼¬sHÆ ^¥Þ~ qKiOKÍ"~¡°.
G ¬ì`Ç°x ä½O@°OìxH÷ 100 QË=ô#° #+¬¬i¬ð~¡OQê WKÍó"~¡°.
G ^Í×|²ì+¬ø~¡}, JOQ®qKÍó^ÎO =O\ ÷ tHÆ° H=ô.

2. ªO¦²°H =¼=¬Ö : |°°öQÞ^ÎHêO Õ ''²`Ç$ªÞq°H Ê L=½à_ ä½@°O|=¼=¬ÖÑÑ H^Î°.
G ä½@°OìxH÷ Ì^Îí - `ÇOã_ - W`ÇxH÷ Q®$¬ì¬u / ^ÎO¬u / ä½ Jx ²eKÍ"~¡°.
G ä½=¶~¡°° `ÇOã_ P²Öx =O×~¡O¬~¡¼OQê ÚO^¥~¡°. ä½=¶~¡°° èHé`Í ä½=¶ï~ë ä½=¶~¡°ä½ K³O^Íq.
G ä½=¶ï~ë#° - ^Î°²ìãu - J<Í"~¡° - (#° ²uöHk Jx J~¡ÖO)
G ä½=¶ï~ë ä½=¶~¡°_È°x - ^ñ²ìã`Ç°_È° J<Í"~¡°.
G q"¬ì ¬O|O^ÎO Ju¬qã`Ç"³°Ø#k. ª^¥~¡}OQê ã¬[° UH¬fßã=`Ç°° .
G |°°öQÞ^ÎHê¬ô<\÷ ¢Ôëä½ ¬=¶[O Õ L#ß`Ç ªÖ#O H^Î°.
G D HêO Õ ¬u PK~°, ¬~¡^¥¬^Îu, ì¼q"¬ð° H=ô. q`ÇO`Ç° q"¬ð° è=ô.
G ~¡^Î¬O^³=ò° - (P~¡°¼ Ja=¶# ãH©_È), Q®°ã~¡¬ô ªÞs - (P²Ç¶ Õ `ùeªiQê ã¬"Í×Ì\ì~¡°), <@¼O, KÇ^Î~¡OQ®O(K³¹)
gi =òY¼"³°Ø# q<Ë^¥°.
Y
G ªé=°, ¬°~¡° P<\÷ =°`Ç°ëhÇ¶°.
M
ªé=°~¡ªxß ¬qã`ÇOQê ìqOz Ç°[ýÇ¶Qê Õ ä_¨ L¬³¶yOKÍ"~¡°.
G ¬°~¡#° x`Ç¼O ÀqOKÍ"~¡°.
95 E
G |°°öQÞ^ÎO Õx 9= =°O_ÈO x Q®°iOz `³°æ#°.
9
''ªé=°~¡¬O / ^Í=ô_È°ÑÑ
59
G
D
|°°öQÞ^ÎHêO Õ q^¥¼=O`Ç° ÿá# ¢Ôë° - q×Þ=~¡, P, QË+¬, Õ=òã^Î, ×~òH` x"×i J<Í"~¡°. |°°öQÞ^ÎO Õ
ÕÁHê° ~¡zOK~¡°.
v ^Î°¬°ë° - P~¡}ì° : CA
50
98
G Lxß, #¶°`Ë `ÇÇ¶ï~á# ~¡OQ®°, ~¡OQ®° =¢ªë° ^ÎiOKÍ"~¡°. G hq° - Õ# ^ÎiOKÍ =¢ªë°.
A
:8
G =¬ - ×s~¡OÌá ^ÎiOKÍ =GO G Jk=¬ - Ìá# ^ÎiOKÍ =GO.
h
G G
A E
giH÷ ×ÃãH =GO° JO>è K ì =°ä½ø=. - ¢Ôë Õ t~Ë¶+¬}"³°Ø LO@°Ok.

.P
'F¬×Ñ
G g~¡° JeÁ# / H\ ÷# [_È#° - H¬~¡Ö J<Í"~¡°. G x+¬øO J<Í |OQê~¡° #Q® / P~¡}O#° ^ÎiOKÍ"~¡°.
AB C
D
G "¼¬ë J#Qê =°OQ®o"~¡°. G "Í}°=ô, g}, =°^³í P~¡°¼ "^¥¼°.

ER I
v PiÖH =¼=¬Ö :
O
G
CH
|°°öQÞ^Î P~¡°¼ ã¬^¥#=$uë - ¬×Ãé+¬} `Ç~Þ`Ç =~¡ëHO, =¼=ªÇ°O.

YD
G giHêO Õx =¼=ªÇ°^¥~¡°#° 'H$+²=Ñ JO\ì~¡°.
G
,H
g~¡° ¶q°x ï~O_È° ~¡Hê°Qê qlOK~¡°.

AM
1) öHÆã`ÇO - ã¬^¥#¬O@° - =i(=$+²) QË^Î°=°-`ÇO_È¶O, ìsÁ - (Ç°=°).

T
2) J~¡}¼ / L~¡Þ~¡ - ¬×Ã=ô#° "Í°À ¬zóH|Ç°×Ã¤ .

H
M
G giH÷ |°°`Ç°=ô ¬i}ì=°O `³°¬°, =¼=ªÇ¶xH÷ h\÷~¡°^Î HêÞ°O_Íq.

AM
G
IG
<Q®e`Ë ¶q° ^Î°<Íß"~¡° - <Q®ex - ''Ô~, ìOQ®°, ¬ìÑÑ J<Í"~¡°.

KH
G giH÷ q`Çë<° KÇ°Á@, ¬O@#°HËÇ°_ÈO, ^¥#¼O ^ÎOKÇ_ÈO `³°¬°.
G
R
=$`Ç°ë° : giHêO Õ KÍu=$`Ç°ë ÕÁ ã¬^¥#"³°Ø#q. =ã_ÈOy , Õ¬ð (JÇ¶<£) ¬iH~#° `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍÀ"ix 'H~à~Ñ
Jx ²eKÍ"~¡°.
G ~¡^¥° `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍÀ"ix - ~¡^¥¹ Jx, <ñH#° `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍÀ"ix - <ñ Jx ²eKÍ"~¡°.
G |OQê~¡° P~¡}ì° `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍÀ"~¡° - ²ì~¡}¼HêHê~¡ .
v =~¡ëH "¼~¡O - "}÷[¼O :

G "Í~ùH ãO``Ë =~¡ëHO HË¬O ~¡^¥°, Q®°ã~°, Z^Î°í |O_È°Á "_¨~¡°.
G =¬°ë=¶iæ_ / ì~¡~ ²¬"£° ^¥Þ~ =~¡ëHO [iöQk.
G =~¡ëHO - =}÷A KÍ`Ç° ÕÁ LO_Ík. gö~ =_Û"¼~¡O KÍÀ"~¡°.
G QË=ô#°, x+¬øO#° qx=°Ç° ª^Î#OQê L¬³¶yOKÍ"~¡°.
G giH÷ `³eÇ°x Õ¬ìO - Ô¬O , `³eÇ°x [O`Ç°=ô - ¬ôe .

v =°`Ç ¬i²Ö`Ç°° :
G g~¡° ã¬H$u ×ä½ë#° P~kOK~¡° - WOã^Î°_È° / ¬ô~¡O^Î~¡°_È° - ã¬^Î=°ªÖ#O.
G WOã^Î°x PÇò^ÎO - =ã*ìÇò^ÎO ,"¬ì#O - S~=`Ç=ò / `³Áx U#°Q®° .
G Jyß (¬ì=¼"¬ì#°_È° J<Í"~¡°) - ^Í=`ÇH÷ - ã¬[ä½ =°^Î¼=ië- 2= ^³á=O
G =~¡°}°_È° - [^Í=`Ç, |°°`Ç°^Í=`Ç. G ªé=ò_È° - =$HÆ^Í=`Ç
G "³ò`ÇëO 33 ~¡Hê ^Í=ô×Ã¤ H~¡°.
G Jku, L+¬¹, ¬$nÞ, J~¡}¼h J<Í"~¡° <\÷ ¢Ôë ^Í=`Ç°.
G g~¡° ^Í=`Ç#° ¬O`Ç$²ë¬~¡°KÇ°@ Hù~¡ä½ ¬ìÙ=°Q®°O_¨#° xiàOz Ç°[ýÇ¶QêkãH`Ç°=ô#° x~¡Þ²ìOKÍ"~¡°.
G JO^Î° Õ ªé=°~¡¬O, °, Ì~¡°Q®°, "³#ß, <³~ò¼ é²i.
G nx<Í '¬ìq¬°Ñ J<Í"~¡°. G P~¡°¼ r=<xH÷ öHOã^ÎO - Ç°[ýO .
Y
G giH÷ ¬ô#~¡û#àÌá #=°àHO H^Î°.
M
P~¡°¼ ^Í=`Çä½ ãÔuH~¡"³°Ø# Õ[#O - ¬ô~Ë_¨×=ò / Ç°¬O.
G ã~¡Ö#°, |°° gi ¬î*ìq^¥#O , Ç°[ýÇ¶Qê°, ãH`Ç°=ô° gi =°`ÇO .
95 E
G P~¡°¼ HêO Õ ã¬^¥#ã`Ç =²ì¬°ëOk.
9
''QË=ô / P=ôÑÑ
59
G
D
Zä½ø= QË=ô°#ß "ix QË=°\ / ¬O¬#°ß_È° J<Í"~¡°.
=°e"Í^Î HêO<\÷ P~¡°¼ <Q®iH`Ç (ãH©.¬î,1000-600)

II.
CA
50
98
G =°e"Í^Î HêO<\÷ P~¡°¼ ¬O¬ø $uH÷ P^¥~° Ç°Aö~Þ^ÎO, ª=°"ÍÍ^ÎO, J^Î~¡Þ}"Í^ÎO, ãì¬ìà}ì°, J~¡}¼Hê°,
A
:8
L¬x+¬`Ç°ë°.
G
h
g~¡ ° ¬ ¬ ë ² O ^ Î ¶ ãO`Ç O #°O_ ãH = °OQê Q® O Qê - Ç ° =ò< ÕÇ ° ãO`Ç O Õ ² Ö ~ ¡ x "ªxß U~æ@°KÍ ¬ ° Hùx
A E
.P
²ì=¶Ç¶#°O_ qO^Î¼ ¬~¡Þ`=~¡ä½ q¬ëiOK~¡°.

AB C
D
G P~¡°¼ ¬O¬ø $ux qO^Î¼ ¬~¡Þ`ä½ ^ÎH÷Æ}OQê q¬ëiO¬KÍ²#k - JQ®¬°ë¼_È°.

ER I
v ~[H©Ç° =¼=¬Ö :
O
G =°e"Í^ÎHêO Õ z#ß~*ì¼° é~ò Ì^Îí~*ì¼° U~¡æ_¨Û~ò.

CH
YD
G ª~¡Þº=°, UH±~\, q~\ , '~[ - q×Þ[h#Ñ =O\÷ a~¡°^Î°ä½ ~A° Hey LO_i.
G ~A° Ç¶Qê#° x~¡Þ²ìOKÍ"~¡°.

,H
1. J×Þ"Í°^ÎÇ¶Q®O - J×Þ=ò uiy#O`Ç- ãO`ÇO"Í°~¡ ~A JkHê~xß Jqzó#ßOQê <³Hù°æ@.

AM
T
2. ~[¬¶Ç°Ç¶Q®O - ~A `Ç# ª~¡Þº=¶kHê~xß x~¡¶²OKÇ°Hù#°@ä½ KÍÀ Ç¶Q®O - nx Õ #~¡"Í°^ÎO H^Î°

H
M
(×`Ç¬^Î ãì¬ìà}O `³°¬ô#°)

AM
IG
3. "[ÀÇ° Ç¶Q®O - ~A `Ç# |O^Î°=ô Õ L#ß`Ç°_È° Jx x~¡¶²OKÇ°@ä½ Q®°ã~, ~¡^Î¬O^¥#° x~¡Þ²ìOKÍ"~¡°.
KH
G D HêO Õ ~[iH q^¥#O =O×~¡O¬~¡¼O g°^Î P^¥~¡¬_Ok.
G G
R
~A ^³á"O× ¬O¶`Ç°_È°. ¬, ¬q°u° `Ç=° JkHê~xß HË Õæ~ò#q.
G ~Aä½ # Õ `Ë_Èæ_È\ìxH÷ ''^¥Þ^Î× ~¡uß<£ÑÑ (12 =°Ok) JkHê~¡°° H~¡°.
1) À<x 7) ¬Ok qãQ®¬ì - q^Íj =¼=¬ð~ JkHêi
2) ¬ô~Ë²ì`Ç°_È° 8) ¬¶`Ç / ¬°=°O`Ç° - ~¡^ÎKË^Îä½_È°

3) ¬@¬ô~}÷ 9) ã¬*ì¬u - ¬zóH|Ç°×¤ä½ Jk¬u
4) Ç ò =~A 10) HÆêãu - ~Aä½ Qù_È°Q®°¬>è"_È°
5) ìQ®^Î¶Q® - ¬#°ß° =¬¶° KÍÀ JkHêi 11) JHÆ"¬ / Q®}ä½_È° - ~Aä½ E^ÎO Õ ¬¬ìHiOKÍ"_È°
6) ¬OãQ®²ì`Ç - HË§kHêi 12) ×`Ç¬u - 100 ãQê=¶Ìá Jk¬u.
G ~*ì¼xH÷ ^Î¶~¡OQê LO_Í ãO`ä½ Q®=~¡ß~ - ¬Ö¬u
G ãQê=°}÷ - ãQê=¶k¬u.

v ª=¶lH / ªO¦²°H =¼=¬Ö :
G D HêO Õ =$`Ç°ë#° |\÷ =~¡â=ò° U~¡æ_³#°.
G KÇ`Ç°~ã×=° ^Î~à° U~¡æ_¨Û~ò (S`Çö~Ç° ãì¬ìà}O, [| ì L¬x+¬` Õ H^Î°)
G D HêO Õ ãì¬ìà}, HÆãuÇ°, "³á×Ã¼ä½ L¬#Ç°#O H^Î°. gi<Í kÞA° JO\ì~¡°.
G ¢Ôë `Ç# ¬î~¡Þ¬ô ªÖ<xß HË Õæ~ò#k (¬ ¬q°u Õ ç¾<Í ¬ìä½ø° JO`ÇiOK~ò)
G =~¡°_È° `Ç#H<ß `Çä½ ø= =~¡O

¾ / ä½O Õ ¢Ôx
ë q"¬ì=¶_È\ìxß ''J#° Õ=° q"¬ìOÑÑ JO\ì~¡°. (Wk J=°° Õ LO_Ík)
G =^Î°=ô `Çä½ø= =~¡¾O Õx =~¡°xß q"¬ì=¶_È\ìxß ''q Õ=° q"¬ìOÑÑ JO\ì~¡°. (Wk J=°° Õ è^Î°)
G =°e"Í^Î HêO Õ ~¡ë ^¥Þ~ ¬O`#O ÚO^Îx ¢Ôë J`Çx `Ç=òàx ^¥Þ~ ¬O`#O ÚOk#k. nx<Í 'x³¶Q®Ñ JO\ì~¡°.
G HÆãuÇò ÕÁ '¬ÞÇ°O=~¡OÑ LO_Ík. ì¼q"¬ð°, ¬fPK~¡O, q`ÇO`Ç° ¬ô#iÞ"¬ð° H=ô.
G D HêO Õ =~âO`Ç~¡ q"¬ð° [iöQq.
Y
G D HêO Õ ã|¬ìà (¬$+²H
~
)ë¡ , q+¬µ(â ã¬*ìé+¬ä½ _È°), =°Àì×Þ~¡ / ~¡°ã^Î°_È°/ (t= H
è ¬Ã× ¬u =òH÷ëx ã¬ªkOKÍ"_È°) J<Í
M
''ãu=ü~¡°
ë #°ÑÑ P~kOK~¡°.
G ×´ã^Î°° ¬îlOKÍ ^³á=O - '¬îª<£Ñ (¬×Ã¬O~¡äÆä½_È°)
95 E
G WOã^Î°_È°, Jyß, QË=ô ã^¥#¼`Ç `Çy¾#k.
9
59
G
D
D HêO Õ<Í qãQ®¬ð~^Î#, |¬^Í=`~^Î#, Ç°[ýÇ¶Qê°, ãH`Ç°=ô°, H~¡àHêO_È° Ìiy#q (Ç°[ýÇ¶Qê Õ
[O`Ç°|°° Ìiy#q)
G
CA
v =zó# Ju^Î°ä½ =¶Oªxß =_ÛOKÍ"~¡°.
50
Ç°[ýÇ¶Qê J#O`Ç~¡O =¶Oªxß °lOKÍ"~¡°.
G G
98
QË=ô =¶Oªxß °lOz# Jukx - QË¦¬°# (QËQêß J<Í"~¡° =°e"Í^ÎHêO Õ ãì¬ìà}° ªÖ#O.
A
G Ç°[ýÇ¶Qê Õ =kOKÇx / `³eÇ°x [O`Ç°=ô - G ªO¦²°H~¡OQ®O Õ - ã¬^Î=° =s¾Çò°
¬ôe.
:8
G ~[H©Ç° ~¡OQ®O Õ - ¬ô~Ë²ì`Ç°°Qê G =°`Ç~¡OQ®O Õ - Q®°`ëk¬`Ç¼O
h
A E
G
.P
PiÖH ~¡OQ®O Õ - ¬#°ß q°#¬ð~òO¬ô ÚOki

AB C
D
ER I
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
O
1. =^Î°=ô#° _È|°Ä Wzó Hù#°ä½ø<Í q"¬ì ¬^Îu? 2) ãH©.¬î.1500 #°O_ ãH©.¬î.1000

CH
YD
(Group-I - 2012) 3) ãH©.¬î.3000 #°O_ ãH©.¬î.2000
1) J¬°~¡ 2) Ìá§KÇ 3) ã¬*ì¬`Ç¼ 4) ~HÆ¬ 4) ãH©.¬î.6000 #°O_ ãH©.¬î.5000

,H
2. ãwä½° Ìáì_¨¬æ¹ Jx ²ez# ì~¡`Ç #k? (Gr-I - 12) 7. |°°öQÞ^ÎOHêO<\ ÷ r=#O Zä½ø=Qê? (J.L. - 2006)
AM
T
1) ~q 2) ¬>ÿÁå* 3) rO 4) p< 1) #Q®~Çò`ÇO 2) ãQêg°}Çò`ÇO

H
3) ã¬¬OKÇò`ÇO 4) J~¡Ö#Q®~Çò`ÇO
M
3. ã^¥q_È ÜáeH÷ K³Ok# "¬°ë§GO HxæOKÇ°#k?

AM
(Group-I - 2010) 8. |°°öQÞ^ÎO qlOKÇ|_# ìQê°?(J.L. - 2006)

IG
1) L`Çë~¡ì~¡`Ç^Í×O 2) ^ÎH÷Æ}ì~¡`Ç^Í×O 1) ¬ô~}ì° 2) L¬x+¬`Ç°ë°

KH
3) =°^Î¼ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O 4) `Ç¶~¡°æì~¡`Ç^Í×O 3) =°O_È ì° 4) JHÆ~òHê°

R
4. D ãH÷Ok "x Õ +¬_£-^Î~¡Å< Õ (P~¡° ãp# 9. |°°öQÞ^Î HêO <\ ÷ ï~O_È° ¬° ÚOk# À~¡°Á?
ì~¡`ÇªOã¬^¥Ç°H ùÞH ì=<=¼=¬Ö°) ìQ®O (J.L. - 2006)
Hêxk Uk? (Group-I- 2004) 1) ÕH, [# 2) ãQê=°, ¬
1) ªOY¼ 2) ³¶Q® 3) ¬à $u 4) <¼Ç° 3) ¬q°u, ãQê=° 4) ¬, ¬q°u

10. ãH÷Ok "i Õ ^ÎÇ¶ìQ® ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç?(Group-II - 1999)
5. ''¬î~¡Þ g°=¶O¬ÑÑ "¼Mì¼xOz#"_È° *ÿáq°x. ''L`Çë~¡
g°=¶O¬ÑÑ#° "¼Mì¼xOz#^³=~¡°? (Group-I - 2002) 1) qÀ¦°ß×Þ~¡ 2) ä½ÁH@
1) ¬`ÇO[e 2) QÒ`Ç=ò_È° 3) q§Þq°ã`Ç 4) r=ü`Ç "¬ì#°_È°

11. ''<zöH`Ë Mì¼#OÑÑ U L¬x+¬`°
Ç ë Õxk? (Gr-I - 1995)
3) H²°_È° 4) ì^Î~Ç°}°_È°
6. ¬Oì=¼"³°Ø |°°öQÞ^Î HêO? (J.L. - 2006)

1) =òO_ÈHË¬x+¬`Ç°ë 2) H~Ë¬x+¬`Ç°ë
1) ãH©.¬î.700 #°O_ ãH©.¬î.550 3) ã¬Õß¬x+¬`Ç°ë 4) `³á`Çës³¶¬x+¬`Ç°ë

12. ¬ô~}ì Õ ~A#° D ^Í=ôx`Ë é èó"~¡°? 25. =¬ì¼ "¬ì#°_È° JO>è?(M.P.D.O- 1997)
(Group-I - 1995) 1) WOã^Î°_È° 2) Jyß 3) "Çò=ô 4) ¬¶~¡°¼_È°

1) ~=ò_È° 2) q+¬µâ=ô 3) ã|¬ìà 4) t=ô_È° 26. =¶#=ôx =°#¬° #°Oz Çò^ÎO "³ò^Î=ô`Ç°Ok Jx
13. ã¬^Î=°O Õ =°¬ðì~¡`ÇO À~¡°? (Group-I - 1995) U "Í^ÎO Õ À~ùø#|_Ok? (M.J.A.O - 2012)
1) ¬ìi=O×O 2) J¬¬ëO¬¶ã`ÇO 1) J^Î~¡Þ}"Í^ÎO 2) ª=°"Í^ÎO
3) [Ç° ¬O²ì`Ç 4) J^¥¼~ò 3) Ç°Aö~Þ^ÎO 4) |°°öQÞ^ÎO
14. U "Í^¥xß ¬Ow`Ç ¬~¡"³°Ø# H$uQê ¬iQ®}÷OK~¡°?
27. D ãH÷Ok "\ ÷ Õ |°°öQÞ^Î Hê ìxH÷ ¬O|OkOz# =°`ÇO
(Group-II - 2012)
³òHø ã¬^¥# HÆ}=ò Uq°\ ÷? (A.E.E's - 2012)
1) |e^¥<° 2) qãQ®¬ð~^Î#
3) ª=°"Í^ÎO 4) J^Î~¡Þ}"Í^ÎO
3) ¬ô#~¡û#àÌá q§Þ¬O
15. "³ò`ÇëO ¬ô~}ì ¬OY¼? (Group-II - 2011)
4) ãÔë ^Í=`Ç =ü~¡°ë ã=òY¼`Ç
Y
1) 18 2) 20 3) 12 4) 16
28. =~¡â =°iÇò *ìu =°^Î¼Q® ã¬^¥#"³°Ø# `Í_¨?
16. ''QËã`ÇÑÑ J#° ¬^ÎO "³ò^Î\ ÷ªi "_È|_# "Í^ÎO?
M
(A.E.E's - 2012)
(Group-II - 2011)
1) *ìu `Ç~Þ`Ç =~¡âO U~¡æ_Ok
1) ª=°"Í^ÎO 2) |°°öQÞ^ÎO
95 E
2) *ìu J<Ík =~¡âO #°O_ L^ÎÄqOzOk
9
3) J^Î~¡Þ}"Í^ÎO 4) Ç°Aö~Þ^ÎO
59
D
3) =~â° <°Q®° Hêx *ìu J<ÍHO
17. L¬x+¬`°
Ç
ë ° ãH÷Ok "\÷ Õ ^ÍxH÷ ¬O|OkOz# ãQ®O^¥°?
4) "\÷H÷ XH ^¥xHùH\ ÷ ¬O|O^ÎO è^Î°
1) =°`Ç¬Oªø~° 2) ³¶Q®
CA
(Gr-II - 2003)
(A.E.E's - 2007)
50
29. |°°öQÞ^ÎO HeyÇò#ßk?
3) `Ç`ÇÞ§GO 4) ª=¶lH§GO
1) 1000 ÕÁH=ò° 2) 1038 ÕÁH=ò°
98
18. ãp# ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ Q® 8 q^¥ q"¬ð Õ Uk
3) 1028 ÕÁH=ò° 4) 2028 ÕÁH=ò°

A
J`Ç¼O`Ç P^Î~¡ÅOQê ¬iQ®}÷OKÇ|_#k? (Gr-II - 2002)
:8
30. "Í^Î =ü ãQ®O^ÎO Õ ''ãg²ìÑÑ, ''`ÇO^Î°ÑÑ ''eÑÑ ^Íxx
1) ã|¬ìà 2) ^³á= 3) P~¡Â 4) QêO^Î~¡Þ
h
A E
(A.E.E's - 2007)
.P
¬¶zOKÇ°#°?
19. D ãH÷Ok ãp# Hê¬ô ãQ®O^¥ Õ `³°Q®° "ix
1) ìsÁ 2) aÇ°¼=ò 3) ¬¬C° 4) QË^Î°=°

AB C
(Group-II - 2002)
D
Q®°iOz ã¬ªÖqOz#k Uk?
1) |°°öQÞ^ÎO 2) J~¡Ö§GO 31. |°°öQÞ^ÎO Õ U=ò#ßk? (E.O - 2008)

ER I
3) ~[`Ç~¡Oy}÷ 4) S`Çö~Ç° ãì¬ðà} 1) ^Í=`Ç Qù¬æ`Ç<xß H©ië¬¶ë w`°

O
20. ³¶Qêì¼ªxß q=iOKÍ "Í^ÎO? (J.L - 2007) 2) ^Î°~¾=¶`Çä½ ¬O|OkOz# H^Î°

CH
1) |°°öQÞ^ÎO 2) Ç°Aö~Þ^ÎO 3) ã¬[° \÷OKe# PK~°

YD
3) ª=°"Í^ÎO 4) J^Î~¡Þ} "Í^ÎO 4) "Í^ÎHêO Q®°iOz# KÇiã`Ç

,H
21. ãp# ì~¡`Ç ªO¬ø $uH KÇiã`Çä½ D ãH÷Ok "x Õ 32. "³ákH ÇòQ®O Õ =¬¶° KÍ²#¬#°ß? (E.O - 2008)
AM
1) |e 2) q^¥`Ç 3) =~¡à<£ 4) H~¡

T
Uk Ju ^ÎQ®¾~¡ P^¥~¡O? (Group-II - 2000)
1) "Í^Î=ò° 2) ¬¶ã`Ç=ò° 33. "Í^ÎHêO <\ ÷ P~¡°¼ ³òHø qõ+¬"³°Ø# / ã¬^¥#"³°Ø#

H
M
3) L¬x+¬`Ç°ë° 4) ¬ô~}ì° P¬ ð ~¡ O ? (A.C.E - 2008)

AM
IG
22. ìQ®OQê^Î~ uH± ã¬Hê~¡O P~¡°¼ [#à¶q° Uk? 1) ìsÁ =°iÇò J#ß=ò / aÇ°¼O
KH
(Group-II - 2000) 2) J#ß=ò / aÇ°¼O =°iÇò ¬¬C / HêÇ°^¥<¼°

1) Pã²Ç¶ - ¬ìOöQi 2) Piø\÷H± ãO`ÇO 3) P° =°iÇò L`Çæ`Ç°ë°
R
3) ¬¬ë²O^Î° 4) =°^Î¼ P²Ç¶ 4) ä~¡QêÇ°° =°iÇò ¬O_È°Á

23. ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ U ¢Ôë³Ø°< =°~¡}÷Oz#¬ô_È° P"³° =¼H÷ëQ®`Ç
P²ë Z=iH÷
1) ~¡ëä½
K³O^Î°`Ç°Ok?(Group-II - 2000)
2) ä½=¶~¡°ä½
["|°°
1) 1 2) 3 3) 2 4) 3 5) 4
3) ä½=¶ï~ëä½ 4) HË_È×¤ä½
6) 2 7) 2 8) 3 9) 4 10) 4
24. =°e"Í^Î Hê¬ô ¬O¬ø $ux Q®°iOz =°#ä½ U
11) 2 12) 2 13) 3 14) 3 15) 1
P^¥~¡=ò ^¥Þ~¡ `³eÇòKÇ°#ßk?(Group-II - 2000)
16) 3 17) 3 18) 1 19) 4 20) 4
1) <°Q®° "Í^Î=ò° =¶ã`Ç"Í° 21) 1 22) 2 23) 3 24) 4 25) 2
2) L¬x+¬`Ç°ë° =¶ã`Ç"Í° 3) ¬ô~}ì° 26) 4 27) 4 28) 3 29) 3 30) 2
4) ª=°"Í^ÎO, Ç°Aö~Þ^ÎO, J^Î~¡Þ}"Í^ÎO. 31) 1 32) 1 33) 1

ãH©.¬î. 6= ×`|O <\÷ ¬i²`
Ö °
Ç °
G ãH©.¬î.6= ×`|O Õ 62 #¶`Ç# =°`° L^ÎÄqOK~ò.
G ì~¡` Õ Pq~¡ÄqOz# 62 ã¬^¥#"³°Ø# =°` Õ 2 =òY¼"³°Ø#q.
1) *ÿá#=°`ÇO 2) º^Î=°`ÇO Jr=H =°`ÇO (=°Høe QËª ªÖ²OK_È°)
G Ju ãp#"³°Ø#k - HêQê J`Ç¼O`Ç ã¬*ì^Î~¡} ÚOk q×Þ=°`ÇOQê =¶i#k .
Y
*ÿá#=°`ÇO º^Î=°`ÇO
G D =°` Pq~Ä"xH÷ Hê~¡}ì° :
M
1) ãì¬ìà}° Pk¬`Ç¼O 2) L¬x+¬`Ç°ë ã¬ì=O 3) W#°=ò H#°Qù#°@ 4) =_Û "¼~¡O
*ÿá#=°`ÇO
95 E
9
59
D
v |°°(=$)+¬<^Î°_È° :
CA
50
G *ÿá# =°`Ç ªÖ¬ä½_È° - |°°(=$)+¬<^Î°_È° ("³ò^Î\ ÷ f~¡OH~¡°_È°)
98
G W`ÇxH÷ ¬OöH`ÇO - =$+¬O/Z^Î°í. G ~¡°öQÞ^ÎO Õ =$+¬<^Î°_È° ³òHø ã¬ªÖ=# H^Î°.
A
G q+¬µâ, ìQ®=`Ç ¬ô~}ì° =$+¬<^Î°xß ''<~Ç°}°_ÑÑ
:8
J=`~¡OQê À~ùø<ß~ò.
G J<Í¬^ÎO#°O_ J<Í ¬^ÎO ¬ô\÷Ok.

h
l# *ÿá#
A E
.P
G f~¡OH~¡°° J#Qê P`Çàä½ - ¬~¡=¶`Çàä½ =°^Î¼Q® J#°¬O^¥#H~¡ë è^¥ r=# ã¬=Oux ^¥@°@ä½ "~¡k ìO\÷"~¡°.
AB C
D
G "³ò`ÇëO 24 =°Ok f~¡OH~¡°° H~¡°.

ER I
G 22= f~¡OH~¡°_È° J~ò# Ji+¬»<q° z¬ìßO - ×OYO. G ~¡ÅÞ<^Î°_È° : *ÿá#=°`Ç Kiã``ÇàH ªÖ¬ä½_È°.
O
G 23= f~¡ÖOH~¡°_³á# ~¡ÅÞ<^Î°x z¬ìßO - =ò.
G
CH
DÇ°# Hêj ~*ÿá# J×ÞÀ#°_È°, ~}÷"=° ³òHø ä½=¶~¡°_È°.

YD
G DÇ°# Õ^Î#° : 1) J²ìO¬ r=²ìO¬ KÍÇ°~^Î°. 2) ¬`Ç¼O - ¬`Ç¼O#° ¬H= ÿÇò#°

,H
3) JÀëÇ°O - ^ùOQ®`Ç#O KÍÇ°ä½O_È°@ 4) J¬iãQ®¬ìO - P²ë èH é=ô@

AM
T
Ìá <°Q®° ¬¶ã`ä½ =~¡=¶#°_È° 'ã|¬ìàKÇ~¡¼OÑ #° *Õ_Oz ''¬OKÇã=`°ÑÑ Qê =¶ió#"_È° - =~¡=¶# =°¬ðg~¡°_È°.
v =~¡=¶# =°¬ðg~¡°_È° (540 - 468 BC) :

H
M
AM
G
IG
*ÿá#=°`Ç x["³°Ø# ªÖ¬ä½_È°. 24= è^¥ z=i f~¡OH~¡°_È°.

KH
G [##O - ãH©.¬î. 540 `ÇeÁ - ãu§

R
ãQê=°O - ä½O^Î/|¬ä½O^Î ì~¡¼ - Ç ° Õ^Î
`³Q® - *ìýãuH (HÆãuÇ°) ä½=¶ï~ë - ã²Ç°^ÎiÅx / J<Ëß[ý
J°Á_È° - *ì=¶e
Q®°~¡°=ô - =°Ye QËª
QËã`ÇO - H×¼¬
`ÇOã_ - ²^¥~¡°Ö_È°
*ìý<Ë^ÎÇ°O -
=~¡=¶# =°¬ðg~¡°_È°
[$OaH ãQê=°O (ª=$HÆ=ò)
G =~¡=¶#°_È° `Ç# 30= Í°@ ¬`¼<ÍÞ+¬}ïHá |Ç°°^Í~_È°. J~ò# "³ò^Î\ ÷ 6 ¬OII~° =°Ye QËª`Ë He² *ìý#O
ÚO^Î°@ä½ ã¬Ç°ußOz q¦¬=°Ç¶¼_È°.
G `Ç~Þ`Ç q"^¥° U~¡æ_È°@KÍ`Ç g~¡° q_é~ò =°Y QËª ªÖ²Oz# =°`ÇO - Jr=H =°`ÇO.
G =~¡=¶#°_H÷ 42= Í°@ '[$OaHêÑ ãQê=°O, iAHê #nf~# Q® ª=$HÆO ãH÷O^Î *ìý<Ë^ÎÇ°O ÚO^¥_È°.
G J¬æ\÷#°O_ =°¬ðg~¡°_x l#°_È°/J~¡ÝO` JO\ì~¡°.

v a~¡°^Î°° :
; l#°_È° / J~¡ÝO` - *ìý<xß ¬OkOz#"_È°. ; öH=o /ïHá=×Ã¼_È° - ¬O¬î~¡â *ìý#O ÚOk#"_È°.
; =°¬ðg~¡°_È° - J_Èq Õ XO@iQê ^³á~¡¼OQê `Ç¬¬° KÍ²#"_È°.
; x~¡¾Oã^Î°_È° =|O^¥#°O_ q=òH÷ë ÚOk#"_È°. ; <¼Ç°¬ô`Çë, §i¬ô`Çë, ^Í¬ðkxß "³òQ®¾ ì¬ "³òII#q.
G =~¡=¶#°_È° "³¶HÆO ªkOKÇ°@ä½ ''ãu~¡`ß°ÑÑ \÷OKx À~ùø<ß_È°.
Jq : 1) ¬ï~á# q§Þ¬O 2) ¬ï~á# *ìý#O 3) ¬ï~á# ãH÷Ç°
G =~¡=¶#°_ ã¬^¥# t+¬µ¼_È° - *ì=¶e. G *ÿá#=°`ÇO JOu=°HÆ ¼O - öH= ì=¬Ö / ²^Îj ¬Oã²ë.
G D ^Î×#° ÚO^Î°@ä½ ^¥@=²# ùÞH ^Î×° - 14.
G *ÿá#=°`Ç ¬qã`Ç ãQ®O^¥#° JOQê° JO\ì~¡°. Wq 12. J~¡=¶Q®k ì+¬ Õ H=ô.
G *ÿá#=°`Ç "Í^¥O`ÇO - §¼^£ (ª^£) "^ÎO. G §¼^£"^¥xß POã^Î^Í×O Õ ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# "~¡° - HùO_Èä½O^¥K~¡°¼°.
Y
G §¼^£"^¥x POã^Î Õ q¬ëiOz ''§¼^¥Þ^¥KÇ ²O¬ìÑÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î° ÚOk#"~¡° - ªé=°^Í=¬¶i.
M
G *ÿá#=°`Ç ¬qã`Ç"³°Ø# ã=`ÇO ¬ èÁY#O . G '¬ èÁY#OÑ J#Qê - ×s~xß ×Ã+²øO¬KÍ² z=~¡ä½ =°~¡}÷OKÇ_ÈO.
G ¬ èÁY# ã=`ÇO#° \÷Oz# "~¡°. 1) KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ë =°¿~¡¼-1 (Àì=°KÇOã^Î°x ¬i+²+¬»¬~¡ÞO ã¬Hê~¡O)
95 E
2) ~Rä@~A-3= WOã^Î°_È° (J"³¶¦¬°=~¡°Â_ ä½=¶~¡°_È°)
9
59
D
G =°¬ðg~¡°_ `Ç`ÇÞO - (^ÎÞO^Î`Ç`ÇÞO - r= *ì`Ç°O^Î°, KÇ~KÇ~¡=òO^Î° P`Çà H^Î°)
G =~¡=
¶#°_È° ²ìO^Î¶=°`ÇO Õx H~à¡ ²^¥O`ÇO, ¬ô#~¡#
û à#° P"³¶kOK_È° Hêh ''¬$+²H
» ~
Ñë¡ Ñ ^Í=ô_È<Í q+¬¶
Ç xß JOwHiOKÇ ^
è °Î .
G
CA
50
=~¡=¶#°_È° `Ç# Õ^Î##° Zä½ø=Qê ãH$`Ç ì+¬ Õ ÕkOK_È°.
98
=~¡=¶#°_ J#°KÇ~¡°#° x~¡¾O^Î°° (=|O^¥#°O_ q=òH÷ë ÚOk#"~¡°) JO\ì~¡°.
A
G =~¡=¶#°_È° *ÿá# =°`Ç ¬¶ã`#° ã¬Õk¬¶ë `Ç# 72= Í°@ =°Á ^ÎH÷Æ} ~[^¥x
:8 '"¬ôiÑ (ä½=°_È ãQêO J<Í
¬ÖO Õ) =^Îí J²Ö°_È° J<Í ~A WO\ÕÁ ïHá=¼ ²k ÚO^¥_È°.

h
A E
G
.P
ïHá=×¼O ÚO^Í<\÷H÷ =~¡=¶#°_ J#°KÇ~¡°° 14 HÆ 8 =°Ok.

AB C
v "³ò^Î\÷ *ÿá# ¬i+¬` (ãH©.¬î.310) @b¬ôã`ÇO :

D
ER I
G =~¡=¶#°_ =°~¡}ìO`Ç~¡O ãH©.¬î. 4= ×`|O Õ =°Q®^Î Õ Qù¬æ H~¡°=ô ¬OqOzOk.

O
G HùO`Ç=°Ok *ÿá#°° ã^Îì¬ <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õx

CH
H~ß@H ÕQ® ä½ KÍ~¡°ä½<ß~¡°.

YD
'ã§=}ÿ×QË×Ñ
G ¬¶Öã^Î°x <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ q°Q®` *ÿá#° =°Q®^Î Õ LO_ éÇ¶~¡°.

,H
G ã^Îì¬=ô *ÿá#°° ¬ì¬ðg~¡°x Õ^Î##° Hi#OQê iOK~¡°.

AM
G
T
¬¶Öã^Î°x *ÿá#°° ~¡ÅÞ<^Î°x ²^¥O`#° \÷¬¶ë `³Áx ^Î°¬°ë#°

ã§=} ÿQ
× ù× -QË=°ö~
Þ× ~¡°_È°
^ÎiOKÇ_ÈO ã~¡OaOK~¡°.
H
M
G 12 ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò `Ç~Þ`Ç H~¡°=ô JO`ÇOHêQê ã^Îì¬=ô <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õx *ÿá#°° uiy =°Q®^Îä½ KÍ~¡°ä½<ß~¡°.
AM
IG
G ã^Îì¬=ô, ¬¶Öã^Î =°^Î¼ q"^¥° U~¡æ_¨Û~ò.

KH
G D q"^¥#° ¬i+¬øiOKÇ°@ä½ @b¬ôã`ÇO =^Îí =°¿~¡¼ KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôëx <Í`Ç$`ÇO Õ "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ *ÿá# ¬i+¬` x~¡Þ²ìOKÇ|_Ok.
G
R
¬¶Ö ã^Î nxH÷ J^Î¼HÆ`Ç =²ìOK_È°.

G D ¬=¶"Í×O Õ<Í 12 JOQê#° ãHË_HiOKÇ_ÈO [iyOk.
G nx Õ *ÿá#=°`ÇO 1) õÞÒ|~¡°° (~¡ÅÞ<^Î°x J#°KÇ~¡°°)
2) kQ®O|~¡°° (=~¡=¶#°_ J#°KÇ~¡°°) J<Í ï~O_È° =~¾°Qê q_éÇ¶~¡°.
Z) õÞÒ|~¡°° - gi J^Î¼äÆ½_È° - ¬¶Öã^Î - `³Áx =¢ªë° ^Îiªë~¡°.
a) kQ®O|~¡°° - gi J^Î¼äÆ½_È° - ã^Îì¬ - kQ®O|~¡OQê LO\ì~¡°.
v ï~O_È= *ÿá# ¬i+¬` :

G nxx ãH©.¬î. 512 Õ "³°Øãuä½° J<Í `³Q®"~¡° Q®°[~` Õx =Áa Õ x~¡Þ²ìOK~¡°.
G nx J^Î¼äÆ½_È° - ^Í=~¡Ö¦¬°x HÆÇ°ã×=°}. G *ÿá# ª²ì`Ç¼O#° ãH=°¬^Îu Õ J=°~¡°ó@ nx ³òHø =òY¼L^Í×O.
G *ÿá# ª²ì`¼° J~ò# JOQê° (12), LOQê° (12), ¬î~¡ÞOQê° / ãkHê~¡O Õ (10) "³òII WHø_È ÀHiOK~¡°.

G *ÿá#°° q^¥¼^ÍqÇ°<£ (¬~¡¬ÞfQ®°Kó°) ¢Ôë ^Í=`Ç#° ¬îlOK~¡°.
G D ^Í=` qãQ®¬ð#° k ìÞ~ (=°¿O\ J|¶ ~[ªÖ<£) YA~¡¬ìÙ ^Í"Ç¶ Õ KÇ¶_È=KÇ°ó.
v *ÿá#=°`ÇO é+²Oz# ~A° :

G J=Ou ä½_È° ã¬^Ë¼^Î#°_È° - *ÿá# =°`ÇO#° ÔÞHiOz# `ùe ~A.
G =°¿~¡¼ KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° z=i ~ËA ÕÁ ã§=} ÿQËì"³eÁ ã^Îì¬=ô ¬¬ìHê~¡O`Ë *ÿá#=°`ÇO#° ÔÞHiOK_È°.
G =°¿~¡¼ KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° '¬ èÁY# ã=`ÇOÑ#° \÷Oz 'ã§=} ÿQË×Ñ =^ÎíQ® KÇOã^Îyi HùO_ÈÌá ãH©.¬î. 298 Õ =°~¡}÷OK_Èx
Àì=°KÇOã^Î°x ¬i+²+¬»¬~¡ÞO ^¥Þ~ `³°¬°ëOk. G KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ë =°¿~¡°¼_È° ã^Îì¬=ôä½ ¬=°Hêeä½_È°.
G PÕä½_ =°#=_È° ¬Oã¬u ^ÎH÷Æ}^Í×O Õ *ÿá#=°`Ç "¼²ëH÷ ìQê H$+² KÍÇ°_ÈO`Ë ¬Oã¬ux *ÿá# JÕä½_È° JO\ì~¡°.
v Mì~¡"Í°_È° aäÆ½~A :
G
Y
DÇ°# *ÿá#° ÕQ® J<³áH¼`Ç#° ~¡¶¬ô=¶¬ô@ä½ 'ä½=¶~¡yiÑ Ìá *ÿá# ¬i+¬`#° x~¡Þ²ìOK_È°.
G ~Rä@~A J"³¶¦¬°=~¡°Â_È° - '~¡`Çß=¶eHÑ J<Í *ÿá# ãQ®O^ÎO#° ã"§_È°.
M
G ãH©.×. 981 Õ (984) Õ QËÇ°ö~×Þ~¡ ^Í"Ç°O Õ ''ì¬|eÑÑ qãQ®¬ðxß ¬tó=°Q®OQê ~*ÿá# 4= ~KÇ=°°Áx =°Oãu
J~ò# . ã§=} ÿQË×Ç°O^Î° ã¬u+²»OK_È°. nx Z`Ç°ë
95 E
K=òO_È~Çò_È° 21.5 g°@~¡°Á.
9
G ã¬¬OKÇO Õ Ju ãp#"³°Ø# ì¬|e qãQ®¬ìO ZHø_È H^Î° - (x*ì=¶ì^£)
59
Õ^Î<£ / é`Ç<£
D
G POã^Îã¬^Í Õx ã¬=òY *ÿá#f~¡O - ~=°f~¡O (q[Ç°#Q®~¡O) G Hù#°H (# ç¾O_È) ã¬¬°ë`Ç (`³OQê})
G
CA
*ÿá# Q®°¬ðÇ¶° : Xiª (L^ÎÇ°yi) =°¬ð~R - Z ÕÁ~, =°^Î¼ã¬^Í - YA~¡¬ìÙ
50
G =~¡Ö=¶#°_ =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O 11 =°Ok Q®}^¥~¡°° H~¡°. gi Õ =òY°¼_È° Pï~¼ ¬°^Î~¡Å#°_È°.
98
G ã¬¬OKÇO Õ 100% JHÆ~¬¼`Ç ªkOz# UïHáH =°`ÇO - *ÿá#=°`ÇO.
A
G POã^Î Õx *ÿ#
á aä½Æ =ô° 1) `ùe"~¡° - HùO_È ä½O^¥K~¡°¼° 2) LãQêk`Ç°¼_È° -
:8 Hì¼}Hê~¡HO
J<Í "³^
á ¼Î ãQ®OÔ
Î #° ã"§_È°.
G nx ã¬Hê~¡O ã¬¬OKÇO L`Ç~¡}÷, J=¬~¡}÷ J<Í ^Î×° ÿHø è#xß LO\ì~ò.
h
¬`Ç ¬ô~¡°+¬ ²^¥O`ÇO :
A E
.P
G L`Ç~¡}÷ (Ja=$k ^Î×) J=¬~¡}÷ (¬`Ç#^Î×)

AB C
G
D
ã¬fÇòQ®O Õ 63 =°Ok ¬`Ç ¬ô~¡°+¬µ° LO\ì~¡° gi Õ 24 =°Ok f~¡OH~¡°° 12=°Ok q×ÞKÇãH=~¡°ë° LO\ì~¡x À~ùøO@°Ok.
ER I
*ÿá# f~¡OH~¡°° "i z¬ðß°

O
CH
f~¡OH~¡°x <=°O z¬ ì ßO

YD
1. |°°+¬<^Î°_È°(Pk<^Î°_È°) =$+¬O(Z^Î°í)
,H
2. ¬îl`Ç(Jl`Ç)<^Î U#°Q®°
3. ¬O=<^Î Q®°]O
AM
T
4. Ja#O^Î# HËu
H
M
5. ¬°=°u<^Î ãHêOKÇ¬H÷Æ
AM
6. ¬^Îàã¬° H=°O
IG
7. ¬°~¡ÅÞ<^Î ¬Þ²H
ë ±
KH
8. KÇOã^Îã¬° KÇOã^Î°_È°
R
9. ¬ô+¬æ^ÎO`Ç =°H~¡O
10. j`Ç<^Î N=`ÇQ®°~¡°ë
11. ãõÇ¶O¬<^Î Y_È¾=°$Q®O
12. "¬°¬î[ öQ^³
13. q=°<^Î =~¬ìO
14. J#O`Ç<^Î ÿái¬H÷Æ
15. ^Î~¡à<^Î ²_È°Q®° 20. Çòh¬°g~¡<^Î `è °
16. §Ou<^Î ^Î°²æ 21. <Íq°<^Î hH=°O
17. ä½O`Ç<^Î "Í°H 22. Ji+¬<Íq° ×OHO
18. J~¡<^Î #O^Î¼=~¡ëQ®°~¡°ë 23. ~¡ÅÞ<^Î°_È° =ò
19. =°Á<^Î ä½O_È 24. =~¡=¶# =°¬ðg~¡°_È° ²O¬ìO

º^Î=°`ÇO
G º^Î=°`Ç ªÖ¬ä½_È° - QÒ`Ç=°|°^Î°_È° (563-483 a.²)-80 ¬OII~°.
J¬° À~¡° - ²^¥~¡°Ö_È°
`ÇOã_ - ×Ã^Ëí^Î#°_È°
`Ç e Á - =°¬ ð =¶Ç ¶ ^Í q
¬=u`ÇeÁ - =°¬ðã¬*ì¬u QÒ`Çq°
[##O - 563 a.²
¬ô\÷# ¬ÖO - °Oax=#O (<Í )
ì~¡¼ -
Y
Ç ° Õ^ Î ~ ¡
ä½=¶~¡°_È° - ~¬°_È°
M
|°^Î°x a~¡°^Î°° :
Hl<£ - ^Í=^Î`Ç°ë_È°
1) `Ç^¥Q®`°Ç _È°
`³Q® - (HÆãuÇ°`³Q®)
95 E
§H¼
9
2) §M¼=òx
~¡^Îª~¡k -
59
K³#°ß_È°
D
3) P²¶
Ç *Õ¼u (Z_Þ<£ J~ß )Û
Q®°ã~¡O - HO~¡H
4) ã¬O
¬ KÇ*Õ¼u (N=°u ~
ï <
á _
£ q
Í _£)
CA
|°^Î°_x ãÀq°Oz# ¢Ôë - H÷¬ QÒ`Çq°
50
=°~¡ } O - ä½t #Q®~¡O (483 a.².)
98
G
A
`Ç# 80= Í°@ KÇO_¨°_È° Ì\÷# ¬Ok=¶O¬O ux =°~¡}÷OK_È°. :8
G ²^¥~¡°Ö_È° =°¬ð=¶Ç¶^Íq Q®~¡ÄO Õ L#ß¬C_È° P"³° ×s~¡O ÕH÷ `³Áx U#°Q®° ã¬"ÍtOz#@°Á HH#ßk.
h
A E
G
.P
Jt`Ç J<Í |°°+² D H× Q®°iOz q=i¬¶ë P"³°ä½ [xàOKÇÕÍ°k =°Q®t×Ã=ô Jx J`Ç_È° q×ÞKÇãH=ië è^¥ q×Þ¬<¼²
AB C
J=ô`_Èx À~ùø<ß_È°.
D
G ²^¥~¡°Ö_È° |°^Î°_ `ÇeÁ [xàOz# ~ËA#<Í =°~¡}÷OzOk.

ER I
7=
G
O
nO`Ë ×Ã^Ë^Î#°_È° 4 QË_È =°^Î¼<Í ²^¥~¡°Ö_x ÌOz Ì^Îí"_x KÍ§_È°.
G ²^¥~¡°Ö_ ÌO¬ô_ `ÇeÁ - =°¬ðã¬*ì¬u QÒ`Çq°.

CH
G
YD
²^¥~¡°Ö_È° XH ~ËA `Ç# H²=¬°ë ~[¼O Õ ¬~¡¼\÷¬°ëO_ÈQê KÇ¶²# ¬O¦¬°@#° - 4 =~¡°¬Qê
,H
1) =$^Î°_È° 2) ~Ëy 3) ×=O 4) ¬<¼²
G nx`Ë ²^¥~¡°Ö_È° D q×ÞO Õ §¬Þ`Ç ¬O`Ë+¬O è^Îx ìqOz ^¥x Hù~¡ä½ ã¬Ç°ußOKÇ°@ä½ x~¡â~òOKÇ°ä½<ß_È°.
AM
T
G `Ç# 29= Í°@ ~¡^Îª~¡k KÍ#ß öH`Ç°=ô ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë (HO~¡H Q®°ã~¡O À~¡°) WO\÷x (¬~¡ÞÕQê#°) =ke ¬`¼<ÍÞ+¬}ïHá
H
M
|Ç°°^Í~_È°. nx<Í ''=°¬ða xã+¬ø=°}OÑÑ JO\ì~¡°.

AM
G ²^¥~¡°Ö_È° `ùeªiQê ("³á§e) J<Í Q®°~¡°=ô#°, `Ç~Þ`Ç (\ìß) J<Í Q®°~¡°=ô#°

IG
J ì~¡H ì=° L^¥~¡H / ~¡°ã^ÎH ~=°¬ôã`Ç

KH
He§_È°. Hêh g~¡° K³²æ# q+¬Ç¶`Ë ²^¥~¡°Ö_È° ¬O`Ç$²ë K³O^Î è^Î°.
G ²^¥~¡°Ö_È° P `Ç~Þ`Ç ãQê=°O KÍ~¡°Hùx x~¡O[<£ (ã¬¬°ë`Ç b ì[#) #k Õ ªß#=¶KÇiOz =$HÆO ãH÷O^Î
R
''L~¡°"ÍÑÑ 'J×Þ¬ÖÑ
49 ~ËA@° `Ç¬¬° KÍ² "³á§Y Ï~¡âq° ~ËA *ìý#O ÚO^¥_È°. nx<Í ''¬OÕkÑÑ JO\ì~¡°.
G *ìý<Ë^ÎÇ°O ÚO^Í<\÷H÷ W`Çx =Ç°¬° - 35 ¬OII
G L~¡°"Í Õ^£Q®Ç°Qê ~qK³@° - Õk=$HÆOQê =¶ié~òOk.
G WHø_È ²^¥~¡°Ö_È° - |°^Î°_Qê =¶~_È°.
G |°^Î°_H÷ ¬O_È°Á , ¦¬¬ð~°, Ç°¬O#° <³á"Í^Î¼OQê Ì\÷# ¢Ôë - ¬°*ì`Ç.
G |°^Î°_H÷ ^¥¼# |OQ®O HeyOz# ^Í=H#¼ / ^³Ç°¼O -=¶~¡
G |°^Î°_È° *ìý<Ë^ÎÇ°O ÚOk# `Ç~Þ`Ç "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê ª~<^£ Õx =°$Q®^¥ (lOH) =#O Õ `Ç# ¬î~¡Þ¬ô t+¬µ¼°/
q°ã`Ç°° J~ò# 5 Q®°~¡° ãì¬ìà}°ä½
1) HùO_È# 2) ç¬æ 3) |kÇ° 4) J¬ëH 5) =°¬ð<=° `Ç#° `³°¬°ä½#ß *ìý<xß ÕkOK_È°.

G |°k[O ¬ô\÷# ¬ÖO / ã¬^Í×O - ª~¡<^£ (L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í)
G nx<Í ''^Î~¡àKÇãH ¬i=~¡ë#OÑÑ JO\ì~¡°.
G |°^Î°x ^Î~¡àKÇãHO Õx Pä½ ¬OY¼ (JOQ®=¶~¡¾O Q®°iOz) -8. HêQê JÕä½x ^Î~¡àKÇãHO Õx Pä½ ¬OY¼ - 24.
G `Ç~Þ`Ç H²=¬°ë "³eÁ QÒ`Ç=°, ~¬°_È° "³òII"ix º^Î=°`ÇO Õ KÍiæOK_È°.
G |°^Î°_ ã²Ç° t+¬µ¼_È° - P#O^Î°_È° - ¬°`Çë Ô~¡HO#° ~¡zOK_È°. Ìo¤~ËA# º^ÎO#° ÔÞHiOz Ìo¤x x~HiOz#"_È°
- P#O^Î°_È°.
G =°~ùH t+¬µ¼_È° - Le - q#Ç° Ô~¡HO#° ã"§_È°.
G |°^Î°_ Õ^Î# ^¥Þ~ =°OzQê =¶i# |Oké@°^ùOQ® - JOQ®°o=¶
G |°^Î°_ t×Ã¼ Õ =°¬ð¬O_`Ç°_È° - =°¬ðHê×¼¬
G |°^Î°x Õ^Î# ^¥Þ~ "Í§¼=$uëH÷ ¬Þ²ë K³²æ º^Î=°`Ç q¬ë~¡}ä½ `Ç# Ç¶=^¥²Ö (=¶q°_`Ë@#°) ã"²zó# P"³° -
Y
Jã=°e.
G J`Ç¼O`Ç ^ÎxH t+¬µ¼_È° - J#O`Ç ²O_ÈH (|°^Î°_H÷ J<ÍH =°~° xiàOK_È°)
M
G |°^Î°_x ¬ÞÇ°OQê ^ÎiÅOz º^¥xß ÔÞHiOz |°^Î°_H÷ ¬=°Hêeä½_È°Qê L#ß
~A (¬ì~¼OH =O× ªÖ¬ä½_È°)
95 E
aOaª~¡°_È°
9
G aOaª~¡°_È° |°^Î°_H÷ - ^¥#OQê WKó_È°.
59
"Í°°=#O#°
D
G |°k[O ª~¡<^£ Õ Pq~¡ÄqOKÇQê, Jk qH²Oz# #Q®~¡O - HË¬
CA
G |°^Î°_È° Zä½ø= HêO Q®_²# ã¬^Í×O - ã§=²Ö.
50
G º^Î=°`ÇO#° ÔÞHiOz# `ùe =°²ì× - =°¬ðã¬*ì¬u QÒ`Çq° .
98
G =°²ì×° º^Î=°`ÇO#° ÔÞHiOKÇ_ÈO#° º^Î=°`ÇO Õ ''q¬Á"`ÇàH"³°Ø# KÇ~¡¼ÑÑ JO\ì~¡°. aO^Î°ª~¡°_È°
A
:8
G `Ç# ä½=¶ï~ë#° |uH÷OKÇ=°x QÒ`Ç=ò_x HËi J`ÇxKÍ "¬ë"xß ãQ®²ìOz º^¥xß ÔÞHiOz#k H÷¬ QÒ`Çq°.
G
h
QÒ`Ç=ò_È° K×Ãä½¼ä½, HùmÇòä½ =°^Î¼Q® q"^Î=ò#° §OuÇò`ÇOQê ¬i+¬øiOK_È°.

A E
~Ë²ì}© #k
.P
G |°^Î°_È° ¬ô~Ë²ì`Ç° Pk¬`¼xß, "Í^¥#° YO_OK_È°.

AB C
D
G =~¡â =¼=¬Ö#° Q®°iëOK_È° Hêh U =~¡âO"ï~á< "³¶HÆO#° ÚO^Î=KÇóx À~ùø<ß_È°.

ER I
G ¬ô#~¡û#à Ìá q§Þ¬O LOK_È°.

O
G ã¬°`ÇÞ L^Ë¼Q®°°, Ìáxä½°, ìx¬°, |°°}ãQ®¬°ë°, ä½+¬µ», =ü~¡ó "¼kãQ®¬°Ö° z#ß²Á° `ÇeÁ^ÎOã_È° J#°=°u
CH
èx^Í º^ÎO ÔÞHiOKÇ~^Îx À~ùø<ß_È°.

YD
G |°^Î°_ ²^¥O`° : P~¡¼ ¬`¼° - 4

,H
1. ã¬¬OKÇ=°O` ^Î°Y=°Ç°O - ^Î°YO

AM
T
2. ^Î°MìxH÷ Hê~¡}O HËiH° - ¬=ò^ÎÇ°
3. ^Î°Mìxß [~òOKO>è HËiH#° x"iOKe - x~Ë^Î

H
M
4. HËiH#° [~òOKO>è "³¶HÆ=¶~¡¾O / JOQ® =¶~¡¾O H^Î° Jx ÕkOK_È°.

AM
IG
G |O^Î<° U~æ@°#° Q®¶ió ã¬=zOz# ²^¥O`ÇO - ã¬fÇ° ¬=ò`æ^ÎH ²^¥O`ÇO.

KH
v JOQ® =¶~¾° :
R
1) ¬ï~á# "ä½ø, 2) ¬ï~á# ãH÷Ç°, 3) ¬ï~á# r=#O, 4) ¬ï~á# ã×=°,

5) ¬ï~á# x×óÇ°O, 6) ¬ï~á# P ÕKÇ#/HËiH 7) ¬ï~á# q§Þ¬O /^Î$+²», 8) ¬ï~á# ^¥¼#O/ ¬=¶k
G QÒ`Ç=°|°^Î°_È° z=iªiQê ãH©.¬î. 483 Õ 'ä½t<~Ñ J<Í ãO`ÇO Õ ''KÇO_È°_È°ÑÑ J<Í (~¡^ÎHê~¡°) t+¬µ¼_È° Ì\÷#
¬Ok=¶O¬O ux J×Þ¬Ö`Çä½ Q®°ï~á `Ç# 80= Í°@ ª =$HÆê H÷O^Î `Ç#° L`Çë~¡ k× LOz "³á§Y ×Ã^Î Ï~¡âq°<_È°
=°~¡}÷OK_È°.
G nx<Í ''=°¬ð¬ix~¼}OÑÑ JO\ì~¡°.
G =°~¡} ¬=°Ç°O Õ W`Çx "³O@ L#ß t+¬µ¼_È° - P#O^Î°_È°.
G |°^Î°_
[##O, *ìý<Ë^Î°Ç O, =°¬ð¬ix~¼}O° "³
á §Y ×Ã^Î Ï~¡q
â °~ËA# ¬Oq
OK~ò JO^Î°H
ö º^Î°
° ''|°^Î¬îiâ=°QêÑÑ
[~¡°¬ôä½O\ì~¡°.

G |°^Î°x =°~¡}O `Ç~Þ`Ç J`Çx Õ^Î##° =ü_È° |°@ Õ ÀHiOK~¡°. g\÷x ''ãuÔ~¡Hê°ÑÑ JO\ì~¡°.
G ''ãuÔ~¡Hê°ÑÑ - m ì+¬ Õ H=ô.
1. ¬°`Çë Ô~¡HO - P#O^Î°_È° ã"§_È° - |°^Î°_È° ÕkOz# JO§#° L#ßq L#ß@°Qê ã"§_È° - nx Õx ìQê#°
''xMìÇ°ÑÑ JO\ì~¡°.
2. q#Ç° Ô~¡HO - Le ã"§_È° - (ãH=°tHÆ}, xÇ°=¶=o)
3. Ja^Î=°à Ô~¡HO - |°^Î°x `Ç`ÇÞO`Ë@° º^Î Q®~¡°=ô Õ^Î#°.
G º^Î=°`Ç ''ãu~¡`ß°ÑÑ - 1) |°^ÎO - ×~¡}O Q®Kóq°
2) ¬O¦¬°O - ×~¡}O Q®Kóq°
3) ^Î~¡àO - ×~¡}O Q®Kóq°.
G |°^Î°_ rq`xH÷ ¬O|OkOz# ¬O¦¬°@##° - ¬OKÇ Hì¼}ì° JO\ì~¡°.
Y
¬OKÇ Hì¼}=ò° : Q®°~¡°ë z¬ìßO
M
1) |°^Î°_ [##O - `=°~¡¬ô=ôÞ
2) =°¬ðaxã+¬ø}O - Q®°ã~¡O
95 E
3) *ìý<Ë^ÎÇ°O - Õk=$HÆO
9
59
4) ^Î~¡àKÇãH ¬i=~¡ë#O - KÇãH=ò
D
5) =°¬ð¬ix~¼}O - ¬¶Ö¬O
G ¬¶Ö¬O - |°^Î°_ (º^Î Q®°~¡°=ô) J=õÌá xiàOKÇ|_#q.
CA
50
G q¬ð~¡O - º^Î ¬<¼¬° qã§Ou Q®^Î°°
98
G
A
K³á`Ç¼O - º^Î° ^Í"Ç°O ã~¡Ö<Ç°O
:8
º^Î ¬Ow`Ç°° - 4
h
A E
.P
G
AB C
|°^Î°_ =°~¡}ìO`Ç~¡O "³ò`ÇëO 4 º^Î ¬Ow`° [iQê~ò.

D
ER I
ãH.¬O. ¬OII x~¡Þ²ìOz## (~A) "~¡° ã¬^Í×O J^Î¼HÆ_È° ¦¬e`ÇO

O
1. 483 a² J*ì`Ç×ã`Ç°=ô ~[Q®$¬ìO =°¬ðHê×¼¬ 1. ¬°`Çë Ô~¡HO P#O^Î°_È°

CH
2. q#Ç° Ô~¡HO-Le ~¡zOK~¡°.

YD
2. 383 a² HìÕä½_È° "³á§e ¬ìHq° º^Î=°`ÇO `ùeªiQê ï~O_È°Qê

,H
(t×Ã<Q®=O×O Õ peé~òOk.
AM
T
Qù¬æ"_È° a~¡°^Î°- 1. =°¬ðªO¦²°ä½° (=¶~¡°æHË~¡°

HêH=i<£) ä½<Í"~¡°)
H
M
AM
2. ¬q
Ö =~¡ "^°Î ° (=¶~¡°æ HË~¡x"~¡°)
IG
2= ¬=°"Í×O#ä½ ¬ð[ï~á# POã^Î Õx

KH
`ùe º^ÎaäÆ½=ô - =°¬ð^Í= aäÆ½=ô.

R
3. 251 a.² JÕä½_È° @b¬ôã`ÇO "³òQ®e¬ô`Çë º^Î°° UH=°Ç¶¼~¡°

u¬ - Ja^Î=°à Ô~¡H#° HË_HiOK~¡°.
("³òQ®e¬ô`Çëu¬)
4. ãH©.×.72 Hx+¬µø_È° [O^Î~ / =¬°q°ã`Ç°_È° - =°¬ðqì+¬ §¢¬ëO#° ã"§_È°.

1= ×`|íO ä½O^Î=#O/ J^Î¼äÆ½_È° - º^Î=°`ÇO 2= ªi ï~O_È°Qê
[=üàÊ J"³¶¦¬° peé~òOk.
Hêjà~ =~¡°Â_È° 1) Ôì<Ç¶#O, 2) =°¬ðÇ¶#O
L^Î¼äÆ½_È° - 4= ¬=¶"Í§xH÷ ¬ð[ï~á#
POã^Î°_È° PK~¡¼ <Qê~¡°û#°_È°.
- ãH©.×. Õ [iy# UïHáH º^Î ¬Owu.

G QÒ`Ç=°|°^Î°_x *ìu, H~¡°}ä½ ã¬uxk - k _Íq_£.
G QÒ`Ç=°|°^Î°_x "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê ã¬¬OKxH÷ ¬iKÇÇ°O KÍ²# "~¡° - ïHÁ"³°O\.
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ `ùeªiQê "¬°ë q^¥<xß ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# "~¡° - º^Î°°.
G º^Î=°`Ç "¬°ë q^¥#O#° `³eÀ ãQ®O^ÎO - ''=°¬ð¬ixì= ¬°`Çë=òÑÑ
G ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O/ POã^Î^Í×O Õ =°¬ðÇ¶# º^ÎO#° ã~¡OaOz Zä½ø=Qê ã¬K~¡O KÍ²#"~¡° - PK~¡¼ <Qê~¡°û#°_È°.
G =°¬ðÇ¶# º^ÎO HêãH=°O Õ 2 §Y° :
1) ³¶QêK~¡ "^ÎO - ("³°ØãuÇ° <^Î°_È°) 2) =¶^Î¼q°H"^ÎO (PK~¡¼ <Qê~¡°û#°_È°)Qê q_é~òOk.
G PK~¡¼ <Qê~¡°ûx_H÷ N ¬~¡Þ`ÇO Õ ~¡q°`Ç / =°¬ðq¬ð~¡O #° Wzó# §`Ç"¬ì# ~A - Ç°[ý N§`ÇHiâ
G PK~¡¼ <Qê~¡°û#°_È° - =¶^Î¼q°H, ×´#¼"^ÎO #° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
G W`Ç_°È ¬O¬ø $`ÇO Õ - ¬ì¬ $ Y

Áè - ~¡`ß=o - ~¡q°`Ç §¢¬O
ë - ^Î
× ¶
q° -P~ËQ®¼=°O[i - ×´#¼ ¬ëk q+¬¶
Ç ° -
Y
=ü=¶^Î¼q°H Hê~¡HO "³òII ~¡zOK_È°.
M
W`Ç#° "³ò@"³ò^Î@Qê ªÀHÆ ²^¥O`ÇO #° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
G º^¥xß ÔÞHiOz# `ùeq^Íj~A - g°<O_È~ (WO_Ë ãwä½ Õ Qù¬æ"_È°)
95 E
G
9
g°<O_È~ ã¬×ß°, <Q®À#°x ¬=¶^¥<° Q® ãQ®O^ÎO - 'q°oO^Î¬<ÝÑ
59
D
G º^Î=°`xH÷ K³Ok# WO_Ë ãwä½ tæHì ¬"Í°à×#O - QêO^¥~¡ tæH×.
G QêO^¥~¡ tæH×#° ã¬"Í×Ì@Qê HêO Õ ã¬¬OKÇ ã¬²kQêOzOk.
CA
WO_Ë ãwä½° Hx+¬µøx
50
G QêO^¥~¡ tæH×Ìá z=i (ï~O_È=ªi) ~ËA ÕÁ - ~Ë=°#Á ã¬ì=O Hxæ¬°ëOk.
98
G cã=¶ ÕQ® |°^Î°_ qãQ®¬ìO QêO^¥~¡ tæH× Õ Ju ãp#"³°Ø#k.
A
:8
G |°^Î°x HêO Õ =~¡ëä½#° - Ì`Çë° J<Í"~¡°.
G
h
º^Î=°`ÇO ÕH÷ ¢Ôë#° KÍ~¡°óHË=_ÈO, Q®°¬ôë HêO<\÷H÷ q+¬µâ=ô ^Î§=`~¡O Õ 9= J=`~¡OQê |°^Î°_x ¬îlOKÇ_ÈO
A E
.P
"³òII Hê~¡}ì =Á ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ º^ÎO H©Æ}÷Ozé~òOk.

AB C
D
v º^Î=°`Ç H@_¨° : 1) ¬¶Ö°, 2) q¬ð~°, 3) K³á`¼°, 4) P~=¶° =òY¼"³°Ø#q.

ER I
O
G ¬¶Ö¬O : |°^Î°_È° / º^ÎQ®°~¡°=ô ^¥`Ç°=ô° / J=õÌá xiàOKÇ|_# H@_ÈO Wq 3 ~¡Hê°.

CH
1. ^¥`Ç°Q®~¡Ä ¬¶Ö° - |°^Î°_ J=õÌá xiàOz# ¬¶Ö°.

YD
2. L^ÍtH ¬¶Ö° - |°^Î°xÌá H÷ë ì=O`Ë xiàOz#q.

,H
3. iÕ[# ¬¶Ö° - |°^Î°_È° / º^Î Q®°~¡°=ô° "_# =¬°ë=ôÌá
G
AM
T
ã¬¬OKÇO Õ JuÌ^Îí ¬¶Ö¬O - Õ~Ë|°^Î¶~ (WO_Ë<Í+²Ç¶ -*ì" nÞ¬O)
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ JuÌ^Îí ¬¶Ö¬O - (=°^Î¼ã¬^Í)

H
ªOz
M
G
AM
^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ JuÌ^Îí ¬¶Ö¬O - J=°~=u (ã¬¬OKÇ ã¬²kQêOz# ¬¶Ö¬O)

IG
KH
R
Õ~Ë|°^Î¶~¡° ¬¶Ö¬O ªOp ¬¶Ö¬O J=°~=u ¬¶Ö¬O \ ÷ãé° ¬¶Ö¬O (Q®°O@¶~¡°l ìÁ)
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ Ju ãp#"³°Ø# ¬¶Ö¬O - ²ã¬"¬ì (Çò.²)
G ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ Ju ãp#"³°Ø# ¬¶Ö¬O - \ ÷ãé° (Q®°O@¶~¡°)
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ Ju ãp#"³°Ø# K³á`Ç¼O - Q®°O@°¬eÁ (¬tó=°QË^¥=i)
G `³OQê}ì Õ JuÌ^Îí ¬¶Ö¬O - <ÍHùO_È¬eÁ (Y=°àO)
G q§Yl ìÁ Õ W\©=HêO Õ "³eH÷fÇ°|_# |°^Î°x ^¥`Ç°=ôÌá xiàOKÇ|_# ¬¶Ö¬O - ìqHùO_È.

v ãH©.¬î. 6= ×`|O<\÷ ~[H©Ç° ¬i²Ö`Ç°° :
G ãH©.¬î. 6= ×`|íO Õ =òY¼OQê ï~O_È°~¡Hê Ja=$k [iyOk.
1) ~[H©Ç°¬~¡"³°Ø# Ja=$k 2) =°`Ç¬~¡"³°Ø# Ja=$k
G W#°=ò "_ÈHO Ì~¡Q®_ÈO =# 16 (é_È¬) =°¬ð[#¬^¥° Pq~¡ÄqOK~ò.
G D ~*ì¼ ³òHø =òY¼^Í¼Ç°O - UHKÇóã`k¬`Ç¼ ªÖ¬#
G JOQ®°`Çë~¡ xHêÇ° J<Í º^Î=°`Ç ãQ®O^ÎO 16 =°¬ð / é_È¬ [#¬^¥ Q®°iOz `³eÇ°*èÇò#°.
G g\÷ Õ 14 ~*ì¼° =O×~¡O¬~¡¼O g°^Î P^¥~¡¬_# ~[iH ~*ì¼° HêQê Q®} ~*ì¼° 1) =lû, 2) =°Á.
G ï~á¹_Íq_£ J<Í ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç 16 ~*ì¼ Q®°iOz q=iOK³#°.
v 16 é_È¬ =°¬ð[#¬^¥° : ~[^¥x

1. JOQ® - KÇO#Q®~¡O
Y
(ã¬¬°ë`ÇO - ìQ®~¬î~, =¶O¦Ô°~ l ìÁ° - c¬ð~)
2. Hêj - "~¡}ì²(=~¡°},P² #^Î° =°^Î¼ ãO`ÇO- L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í)
M
3. HË¬ - L`Çë~¡ ~[^¥x - ã§=²ë, ^ÎH÷Æ} ~[^¥x - ä½§=u. (J³¶^Î¼ - L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í)
4. - `ùe~[^¥x / yiã=[¬ô~¡O `Ç~Þ`Ç - ã¬¬°ë`Ç ¬\ìß.
95 E
=°Q® ^ Î ~[Q®$¬ìO @b¬ôã`ÇO
9
\b¬ôã`Ç x~à`Ç - J*ì`Ç ×ã`Ç°=ô ~[^¥xx ~[Q®$¬ìO#°Oz @b¬ôã`ÇO#ä½
59
D
=¶ió#"~¡° - L^ÎÇ°#°_È° (¬ì~¼OH=O×O) (Q®Ç°, ¬\ìß l ìÁ° -c¬ð~)
CA
5. KÍk - ×ÃH÷ë=°u (|°O^Í°YO_£ - L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í)
50
6. =`Ç - HÒ§Oa (J¬ðì^£ - L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í)
98
7. =°`Ç ¼ - q~\ #Q®~¡O (*ÿá¬î~ - ~[ªÖ<£)
A
:8
8. ä½~¡° - WOã^Îã¬¬Ö =#O/ ¬ì²Ö<¬ô~¡O (ã¬¬°ë`Ç _bÁ)
h
9. OK - L`Çë~¡OKä½ - J²ìKÍóãu, ^ÎH÷Æ} OKä½ - HêO²¼ (|^ÎÇü<£, ¦¬~¡¶Mìì^£-
A E
.P
L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í)
AB C
D
10. ×´~¡À# - =°^Î°~¡ (=°^Î°~¡ - L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í)

ER I
11. J¬àH - é`Ç<£ / Õ^Î<£(x*ì=¶ì^£) (qO^Î¼ ¬~¡Þ`ä½ ^ÎH÷Æ}OQê Q® UïHáH [#¬^ÎO) (Õ^Î<£-
O
`³ OQê}ì)
CH
12. J=Ou - L`Çë~¡ ~[^¥x - L[û~òx, ^ÎH÷Æ} ~[^¥x - =°²ì+¬àu (L[û~òx - =°^Î¼ã¬^Í)
YD
13. QêO^¥~ - `ÇH÷Æt (Ì=~, ~=eæO_ - H÷ªÖ<£)

,H
14. HêOÕ[ - ~[¬ô~¡O ([=üàÊ Hêjà~)

AM
15. =lû - "³á§e

T
(=ò[¦¬~¬î~ - c¬ð~)
16. =°Á - ä½t<~, "¬ôi. (QË~¡M¬î~ - L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í)

H
M
G 16 =°¬ð[# ¬^¥ ¬i¬ì^Î°í° :

AM
IG
L`Çë~# - HêOÕ[ ([=üà Ê Hêjà~) `Ç¶~¡°æ# - JOQ® (c¬ð~)

KH
^ÎH÷Æ}ì# - J¬àH (`³OQê}ì) ¬tó=¶# - J=Ou (=°^Î¼ã¬^Í)

R
G ~[H©Ç° Pk¬`Ç¼O / UHKÇã`k¬`Ç¼ ªÖ¬# HË¬O D 16 ~*ì¼° é\©¬_Íq. JO^Î° Õ ''=°Q®^ÎÑÑ ~[¼O q[Ç°O
ªk O zOk.
G ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç Õ<Í "³ò@"³ò^Î@ ªã=¶*ì¼xß <³Hùeæ# ¦¬°#`Ç - =°Q®^Îk.
v =°Q®^Î~[¼ q[$O}ä½ Hê~¡}ì° :

G Q®OQê#k L¬#^Î°° J~ò# Q®O_ÈH±, Õ}, QËãQê #^Î°° =°Q®^Îä½ ¬¬ì[~¡HÆ}#° HeæOK~ò.
G D ãO`ÇO W#°=òä½ ã¬²k, Ì^Îí Z`Ç°ë# U#°Q®°° H=ô
G =°Q®^Î#° eOz# =O§°. G Wu¬ð¬ ÇòQ®O Õ =°Q®^Î#° eOz# =O×O - |$¬ìã^Î^Î =O×O.
G D =O×O Õ ¬=°~¡°_È° - [~¬O^Î°_È° - ~[^¥x yiã=[¬ô~¡O.
G D =O×O Õ z=i"_È° - i¬ôO[Çò_È° - W`Çxx ¬`Ç#O KÍ²#k - ¬ì~¼OH=O×O.

v ¬ì~¼OH =O×O / aOaª~¡°_È° :
G ¬ì~¼OH =O×ªÖ¬ä½_È° aOaª~¡°_È°. =°Q®^Î ªã=¶[¼ B#ß`¼xH÷ ¬ô<^Î°° "Í§_È° - ~[^¥x - ~[Q®$¬ìO /
yiã=[¬ ô ~¡ O .
G aOaª~¡°_È° - |°^Î°xH÷ ¬=°Hêeä½_È° .
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê q"¬ì ¬O|O^¥ ^¥Þ~ ~*ì¼xß q¬ëiO¬KÍ² ²^Î Ìá#¼O#° / Standing Army
U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
G HË¬ ~*ÿá# ã¬À#l`Ç°ëx ªé^Îi - HË¬^Íqx q"¬ìO KÍ¬°Hùx H@ßOQê ''HêjÑÑ x ÚO^¥_È°.
G "³á§b ~*ÿá# KÍ`Çä½x ä`Ç°~¡° K³Á##°, q^Í¬ì ~ä½=¶ï~ë - "¬qx , =°ã^Î~ä½=¶ï~ë - Mè=° #° q"¬ìO KÍ¬°ä½x
''ÀxÇ°ÑÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î° ÚO^¥_È°.
G aOaª~¡°_È° JOQ®~*ÿá# ã|¬ìà^Î`Ç°ëxß ¬ì`Ç=¶~¡ó_¨xH÷ ã¬uxkQê `Ç# ä½=¶~¡°_³á# J*ì`Ç ×ã`Ç°=ô xÇ°q°OK_È°.
Y
G aOaª~¡°x PªÖ# "³á^Î°¼_³á# r=ä½_x `Ç# q°ã`Ç°_ÈQ®° J=Ou ä½_³á# KÇO_Èã¬^Ë¼`Ç =°¬ðÀ#°_H÷ Hê"³°~¡Á"¼kx
M
#Ç°O KÍÇò@ä½ ¬O²OK³#°.
v J*ì`Ç ×ã`Ç°=ô :
95 E
G
9
W`Ç_È° `ÇOã_x ¬ì`Ç=¶ió JkHê~¡O#° KÍ¬\ ÷#@°Á º^ÎãQ®O^¥° K³|°`Ç°<ß~ò. JO^Î°öH W`Çxx ''²`Ç$¬ìO`Çä½_È° /
59
D
ä½}÷HÑÑ Jx ²°ªë~¡°.
G `ÇOã_= ÿ ^Î°~ãH=°} ^¥Þ~ ~*ì¼xß q¬ëiO¬KÍ§_È°.
CA
50
G W`Ç_È° `Ç# "Í°#=¶=° J~ò# ã¬À#l`Ç°ëxß F_Oz Hêjx ¬îiëQê PãHq°Oz J`Çx ä½=¶ï~ë J~ò# ''=ã[ÑÑ #° q"¬ìO
98
KÍ¬°Hù<³#°.
A
G =lû ~[¼ä½ ÿá# eKÇó=ô`Ë 16 ¬OII Çò^ÎO KÍÌ#°. nx Õ `ùeªiQê
:8 =°¬ ð tH O @H (Ì^Îí~u|O_È#°
q²ö~Ç°Oã`ÇO), (~¡^ÎKÇãHêä½ H\ ÷# W#°¬^Î¶O) L¬³¶yOz q[Ç°O ªkOK_È°.

h
~¡^Î=ò¬O
A E
.P
G J*ì`Ç ×ã`Ç°=ô =°Oãu - =¬H

AB C
D
G ã²Çò~° "³á§eH÷ K³Ok# - Jã=°o .

ER I
G DÇ°# "³ò^Î\ÕÁ ^Í=^Î`Ç°ëx ã¬ì=O =# º^Î=°`xß ^ÍÞ+²Oz<, `Ç~Þ`Ç º^Î=°à=¶x J~ò r=ä½x ãé`¬ìO`Ë
O
XH =¶q°_ `Ë@ Õ |°^Î°_x ^ÎiÅOz#@°Á ì~¡¶Ý` t ìæ Õ zãuOK_È° / K³H÷øOK_È°.
G
CH
DÇ°# |°^Î°x J=õ#° ¬OãQ®²ìOz ~[Q®$¬ìO Õ - '^¥`Ç° K³á`Ç¼Ñ J<Í ¬¶Öxß xiàOK_È°.
YD
G @b¬ôã`Ç x~à`Ç
G
,H
ãH©.¬îII 483 Õ `ùe º^Î ¬O¦¬°O ¬=¶"Í×O ~[Q®$¬ìO Õ x~¡Þ²ìOK_È°. nx J^Î¼äÆ½_È° - =°¬ðHê¬¼¬
v L^ÎÇ°#°_È° :
AM
T
G J*ì`Ç×ã`Ç°=ô `Ç~Þ`Ç eOz#"_È° -

H
M
L^ÎÇ°#°_È°.
G
AM
~[^¥xx ~[Q®$¬ìO #°O_ @b¬ôã`ÇO#ä½ =¶ió eOK_È°.

IG
G L^ÎÇ°#°x `Ç~Þ`Ç Jx~¡°^Î°_È°, =òO`Ç~A, <Q®^¥¬°° eOK~¡°.

KH
G ¬ì~¼OH =O×O Õ z=i~A - <Q®^¥¬° - ã¬[° u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ² <Q®^¥¬ä½}÷â `ùyOz PÇ°# =°Oãu J~ò#
R
''t×Ã<Q®°}÷âÑÑ ~AQê KÍ§~¡°.
v t×Ã<Q®=O×O :
G t×Ã<Q®=O×O ªÖ¬ä½_È° - t×Ã<Q®°_È° (J`Çx À~¡°`Ë<Í)
G t×Ã<Q®°_È° ~[^¥xx ''@b¬ôã`ÇO #°O_ uiy - ~[Q®$¬ìOÑÑ ä½ =¶ió eOK_È°.
G W`Ç_È° J=Ou~*ÿá# ã¬^Ë¼^Î#°_x F_Oz J=Ou, =`Ç~*ì¼xß ä_¨ =°Q®^Î Õ qb#O KÍ§_È°.
G t×Ã<Q® =O×O Õ Qù¬æ"_È° - HêìÕ×Ã_È° (a~¡°^Î° - HêH=i<£)
G HêmÕ×Ã_ HêO Õ<Í ãH©.¬î.383 Õ "³á§ Õ ¬ìHq°\÷ J^Î¼HÆ`Ç# ï~O_È= º^Î ¬Owu [~¡°Q®Qê º^Î=°`ÇO `ùeªiQê
2 §Y°Qê q_é~òOk.
1) =°¬ðªO¦²°×Ã° 2) ¬ëq=~¡ / ^³~¡"^Î°°

v #O^Î=O×O :
G #O^Î=O× ªÖ¬ä½_È° - =°¬ð¬^Îà#O^Î#°_È°
G ~[^¥x - @b¬ôã`ÇO.
G =°¬ð¬^Îà#O^Î#°_È° - "Í§¼äÆ½~¡ä½ ¬O`Çu"_È° Jx ¬it+¬»¬~¡ÞO À~ùø<³#°
G W`Çx a~¡°^Î°° - ¬~¡ÞHÆãuÇ¶O`ÇH (J<ÍH =°Ok HÆãuÇò#° ¬ì`Ç=¶~ó_È°)
- Ja#=¬~¡°×~=ò_È°
- =°¬ðHÆãuÇ¶O`ÇH
- LãQ®À#
G W`Ç_x ¬ìO`Çä½_È°, ^Î°~ãH=°^¥~¡° Jx ¬ô~}ì° =iâOK~ò.
G =°Q®^Î KÇiã`Ç Õ ã¬ã¬^Î=°OQê ×´ã^Î=O×O #°O_ JkHê~¡O ÕH÷ =zó#k -
Y
=°¬ð¬^Îà#O^Î#°_È°
G HoOQ® ~[¼OÌá ^ÎO_³uë HoOQ® #°O_ Hùxß *ÿá# qãQ®¬ð#° @b¬ôã`xH÷ `Ç~¡eOK_È°. W`Ç#° *ÿá#=°à=¶x,
M
QË^¥=i #k X_È°Û# ''<O^Í_£ ¬@}OÑÑ #° xiàOK_È°.
G z=i #O^Î~A - ( ãwä½ ª²ì`Ç¼O =iâOzOk)
95 E
^Î##O^Î°_È° / JãQ®q°¹ HiÇ°¹.
9
G z=i #O^Î~*ÿá# ^Î##O^Î°_x F_Oz - KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ë=°¿~¡°¼_È° (HÒ\÷°¼x ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë) =°¿~¡¼=O×O#° ªÖ²OK_È°.
59
D
CA
50
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
98
A
:8
1. |°^Î°_È° `ùeÕ^Î# KÍ²# ã¬^Í×O? (Group-I - 2012) 9. ã¬uÇ° ¬=ò`æ^Î# ²^¥O`xß ã¬ukOzOk?
h
1) H²=¬°ë 2) ªOz (Group-I - 1995)
A E
.P
3) ª~¡<^£ 4) ~[Q®$¬ìO 1) Pk ×OH~K~¡°¼° 2) =~¡=¶# =°¬ðg~¡°_È°

AB C
D
2. ×´#¼"^Î=ò#° ã¬ukOz#k? (Group-I - 2012) 3) QÒ`Ç=° |°^Î°_È° 4) Jl`ÇöH× HOìe<£

ER I
1) J=Þ¦¬°Õ+¬µ_È° 2) <Qê~¡°û#°_È° 10. ''¬ èÁY#ÑÑ D =°`xH÷ K³OkOk? (Group-I- 1995)

O
3) ªé=°^Í=¬¶i 4) HËO_Èä½O_¨K~¡¼ 1) º^ÎO 2) Üá=O 3) ²ä½ø 4) *ÿá#O

11. "³ò^Î\ ÷ *ÿá# f~¡ÖOH~¡°x À~¡°? (Group-I - 1991)
CH
3. =~¡=¶# =°¬ðg~¡°_È° XH? (Group-I - 2008)

YD
1) §Ou<^£ 2) ~¡°+¬<^Î°_È°
1) ãì¬ìà}°_È° 2) HÆãuÇò_È°
3) =°¬ðg~ 4) <Íq°<^£
3) "³á×Ã¼_È° 4) ×´ã^Î°_È°
,H
12. º^Î° ¬qã`Ç ãQ®O^¥°? (Group-I - 1991)

4. <² H ± Ê H < Í Ý i Õ U `³ Q ® ä ½ K³ O k# º^Î = °`Ç = ò
AM
T
1) ãu~¡`ß° 2) JOQê°
¬°ã¬u+¬»"³°Ø#k? (Group-I - 2007)
H
3) ãuÔ~¡Hê° 4) JQ®=ò°
M
1) ¬~¡Þ²ë"k#°° 2) ¬Þq~¡ "k#°°

AM
13. <¾= º^Î ¬Owu gi HêO Õ [iyOk?(Gr-I - 84)

3) `Í~¡ "k#°° 4) ìã^ÎÇ¶xHê
IG
1) JÕä½_È° 2) Hx+¬µø_È°
KH
5. *ÿá# =°`ÇO =iíeÁ# J<ÍH öHOã^¥ Õ U öHOã^ÎO ãH©.×.

3) ¬ì~¡°Â_È° 4) KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È°
XH@=, ï~O_È= ×`ìí Õ =ã[=òx P^ÎÞ~¡¼O Õ XH
R
14. §¼^£"^Î=ò D =°`Ç=ò#ä½ ¬O|OkOz#k?

=òY¼"³°Ø# öHOã^ÎOQê Ja=$k K³OkOk? (Gr-I - 04)
(Group-I - 1984)
1) HÒ§e 2) ~[Q®$¬ìO 3) "³á§e 4) L[û~òx
1) ãì¬ìà} 2) *ÿá# 3) º^Î 4) WªÁO
6. QÒ`Ç=° |°^Î°í_È° ZHø_È ¬~¡=°¬kOz<_È°? (Gr-I - 04)
15. ãp# ¬=¶[O Õ U =~¡¾O "~¡° *ÿá#=°`xß Zä½ø=Qê
1) ä½t#Q®~¡O 2) H²=¬°ë 3) ª~¡<^£ 4) Q®Ç°

J#°¬iOKÍ"~¡°? (Group-II - 2012)
7. <Q® =òzeO^Î°_È° D =°`xH÷ ¬O|OkOz# ã`Ç?
1) =~¡ëä½° 2) =$uë ¬x"~¡°
(Group-I - 1995)
3) =¼=ªÇ°^¥~¡°° 4) HÆãuÇò°
1) º^ÎO 2) *ÿá#O 3) Üá=O 4) "³á+¬â=O 16. |°k[O ³òHø [#à¬Ö=°x À~¡°QêOz# ãO`xß
8. º^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° XH Qù¬æ? (Group-I - 1995) Q® ° ië O KÇ ° =ò? (Group-II - 2012)

1) <@H~¡ë 2) "¼H~¡} §G"Í`Çë 1) ª~¡<^£ 2) ä½t#Q®~
3) =°¬ð<qä½_È° 4) zã`ÇHê~¡°_È° 3) °Oax 4) ~[Q®$¬ì

17. *ÿá#° ¬ô}¼ ãQ®O^¥° ²°KÇ°#k?(Group-II - 2011) 29. =ü_È= º^Î¬i+¬` W`Çx HêO Õ [iyOk?
1) JQ®=¶°2) JOQê¹ 3) ¬~Þ° 4) LOQê° (Group-II - 2003)
18. |°^Î°x ^Í=ôxQê P~kOKÇ_ÈO ã~¡OaOz# ã^Îq°H 1) aOaª~¡°_È° 2) JÕä½_È°

§Y#° U=°O\ì~¡°? (Group-II - 2003) 3) ^Í=^Î`Ç°ë_È° 4) ã¬^Ë¼`Ç
1) kQ®O|~¡°_È° 2) Ôì#Ç¶#O 30. =°¬ðg~¡°_È° KÇxé~ò# ¬ÖO? (Group-II - 2000)
3) =°¬ðÇ¶#O 4) õÞÒ|~¡°° 1) ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~*yi ¬g°¬O Õ <¬ôi

19. J=°~=u, [Q®¾Ç°¼À@ Ê <Qê~¡°û# HùO_È Õ 2) Q®Ç° 3) "³á§e 4) ª~¡<^£
xiàOz# ¬¶Ö¬=ò° =°iÇò q¬ð~¡=ò° Z=i =°$`Ç 31. <¾= º^Î ¬i+¬`#° Z=~¡° ¬=¶"Í×¬iz<~¡°?
J=õ+¬=òÌá xiàOKÇ|_#=#Qê?(Group-II - 2003) (Group-II - 2000)
1) <Qê~¡°û#°_È° 2) =°¬ðg~¡°_È° 1) Hx+¬µø_È° 2) ¬x+¬µø_È°

3) QÒ`Ç=°|°^Î°_È° 4) QË=°>è×Þ~¡°_È° 3) ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° 4) ¬ì~¡Â=~¡Ö#°_È°
Y
20. POã^Î Õx ^Î°~¡¾=ò#° Q®°iOz ã¬^Î=°OQê À~ùø#ßk? 32. ~u K³ H ø _¨`Ë JO^Î " ³ ° Ø # t ìæ° H e y# Z ÕÁ ~ ¡
M
(Group-II - 2003) Q®°¬ð ÕÁ U ì"° ã¬¬°æ\ ÷OKÇ|_¨Û~ò? (Gr-II - 2000)
1) HÒ\÷°¼x 2) JÕH §¬<° 1) ãì¬ìà} ì"° 2) º^Î ì"°
95 E
3) "³°Q®¬ëh¹ 4) QÒ`Ç=ò_È° 3) *ÿá# =°`Ç ì"°
9
59
D
21. ãH÷Ok"x Õ Uk º^Î=°`xH÷ ¬O|OkOz#k? 4) ãì¬ìà}, *ÿá# =°iÇò º^Î =°`Ç ì"°
(Group-II - 2003) 33. *ÿ#
á °° "¬°^Í=ôx Z=iH÷ ^ÎQi
¾® KÇ°@OQê ìqOz<~¡°?
1) P~¡¼ ¬`Ç¼=ò° 2) JOQ® =¶~¡¾O
CA (Group-II - 2000)
50
3) ^Î×=`Ç¶Ö}÷ 4) KÇ`Ç°~¡¶Þ ¼¬ð° 1) i+¬ 2) Ji+¬<Íq°
98
3) ~¡ÅÞ<^Î 4) =°¬ðg~¡
A
22. L`Çë~¡ ì~¡`ÇO Õ H~¡=ô =zó#¬C_È° KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ë=°¿~¡°¼ :8
x`Ë ì@° g~¡° ^ÎH÷Æ}ìxH÷ =zó#@°Á `³°¬°ëOk? 34. =°¬ðg~¡°_È° D #k X_È°Û# ïHá=¼O ÚO^³#°?
h
A E
(Gr-II - 2003) (Group-II - 2000)

.P
1) "Í°~¡°`Ç°OQ®_È° 2) ã^Îì¬_È° 1) ~¡°AeH 2) x~¡O[#

AB C
D
3) ä½b×Ã_È° 4) ¬¶Öã^Î°_È° 3) QË=°u 4) Q®OQê

ER I
23. ãH÷Ok "x Õ Uk ²\ ÷H=ò Õxk Hê^Î°?(Gr-II - 03) 35. ïHá=¼O J<Ík U =°`Ç=òä½ ¬O|OkOz#k?
O
1) =°¬ð=O× 2) Ja^Î=°à (A.E.E'S - 2012)

CH
3) q#Ç° 4) ¬°`Çë 1) |°k[O 2) *ÿáx[O

YD
24. 'J=iãQ®¬ðÑ J#Qê? (Group-II - 2003) 3) ²ìO^Î¶~ò[O 4) ²ä½ø~ò[O [

,H
1) ^ùOyeOKÇä½O_È°@ 36. =°¬ð¬ix~Þ} ¬=°Ç°O Õ QÒ`Çq° |°^Î°x =Ç°¬°

AM
2) ¬=ò~¡û# KÍÇ°ä½O_È°@
T
ZO`Ç ? (J.L. - 2001)
3) ì^Î HeyOKÇä½O_È°@ 1) 35 ¬OII~° 2) 72 ¬OII~°

H
M
4) =kOKÇä½O_È°@ 3) 80 ¬OII~° 4) 90 ¬OII~°

AM
IG
25. ãH÷Ok "i Õ W~¡"³á=ü_È= f~¡ÖOH~¡°_È° Z=~¡°? 37. |°^Î°_È° `Ç# "³ò^Î\ ÷ L¬^Í§xß Wzó# ã¬^Í×O?
KH
(Group-II - 2003) (A.E.E'S - 2009)
1) ~¡ÅÞ<^Î°_È° 2) |°°+¬<^Î°_È° 1) °Oax 2) ª~¡<^£ 3) ªOz 4) Q®Ç°

R
3) <Íq° 4) ¬ì¬ðg~¡°_È°
26. º^Î ¬ O Q® = ò Õ KÍ ~ ¡ _ ¨xH÷ J#°=°u ÚOk# `ùe
["|°°
=°²ì×? (D.L - 2011) 1) 3 2) 2 3) 2 4) 3 5) 3
1) QÒ`Çq° 2) =°¬ð=¶Ç° 6) 1 7) 1 8) 1 9) 3 10) 4
3) Ç°Õ^Î~¡ 4) ¬°*ì`Ç 11) 2 12) 3 13) 2 14) 2 15) 1
27. Uk º^Î "¬°ëH× Õ ìQ®O Hê^Î°?(Group-II - 2003) 16) 1 17) 2 18) 3 19) 3 20) 3
1) KÇã`Ç 2) JO_È 3) ¬ìiàH 4) JO`Ç~× 21) 4 22) 2 23) 1 24) 1 25) 1
28. ãH÷Ok "i Õ *ÿá#=°`Ç¬°Ö_È°? (Group-II - 2008)
26) 1 27) 4 28) 4 29) 2 30) 1
31) 1 32) 2 33) 3 34) 1 35) 2
1) q°<O_È~ 2) QÒ`Çg°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ
36) 3 37) 2
3) _³q°ã\÷Ç°¹ 4) Mì~¡"Í°_È°

G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ `ùeªiQê ¬°q§ ªã=¶[¼O ªÖ²Oz#"~¡° - =°¿~¡°¼°
G =°¿~¡°¼ ~[^¥x - @b¬ôã`ÇO
Y
G =°¿~¡¼ J<Í ¬^ÎO '=ò~Ñ J<Í ¬^ÎO #°O_ L^ÎÄqOzO^Îx KÇiã`ÇHêO JaãÇ°O (=°Çü~¡, =°¿~¡¼ (eì+¬) J#Qê
M
J`Ç¼kH <³=°×Ã¤ LO_Í ãO`ÇO Jx J~¡ÖO.
G HÒ\ ÷°¼x ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë #O^Î=O×O Õ z=i ~*ÿá# ^Î##O^Î°xß F_Oz#"_È° - =°¿~¡¼ KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° -1
95 E
G =°¿~¡¼ =O× ªÖ¬ä½_È° -
9
"³ò^Î\ ÷ =°¿~¡¼ KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È°.
59
G
D
W`Çx ã¬^¥x - HÒ\ ÷°¼_È° ( è^¥) K}÷ä½¼_È° ( è^¥) q+¬µâQ®°¬ôë_È°
G J ÿQêûO_È~ À<x J~ò# ''Ì¶¼H¹ xöH@~ÑÑ =°¿~¡¼~[¼OÌá ^¥_ KÍ§_È°.
v =°¿~¡¼ KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° (319/20-298 BC) : CA

50
98
G
A
=°¿~¡¼=O×ªÖ¬ä½_È° J~ò# KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ë =°¿~¡°¼_È° (ãH©.¬î. 305 Õ) Ì¶¼H¹ xHË@~#° F_OK_È°. (²iÇ¶ ä½_È°)
:8
G Ì¶¼H¹ F_Oz P¦¬Éxªë<£ (²ì~¡\, Hê|° , Hê^Î~) ÿ¶zªë<£ ãO`° PãHq°OK_È°.
h
A E
G
.P
Ì¶¼H¹ ä½=¶ï~ë³Ø°# - Ììo / Ìì<£ #° q"¬ìO P_¨_È°.

AB C
G
D
q^Íj =°²ì×#° q"¬ì=¶_# `ùeì~¡fÇò_È°.
G
ER I
Ì¶¼H¹ `Ç# PªÖ#Hq J~ò# "³°Q®¬ëh¹ #° ä_¨ =°¿~¡¼KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôëx PªÖ<xH÷ ¬O_È°.

O
G =°¿~¡¼ KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È°H÷ Ì¶¼H¹ 500 U#°Q®°° WKó_È°.
G
CH
=°¿~¡¼ KÇOã^Î°x HêO Õ ¬ô+¬¼Q®°¬ôë_È° (Q®°[~`) ¬°^Î~¡Å# `Ç\ìHêxß `ÇqÞOK_È°.

YD
G ¬°^Î~¡Å# `Ç@HO ³òHø ã¬ªë=# - A<Q®_£ / y~ß~ §¬#O ã¬ªëqOKÇ|_Ok.

,H
G A<Q®_£ §¬<xß ×H~*ÿá# '~¡°ã^Î^¥=ò_È°ÑÑ "Í~òOK_È°.

KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ë =°¿~¡°¼_È°
AM
G
T
Wk ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ `ùe ¬O¬ø $`Ç §¬#O .
G
H
^ÎH}
Æ÷ ì~¡`^
Ç
Í O
× Õ `ùe ¬O¬ø $`Ç §¬#O "Í~òOz#"~¡° Ìì¬| §O`Ç=¶°_È° - <Qê~¡°#
û HùO_È -
M
WæH ~A_È°
AM
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ `ùeªiQê ²O¬ð¬<xß `Ç¼lOz#~A

IG
G NÜá ìxß ¬O^ÎiÅOz# =°¿~¡¼ ~A -

KH
=°¿~¡¼ KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È°
G ãH©.¬î.298 Õ ²O¬ð¬<xß `Ç# ä½=¶~¡°_³á# aO^Î°ª~¡°xH÷ J¬æyOz ã§=}ÿ ç¾ìH÷ "³o¤éÇ¶_È°.

R
G =°¿~¡¼ KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° - *ÿá# =°`Ç ¬qã`Ç ã=`Ç"³°Ø# ¬ èÁY# ã=`xß KÇOã^Îyi HùO_ÈÌá KÍ¬¶ë =°~¡}÷OK_È°. Jx Àì=°KÇOã^Î°x
¬it+¬¬~¡ÞO À~ùøO@°Ok.
v aO^Î°ª~¡°_È° : (298 - 273 BC) :

G a~¡°^Î°° : ²O¬ìÀ<, Jq°ã`ÇQê^Î (×ã`Ç° q^ÎÞO¬ä½_È°)
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ `ùe ì~¡fÇ° ~[¼ªÖ¬ä½_È°
G W`Ç_È° Jr=H =°`xß ãé`Ç²ìOK_È°.
G Hêx aO^Î°ª~¡°_È° `Ç# *è+¬» ä½=¶~¡°_³á# ¬°t=¶ #° ~AQê ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°.
G aO^Î°ª~¡°x ã¬^¥x -
aO^Î°ª~¡°_È°
| ìÁ@ä½_È°.

G ¬°t=°#° `ÇHÆtä½, JÕä½xß L[û~òxH÷ Q®=~¡ß~Qê xÇ°q°OK_È°.
G aO^Î°ª~¡°x HêO Õ [iy# ã¬=òY =¼uö~H u~¡°Q®°ì@° `ÇHÆt u~¡°Q®ì@°. D u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° JÕä½_È° J}÷z"Í§_È°.
G aO^Î°ª~¡°_È° 298-273 B.C =~¡ä½ eOK_È°.
v JÕä½_È° (269 - 232 B.C) (37¬OII) :

G 273 #°O_ 269 =°^Î¼ 4 ¬OII @° "~¡¬`ÇÞ Çò^ÎO [iyOk.
G JÕä½_È° aO^Î°ª~¡°_È°, ¬°ã^¥OQ® ä½=¶~¡°_È°
G JÕä½_È° ³òHø ¬=u ªé^Î~¡°_È° - ¬°^¥=ò_È°

G JÕä½_È° `Ç# ªé^Î~¡° ÿá# 99=°Okx KÇO² "³òQ®¬ô`Çëu¬#° q°#¬ð~òOz 'Q®[Q®O_È=°<£Ñ
J<Í ìq Õ ¬_Í§_È°.
G JÕä½_È° 269 - 261 BC =~¡ä½ KÇO_È JÕä½_Qê eOK_È°.
Y
G 261 BC Õ HoOQ®Çò^ÎO#° KÍ§_È°. (JkHê~¡O ÕH÷ =zó# 8 ¬OII D Çò^ÎO KÍ§_È°)
M
G HoOQ® Çò^ÎO ''^ÎÇ¶ÑÑ #k f~# `Ë¬e / "Íe =^Îí [iyOk Jx 13= t ì§¬#O
(*ìQ®_È =^Îí H^Î°) `³°æ`Ç°Ok.
95 E
JÕä½_È°
9
G D Çò^ÎíO `Ç~Þ`Ç Çò^Î ¶q°x ^ÎiÅOz# JÕä½_È° ''kãQêÄOuÑH÷ Q®°~¡Ç¶¼_È°.
59
D
G JÕä½_È° º^Î =°`xß L¬Q®°¬ôë_È°/xãQË^Î°_È° ¬¬ð "Í°~¡ä½ ÔÞHiOK_Èx '|ã|¶§¬#OÑ À~ùøO@°Ok.
CA
G JÕä½x ³òHø ì~¡¼° :
50
1) "³ò^Î\ ÷ ì~¡¼ - P¬Ok q°ã`Ç ¬@=°²ì+²
98
A
2) u¬¼~¡H÷Æ`Ç - Õk =$HÆêxH÷ q+¬O Wzó# ¢Ôë
:8
3) Hê~¡°"H÷ - D"³° Q®°iOz J¬ðì^£ / ~}÷ §¬#O Õ À~ùø#|_Ok.
h
A E
'u"~Ñ
.P
D §¬#O JÕä½x ä½=¶~¡°_³á# Q®°iOz `³°¬°ëOk.

AB C
4) ¬ ^ ¥à=u
D
5) ^Í q - ¬O¦¬°q°ã`Ç (ä½=¶ï~ë), =°ÀìOã^Î°_È° (ä½=¶~¡°_È°) `ÇeÁ

ER I
O
G JÕä½_È° º^Î=°`Ç ã¬K~¡O HË¬O ä½=¶ï~ë ¬O¦¬°q°ã`Ç ä½=¶~¡°_È° =°ÀìOã^Î#° NOHä½ ¬O_È°.
G 259
CH
JÕä½_È° Õ JÕH ^Î~àxß ÕkOK_È°.

YD
G ã¬¬OKÇO Õ `ùe ºH÷H =°`ÇO - JÕH^Î=°à (mì+¬)

,H
G ^Î~¡àã¬K~¡O HË¬O ^Î~¡à =°¬ð=¶`Ç°¼°, ~¡[ä½#° ("³ò^Î\ ÷ Õ ï~q#¶¼ JkHê~¡°°) xÇ°q°OK_È°.
G
AM
|~àä½ Õ}, L`Çë~¡ #° (ä½=¶ï~ë°) ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ =°¬ì^Í=ôxß ¬O_È°.

T
(UNO 3= ÌãH@i [#~¡ Qê `ùe P²Ç¶"²Qê |~à ^Í§xH÷ K³Ok# L^¥O\ xÇ°q°OKÇ|_¨Û_È°)
H
M
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ `ùeªiQê §¬<° "Í~òOz#"_È° - JÕä½_È°

AM
IG
G (ã|¬ìàe²), Y~Ë+², (e²), ãwä½(e²) J~q°H±) ì+¬ ÕÁ §¬<° "Í~òOK_È°.

KH
G L`Çë~¡ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ - Y~Ë+²»e² "Í~òOK_È°. G "Çò=¼ ãO`ÇO Õ - ãwä½, J~q°H±

G
R
Zä½ø= §¬<° ãH$`ÇO ( è^¥) ã|¬ìàe² Õ "Í~òOK_È°.
G JÕä½x ãH$`ÇO ( è^¥) ã|¬ìàe² Õ Q® §¬<xß 1837 Õ `ùeªiQê q_È=°ió KÇkq# =¼H÷ë - *ÿ"£°ã²x¹
G Y~Ë+²» e² Õ Q® JÕä½x §¬<#° KÇkq# =¼H÷ë - ïHÌ<£ <ùãs¹
G JÕä½_È° 14 t ì§¬<°, 7 ¬ÖO|§¬<°, 3 Q®°¬ì§¬<° "Í~òOK_È°.
G t ì§¬< ÕÁ 13= t ì§¬#O =òY¼"³°ØOk (HoOQ® Çò^ÎO ãH©.¬î.261)
G ¬ÖO| §¬< ÕÁ Ì^Îík, =òY¼"³°Ø#k - 7= ¬ÖO §¬#O

G JÕä½_È° c¬ð~ Õx |~|~ (¬°^¥=°) Q®°¬ì#° Jr=ä½ä½ ^¥#O KÍ§_È°.
G ^Î×~¡^Î°_È° <Qê~¡°û#HùO_È Q®°¬ì#° Jr=ä½ä½ ^¥#O KÍ§_È°.
G JÕä½_È° QÒ`Ç=òx [#à ã¬^Í×"³°Ø# °Oax =^Îí ~¡°q°àO_³á §¬#O "Í~òOK_È°.
G D §¬#O |e¬#°ß q°#¬ð~òOz ìQê ¬#°ß#° 1/8 =¶ã`Ç"Í° =¬¶° KÍ²#@°Á À~ùøO@°Ok.

v JÕä½x =òY¼ §¬<° :
G =°²ø (1915 H~â@H - ^Í"<O ã²Ç° JªéH Jx À~ùøOk) Q®°*ìû~¡ x@¶~¡° §¬<° ä_¨ À~ùø<ß~ò.
G q°Q®` §¬<xßO\÷ Õ ^Í"<Oã²Ç° (t=ôxH÷ W+¬"³°Ø#"_È°) ã²Ç°^ÎiÅ (JO^Î"³°Ø# ~¡¶¬O H"_È°) Jx a~¡°^Î°`Ë
=¶ã`Ç"Í° À~ùø#|_¨Û_È°.
G JÕä½_È° "Í~òOz# `Ç¶~¡°æ JãQ®§¬#O - =°¬ðªÖ# (|OQêÁ^Í)

G D §¬#O H~¡°=ô ¬=°Ç°O Õ ¬=°¬¼ ¬iø~¡O Q®¶ió `³°¬ô=ò.
G ¬tó=¶ãQ® §¬#O - HêO^Î¬ð~ (Hê|° ) ãwä½, J~q°H± ï~O_È° ì+¬ ÕÁ "Í²# §¬#O)
G L`Çë~ãQ® §¬#O - ì*yi §¬#O (J & K) G ^ÎH÷Æ}ìk§¬#O - ²^Î¬ô~¡ / ã|¬ìàyi (H~â@H)
G JÕä½x ^Î=°à Q®°iOz q=iOKÍ §¬#O G JÕä½_È° ª~¡<^£ Õ 4 ²O¬ð ²O¬ì`Ç ì@O #° xiàOK_È°.
G nxx ì~¡`Ç ã¬°`ÇÞO *ìfÇ° z¬ìßOQê ÔÞHiOzOk. (1935 Õ), (ì~¡`Ç ã¬°`ÇÞO 1950, [#=i 26# P"³¶kOzOk)
Y
G nx ³òHø Ô~¡O J_È°Q®° ìQê# ''¬`Ç¼"Í°= [Ç°`ÍÑÑ (=¶O_ÈHË¬x+¬`Ç°ë)Jx ^Í=<Q®i e² Õ À~ùø#|_Ok.
M
G =°^Î¼ ìQ®O Õ JÕH KÇãHO H^Î°. G JÕH KÇãHêxH÷ Z_È=°"³á¬ô J×ÞO / Q®°ã~¡O, ä½_"³á¬ô =$+¬O / Z^Î°í
G =°#ä½ Hx²OKÇx [O`Ç°=ô° - ²O¬ìO, U#°Q®°
95 E
G XöH ²O¬ìO L#ß ¬¶Ö¬ ¬ÖOO - º~¡¼#O^Î<£ Q®_£ (L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í)
9
59
D
G Z^Î°í (~ÒO¬ô~¡) G =$+¬O (ã§=²Ö @e¬ôã`xH÷ ¬g°¬O)
G KÇãHO - @b¬ôã`ÇO Õ =ôOk. G U#°Q®°`Ë ä_# ¬¶Ö¬O `Ë¬e/^Íe
CA
50
G JÕä½_È° 84 "Í ¬¶Ö#° |°^Î°x ³òHø J=õÌá xiàOK~¡°.
98
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ JuÌ^Îí ¬¶Ö¬O - ªOz G ª~¡<^£, ì~¡¶Ý`, J=°~=u "³ò^ÎQ®°#q W`Ç~¡ ¬¶Ö°
A
:8
G `Ëã, g°~¡\ Õ JÕä½_È° "Í~òOz# §¬<#° _bÁH÷ `Ç~¡eOz#"_È° - ''¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH±ÑÑ
G J¬ðì^£ ¬ÖOìxß _bÁH÷ `Ç~¡eOz#"_È° - JHÄ~
h
A E
.P
G JÕä½x =°~¡}ìO`Ç~¡O =°¿~¡¼ ªã=¶*ì¼xß `Ç¶~¡°æ, ¬_È=°~¡ ï~O_È°Qê q_é~òOk.

AB C
D
G `Ç¶~¡°æ ~[¼ä½_È° - ^Î×~¡^Î°_È° G ¬tó=° ~[¼ä½_È° - ä½<°_È°

ER I
G JÕä½x PªÖ<xß u¬ì¬æ/`Ç°¬ì¬æ J<Í ãwä½ ~Ç°ìi ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°.

O
G JÕä½x ã¬^¥x ~^¥Q®°¬ôë_È°. G JÕä½_È° 232 BC Õ =°~¡}÷OK_È°.

CH
G JÕä½x =°#°=_³á# '¬Oã¬uÑ q_é~ò# =°¿~¡¼~*ì¼xß UHOKÍ² eOK_È°. W`Çxß *ÿá# JÕä½_È° JO\ì~¡°.
YD
G =°¿~¡¼ =O×O Õ z=i"_È° - |$¬ìã^Î^Î°_È°

,H
v ¬i# :
AM
T
G "³ò`ÇëO 9 =°Ok =°¿~¡¼~A° eOK~¡x ¬ô~}ì° À~ùø<ß~¡°.

H
M
G =°¿~¡°¼° ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ XH xi+¬"³°Ø# ##° JOkOz# `ùe ä½°.

AM
G
IG
¬i< ªÏ¼O Hù~¡ä½ `Ç=° ~*ì¼xß D ãH÷Okq^ÎOQê qlOK~¡°.

KH
~¢° - ~[^¥#°°
R
L`Çë~¡¬^ÎO - `ÇHÆt
=°^Î¼ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O - L[û~òx
^ÎH÷Æ}ì¬^ÎO - ¬°=~¡âyi
×ó¬^ÎO - `Ë¬e/^ñe
G g\÷x =°m¤ ã¬^Í§° (JkHêi ã^Ítä½_È°) #Q®~° (<Q®iä½_È°)
l ìÁ° - ~¡AH JkHêi. ãQê=¶° - ãQêq°}÷°Qê qlOK~¡°.
G ã¬¬°ë`Ç HH~`Ë ¬=¶#"³°Ø# =°¿~¡¼HêO <\÷ JkHêi - ~¡AH

G =°¿~¡°¼ HêO Õ 10 ãQê=¶ä½ Jk¬u - QË¬ô_È°
G QË¬ô_È° Ìá JkHêi - ªÖxä½_È°
G =°¿~¡¼# Q®¶ió Ï~¡¬, [#¬^Î ¬° À~ùø<ß~ò.

G öHOã^Î ã¬°`ÇÞO Õ =òY¼"³°Ø# JkHê~¡°° - ¬=ò¬ì~¡ë, HË§kHêi
G ¬OãQ®²ì`Ç : (Q®}ìkHêi)
G Ô`^Î¼HÆ : (=¼=ªÇ¶kHêi) ; PiÖH ¬i²Ö`Ç°° : =°¿~¡°¼ HêO Õ ¶q° ~A P²ÖQê ¬iQ®}÷OKÇ|_Ok.
G ã¬[ =òY¼=$uë =¼=ªÇ°O G ¶q°t¬°ë 1/4 #°O_ 1/6 =O`Ç° =¬¶° KÍÀ"~¡°.
G gi HêO Õ ¬}, Hê~Â¬}, ×`Ç=¶#, =ü+¬HO "³ò^ÎQ®° <}ì° L¬³¶yOKÍ"~¡°.
G Ô`^Î¼HÆ#° <Q®e ^Í=`ÇQê ¬îlªë~¡°.
v ¬=¶[O Õ ¬i²Ö`Ç°° :
G gi HêO Õ KÇ`Ç°~¡Þ} =¼=¬Ö ^Î$_ÈOQê Hù#ªyOk.
G ä½ ì#° |\÷ =~â° U~¡æ_¨Û~ò. =$`Ç°ë#° |\÷ ä_¨ =~â° U~¡æ_¨Û~ò.
G "³°Q®¬ëh¹ `Ç# WO_Hê ãQ®O^ÎO Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ '7Ñ ä½ ì"~¡° L<ß~¡x À~ùø<ß~¡°.
Y
G =$`Ç°ë#° |\÷ ãõ}°° / =~¡ëH ¬O¦¬¶° U~¡æ_¨Û~ò.
M
v =°`Ç ¬i²Ö`Ç°° :
95 E
G
9
g~¡° *ÿá#, Jr=H, º^Î=°`#° ãé`Ç²ìOK~¡°.
59
D
G =°¿~¡¼ KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° *ÿá#=°`xß ã^Îì¬=ô ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë ÔÞHiOK_È°.
G aO^Î°ª~¡°_È° Jr=H =°`xß ãé`Ç²ìOK_È°.
G
CA
50
JÕä½_È° - º^Î=°`xß ãé`Ç²ìOK_È°. (L¬Q®°¬ôë_È° è^¥ xãQË^Î°_È° 8 ¬OII ì°_È°) ¬¬ð ã¬Hê~¡O º^¥xß
98
ÔÞHiOK_Èx |ã|¶§¬#O `³°¬ô`Ç°Ok.
A
G "³òQ®e¬ô`Çëu¬ J^Î¼HÆ`Ç# U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
JÕä½_È° 3= º^Î ¬OQ®ux ãH©.¬î.251-50 Õ @b¬ôã`ÇO Õ
:8
G nx ã¬`Í¼H`Ç º^Î=°`ÇO =°m¤ UH"³°ØOk. Ja^Î=°à ÔiH ª~O×"³°Ø# 'H^¥=`Ç°ëÑ ãHË_HiOKÇ|_Ok.
h
A E
.P
v JÕä½_È° xiàOz# ¬@}ì° :

AB C
D
G N#Q®~ (rO#k X_È°Û#) (J & K) G ^Í=ôx¬ô~ - ã¬¬°ë`ÇO e`¬@}O (<Í )

ER I
G HÒ\÷°¼xß ''WO_Ç°<£ =¶ãH÷Ç¶"³eÁÑÑ Jx À~ùøO\ì~¡°.

O
G HÒ\÷°¼x ''ãp# ì~¡`Ç^Í× Lä½ø=°x+²ÑÑ Jx ãÚÌ¦¬~ *ìH À~ùø<ß_È°.

CH
YD
v P^¥~° :
,H
G HÒ\÷°¼_È°/K}÷ä½¼_È°/q+¬µâQ®°¬ôë_È° : J~¡Ö§GO (¬O¬ø $`ÇO) =°¿~¡°¼ ¬i# Q®¶ió `³°¬ô`Ç°Ok.

AM
T
G nx ã¬u=°#° 1905 R. §¼=°§¢²ë H#°Qù<ß_È°.
G
H
M
Wk 15 ìQê°, 180 L¬ìQê° H^Î°. nx Õ 6000ÕÁHê° 18 f~¡°æ° 27 =°Ok J^Î¼äÆ½°

AM
G =°Oã`Ç° xÇ¶=°HO Õ ¬sHÆ° G Jqhu (PH÷[<£ - KÍ¬)

IG
G ã¬[ #°O_ t¬°ë=¬¶° KÍ² ã¬[#° ~*ì¼xß Hê_¨x À~ùø#|_Ok.

KH
G =_Û "¼~¡O, ìx¬=¼=¬Ö LO^Îx À~ùø<ß_È°. G J^Î¼HÆ¬^Îq èx UïHáH §Y - =°`Ç¼

R
v "³°Q®¬ëh¹ :
G WO_Hê -ãwä½ì+¬ - 7 ä½ ì° - ì~¡` Õ H=x À~ùø<ß_È°.
G @b¬ôã`Ç #Q®~¡##° 6 Õ~¡°Û° LO_Í=x ã¬u Õ~¡°Û Õ 5 ¬°¼° H~¡x
"³ò`ÇëO 30 =°Ok L<ß~¡x À~ùø<ß~¡°.
G @b¬ôã`Ç ^Î°~¡¾O - `ùe [^Î°~¡¾O

G nxH÷ 67 ^¥Þ~°, 510 |°~¡°A° H=x À~ùø<ß_È°.
G Ìá#¼O 6 ~¡Hê°Qê LO_Í=x À~ùø<ß_È°. "³°Q®hë¬ ¹

G =òä½ø èx =¶#=ô_È°, K³=ô° ¶q°x `öH =¶#=ô_È°, |OQê~¡°¬ô@° Ì>è p=°°<ßÇ°x À~ùø<ß_È°.
G "³°Q®¬Öh¹#° J|^¥HË~¡° Jx ¢ªÕ À~ùß<ß_È°.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1. ãH© . × . 327 Õ J ÿ Q êû O _È ~ é~¡ ¹ # ° U Ç ò ^Î O Õ 12. t+¬µ¼ =°²ë+¬øO ^¥iàH zO`Ç##° ãÀö~²OKÇ_ÈO
F_OK_È° (Group-I - 2002) Q®°~¡°=ô ^Î~¡àOQê JÕä½_È° `³eæ# §¬#O ^ùiH÷Ok?
1) ¬>ÿÁ* Çò^ÎíO 2) Ìáì_¨¬æ¹ Çò^ÎO (Group-II - 2008)
3) xH`~ Çò^ÎíO 4) ²O^£ Çò^ÎO 1) \ ÷ãé° 2) ~A =°O^Îyi
2. KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ë =°¿~¡°¼_È° #O^Î ~AÌá KÍ²# u~¡°Q®°ì@° 3) ^¥#¼H@H=ò 4) Zã~¡Q®°_
H^¥O×OQê Q®ey# ãQ®O^ÎO D ãH÷Ok "x Õ Uk? 13. =°¿~¡°¼ PªÖ#O Õ "³òQ®¬ëh¹ `Ç~Þ`Ç KÍi#k Z=~¡°?
1) HÒ\÷°¼x J~¡Ö§GO (Group-II - 2002) (Group-II - 2005)
2) q§Y^Î`Ç°ëx =òã^¥~HÆ¬O 1) Ç¶O\÷"³¶H¹ 2) =¶Q®¹
Y
3) ¬`ÇO[e =°¬ðì+¬¼O 3) \Õg° 4) _³q°Ç°HË¹
4) =¶_Èb<£ ÀÁ_£ 14. JÕä½_È° `Ç# ^Î~àxß Uq^ÎOQê ã¬K~¡O KÍ§_È°?
M
3. HoOQ® ^ÍO× Ìá JÕä½_È° ÚOk# [Ç°=ò ãH÷Ok "\÷ Õ 1) §¬< ^¥Þ~ (Group-II - 2003)
^Íx Õ À~ùø#|_Ok?
95 E
(Group-I - 1999) 2) ãH$`¼xß L¬³¶yOKÇ_ÈO ^¥Þ~
9
1) ã¬°`ÇÞ ~u §¬#O - XIII 3) q^Í§ä½ aäÆ½=ô#° ¬O¬_ÈO ^¥Þ~
59
D
2) ã¬°`ÇÞ ~u §¬#O - XII 4) Ìá=hß
15. ^Î~¡à=°¬ð=¶ã`Ç°#° ã¬ªëqOz# JÕä½x §¬#O?
CA
3) HoOQ®Ìá ã¬H\ ÷Oz# ã¬`Í¼H ~u §¬#O
50
4) c¬ð~ (D.L. - 2011)
4. =°¿~¡¼ ~[=O§xß ªÖ²Oz#k?

98
(Group-I - 1999) 1) t ì§¬#O - 2 2) t ì§¬#O - 1
A
1) KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ë =°¿~¡°¼_È° 2) JÕä½_È°
:8
3) t ì§¬#O - 3 4) t ì§¬#O - 5
3) aO^Î°ª~¡°_È° 4) ¬øO^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° 16. JÕä½x §¬<° =°iÇò "\÷ ãì²ìà e²x "³ò^Î@
h
5. U ãQ®O^ÎO KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ë ~A ²O¬ð¬#=ò JOHiOz Z=~¡° KÇ^Î=Q®eQê~¡°?

A E
.P
(Group-II - 2003)
#@°Á K³²æOk? (Group-I - 1995) 1) J ÿQêûO_È~ HxßOQ·¬ìO 2) =¶H±=òÁ~

AB C
D
1) ^Íq KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ëO 2) =°$KÇóH\ ÷HO 3) *è"£° ãÌ<³¹ 4) =¶i=°~ g~

ER I
3) HÒ=òk =°Ìì`Ç"£ 4) Ja*ìý# §ä½O`ÇO 17. =`Ç=°¬ð[# ¬^¥xH÷ ~[^¥x? (Group-II - 2008)
O
6. ¬ì~¼OH =O×ªÖ¬ä½_È°? (Group-I - 1984) 1) HÒ§Oa 2) J¬ðì^Î°

CH
1) aOaª~¡°_È° 2) aO^Î°ª~¡°_È° 3) Jq°KÇóã`Ç 4) HêO²¼

YD
3) J*ì`Ç ×ã`Ç°=ô 4) KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° 18. L`Ç~ë ¡ ì~¡ÒÇ Õ H~=

¡ ô =zó#¬ô_È° KÇOã^ÎQ°® ¬ë =°¿~¡°¼x`Ë
7. =¶#=`ÇÞ ã¬u^Î# g°^Î JÕä½_È° U k#=ò# HO^Îi ì@° Z=~¡° ^ÎH÷Æ}ìxH÷ =zó#@°Á `³°¬°ëOk?
,H
Mÿán#° q_È°^Î KÍ§~¡°? (Group-II - 2012) (Group-II - 2003)

AM
T
1) [#àk#O 2) ¬\ìaÀ+HO ~ËA# 1) "Í°~¡°`Ç°OQ®_È° 2) ã^Îì¬_È°

H
M
3) º^Î=°`ÇO#° J=OaOz# ~ËA 3) ä½b×Ã_È° 4) ¬¶Öã^Î°_È°

19. JÕä ½ _È ° =°`Ç ã ¬ K ~xH÷ ì ~¡ ` Ç ^ Í §xH÷ "³ °¬
AM
4) HoOQ® PãH=°}~ËA
IG
8. =°¿~¡°¼ "³O_ <}è°? (Group-II - 2011) ¬O²#k =òY¼OQê U ^Í§xH÷? (Group-II - 2008)
KH
1) x+¬ø 2) HêH÷x 3) ¬} 4) ×`Ç=¶# 1) NOH 2) Ç°=# (ìH©iÇ¶)
9. J ÿQêûO_È~ WO_Ç¶Ìá ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç KÍ²#k?

R
3) HOÕ_Ç¶ 4) |~à
(Group-II - 2011) 20. ãH÷Ok JÕä½x ^Î~¡à§¬< Õ J`Çx À~¡°x K³¬æxk

1) ãH©.¬î.327 2) ãH©.¬î.303 Uk? (Group-II - 2003)
3) ãH©.¬î.302 4) ãH©.¬î.298 1) ªOp 2) =¶Ôø
10. U ãO`ÇO Õ JÕä½x ã¬^¥#"³°Ø# ã¬°`ÇÞ t ì 3) Q®°[ã~ 4) x@¶~-L_QËO
§¬#=ò° U~æ>ÿØ=ô#ßq?
1) y~ß~
(Group-II - 2008)
2) J¬ðì^£ 3) |~|~ 4) _bÁ

["|°°
11. =°Q®^Î Õ "³#°"³O@<Í =°¿~¡°¼ L`Çë~kHê~¡° ÿ=~¡°? 1) 2 2) 2 3) 1 4) 1 5) 1
(Group-II - 2008) 6) 2 7) 2 8) 3 9) 1 10) 1
1) §`Ç"¬ì#°° 2) ä½#°° 11) 3 12) 4 13) 4 14) 4 15) 4
3) ¬°OQ®°° 4) O_È°¼° 16) 3 17) 1 18) 2 19) 1 20) 1

G ãH©.¬î. 2= ×`|O #°O_ ãH©.×. 3= ×`|O =~¡ä½ =°^Î¼Q® Hê ìxß =°¿~¼O`Ç~¡ ÇòQ®O / =~¡ëä½ ÇòQ®O JO\ì~¡°.
G D HêO Õ ì~¡fÇ° =~¡ëä½° ã¬¬OKÇOÌá Pk¬`Ç¼O K³ ì~òOKÍ"~¡°.
Y
G q^ÍjÇò#° "Í°ÁKó / "³°ÁKÇó° J<Í"~¡°.
M
G =°¿~¡¼=O×O Õ z=i"ï~á# |$¬ìã^Î^Î°_È° J`Çx À<x J~ò# ¬ô+¬¼q°ã`Ç ×ÃOQ®°_È° F_OK_È°.
v ×ÃOQ®=O×O :
95 E
9
59
G ×ÃOQ®=O× ªÖ¬ä½_È° - ¬ô+¬¼q°ã`Ç ×ÃOQ®°_È°.
D
G ~¡^¥Þ[ QËãfÇò_È°.
G W`Çx HêO Õ ãì¬ìà}° Pk¬`Ç¼O ÌiyOk.
CA
50
G ìQ®=`Ç =°`ÇO ¬ô+¬¼q°ã`Ç ×ÃOQ®°x HêO Õ Pq~¡ÄqOzOk. ("¬°^Í=H$+¬â)
98
G ìQ®=`Ç =°`ÇO ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ÕH÷ §`"¬ì# ~*ÿá# H$+¬â / H<Ý HêO Õ ã¬"ÍtOzOk.
A
:8
G W`Çx ~[^¥x - qk× @b¬ôã`ÇO #°O_ =¶~¡ó|_Ok.
h
A E
G W`ÇxHêO Õ ¬Ò[e - =°¬ðì+¬¼O (³¶Qê#°) ~¡zOK_È°.

.P
G W`Çx `Ç~Þ`Ç ä½_È° - Jyßq°ã`Ç°_È°

AB C
D
G Hêo^¥¬° Jyßq°ã`Ç°_È°, =¶×qH#° Q®°iOz ''=¶×qHêyß q°ã`Ç=òÑÑ J<Í <@Hêxß ~¡zOK_È°.

ER I
G W`Çx `Ç~Þ`Ç ä½_È° - ìQ®°_È°

O
G W`Çx HêO Õ 'Ììe³¶_Ë~¡¹Ñ J<Í ãwä½~Ç°ìix 'PO\÷Ç° Ì_Ë¹Ñ ¬O²OK_È°.

CH
G Ììe³¶_Ë~¡¹ qk× ^ÎQ®¾~¡ Q® è¹#Q®~ =^Îí q+¬µâ¬ÖOO#° "Í~òOK_È°.

YD
G ×ÃOQ®=×O Õ z=i"_³á# ^Í=¶ux J`Çx =°Oãu "¬°^Í= H}Þ F_Oz H}Þ=O×O#° ªÖ²OK_È°.
,H
v H}Þ =O×O :
AM
T
G ªÖ¬ä½_È° - "¬°^Í= H}Þ

H
M
G ~[^¥x - @b¬ôã`ÇO
AM
G
IG
W`Ç_È° qk× #°O_ =¶~ó_È°.

KH
G `Ç~Þu ä½° - ¶q°q°ã`Ç, <~Ç°}, ¬°×~¡à z=i"_È°.

G z=i"_³á# ¬°×~¡à#° '"³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬ô Õ=¶qÑ F_OKÇ_ÈO`Ë
R
H}Þ=O×O Õ =°Q®^Î ³òHø ã=òY¼`Ç JO`Ç"³°ØOk.
~¡jH, ãwä½ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç°

G ì~¡`Ç^Í×OÌá ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç KÍ²# `ùe q^ÍjÇò°- ~¡jä½°/ ¬iÂÇ¶ (<Í_È° W~<£).
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O g°^Î ~¡jä½ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç° ã~¡O"³°Ø# ×`|O - ãH©.¬î. 6= ×`|íO.
v _ÍiÇ°¹ - 1 :
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×OÌá ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç KÍ²# `ùe ~¡jH ä½° - Ìá~¡¹, _ÍiÇ°¹-1
G Ìá~¡¹ ãH©.¬î 540 Õ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç KÍ² QêO^¥~¡ (<Í_È° P¬Éxªë<£)#° PãHq°OK³#°.
G ãH©.¬î. 516 Õ ì~¡`Ç "Çò=¼ ãO`xß PãHq°Oz# ¬iÂÇ¶ ~A - _ÍiÇ°¹-1.

G ì~¡fÇ° Ìá<¼#° Çü~Ë²Ç°<£ Çò^¥ Õ L¬³¶yOz# ~¡jH KÇãH=ië - ïH~¡ïH¹.
G ~¡jä½ =# ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ÕH÷ ã¬"ÍtOz# e² - Y~Ë+²» e².
G ²O^Î¶#k =òY^¥Þ~¡O #°O_ Dl¦¹ =~¡ä½ ¬=òã^Î =¶~¡¾O Õ ã¬Ç¶}÷Oz# <qä½_È° - Ìáø ìH±.
G Ìáø ìH±#° ãé`Ç²ìOz# ~¡jH KÇãH=ië - _ÍiÇ°¹-1.
G ~¡jä½ ~[^¥x - Ìiée¹.
v J ÿQêûO_È~ :
G Ìiée¹ #Q®~¡=ò#° ^ÎÞO¬O KÍ²# ãwä½ ä½_È° - J ÿQêûO_È~.
G Ìiée¹#° ée=ô#ß ì~¡fÇ° #Q®~¡O - @b¬ôã`Ç=ò.
G ~¡jä½ `Ç~Þ`Ç ãwä½ ä½_È° J ÿQêûO_È~ ì~¡`Ç^Í×OÌá ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç KÍÌ#°.
G J ÿQêûO_È~ ãwä½ Õx =¶²_ËxÇ¶ ä½_È°. 2= ¦²e¹ ä½=¶~¡°_È°.
Y
G J ÿQêûO_È~ Q®°~¡°=ô ã¬²^Î `Ç`Çë Þ"Í`Çë- Jiª\ ÷ .
M
G J ÿQêûO_È~ Q®°]O À~¡° |°KÍó¬ ì¹.
G J ÿQêûO_È~ ¬iÂÇ¶ ä½_È° =ü_È= _ÍiÇ°¹#° J~¡è ì Çò^ÎO Õ F_OK³#°.
95 E
9
G J ÿQêûO_È~`Ë KÍ`Ç°° He²# `ÇHÆt ~A - JOa.
59
D
G J ÿQêûO_È~ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ÕH÷ ã¬"ÍtOz# ¬O=`Ç~¡O ãH©.¬î. 327.
G 'çHê~ËÑ
CA
J ÿQêûO_È~#° JOa Õ H°¬°Hù<³#°.
50
G J ÿQêûO_È~ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç HêO <\÷H÷ rO-aÇ¶¹ #^Î° =°^Î¼Q® ì~¡fÇ° ~*ì¼ ¬OY¼ - . 7
98
G J ÿQêûO_È~x Z^Î°iOz# ¬ô~¡°é`Çë=ò_È° rO- p< #^Î° =°^Î¼ ãO`xß eOKÍ"_È°.
A
:8
G ¬ô~¡°é`Çë=òxH÷, J ÿQêûO_È~ä½ =°^Î¼ [iy# Çò^ÎO - rO #k Çò^ÎO (ãH©.¬î. 326).
ãwä½° Ìáì_¨¬æ¹ Çò^ÎO JO\ì~¡°.

h
G rO #k Çò^¥xß
A E
.P
G rO #k Çò^ÎO Õ J ÿQêûO_È~ q[Ç°O ªkOK³#°.

AB C
D
G J ÿQêûO_È~ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç HêO <\÷ =°Q®^Î ä½_È° - ^Î##O^Î°_È°.

ER I
G J ÿQêûO_È~ ì~¡`Ç^Í§xß ¬îiëQê [~òOKÇ èH "³#°k~¡Q®_¨xH÷ Hê~¡}ì° -

O
1) Ìáxä½ JO`Ç~¡¾`Ç u~¡°Q®°ì@° 2) =°Q®^Î#° eOKÍ #O^Î° ÌáxH |O¬@Á Ç°¬_È_ÈO.

CH
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ J ÿQêûO_È~ ã¬uxk - ¦²e¬æ¹.

YD
G J ÿQêûO_È~ 33 ¬O=`Ç~ =Ç°¬° Õ ãH©.¬î. 323 Õ ìa ÕxÇ¶/ìa Õ<£ (<Í\ ÷ W~H±) Õ =°~¡}÷OK³#°.
,H
G ²O^Î¶ [ ìÌá ¬iÕ^Î# KÍ²# J ÿQêûO_È~ <ñHê^ÎìkHêi - xÇ¶~¡ø¹.

AM
T
G J ÿQêûO_È~ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç =# Hey# ìO ì~¡`Ç ãwä½ ^Í§ =°^Î¼ "}÷[¼ ¬O|O^¥° <³Hù#_ÈO.
G J Q ÿ êûO_È~ [~òOz# ãO`#° ÚOk# J`Çx Ìá<¼kHêi - Ì¶¼H¹ xöH@~.
H
M
ÿ êûO_È~ =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~O
¡ ì~¡` Õ J Q
AM
G J ÿQêûO_È~ =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O Ì¶¼H¹ xöH@~ ²iÇ¶ ^Í§xH÷ ä½_ÈÇ¶¼_È°.

IG
G ãwä½ tæH× KÍ`Ç ã¬ìq`Ç"³°Ø# ì~¡fÇ° tæH×ä½ Q® À~¡° - QêO^¥~¡ tæH×.
KH
v WO_Ë ãwä½° :
R
G gi ~[^¥x - §H#Q®~¡"£° è^¥ ²³¶ HË@.

G "Çò=¼ ãO`ÇO Õ Q® ì¢H÷Ç¶ =^Îí ~*ì¼xß ªÖ²OK~¡°.
G gix ì¢H÷Ç°#°Á Jx ä_È JO\ì~¡°.
G WO_Ëãwä½ Õ `ùe"_È° - _³q°ã\÷Ç°¹

G Qù¬æ"_È° - g°<O_È~
G º^Î=°`xß ÔÞHiOz# `ùe q^Íj ä½_È° - g°<O_È~
G g°<O_È~ ã¬×ß° <Q®À#°x ¬=¶^¥< Q®°iOz ''q°oO^Î¬<ËÝÑÑ ãQ®O^ÎO Õ À~ùø#|_Ok.
G QêO^¥~¡ tæH× WO_Ëãwä½ HêO Õ ã~¡OaOKÇ|_Ok. (Hx+¬µøx HêO Õ Ja=$k K³OkOk)
G QêO^¥~¡ tæH× J#Qê ì~¡fÇ°, ãwä½ t ìæHì ¬"Í°à×#O.

G QêO^¥~¡ tæH×Ìá "³ò^Î@ ãwä½, ï~O_È=ªi (z=~¡Qê) ~Ë=°#Á ã¬ì=O Hx²¬°ëOk.
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ `ùeªiQê |OQê~¡° <}ÿ=ò#° q_È°^Î KÍ²#"~¡° - WO_Ëãwä½°.

G ¢ª\ ÷QË è^¥ "³°i_ïó J<Í ÌáxH Q®=~¡ß~+²¹ (x~¡Þ¬ì}ì q^¥#O)#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì~¡°.
v ×H=O×O / ×ä½° :
G g~¡° \çHêiÇ°<£ `³Q®ä½ K³Ok#"~¡°.
G `ùe ~[^¥x - A<¦¬°_£, =°e ~[^¥x - L[û~òx
G ×ä½° "³ò^Î\ ÷Qê K³á< Õ rqOKÍ"~¡° giH÷ =°~ùHÀ~¡° ²kÇ°#°Á. ²kÇ°#Á ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç #°O_ K³á<#° Hê_È°@ä½ z<£
è^¥ zOQ· =O×O Õ Qù¬æ"_³á# '+²-¬úÇ¶OQ·-fÑ ãH©.¬î. 220 ¬OII Õ The great wall of China #° xiàOK_È°.
G JO`ÇiHÆO #°O_ KÇ¶²# ¶q°Ìá H#|_Í UïHáH H@_ÈO.
G (K³á< QË_È =òO^Î° Dl¬ô ²~¡q°_È°Á "³"³Õ`Ç°x ''"Ë ÿ~ÑÑ À~ùø<ß_È°.
Y
"Ë ÿ~ a~¡°^Î° - q¬Á=O Õ ¬Q®ìQ®O - ãQ®O^ÎO "The Natural Rights")
M
G ×H=O× ªÖ¬ä½_È° / `ùe~A - =¶=ô*.
G ×H~A ÕÁ "³ò^Î\ ÷ Qù¬æ"_È° - ¬¬ì#°_È°
95 E
9
G ¬¬ì#°_È° "³O_`Ë Zä½ø= "³ò`ÇëO Õ <}è° =òãkOK_È°.
59
D
G QÒ`Çg°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ ¬¬ì#°xß F_Oz "³O_ <}ÿ=ò#° `Ç# À~¡°`Ë =òãkOK_È°.
CA
G g\÷h ã¬u =òãk`Ç <}ÿ=ò° / ¬OKÇ=¶~ø_£ <}ÿ=ò° JO\ì~¡°.
50
G ×ä½ Õ JO^Îi Õ Qù¬æ"_È° - ~¡°ã^Î^¥=ò_È°. (Hê~¡Ö=¶H `³Q®ä½ K³Ok#"_È°)
98
G ~¡°ã^Î^¥=ò_È° A<Q®_£ / y~ß~ =^Îí ¬O¬ø $`ÇO Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ `ùeªiQê §¬<xß "Í~òOK_È°.
A
:8
(ì~¡` Õ `ùe §¬# H~¡ë J~ò# JÕä½_È° H$`ÇO ì+¬ Õ "Í~òOK_È°)
h
G ¬°^Î~¡Å# `Ç\ìHêxH÷
A E
A<Q®_£ §¬#O Õ ¬ô+¬¼Q®°¬ôë_È° xiàOz# JÕä½_È°, ~¡°ã^Î^¥=ò_È°, Mì~¡"Í°_È° =°~¡=°à`Ç°ë°

.P
KÍ~òOz#@° À~ùø#|_Ok.
AB C
D
G ~¡°ã^Î^¥=òx ä½=¶ï~ë J~ò# ~¡°ã^Î^¥q°ä#° =t+Ô»¬ôã`Ç t=§`ÇHiâH÷ Wzó q"¬ìO KÍ²#@°Á À~ùø#ßk.
ER I
G ãH©.¬î. 58 Õ Q®~¡°_ÈaÁ ä½=¶~¡°_È° qãH=¶k`Ç¼ ×ä½#° L[û~òx #°Oz `Ç~¡"Í°² ãH©.¬î.58 ¬OII Õ 'qãH=°×HOÑ#°
O
ã~¡OaOK_È°.
CH
v iÖÇ°<£° :
YD
,H
G iÖÇ°<£#° ì~¡fÇò° ²ez# À~¡° - ¬¬ìÁ=ô°.

AM
"Ë<Ëh¹ (×ä½
T
G iÖÇ°<£ Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷"_È° - XH §Y ªÖ¬ä½_È°).
G - ¬æi¬<£.
H
"Ë<Ëh¹ J#O`Ç~¡ ä½_È°

M
G QËO_ËÌ¦iß¹.
AM
iÖÇ°<£ Õ Qù¬æ"_È° -
IG
G ×H ~*ÿá# ï~O_È= U[¹#° F_Oz QËO_ËÌ¦iß¹ ¬¬ðÁ= JkHê~xß ªÖ²OK_È°.

KH
G QËO_ËÌ¦iß¹ ~*ì¼xß r¬¹ ¢ïHá¹ ³òHø 12 =°Ok t+¬µ¼ Õ XH_³á# Ì~òO\ ^¥=°¹ ì~¡`Ç^Í§xß ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°.
R
G W`Ç#° =°ã^¥¹ ^ÎQ®¾~¡ Q® "³°Ø ì¬î~ J<Í ãO`ÇO =^Îí ¬ì`Ç¼ä½ Q®°~¡Ç¶¼_È°.
G QËO_ËÌ¦iß¹ä½ ¬O|OkOz# §¬#O ãH©.×. 1= ×`|O Õ H÷ªë<£ Õx Ì=~ ¬g°¬O Õx `ÇMë-Wì~ò =^Îí
aOzOk.
G QËO_ËÌ¦ï~ß¹ `Ç~¡°"`Ç =zó# ~A - J|íQ®*ÿ¹.

v ä½}°° :
G ä½}°° K³á< ¬i¬ì^Î°í ÕÁ x=²OKÍ Çüp(KÇOã^Î `³Q®)ä½ K³Ok#"~¡°.
G ä½#° =O×ªÖ¬ä½_È° - ä½[ Hê_£Ìá²¹-1

G q=¶Hê_£Ìá²¹, `Ç# |OQê~¡° <}ìÌá t=ôx ã¬u=°#° =òãkOK_È°.
Hê=ô# Üá= =°`Ç¬°Ö_È° Jx `³°¬°ëOk.

v Hx+¬µø_È° :
G ä½}° =O×O ÕïHÁ Qù¬æ"_È°.
G a~¡°^Î°° : ^Í=¬ôã`Ç, Ô[~ (KÇãH=ië), ï~O_È= JÕä½_È°, =°¬ð~*ì, =°¬ð~*ìk~A.
G ãH©.×. 78 Õ §e"¬ì# ÇòQ®O / ×HÇòQêxß Hx+¬µø_È° ã~¡OaOK_È°.
G Hx+¬µø_È° 4= º^Î ¬Owux ä½O^Î =#O ( è^¥) [O^Î~ Õ =¬°q°ã`Ç°_È° J^Î¼HÆ`Ç# x~¡Þ²ìOK_È°.
G D ¬=¶"Í×O Õ J×Þ¦¬°Õ+¬µ_È° `ùeªiQê L^Î¼äÆ½_Qê ¬xKÍ§_È°.
G Hx+¬µøxH÷ ¬=°Hêeä½_È° - J×Þ¦¬°Õ+¬µ_È°

G J×Þ¦¬°Õ+¬µx ãQ®O^¥° : |°^ÎKÇi`ÇO, ªÏO^Î~¡¼#O^Î#O, º~¡¬ôã`Ç ã¬H~¡}O, =ã[¬¶z, =°¬ìqzÇ°.
G ¬¶ãÒHê~¡ (nxx J¬OQ®°_È° ä_¨ ~§_È°)
G 4= º^Î ¬Owu Õ º^Î°° Ôì#Ç¶#°°, =°¬ðÇ¶#°° Jx ï~O_È° =~¾°Qê q_éÇ¶~¡°.
Y
G ¬°ã×Ã`Ç°_È° - ¬°×$`Ç ¬O²ì`Ç J<Í ãQ®O^¥xß ~¡zOK_È°.
M
G D ãQ®O^ÎO `ùeªiQê ¬~¡ûi Q®°iOz À~ùøO@°Ok.
G ¬~¡ûi q^¥# ²`=°¬_È° - ¬°×$`Ç°_È°.
95 E
G Ì=~ / ¬ô~¡°+¬¬ô~¡O xiàOK_È°.
9
Hx+¬µø_È°
59
D
G ä½#° `ùe ~[^¥x - Ì=~ HêQê, ï~O_È= ~[^¥x - =°^Î°~¡
G c"£°~"£°
CA
Hx+¬µø_È° Ì=~ =^Îí Ju Ì^Îí º^Î qãQ®¬ðxß xiàOK_È° -
50
G c"£°~"£° ^ÎQ®¾~¡ Q® |°^Î qãQ®¬ìO ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õx QêO^¥~¡tæH× Õ Ju ãp#"³°Ø#^Îx KÇiã`ÇHê~¡° À~ùø<ß~¡°.
98
G ä½}° ÕÁ z=i"_È° - "¬°^Í=
A
:8
G Hx+¬µøx HêO Õ QêO^¥~¡ tæH×, =°^Î°~¡ tæH×° H=ô.
G QêO^¥~¡ tæH×
h
Qù¬æQê Ja=$k K³Ok# H× - (q^Íj tæH×)
A E
.P
G =°^Î°~¡ tæHì - '¬Þ^Ít H×Ñ

AB C
D
G =°^Î°~¡ ~Ë"£°, K³á< =°^Î¼Q® ² ø~¡¶\ Õ ã¬=òY =~¡ëH öHOã^ÎO

ER I
G =°^Î°~¡ Õ '×`ÇHÑ J<Í =¢¬ëO JkH ã¬=òY"³°Ø#k.

O
G QêO^¥~¡ J<Í ¬^ÎO `ùeªiQê ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· ².Çü.H÷ J<Í ãQ®O^ÎO Õ L¬³¶yOK~¡°.

CH
v HoOQ®~[¼O / KÍk =O×O :

YD
G KÍk=O×O
,H
JÕä½x =°~¡}ìO`Ç~¡O HoOQ®#° eOz# =O×O -
G =°¬ð"Í°¦¬°=~¡à
AM
ªÖ¬ä½_È° -
T
G W`Çx =O×O =°¬ð"Í°¦¬°=~¡à =O×O Jx À~ùø#|_Ok.

H
M
a~¡°^Î°° : 1) =ü+²H Jk¬u, 2) HoOQ® Jk¬u, 3) aäÆ½~A

AM
IG
G HoOQ® Mì~¡"Í°_È° Q®°iOz X_ ~[^¥x ° =<ÍÞ× ~ä½ ¬g°¬O Õ

KH
L^Î°Ç yi Q®°¬ì Õ '¬ðkQ°® OÑ §¬<xß "Í~òOK_È°.

G ¬ðkQ®°O J#Qê U#°Q®° ^ÎO PHê~¡O ÕQ® Q®°¬ì Jx J~¡ÖO.
R
G Mì~¡"Í°_È° ^ÎH÷Æ}ì# H#ßÿ#ß (H$â) #k =~¡ä½ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç KÍ§_È°.

G L`Çë~# =°Q®^ÎÌá ^¥_KÍ² JHø_È ^ËKÇ°ä½#ß ¬O¬^Î`Ë °=<Í×Þ~ Õ (X_) XH ^Í"Ç¶xß xiàOK_È°.
G Mì~¡"Í°_È° =Ou À~¡° - =°¬ðq[Ç° ã¬ª^ÎO.
G Mì~¡"Í°_È° =ü+²H ¬@}OÌá ^¥_ KÍ§_È°.
G HoOQ®Ìá ^¥_KÍ²# #O^Î~A - =°¬ð¬^Îà#O^Î°_È°

G Mì~¡"Í°_È° *ÿá#=°`Ç¬°Ö_È° - W`Ç#° ä½=¶~¡yi Õ *ÿá#¬i+¬` x~¡Þ²ìOK_È°.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1. D ãH÷Ok "x Õ `Ç¬CQê [`Ç¬~¡ó|_#k Uk? 12. Hx+¬µø_È° PKÇiOz# =°`ÇO? (P.L - 2002)
1) |$¬ì`Çø^Î - Q®°}ì^Î°¼_È° (Group-I- 2003) 1) º^Î 2) *ÿá#=°`ÇO 3) ²ìO^Î¶ 4) Ìá=xß

2) Qê^¥ ¬¬ë¬u - ¬ð°_È° 13. §`Ç"¬ì# Hê ìxH÷ K³Ok# ''J=¶`Ç°¼_È°ÑÑ ª^¥~¡}OQê?
3) ¬ì~¡ÂKÇiã`Ç - ¬ì~¡Â=~¡Ö#°_È° (Group-II - 2003)
4) ~[õY~¡ KÇiã`Ç - =°Á# 1) =°Oãu 2) Ìá<¼kHêi

2. z@z=i H}Þ~Ax F_Oz#k? (A.A.M- 2012) 3) l ìÁ JkHêi 4) ãQê=°Ì^Îí
1) §`Ç"¬ì# ~A 2) qk×ã¬°=ô 14. §`Ç"¬ì# ~A "³ò^Î\ ÷ §`ÇHi â q"¬ì=¶_# <QêxH
Z=~¡°?
Y
3) iÖÇ°<£ ~A 4) ãwä½ ã¬°=ô (Group-II - 2000)
3. =~¡âªOH~¡¼ x~Ë^ÎH J<Í a~¡°^Î° Z=iH÷ H^Î°? 1) =°¬ð~¡k ã`Ç}H~ò~Ë ä`Ç°~¡°
M
(A.A.M- 2012) 2) KÇ+¬»¬°x ä`Ç°~¡°
1) N=òY°_È° 2) §`ÇHiâ - I 3) ¬¬ì}°x ä`Ç°~¡° 4) ~¡°ã^Î^Î=°#°x ªé^Îi
95 E
II
9
3) §`ÇHiâ - 4) QÒ`Çq°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ 15. ''#=#Q®~°ÑÑ J#° ¬@}ì#° xiàOz# §`Ç"¬ì#
59
D
4. §`Ç"¬ì#° HêO Õ ãQê=¶kHêix U=°x J<Í"~¡°? ~*ÿ=~¡°? (Group-II - 2000)
(A.A.M- 2012)
CA
1) N=òY°_È° 2) ¬ð°_È°
50
1) ãQê=°x 2) x|O^ÎHê~¡
3) QÒ`Çg°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ 4) ï~O_È= ¬ô Õ=¶g
98
3) =°¬ð=¶`Ç¼ 4) J<`Ç¼
16. Hx+¬µøx PªÖ# "³á^Î°¼_³=~¡°? (A.S.O - 2008)
5. D ãH÷ O k §`Ç " ¬ ì # ã¬ ° =ô ÕÁ Z=~¡ ° >ÿ ÿ g °H÷
A
:8
1) <Qê~¡°û#°_È° 2) ¬°ã×Ã`Ç°_È°
¬=°Hêbä½_È°? (A.A.M- 2012)
3) KÇ~¡ä½_È° 4) "Q®Ä@°_È°
h
I
A E
.P
1) §`ÇHiâ - 2) QÒ`Çg°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ

17. §`Ç"¬ì#° ~[=O×O? (Group-II - 2000)
3) ¬ô Õ=¶g II
4) §`ÇHiâ -
AB C
D
1) º^Î 2) *ÿá# 3) "³ákH 4) "³á+¬â=

6. QêO^¥~¡ Üáe H× gi HêO Õ Ja=$k K³OkOk?
18. §`Ç"¬ì#° =òY¼ ¬@}O Uk?(Group-II - 2000)
ER I
(Group-II - 2000)
O
1) Ìá\ì<£ 2) J=°~=u
1) =°O^Î°° 2) =°¿~¡°¼°
3) HËO_¨¬î~ 4) \ ÷ ãé°
CH
3) ×ÃOQ®°° 4) ä½#°°
19. ä½}° ~[¼ä½_È°?
YD
(J.L - 2011)
7. ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ |OQê~¡° <}è° J=°° ÕH÷ `³zó#
1) ¬ô+¬¼q°ã`Ç 2) LãQ®À#°_È°
,H
~A°? (A.E.E'S - 2009)

3) qãH=¶k`Ç¼ 4) H_ÈÌ¦áÌ¹ - 1
AM
T
1) =°¿~¡¼ 2) WO_Ë-ãwä½°
20. ¬¬ð#°_È° U=O§xH÷ ~A? (Group-II - 1991)
3) Q®°¬ôë° 4) ä½#°°
H
M
1) H^ÎO| 2) Q®OQ® 3) HÆêã`Ç¬ 4) "Hê@H

8. ãp# ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ D ãH÷Ok U =O×¬ô ~A°
AM
21. |N *ìsKÍ²# §¬#O? (Group-II - 1989)

''^Í=¬ôã`ÇÑÑ J<Í a~¡°^¥xß Ì@°ä½<ß~¡°?(A.E.E'S - 08)
IG
1) <²H± §¬#O 2) <<¦¬°\ §¬#O

KH
1) =°¿~¡°¼° 2) Q®°¬ôë°
3) H<ÍÝi §¬#O 4) ^Î~¡}÷HË@ §¬#O
3) ¬ìÙÇ¶ª°° 4) ä½#°°
R
9. §`Ç"¬ì# HêO Õ =_Û ö~@° ZO`Ç? (Gr-II - 2008)

22. Mì~¡"Í°xH÷ ¬=°Hêbä½_³á# §`Ç"¬ì# ~A?
(Group-II - 1989)
1) 6% 2) 9% 3) 12% 4) 18%
10. =¶H¼^Ëx §¬#O Õ À~ùø#|_# Q®°eàH J<Í J~¡O? 1) QÒ`Çg°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ 2) §`ÇHiâ - I
3) ¬ð°_È° 4) ¬ô Õ=¶g
(Group-II - 2008)
1) ãQê=° Ì^Îí 2) ìx¬ ["|°°

3) "}÷[¼ ¬°OHO 4) ¶ªÞ=°¼ ã¬°=ô 1) 3 2) 1 3) 4 4) 1 5) 2
11. ''Ìi¬Á¹ÑÑ ãQ®O^Î H~¡ë À~ùø#ß ¬^Î°ïH J<Í ~¡°=ô¬@}O 6) 4 7) 2 8) 4 9) 3 10) 1
W¬C_È° W ì ²°ªë~¡°? (Group-II - 2003) 11) 1 12) 1 13) 1 14) 1 15) 4
1) ¬ìiH"Í°_È° 2) ¬°~ 16) 3 17) 3 18) 1 19) 4 20) 3
3) ¬ô¬ð~ 4) `ã=°e²ë 21) 1 22) 2

G ã¬²kK³Ok# ^ÎHø<£#° / POã^Î^Í§xß eOz# "³ò^Î\ ÷ ~[=O×O - §`Ç"¬ì#°°.
G §`Ç"¬ì#°° POã^Î°° - gi `ùe ã¬ªÖ=# ¬OH¼=°#°_È° ã"²# S`Çö~Ç° ãì¬ìà}O Õ H^Î°.
Y
=ü¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È° - §`Ç"¬ì#°_È°. (ªé=°^Í=ôx - H^¥¬i`Q®~¡O)
M
~[¼ªÖ¬ä½_È° - N=òY°_È°.
"³ò^Î\ ÷ Qù¬æ"_È° - "³ò^Î\ ÷ §`ÇHiâ (`ùeªiQê '§`Ç"¬ì#Ñ J<Í ¬^ÎO "_# "_È°)
95 E
B.C (56¬OII)
9
Zä½ø= HêO eOz#"_È° - ï~O_È= §`ÇHiâ 184-128
59
D
JO^Îi ÕïH ìÁ Qù¬æ"_È° - QÒ`Çg°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ.
z=i Qù¬æ"_È° - Ç°[ýN §`ÇHiâ.
CA
50
z=i"_È° - 3= ¬ô Õ=¶q.
98
~[^¥#°° - ã¬u»}¬ô~¡O / Ìá~<£, 2=k ^¥#¼H@HO / ^Î#H@HO / ^Î~¡}÷HË@ / n k<³ß
A
:8
J=°~=u / H$â#k X_È°Û# Q®°O@¶~¡°l ìÁ Õ H^Î°.)
~[ ìOKÇ#O - ¬¶~¡°¼_È° / ¬O*ì Zuë# ²O¬ìO.
h
A E
.P
~[ / JkHêiH ì+¬ - ãH$`ÇO.

AB C
§¬<° - <<¦¬¶\ / "³ò^Î\ ÷ §`ÇHiâ q[Ç¶° - <Q®xH

D
ER I
- <²H± QÒ`Çg°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ q[Ç¶#° Q®°iOz

O
QÒ`Çg° ìN - 2= ¬ô Õ=¶qHêO Õ "Í~òOz#k

i+¬^Î`Ç°ëx <²H± §¬#O - XH ¬°=~¡â 35 Hê~¡Â¬}ì`Ë ¬=¶#O Jx À~ùøOk.
CH
YD
=°`Ç O - *ÿá#, "³ákH, º^ÎíO.

tæH× - 'J=°~=uÑ *ì`ÇHH^Î° - 500 - |°^Î°x ¬î~¡Þ[#à#° Q®°iOz `³°æ#°.
,H
#Q®~¡ x~à`Ç° - ÿ#H@HO - ã¬u}¬ô~¡O#ä½ ¬g°# QÒ`Çg°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ xiàOz 'ÿ#H@HªÞq°Ñ J<Í a~¡°^Î°
AM
T
ÚO^¥_È°.
H
M
J=°~=u - ï~O_È= ¬ô=¶q xiàOK_È°(W`Çx ª=°O`Ç~A g°_È°/ <Q®~A- J=°~=u

AM
¬¶Ö¬O#° xiàOK_È°)
IG
KH
# `³eÀ ãQ®O^¥° - HÒ\÷°¼x - J~¡Ö§GO, =°#°=ô - =°#°¬à $u.

q^ÍjÇ¶ãuä½° - "³°Q®¬ëh¹ - WO_Hê
R
- \ìg° - U ïQá_£ @° l³¶ãQ®¦Ô POã^Î Õx "³°Ø¬eÇ¶ / =°zb¬@ßO#° Qù¬æ=¶ï~ø\

è^¥ `Ç¶~¡°æf~¡O Õ ã¬=òY ö~=ô¬@}OQê =iâOK_È°.
G H^¥¬i`Q®~¡O ã¬Hê~¡O POã^Î~A n¬Hsâ ì~¡¼ `ùeö~~ò =òHê@°`Ë =°~¡}÷Àë "~¡¬°_È° HË¬O P ÕzOK_È°.
G ª`Ç J<Í ²O¬ðxß KÇO² ^¥xÌá Q® ì°}÷â Hê_¨_È°. nx`Ë<Í P ì°_H÷ §`Ç"¬ì#°_È° Jx À~¡°=zóOk.
G POã^Î^Í× KÇiã`Ç Õ POã^Î^Í§xß eOz# "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ ~A° - §`Ç"¬ì#°°.
G §`Ç"¬ì# JO>è =O^Î"¬ì#=ò° Hey#"~¡° - z#ã^Î¬¶i - ã¬uâ¬ô~¡Heæ è^¥ ¬°Yã¬^Î"³°Ø# "¬ì#O H"_È° Jx J~¡ÖO.
G ¬O¬ø $`ÇO Õ §e"¬ì# J#Qê =ix ¬O_OKÍ"~¡°.
G §¬<°, <}ÿO° gix ª^Î "¬ì#°° Jx À~ùø#ßq.
G =òO_¨s ì+¬ Õ ¬Ô Î J#Qê 'Q®°ã~¡OÑ Jx J~¡O
Ö - Q®°ã~¡O ä½=¶~¡°° / Q®°ã~xß "¬ì#OQê H"~¡x ã²A ì²ø À~ùø<ß_È°.
G ª`Ç (Ç°äÆ½_È°)x "¬ì#OQê H"ix ªé=°^Í=ôx - H^¥¬i`Q®~¡O À~ùøOk.

G g~¡° POã^Î°°, POã^Î J<Í ¬^ÎO - *ìu<=°O. §`Ç"¬ì# J<Í ¬^ÎO =O×O / ä½@°O|<=°O#° `³°æ#°.
G g~¡° L`Çë~¡ - ^ÎH÷Æ} ^Í§ =°^Î¼ ªO¬ø $uH "~¡kx xiàOK~¡°.
G QË ìKi ã¬Hê~¡O Q®°ã~°, U#°Q®°° "¬ì#OQê H"~¡°.
G gix Q®°iOz `³°¬°Hù#°@ä½ "VàÇ° (ª²ì`Ç¼) P^¥~°, ¬ô~=¬°ë P^¥~° H=ô.
1. "VVàÇ° / ª²ì`Ç¼ P^¥~° :

G POã^Î°#° Q®°iOz `ùeªiQê |°°öQÞ^ÎO Õ ¬OHê¼=°#°_È° ã"²# ''S`Çö~Ç° ãì¬ìà}OÑÑ g~¡° q§Þq°ã`Ç°x ¬O`Çu"~¡x
À~ùøOk.
G =°¬ðì~¡`Ç Çò^ÎO Õ HÒ~¡=ô° POã^Î°° HÒ~¡=ô `Ç~¡¬ô# é~_ÈQê "ix ¬¬ì^Í=ô_È° F_OK_È°.
G POã^Î°#° Q®¶ió `ùeªiQê À~ùø#ß Wu¬ð¬O - ~=¶Ç°}O / PkHê=¼O.

G Q®°}ì_È°¼_È° - |$¬ì`Çø`Ç (Ìá§zH ì+¬), ×~¡Þ=~¡à<£ -Hê`ÇOã`Ç "¼H~¡}O (¬O¬ø $`ÇO Õ)
Y
G "`Ç°#°_È° - Hê=°¬¶ã`Ç, (nx Õ 64 H×° H=ô), P~ËQ®¼=°O[iN #° ã"§_È°.
M
G ªé=°^Í×¬¶i - H^¥¬i`Q®~¡O.
G ¬ð°_È° - 'Qê^¥¬¬ë×uÑ, ×ë², b ì=u - b ì=u J<Í Q®}÷`Ç ãQ®O^ÎH~¡ë - ì¬ø~K~¡¼.
95 E
G ä½`Ç°¬ì°_È° - ''b ì=u¬i}Ç°OÑÑ.
9
59
D
G =°`Ç¼¬ô~}O - 30 =°Ok ~A° 450 ¬OII eOK~¡x `³°æ#°.
G "Çò (ãp#"³°Ø# ¬ô~}O), q+¬µâ, ìQ®=`Ç, ã|¬ðàO_È, q+¬¼ ¬ô~}ì Õ ä_¨ gi ã¬ªÖ=# H^Î°.
G ä½=Ç°=¶
CA
50
L^Ë¼`Ç#°_È° - (H$`ÇO) POã^Î°° JO^Î"³°Ø#"~¡x, P¬ð~¡, q¬ð~¡ ã²Çòx À~ùøOk.
98
v q^Íj ~¡KÇ#° :
A
:8
G "³°Q®¬ëh¹ - WO_Hê - POã^Î°#° Q®¶ió `³eÀ `ùe q^ÍjP^¥~¡O.
h
A E
G Wk POã^Î°ä½ ¬\ ÷+¬"³°Ø# ÌáxH=¼=¬Ö H^Îx, 30HË@°, 1000 U#°Q®°°, 2000 J§Þ°, HÆ HêÄO H^Îx,
.P
=°¿~¡°¼ä½ ª=°O`Ç°° Jx À~ùøO@°Ok.

AB C
D
G \ìg° (ï~O_È= ¬ô Õ=¶q ¬=°Hêeä½_È°) - ''ZïQá_£@° l³¶ãQ®¦²ÑÑ.

ER I
G ÔÁx - <ÍKÇ°~¡ ²ì¬s - (~Ë"£° |OQê~¡O JO` ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ `Ç~¡eé`Ç°Ok).

O
G J*ìý`Ç <qä½_È° / ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç - ''k Ìi¬Á¹ P¦¹ k ZsãuÇ°<£ ÔÑÑ (Zã~¡¬=òã^ÎOÌá k#KÇ~¡¼).
CH
2. ¬ô~=¬°ë P^¥~° :
YD
§¬<° :
,H
AM
T
G JÕä½x 13= t ì§¬#O - POã^Î°#° Q®°iOz `ùeªiQê À~ùø#ß (`ùe) §¬#O.

G H$+¬â / H#Ý : <²H± §¬#O - <²H± Õ ã×=°#° HË¬O XH Q®°¬ì `ùez#@°Á.
H
M
G <Q®xH - <<¦¬°\ §¬#O - "³ò^Î\ ÷ §`ÇHiâ q[Ç¶°, ~[¬¶Ç°, J×Þ"Í°^Î Ç¶Qê° KÍ²#@°Á `³°¬ô`Ç°Ok.
AM
IG
G ï~O_È= §`ÇHiâ - ªOp ¬¶Ö¬ §¬#O.

KH
G QÒ`Çg°ì ìN - <²H± §¬#O - QÒ`Çg°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ q[Ç¶#° Q®°iOz ï~O_È= ¬ô Õ=¶q HêO Õ "Í~òOzOk.
R
G g~¡° ãì¬ìà} =~¡¾O.

G ï~O_È= (=t+Ô»¬ôã`Ç) ¬ô Õ=¶q - J=°~=u §¬#O. nx Õ<Í `ùe `³°Q®°¬^Î"³°Ø# '<Q®|°Ñ HxæOz#k.
G nxx `ùeªiQê KÇkq#k - "Í@¶i ã¬ìH~¡§¢²ë.
G §`Ç"¬ì#° ~[^¥x - ^Î~¡}÷HË@ Jx `³°æ`Ç°#ßk.
G Ç°[ýN §`ÇHiâ - z#Q®O*ìO §¬#O (ã¬Hê×O)
G 3= ¬ô Õ=¶q - =¶¼H^Ëx (Q®°eàH J<Í¬^ÎO) J¶Ái (º^Î ¬O¦¬°O Z_ÈÁ|O_ÈÁ#° ^¥#OQê ÔÞHiOz =~¡ëä½ä½ J^³íä½
Wzó#@°Á)
G |°°+¬^Î`Ç°ëx - <²H± §¬#O 3 - XH ¬°=~¡â 35 H~¡Â¬}ì`Ë ("³O_ =°iÇò ~y <}ÿO°) ¬=¶#O.
G \ ÷ãé° §¬#O#° ä½è~¡°_È° "Í~òOK_È° nxß 1870 |ªÞ H#°Qù<ß_È°. ¬Þ~¡â¬ôæ° WHø_È ^ùiHê~ò.
G HoOQ®Mì~¡"Í°_È° - ¬ìnQ®°O¦ (U#°Q®° ^ÎO PHê~¡O Õ Q®°¬ì) Q®°O@°¬eÁ §¬<°.

G Mì~¡"Í°_È° - "³ò^Î\ ÷ §`ÇHiâÌá KÍ²# ^¥_, P<\÷ KÇ`Ç°~¡OQ® | ì°. ¬^¥u ^Î×O, JtÞH^Î×O, Q®[^Î×O, ^Î#°+¹ø
^Î×O)#° Q®¶ió `³°æ#°.
G Q®°O@°¬eÁ §¬#O POã^Î Õ Mì~¡"Í°_ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç#° Q®¶ió `³°æ#°.

G ~¡°ã^Î^¥=ò_È° - A<Q®_£ / y~ß~ §¬#O - ^ÎH÷Æ}ì¬^Î ä½_³á# Ç°[ýN §`ÇHiâx, ~¡°ã^Î^¥=ò_È° 2ª~¡°Á F_Oz#@°Á
D §¬#O Õ À~ùø#|_Ok.
G Hi~¡ë J<Í Hê=°ãH©_È Q®°iOz ä_¨ ã¬ªëqOKÇ|_Ok.
G "³°Ø^Î"Ë° - t=¬øO^Î =~¡à (ãp# ¬Á=ô Õ Qù¬æ"_È°)
<}ÿO° :
G POã^Î^Í× KÇiã`Ç Õ <}è#° =òãkOz# `ùe ~[=O×O.
G `ùeªiQê "³O_ <}ÿO #° =òãkOz# §`Ç"¬ì#~A - "³ò^Î\ ÷ §`ÇHiâ.
G L[û~òx ¬@} Q®°~¡°ë`Ë "³ò^Î\ ÷§`ÇHiâ, QÒ`Çg°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ° <}ÿO° =òãkOK~¡°.
Y
G F_È ç=°àQ® <}ÿO#° Ç°[ýN §`ÇHiâ "Í~òOK_È°.
M
G ãH$`ÇO, ^Íj ì+¬ ÕÁ Q® <}ÿO#° =t+²»¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ "Í~òOK_È°.
G g~¡° ²O¬ìO, Q®[O ("³ò^Î\ ÷ §`ÇHiâ), J×ÞO, K³á`Ç¼O Q®°~¡°ë°#ß <}ÿO#° ä_¨ =òãkOK~¡°.
95 E
9
Q®°¬ì° :
59
D
G H<ÍÝi <²H± Q®°¬ì#° H$+¬â / H#Ý `ù²OK_È°.
CA
G H<ÍÝi Q®°¬ì° - 109 - Wk ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ¬OMì¼¬~¡OQê Zä½ø= Q®°¬ì°#ß ãO`ÇO.
50
G N=òY, "³ò^Î\ ÷ §`ÇHiâ, <Q®xH qãQ®¬ð° - H<ÍÝi Õ ¼=°Ç¶¼~ò.
98
G J=°~=u Q®°¬ì Õ - QÒ`Çg°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ qãQ®¬ìO ¼=°~ò¼Ok.
A
:8
=~¡âO :
h
A E
G QÒ`Çg°ìN <²H± §¬#O ^¥Þ~ `³°¬°ëOk.

.P
§`Ç"¬ì#°° ãì¬ìà}°x
G ''HÆãuÇ° ^Î~¡æ=¶} =°~¡Ö#ÑÑ (HÆãuÇò J¬ìOHê~xß
AB C
QÒ`Çg°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâH Q® J}z"Í²#"_È°) a~¡°^Î° P^¥~¡OQê g~¡°

D
HÆãuÇò° Hê^Îx `³°¬°ëOk.

ER I
G *ÿá# ãQ®O^¥° - g~¡° x=°ßä½ ìxH÷ K³Ok# ¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È°. JãQ®ä½ ìxH÷ K³Ok# ¢Ôë #°O_ Pq~¡ÄqOz# q°ã×=° ¬O`Çu
O
"~¡x À~ùø<ß~ò.
CH
G ¬ô~}ì° - Ôì#*ìuH÷ K³Ok# "~¡x À~ùø<³#°.

YD
~[^¥x :
,H
G §`Ç"=°#° ~[^¥xH÷ ¬O|OkOz ï~O_È° ã¬^¥# ²^¥O`°<ß~ò.

AM
T
G 1) ã¬u#¬ô~¡O / Ìá~<£ - J=°~=u - P.T. Nx"¹ JÇ°¼OQê~, V.V. q°~t, ~°Kñ^Îi, |$¬ì`Çø^Î, Qê^¥¬¬ë×u
H
M
ã¬Hê~¡O.
AM
2) NHêä½×O (H$âl ìÁ) - J=°~=u - ã¬u#¬ô~¡O - ìï~û¹, ìï~ß\.

IG
v ä½° / =O×=$HÆO :
KH
R
G =°`Ç¬ô~}O : 30 =°Ok §`Ç"¬ì#ä½° 450 ¬OII eOK~¡°.

G "Çò¬ô~}O : 17 =°Ok ~A° 275 ¬OII eOK~¡°.
v =òY¼"³°Ø# ä½° :
G =ü¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È° - §`Ç"¬ì#°_È° - W`Çx À~¡° g°^Î<Í D =O×O =zóOk.
G W`Çx <}ÿO° - HùO_¨¬î~ =^Îí W\©= ¼"³°Ø#q.
1. N=òY°_È° :
G N=òY°_È° §`Ç"¬ì# ~[¼ªÖ¬ä½_È° - ã¬u#¬ô~¡O ~[^¥x.
G ¬=°Hêeä½_È° - JÕä½_È°. G =°¿~¡¼~*ÿá# JÕä½xH÷ ¬=°Hêbä½_È°.
G JÕä½_È° N=òY°xH÷ '~[Ñ J<Í a~¡°^Î° WKó_È°. ~Ç° J<Í a~¡°^Î°ä_¨ Wzó#@°Á D.C ¬~ø~ À~ùø<³#°.

G JÕä½_È° `Ç# §¬< Õ §`Ç"¬ì#°#° - ¬i¬ì^Î°í ã¬[°, JO^Îä½°, ¬`Ç¼¬ôã`Ç°°Qê À~ùø<ß_È°.
G N=òY°x <}ÿO° HsO#Q®~ l ìÁ Õx HË\÷ eOQê =^ÎíQ® =ò#°Q®°@ Õ aOK~ò.
G POã^Î°_Èx =°`Ç¼¬ô~}O Õ À~ùø#|_Ok.
G D <}ÿOÌá W`Çx À~¡° ''²i z=òH §`ÇÑÑ Jx À~ùø#|_Ok.
G W`Ç_È° ~iä½° J<Í <Q®`³Q®"ix F_Oz "i`Ë q"¬ì¬O|O^Î=ò° Hù#ªyOK~¡°.
G ~iä½ a~¡°^Î° - =°¬ð~¡k.
G N=òY°_È° ~iä½ ~*ÿá# / ¢`³á#ïHá~Ë ä½=¶ï~ë '<Q®xHÑ #° `Ç# ä½=¶~¡°_³á# "³ò^Î\ ÷ §`ÇHiâH÷ Wzó q"¬ìO KÍ§_È°.
G W`Ç_È° ¬ô~}ì ã¬Hê~¡O 23 ¬OII eOK_È°. (220 - 197)

G N=òY°_È° "³ò^Î\ÕÁ *ÿá# =°à=¶x - *ÿá#=°`xß ÔÞHiOz# UïHáH §`Ç"¬ì#~A.
G `Ç~Þ`Ç "³ákH=°`xß ÔÞHiOK_È°.
G §¬<° N=òY°_x - ²=òH=°x (=°`Ç¼¬ô~}O ä_¨) À~ùø<ß~ò.
Y
G ¬ô~}ì° - N=òY°_Èx =iâOK~ò.
M
G "Çò ¬ô~}O Õ ²O^Î¶H=°x, q+¬µâ¬ô~}O Õ |¬ôKÇóä½_È° Jx À~ùø<ß~ò.
G *ÿá# ãQ®O^¥° N=òY°_x ^Î°~à~¡°¾_Èx ã¬*ìu~¡°Q®°ì@° =# KÇxéÇ¶_Èx K³|°`Ç°<ß~ò.
95 E
9
G <<¦¬°\ §¬#O - W`Çxß ''~=°t=òHË §e"¬ì# ã¬=òHËÑÑ
59
D
G ~¡}QËã^Î, ~¡}QËªÞq° J<Í À~¡°#ß <}ÿO° ä_¨ N=òY°_Í "Í~òOK_È°.
2. H$+¬µâ_È° / H#°Ý_È° : (197-179 B.C)
CA
50
G 2= §`Ç"¬ì#~A : N=òY°_ ªé^Î~¡°_È°. G a~¡°^Î° - =°¬ð=°`Çë~¡°_È° (PkHq)
98
G <³"¬ G H$+¬â H<ÍÝi, <²H±, Hêï~Á Q®°¬ì#° `ù²OK_È°.
A
W`Çx <}ÿO° (=°¬ð~R) =^Îí ^ùiHê~ò.
:8
G <²H± Õx º^Î aäÆ½=ô ¬OöHÆ=¶~¡ÖO ''^Î~¡à=°¬ð=¶`Ç¼ÑÑ J<Í JkHê~¡°#° xÇ°q°OK_È°.
h
<²H±
A E
G
.P
×=°#°HË¬O Q®°¬ìq¬ð~¡O#° Õ `ùe²OK~¡°.
G ''ìQ®=`Ç =°`ÇOÑÑ
AB C
H#°Ý_ HêO Õ<Í ¬ô×¼q°ã`Ç ×ÃOQ®°xKÍ U~æ@°KÍÇ°|_# (Wk H~¡à=¶~¡¾O Q®°iOz `³°æ#°) ^ÎHø<£/
D
^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ÕH÷ ã¬"ÍtOzOk.

ER I
v "³ò^Î\÷ §`ÇHiâ :
O
(179-170 B.C)
CH
G W`Ç_È° N=òY°x ä½=¶~¡°_È° Jx §¬<° `³æQê ¬ô~}ì° - H$+¬µâ_ ä½=¶~¡°_Èx À~ùø<ß~¡°.

YD
G §`Ç"¬ì# =O× x["³°Ø# ªÖ¬ä½_È°, "³ò^Î\ ÷ Qù¬æ"_È°.

,H
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ §`ÇHiâ ì~¡¼ J~ò# <Q®xH - <<¦¬¶\ §¬#O#° "Í~òOzOk WHø_È 6 qãQ®¬ð° |Ç°æ_¨Û~ò.
~[¬¶Ç°Ç¶Q®O, 2) J×Þ"Í°^ÎÇ¶Qê° KÍ²#@°Á `Ç#

AM
G
T
nx Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷§`ÇHiâ 1) ~¡ë Qù¬æ`Ç<xß, <\÷ ¬=¶[O
Q®°iOz ãH$`Ç ì+¬ Õ "Í~òOzOk.

H
M
G 'xQ®=°¬Ñ#° Q®¶ió ã¬ªÖqOzOk.

AM
IG
G J×Þ"Í°^Î ¬O^Î~¡ÄO Õ W`Ç#° =òãkOz# <}ÿO XH\ ÷ ¬î< Õ ^ùiH÷Ok.

KH
G <<¦¬¶\ §¬#O Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ §`ÇHiâ ãH÷Ok a~¡°^Î°`Ë À~ùø#|_¨Û_È°.

R
; Jã¬u¬ì`ÇKÇãH - `Ç# JkHê~ä½ J_È°Û èx"_È°. ; ^ÎH÷Æ}ì¬^Î¬u ; UHg~¡ ; ¬¶~¡

G ¬ô~}ì Õ =°¬ð<£, HÁH~¡â Jx À~ùø<ß~ò.
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ §`ÇHiâ ¬=°Hêeä½° - ¬ô×¼q°ã`Ç ×ÃOQ®°_È°, Mì~¡"Í°_È°.

G ¬ô+¬¼q°ã`Ç ×ÃOQ®°_x F_Oz#O^Î°ä½ Q®°~¡°ëQê ''L[û~òx ¬@} Q®°~¡°ëÑÑ`Ë <}ÿO° =òãkOK_È°. Q®[ Q®°~¡°ë`Ë <}ÿO#°
ä_¨ =òãkOK_È°.
G q^Î~¡Ä#° ä_¨ [~òOK_È°.

G Mì~¡"Í°_È° "³ò^Î\ ÷ §`ÇHiâx F_Oz#@°Á '¬ìuQ®°OÑ, Q®°O@°¬eÁ §¬< Õ "Í~òOK_È°.
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê "³ákH=°`xß ÔÞHiOz Ç°[ýÇ¶Qê° x~¡Þ²ìOz# `ùe ~A.

G `ùeªiQê ''ãì¬ìà}°ä½ÑÑ ¬#°ß q°#¬ð~òO¬ô ¶=ò#° ^¥#OQê WKó_È°.
G 43102 QË=ô#°, 27000 Q®°ã~#° ä_¨ ^¥#O KÍ§_È°.

4. ¬ô~Ëâ`Ç°OQ® / "Í^ÎN §`ÇHiâ (170-152 B.C.) :
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ §`ÇHiâ <Q®xH ä½=¶~¡°_È°. ²^Î°O_È¬ô~¡O/ã¬u¬ô~¡OÌá ^¥_KÍ² Qê_^Î`Ë ^Î°xßOK_È°.
G ²^Î°O_È¬ô~¡"Í° \ ÷ãé° Jx HùO^Îi JaãÇ°O.
G W`Çx HêO Õ<Í \ ÷ãé°Ìá (Q®°O@¶~) Mì~¡"Í°_È° ^¥_KÍ§_È°.
5. ¬øO^Î¬ëOa (152-134 B.C.) :

G ¬ô~Ëâ`Ç°OQ®, ¬øO^Î¬ëOa HêO Õ ~[¼q¬ë~¡} [~¡Q® è^Î°.
G ãwä½ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç° ã~¡O=°Ç¶¼~ò.
6. ï~O_È= §`ÇHiâ (134-78 B.C.) :

G J`Ç¼kH HêO (56 ¬OII) eOz# §`Ç"¬ì#~A.
Y
G a~¡°^Î°° - ~[#¼N, §`ÇHiâ, ÇòQ®¬ô~}O.
M
G ªOp ¬¶ÖxH÷ ^ÎH÷Æ} `Ë~¡}O xiàOK_È°.
G Qêi¾ - ¬O²ì`Ç ã¬Hê~¡O ×ÃOQ®° ï~O_È= ~[^¥x 'qk×Ñ#°, ÇòQ®¬ô~}O ã¬Hê~¡O HoOQ®#°, =¶ìÞ [~òOK_È°.
95 E
9
G §`ÇHiâ-2 HêO #°O_Í ×H§`Ç"¬ì# ¦¬°~¡Â} ã~¡O"³°ØOk.
59
D
G W`Çx PªÖ# HìHê~¡°_È° - =t+Ô¬ôã`Ç P#O^Î.
7. OÕ^Î~¡°_È° (78-60 B.C.) :
CA
50
8. JÔä½_È° (60-48 B.C.) : KÇfë¹¦¬°_£ Õ W`Çx <}ÿO XH\ ÷ ^ùiH÷Ok. ìQ®°_È° W`Çxß F_Oz =¶ìÞ#° PãHq°OK_È°.
98
9. "Í°¦¬°ªÞu (78-60 B.C.) :
A
:8
10. ªÞu (30-12 B.C.) :
11. ¬øO^ÎªÞu (12-5 B.C.) :
h
A E
.P
12. =°$öQOã^Î°_È° (5-2 B.C.) :

AB C
D
13. ä½O`Ç §`ÇHiâ (ãH©.¬î. 2 - ãH©.×.6) :

ER I
O
G a~¡°^Î° - qãH=¶k`Ç¼
G ''H ìøK~¡¼ H^¥xHÑÑ J<Í
CH
*ÿá#ãQ®O^ÎO qãH=¶k`Ç¼ J<Í Çò=~A ×ä½#° F_Oz L[û~òxx [~òOz ãH©.¬î.58 Õ

YD
''qãH=°×HêxßÑÑ ã~¡OaOK_Èx K³|°`Ç°Ok.

,H
G D qãH=¶k`Ç°¼_Í ä½O`Ç §`ÇHiâ Jx KÇiã`ÇHê~¡° JaãÇ°O.
G ¬O¬ø $`ÇO
AM
W`Çx HêO Õ ~[ì+¬ J~ò¼Ok. JO`ÇH<ß =òO^Î° ãH$`ÇO JkHêiH ì+¬.

T
G W`Çx PªÖ#O Õx ×~¡Þ=~¡à<£ - Hê`ÇOã`Ç "¼H~¡}O (¬O¬ø $`Ç "¼H~¡} ãQ®O^ÎO) (`Ç# ~*ÿá# ä½O`Ç §`ÇHiâ 6 <³ ÕÁ
H
M
¬O¬ø $`ÇO <Í~¡°óHù#°@ä½ ã"Ç°|_Ok)

AM
|$¬ì`Çø^Î#°
IG
G W`Ç_ PªÖ#O Õx Q®°}ì_È°¼_È° - (~=¶Ç°}O`Ë é°ªë~¡°) Ìá§zH ì+¬ Õ ~¡zOK_È°. nx Õ Ôì~Ë

KH
ä½è~¡°_È°. (Wk q+¬µâ×~¡à - ¬OKÇ`ÇOã`Ç=ò#° ~¡zOKÇ°@ä½ P^¥~¡=°~ò¼Ok) nx P^¥~¡OQê ã"Ç°|_# ãQ®O^¥°.
G öHÆ"Í°Oã^Î°_È°.
R
|$¬ì`Çø`=°O[i -
G |$¬ì`HË× - ¬ìiÀ#°_È°.
G |$¬ì`¬O²ì`Ç, |$¬ì`*ì`ÇH - =~¬ìq°²ì~¡°_È°.
G |$¬ì`H^Î ÕÁH ¬OãQ®¬ìO - |°^ÎªÞq°.
G ×~¡à=~¡à, Q®°}ì_È°¼_È° =°^Î¼ U~¡æ_# ¬" Q®°iOz ªé=°^Í=ô_È° - H^¥¬i`Q®~¡O Õ q=iOK_È°.
G ~[õY~¡°_ - Hê=¼g°=¶O¬ Õ ä_¨ W`Çx ã¬ªë=# H^Î°.
G ä½O`Ç §`ÇHiâ ì~¡¼ '=°Ç°=uÑx Hi~¡ë ( è^¥) H~¡ëi J<Í Hê=°ãH©_È Õ KÇO_Èx U@°äi |~=°=üië - POã^Î°
¬OH÷Æ¬ë KÇiã`Ç Õ À~ùø<ß_È°.
G "`Ç°# - Hê=°¬¶ã`Ç, A<Q®_£/y~ß~ §¬#O Õ À~ùø#|_Ok.
14. ªÞuH~¡°â_È° (ãH©.×. 6)


15. "³ò^Î\÷ ¬ô Õ=¶q (ãH©.×. 6-41) :
G "Çò¬ô~}O ã¬Hê~¡O =°Q®^Î#° 10 ¬OII eOK_È°.
G =°Q®^Î~A Hê}ìÞ=O×O Õ z=i"_³á# '¬°×~¡àÑ#° F_Oz @b¬ôã`xß PãHq°OK_Èx =°`Ç¼ ¬ô~}O À~ùøO@°Ok
- J=Ou, JH~¡.
G W`Çx <}ÿO° ä½¬ì~¡=° =^Îí ¼"³°Ø#q. ä½ã=°¬ð~ ãp# @b¬ôã`ÇO, p`Ç (J¬ðì^£) Õ ^ùiHê~ò.
16. QÒ~¡= H$+¬µâ_È° (41 - 66) :

G W`Ç_È° POã^Îªã=¶[¼ qzó#ß`Çä½ Hê~¡ä½_³á<_È°.
G ¬ô~}ì° W`Ç_x "³áH$+¬µâ_È°, iHë=~¡°â_È°, Ji+¬ / Jx+¬H~¡°à_È°Qê H÷OKÇ¬~ó~ò.
17. ¬ð°_È° (66 - 71) :
Y
G 17= §`Ç"¬ì# ~*ÿá# ¬ð°_È° POã^Î° KÇiã`Ç Õ `ùe ã¬*ìHq / Hq~A.
'Hq=`Ç°_È°Ñ J<Í a~¡°^Î° ÚO^¥_È°.
M
G `Ç# ª²ì`Ç¼O =Á ¬ð°_È°
G ¬ð°_È° ãH$`ÇO Õ''Qê^¥¬¬ë×uÑÑ (700 ×$OQê~¡ ¬^¥¼`Ë =°²ì×#° =¼uö~H÷¬¶ë) J<Í ãQ®O^¥xß ~§_È°. nx Õ
95 E
Õk×Þ, KÇ°Á=, J=°~¡~A, =¶^Îq "³òII H=ô°, H=~òãu À~¡°Á H=ô.
9
59
G nx<Í '¬`ñë²Ñ JO\ì~¡°. G W`Ç_È° '×ë²Ñ ãQ®O^¥xß ä_¨ ~¡zOK_È°.
D
G ¬ð°_ <Hê ìxß ''ãH$`Ç ì+¬ Õ ¬Þ~¡âÇòQ®OÑÑ JO\ì~¡°.
G
CA
¬ð°_È° "³ò^Î\ÕÁ q^¥¼Ôì#°_È° ì~¡¼ ^¥Þ~ J==¶#O ÚOk ¬O¬ø $`ÇO <Í~¡°óä½<ß_È°.
50
G b ì=u, J=^¥# zO`=°x J<Í ãQ®O^¥#° ã"§_È°.
98
G
A
¬ð°_x Q®¶ió ~[õY~¡°x Hê=¼g°=¶O¬, "`Ç°#°_ Hê=°¬¶ã`Ç Õ ã¬ªëqOKÇ|_Ok.
:8
G ¬ð°_ À<x J~ò# 'q[Ç¶#O^ÎÑ NOH *ÿáã`Ç Ç¶ã`Ç Õ `Ë_Èæ_#@°Á, NOH ~ä½=¶ï~ë b ì=ux ¬¬ëQË^¥=i
h
ä½`Ç°¬ì°_È° 'b ì=u ¬i}Ç°OÑ (ãH$`ÇO) ^¥Þ~

A E
(ã¬¬°ë`Ç ã^¥HÆê~Ç°O/c=°=~¡O) Õ q"¬ìO KÍ¬°ä½#ß@°Á ã"²#

.P
`³°¬°ëOk.
AB C
D
G W`Çx =°~¡}ìO`Ç~¡O HÆ¬ì~@H ×ä½° q[$OaOz §`Ç"¬ì#° ¬tó=° ãO`ÇO#° PãHq°OK~¡°.

ER I
18. =¶O_È¶ä½_È° (71 - 76), 19. ¬ôsOã^ÎÀ#°_È° (76 - 81), 20. ¬°O^Î~¡ ªÞuHiâ (81 - 82),
O
21. KÇHË~¡ ªÞuHiâ (82), 22. t=ªÞu (82 - 110)

CH
23. QÒ`Çg°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ : (110-134, 78-102, 62-86) :

YD
,H
G 23= §`Ç"¬ì# ~*ÿá# QÒ`Çg°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ §`Ç"¬ì#° JO^Îi ÕïH ìÁ

AM
JãQ®Q®}°¼_È°/Qù¬æ"_È°.
T
G W`Ç#° 24 ¬OII eOK_È°.

H
M
G <²H± Õx K ì §¬<° W`Çx Q®°iOz `³°æ`Ç°<ß~ò.

AM
G
IG
t=ªÞu, QÒ`Çg°ìN ä½=¶~¡°_È°.

KH
G W`Çx HêO#°O_Í ~A° `Ç°Á À~¡Á#° / =¶`Ç$ <=¶#° `Ç# À~¡Áä½

=òO^Î° *Õ_OKÍ ªOã¬^¥Ç°O ã~¡O"³°ØOk. (=¶`Ç$ ¬O[ý#° "_# `ùe~A)
QÒ`Çg°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ
R
G QÒ`Çg°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ Qù¬æ`Ç#O Q®°iOz - <²H± §¬#O#° `Ç# `ÇeÁ QÒ`Çg° ìN ï~O_È= ¬ô Õ=¶q HêO Õ
"Í~òOzOk. nxx t=ªÞq°, =°¬ðQ®°¬ôë° ~¡zOK~¡°.
a~¡°^Î°° :
A) q[Ç¶ä½ Q®°~¡°ëQê :
1) ãu ¬=òã^Î ÕÇ° Ô`Ç"¬ì# (`Ç# "¬ì#=ò#ä½ =ü_È° ¬=òã^¥ h\÷x `²#"_È°)
2) ^ÎH÷Æ} ¬=òã^¥n×Þ~¡ - ^ÎH÷Æ}ì¬^ÎOÌá q[Ç¶xH÷ Q®°~¡°ë (|OQêì, Jö~aÇ¶, ²ìO^Î¶=°¬ð¬=òã^ÎO =~¡ä½
^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç° x~¡Þ²ìOz#@°Á)
3) ×H, Ç°=#, ¬¬ìÁ= - x+¬¯^Î#°_È° ("ix F_Oz#O^Î°ä½)
4) ÿ#H@H ªÞq° - Q®°[~`Ìá q[Ç°O ªkOz ÿ#H@HO xiàOz#O^Î°ä½

B) ä½=¼=¬Ö#° ~¡H÷ÆOz#"_Qê :
1) UHãì¬ìà} - ãì¬ìà}°_`Ë ×ã`Ç°`ÇÞO èx"_È°, ãì¬ìà}°ä½ UïHáH ~¡HÆä½_È°.
2) PQ®=° xÇ° - W`Çx O_`¼xH÷ Q®°iëO¬ô ("Í^¥°, ¬H §¢ªë° äÆ½}âOQê `³e²#"_È° Ê "³ákH =°à=¶x)
3) HÆãuÇ° ^Î~¡æ=¶# =°~¡Ö# - HÆãuÇò J¬ìOHê~xß J}z"Í²#"_È°.
4) =~¡âªOH~¡¼ x~Ë^ÎH - ×ä½#° `Ç=° =O×O Õ H=_¨xH÷ W+¬¬_Èx"_È°.
5) kÞ[ä½ / kÞ[=~¡ ä½@°O| q~¡Ö#°_È°.
C) W`Ç~¡ a~¡°^Î°° :
1) UH^Î#°~¡#°_È° 2) J`Ç°¼`Çë=° KÇãH=ië.
3) §`Ç"¬ì# =O×ÇòQ® ã¬u»H~¡ / ä½ =O× ã¬uH~¡.
4) =~âã×=° ^Î~Ëà^¥~¡H. 5) UH×´~¡°_È° - J¬=¶#g~¡°_È°.
6) ªÞq° - HÆêã`Ç¬ô ìQê 7) HÆ¬ì~@ =O× x~¡=õ+¬Hê~¡ - ¬¬ì}°_x F_Oz
Y
8) ~[~¡} / ~*Õ~¡} ª~¡Þº=° J<Í a~¡°^Î° 9) ~=°öH×=
10) ~[~[ - `ùe ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í× ~A 11) =°¬ð~A
M
G W`Ç#° ªÏ~RÌá ^¥_KÍ² HÆ¬ì~@ =O×O Õ Qù¬æ"_³á# ¬¬ì}°_x *ÕQ®° `ÇOa Çò^ÎO Õ F_OK_È°. nxx Q®¶ió
Ìi¦¬Á¹ P¦¹ k ZiãuÇ°<£Ô Õ À~ùø#|_Ok.
95 E
9
G ¬¬ì#°_ "³O_<}ÿO#° ÔÞHiOz "\÷x =°m¤ `Ç# ç=°à`Ë ã¬u=òãk`Ç / Reprinted Coins#° "Í~òOK_È° -
59
D
¬OKÇ=¶~ø_£.
G H_È¶~¡° (*ÕQ®° `ÇOa)
CA
D <}ÿ=ò° Õ H#°Qù#|_¨Û~ò.
50
G W`Çx ã¬^¥x q+¬µâQ®°¬ë / ^Îxä½_È°.
98
G =°Oãu t=Q®°¬ôë_È°.
A
G W`Çx HêO #°O_ "³O_ <}ÿ=òÌá ï~O_È° ì+¬ ÕÁ À~¡°ÁO_Íq.
:8
G DÇ°# `Ç#ä½ `#° ''QÒ`Çg°¬ôã`Ç°_È°ÑÑ Jx ¬Q®~¡ÞOQê ²°KÇ°ä½<ß_È°.
h
A E
.P
G QÒ`Çg° ìNx <²H± §¬#O Õ - ~[iÂ =^Î°=ô J<Í a~¡°^Î° Õ À~ùø<ß~¡°.

AB C
G
D
W`Ç_È° `Ç# `ÇeÁx ^³á=¬Þ~¡¶¬OQê ìqOz À=OkOK_È°.

G 100 x=~¡ë# ¶q°
ER I
W`Ç_È° "³ákH =°à=¶x, `ÇeÁ =# ¬~¡=°`Ç ¬¬ì#O KÇ¶² º^Î°ä½ Ìá`ÇO (1 x=~¡ë#O - 1.5
O
ZH~°)x ^¥#O KÍ§_È°.

G ã^Î<ÍÇ° J<Í §Yä½ <²H± Õ Q®°¬ðxKó_È°.
CH
G DÇ°# ì~¡¼ "t+¬».

YD
G <Qê~¡°û#HùO_È Õ giHêO <\÷ <}ÿ=ò`Ë@° "\÷x =òãkOKÍ k=°à° (@OH§) ä_¨ aOK~ò.
,H
G `Ç#À~¡° g°^Î "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê §¬<° "Í~òOz# §`Ç"¬ì#~A.

AM
T
G DÇ°# ã¬[ H+¬¬°Mì#° `³°¬°Hùx <¼Ç°|^ÎOQê ¬#°ß° qkOK_È°.

G À^Î"iH÷, º^ÎaäÆ½=ôä½ ¶q°x ^¥#OQê WKÍó"_È°.
H
M
G W`Çx HêO Õ §`Ç"¬ì# ~[¼O ìQê q¬ëiOzOk.

AM
G W`Çx L`Çë~¡¬i¬ì^Î°í ~[ªÖ<£ HêQê, J=OuH~¡, ªÏ~R q^Î~¡Ä, ^ÎH÷Æ} ¬i¬ì^Î°í - |#"².
IG
KH
G `Ç¶~¡°æ ¬i¬ì^Î°í |OQêìMì`ÇO HêQê ¬tó=°¬i¬ì^Î°í Jö~aÇ¶ ¬=òã^ÎO.

24. ï~O_È= ¬ô Õ=¶q / =t+²»¬ôã`Ç ¬ô Õ=¶q : (134-162) :
R
G W`Çx a~¡°^Î°° : 1) #=#Q®~¡ ªÞq°, 2) ^ÎH÷Æ} ¬^Í×Þ~¡ Jx QÒ`Çg° ìN <²H± §¬#O Õ À~ùøOk.
G <²H± §¬<xß W`Ç_ HêO Õ<Í "Í~òOzOk.
G L[û~òx ä½_³á# KÇ+¬#°_È° §`Ç"¬ì# ~[¼OÌá ^¥_KÍ² HkÇ°"_£#° W`Çx HêO Õ<Í PãHq°OK_È°.
G `Çq°<_È°, HËªë#° PãHq°Oz `Ç# ~*ì¼xß K³<³áß =~¡ä½ q¬ëiOK_È°.
G J<ÍH *ì`Ç°#° UHOKÍ² '#=#Q®~¡O / ^Î~¡}÷HË@ / ^¥#¼H@HOÑ#° xiàOK_È°.
G DÇ°# HêO Õ<Í ×ä½ Õ Qù¬æ"_³á# ''~¡°ã^Î^¥=ò_È°ÑÑ (Hê~¡Ö=¶H =O×¬°Ö_È°) §`Ç"¬ì# ~[¼OÌá ^¥_KÍ§_È°.
G ï~O_È= ¬ô Õ=¶qx F_Oz#@°Á E<Q®_£ / y~ß~ §¬#O Õ À~ùß<ß_È°.
G E<Q®_£ §¬#O ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ<Í `ùe ¬O¬ø $`Ç §¬#O.
G ~[^¥xx ã¬u»#¬ô~¡O #°O_ J=°~=uH÷ =¶~ó_È°.

G ã¬Mì¼`Ç J=°~=u ¬¶Ö¬O#° 2= ¬ô Õ=¶q xiàOK_È°.
G W`ÇxH÷ ¬=°Hêeä½_³á# q^Íj Ç¶ãuä½_È° - \ìq°-2.
G Hêö~Á Õx º^Î ¬<¼¬°ä½ q~ìeKó_È°.
G 8 §¬<° "Í~òOK_È°. <²H± Õ - 4, Hêö~Á - 2, J=°~=u - 1, ^Î~¡}÷HË@ - 1.
G POã^¥ Õ ^ùiH÷# `ùe §`Ç"¬ì#° §¬<° - J=°~=u - 1, ^Î~¡}÷HË@ - 1.
25. =t+¬»¬ôã`Ç t=N §`ÇHiâ : (162-169) :
G DÇ°# QÒ`Çg°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ ï~O_È= ä½=¶~¡°_È°, 25= ~A.
G a~¡°^Î° - HÆã`Ç¬, KÇã`Ç¬~ §`ÇHiâ (H<ÍÝi §¬#O)
G W`ÇxH÷ `Ç# ä½=¶ï~ë J~ò# ~¡°ã^Î^¥q°H#° Wzó q"¬ìO KÍ²#@°Á ~¡°ã^Î^¥=ò_ E<Q®_£ §¬#O `³°æ`Ç°Ok.
G DÇ°# #~¡à^Î ÕÇ°#° ~¡°ã^Î^¥=ò_ ^¥_=Á HË ÕæÇ¶_È°.
Y
26. t=¬øO^Î §`ÇHiâ : (169-178)
24. Ç°[ýN §`ÇHiâ : (178-207)
M
G z=iQù¬æ §`Ç"¬ì# ~A. G Zä½ø=Qê
95 E
Ç°[ý, Ç¶Qê#° KÍÇ°_ÈO`Ë D À~¡°#° ÚO^¥_È°.
9
G W`Çx À<x - ì=QË¬ô_È°. G ãH$`ÇO, `Çq°× ì+¬
59
DÇ°# HêO#°O_Í §¬<° Õ "ÍÇ°|_¨Û~ò.
D
G <²H±, H<ÍÝi, z#Q®O*ìO §¬<°.
G F_È `³~¡K~¡ / OQ®~¡°"Í²# F_Èç=°à Q®
CA
<}ÿ=ò#° =òãkOK_È°. (2= ¬ô Õ=¶qH÷ K³Ok# ï~O_È° F_Èç=°àQ®
50
<}ÿ=ò° Hù~¡=¶O_È f~¡ãO`ÇO Õ aOK~ò).
98
G F_Èç=°à <}ÿ=ò° - "³¶@°¬eÁ =^Îí aOK~ò.
A
:8
G Wq <\÷ ¬=òã^Î "¼~a=$kx Q®°iOz `³°æ#°.
G
h
~Ë"£°^Í×O`Ë Zä½ø=Qê =~¡ëHO [iöQk.
A E
.P
G "³ò^Î\ÕÁ ×ä½#° F_Oz `Ç# ¬îiÞä½° HË Õæ~ò# ãO`#° =×¬~¡°KÇ°ä½<ß_È°.

AB C
D
G W`Çx ªã=¶[¼O '=°Ç¶Ñ =~¡ä½ q¬ëiO¬KÍ² ''ãu¬=òã^¥k¬u / ãu¬=òã^¥n×Þ~¡°_È°ÑÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î° ÚO^¥_È°.
Ô¬O, ãé\©<£.
ER I
G Zä½ø= ¬OY¼ Õ <}ÿ=ò° "Í~òOK_È° -

O
G "³O_<}ÿO - ªé~¡ =^Îí aOzOk.

G L[û~òx HùO_È, L^Î~òOKÇ°KÇ°#ß ¬¶~¡°¼_È°
CH
DÇ°# <}ÿO Õ XH "³á¬ô Ç°[ýN ç=°à =°~ùH"³á¬ô XH LO_È°#°.

YD
G Ç°[ýN J=°~=u ¬¶Öxß q¬ë $`Ç¬~¡z ''=°¬ðK³á`¼xH÷ KÇ°@¶ W#°¬HOK³ÑÑ "Í~òOK_È°.

G DÇ°# º^Î=°à=¶x.
,H
G DÇ°# PªÖ#O Õ ''PK~¡¼ <Qê~¡°û#°_È°ÑÑ LO_Í"_È°.

AM
T
G <Qê~¡°û#°_È°, Ç°[ýNH÷ q°ã`Ç°_Èx ì}°_È° ¬ì~¡ÂKÇiã`Ç Õ À~ùø<ß_È°.

H
<Qê~¡°û# HùO_È=^Îí ~¡=`Ç/=°¬ðq¬ð~¡O#°

M
G PK~¡¼ <Qê~¡°û_ HË¬O - Ç°[ýN §`ÇHiâ N¬~¡Þ`ÇO / xiàOK_È°.

AM
G D q¬ð~¡O Õ 1500 Q®^Î°°O_Í=x ²ìÇ¶<£ =iâOK_È°.

IG
G
KH
D =#O Õ 5 JO`Ç¬°Ö°<ß~ò.
1= JO`Ç¬°Ö Õ - 500 Q®^Î°° (U#°Q®° PHê~¡O),

R
2= JO`Ç¬°Ö Õ - 400 Q®^Î°° (²O¬ìO),

3= JO`Ç¬°Ö Õ - 300 Q®^Î°° (Q®°ã~¡O PHê~¡O),
4= JO`Ç¬°Ö Õ - 200 Q®^Î°° (Z^Î°í PHê~¡O Õ),
5= JO`Ç¬°Ö Õ - 100 Q®^Î°° (=ô~¡O) PHê~ Õ xiàOK~¡x ²ìÇ¶<£ =iâOK_È°.
G <Qê~¡°û_È° - |OQê~¡O `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍÇ°_¨xß HxÌ\ì_È°.

G <Qê~¡°û#°_ rq`ÇO Q®¶ió - ä½=¶~¡°_È° J<Í Hêjà~ Çò=~A K³á< ì+¬ Õ ~§_È°.
G ã¬¬OKÇ ã¬²kQêOz# #°Q®°~¡° q*ìý#° Õ '<Qê~¡°û#°_È°Ñ XH~¡° Jx ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· =iâOK_È°.
G P~¡¼×ÃOQ®°_ ä½ã@ Hê~¡}OQê =°~¡}÷OK_Èx À~ùø#ß ãQ®O^ÎO - H^¥¬iªQ®~¡O.
G ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· QË^¥=i - H$â #^Î° =°^Î¼ ãO`xß 'JO`Ç°çeÑ Jx À~ùø<ß_È°.

28. q[Ç°N §`ÇHiâ : (207-213)
G DÇ°# N¬~¡Þ`ÇO ^ÎQ®¾~¡ ''q[Ç°¬ôiÑÑ ¬@}O#° xiàOK_È°.
G Wk `Ç~Þ`Ç HêO Õ WHÆêÞä½ ~[^¥xQê Hù#ªyOk.
G W`Çx §¬#O <Qê~¡°û# HùO_È=^Îí aOzOk.
29. KÇO^ÎN §`ÇHiâ : (213 - 223) G KÇO^ÎN §¬#O H_È"Ë° (²~¬ô~¡O =^Îí) aOzOk.
30. 3= ¬ô Õ=¶q : (223-230) G z=i 30= §`Ç"¬ì#~A.
G W`Çx À<x N§O`Ç=ü°_È° u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍÇ°_ÈO`Ë ~*ì¼xß =^Îe |ì¤iH÷ iéÇ¶_È°. J¬æ\÷ |ì¤i ãO`Ç
À<¬u / ä½_È° YO_È<Q®°_È° Jx =¶¼H^Ëx §¬#O Õ 3= ¬ô Õ=¶q "Í~òOK_È°.
G =¶¼H^Ëx §¬#O §`Ç"¬ì#° ~[¼¬`Ç#O Q®°iOz `³°æ`Ç°Ok.
Y
M
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
95 E
9
1. §`Ç"¬ì#° =°`ÇO ? 10. §`Ç"¬ì#° PªÖ# ì+¬ ?
59
D
(J.L- 2007)
1) "³ákHO 2) *ÿá# 3) º^ÎíO 4) UnHê^Î° 1) ¬O¬ø $`ÇO 2) `³°Q®° 3) H$`ÇO 4) H#ß_ÈO
CA
2. §`Ç"¬ì#° Õ ãQê=¶kHêix U=°x J<Í"~¡° ? 11. "³ò^Î\ ÷ §`ÇHi â ÌáxH q[Ç¶#° =iâOKÍ §¬#O Uk?
50
(A.A.M - 2012) (J.L- 2007)
98
1) ãQê=°x 2) x|O^ÎHê~¡
A
1) <²H± §¬#O
:8 2) <<¦¬°\§¬#O
3) =°¬ì=¶`Ç¼ 4) J<`Ç¼ 3) J=°~=u §¬#O 4) Ìá`<£§¬#O
3. §`Ç"¬ì# ã¬°=ô Õ Z=~¡° \ì ÿg°H÷ ¬=°Hêoä½_È°
h
12. §`Ç"¬ì#° §¬< e² ?

A E
(J.L- 2006)
.P
(A.A.M - 2012) 1) Y~Ë+²» 2) ¬O¬ø $`ÇO

AB C
D
1) §`ÇHiâ -1 2) QÒ`Çq°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ 3) J~Í°~òH± 4) ì²ìà

ER I
3) ¬ô=¶q 4) §`ÇHiâ -2 13. QÒ`Çq°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâx F_Oz# ×H~A

O
4. §`Ç"¬ì#HêO Õ =_~öÛ @° ZO`Ç ? (Group-2 - 2008) 1) ¬¬ì}°_È° 2) =¶=î*

CH
1) 6% 2) 9% 3) 12% 4) 18% 3) ~¡°ã^Î^¥=ò_È° 4) Hê~¡"Í°_È°

YD
5. §`Ç"¬ì# Hê ìxH÷ K³Ok# ''J=¶`Ç°¼_È°ÑÑ ª^¥~¡}OQê? 14. ¬°×~¡à#° F_Oz# §`Ç"¬ì# ~A ?
,H
(Group-2 - 2003)
1) QÒ`Çq°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ 2) ¬ô Õ=¶q-1
1) =°¬ì~¡k ã`Ç}H~ò~Ë ä`Ç°~¡°
AM
T
3) "³ò^Î\ ÷ §`ÇHiâ 4) ¬ì°_È°

2) KÇ+¬»#°x ä`Ç°~¡°
15. §`Ç"¬ì# ~[¼ ªÖ¬ä½_È° ?
H
M
3) ¬¬ì}°x ä`Ç°~¡° 4) ~¡°ã^Î^Î=°#°x ªé^Îi

1) §`Ç"¬ì#°_È° 2) N=òY°_È°
AM
6. §`Ç"¬ì#°x ~[¼O Õ ''ï~O_È= |°^Î°xÑÑQê Z=ix

IG
3) H#°Ý_È° 4) ¬ì×Ã_È°
À~ùøO\ì~¡° ?
KH
(J.C - 2011)
16. §`Ç"¬ì#° ~[ ì+¬ ?
1) PK~¡¼ <Qê~¡°û#°_È° 2) =~¡¬ìq°¬~¡_È°
R
1) ãH$`ÇO 2) ¬O¬ø $`ÇO 3) ì²ìà 4) Y~Ë+²»

3) |ã^Îì¬ 4) Z=~¡¶Hê^Î°
17. `ùe `³°Q®° ¬^ÎO ?
7. §`Ç"¬ì#°#° "³ò^Î@ ã¬ªëqOz#k ? (J.L- 2004)
1) ïHá¦²Ç°`Ç°ë 2) <Q®|° 3) ~¡°HKÇóO 4) UnHê^Î°
1) ¬ô~}ì° 2) ~=¶Ç°}O
18. §`Ç"¬ì#° ~¢ä½ Q® À~¡° ?
3) =°¬ìì~¡`ÇO 4) S`Çö~Ç° ãì¬ìà}O
1) ãQê=°}÷ 2) ïHá¦²Ç°`Ç°ë 3) P¬ð~° 4) ãõ}°°
8. POã^Îã¬^Í Õ Ju ãp# ^Í"Ç°O ?
1) Q®°O@°¬eÁ 2) Q®°_=°ÁO ["|°°
3) |\÷ãé° 4) J=°~=u 1) 1 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3 5) 1
9. §`Ç"¬ì#° HêO <\÷ ¬tó=°ö~=ô(Group-2 - 1989) 6) 1 7) 4 8) 2 9) 1 10) 3
1) ãÕK 2) ªé~¡ 11) 2 12) 4 13) 1 14) 2 15) 2
3) "³¶@°¬eÁ 4) UnHê^Î° 16) 1 17) 2 18) 3

G ¬OQ®O J#Qê =°^Î°ï~á Õ [iy# ''`Çq°× Hq ¬O_`Ç ¬i+¬`ÑÑ Jx J~¡ÖO.
G ãH©.¬î. 1= ×`|O #°O_ ãH©.×. 1 ×`|O =~¡ä½ =°^Î¼ Hê ìxß ¬OQ®=° ª²ì`Ç¼O q=i¬°ëOk.
Y
G `Çq°× ª²ì`Ç¼O ã¬Hê~¡O ¬O¦¬°O ÇòQ®O Õ eOz# =O§° - 1) KÍ~¡ 2) O_È¼, 3) KË×
G
M
KÍ~¡, O_È¼, KË× ~[¼=ò Q®°iOz JÕä½x 13= t ì§¬#O À~ùøO@°Ok.
G D ~*ì¼° =°¿~¡¼ ªã=¶[¼O Õ è=x =¶=òÁ<ß~ À~ùøOk.
95 E
1. KÍ~¡ : (=Or)
9
59
D
G ªÖ¬ä½_È° - L^ÎÇ°<£*ÿ~ G ~[^¥x - =Ol Wk =¢¬ë ¬iã×=°ä½ ã¬²k.
G Qù¬æ"_È° : ÌOQ®°`Çë"<£ Jx tækHê~¡O À~ùøO@°Ok.
CA
G z¬ìßO - ^Î#°¬°.
50
G ÌOQ®°`Çë"<£ =°#°=_³á# WOQË J_Q® - tækHê~¡O ~¡zOK_È°.
98
G ÌOQ®°`Çë"<£ a~¡°^Î° - 'Zã~¡K³~¡Ñ G W`Ç#° H#ßy è^¥ ¬\ ÷}÷ =°`xß Pq+¬øiOK_È°.
A
:8
2. O_È¼ :
h
A E
.P
G g~¡O_È¼
ªÖ¬ä½_È° - G O_È°¼ ~[^¥x - =°^Î°ï~á
AB C
G z¬ìßO - KÍ¬ (g°#O)

D
G Qù¬æ"_È° - <³_È°O[eÇ°<£
ER I
W`Ç#° `Ç ÿáOQ®#O Çò^ÎO Õ KË× =°iÇò KÍ~¡ =O× ~A#° F_OK_È°.

O
3. ãp# KË× =O×O :

CH
G Z ì~ / Á~
ªÖ¬ä½_È° -
YD
G HiHê KË×Ã_È° (7 ¬=òã^¥ ~A,

Qù¬æ"_È° - Hê"Íi ¬@} x~à`ÇQê À~¡°QêOK_È°)
,H
G `ùe ~[^¥x - Lï~áÇü~

AM
T
G 2= ~[^¥x - Hê"Íi ¬@ßO / ¬ô¬ì~ (Hê"Íi #k X_È°Û#) Wk gi <ñHêã×Ç°O.
G HiHê KË×Ã_È°
H
~[^¥xx Lï~áÇü~ #°O_ Hê"Íi ¬@}Oä½ =¶ió#"_È° -

M
G NOHÌá `ùeªiQê ^¥_ KÍ²# ì~¡fÇ°~A - Z ì~ HêQ® 2=ªi ^¥_KÍ²# 12 "Í=°Ok Çò^Î Mÿán#°
AM
IG
f¬°ä½=zó Hê"Íi #kÌá 16 H~¡H@° xiàOz#"_È° HiHê KË×Ã_È°. W`Ç#° '"³xßÑ Çò^ÎO Õ 11 =°Ok ~A#°
KH
F_OK_È°.
R
] ¬O¦¬°O ¬i+¬`Ç°ë° 3 [iy#q.

G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬O¦¬°O ¬i+¬`Ç°ë :
; Wk u<£=°^Î°ï~á Õ [iyOk.
; nx J^Î¼äÆ½_È° PQ®¬°ë¼_È°
; ¬ð[ï~á#"~¡° ^Í=ô×ÃÁ, ^Í=`Ç°.
G 2= ¬O¦¬°O ¬i+¬`Ç°ë :
; Wk H¬@¬ô~¡O Õ [iyOk.
; nx J^Î¼äÆ½_È° - `Ë H²æÇ¶~.
; W`Ç_È° `Ë H²æÇ°O J<Í ãQ®O^ÎO ~¡zOK_È°. Wk "³ò^Î\ ÷ `Çq°× "¼H~¡} ãQ®O^ÎO.
; nxH÷ Zä½ø==°Ok H=ô° ¬ð[~¡Ç¶¼~¡°.

G 3= ¬O¦¬°O ¬i+¬` :
; Wk =°^Î°ï~á Õ [iyOk.
; nx J^Î¼äÆ½_È° - #H÷ø~~. nxH÷ Zä½ø==°Ok H=ô° ¬ð[~¡Ç¶¼~¡°.
; D ¬OQ®=° ¬i+¬` HêO Õ J<ÍH `Çq°× ãQ®O^¥° ~¡zOK~¡°.

; ¬@°¬@° (10 Hê=¼ ¬O¬ô@=ò°)
; Z@°`ËïQá (8 Hê=¼ ¬O¬ô@=ò°)
G D HêO Õ 18 ã¬^¥#"³°Ø# Ì^Îí"³á# ¬ô¬ëHê#° '"³°eø#ä½øÑ JO\ì~¡°.
G 18 z#ß ãQ®O^¥#° 'H÷eø #ä½øÑ Jx À~ùø<ß~¡°.

G H÷eø#ä½ø Õ ã¬=òY"³°ØOk - u~¡°ä½ø~¡ . nxx u~¡°=×´¤~ ~¡zOK_È°.
G Wk `Çq°× ã¬[ä½ ÿáa =O\÷k. nxx `Çq°×Ã ¬OKÇ=°"Í^ÎO Jx ä_È JO\ì~¡°.
Y
¬ô¬ëHê°
M
1) u~¡`ÇëH^Í=~¡ - r=H zO`=°}÷ (r=ä½_È° q<¼ª°)
2) ²`Çë ÿá¬`Çë<~ - =°}÷"Í°Y ÿá (ã²<£ L^Î°ä½=¶~, =°}÷"Í°Y ÿá)
95 E
9
3) WOQËJ_Q® - tækHê~¡O J#Qê ~¡`ß =°}÷¬ð~¡O
59
D
nx Õx =òY¼ ã`Ç°( HË=<£- H^¥<Ç°ä½_È°, H#ßy - H^¥<Ç°H÷, =¶^Îq - ~[#~¡ëH÷)
CA
4) [Ç°HùO_¨ - HoOQ®¬@°¬~¡}÷
50
5) ÜH÷ø ì~ - ÌiÇ°¬ô~}O
98
A
6) JQ®uëÇ¶~ - JQ®uëÇ°O
:8
7) =¶OQ®°_ =¶~¡°^Î<£ - =°^Î°ï~á HOl.
h
A E
.P
8) ~¡°ã^Î=~¡à<£ - JQ®##¶~¡°
AB C
D
ER I
9) #H÷ø~~ - =ò~¡°Q®~¡¬æ_³á
O
G ¬O¦¬°O ÇòQ®O <\÷ ~A a~¡°^Î° - Pk~A

CH
G ª=°O`Ç ~A#° - ÀÇ°H ~A° J<Í"~¡°

YD
G ¬OQ®=° ~[¼O <Ç°ä½_È° - HË"³<£

,H
G ¬OQ®=° HêO Õ tækHê~¡O Õ ã¬uã=`ÇQê À~ùø#|_# ¢Ôë - H#ßy / ¬@}÷

AM
T
G H#ßy / ¬@}÷ =°`xß ÌOQ®°`Çë"<£ Hù#ªyOK_Èx À~ùø#|_#k.

G ¬OQ®O ÇòQ®O <\÷ ^Í=ô_È° : =ò~¡°Q®<£ / ¬°ã|=°}¼ ªÞq° / ä½=¶~¡ªÞq°
H
M
G ¬OQ®ÈO ÇòQ®O <\÷ ^Í"Ç°O - HË"³

AM
IG
G ¬OQ®ÈO HêO Õ Ìáxä½ qãQ®¬ð#° xiàOKÇ_¨xß q~¡°Q® LO\ì~ò. (q~¡°Q® J#Qê g~¡° qãQ®¬ð#° ã¬u+²OKÇ_ÈO.
KH
G gi HêO Õ Ìáxä½ä½ Z<_ J<Í a~¡°^Î° W=Þ|_Ík.

R
G gi <}ÿO°- Hê¬°, H#HO, é<£, "³OQ·é<£.

G =°`Ç¬~¡"³°Ø# #$`Ç¼O - "Í ìO_È~.
G Zã~¡¬\ ÷ ãQê=¶ #°O_ =¬¶° KÍ²# ¬#°ß#° öH=O h\÷ ~¡°^Î Hù~¡ä½ =¶ã`Ç"Í° L¬³¶yªë~¡°.
G gi HêO<\÷ Mì*ì J<Í Q®°¬ì ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ Ju ãp# Q®°¬ì.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1. KË×Ã° ~[H©Ç°"³°Ø#, q"¬ì¬O|O^Î"³°Ø# |O^¥#° 11. H<ñ*x ¬ì¬ëQ®`ÇO KÍ¬°HË=_¨xH÷ ~Rä@°° Z=i`Ë
Z=i`Ë Hù#ªy¬¶ë LO_Í"~¡°? (Group-I - 2012) Çò^ÎO KÍ§~¡°? (Group-II - 2003)
1) =°^Î°ï~áH÷ K³Ok# O_È°¼`Ë 1) KË×Ã° 2) ã¬f¬ì~¡, =O×O
2) |^¥aH÷ K³Ok# K×Ãä½¼`Ë 3) Hì¼}÷ K×Ãä½¼° 4) Kñ¬ì#°°, Q®¬ì^¥Þ°°
3) "ÍOwH÷ K³Ok# K×Ãä½¼`Ë

12. ãH÷Ok "\÷ Õ ~*èOã^ÎKË×Ãx a~¡°^Î° Uk?
(Group-II - 2000)
4) Hì¼}÷H÷ K³Ok# K×Ãä½¼`Ë
1) Q®OïQáHùO_È 2) ²OQ® ìO`ÇH
2. "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬O¬ø $`Ç t ì§¬#O? (Gr-I - 10)
3) `³eOQ® ä½Hê 4) H_¨~¡OHùO_È
Y
1) A<¦¬°_£ t ì§¬#O 2) <²H± t ì§¬#O
13. `Çq°× Hq =°iÇò `Çq°×O Õ ~=¶Ç°} ãQ®O^ÎO
M
3) ¬ìuQ®°O¦ t ì§¬#O
~²# HO|<£ U ~A PªÖ#O Õ LO_Í"_È°?
4) L`Çë~¡ "³°~¡¶~ t ì§¬#O
(Group-II - 2000)
3. ã¬Mì¼`Ç ãu=üië tæO ZHø_È?
95 E
(Group-I - 1995)
1) KË× ~A° 2) ¬ìÙÇ°¬~A°
9
59
1) =°¬ì|e¬ô~¡O 2) ZeÌ¦O\ì
D
3) O_È¼ ~A° 4) KÍ~¡ ~A°
3) ì^¥q° 4) q[Ç°"_È 14. L`Çë~¡"Í°~¡¶~ §¬#O W`Ç_ Hê ìxk? (Gr-II - 2000)
CA
4. ~Rä@° ~[^¥x? (Group-I - 1984) 1) q[Ç¶Ç° 2) "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬~O`Çä½_È°
50
1) =¶#¼Mè@=ò 2) ªÖ<Í×Þ~¡=ò 3) "³ò^Î\ ÷ ~[~[ 4) "³ò^Î\ ÷ ~*èOã^Î
98
3) Z ÕÁ~ 4) HOz 15. K×Ãä½¼ Hê¬ô =¶ ÿyuë t"Ç°O WKÇó@ H^Î°?
A
:8
5. D ï~O_È° ~*ì¼#° ä½ Õ`Ç°ëOQ®°_È° qb#O KÍ§_È°? (Group-II - 2000)
1) ì^¥q° 2) S¬ìÙ 3) ¬\ì_ÈH 4) JO¬î~

h
1) KË×, `Ç¶~¡°æQ®OQ®° ~*ì¼° (Gr-I - 1984)

A E
.P
2) ¬Á=, KË× ~*ì¼°

16. ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í× ¬=¶[O Õ KË@°KÍ¬°ä½#ß =OïQá
(ä½_), W_ÈOïQá (Z_È=°) ª=¶lH q[# ZHø_È "³ò^Î@
AB C
D
3) KË×, `Ç¶~¡°æ K×ÃH¼ ~*ì¼°

H#¬_Ok?
ER I
(Group-II - 2000)
4) KË×, O_È¼ ~*ì¼°
O
1) ¬OQ®OÇòQ®O 2) ¬Á=ô HêO

6. K×ÃH¼ - KË×Ã "³ò^Î\ ÷ ~A? (Group-II - 2011)
3) KË×Ã HêO 4) <Ç°H~A HêO
CH
1) ~*ìk~A 2) "³ò^Î\ ÷ ~*èOã^Î°_È°

17. KË×Ã ãQê=°# Q®°iOz q=iOKÍ L`Çë~¡ "Í°~¡¶~
YD
3) "³ò^Î\ ÷ ä½Õ`Ç°ëOQ®°_È° 4) ~[~[ _ãöQ\

§¬<xß "Í~òOz#k? (Dy.E.O - 2008)
7. ~*ì¼k H ê~xß KÍ l H÷ ø OKÇ ° HË=_¨xH÷ =òO^Î ° I 2) ~*èOã^Î - I
,H
1) ~[~[ -
HêHfÇò° Z=iH÷ ª=°O`Ç°°? (Group-II - 2008) I
AM
3) ¬~O`ÇH - 4) g~¡ ~*èOã^Î

T
1) ^Í=yi Ç¶^Î=ôä½ 2) "ÍOw K×Ãä½¼ä½ 18. KË×Ã PÇ¶ ÕÁ |$¬ì`Çë~¡OQê Hx²Oz# =òY¼
H
M
3) ^¥Þ~¡ ¬=òã^ÎO ¬ìÙÇ°ª×Ãä½ HÆ}O? (Dy.E.O - 2008)

AM
4) Hì¼}÷ K×Ãä½¼ä½ 1) ¬ëOì° 2) q=¶<°

IG
8. ^Î§=`~¡^Í"Ç° ZHø_È LOk? (Group-II - 2003)

KH
3) QË¬ô~° 4) qã`Ç¬ð°
1) uQê" 2) c`Ç~ QêO"£ 19. KË×Ã "¬¶ë teæx ãH÷Ok q^ÎOQê Q®°iëOK~¡°?
R
(D.L - 2011)
3) ^Í=¦¬°_£ 4) ì¦¹°
1) #Q®~¡ 2) ã^¥q_È 3) QË¬ô~¡ 4) "Í¬~¡
9. KË×Ã HêO<\÷ ªÖxH ¬Þ¬i# Q®°iOz qõ°
D ãH÷Ok "x Õx U §¬#O =# `³°¬°ë<ß~ò? 20. ãQêg°} ¬=¶[O J`Ç¼kH JkHê~° Hey# HêO.
(W.W.M - 2008)
(Group-II - 2003)
1) KË×Ã° 2) ãa\÷+¹ 3) 4) "³òQ®°
1) ä½_q°Ç°Ç¶=° ÿá 2) Q®OïQáHùO_È KË×¬ô~¡O
3) L`Çë~¡ "Í°~¡¶~ 4) HêOp¬ô~¡O ["|°°
10. D ãH÷ O k "x Õ Z=~¡ ° Pö Q ßÇ ¶ ² Ç ¶ Ìá 1) 4 2) 1 3) 2 4) 1 5) 3
<ñHê^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç x~¡Þ²ìOK~¡°? (Group-II - 2003) 6) 3 7) 3 8) 3 9) 3 10) 3
1) ¬~O`Çä½_È° 2) "³ò^Î\ ÷ ~[~A 11) 2 12) 1 13) 1 14) 2 15) 1
3) "³ò^Î\ ÷ ~*èOã^Î°_È° 4) g~¡ ~*èOã^Î°_È° 16) 3 17) 3 18) 3 19) 2 20) 1

G Q®°¬ôë° "³á×Ã¼°
G ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç Õ Q®°¬ôë < Hê ìxß ''¬Þ~¡â ÇòQ®OÑÑ JO\ì~¡°
Y
P^¥~° : _ÏI ÔÁ\ ã"²# 'W<£ã²ø¬Â<£ WO_Hê~¡OÑ J<Í ãQ®O^ÎO Q®°¬ôë Q®°iOz q=i¬°ëOk.
M
G Ìá ãQ®O^ÎO Õ Q®°¬ôë "³ò`ÇëO §¬<° - 42
t ì§¬<° - 27
95 E
9
q°ye#q - 15
59
D
g\÷ Õ ã¬×²ë° - 4
G
CA
XH =¼H÷ë Q®°iOz ¬îië ¬=¶K~¡=ò#° `³eÇ°*èÇò ^¥xx- ã¬×²ë JO\ì~¡° (g\÷ Õ Qù¬æk- J¬ðì^£ ã¬×²ë
50
¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôëx Q®°iOz ¬ìiÀ#°_È° "Í~òOK_È°.
98
G "³°¬ì~Òe
A
42 §¬< Õ XöH XH W#°¬¬ÖO §¬#=ò- (Wk _bÁ ä½`Ç°q°<~ ¬g°¬O Õ LOk. "Í²#"~¡°- 2=
:8
KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È°)
h
A E
v ª²ì`Ç¼ P^¥~° :
.P
AB C
D
G q§Y^Î`Ç°ëx- ^Íg KÇOã^ÎQ®°ÔëÇ°O (2= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° # ÕH÷ =zó# q^¥#=ò#° q=i¬°ëOk.)
ER I
G =[ûä½_È° è^¥ H÷ÕiH- HÒ=òn =°¬ìË`Ç=ò (I KÇOã^Î Q®°¬ôë_È° # ÕH÷ =zó# q^¥#=ò#° q=i¬°ëOk.)
O
G Hê=°O^Îä½x - huª~¡=ò (Q®°¬ôë ¬i< q^¥#=ò#° `³eÇ°*è¬°ëOk)

CH
G ×´ã^Îä½x - =°$`Çó¼H\ ÷HO (K~¡°^Î`Ç°ë_È° J<Í ãì¬ìà}°_È°, =¬O`Ç À# (~[#~¡ëH÷) =°^Î¼ ãÀ=°#° Q®°iOz q=i¬°ëOk.)
YD
G P~¡¼=°OAN - =üHæ (`ùe Q®°¬ë~A Q®°iOz)

,H
G Ç°u=$+¬°x - u¬¼ ¬ ìß\÷ (Q®°¬ôë HêO <\÷ º^Î=°`ÇO Q®°iOz)

AM
T
G ²ìÇ¶<£ (K³á< Ç¶ãuä½_È°) (K³á< ì+¬ Õ ã"ª_È°) - .ä½."Ë.H÷ è^¥ ¦¬HËH÷ (nxx `³°Q®° Õ ''º^Î ~*ì¼
KÇiã`ÇÑÑ JO\ì~¡°.)
H
M
AM
v NQ®°¬ôë_È° :
IG
KH
G W`Ç_È° Q®°¬ë =O×ªÖ¬ä½_È°.

R
G W`Çx Q®°iOz `³°¬°HË=_¨xH÷ ã¬^¥# P^¥~° - WuOQ· ~¡KÇ#°.

G WuOQ· `Ç# ~¡KÇ# Õ NQ®°¬ôë_x zeH÷`Ç=°¬ð~AQê À~ùø<ß_È°.
G Q®°¬ôë ã¬^Î=° ~[¼ öHOã^Î ªÖ#O - ã¬Ç¶Q® (JkHê~¡ öHOã^ÎO)
G NQ®°¬ôë_È° º^Î ¬<¼¬°ä½ ''=°$Q®tHê=#OÑÑ =^Îí ^Í"Ç°O#° xiàOz "iH÷ ^¥#O KÍ§_È°. (24 ãQê=¶° ^¥#O
WKó_Èx WuOQ· ~¡KÇ# ^¥Þ~ `³°¬°ëOk.)
G N Q®°¬ôëx `Ç~¡°"`Ç ~*ì¼xH÷ =zó#"_È° - ¦¬°\Õ`ÇøKÇ°_È°.

v "³ò^Î\÷ KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° : (319/ 320 - 335 A.D)
G Q®°¬ë ªã=¶[¼ ªÖ¬ä½_È° - "³ò^Î\ ÷ KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È°
G W`Ç_È° ãH©.×.320 ¦²ã|=i 26# Q®°¬ë×HOQê ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°.

G W`Ç_È° ''=°¬ð~*ìk~A/ ~~AÑÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î° Q®ey# "³ò^Î\ ÷ KÇãH=ië.
G W`Ç_È° "³á§e ÕÇ°#° eOKÍ eKÇó=ô ~ä½=¶i ä½=¶~¡ ^Íqx q"¬ì=¶_¨_È°.
G W`Ç_È° `Ç# ~*¼=ò#° ã¬Ç¶Q® #°O_ =°Q®^Î =~¡ä½ q¬ëiOz D q[Ç¶xH÷
¬¶KÇ#Qê, Q®°¬ôë Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ ªiQê |OQê~¡° <}ÿ=ò#° q_È°^Î KÍ§_È°.
G D <}ÿ=òÌá XH "³á¬ô `Ç#~¡¶¬O =°~ùH "³á¬ô `Ç# ì~¡¼ zã`<ÍHêH, eKÇó=ô À~¡Á#° ä_¨ =òãkOK_È°.
v ¬=òã^Î Q®°¬ôë_È° : (355 - 380 A.D)

G a~¡°^Î°° : 1) WO_Ç°<£ <³éeÇ°<£ (q.Z. ²à`) 2) "¼ã¦¬°¬ì ¬~ãH=°
3) Hq~A 4) ä½O_ÈÔì#
G Q®°¬ôëO^Îi Õ ïH ìÁ Qù¬æ"_È° - ¬Ow`ÇHê~¡°_È°.

G
Y
W`Çx Q®°iOz `³°¬°HË=_¨xH÷ ã¬^¥# P^¥~¡§¬#O J¬ðì^£ ¬ÖO§¬#O
(¬O¬ø $`ÇO Õ ^Í=<Q®i e² Õ "Í§_È°)
M
G nxx W`Ç_È° À<¬u - ¬ìiÀ#°_È° ~¡zOK_È°.
¬=òã^ÎQ°® ¬ô_ë °È
95 E
("¬ë=OQê nxx ~¡zOz#k - u|@° J<Í ^ÎO_È <Ç°ä½_È°)
9
G
59
W`Ç_È° "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê 3 <Q®~*ì¼Ìá ^ÎO_³uë =°^Î°~¡#° eOKÍ Q®}¬u<Q® ä½=¶ï~ë#° (ä½è~¡<Q®) `Ç# ä½=¶~¡°_È°
D
2= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôëx H÷zó q"¬ìO KÍ§_È°.
G W`Ç_È° 12= ^ÎH÷Æ} ^Í× ~*ì¼Ìá ^ÎO_³uë q[Ç¶#° ªkOK_È°.
CA
50
G W`Ç_È° ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×OÌá ^ÎO_³uë<\÷H÷ ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç ^Í×¬ô Qù¬æ~A HOzx eOKÍ - q+¬µâQË¬ô_È°.
98
G
A
D HêO<\÷ POã^Î^Í×¬ô ~A- J²ë=~¡à (§OHêÇ°# ~A) :8
G ¬=°~¡°Öä½ =¶ã`Ç"Í° ~[¼=ò#° ã¬ªkOKÍ q^¥#=ò#° ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# Q®°¬ë~A- "³ò^Î\ ÷ KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° (`Ç# Ì^Îí
h
A E
ä½=¶~¡°_È° - HKÇ°_È° L#ß¬æ\÷H©, ¬=°~¡°Ö_³á# ¬=òã^Î Q®°¬ôëxH÷ ~[¼=ò#° Wzó#@°ÁQê KÇiã`ÇHê~¡° ì=#)
.P
G ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° `Ç# ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í× kyÞ[Ç°Ç¶ã`Ç#° ''ãQ®¬ì}=ò - "³¶HÆO - J#°ãQ®¬ìOÑÑ J<Í q^¥#=ò#° \÷OK_È°.
AB C
D
G ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í× kyÞ[Ç¶ã`Ç#° ¬=òã^Î Q®°¬ôë_È° ''^Î~¡à q[Ç°OÑÑQê À~ùø<ß_È° W`Ç_È° 9 P~¡¼=~¡ë ~*ì¼#°, 18
ER I
P@qH ~*ì¼#°, 5 ¬i¬ì^Î°í ~*ì¼#° [~òOK_È°.

O
G W`Çx Çò^¥xßO\÷ Õ Qù¬æk - HÒ§Oc Çò^Î=ò. D Çò^Î=ò "Hê@H ~*ÿá# ~¡°ã^ÎÀ#°x`Ë [iyOk.
CH
G W`Çxx 'WO_Ç°<£ <³éeÇ°<£Ñ Qê À~ùø#ß"~¡° -q.Z.²à` (1862)

YD
G W`Çxx '=°¬ð¬^Îà#O^Î°x`ËÑ éeó#"~¡°- ~°Kñ^Îi

,H
G W`Çxx 'ª\÷ èx "Í°\÷ g~¡°_Èx, ¬i<^Î¼äÆ½_È°Ñ Jx À~ùø#ß"~¡° - R.C. =°AO^¥~.

AM
T
G W`Çx JkHê~¡O#° P"³¶kOz# NOH ~A- "Í°¦¬°=~¡°â_È°.
G W`ÇxH÷ 'Hq~AÑ J#° a~¡°^Î° H^Î°.

H
M
AM
G W`Ç_È° `Ç# <}ÿ=òÌá g}"~ò¬°ë#ß zã`Ç=ò#°, q°Hê_È°,

IG
Q®Oã_È Qù_ÈÛe, ¬ôe ç=°à#° =òãkOK_È°.

KH
G 6 ~¡Hê |OQê~¡° <}ÿO#° =òãkOK_È°. ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôëx HêO Õ |OQê~¡° <}ÿ=ò#° - ¬°=~â°, "³O_<}ÿ=ò#°
R
- ¬}, ~¡¶¬H Jx ~y<}ÿ=ò#° - HÒi/HêH÷x Jx ²eKÍ"~¡°.
1) t=ôx 2) ¬ôe 3) g}"~ò¬°ë#ß@°Á 4) H©; 5) Çò^ÎO KÍ¬°ë#ß@°Á 6) <ñH/F_È ~¡¶¬O
G ¬=òã^Î Q®°¬ôëx `Ç~Þ`Ç ~A - ~=°Q®°¬ôë_È°.

v ï~O_È= KÇOã^Î Q®°¬ôë_È° : (380 - 415 A.D)
G W`Çx Hê ìxß ~}÷ Z[ÿ` #`Ë é°ó`~¡°. ~=¶Ç°}O, =°¬ðì~¡`ÇO,
¬ô~}ì° "³òII ~¡zOKÇ|_¨Û~ò.
G W`Çx <Hê=ò#° ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ¬Þ~¡âÇòQ®OQê À~ùøO\ì~¡°.
G W`Ç#° ~[¼=ò#ä½ =zó# q^¥#=ò#° q=iOz# ãQ®O^ÎO - q§Y^Î`Ç°ëx - ^Íg

KÇOã^ÎQ®°ÔëÇ°O. ï~O_È= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ë qãH=¶k`Ç°¼_È°

G W`Çx ªé^Î~°¡ _È° ~=°Q®°¬ô_
ë °È , ×H~
A '|¬=Ñ/ 3= ~¡°ã^Î ²O¬_È° KÍu Õ F_é~ò `Ç# ì~¡¼ ^Î$"^Íqx HË ÕæQê, ~
ï O_È=
KÇOã^ÎQ°® ¬ô_
ë °È ×H~
A |¬=#° `Ç# ªé^Î~°¡ _È° ~=°Q®°¬ôx
ë ß ¬O¬ìiOz '^Î$"^ÍqxÑ q"¬ì =¶_ ~*ì¼xH÷ =Kó_È°.
G D q+¬Ç¶#° ì}°x ¬ì~¡ÂKÇiã`Ç, J"³¶¦¬° =~¡°Âx ¬O[# §¬#O, =°iÇò ~[õY~¡°_ - Hê=¼g°=¶O¬, =lûH -
HÒ=òn=°¬ìÙ`Ç=O, ~=°KÇOã^Î- <@¼^Î~¡æ}÷, Õ[~A - ×$OQê~¡ã¬HêtH, <¾= QËqO^Î°x ¬OyÁö~ä½ §¬#O
`³eÇ°*è¬°ë<ß~ò.
G ã¬^¥# À<x - g~¡À#°_È°.

G W`Çx a~¡°^Î°° : - ×Hêi, ~*ìk~[
- ª¬ìªOH
- qãH=¶k`Ç¼
- ¬~¡=° ìQ®=`Ç
Y
- Hq¬O_`Ç Hæ`Ç~¡°=ô
M
- ^Í=N, NqãH=°, Jl`ÇqãH=°, ²O¬ìqãH=°
G ï~O_È= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôëx PªÖ#O Õ #=~¡`ß° H~¡°.
95 E
9
1. Hêo^¥¬° (Ja*ìý#§ä½O`ÇO, =¶×qHêyßq°ã`ÇO, qãH"³¶~¡ÞÔÇ°O) 2. ×Oä½
59
D
3. ^Î#ÞO`Çi - ^Î#ÞO`ÇsÇ°O ("³á^Î¼ ãQ®O^ÎO)
CA
4. J=°~¡²O¬_È° - J=°~¡HË×O 5. H÷Æ¬}÷ä½_È°
50
6. è`Ç×|@° 7. ¦¬°@H~¡æ~¡°_È° 8. =~¡~¡°z 9. =~¬ìq°²ì~¡°_È°
98
G @b ¬ôã`ÇO
A
ï~O_È= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° L[û~òhx e¬°ë#ß ×H~¡°ã^Î ²O¬xß KÇO² L[û~òhx PãHq°Oz ~[^¥xx
:8
#°O_ L[û~òhH÷ =¶~ó_È°.
h
"³O_ <}ÿ=ò°
A E
G D q[Ç¶xH÷ z¬ìßOQê Q®°¬ôë Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê q_È°^Î KÍ§_È°.

.P
G 2= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° `Ç# <}ÿ=òÌá ²O¬ìO ç=°à#°, Q®~¡°_È"¬ì#, H©;^Íq Q®°ã~¡O ç=°à#° =òãkOK_È°.
AB C
D
G 2= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° `Ç# ä½=¶ï~ë ã¬ì=u Q®°¬ë#° "Hê@H ~*ÿá# 2= ~¡°ã^ÎÀ#°x H÷zó q"¬ìO KÍ§_È°.
ER I
G Ç¶ãuä½_È° '²ìÇ¶<£Ñ ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ =zó 12 ¬OII° ¬~¡¼\÷OK_È°. (399-

O
W`Çx < HêO Õ K³á< 411)
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ KÇO_¨°~¡°`Ç¬æ q°Q®` ã¬[O` §Hê¬ð~¡°°Qê L<ß~¡x,

CH
²ìÇ¶<£
YD
WKÇ ó @ tH Æ ° H i # OQê è = x, Li tH Æ ° J¬ ° è=x
À~ùø<ß_È°.
,H
G ²ìÇ¶<£ @b¬ôã`ÇO Õ 3 ¬OII° ¬O¬ø $`Ç ì+¬#° J¼²OK_È°.

AM
T
G 2= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôëx kyÞ[Ç° Ç¶ã`Ç#° ¬¶zOKÇ_¨xH÷ W`Ç#° `Ç# <}ÿ=òÌá

H
M
Q®°ã~¡=ò ç=°à#° =òãkOK_È°.

AM
v "³ò^Î\÷ ä½=¶~¡ Q®°¬ôë_È° : (415 - 455)

IG
KH
G 2= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È°, ^Î$"^Íg ä½=¶~¡°_È°.

R
G W`Çx Q®°iOz `³°¬°HË=_¨xH÷ ã¬^¥# P^¥~¡ §¬#=ò- W`Ç_È° <³=°eH÷ "Í°`Ç "Í¬°ë#ß@°Á#ß <}ÿ=ò°.
G W`Çx a~¡°^Î°° - =°ÀìOã^¥k`Ç¼
- =°ÀìOã^Î~ ä½=¶~
- KÇOã^Î ã¬Hê
- ¬~¡=° Q®=`Ç
G W`Ç_È° `Ç# |OQê~¡° <}ÿ=òÌá XH "³á¬ô# =°Çü~¡ "¬ì#°_³á# HêiëöHÇòx ç=°à#°,
=°~Ë "³á¬ô <³=°eH÷ "Í°`Ç "Í¬°ë#ß@°Á#ß ç=°à#° =òãkOK_È°.
G W`Çx < HêO Õ ¬ô+¬¼¶u *ìu "~¡° ^ÎO_³`ÇëQê, "ix F_Oz ¬O_È°.
G W`Çx < HêO Õ<Í "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê ¬ú}° ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç° ã~¡O=°Ç¶¼~ò.

G W`Ç_È° ãH©.× 5= ×`|íO Õ '#O^Î q×Þq^¥¼Ç°OÑ ªÖ²OKÇQê Wk ¬ì~¡°Âx HêO Õ ìQê Ja=$k K³OkOk. (nxx
H÷ëÇ¶~deû ^ÎÞO¬O KÍ§_È°- =°¬ìà^£ ¦¬°Õi À<x)
v ¬øO^Î Q®°¬ôë_È° : (455 - 467)

G W`Çx Q®°iOz `³°¬°HË=_¨xH÷ ã¬^¥# P^¥~° :
] c¬ð~ ¬ëO|§¬<° ] A<¦¬°_£ §¬#O ] WO_Ë~ `ã=°§¬#O ] a`s ¬ëO|§¬#O
G W`Ç_È° KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ë=°¿~¡°¼_È° xiàOz# ¬°^Î~¡Å# `Ç\ìH=ò#° iÀ~¡° KÍ~òOKÇ_¨xH÷ ªÏ~Rä½_³á# KÇãH e`Ç°_È° J`Çx
ä½=¶~¡°_³á# '¬#ß^Î`Çë è^¥ =~¡â^Î`Ç°ëxÑ xÇ°q°Oz#@°ÁQê A<¦¬°_£ t ì§¬#O `³eÇ°*è¬°ëOk.
G W`Çx < HêO Õ<Í ¬ô+¬¼q°ã`Ç *ìu "~¡°, ¬ú}°° ^ÎO_³`ÇëQê ¬~l`Ç°~ò# ¬ú}°° 50 ¬OII° D
~[¼OÌá H<³ßuë KÇ¶_È è^Î°.
Y
W`Çx <HêO Õ<Í |OQê~¡° <}è <}¼`Ç ìQê `Çy¾Ok.
G W`Ç_È° `Ç# ~[^¥xx uiy L[û~òx #°O_ @b ¬ôã`ÇOä½ =¶~ó_È°.
M
G W`Çx `Ç~Þ`Ç ä½#° =°eQ®°¬ôëO\ì~¡°.
G Z~<£ '¬uÑ
95 E
ì#°Q®°¬ôë_È° - §¬#O#° "Í~òOK_È°. D §×#O Õ `ùeªiQê Q®°iOz
9
59
À~ùø#|_Ok.
D
G W`Çx `Ç~°¡ "`Ç # ÕH÷ =zó# #~¡O
² ¬ìQ®°¬ôx
ë < HêO Õ `Ë~¡=¶#°x <Ç°H`ÞÇ O Õ
CA
¬ú}°° ^ÎO_³uë~Q® ¬O*ì, L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í ãO`#° HË ÕæÇ¶~¡°.
50
G =°eQ®°¬ôë Õ Qù¬æ"_È° - #~¡²O¬ì Q®°¬ë ì ìk`Ç¼.
98
G P `Ç~¡°"`Ç q°²ì~¡ä½x <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ ¬ú}°° Q®°¬ë ~[¼OÌá ^ÎO_³`ÇëQê =¶=~A (BeH~¡ =O×=ò) Ç°Õ^Î~¡°à_È°
A
:8
F_Oz ¬O_È°.
h
G
A E
¬ú}° 3= ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç ¦¬e`ÇOQê Q®°¬ë ªã=¶[¼O JO`Ç=°~ò¼Ok.

.P
G Q®°¬ôë Õ z=i"_È° - q+¬µâQ®°¬ôë_È°.

AB C
D
v ¬i< q^¥#=ò :
ER I
O
G Q®°¬ôë #ä½ ã¬^¥# P^¥~¡ãQ®O^ÎO - ''Hê=°O^Îä½x huª~¡=òÑÑ.

G '=°Oãu qHæ ã¬H~¡}=òÑ =°Oãu ¬i+¬`Ç°ë#° Q®°iOz
CH
hu ª~¡=ò Õx q=i¬¶ë
YD
~[¼=ò- ~A
,H
↑
AM
T
ä½ë°- L¬HiH/ ä½=¶~=¶`Ç°¼°/~[ªÖhÇ°

H
↑
M
AM
q+¬ Ç ¶ °-q+¬ Ç ° ¬ u
IG
↑
KH
gk- PÇ°HëH
R
↑
ãQê=¶°-ãQêq°ä½_È°-ãQê=°¬OKÇ =°O_È=ò
G q+¬¬uH÷ ¬¬ðe=Þ_¨xH÷ - #Q®~¡¬ LO_Íq. nxH÷ Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅ - ã¬^Î=°HêÇ°¬ë.

G #Q®~¡¬ Õ 4Q®°~¡° J#kHê~¡ ¬°¼°O_Í"~¡°.
1. #Q®~¡ãõ+²» 2. ª~¡"¬ì (=~¡ëH¬O¦¬° J^Î¼äÆ½_È°) 3. ã¬^Î=°ä½eH (HêiàH¬O¦¬°O) 4. ã¬^Î=° HêÇ°¬Ö
v <¼Ç°# :
G D HêO<\÷ <¼Ç°##° `³°¬°HË=_¨xH÷ ã¬^¥# P^¥~¡O - 2= rq`Ç Q®°¬ôëx- ^Í=|~ß~ §¬#O.
G D HêO<\÷ §Ouã^Î`Ç° Hê_Í JkHê~¡°°- q#Ç° - ²Öu - ªÖ¬ä½°
G ¶=òä½ ¬O|OkOz# `ÇQ®°=ô#° fö~ó JkHê~¡°°- <¼Ç°H~¡}÷H°

G ^ÎO_H, KË~Ë^ÎiàH, ^ÎO_ÈoH, J<Í JkHê~¡°° Q®~¡°.
G ª^¥~¡} ~¡HÆH@°#° 'K`Ç°Ñ Jx, `Ç#`Ë@° ¬OïH×¤#° f¬°ä½"³õ¤ ~¡HÆH@°#° '^ÎO_ÈoHÑ Jx JO\ì~¡°.
v ªO¦²°H ¬i²Ö`Ç°° :
G D HêO<\÷ ªO¦Ô°H =¼=¬Ö#° Q®°iOz ²ìÇ°<£ ~¡KÇ#° `³eÇ°*è¬°ë<ß~ò.
G ×´ã^Î°° "¼~¡=ò, =¼=ªÇ°=ò KÍÇ°_¨xH÷ J#°=°uOK~¡°.
G D HêO Õ |¬ì~¡¼`ÇÞO J=°° Õ LOk.
G ìx¬° =ü¼O K³eÁOz ìx¬ =¼=¬Ö #°O_ q=òHëO Hê=KÇ°ó.
G D HêO Õ '¬uÑ J#Qê ¬^Î°¾} ¬O¬#°ß~ ÿá# ì~¡¼Qê À~ùø<ß~¡°.
G ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° `#° [~òOz# ~*ì¼#° "iöH W=Þ_ÈO =Á ^Í×O Õ ¶ªÞ=°¼ =¼=¬Ö U~¡æ_Ok.
G ãì¬ìà}°ä½ JãQ®¬ð~eKÍó ¬^Îux ì~¡`Ç^Í×=ò "³ò`Çë=ò q¬ëiOz#"_È° - 2= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È°.
Y
v =°`Ç ¬i²Ö`Ç°° :
M
G 2= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôëx HêO Õ ²ìO^Î¶=°`ÇO ¬ô#~¡°rû=#O K³OkOk.
95 E
G D HêO Õ K`Ç°~¡Þ~¡â =¼=¬Ö, K`Ç°~ã¬=¶° ìQê PKÇiOKÇ|_¨Û~ò.
9
59
G +¬_£^Î~¡Å#=ò° G "³ákH =°`Ç=ò#°
D
D HêO Õ J=°° ÕH÷ =Kó~ò. Q®°¬ôë° ã¬^¥#OQê "¼²ëKÍ§~¡°.
G D HêO Õ<Í ^Î§=`~ ì=# U~¡æ_ QÒ`Ç=° |°^Î°xß 9= J=`~¡OQê ¬iQ®}÷OK~¡°.
G
CA
50
gi JkHê~¡ ìOKÇ#O - =~¬ìO (ã¬^¥# ã`Ç é+²Oz# J=`~¡O- =~¬ì)
G ''Q®=n¾`ÇÑÑ
98
gi HêO Õ<Í ¬OH#O KÍÇ°|_ ²ìO^Î°=ô ¬qã`Ç ãQ®O^ÎOQê "¼²ë ÕH÷ =zóOk.
=°O^Î¬~ t ì§¬#O.
A
G D HêO<\÷ KÍ<Í`Ç ¬x"i Q®°iOz ² ø <Í`Ç ¬x "i Q®°iOz `³eÇ°*èÇò §¬#O-
:8
G 2= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° "³á+¬â= =°à=¶x.
h
A E
G
.P
Q®°¬ôë° ¬~¡=°`Ç¬¬ì#O Q®"~¡°. ãH©.×.453 Õ =Áa Õ 2= *ÿá#¬i+¬` [iyOk.
G =¬°|O^Î°xß
AB C
D
¬=òã^Î Q®°¬ôë_È° `Ç# ä½=¶~¡°xH÷ Q®°~¡°=ôQê- (º^Î=°`Ç¬°Ö_È°) xÇ°q°OK_È°.
G JÇ°H~¡^Í=ôxß
ER I
º^Î=°`Ç¬°ë_³á# 2= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° `Ç# À<xQê xÇ°q°OK_È°.
G ¦²~¡^ñ²
O
2= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° q^Í§OQ® q^¥#O Õ ìQ®OQê ¬iÂÇ¶ ~*ÿá# J~+Ô~¡°`Ë ¬O|O^¥° Hù#ªyOK_Èx
~¡KÇ#° `³eÇ°*è¬°ë<ß~ò.
CH
YD
v Q®°¬ôë HêO- ¬Þ~¡âÇòQ®O :

,H
G Q®°¬ôë ~[ì+¬- ¬O¬ø $`Ç=ò

AM
T
G 2= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôëx < Hê ìxß ¬Þ~¡âÇòQ®OQê À~ùøO\ì~¡°.

H
M
G W`Çx PªÖ# H=ô#° ''#=~¡`ß°ÑÑ JO\ì~¡°.

AM
IG
1. Hêo^¥¬° 2. =~¬ìq°²ì~¡°_È° 3. =~¡~¡°z 4. ^Î#ÞO`Çi

KH
5. J=°~¡²O¬_È° 6. H÷Æ¬}÷ä½_È° 7. ×Oä½_È° 8. è`×|@° 9. ¦¬°@H~¡æ~¡°_È°
G gi Õ Qù¬æ"_È° - Hêo^¥¬° - W`Ç_È°

R
¬O¬ø $`ÇO Õ
G |°°`Ç°¬O¬ð~¡O - Hêo^¥¬° `ùe ~¡KÇ#

Hê"¼° : "Í°¦¬°¬O^Í×O, ~¡¦¬ò =O×O, ä½=¶~¡ ¬O==ò
<@Hê° : Ja*ìý# §ä½O`ÇO(q×ÞqMì¼u QêOz# <@HO), qãH"³¶~¡ÞÔÇ°=ò, =¶×qHêyß q°ã`Ç=ò J<Í <@Hê°
~¡zOK_È°.
G ã¬¬OKÇ 100 =òY¼ ª~¡¬Þ` Õ - Ja*ìý# §ä½O`Ç=ò ã¬=òY"³°ØOk.
G Hêo^¥¬°ä½ WO_Ç°<£ À+H±²æÇ°~ J#° a~¡°^Î° H^Î°.(POã^Î À+H±²æÇ°~ #°Q®O\÷ H©;#~¡²O¬ìO)
G W`Çx HOKÇ°qãQ®¬ðxß OöQÁ kÍ°@~ Õ <³Hù ìæ~¡°.
G Q®°¬ôë ~[ì+¬ ¬O¬ø $`Ç=ò J~ò#¬æ\÷H© H$`Ç ì+¬ ä_¨ "¼²ë Õ LOk.
G ãH$`Ç ì+¬ =°^Î°~¡ Õ - ¬¶~¡õx ì+¬Qê, |°O^Í YO_£ Õ J~¡=¶Q®k ì+¬Qê, c¬ð~ Õ - =¶Q®kQê "¼²ë Õ LOk.

v =~¬ðq°²ì~¡°_È° :
G W`Ç_È° ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ *Õ¼u+¬¼§¢¬ë=ò#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
G ZHêl, lÇ¶l, Ìáìã_¨l J<Í §G=ò° W`Çx ²^¥O`ÇO #°O_Í Pq~¡ÄqOK~ò.
G W`Çx J¬°À~¡° q°¬~¡°_È°, W`ÇxH÷ 2= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° '=~¬ðÑ J<Í J`Ç°¼#ß`Ç ¬ô~¡ªø~¡=òx=Þ_ÈO =Á =~¬ðq°²ì~¡°_È°
JÇ¶¼~¡°.
G W`Ç_È° |$¬ì`¬O²ì`Ç, ¬OKÇ²^¥OH, |$¬ì`*ì`ÇH, ¦¬ò*ì`Ç ãQ®O^¥#° ~§_È°.
v P~¡¼@° :
G 'P~¡¼\ ©Ç°OÑ J<Í Q®}÷`Ç§G ãQ®O^Î=ò#°, ¬¶~¡¼²^¥O`ÇO #° ~¡zOK_È°.
G ¬¶~¡°¼x KÇ°@¶ ¶q° ¬iãq°¬°ëO^Îx `³eÇ°*è² ¬¶~¡¼ KÇOã^ÎãQ®¬ì}=ò#° Q®°iOz q=iOK_È°.
⎞
Y
⎛
G W`Ç#° [#àªÖ#=ò- öH~¡× ''Ìá (p)ÑÑ q°=#° H#°Qù<ß_È°. ⎜ π = ⎟
⎝ ⎠
M
G "Y − #Z = $ ¬¶ã`Ç=ò#° H#°Qù<ß_È°.
G W`Ç_Í '0Ñ q°=#° H#°Qù<ß_Èx HùO`Ç=°Ok KÇiã`Ç Hê~¡° ì=#.
95 E
9
v ã|¬ìàQ®°¬ôë_È° :
59
D
G ã¬¬OKÇO Õ<Í "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê ¶=¶¼H~¡Â} ²^¥O`Ç=ò#° ã¬ukOK_È°.(W`Çxx WO_Ç°<£ #¶¼@<£ JO\ì~¡°) nxx
#¶¼@<£.
CA
50
x~¡¶²Oz#k -
98
G W`Ç_È° '0Ñ q°= H#°Qù<ß_È°.
A
G W`Ç#° - ã|¬ìà¬°æ@ ²^¥O`Ç=ò.
:8
G W`Ç#°- YO_È Mì^È¼H ²^¥O`ÇO J<Í ãQ®O^¥° ~§_È°.
h
A E
.P
G YQË× §GO Õ P lãì #° L¬³¶yOz# "³ò^Î\ ÷ =¼H÷ë.

AB C
G W`ÇxH÷ 'Q®}H KÇãH KÇ¶_¨=°}÷Ñ J<Í a~¡°^Î° H^Î°.

D
G BY + = Z J<Í ²^¥O`Ç=ò#° ã¬ukOK_È°.

ER I
O
v "³á^Î¼§G=ò :
CH
G ×GzH÷`Ç ²`=°¬_È° - ×Ã×$`Ç°_È° - ×Ã×$`Ç¬O²ì`Ç

YD
G ¬×Ã"³á^Î°¼_È° - Hê¬ô¼_È° - ¬ìªëÇòö~Þ^Î=ò, "Q®Ä@°_È° - JOQ® ¬OãQ®¬ì}O

,H
G =°O^Î° `ÇÇ¶s Q®°iOz - #=h`ÇH=ò J<Í ãQ®O^Î=ò `³eÇ°*è¬°ëOk.

AM
T
G 2= ì¬ø~¡°_È° - ²^¥O`Çt~Ë=°}÷ J<Í YQË× §G ãQ®O^Î=ò#° ~²#@°ÁQê `³°¬°ëOk.

H
v ª²ì`Ç¼=ò :
M
AM
IG
G q+¬µâ×~¡à- ¬OKÇ`ÇOã`Ç=ò (50 ì+¬ Õ J#°"k`Ç"³°Ø# "³òII ì~¡fÇ° ãQ®O^Î=ò)

KH
; q§Y^Î`Ç°ë_È° - ^ÍgKÇOã^ÎQ®°ÔëÇ°O ; ^ÎO_ - ^Î×ä½=¶~¡ KÇiã`Ç, Hê=¼^Î~¡Å#O

R
- =òã^Î~HÆ¬O ; "`ÇÇò#°_È° - Hê=°¬¶ã`°,<¼Ç°ì+¬¼O,

; ×´ã^Îä½_È° - =°$KÇóH\ ÷H=ò P~ËQ®¼=°O[iN
; ì¬°_È° - ¬Þ¬ß"¬=^Î`Çë ; k*ìýQ®°_È° - `Ç~¡ø§G ãQ®O^Î=ò (ì~¡fÇ°`Ç~¡ø §G²ì`Ç)
; ¬°|O^Î°_È° - "¬=^Î`Çë - ã¬=¶^Î ¬=òKÇóÇ°=ò
; D×Þ~¡H$+¬µâ_È° - ¬OMì¼HêkH ; |°^Î"Í°¦¬°_È° - q×Ã^Î =¶~¡¾=ò
v Q®°¬ôë HêO <\÷ "¬°ë tæÜáe :

G gi "¬°ë tæÜáe 3 q^¥°Qê LOk.
1. Q®°¬ðÇ¶° : J[O`Ç, Z ÕÁ~¡ (=°¬ð~R)
; ìQ· (=°^Î¼ã¬^Í) ; Wq ã¬^¥#OQê º^Îí=°`xH÷ ¬O|OkOz#k.

2. ^Í"Ç°=ò° : ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ^Í"Ç°=ò "¬°ëÜáe. 3 ~¡H=ò°
a) <Q®~¡ - Q®°¬ôë° J#°¬iOK~¡°.
b) "Í¬~¡ - ì^¥q° K×Ãä½¼° J#°¬iOK~¡°.
c) ã^¥q_È - ¬Á=ô° (^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ J#°¬i¬°ë#ß q^¥#=ò)
G ^Î§=`~ ^Í"Ç°O - ^Í=¦¬°_£ (=°^Î¼ã¬^Í) (#Á~u Õ xià`ÇO)

G q+¬µâ^Í"Ç°O - \÷Qê~ \÷QêÞ (=°^Î¼ã¬^Í)
G q+¬µâ ^Í"Ç°O - ³°~¡<£ (L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í)
G t"Ç°O - ¶ã=¶ (=°^Î¼ã¬^Í)
G ~¡Þf^Í"Ç°O - <KÇ#ä½\ì~¡ (=°^Î¼ã¬^Í)
G W@°H~u ^Í"Ç°O (t=ô_È°) - c`Ç~Qê"£ (L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í)
Y
G ¬¶~¡¼^Í"Ç°O - =¶O_¨ªé~ (=°^Î¼ã¬^Í), t"Ç°O - H~¡O^ÎO (=°^Î¼ã¬^Í), ~u |°^Î qãQ®¬ìO - =°Oä½"~
M
(=°^Î¼ã¬^Í) ä½=¶~¡Q®°¬ôë_È° xiàOK_È°.
3. ¬¶Ö° : ; q°~¬î~ Hê<£ ¬¶Ö¬=ò - ²O^Î°
95 E
9
; ^¥"Í°H± ¬¶Ö¬=ò - ª~¡<^£ (L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í)
59
D
; |°^Î°íx ¬¶Ö¬=ò - Fiªx (~¡`Çßyi)
G
CA
2= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° 7 J_È°Q®° |°^Î°x HOKÇ° qãQ®¬ì=ò#° _bÁ ¬g°¬O Õx ¬° ìë<£Q®O* Õ xiàOK_È°.
50
G "³ò¬ì~Òe Õ W#°¬ ¬ÖO| §¬#O#° ÿOQê PãH=°} Q®°iOz "Í~òOK_È°.
v tæ=ò : 98
A
:8
G ª~¡<^£
h
Õ PÔ#°_³á L#ß |°^Î°x qãQ®¬ì=ò.

A E
.P
G =°^Î°~¡ Õ x|_ L#ß |°^Î°x qãQ®¬ì=ò.

AB C
D
G L^ÎÇ°yi Q®°¬ì Õ =~¡¬ð=`~¡O Õ q+¬µâ=ô ¶q°x Z`Ç°ë`Ç°#ß@°ÁQê L#ß tæO J^Î°Ä`ÇOQê LOk.
ER I
G ¬¶~¡°¼x qãQ®¬ìO J`Çx ì~¡¼° KÇ°, ¬°=~¡ó, =°¬ðõÞ`Ç qãQ®¬ð°. D HêO<\÷ qãQ®¬ð Õ =òY¼"³°Ø#k.
O
v zã`Ç èY#=ò :
CH
YD
G J[O` Q®°¬ì Õx 16,17,19 Q®°¬ì° Q®°¬ôë HêO <\÷k.

,H
G g\÷ Õ 16= Q®°¬ì Õx '=°~¡}×Ç°¼Ìá Q® ~[ä½=¶iÑ J<Í zã`ÇO J^Î°Ä`Ç"³°Ø#k.

AM
T
G Q®°¬ôë HêO <\÷ +¬_£ ^Î~¡Å<° "\÷x ã¬ukOz#"~¡°

H
M
1. ªOY¼ - H² 4. ³¶Q® - ¬ ` Ç O [e

AM
2. <¼Ç° - QÒ`Ç=ò_È° 5. g°=¶O¬ - *ÿáq°h

IG
KH
3. "³áõ+²H - H}ì^Î°_È° 6. "Í^¥O`Ç/ L`Çë~¡g°=¶O¬ - ì^Î~Ç°}°_È°
v q^Í× Ç¶ãuä½° ¬O^ÎiÅOz# HêO :

R
G "³°Q®¬ëh¹ - KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ë=°¿~¡°¼_È°-1
G _³á³"³¶H¹ - aO^Î°ª~¡°_È°
G ²ìÇ¶<£ - 2= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È°
G ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· - ¬ì~¡°Â_È°, 2= ¬ôöHt, ä½|ûq+¬µâ=~¡#°_È°, #~¡²O¬ì=~¡à-1.
G "OQ·-¬Ç¶<£-u - ãH©.×. 657 Õ ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°.
G WuOQ· - 7= ×`|O #O^¥ q×Þq^¥¼Ç° q^¥¼i
G ¬° è=¶<£ - J~¡ "¼i 9= ×`|O.
G J =°¬¶k - ìQê^£ä½ K³Ok# =¼H÷ë 10= ×`|O.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1. Q®°¬ôë ÇòQêxß ã~¡OaOz#k? (Group-I - 2012) 13. D ãH÷Ok "i Õ Z=~¡° qãH=¶k`Ç°¼x HêO <\÷
1) XH@= NQ®°¬ôë_È° 2) XH@= ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° #=~¡`ß Õ XH~¡° Hê^Î°? (Group-II - 2003)
3) XH@= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° 4) ä½=¶~¡Q®°¬ôë_È° 1) =~¬ìq°²ì~¡°_È° 2) ¦¬°@H~¡æ~¡°_È°

2. #O^Î q×Þq^¥¼Ç° ªÖ¬ä½_È° (Group-I - 2010) 3) KÇ~¡ä½_È° 4) J=°~¡²O¬_È°
1) ä½=¶~¡Q®°¬ôë_È° 2) ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° 14. Q®°¬ôë HêO Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ "¼~¡ ¬O|O^¥°
3) JÕä½_È° 4) #O^Î°_È° Hey ^ÎO`Ç=ò, ¬Þ~¡â=ò `³zó# Pã¦²Hê ^Í×O ãH÷Ok
3. ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ã¬²k K³Ok# ¬ô~`Ç# §G"³á^Î°¼_È°? "x Õ Uk? (Group-II - 2001)
(Group-I - 1991) 1) ªé=¶eÇ¶ 2) Wk³¶²Ç°
Y
1) P~¡¼@ 2) ì¬ø~K~¡¼ 3) \ìO*ìxÇ¶ 4) <³áriÇ¶
M
3) ¬°×$`Ç°_È° 4) ¬°|O^Î° 15. Q®°¬ë~A Õ ¬Ow`ÇHê~¡°_È°Qê ä_È L#ß^³=~¡°?
4. Q®°¬ôë HêO Õ ã¬²k K³Ok# YQË×§GAý_È°? (Group-II - 2001)
95 E
(Group-I - 1991) 1) "³ò^Î\ ÷ KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° 2) ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È°
9
59
D
1) J×Þ¦¬°Õ+¬µ_È° 2) ¬°ã=ô`Ç°_È° 3) ï~O_È= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ë qãH=¶k`Ç°¼_È°
3) ì#°_È° 4) =~¬ðq°²ì~¡°_È° 4) ¬øO^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È°
5. ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° ªkOz# q[Ç¶° ZKÇóQ® K³Hø
CA
16. ^Í=¦¬°~ J<Í KË@ L#ß ^Î§=`~¡ ^Í"Ç°O U
50
|_#q? (Group-I - 1987) HêO <\÷k? (Group-II - 2000)
98
1) ¬ìkQ®°O¦ t ìK³Hø_È=ò° 1) Q®°¬ë 2) ¬Á=
A
:8
2) J¬ðì^£ ¬¶Ö¬ K³Hø_È=ò° 3) KË× 4) q[Ç°#Q®~¡
17. Q®°¬ëKÇãH=~¡°ë Õ Z=~¡° <}èÌá g} "~ò¬°ë#ß su Õ
h
3) y~ß~ t ì K³Hø_È=ò°
A E
.P
4) ª~¡<^£ t ì K³Hø_È=ò° KÇ¶¬|_<~¡°? (Group-II - 2000)

AB C
6. K³á< Ç¶ãuä½_È° ²ìÇ¶<£ Z=i ¬i<HêO Õ

D
1) "³ò^Î\ ÷ KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° 2) ï~O_È= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È°

ì~¡`Ç^Í§xß ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°?
ER I
(Group-II - 2012) 3) ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° 4) ¬øO^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È°

O
1) KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ë=°¿~¡°¼_È° 2) ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° 18. Q®°¬ôë <}è Q®°iOz ¬ô¬ëHO ~²# ¬O_`Ç°_È°?

3) ï~O_È= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° 4) ¬ì~¡Â=~¡Ö#°_È°
CH
(Group-II - 2000)
7. ¬¶~¡¼ ²^¥O`Ç=ò#° ~¡zOz#^³=~¡°? (Group-II - 2012)
YD
1) P~.².=°AO^¥~ 2) Z.Z¹.J èëH~

1) ã|¬ðàQ®°¬ë 2) P~¡¼@ 3) \÷.q.=°¬ìeOQ®O 4) ~Ëq° ì^¥¬~
,H
3) =~¬ìq°²ì~¡°_È° 4) Ìá "\÷ Õ UkHê^Î° 19. ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôëxß WO_Ç°<£ <³éeÇ°<£ Jx =iâOz#

AM
T
8. ãH÷Ok ~A Õ Z=ix Hq~A Jx ²ez<~¡°? q^Íj ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç? (Group-II - 2000)

H
(Group-II - 2012)
M
1) _ÏIìï~ß\ 2) ÔÁ\
I I
AM
1) ä½=¶~¡Q®°¬ë - 2) KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ë - 3) q.Z.²à` 4) *ÿ.^Î°ãì~ò

I
IG
3) KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ëqãH=¶k`Ç¼ 4) ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ë - 20. ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_ KÍu Õ F_# ¬Á=~A? (Gr-II - 2008)

KH
9. ''qãH=°k`Ç¼ÑÑ J#° a~¡°^¥OH÷`Ç°_È°?(Group-II - 2012) 1) q+¬µâQË¬=~¡à 2) #Ok=~¡à

1) JÕä½_È° 2) Hx+¬µø_È°
R
3) t=¬øO^Î=~¡à 4) <¾= #~¡²O¬ì=~¡à

3) ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° 4) KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° - II 21. ''=òã^¥~HÆªxßÑÑ ~¡zOzOk Z=~¡°? (Gr-II - 1999)
10. Q®°¬ôë `ùe<}è° g\÷x J#°Hiªë~ò? (Gr-II - 03)
1) Hêo^¥¬° 2) ^ÎO_
1) WO_Ë - ãwä½ 2) q^¥OH <}è° 3) q§Y^Î`Ç°ë_È° 4) ì~¡q
3) ~¡¶=¶H 4) ä½}
11. ã¬ì=u Q®°¬ë W`Çx ä½=¶ï~ë? (Group-II - 2003) ["|°°
1) ï~O_È= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° 2) ä½=¶~¡Q®°¬ôë_È°
1) 3 2) 1 3) 3 4) 4 5) 2
3) "³ò^Î\ ÷ KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° 4) ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È°
6) 3 7) 2 8) 4 9) 4 10) 4
12. ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôëx J¬ìì^£ ¬ëO §¬<xß ~²#"~¡°? 11) 1 12) 2 13) 3 14) 4 15) 2
1) ~¡qH©ië 2) ¬ìiÀ#°_È° (Gr-II - 03) 16) 1 17) 3 18) 2 19) 3 20) 1
3) Hêo^¥¬° 4) =`Ç\ ÷ 21) 3

(ãH©.×. 606- 647)
G ¬ô+¬¼¶u =O×KÇiã`Ç `³°¬°HË=_¨xH÷ ã¬^¥# P^¥~¡ ãQ®O^ÎO - ì}°x - ¬ì~¡ÂKÇiã`Ç.
Y
G ¬ô+¬¼¶u =O§xH÷ =ü ¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È° - ¬ô+¬¼¶u.
M
G ¬ô+¬¼¶u =O×ªÖ¬ä½_È° - #~¡=~¡#°_È°, gi ~[^¥x - ªÖ<Í×Þ~¡O.
G ¬ô+¬¼¶u =O×O Õ 3= `Ç~xH÷ K³Ok# Pk`Ç¼ =~¡#°_È°, Q®°¬ë~[ä½=¶i '=°¬ðÀ# Q®°¬ëÑ#° q"¬ì=¶_ Q®°¬ôë`Ë
95 E
9
¬`ÇO|O^¥° <³Hù ìæ_È°.
59
D
v ã¬ìH~¡=~¡#°_È° : (580 - 605 A.D)
G ¬ô+¬¼¶u =O× ~A Õ `ùe Qù¬æ"_È°.
CA
50
G W`ÇxH÷ '=°¬ð~*ìk~AÑ, '¬ú# ¬ìi} öH¬iÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î°° Q®=ô.
98
G 'Ç°Õ=°uÑ x q"¬ìO KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
A
W`Ç_È° =¶ ìÞ#° ¬ieOKÍ Ç°Õ^Î~¡°àx ä`Ç°~¡°
:8
G W`ÇxH÷ ~[¼=~¡#°_È°, ¬ì~¡Â=~¡#°_È° J<Í ä½=¶~¡°_È°, ~[N J<Í ä`Ç°~¡° H~¡°.
h
A E
G ~[Nx H<Ë*#° ¬ieOKÍ =°¿Hs =O×¬°ë_³á# 'Q®$¬ì=~¡àÑ H÷zó q"¬ìO KÍÌ#°.

.P
G W`Ç_È° 605 Õ =°~¡}÷OKÇQê '~[¼=~¡#°_È°Ñ ~*ì¼xHùKó_È°.

AB C
D
G =¶ ìÞ#° ¬ieOKÍ '^Í=Q®°¬ôëxH÷Ñ H<Ë*#° eOKÍ =°¿Hs =O×¬°Öä½ H¬ð°O_È_ÈO =Á ^Í=Q®°¬ôë_È°, `Ç# q°ã`Ç°_È°
ER I
QÒ_È ãO`Ç=ò (`Ç¶~¡°æ ÿOQê )#° eOKÍ ×§Oä½x ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë 'Q®$¬ì=~¡à#°Ñ (F_Oz) ¬O¬ìiOz ~[Nx |OnQê
O
f¬°ïHì¤_È°. (×§Oä½_È°- *ÿá# =°`Ç¬°ë_È°-º^Î=°`Ç=ò#° <×#O KÍ² Õk=$HÆ=ò#° äH\ ÷ "Í~¡Á`Ë ÌHeOz"Í§_È°.)
CH
G
YD
D ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê [iy# Çò^ÎO Õ ~[¼=~¡#°_È° ^Í= Q®°¬ôëx KÍu Õ ¬O¬ìiO¬|_ÈQê ¬ì~¡Â=~¡#°_È° ãH©.×. 606 Õ
'~[¬ôã`ÇÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î°`Ë ¬ì~¡Â=~¡#°_È° ªÖ<Í×Þ~¡OH÷ ~AQê =Kó_È°.

,H
v ¬ì~¡Â=~¡#°_È° : (606 - 647 A.D)

AM
T
G a~¡°^Î°° : 1) 3= JÕä½_È° 2) t ìk`Ç¼ 3) L`Çë~¬^ÎªÞq°/¬H L`Çë~¬^ÍjÇò_È°.

H
M
G ¬ì~¡Â=~¡#°_È° - 606 Õ 16 ¬OII~ =Ç°¬° Õ ªÖ<Í×Þ~¡Oä½ ~A JÇ¶¼_È°.

AM
IG
G W`Çx Q®°iOz `³°¬°HË=_¨xH÷ ã¬^¥# P^¥~°- ¬ì~¡Â KÇiã`Ç.

KH
; ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· - ².Çò.H÷
R
; ¬ú¼b - The life of the master of the law

; ì}°_È° (¬ì~¡°Âx PªÖ# Hq) - ¬ì~¡Â KÇiã`Ç, Hê^¥O|i, ~¡Þf¬i}Ç°O.
G ¬ì~¡°Â_È° "Í²# - |xMè~¡, - =°^Î°|x, - ªé<£¬\ t ì§¬#=ò°
G 2= ¬ôöHt - S¬ìË t ì§¬#=ò
G ¬ì~¡°Â_È° Hê=°~¡¶¬ ì¬ø~¡ =~¡à, ^Í=Q®°¬ôëx ªé^Î~¡°_È° =¶^Î= =~¡à`Ë Àß¬ìO KÍ² "i ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë, =¶×= ^Í=Q®°¬ôëx
F_Oz, P`Çà¬ì`Ç¼ KÍ¬°HË=_ÈO HË¬O qO^¥¼¬~¡Þ`ä½ "³o¤# `Ç# ªé^Îi ~[Nx ~¡H÷ÆOz, H<Ë* =°Oãu=°O_Èe
f~à#O`Ë 612 Õ 't ìk`Ç¼Ñ J<Í a~¡°^Î°`Ë ¬ì~¡°Â_È° H<Ë* ~[^¥xQê 2 ~*ì¼ä½ ~[Ç¶¼_È°.
G ¬ì~¡Â=~¡í#°_È° 2 ~*ì¼#° UHO KÍ² 612 Õ ~[^¥xx ªÖ<Í×Þ~¡O #°O_ H<Ë*ä½ =¶~ó_È°.
G W`Ç_È° =¶×=Ìá =¶^Î=~¡à#° Hê=°~¡¶¬Ìá ì¬ø~¡=~¡à#° ~A°Qê xe_È°.
G W`Ç_°È Q®°[~`#° eOKÍ "³°ãØ `ÇH =O§xH÷ K³Ok# 2= ^$Î =À#°xß F_Oz, J`ÇxH÷ `Ç# ä`Ç°~¡°#° Wzó q"¬ìO KÍ§_È°.

G ãH©.×. 635 Õ 2= ¬ôöHt ¬ì~¡°Âx Ìá ^ÎO_³uë F_Oz#@°ÁQê 'S¬ìË Ñ t ì§¬#O `³eÇ°*èÇ°Qê D Çò^ÎO Õ Z=~¡¶
ïQ= è^Îx W^Îíi =°^Î¼ #~¡à^¥#kx ¬i¬ì^Î°íQê KÍ¬°ä½<ß~¡x H÷ªÖ<£ Õx 'Ìáì^Î~ì^£ t ì§¬#OÑ `³eÇ°*è¬°ëOk.
G W`Çx <HêO Õ K³á< Ç¶ãuä½_È° ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· (629-643) 14 ¬OII° ¬~¡¼\÷OK_È°.

G ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· K³<
á #°O_ |Ç°°^Íi `Ì+øO\ ^¥Þ~ ¬=°~YO_£ #°O_ H
ï |
á ~, ç ì<£ H#°=° ^¥Þ~ ì~¡`ä ½ =Kó_È°.
G ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· `#° ì~¡`^Ç

Í O
× Õ KÇ¶z# "\÷ Q®°iOz q#ß"\÷ Q®°iOz ².Çò.H÷ J<Í ãQ®O^¥xß K³< á ì+¬ Õ ~§_È°.
G D ãQ®O^¥xß '"~Ñ J#°#`Ç_È° Huyantsang travellege in India. J<Í À~¡°`Ë WOwÁ+¹ ÕH÷ J#°=kOK_È°.
G ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· ¬ì~¡°Âx ¬=°Hêb# ~*ÿá# 2= ¬ôöHt(ì^¥q° K×Ãä½¼ Õ Qù¬æ"_È°) #~¡®²O¬ì=~¡à (¬Á=ô Õ
Qù¬æ"_È°) ä½|ûq+¬µâ=~¡Ö#°_È° ("ÍOyK×ÃH¼ ~[¼ ªÖ¬ä½_È°) PªÖ<#° ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°.
G ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· a~¡°^Î°° : ; Prince of piligrims (Ç¶ãuä½ Õ Çò=~A)
; ùÞH KÇãH=ië ; 2= §H¼=òx.
Y
G W`Ç_È° #O^¥ q×Þ q^¥¼Ç°O Õ =°¬ðÇ¶# º^ÎO Õx, ³¶QêK~¡ ²^¥O`ÇOÌá ¬iÕ^Î# [i² '²kÑ J<Í ãQ®O^¥xß
M
~§_È°.
G W`Ç_È° K³á< "³õ¤@¬C_È° ~¡HÆä½xQê, "³o¤# =¼H÷ë - Lk`Ç°_È°.(644 |Ç°°^Íi 645 Õ K³á<ä½ KÍ~¡°ä½<ß_È°)
95 E
v ¬i< q^¥#O :
9
59
D
G g~¡° Q®°¬ôë ¬i < q^¥#O#° J#°¬iOK~¡°.
CA
G ¬ì~¡°Â_È° J`Ç¼=¬~¡ ¬i²`
Ö °Ç Õ ã¬`¼Í H x^°Î #° =¬¶° KÍÀ - ''J#°`Çæ#ß ^¥#¬=ò^£ãQê¬ìHÑÑ J<Í JkHêix xÇ°q°OK_È°.
50
G ¶q° t¬°ë=¬¶° JkHêi - ^Î$"kH~¡}÷
98
G \Õ \ìH±, H¬"£° =¬¶° KÍÀ JkHê~¡°°- ÏeøH
A
:8
G ã¬°`ÇÞ ¬ã`#° ã^Î¬iKÍ JkHê~¡°°- =°¬ðHÆ¬~k H~¡°}ìkH$`Ç JO\ì~¡°.
h
A E
v =°`Ç ¬i²Ö`Ç°° :
.P
AB C
D
G ì~¡`Ç^Í§xß ¬ieOz# z@ z=i ²ìO^Î¶ KÇãH=ië- ¬ì~¡°Â_È°.

ER I
G W`Ç_È° ²ìO^Î¶=°`xß ^³á==°`ÇOQê À~ùø<ß_È°.

O
G ¬ì~¡°Âx HêO Õ "³á+¬â==ò HO>è Üá==°`Ç=ò Zä½ø= "¼²ë Õ LOk.

H<Ë* Õ KÇO_^Íqx, =°¬ðOHêox Zä½ø=Qê ¬îlOKÍ "~¡°.
CH
G
YD
G ¬ì~¡°Â_È° =¼H÷ëQ®`ÇOQê Üá=ô_È°, `Ç~¡°"`Ç º^Îí=°`ÇO "³á¬ô PHiÂ`Ç°_ÈÇ¶¼_È°. ¬¶~¡°¼xß ä_¨ ¬îlOKÍ"_È°.
,H
G W`Ç_È° ãH©.×.643 Õ ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· J^Î¼HÆ`Ç# 6= =°¬ðÇ¶# ¬i+¬`#° x~¡Þ²ìOK_È°.
G D ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê H~¡°Â_È° H<Ë* Õ XH QË¬ô~¡=ò#° xiàOz JO^Î° Õ |OQê~¡° |°^Î qãQ®¬ì=ò#° ã¬u+²OK_È°.
AM
T
G ¬ì~¡Â=~¡#°x - ¬~¡=° =°Àì×Þ~¡°xQê À~ùø#ß §¬#O- |<£²öH~¡, =°^Î°|x §¬<°.

H
M
G ã¬u 5 ¬OII HùHªi ¬ì~¡°Â_È° Q®OQê, Ç°=ò#,¬~¡¬Þu #^Î° ¬OQ®=°O ã¬Ç¶Q® =^Îí =°¬ð"³¶HÆ ¬i+¬`#° x~¡Þ²ìOKÍ"~¡°.
AM
IG
G ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· ãH©.× 643 Õ x~¡Þ²ìOz# =°¬ð"³¶HÆ ¬i+¬` 6= ^Îx, nxH÷ Hê=°~¡¶¬ ì¬ø~¡=~¡à ä_¨ ¬ð[~¡Ç¶¼_Èx
KH
À~ùø<ß_È°.
R
G Q®OQê Ç°=ò# ¬OQ®=°ªÖ#O ¬tó=°k× Õ XH ^¥#öHÆã`Ç=ò#° U~æ@°KÍ² ¬ì~¡°Â_È° 5 ¬OII° ä_È ÿ\ ÷# ^Î#O
"³ò`ëxß 90 ~ËA@° ^¥#O KÍ² H@°|@#° ä_¨ ^¥#O KÍ² `Ç# ªé^Îi ~[N Wzó# =¢ªë#° ^ÎiOz
~*ì¼xH÷ "³õ¤"_È°.
G =°¬ð"³¶HÆ ¬i+¬` Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ ~ËA# |°^Î qãQ®¬ì=ò#°, 2= ~ËA# ¬¶~¡°¼x qãQ®¬ì=ò#°, 3= ~ËA# t=ôx qãQ®¬ì=ò#°
ã¬u+²»Oz ¬îlOKÍ"~¡°.
v ªO¦Ô°H PiÖH ¬i²Ö`Ç°° :

G D HêO Õ '¬f¬¬ìQ®=°#=òÑ PKÇ~¡} ÕH÷ =zóOk.
G Xiª ^Í×¬ô ¬O_È°Á ¬i=¶}O Õ Ì^Îíq. G =°Q®^Î - =i ¬O@ä½ ã¬²k.
G ªÏ~R (Q®°[~`) - W`Çë_, =OQ®(¬tó=°ÿOQê ) ^Í×=ò - `ÇQ®~¡=ò

G ¬¶~æ~¡H, JOQ®, ²O^Î¶ Õ Y_È¾¬iã×=° "¼²ë ÕH÷ =Kó~ò.
G W`Çx HêO Õ PöQßÇ¶²Ç¶, ^Í§`Ë =~¡ëHO [iöQk.
G ¬ì~¡°Âx HêO Õ ã¬^¥#ã`Ç é+²Oz# F_Èö~=ô°.
; `ã=°e²ë (ÿOQê ) ; Kiã`Ç (Xiª)
v ª²ì`Ç¼=ò : #O^¥ q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O

G gi ~[ì+¬ - ¬O¬ø $`Ç=ò
G ¬ì~¡°Â_È° ª²ì`Ç¼=ò#ä½ 1/4 =O`Ç° P^¥Ç°O#° Y~¡°ó Ì\ì_È°.
G "H$u ~A - QÒ_È="Ë (ãH$`ÇO Õ)
G ¬ì~¡°Âx PªÖ# Hq - ì}°_È°
G ì}°_È° - ¬ì~¡ÂKÇiã`Ç, Hê^¥O|i, ~¡Þf¬i}Ç°O
Y
G ¬ì~¡Â=~¡í#°_È° - ~¡`ß=o, <Qê#O^ÎO, ã²Ç°^ÎiÅx
M
G =°Çü~¡°_È° - ¬¶~¡¼×`ÇHO, ~¡ë $¬ìi - ¬°ì+²`Ç ×`ÇHO, ãu+¬u.
G W`Çx < HêO Õ ìQê Ja=$k K³Ok# q×Þ q^¥¼Ç°O - #O^¥
95 E
9
G OXFORD q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O
59
nxx Õ é°ó`~¡°.
D
G #O^¥ q×Þq^¥¼Ç° x~¡Þ¬ì}ä½ ¬ì~¡°Â_È° 100 ãQê=¶#° ^¥#O KÍ§_È°.
G #O^¥ q×Þq^¥¼Ç° ãQ®O^¥Ç°=ò#°
CA
''^Î~¡àQ®O*ÑÑ Jx JO\ì~¡°.
50
G ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· #O^¥ q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O#° ¬O^ÎiÅOKÍ <\÷H÷ D q×Þq^¥¼Ç° K#~ - j ìã^Î
98
G 1:6
A
WHø_È L^¥¼Ç°, q^¥¼~¡° x+¬æuë - :8
G D q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O Õ ã¬"Í×O Hù~¡ä½ (ã¬"Í× ¬sHÆ) ã¬"Í× ^¥Þ~¡O =^Îí q^¥¼~¡°#° ã¬×ß#° J_y ¬=¶^¥#=ò K³²æ#
h
A E
.P
"ix q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O Õ ã¬"Í×O HeæOKÍ"~¡°.
G
AB C
ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê q^¥¼ Õ^Î#`Ë@° =¬ux HeæOz# q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O.

D
G D q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O Õ WuOQ· J<Í K³á< Ç¶ãuä½_È° 10 ¬OII° ¬iÕ^Î#° [i_È°.

ER I
G H÷ëÇ¶~deû.
O
D q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O#° ^ÎÞO¬O KÍ²#"_È° -
G ¬ì~¡Â=~¡#°x J#O`Ç~¡=ò # ÕH÷ =zó# "~¡°- <Q®@°_È° (ã¬u¬ð~¡ =O×O)

CH
- Ç°Õ=~¡à}
YD
G H<Ë*#° eOz# z=i Qù¬æ"_È°
G
,H
Ç°Õ=~¡à<£ # Õx =¶u D ¬ô¬ëHê#° ~¡zOK_È°.
1. L`Çë~¡~=° KÇiã`Ç 2. =°¬ðg~¡ KÇiã`Ç 3. =¶f =¶^Î=<£

AM
T
H
M

AM
IG
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
KH
1. t ìk`Ç°¼_È° J#ß a~¡°^Î° H"~¡°?(Group-I - 2012) 4. ä½=Ç¶=¶ ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç Z=~¡°? (Group-I - 2012)
R
1) JÕä½_È° 2) aOaª~¡°_È° 1) ì#°_È° 2) ä½O^¥ä½O^Î

3) ¬øO^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° 4) ¬ì~¡Â=~¡Ö#°_È°
3) ^ÎO_ 4) L^Ë¼`Ç#°_È°
2. ¬ì~¡°Â_x F_Oz ''¬~¡"Í°×Þ~ÑÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î°#° ÔÞHiOz# 5. K³á< Ç¶ãuä½_È° ¦²ìÇ¶<£ Z=i ¬i< HêO Õ
"~¡°? (Group-I - 2008)
ì~¡`#° ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°? (Group-II - 2012)
1) XH@= ¬ôöHt 2) ï~O_È= ¬ôöHt
1) KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ë =°¿~¡°¼_È°
3) XH@= =°ÀìOã^Î=~¡à 4) ï~O_È= =°ÀìOã^Î=~¡à
2) ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È°
3. D ãH÷Ok "x Õ ¬ì~¡°Â_È° ~¡zOz# ãQ®O^ÎO?
3) ï~O_È= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È°
1) <Qê#O^ÎO 2) b ì=u (Gr-I - 02)
4) ¬ì~¡Â=~¡#°_È°
3) #KÇiã`ÇO 4) <³á+¬nÇ°O

6. ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ q^¥¼~¡°í° ''¬$¬ì èÁYÑÑ#° HO~¡¬ÖO 16. <Qê#O^ÎO ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç? (J.L - 2006)
KÍ¬°ëO_È_ÈO KÇ¶ª#x ~²# K³á< Ç¶ãuä½_È°? 1) ì}°_È° 2) ¬ì~¡Â=~¡#°_È°

(Group-II - 2012) 3) ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· 4) ÕA_È°
1) ¦²ìÇ¶<£ 2) ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· 17. ¬ì~¡Â=~¡#°_È° =²ìOz# a~¡°_È°? (J.L - 2004)
3) b - ¬°"OQ· 4) WuOQ·
1) t ìk`Ç¼ 2) Pk`Ç¼
7. ãH÷Ok "i Õ Z=~¡° ¬ì~¡°Â_È° ï~O_È= ¬ôöHt KÍ`Ç 3) ¬~¡=°\ì~¡H 4) =°¬ð~*ìk~[
F_O¬|_#@°Á K³æ~¡°? (Group-II - 2003)
18. =°¬ð"³¶HÆ¬i+¬` Õ ¬ì~¡°Â_È° x~¡Þ²ìOz# ã¬u
1) ì}°_È° 2) aÝ}°_È°
(J.L - 2006)
3) ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· 4) WuOQ·
1) 6¬OIIä½ XHªi 2) 3¬OIIä½ XHªi
8. ãH÷Ok ãQ®O^¥ Õ ¬ì~¡°Âx Hê ìxH÷ K³O^Î^Î°?(Gr-II - 03)
3) 5¬OIIä½ XHªi 4) 2¬OIIä½ XHªi
Y
1) ì}°_È° 2) =¶#ªé ìÁ¬
19. ² - Çò - H÷ x ~¡zOzOk? (J.L - 2006)
M
3) ¬ì~¡ÂKÇiã`Ç 4) ã²Ç°^ÎiÅH
1) ¦²ìÇ¶<£ 2) ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ·
9. "³á^Î¼<^Î ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î^Í=ôxH÷ Z ìO\÷ "_Ë ì#@°?
95 E
3) WuOQ· 4) Jg°~Y°ãªé
9
1) KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ë =°¿~¡°¼xH÷ J ìO\÷ "_È° (Gr-II - 03)
20. ¬ ì ~¡ Â =~¡ # °x HêO Õ J`Ç ¼ k H O Qê "¼² ë K³ O k#
59
D
2) ï~O_È= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ôëxH÷ J ìO\÷ "_È°
ª=¶lH ^Î°ø~¡¼O? (J.L - 2006)
CA
3) Q®}¬u ^Í=ôxH÷ J ìO\÷ "_È°
1) ¬~¡^¥ =¼=¬Ö 2) ì¼q"¬ð°
50
4) ¬ì~¡°ÂxH÷ J ìO\÷"_È°
98
3) ä½ ìO`Ç~¡ q"¬ð° 4) ¬u =¼=¬Ö
10. ¬ì~¡ÂKÇiã`Ç Uì+¬ Õ ~Ç°|_Ok? (MPDO - 1997)
A
21. ~¡`ß=ox ~¡zOz#k?
:8 (A.A.M - 2012)
1) ¬O¬ø $`ÇO 2) o 3) `³°Q®° 4) L~¡¶í
1) WuOQ· 2) ¬ì~¡°Â_È°
h
11. ì}@°_È° Z=i PªÖ#O Õ LO_³#°?

A E
(A.S.O - 08)
.P
3) =°Çò~¡°_È° 4) ì}@°_È°
1) XH@= ¬ôöHt 2) ï~O_È= ¬ôöHt
AB C
D
22. "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ |°^Îíã¬u=°° ....#O^Î° `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍÇ°

3) qãH=¶k`Ç°¼_È° 4) ¬ì~¡Â=~¡í#°_È°
ER I
|_#q? (D.I.I.L - 2011)

12. ¬ì~¡°Â_È° x~¡Þ²ìOz# ï~O_È° =°`Ç ¬° ZHø_³Hø_È
O
1) =°^Î°~¡ 2) |^ÎQ®Ç° 3) #O^Î 4) \ìß

[iQê~ò? (D.L - 2011)
CH
23. `ùe `³°Q®°§¬<xß *ìsKÍ²#"~¡°? (Gr-I - 1995)

YD
1) ^¥<Í×Þ~ 2) H<ñ* 3) =Áa 4) ã¬Ç¶Q®

1) §`Ç"¬ì#°° 2) "ÍOw K×Ãä½¼°
13. ¬ì~¡Â=~¡°x <HêO Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í§xß ¬O^ÎiÅOz#
,H
3) ö~<\÷ KË×Ã° 4) q+¬µâä½O_#°°

K³á< Ç¶ãuä½_È°?
AM
(D.L - 2011)
T
24. ïHá ì¬^Í"Ç¶xß Z=~¡° xiàOK~¡°? (Gr-I - 1991)

1) ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· 2) ¦²ìÇ¶<£
H
I II
M
1) H$+¬â - 2) QËqO^Î -
3) ¬°OQ·À<£ 4) WuOQ·
AM
3) H$+¬â - II 4) ^ÎOu^Î°~¡°¾_È°
IG
14. #O^Îq×Þq^¥¼Ç¶xß Q®°iOz# ¬OH÷Æ¬ë ¬=¶K~xß

KH
=°#=ò Z=i ~¡KÇ# ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë `³°¬°HËQ®°Q®° ["|°°

R
`Ç°<ß=ò? (D.L - 2011) 1) 4 2) 2 3) 1 4) 4 5) 3

1) ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· 2) ¦²ìÇ¶<£ 6) 4 7) 3 8) 2 9) 4 10) 1
3) WuOQ· 4) "³°Q®¬ëh¹ 11) 4 12) 2 13) 1 14) 1 15) 3
15. ¬ì~¡Â=~¡Ö#°x =O×O? (J.L - 2006)
16) 2 17) 1 18) 3 19) 2 20) 2
21) 2 22) 3 23) 3 24) 1
1) =°¿Yi 2) "³°ØãuH 3) ¬ô+¬¼¶u 4) ¬~¡=¶~¡

ì^¥q° K×Ãä½¼°
Y
G ''§`Ç"¬ì#°ÑÑ ¬`<
Ç #O`Ç~=
¡ ò ^ÎH}
Æ÷ ì ¬^= Ø ¼ =ò KÍ² ~[H©°Ç SH¼`Ç ªkOz# ~A° - ì^¥q° K×Ãä½¼°.
Î ò#° ¬"°³ H
M
G gi ~[^¥x - ì^¥q° è^¥ "`² ("³°Ø¬¶~ Õx c*ì¬î~ l ìÁ)
G D =O×=ü ¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È° - KÇeH÷ï~=°à#ä½_È°.
95 E
9
G W`Ç_È° ã|¬ìà^Í=ôx KÇH=ò #°O_Í L^ÎÄqOK_Èx aÝ}°x ³òHø ''qãH=¶OH ^Í= KÇiã`ÇÑÑ K³¬ô`Ç°Ok.
59
D
G KÇeH÷ï~=°à#ä½_È° ²ì~¡}¼~R=ò#° (H_È¬l ìÁ) ¬ieOK_Èx ''<Qê~¡°û# HùO_ÈÑÑ §¬#=ò `³eÇ°*è¬°ëOk.
G g~¡° ''¬ð~¡u ^Í=`~[ä½°ÑÑ
CA
50
G ì^¥q° K×Ãä½¼ Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ ã¬²^Î ~A - [Ç°²O¬_È°.
98
G W`Çx `Ç~¡°"`Ç ~[¼=òä½ =zó#"_È° =°iÇò ''=°¬ð~AÑÑ a~¡°^¥OH÷`Ç°_È° - ~¡}~Q®°_È°.
A
:8
G ì^¥q° K×Ãä½¼ Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç~A - "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬ôöHt (543 - 567)
h
A E
G ''"`²ÑÑ Õ HË@#° xiàOz# ~A - "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬ôöHt.

.P
G W`ÇxöH ''|¶iöHtÑÑ (Qù¬æ²O¬ìO), ¬`¼ã×Ç°, K×ÃH¼=Á, ~¡}qãH=° J<Í a~¡°^Î°° H=ô.

AB C
D
v "³ò^Î\÷ H©ië=~¡à (567-98) :

ER I
O
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬ôöH² ä½=¶~¡°_È° - "³ò^Î\ ÷ H©ië=~¡à.

CH
G W`Ç_È° HO^ÎO|°#° F_Oz ~[¼=ò#° q¬ëiOK_È°.

YD
G D ~A ''"`²ÑÑ #Q®~¡=ò#° ¬°O^Î~¡=òQê fiók^Îí_ÈO =# W`ÇxH÷ "First and finest maker of the Vathapi"
,H
Jx À~ùøO\ì~¡°.
AM
T
G W`Çx ªé^Î~¡°_ ''=°OQ®õ×Ã_È°ÑÑ ~[¼=ò#ä½ =Kó_È°.

H
v =°OQ®õ×Ã_È° (598-609) :
M
AM
IG
G W`Ç_È° HêKÇ°~¡°¼`Ë é~_ ö~=f nÞ¬=ò#° (QË") PãHq°Oz ''¬~¡=° ìQ®=`ÇÑÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î°#° ÚO^¥_È°.
KH
G 609= ¬OII Õ ''Z¬@° ²O|öQÑÑ Çò^ÎO Õ ï~O_È= ¬ôöHt =°OQ®õ×Ã_xß ¬O¬ìiOz ~[¼=ò#ä½ =Kó_È°.
R
v ï~O_È= ¬ôöHt (609 - 642) :

G ì^¥g° K×Ãä½¼ Õ JãQ®Q®}°¼_È° - ï~O_È= ¬ôöHt.(¬~¡"Í°×Þ~¡, ¬~¡Þ ÕöH×Þ~¡)
G W`Çx Q®°iOz `³°¬°HË=_¨xH÷ ã¬^¥# P^¥~¡ §¬#O - S¬ìÙ t ì§¬#O.
G nxx ã"²#"_È° - W`Çx À<¬u ''~¡qH©iëÑÑ J<Í *ÿá#=°`Ç¬°Ö_È°.
G ï~O_È= ¬ôöHt H^ÎO|°Ìá ^ÎO_³uë "ix F_Oz ~[^¥x ''|#"²ÑÑx ^ÎÞO¬O KÍ§_È°.
G ï~O_È= ¬ôöHt ¬tó=°QêOQ®°#° F_Oz QêOQ® ~*ÿá# ^Î°iÞh`Ç°x ä½=¶ï~ë#° q"¬ìO P_<_È°.
G D"³° ä½=¶~¡°_Í "³ò^Î\ ÷ qãH=¶k`Ç°¼_È° ãH©.×. 635 Õ ï~O_È= ¬ôöHt ¬ì~¡°ÂxÌá ^ÎO_³uë J`ÇxH÷ F_Oz#@°ÁQê ''S¬ìÙ
t ì§¬#OÑÑ `³eÇ°*è¬°ëOk. nO`Ë W`Çx ªã=¶[¼O L`Çë~¡O Õ ''=°²ìÑÑ #k =~¡ä½ q¬ëiOzOk.
G ¬ì~¡°ÂxH÷, ï~O_È= ¬ôöHtH÷ =°^Î¼ (¬i¬ì^Î°í) "~¡kQê L#ß #k - #~¡à^¥#k.

G D Çò^Î J#O`Ç~¡O ï~O_È= ¬ôöHt ''¬~¡"Í°×Þ~¡ÑÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î°#° ÚO^¥_È°.
G ï~O_È= ¬ôöHt ''ä½< ¬~¡¬°xÑÑ Çò^ÎO Õ ''q+¬µâä½O_#°ÑÑ#° ¬îiëQê F_OK_È°.
G 630 ''¬ôÁ¶iÑÑ Çò^ÎO Õ `Ç=° ¬=°Hêb# ¬Á=~*ÿá# "³ò^Î\ ÷ =°ÀìOã^Î=~¡à#° F_OK_È°.
G 642 ¬=°}÷=°OQ®O Çò^ÎO Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ =°ÀìOã^Î=~¡à ä½=¶~¡°_È° "³ò^Î\ ÷ #~¡²O¬ì=~¡à KÍu Õ "`² Õ ï~O_È=
¬ôöHt ¬ì`Ç¼ KÍÇ°|_¨Û_È°.
G `Çìs (=ò²ÁO KÇiã`ÇHê~¡°_È°) ~¡KÇ# ã¬Hê~¡=ò ¬iÂÇ¶ ~A ''Y°ã¬¶ÑÑ ãH©.× ''625-626ÑÑ Õ ï~O_È= ¬ôöHt PªÖ#=ò ÕH÷
XH ~Ç°ìix ¬O²#@°ÁQê `³°¬°ëOk. D q+¬Ç°=ò J[O` "³ò^Î\ ÷ Q®°¬ì ÕÁ zãu`Ç"³°Ø LO_ÈQê =°~Ëzã`Ç=ò
¬iÂÇ¶ KÇãH=ië ''Y°ã¬¶ÑÑ, ''+¬s<£ÑÑ° He²L#ß@°ÁQê zã`ÇO wÇ°|_Ok.

ì~¡¼
G 640-41 Õ ï~O_È= ¬ôöHt PªÖ#O ÕH÷ ''¬Ç¶<£ÒQ·ÑÑ =Kó_È°.

G ï~O_È= ¬ôöHtx W`Ç_È° ''¬ôöHtÑÑ Qê À~ùø#Qê J`Çx ~[¼=ò#° ''=°¬ðKÑÑ (=°¬ð~R)Qê À~ùø<ß_È°.
G Çò^¥xH÷ "³õ¤@¬ô_È° K×Ãä½¼° U#°Q®°ä½ H°Á#° =°`Ç°ëQê ã`yOKÍ"~¡x, Ìáxä½° ä_¨ H°Á#° ÀqOKÍ"~¡x
Y
''¬Ç¶<£ÒQ·ÑÑ K³æ_È°.
M
G ''ï~O_È= ¬ôöHtÑÑ `Ç~¡°"`Ç ~[¼=ò#ä½ =zó#"~¡° - Pk`Ç¼=~¡à(642-45), KÇOã^¥k`Ç°¼_È° (645-49), ~¡}~¡OQ®°_È°
(649-55), "³ò^Î\ ÷ qãH=¶k`Ç°¼_È° (655-80)
95 E
9
v "³ò^Î\÷ qãH=¶k`Ç°¼_È° (655 - 80) :
59
D
G W`Ç_È° `Ç#`ÇOã_x ¬O¬ìiOz ~[¼=ò#° PãHq°OKÇ_¨xH÷ ã¬Ç°ußOz# "³ò^Î\ ÷ #~¡²O¬ì=~¡à#° ~[¼=ò #°O_ ¬O²"Í²
CA
50
W`Ç_È° ~[¼=ò#° Hê_È°Hù<ß_È°.
G ''O_È¼ ¬ìiöH¬i ¬~Oä½× =¶~¡=~¡àÑÑ

98
"³ò^Î\ ÷ qãH=¶k`Ç°¼_È° ¬¬ìHê~¡O`Ë ¬Á= ~*ÿá# ï~O_È= =°ÀìOã^Î=~¡à
A
("³ò^Î\ ÷ #~¡²O¬ì=~¡à ä½=¶~¡°_È°)#° F_OK_È°.
:8
G ï~O_È= =°ÀìOã^Î=~¡à `Ç~¡°"`Ç =zó# ¬Á=~A - "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬~¡"Í°×Þ~¡ =~¡à`Ë [iy# ''Ìi=¶Á~ÑÑ Çò^ÎO Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷
h
A E
.P
qãH=¶k`Ç°¼_È° F_éÇ¶_È°.
'' ì@ÑÑ ~[¼OÌá ~AQê, xe_È°.

AB C
G
D
`Ç# ªé^Î~¡°_È° [Ç°²O¬ðxß Q®°[~` Õx,
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×OÌá J~¡|°Ä° ^ÎO_³`ÇëQê ''[Ç°²O¬xÑÑ ä½=¶~¡°_È° ''J=x [<ã×Ç°ÑÑ

ER I
"ix F_Oz ¬O_È°.
"³ò^Î\ ÷ qãH=¶k`Ç°¼x `Ç~¡°"`Ç ~[¼=òä½ =zó#"_È° - q#Ç¶k`Ç°¼_È°.

O
v q#Ç¶k`Ç°¼_È° (680 - 96) :

CH
YD
G W`Çx `Ç~¡°"`Ç ~[¼=òä½ =zó#"_È° - q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼_È° (696-733)

,H
G q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼_È° L`Çë~¬^ÎOÌá ^ÎO_³uë =`Ç ~A#° F_Oz 'ª~¡Þº=° z¬ìß=ò ÿá# e^ÎÞ[=ò#°, Q®OQê Ç°=ò<
AM
T
`Ë~¡}=ò#° ãQ®²ìOK_È°.
G ''QêOQ® ³°iÇ°¬æÑÑ°
H
M
ï~O_È= qãH=¶k`Ç°¼_È° He² ¬Á= ~*ÿá# ï~O_È= ¬~¡"Í°×Þ~¡=~¡àÌá ^ÎO_³uë J`Çxx F_Oz
''¬@°_ÈH ÑÑ
AM
ï~O_È= qãH=¶k`Ç°¼_È° HOz #°O_ ïHá ì¬ <^Î ^Í"Ç°O#° xiàOz# t°æ#° f¬°ä½=zó "iKÍ Õ
IG
q~¡¶HÆ ^Í"Ç°O#° (H~â@H) HOz ïHá ì¬<^Î ^Í"Ç°O#° ée#@°ÁQê xiàOK_È°.

KH
G D ^Í"Ç°=ò#° ''¬Á= q[Ç°=òÑÑ ¬¶KÇ#Qê ï~O_È= qãH=¶k`Ç°¼x ì~¡¼ ''=°¬ð^ÍqÑÑ ³òHø ¬~¡¼"ÍHÆ} Õ D
R
^Í"Ç°O xiàOKÇ|_Ok.
G K×Ãä½¼ Õ z=i ~A - ï~O_È= H©ië=~¡à (746 - 53)

G W`Çxx ~Rä@ ~*ÿá# ''^ÎOu^Î°~¡°¾_È°ÑÑ F_Oz ~[¼=ò#° PãHq°OKÇ_ÈO`Ë K×ÃH¼=O×=ò JO`Ç"³°ØOk.
G ì^¥q° K×Ãä½¼ a~¡°^Î° - N¬$nÞ=Á.
v ¬i< q^¥#=ò :
G D Hê=ò <\÷ ãQê=° JkHêix - ''ãQê=òO_¨ÑÑ JO^Î°~¡°.
G g~¡° 1/6 = =O`Ç° ¶q°t¬°ë#° =¬¶° KÍÀ"~¡°.
G ÌáxH é+¬} xq°`ÇëO =¬¶° KÍÀ ¬#°ßx ''ì@ÑÑ JO^Î°~¡°.
G Ìá#¼O Õ giH÷ Q®[|O Zä½ø=. Qù¬æ <ñHê^Î×=ò ä_¨ LOk.

ª²ì`Ç¼=ò :
G ~[ì+¬ - ¬O¬ø $`Ç=ò
G ''×ì=`~¡ÑÑ J<Í ¬O¬ø $`Ç "¼H~¡} ãQ®O^Î=ò#° ã"§_È°.
''QêO¦¬°ÑÑ ^Î°iÞ<Íã_È°_È° -
G ì~¡q - H÷~`~¡°ûhÇ°=ò. G N=~¡Â^Í= - KÇ¶_¨=°}÷

G ¬O¬_È°, Ú#ß_È°, ~¡#ß_È°#° ''H#ß_È Hqã`ÇÇ°OÑÑ JO^Î°~¡°.
G ¬O¬, Ú#ß° - "Í=ò"_È K×Ãä½¼ PªÖ#O Õx "~¡°.
G '¬O¬_È°Ñ H#ß_È Hqã`ÇÇ°O JO^Îi Õ JãQ®Q®}°¼_È°.
G '¬O¬_È°Ñ ''¬O¬ ì~¡`Ç=òÑÑ, qãH=¶~¡û#q[Ç°O, Pk¬ô~}=ò J<Í ãQ®O^Î=ò#° ã"§_È°.
v =°`Ç¬i²Ö`Ç°° :
Y
G D ~A° Zä½ø= =°Ok Üá==°`Ç=ò#° J#°¬iOK~¡°.
''S¬ìÙ ÑÑ Õ ~u l<Ç°O#° xiàOK~¡°.
M
G ï~O_È= ¬ôöHt À<¬u ~¡qH©ië *ÿá#=°`Ç¬°Ö_È°. W`Ç_È°
G ì^¥g° K×Ãä½¼° J#°¬iOz# ^Í"Ç° "¬°ëÜáex ''"Í¬~¡ÑÑ ¬^ÎuQê À~ùøO\ì~¡°. D Üáe Õ "³ò`ÇëO 90 ^Í"Ç¶°
95 E
9
xiàOK~¡°.
59
D
G ''S¬ìÙ ÑÑ#° ^Í"Ç° ¬@}=òQê À~ùøO\ì~¡° (70 ^Í"Ç°=ò°)
G ''¬@_ÈH ÑÑ J<Í ¬@}O Õ 10 ^Í"Ç°=ò° L<ß~ò. ì^¥q° Õ 10 ^Í"Ç¶° L<ß~ò.
CA
50
G ''S¬ìÙ ÕÑÑ Õ L#ß ^Í"Ç° x~à}=ò#°, `ùe^Î× ^Í"Ç°=ò°Qê ¬@_ÈH Õ L#ß, ^Í"Ç°=ò#° ï~O_È=
98
è^¥ =°e^Î× ^Í"Ç°=ò°Qê À~ùøO\ì~¡°.
A
:8
v `ùe^Î× ^Í"Ç°=ò° :
¬<^Î ^Í"Ç°=ò°
h
A E
.P
1) |Á¬~¡¬ô tY~¡=ò L#ß ^Í"Ç°=ò ( ì_£Hê<£ ^Í"Ç°=ò)

AB C
^Î°~¡¾, |°²=°eÁ.
D
2) x\ì~¡°Qê tY~¡=ò L#ß ^Í"Ç°=ò -

ER I
3) ¬ëOì ¬¬ðÇ°=ò`Ë xiàOz# *ÿá#^Í"Ç°=ò

O
- "³°Q®¶\÷ ^Í"Ç°=ò.
G ''WO\÷ HO>è Q®°_ Qù¬ækÑÑ ''ì^¥g° K×Ãä½¼ÑÑ #°O_
CH
J<Í ì=#
YD
U~¡æ_Ok.
q~¡¶HÆ ^Í"Ç°=ò
,H
G ''¬ @ _ H Ñ Ñ Õ ¬ ì i¬ ì ~¡ qãQ® ¬ ì ^Í " Ç ° =ò ''¬ < ^ Î

^Í"Ç°=ò°ÑÑ L<ß~ò.
AM
T
G ''¬<^Î ^Í"Ç°=òÑÑ L`Çë~k tæsux Hey LOk.

H
M
G
AM
ï~O_È= qãH=¶k`Ç°¼_È° HOz #°O_ f¬°ä½=zó# t°æKÍ

IG
ïHá ì¬<^Î ^Í"Ç°O#° ée#@°ÁQê '¬@_ÈH Ñ Õ q~¡¶HÆ

KH
^Í"Ç°=ò#° W`Çx ì~¡¼ xiàOzOk.

R
`Ç¶~¡°æ K×Ãä½¼°
G `Ç¶~¡°æ K×ÃH¼ ªã=¶[¼ ªÖ¬ä½_È° - ä½|û q+¬µâ=~¡Ö#°_È° (ãH©.×. 624 #°O_ 642)
G D ~[¼=ò ì^¥g° K×Ãä½¼ #°O_ ¬Þ`ÇOãuOz U~¡æ_#k.
G W`ÇxöH q+¬=°²k, =°H~¡^ÎÞA_È° J<Í a~¡°^Î°° H=ô. G W`Ç_È° q+¬µâä½ë_È°.

G ²~¬ô~¡=ò Õ ä½Of =¶^Î= PÇ°=ò#° xiàOK_È°.
G W`Çx ì~¡¼ ''JÇ°¼# =°¬ð^ÍqÑÑ *ÿá# =°à=¶x. D"³° ÿ["_È Õ '<³_È°O|=¬kÑ. xiàOz#k.
G ï~O_È= ¬ôöHjH÷ ¬¬ðÇ°OQê "³o¤ ¬Á= "³ò^Î\ ÷ =°ÀìOã^Î =~¡à`Ë [iy# ''¬ôÁ¶~ÑÑ Çò^ÎO Õ J`Çxx F_OK_È°.
G W`Çx HêO Õ<Í ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· ''"ÍOwÑÑ ~[¼=ò#° ^ÎiÅOK_È°. (ä½|û q+¬µâ=~¡#°x HêO Õ)

v [Ç°²O¬ì =Á°_È° :
G DÇ°# ''ä½|û q+¬µâ=~¡#°xÑÑ ä½=¶~¡°_È°
G W`Çx < HêO Õ<Í "ÍOw K×Ãä½¼ä½, ¬Á=ôä½ =°^Î¼# ¦¬°~¡Â} ã~¡O"³°Ø `Ç~Þ`Ç HêO Õ K×ÃH¼ ~Rä@
¬O¦¬°~¡Âä½°Qê =¶~~ò.
G W`Ç_È° `ùe `³°Q®° (¬îië `³°Q®°) §¬#=ò#° J~ò# ''q¬æ~¡Á §¬#=òÑÑ#° "Í§_È°.("ÍOy K×Ãä½¼ HêO Õ ¬îiëQê
`³°Q®° Õ Q® §¬#O)
G ã¬Hê×O l ìÁ HO^Î°ä~¡° #°O_ <³¶Á~¡° =~¡ä½ ''ÕÇ°°ÑÑ =ôO_Í"~¡°.
G g~¡° D ~[¼OÌá J¬C_È¬C_È° ^ÎO_³`Íë"~¡°.
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼x HêO Õ ~Rä@, `Ç¶~¡°æ K×ÃH¼ ~*ì¼ =°^Î¼ ¬O¦¬°~¡Â} ã~¡O"³°Ø#k.
G q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼x ä½=¶~¡°_È° 4= q+¬µâ=~¡Ö#°_È° ~Rä@ ^Î$=ôx KÍu Õ F_ `Ç# ä½=¶ï~ë ''j =°¬ð^ÍqÑÑx ^Î$=ôxH÷ Wzó
Y
q"¬ìO KÍ§_È°.
M
v ï~O_È= q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼_È° :
95 E
G `Ç ¶ ~¡ ° æ K× Ã ä ½ ¼ Õ ï ~ O_È = q[Ç ¶ k`Ç ° ¼_È ° J<Í ~A `#° é~_ # 108 Ç ò ^Î ¶ =ò Õ ''#ö ~ Oã^Î
9
59
=°$öQ×Þ~Ç°=ò°ÑÑ "öQíq =°$Q®~A J<Í a~¡°^Î° H^Î°.
D
J<Í À~¡°`Ë t"Ç°=ò° xiàOz<_È°.
G W`Çx =Á<Í ÿ["_Èä½ q[Ç°"_È J<Í À~¡° =zóOk.

G ï~O_È= q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼_È° ~Rä@° Õ Qù¬æ"_³á# J"³¶¦¬°=~¡°Â_È°x F_OK_È°.
CA
50
G #ö~Oã^Î =°$Q®n×Þ~¡, qãH=°^¥=o, K×ÃH¼~=° J<Í a~¡°^Î°° H=ô.
98
A
v Q®°}Q® q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼_È° : (848-891)
:8
h
G `Ç¶~¡°æ K×Ãä½¼O^Îi Õ Qù¬æ"_È° - Q®°}Q® q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼_È°. J¬° À~¡° - =ü_È= q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼_È°.

A E
.P
G Q®°}Q® (Q®}÷`ÇO Õ ¬i¬î~¡°â_È°) ¬$nÞ=Á, ^ÎH÷Æ}ì¬u, ¬~¡KÇãH~=°, g~¡=°H~¡^ÎÞ[, ãu¬ô~¡ - =¶~¡ë¼ - =°Àì×Þ~¡(<³¶Á~¡°-
AB C
D
H÷~¡}¬ô~¡O - JKÇ¬ô~¡O#° PãHq°Oz# ¬O^Î~¡ÄO Õ D a~¡°^Î° ÚO^¥_È°) ~¡}~¡OQ® ×´ã^ÎH, °=#HO^Î~¡æ, =¶#°[ã¬Hê×,
ER I
O
¬=°nQ®`Ç ¬OKÇ=°¬ð×| (~Rä@°#°O_ ª~¡Þº=° ¬¶zH"³°Ø# m^ÎÞ*ìxß - Q®OQê Ç°=ò# `Ë~¡}ìxß ãQ®²ìOKÇ_ÈO=Á)
J<Í a~¡°^Î°° H=ô.

CH
G O_È°~¡OQ®_È°, W`Çx W`Ç~¡ À<k¬`Ç°°: q#Ç°_×~¡à, H_Ç°~A, ~*ìk`Ç°¼_È°°

YD
W`Çx q[Ç¶ä½ ã¬^¥# Hê~¡ä½_È° :
W`Ç~¡ À<¬`Ç°°
,H
G ''O_È°~¡OQ®_È°ÑÑ HO^Î°ä~¡°, <³¶Á~¡° =°^Î¼Q® ÕÇ°#° F_Oz ÕÇ°Hù@=ò#° ªÞn#=ò KÍ¬°Hùx HO^Î°ä~¡°#°
AM
T
ÿ["_È= ÿ fiók^¥í_È°.
H
M
G ÕÇ°° F_é~ò Ü\ ÷, |e[, ï~_Û, <Çò_È°, H=°à ä½ ì ÕÁ qb#=°~ò<~¡°.
AM
G O_È°~¡OQ®_È° ~Rä@ ~*ÿá# ï~O_È= H$+¬µâxÌá ^ÎO_³uë <³¶Á~¡°, H÷~¡}¬ô~¡=ò, JKÇ¬ô~¡=ò#° PãHq°OK_È°.
IG
G nO`Ë Q®°}Q® q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼_È° ãu¬ô~¡, =¶~¡ë¼, =°Àì×Þ~¡ J<Í a~¡°^Î°<ÍQêH ''g~¡=°H~¡^ÎÞ[ÑÑ ~¡}~¡OQ® ¬¶ã`ÇH, ''Q®°}öH¬ ìÁ@ÑÑ
KH
J<Í a~¡°^Î=ò° ÚO^¥_È°.

R
G ''O_È°~¡OQ®_È°ÑÑ ¬ôeHê\ =^Îí O_È°~¡OQê¬ô~¡O J<Í ¬@}=ò xiàOz HO^Î°ä~¡°#° ~[^¥xQê KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
G O_È°~¡OQ®_È° ã¬Mì¼`Ç J^ÎíOH÷ §¬#=ò#° Q®°}Q® q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼x Qù¬æ`Ç#O Q®°iOz "Í~òOK_È°. (Wk `³°Q®° Õ
"³°@"³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬^Î¼§¬#=ò) Q®°}Q® q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼_È° 9 §¬<° "Í~òOK_È°.
"\÷ Õ =òY¼"³°Ø#q : 1. ª`Ç¶i §¬#O, 2. ^Î~¡à=~¡O §¬#O, 3. HO^Î°ä~¡° §¬#O
G Q®°}Q® q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼xH÷ ¬O`#=ò H

è
é=_ÈO`Ë J`Çx `Ç=òàx ä½=¶~¡°_³á# "³ò^Î\ K
÷ ×ÃH¼ c=ò_È° ~*ÿáÇ¶¼_È°.
v K×ÃH¼ c=ò_È° - 1 :
G =°Á¬æ^Í=ôx ²~¬ô~¡O §¬#O ã¬Hê~¡O W`Ç#° 360 Çò^¥°KÍ² 360 t"Ç¶° xiàOK_È°. W`Çx PªÖ#O Õ
QêO^Î~¡Þ q^¥¼ã¬g}°~° K³Á=Þ. D"³°ä½ Juëe J<Í ãQê=°O#° |¬=¶#OQê WKó_È°.

G "³ò^Î\ ÷ K×ÃH¼c=ò_È° ¬OK~=¶#° xiàOK_È°. (g\÷ Q®°iOz ¬øO^Î¬ô~}O =°iÇò N<^Î°x c"Í°×Þ~¡¬ô~}O Õ
=iâOKÇ|_Ok.
v ¬OK~=¶° :
1. ã^¥HÆê~=°O - ã^¥HÆê~=°O ( ¬OK~=¶ Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷k. nxx c"Í°×Þ~Ç°O JO\ì~¡°. WHø_ t=eOQêxß
¬¶~¡°¼_È° ã¬u+²Oz#@°ÁQê K³|°`~¡°. WHø_ ^Í=`Ç =¶}÷Hê¼O.`Ç¶~¡°æQË^¥=i)
2. J=°~~=°O - J=°~=u (¬OK~=¶ Õ 2=k. nxx J=°ö~×Þ~Ç°O JO\ì~¡°.WHø_ t=eOQêxß WOã^Î°_È°
ã¬ u +² O z#@°Á Q ê À~ùøO\ì~¡ ° .WKÇ ó @ ^Í = `Ç ìK=òO_ H ê^Í q . (Q® ° O@¶~¡ ° ) ã¬ ¬ ° ë ` Ç
#"¼Oã^Îã¬^Í ~[^¥x)
3. H©Æ~~=°O - Hù°Á (¬OK~=¶ Õ 3=k. nxx ~=°eOöQ×Þ~Ç°O JO\ì~¡°. WHø_ t=eOQêxß
Ô`~=°KÇOã^Î°_È° ã¬u+²Oz#@°ÁQê À~ùøO\ì~¡°. WHø_È ^Í=`Ç ~¡Þf^Íq. ¬tó=°QË^¥=i)
Y
4. ªé=¶~=°O - ª=°~¡ÁHË@ (¬OK~=¶ Õ 4=k. nxx ªé"Í°×Þ~Ç°O JO\ì~¡°. WHø_È t=eOQêxß KÇOã^Î°_È°
ã¬u+²Oz#@°ÁQê K³|°`~¡°. WHø_È ^Í=`Ç ì ìãu¬ô~¡ ¬°O^Îs ^Íq. `Ç¶~¡°æQË^¥=i)
M
5. Hù=°~~=°O - c = °=~¡ O / Q® ° }÷ ¬ î _ ( ¬ O K~=¶ Õ 5=k. nxx ä ½ =¶~¡ e OQêÇ ° O JO\ì~¡ ° .WH ø _È
95 E
t=eOQêxß ä½=¶~¡ªÞq° ã¬u+²Oz#@°ÁQê ¬Ö¬ô~}O À~ùøOk. WHø_È ^Í=`Ç =°¬ðªqãu.
9
59
D
¬tó=°QË^¥=i)
G ÿ["_È 'WOã^ÎH© ìãkÑÌá ö~×Þ~Ç°=ò#° xiàOK_È°.
CA
50
G K×ÃH¼ c=òx ä½=¶~¡°_È° <°Q®= q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼_H÷ HùÁaQ®O_È J<Í a~¡°^Î° Q®^Î°.
98
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ Jq°à~A J<Í `Ç¶~¡°æ K×ÃH¼~A QË^¥=i #n f~¡O Õ ~[=°ÀìOã^Î=~¡=ò#° xiàOz ~[^¥xQê KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
A
:8
G ï~O_È= Çò^Î=°°Á_È° (a~¡°^Î° Q®O_È =°ÀìOã^Î) ÿ["_È#° Ja=$kKÍ² §¬<xß "Í~òOK_È°. ÿ["_È Õ HêiëöHÇ°/
ä½=¶~¡ªÞq°
h
^Í"Ç°O#° xiàOK_È°. W`ÇxH÷ ¬=°Hêeä½_È° #<³ßKË×Ã_È° (ä½=¶~¡¬O=O)
A E
.P
G ï~O_È= Jq°à~A U#°Q®°ä½ tHÆ} W=Þ@O Õ ²^Îí¬ì¬°ë_È°. W`Ç_È° =°eÇ°O¬î_ §¬<xß "Í~òOK_È°.
AB C
D
G ^¥<~¡â=ô_È° [\ìKË_Èc=ò_È° =°iÇò HêH~¡ë¼Q®°O_È# ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë ï~O_È= Jq°à~A#° ¬ì`Ç=¶ió "ÍOy K×ÃH¼~*ÿá<_È°.
ER I
W`Ç#° ''=¶Q®°ÁÑÑ §¬<xß "Í~òOK_È°.

O
G q=° ìk`Ç°¼_È° *ÿá#=°`xß PKÇi¬¶ë `Ç# Q®°~¡°"³á# ãuHê³¶y ²^¥Ou Hù~¡ä½ ~=°f~¡ÖO (q[Ç°#Q®~¡O) Õ XH
CH
Q®°¬ì#° `ùe²Oz ~=°f~¡Ö §¬<xß "Í~òOK_È°.

YD
G q=° ìk`Ç°¼_È° KË×~[ä½=°ï~ë J~ò# ä½O^Î=Þ#° q"¬ì=¶_¨_È°. gi ä½=¶~¡°_Í - ~[~[ #ö~Oã^Î°_È°.

,H
v ~[~[ #ö~Oã^Î°_È° :
AM
T
G ~[~[#ö~Oã^Î°x ³òHø a~¡^Î° - Hê=¼wu.

H
M
G ~[~[ #ö~Oã^Î°_È° J`Çx "Í°#=¶=° ~*èOã^Î KË×Ã_È° ä½=¶ï~ë ''J=°àOQ®^ÍqÑÑx q"¬ìO KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
AM
G ¬tó=° K×Ãä½¼ ~ä½=¶ï~ë =°Ç°=ux ä_¨ q"¬ìOKÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.

IG
KH
G W`Çx HêO Õ `³°Q®°ì+¬ XH ª²ì`Ç¼ì+¬Qê Ja=$kK³OkOk. G ~[~[#ö~Oã^Î°x PªÖ# Hq - ##ßÇ°@°.
G ##ßÇ°@° a~¡°^Î°° : PkHq,×|§¬#°_È°, "¦¬°=°§¬#°_È°, POã^ÎHq`Ç`ÇÞ q§^Î~¡°_È°.
R
G ##ßÇ°@° ~¡KÇ#° : K=òO_Hêq ì¬O, #=<^Î(~Q®) KÇiã`Ç,

WOã^Îq[Ç°O, ¬¶H÷ë x[`Ç`ÇÞ.
G ~[~[#ö~Oã^Î°_È° `Ç# PªÖ#O Õx =ô¶i =°Á# Q®}÷`Çª~¡¬OãQ®¬ìO- (=°¬ðg~Ki
~¡zOz#) ãQ®O^¥xß `³°Q®° ÕH÷ ª~¡Q®}÷`Ç ¬OãQ®¬ìO (`ùe `³°Q®° Q®}÷`Ç ãQ®O^ÎO) J<Í
À~¡°`Ë J#°=kOz#O^Î°ä½Qê#° =°Á#ßä½ #=YO_È"_È JãQ®¬ð~xß WKó_È°.
G =ô¶i =°Á# a~¡°^Î°° : ¬°Hq, ¬`Çø ìj°_È°

G ~[~[#ö~Oã^Î°_È° `³°Q®°ä½ JkHê~¡ì ¬ìÙ^¥ HeæOK_È°.
G W`Ç_È° ~[=°Àìã^Î=~¡O Õ q+¬µâ^Í"Ç¶xß xiàOK_È°.
G ~[~[#ö~Oã^Î°_È° #O^ÎO¬î_ §¬<xß "Í~òOK_È°.

~[~[#ö~Oã^Î°_È°

G W`Ç_ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê POã^Î×|zO`=°}÷ J<Í `ùe `³°Q®° "¼H~¡} ãQ®O^Î=ò#° ~¡zOK_È°. ''`³°Q®°ÑÑ J<Í ¬^Î=ò#°
"³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê "_ =¼H÷ë - ##ßÇ° @°.
G ##ßÇ°¼ =°¬ðì~¡`ÇO Õx 2½ ¬~Þ#° (Pk, ¬, J~¡}¼ ¬~¡ÞO Õ HùO`ÇìQ®O `³°Q®° ÕH÷ J#°=kOK_È°)
G ##ßÇ°ä½ =°¬ðì~¡`Ç=ò#° POãnHiOKÇ@O Õ ¬¬ðÇ°¬_#"_È° - <~Ç°}@°.

G nxH÷Qê#° ~[~[#ö~Oã^Î°_È° #O^ÎO¬î_ JãQ®¬ð~¡O#° <~Ç°}@°ä½ ^¥#OQê WKó_È°.
G <~Ç°}@° a~¡°^Î° : J+¬ì HqõY~¡°_È°.
G `Ç¶~¡°æ K×Ãä½¼ Õ z=i"_È° - U_È= q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼_È°.
G ~[ ~[#ö~Oã^Î°x ä½=¶~¡°_È° - ''~*èOã^Î ä½ Õ`Ç°ëOQ® KË×Ã_È°ÑÑ.
G W`ÇxH÷ g~¡ ~*èOã^Î°_È° `Ç# ä½=¶ï~ë '=°^Î°~O`ÇHÑ#° Wzó q"¬ìO KÍ§_È°.
G nO`Ë KË×K×ÃH¼ ~[¼O UH"³°Ø#k.
3= ~*èOã^Î°_È°.
Y
G KË× K×Ãä½¼ Õ z=i"_È° -
G ¬i# : g~¡° ¬i##° J#°¬iOK~¡°.
M
''¬tó=° K×ÃH¼ ~AÑÑ
G ~Aä½ ¬i# Õ ¬¬ìHiOKÇ°@ä½ =°Oãu=°O_Èe H^Î°.

=°Oã`Ç°#° Jx JO\ì~¡°. gi Õ =òY¼"³°Ø#"_È°
95 E
G f~¡°Ö° ¬=ü¬ì~¡ë.
9
L^Ë¼Q®°°Qê L#ß ãì¬ìà}°#° x³¶Q®°° J<Í"~¡°. g~¡° "³ò`ÇëO
59
G
D
72 =°Ok.
G "ÍOy K×Ãä½¼ HêO Õ ~[¼=ò#° <_È°°(30-Jk¬u : q+¬Ç°QÒ_È) - Hù@O(Jk¬u - Hù@OQÒ_È) - ãQê=°O

(Jk¬u - ~¡\Õ_)°Qê qlOK~¡°.
CA
50
G gi HêO Õ 1/6 =O`Ç° t¬°ë H^Î°.nxx HË~¡O JO\ì~¡°.
98
A
v ¬=¶[O :
:8
G "ÍOw K×Ãä½¼ HêO Õ KÇ`Ç°~¡Þ~¡â=¼=¬Ö LO_Ík. ãì¬ìà}°ä½ L#ß`Ç ªÖ#O HeæOKÇ|_Ok.
h
A E
.P
G `ùeªiQê ãì¬ìà}°° ï~O_È° §Y°Qê q_éÇ¶~¡°. 1. "³ákä½° ("Í^Î=°Oã`ä½ ¬iq°`Ç=°~ò#"~¡°) 2. x³¶Q®°°

AB C
D
(ã¬°`ÇÞ, ÌáxH L^Ë¼Qê#° KÍ¬>è"~¡°)

ER I
G HÆãuÇòä½ Ì^ÎíQê ã=òY¼`Ç è^Î°. "³á×Ã¼° HË=°@°ÁQê ²=|_ =~¡ëHêxH÷ ¬iq°`Ç=°Ç¶¼~¡°.

O
G J¬æ\ÕÁ =~¡ëH ¬O¦¬¶#° #H~¡=°° J<Í"~¡°. L^¥ : <<^Ít, LÇ°<<^Ít, Ìä½øOã_È°

CH
G "³á×Ã¼ ä½^³á=O :
YD
"¬gH#¼Hê¬~¡"Í°×Þi
G ×´ã^Î°° Zä½ø= ¬OY¼ Õ Q®~¡°.

,H
G ï~_Û, H=°à, Hê¬ô, ä½¬°Ö° "ÍOw K×Ãä½¼ HêO Õ |¬_¨Û~¡°.

AM
T
G HêHfÇò°, ï~_Û~A° "i `Ç~¡°"`Ç eOK~¡°.

H
v =°`Ç ¬i²Ö`Ç°° :
M
AM
IG
G D HêO Õ *ÿá#=°`Ç=ò#ä½ ~*ì^Î~¡} aOzOk. nx Õ =ü_È° §Y° U~¡æ_¨Û~ò. 1. ¬ô¬ëHQ®KÇóO, 2. =òkQ®KÇóO,

KH
3. "Í°+¬"¬ì# Q®KÇóO
q=° ìk`Ç°¼_È° *ÿá#=°`Ç=ò#° J#°¬iOK_È°.
R
G
G gi HêO Õ Üá= =°`ÇO JkHOQê Ja=$k K³OkOk. ^Í=ô×¤#° Tö~yOKÇ°@, *ì`Ç~¡° ã~¡O=°Ç¶¼~ò.
G t=ô_È°, q+¬µâ=ô, ¬¶~¡°¼_È°, Q®}¬u, ¬îlOKÍ
^Î°~¾#° J<Í q^¥#O gi HêO Õ H^Î°.
'¬OKÇ°`Ç#OÑ
G ¬ô~}^Í=ô#° P~kOKÍ ã~¡O"³°Ø#k. gi HêO Õ =ü_È° ×H÷ë Ô~° ã¬²kK³O^¥~ò.

ªà~¡Ö q^¥#O
1) *ÕQ®° ìO| ×H÷ëÔ~¡O- JO¬î~ (=°¬ì|¶#Q®~) WHø_È

(5=k) H=ô. Jq :
#=ã|¬ðàÇ¶°
1) ìã|¬ìà, 2) ä½=¶~¡ã|¬ìà 3) q×Þã|¬ìà, 4) ¬^Îàã|¬ìà, 5) ¬Þ~¡¾ã|¬ìà, 6) ¬¶~¡¼ã|¬ìà,

7) Q®~¡°_Èã|¬ìà 8) J~¡øã|¬ìà, 9) `~¡Hã|¬ìà (2009 JHË|~ 2# ¬OqOz# =~¡^Î Õ Wk Hù@°ä½é~ò#k)
2) ã=°~OaHê ×H÷ëÔ~¡O - NÜáO.
(6=k)
3) =¶}÷Hê¼O| ×H÷ëÔ~¡O - ã^¥HÆê~=°O

(12=k)

G H$â `Ç°OQ®ã^Î #^Î° ¬OQ®=°O =^Îí xiàOz# ¬OQ®"Í°×Þ~Ç°O gi HêO <\÷^Í.
G `Ç~¡°"`Ç HêO Õ Üá=O =ü_È°Qê pe é~òOk.
1) Hê ì=òY - NÜáO : g~¡° ²O¬ì¬i+¬`° J<Í À~¡°`Ë ÿ["_È, J=°~=u Õ ¬=¶"Í×O x~¡Þ²ìOK~¡°.
2) HêeH 3) ×Ã¬`Ç
G gi HêO Õ K³ä½ ø° =° ìÁ~

ï _Û J<Í ºH÷H" k "ÍOy Õ Ü=á , "³+á =â¬ , º^Î, *ÿ#á =°`ä½ K³Ok# J<ÍH H@_ ¨° xiàOK~¡°.
G Üá==ò Õ Ju ãp# §Y - (nx ªÖ¬ä½_È° ä½b×Ã_È° (ãH©.×.1= ×`|íO)
×Ã¬`Ç=ò
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ K×ÃH¼ c=òx HêO Õ ¬OK~=°=ò° U~¡æ_¨Û~ò.

''Üá= öHÆã`°ÑÑ
G D HêO Õ NÜá=ò Hê ì=òY Üá=öHÆã`Ç=òQê "³°QùOkOk.

G "³á×Ã¼° *ÿá#=°`Ç=ò#° Zä½ø=Qê P^ÎiOK~¡°.
Y
G "¬q H#¼Hê¬~¡"Í°×Þs D HêO Õ<Í "³á×Ã¼ä½ J~ò#k.
''ä½^Í=`ÇÑÑ
D ^Í=`Ç P~^Î#ä½ öHOã^ÎO - (`Ç¶IIQËII)
M
G Ì#°QùO_È
G D HêO Õ [iyOk. nx ªÖ¬ä½_È° -

''g~¡Üá=ªÖ¬#ÑÑ |¬"Í×Þ~¡°_È°.
95 E
9
G W`Ç_È° =°Oãu.
59
''HêKÇ¶~¡°x a[û°xÑÑ
D
v `³°Q®° ìa=$k :
CA
50
G gi HêO Õ `³°Q®° L#ß`Ç ªÖ#O PãHq°OzOk. (ä½|ûq+¬µ=
â ~¡# °_È°) KÍ*~ÿ Á¡ §¬#O nx Õ ¬QêxH÷ÌQá ê `³°Q®°#° "_¨~¡°.
98
G J<Í "³ò^Î\ ÷ `³°Q®° ¬^ÎO L¬³¶yOKÇ|_# §¬#O . (ï~O_È= ¬ô=¶q)
A
''<Q®|°ÑÑ J=°~=u :8 §¬#O
[Ç°²O¬ì =Á°_È° - . Wq "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬îië `³°Q®° §¬#=ò° ("ÍOy K×Ãä½¼° "Í~òOz#q).

q¬æ~¡Á, =¶K³~¡Á §¬#=ò°
h
A E
G `ùe `³°Q®° §¬#O ö~<\÷KË×Ã_È° ^Î#°O[Çò_È°/ZiH =ò`Ç°ë (575 A.D.) - (`³°Q®° §¬#=ò Õ
.P
H×=°×¤ §¬#=ò
ãp#"³°Ø#k)
AB C
D
¬îiëQê `³°Q®° Õ H `ùe `³°Q®° §¬#O - "Í~òOK_È°.

ER I
G Zã~¡ Q®°__È° §¬#O / ¬ô}¼ä½=¶~¡°_È°

O
G J^ÎíOH÷ O_È°~¡OQ®_È° - J^ÎíOH÷ ("³ò^Î\ ÷ `Ç~¡"Ë[ KÇO^Î¬° Õx §¬#=ò)

§¬#=ò
CH
G Q®°}Q® q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼x ''ª`Ç¶~¡° (''ã¬ÑÑ L#ß KÇO¬H=¶ =$`Çë=ò)

§¬#=òÑÑ
YD
G Çò^Î=°°Áx ÿ["_È §¬#O("³ò^Î\ ÷ Q® §¬#=ò)

=°^¥¼Hø~°
,H
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ Ô¬ ¬^Î¼=ò Hey# §¬#=ò° - HO^Î°äi, (Q®°}Q® q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼_È° "Í§_È°)

^Î~¡à=~¡O §¬#=ò°
AM
T
G g~¡° ^Í"Çò Õ ¬tó=° K×ÃH¼ Üáex (ì^¥q° K×ÃH¼) J#°¬iOK~¡°.

H
M
G JO¬ô~¡O Õx (=°¬ì|¶#Q®~) ''#=ã|¬ìà H~¡¶ß Õx

PÇ°=ò°ÑÑ PÇ°=ò. ¬OQ®"Í°×Þ~, H_È=°
''=°¬ð#OkÑÑ
AM
HêÞ Õx ^Í"Ç°=ò° K×ÃH¼ÜáeH÷ x^Î~¡Å#=ò°.

IG
KH
G ¬OK~=¶ ÕÁ =òY¼"³°Ø#k ã^¥HÆê~=° .PÇ°=ò

R
G D HêO <\÷ q<Ë^Î=ò Õ =òY¼"³°Ø#k - HË ì@=ò.
v tæH× :
G "ÍOw K×Ãä½¼ HêO Õ "Í¬~¡ tæH× Ja=$k K³OkOk.
G ã^¥q_È =°iÇò º^Î tæH× q°ã×=¶xß "Í¬~¡ tæH× JO\ì~¡°.
G Q®°}Q®q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼_È° aHø"Ë° Õ q[Í°×Þ~, KÇOã^ÎõY~¡, QËeOöQ×Þ~Ç¶ ° xiàOK_È°.
G ~[~[ #ö~Oã^Î°_È° ~[=°Oã_ Õ q+¬µâ, HË\ ÷eOQê, =¶~¡øO_ÍÇ° ^Í"Ç¶ #° xiàOK_È°.

Y
v ¬Á=ô° (ãH©..×.560-897) :
M
G gi ~[^¥x - HOz (`Çq°×<_È°)
G ¬Á=ô ~H`Ë ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ¬î~¡ë~ò#k.
95 E
9
P~¡¼ªO¬ø $fH~¡}
G gi ã¬ì=O`Ë qH²OzOk.
59
D
`Çq°× ¬O¬ø $u
G ''¬Á=ô =OÕ`Çæuë ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç Õx xQ®¶_È ~¡¬ì¬¼=ò Õ XH\ ÷ÑÑ J#ßk - V. A. ²à`.
CA
50
G P^¥~¡=ò° : =°OzH°Á t ì§¬#=ò° (g~¡ä½~¡ó=~¡à)
98
"³°Ø^Î"Ë°(t=¬øO^Î=~¡à)
A
2= ¬ôöHt - S¬ìÙ t ì§¬#=ò
:8
~[õY~¡°_È° - °=#HË×=ò
h
A E
.P
ì~¡q - H÷~`~¡°ûhÇ°=ò "³ò^ÎQ®°#q.

AB C
D
G ¬Á=ô POã^Î^Í×O Õ<Í L<ß~¡x ²^¥O`ÇO ã¬ukOz#k - <Í@¶i "³OH@~¡=°}Ç°¼.

ER I
G ¬Á=ô° HÆãuÇ°^Î~¡à=ò#° J=OaOz#

O
ãì¬ìà}°°
G ¬Á=ô° 2 ~¡Hê° 1) ãp# ¬Á=ô° - a) ¬O¬ø $`Ç §¬# ¬Á=ô°

CH
b) ãH$`Ç §¬# ¬Á=ô°

YD
2) #g# ¬Á=ô° - a) =°¬ð¬Á=ô°

,H
b) H_È¬\ ÷ ¬Á=ô°
AM
T
G L`Çë~¡ ì~¡`Ç^Í×=ò Õ ~[H©Ç° =°`Çª²ì`Ç¼, ªO¬ø $uH ~¡OQê Õ Q®°¬ôë° Z ìQË, ^ÎH÷Æ}ì~¡` Õ ¬Á=ô° J ìO\÷"~¡°
H
M
- K.P.
AM
*ÿáªÞ .
IG
v ãp# ¬Á=ô° :
KH
G D =O×=ü¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È° -
R
g~¡ä~¡ó=~¡à (²O¬ì=~¡à)
G W`Ç_È° §`Ç"¬ì# ª=°O`Ç°_È~ò# ¬øO^Î<Q®°x ä½=¶ï~ë#° q"¬ìO P_ ¬Þ`ÇOãuOK_Èx - =°OzH°Á §¬#=ò
`³°¬ô`Ç°Ok.
G '^Î~¡à¬ì¬ð~*ìk~[Ñ J<Í a~¡°^Î°#° ÚOk# "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬Á=~A - (g~¡ä~¡ó=~¡à ä½=¶~¡°_È°) W`Ç_Í
t=¬øO^Î=~¡à
ãp#¬Á=ô Õ Qù¬æ"_È°.
G W`Çx `Ç~¡°"`Ç ~[¼=ò#ä½ =zó# ¬Á=~A - q+¬µâQË¬ô_È°.
G ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° ^ÎH÷Æ}ì~¡`Ç^Í×OÌá ^ÎO_³`Íë <\÷H÷ ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ Qù¬æ"_È°Qê À~¡°ÚOk#~A - q+¬µâQË¬ô_È°.
G ãu ÕKÇ#¬Á=ô_È° J<Í ~A NÜá¬~¡Þ`Ç=ò#ä½ KÇ°@°Q® J_È=ô#° #iH÷Oz KÇ^Î°#°K§_È°.

G ãu ÕKÇ# ¬Á=ôx F_Oz J`ÇxKÍ`Ç "³\ ÷KH÷i KÍ~òOz# KË×~A - HiHêKË×Ã_È°.
G ãp# ¬Á=ô Õ z=i"_È° - "³ò^Î\ ÷ #Ok=~¡à.

v =°¬ð/#g# ¬Á=ô° :
G =ü¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È° - ²O¬ìq+¬µâ=ô. G W`Çx a~¡°^Î° - J=x ²O¬ì.
G "³á+¬â= =°`xß PKÇiOz# "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬Á=~A - ²O¬ìq+¬µâ=ô
G W`Çx `Ç~¡°"`Ç ~[¼=ò#ä½ =zó# W`Çx ä½=¶~¡°_È° - "³ò^Î\ ÷ =°ÀìOã^Î =~¡à.
v "³ò^Î\÷ =°ÀìOã^Î=~¡à (ãH©.×.600 - 630) :

G W`Çx <HêO Õ<Í ¬Á"K×ÃH¼ ¬O¦¬°~¡Â} ã~¡O=°~ò#k.
G W`Çx ¬=°Hêb# ì^¥q° K×ÃH¼~A - 2= ¬ôöHt.
G ãH©.×. 630 Õ ¬ôÁ¶~¡° Çò^ÎO (HOzH÷ 15 H÷.g°.) Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ =°ÀìOã^Î=~¡à#° ¬O¬ìiOz Ì<ß#k L`Çë~¡ìQ®
ãO`ÇO#° PãHq°OK_È°.
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ =°ÀìOã^Î=~¡à "³ò^Î\ ÷ *ÿá#=°`Ç=ò#° ÔÞHiOz J<Í Üá==°`K~¡°¼x Õ^Î#=Á Üá==°`Ç=ò#° ÔÞHiOK_È°.
Y
J¬æ~
G W`Çx ¬Ow`ÇQ®°~¡°=ô - ~¡°ã^¥K~¡°¼_È°. G W`Çx ¬Ow`Ç t ì§¬#O - ä½_q°Ç¶=° ÿá.
M
G W`Ç_È° ~¡`Ç<@¼=ò Ja#~òOKÍ"_È° (KÍÀ"_È°)
1) <Q®~¡ - Q®°¬ôë° 2) "Í¬~¡ - ì^¥g°K×Ãä½¼° 3) ã^¥q_È - ¬Á=ô°
95 E
9
G ã^Îq_È "¬°ëtæsuH÷ <Ok ¬eH÷# ¬Á=~A -
59
"³ò^Î\ ÷ =°ÀìOã^Î=~¡à.
D
G ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ã¬ã¬^Î=°OQê HùO_È#° `ùez Q®°¬ðÇ¶#° xiàOKÍ ¬^Îux ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°. ("³ò^Î\ ÷ =°ÀìOã^Î=~¡à)
(º^Îí )
CA
Q®°¬ðÇ¶#°
50
G W`Ç_È° =°¬ð|e¬ô~¡O, ^Î×=#¶~¡°, =¶=°O_È¶~¡°. J<Í ã¬^Í§ =^Îí Q®°¬ðÇ¶#° xiàOz, P Q®°¬ì Õ =~¡¬ð,
98
^Î°~¡¾, ãu=üië J<Í zã`#° K³H÷øOK_È°.
A
:8
G W`Ç_È° ²`Çëxß"¬ (¬ô^Î°HËø@) J<Í ã¬^Í×O =^Îí J[O`Ç zã`ÇH×#° ée# zã`Ç èY##° "Í§_È°. (Q®°¬ðÇ°O ÌáH¬C#

zãu`Ç"³°Ø# ¬^Îà¬~Ë=~¡O J<Í zã`ÇO J^Î°Ä`Ç"³°Ø#k.

h
A E
.P
G W`Ç_È° =°ÀìOã^Î"_È Õ =°ÀìOã^Î J<Í À~¡°`Ë K³~¡°=ô#°, =¶=°O_È¶~¡°, ^Î×=#¶~¡° Õ Ì^Îí K³~¡°=ô#° ã`ÇqÞOK_È°.
AB C
D
G W`Ç_È° ~²# ãQ®O^¥° =°`Çë q ì¬ ã¬¬ì¬#=ò, Q®==°AûH, ^ÎH÷Æ} zã`Ç J<Í ãQ®O^ÎO#° ¬O¬ø $`ÇO Õ ~§_È°.
:
ER I
(^ÎH÷Æ}zã`Ç - zã`Ç èY#OÌá)

O
G W`Çx a~¡°^Î°° qzã`Çzã`Ç°_È°, zã`ÇHê~¡¬ôe, Q®°}è@Hê~¡, Q®l"Í@Hê~¡, J=xì[ "³ò^ÎQ®°#q.

:
CH
v "³ò^Î\÷ #~¡²O¬ì=~¡à (ãH©.×.630 - 668) :

YD
- =¶=°Á / =°¬ð=°Á, "`²HùO_È.

,H
G W`Çx a~¡°^Î°°
G 2= ¬ôöHt 642 Õ ¬Á=~[¼=ò Ìá ^ÎO_³`ÇëQê "³ò^Î\ ÷#~¡²O¬ì=~¡à J`Çxx Çò^ÎO Õ F_Oz 2=
AM
T
''=°}÷=°OQ®×ÑÑ
¬ôöHtx "`² =~¡ä½ `Çiq° JKÇó@ =kOz q[Ç°¬ëO=ò#° <\÷ D q[Ç°=ò#ä½ z¬ìßOQê "`²HùO_È,
H
M
=°¬ð=°Á J<Í a~¡°^Î°#° ÚO^¥_È°.

AM
D Çò^ÎO Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ #~¡²O¬ì=~¡à À<¬u -

IG
G ²i`ùO_È ¬~¡O*Õ¼u.
KH
G D Çò^ÎO Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ #~¡²O¬ì=~¡àä½ ¬¬ðÇ°¬_# NOH~A - =°~¡=~¡
G D Çò^¥#O`Ç~¡=ò "³ò^Î\ ÷#~¡²O¬ì=~¡à NOHä½ "³o¤ J`Çxx P ²O¬ð¬#=òÌá ä~Ëóÿ\ì_È°.

R
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ #~¡²O¬ì=~¡à `Ç# a~¡°^Î° À~¡°g°^Î°Qê =°¬ð=°Á¬ô~¡=ò/ =°¬ð|e¬ô~¡O J<Í ö~=ô ¬@}=ò#° xiàOK_È°.
G W`Çx <HêO Õ K³á<Ç¶ãuä½_È° ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· ¬Á=~[¼=ò#° ¬O^ÎiÅOz, HOz¬ô~¡=ò#° Jx, H÷O-z-¬ô
^¥xx ã^Îq_È^Í×=òQê À~ùø<ß_È°.

G "³ò^Î\ ÷#iO¬ì=~¡à PªÖ#Hq - (H÷~¡`~¡°ûhÇ°O, t×Ã=^Î)
ì~¡q
G W`Çx ^Í"Ç° "¬°ëteæ Üáex - JO\ì~¡°.

=¶=°×¤Üáe
G W`Ç_È° =°¬ð|e¬ô~¡O Õ 10 UHt ì~¡^Î=ò#°, 3 =°O_È#° xiàOK_È°. (Pk=~¡¬ð, ãu=üië, =°²ìª¬°~¡=°ix,

=¶n¬=ò)
G =°²ì¬°~¡=°ix =°O_È¬O Õ =°²ìª¬°~¡°x ¬O¬ìiOKÍ qãQ®¬ì=ò Qù¬æk.
^Î°~¾^Íq
G 10 UHt ì~¡^¥ Õ 5 ~¡^¥#° - JO\ì~¡°. (Jq ^Î~¡à~A, c=ò_È°, J~¡°û#°_È°, ã^ñ¬u, ¬¬ì^Í=ô_È°)
¬OKÇO_È=~¡^¥°

G ¬OKÇO_È= ~¡^¥ Õ èxk - #ä½°x ~¡^Î=ò.
G ¬OKÇO_È= ~¡^¥ Õ Qù¬æk - ^Î~¡à~A ~¡^Î=ò
G g\÷ `Ç~¡°"`Ç =Ç°<£ä½\÷, Q®}è+¹ ~¡^¥° =òY¼"³°Ø#q.

G ¬¬ë~¡^¥#° ¬OKÇO_È=ôä½, Q®}è+¹#ä½, HÒ~¡=ôä½ JOH÷`Çq°Kó~¡°.
G =¶=°Á¬ô~¡O Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷#~¡²O¬ì=~¡à "Í~òOz# J`Ç¼O`Ç J^Î°Ä`Ç"³°Ø#k. nxx Q®°iOz
'Q®OQê=`Ç~¡} ^Î$×¼OÑ ãQ®¶Ì\
t Õ ¬O`ÇiOz# Jx À~ùø<ß_È°.
'¬r=ä½_È¼ zã`ÇOÑ
G Q®OQê=`Ç~¡}O - '~u Õ ~¡zOz# -

XH §¢ÔëÇ° ¬^Î¼Hê=¼OÑ hHO~¡§¢²ë.
G ^Î~¡à~A ~¡^Î=òÌá L#ß QË¬ô~¡ q^¥#=ò ²ìO^Î¶^Í"Ç¶ Q®~¡ÄQ®°_Ìá L#ß QË¬ô~¡=òQê ~¡¶O`Ç~¡=ò K³OkOk.
G W`Çx `Ç~Þ`Ç ~[¼=ò#ä½ =zó# "~¡° - 2= =°ÀìOã^Î=~¡à
v ï~O_È= =°ÀìOã^Î=~¡à (668-670) :
Y
G W`Ç#° 2= ¬ôöHt W`Ç#° qãH=¶k`Ç°¼x KÍu Õ F_éÇ¶_È°.
ä½=¶~¡°_È°.
M
G 2= =°ÀìOã^Î=~¡à `Ç~¡°"`Ç ~*ì¼xH÷ =zóOk - "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬~¡"Í°×Þ~¡=~¡à.
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬~¡"Í°×Þ~¡ =~¡à (670-695) ã¬^Î=°O Õ ì^¥q°K×Ãä½¼ KÍu Õ F_,Ì~¡°=¶Á~¡° Çò^ÎO Õ "ix F_OK_È°.
95 E
"³ò^Î\ ÷ #~¡²O¬ì=~¡à `Ç~Þ`Ç =zó# ~A Õ Qù¬æ"_È° -
9
G 2= #~¡²O¬ì=~¡à.
59
D
v 2= #~¡²O¬ì=~¡à (700 - 728) :
G W`Çx a~¡°^Î°° - G W`Çx PªÖ#Hq -
CA
50
~[²O¬ì, PQ®=°ã²Ç°, ×OH~¡Hë. ^ÎO_ (^Î×ä½=¶~¡KÇi`ÇO)
G W`Ç_È° Q®°¬ì#° `ùe²OKÍ ¬^Îíux =¶<Í² `=ò J#°ä½#ßKË@ ~×Á`Ë, W@°H`Ë ^Í"Ç°=ò#° xiàOKÍ
98
A
¬O¬î~¡â^Í"Ç¶ ¬^Îíux ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
:8
G W`Ç_È° =°¬ð|e¬ô~¡O Õ xiàOK_È°.
h
f~¡^Í"Ç°=ò#°, HOz Õ ïHá ì¬<^Î^Í"Ç°=ò#°
A E
.P
G HOz Õ Q® ïHá ì¬<^Î^Í"Ç°"Í° - t=HOz.

AB C
~[²O¬x ^Í"Ç°=òxßO\÷ Õ Qù¬æk =°iÇò

D
G
^ÎH÷Æ}^Í"Ç¶xßO\÷H÷ =¶`Ç$H .
ER I
ïHá ì¬<^Î ^Í"Ç°O
ïHá ì¬<^Î ^Í"Ç°=ò

O
nx Õ "³ò`ÇëO PÇ°=ò°<ß~ò.
9
G ° ä_¨ D ^Í"Ç°QË¬ô~¡O Õ
CH
Ìáì^Î~ Jb, \ ÷¬C¬° ìë<£

YD
HùO`ÇìQ®=ò#ä½ xiàOK~¡°.
G ¬O¬î~¡â ^Í"Ç° tæH×ä½ =ü¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È°
,H
-
AM
T
P=#~¡²O¬ì=~¡à.
G W`ÇxöH J<Í =°¬ða~¡°^Î° H^Î°.

g~¡ã^Î^Î`Çë
H
M
G W`Çx `Ç~Þ`Ç ~*ì¼xH÷ =zó#"~¡° -

AM
2= ¬~¡"Í°×Þ~¡=~¡à(730-733)
W`Ç_È° ¬tó=°QêOQ®°#° tH÷ÆOKÍ L^Í×O`Ë "iÌá ^ÎO_³uë Õ =°~¡}÷OK_È°.

IG
G ''q°eO^Î° Çò^ÎOÑÑ
KH
G W`Çx `Ç~Þ`Ç #Ok=~¡à ~*ì¼xHùKó_È°.

R
v H_È¬\÷ ¬Á=ô° : #Ok=~¡à (733-796)

G J¬°À~¡° - ¬~¡"Í°×Þ~¡ G a~¡°^Î° -
=~¡à. ¬Á==°°Á_È°.
G ^ÎOu^Î°~¡°¾_È° (~Rä@~A) #Ok=~¡à#° F_Oz `Ç# ä½=¶ï~ë Wzó q"¬ìO K§_È°. ö~"^ÍqH÷
G #Ok=~¡à q+¬µâä½ë_È°.
G HOz Õ ^Í"Ç°=ò#° xiàOK_È° nx<Í
"³áä½O~¡Ì~¡°=¶ JO\ì~¡°. q+¬µâHOz
G W`Ç_È° HOzÕ =~¡^Î~AªÞq° PÇ°O, =òöHë×Þ~Ç¶#° xiàOK~¡°.

G ¬Á=ô Õ z=i"_È° - J¬~l`Ç=~¡à (880-97)
G J¬~l`Ç=~¡à u~¡°`Çëx Õ ^Í"Ç°=ò#° xiàOK_È°.

q~¡\ì<Íß×Þ~¡
G J¬~l`Ç=~¡à#° Pk`Ç¼KË×Ã_È° F_Oz KË×ªã=¶*ì¼xß U~æ@°KÍ§_È°. nO`Ë ¬Á=~*¼O JO`Ç=°~òOk.

v ¬i< q^¥#=ò :
G ¬Á=ô°, §`Ç"¬ì#° <q^¥#O#° J#°¬iOK~¡°.
~[¼O
↓
=°O_È ì°
↓
<_È°°
↓
ãQê=¶°
G g~¡° ~[¼~¡HÆ}ïHá ^Î¶uH°, ¬O^Î¼~¡uëH° è^¥ "ÍQ®°#° U~æ@°KÍ§~¡°.
G ãQê=¶° 3 ~¡Hê° - 1) JO^Î~¡° He² LO_Í ª^¥~¡} ãQê=¶° -
Y
L~
2) ãì¬ìà}°ä½ ^¥#O KÍ²# ãQê=¶° - ã|¬ìà^ÍÇ°
M
3) ^Í"Ç¶ä½ ^¥#OQê Wzó# ãQê=¶° - ^Í=^¥#
G ãQê=¶ Õ 3 ~¡Hê ¬°<ß~ò - 1) L~ - ¶Hê=°O^Î°° ¬°¼°
95 E
9
2) ¬ - ãì¬ìà}°° 3) #Q®~¡=ò - ãQê=°=~¡ëä½°
59
D
G ãQê=°<¼Ç°ªÖ<#° - JO\ì~¡°.
^Î~à¬#=ò°
¬Á=ô° ~¡Hê ¬#°ß#° qkOK~¡° (J^Î× ¬i¬ð~°)

CA
G 18
50
G gi HêO Õ ¶q°t¬°ë - #°O_
1/6 = =O`Ç°.
1/10
98
G g~¡° qkOz# ã¬^¥# ¬#°ß° - He¬ëHËø#O (q=H¬#°ß)
A
:8
- WO¬ô_ (H×Ã¤w`Ç "iÌá ¬#°ß)
- W_ÈO¬ô_ (¬×Ã=ôÌá ¬#°ß)
h
A E
.P
G ¬Á=ô ã¬°`Ë¼^Ë¼Q®°°ä½ Lz`ÇOQê °, Ì~¡°Q®°, ¬î°, ä~¡QêÇ°° ¬~¡¦¬~ KÍÀ"~¡°.

AB C
D
G g~¡° Q®[^Î×=òä½ Zä½ø=Qê ã^¥#¼`Ç WKó~¡°.

ER I
v ªO¦²°H PiÖH ¬i²Ö`Ç°° :

O
G ãì¬ìà}°ä½ JkH ã^¥#¼`Ç LO_Ík. G ã¬[ =òY¼=$uë -

CH
=¼=ªÇ°O.
G ¬Á=ô° PöQßÇ¶²Ç¶^Í§ä½ =i, éH°, Hù|Äi, J~¡\ ÷, =¶q°_, =ò`¼°, ¬@°|@°, ïHO¬ô#° =°¬ð|e¬ô~¡O,
YD
ö~=ôQ®°O_¨ ZQ®°=°u KÍÀ"~¡°.

,H
<Q®¬@ßO
G K³á<ä½ W^Îíix ~Ç°ì~¡°°Qê ¬O_È°.

~[²O¬_È°
AM
T
G J<Í ãì¬ìà}°_È° ¬°=~¡ân¬O (WO_Ë<Í+²Ç¶) =¬é~ò HêOÕ_Ç¶ ~ä½=¶ï~ë#° q"¬ì=¶_, JKÇ\ ÷ ì~¡fÇ°
HÒO_#¼
H
ªOã¬^¥Ç¶xß q¬ëiO¬*è§_È°.
M
AM
v =°`Ç=i²Öu° :
IG
KH
G ¬Á=ô° "³ákH =°à=¶#°° G gi Õ J<ÍH=°Ok Üá=ô° (2, ²O¬ì=~¡à, #Ok=~¡à - "³á+¬â=ô°)

R
G gi JkHê~¡ ìOKÇ#O - G g~¡° H\ìÞOQ® kÞA° (t=ôx PÇò^Î=ò-ãu×Ó Q®"~¡°).

=$+¬O.
G gi HêO <\÷H÷ Üá=O Õ Hê ì=òY, HêeH§Y° U~¡æ_¨Û~ò.

G D HêO <\÷ Üá=ô#° Jx, "³á+¬â=ô#°
#Ç°<~¡°Á Jx JO\ì~¡°. P ìÞ~¡°Á
G #Ç°<~¡°Á "³ò`ÇëO - 63 =°Ok (ÌiÇ°¬ô~}O G #Ç°<~¡Á ã¬=òY ãQ®O^ÎO -

ã¬Hê~¡O) `Í"~¡O
G ÌiÇ°¬ô~}O ãQ®O^Î ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç - ÜH÷ø ì~ G #Ç°<~¡Á Õ #O^Î<~ J<Í"_È° -

(`Çq°×"¼¬°_È°) Hi[#°_È°.
G D HêO<\÷ ã¬²kÚOk# #Ç°<~¡°Á - J¬æ~, ¬°O^Î~¡=üië, *ìý#¬O|O^¥~.
G D HêO<\÷ J ìÞ~¡°Á "³ò`ÇëO - 12 G P ìÞ~ ã¬=òY ãQ®O^ÎO -

=°Ok. <~òÁ~ è^¥ <×W~
G nxx ãHË_HiOz#"~¡° - <^Î=òx. G P ìÞ~O^Îi Õ Qù¬æ"_È° - u~¡°=°OïQá, P ìÞ~.
G D HêO<\÷ ã¬=òY ä½ë~° - G P ìÞ~ Õx JO@~x "~¡° -

PO_¨° =¶`Ç. u~æ<£ P ìÞ~ (¬ìi[<£)
G ¬Á=ôHêO Õ<Í ^Í"Ç¶ Õ <@¼OKÍÀ "³°Q®° ÕH÷ =zóOk.

^Í=^¥Ô =$uë

v ª²ì`Ç¼=ò :
G ¬Á=ô q^¥¼öHOã^¥#° JO\ì~¡°.
''¦¬°\ ÷H°ÑÑ
G gi ~[ì+¬ - ¬O¬ø $`Ç=ò G ¬O¬ø $`Çì+¬ä½ öHOã^Î=ò - HêOp¬ô~¡=ò.
G giHêO Õ ìQê "³°Q®° ÕH÷ =zó# q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O - HOz
G giHêO Õ qõ+¬ P^Î~¡} ÚOkOk.

~¡`Ç<@¼O
G HOz q^¥¼Ô~¡O Õ kQêßQ®°_È°, =°Çü~¡×~¡à q^Î¼#¼²OK~¡°.

G gi HêO Õ ìQê Ja=$k K³Ok# <@¼H× - ~¡`Ç<@¼=ò.
G #O^Î q×Þq^¥¼Ç° PK~¡°¼_³á# ^Î~¡à°x ¬Þ¬Ö=ò - HêOp¬ô~¡=ò.
ãH©
¹ a\
Y
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
M
1. ¬Á=ô ~[^¥x ? 11. ì^¥q° K×Ãä½¼ ^Í"Ç¶° POã^Îã¬^Í Õ ZHø_È
1) HêOz¬ô~¡O 2) =°^Î°ï~á
95 E
L<ß~ò?
9
3) `ÇO*ì=î~ 4) u~¡°K³O^Î¶~ 1) `_¬ãu 2) ¦¬°O@ª 3) ì^¥q° 4) ¬ô+¬æyi
59
D
2. "`²HùO_È, =°¬ì=°°Á_È° Z=iH÷ a~¡^Î°° ? 12. ¬Á=ô <\ ÷ q^¥¼¬O¬ë#° W ì J<Í"~¡°?
1) "³òII #~¡²O¬ì=~¡à 2) 2= ¬ôöHt

CA
1) =°~¡=ò° 2) q^¥¼Ô@=ò°
50
3) ï~OII #~¡²O¬ì=~¡à 4) =¶~¡=~¡à 3) ¦¬°\÷H° 4) Q®KÇó°
98
A
3. `Ç# a~¡^Î° J~ò# =°¬ì=°Á À~¡° g°^Î°Qê
13. ¬Á=
:8J¬~l`Ç=~¡à U Çò^ÎO Õ O_È°¼#°
''=°¬ì=°Á¬ô~¡OÑÑ xiàOz# ~A ?

F_OK³#°?
h
1) "³òII #~¡²O¬ì=~¡à 2) t=¬øO^Î=~¡à

A E
1) N¬ô~OaÇ°O 2) Ì~¡°=#¶Á~¡°
.P
3) q+¬µâQË¬ô_È° 4) =¶~¡=~¡à 3) HêOp¬ô~¡O 4) `ùO_È=°<_È°

AB C
D
4. =°¬ì|e¬ô~¡O Õ ¬OKÇO_È=ô UHt ì~u ~¡^¥#°

ER I
14. HOz Õx ïHá ì¬<^Î ^Í"Ç°O x~à`Ç Z=~¡°?
1) "³ò^Î\ ÷ =°ÀìOã^Î=~¡à<£
O
xiàOz#"_È° ?
1) t=¬øO^Î=~¡à 2) "³ò^Î\ ÷ #~¡²O¬ì=~¡à

2) "³ò^Î\ ÷ #~¡²O¬ì=~¡à<£
CH
3) q+¬µâQË¬ô_È° 4) 2= ¬ôöHt
YD
3) ï~O_È= #~¡²¬ì=~¡à<£
5. ¬Á=ô ~[ ì+¬ ?
4) #Ok=~¡à<£ ¬Á==°Á
,H
1) `³°Q®° 2) ä$`ÇO 3) ¬O¬$ø`ÇO 4) H#ß_ÈO

AM
T
15. ¬Á=ô Õ U ~Aä½ ''qzã`Ç z`Ç°ë_È°ÑÑ J<Í"~¡°?

6. ~[²O¬ì a~¡°^Î° He¾#"~¡° ?
1) "³òII #~¡²O¬ì=~¡à 2) ï~OII#~¡²O¬ì=~¡à 1) "³ò^Î\ ÷ =°ÀìOã^Î=~¡à<£

H
M
3) ^ÎOu=~¡à 4) #Ok=~¡à 2) "³ò^Î\ ÷ #~¡²O¬ì=~¡à<£

AM
3) "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬~¡"Í°×Þ~¡=~¡à<£
IG
7. ¬Á=ô HêO Õ ''¦¬°\ ÷H°ÑÑ J#Qê

KH
1) q^¥¼¬O¬Ö° 2) ãQê=¶° 4) J¬~l`Ç=~¡à<£

3) ^Í"Ç¶° 4) c_È°¶=ò°
R
16. ¬Á=ô KÇiã`Ç#° `³eÀ t ìæ° WKÇó@ H=ô?
8. ^Î×ä½=¶~¡ KÇiã`Ç ~¡zOz#k ? 1) =°¬ì|e¬ô~¡O ~¡^¥° (Group-II - 2000)
1) ^ÎOu=~¡à 2) ì~¡q 2) =°¬ì|e¬ô~¡O f~¡^Í"Ç°O

3) ^ÎOu 4) ^ÎiÅ°_È° 3) HOz ïHá ì¬<^Î ^Í"Ç°O
9. ¬Á=ô HêO <\ ÷ ã¬=òY ¬O_`Ç°° ? 4) HOz "³áä½O~¡ Ì~¡°=¶×¤ ^Í"Ç°O
1) ì~¡q 2) ^ÎOu
3) ^ÎOu=~¡à 4) 1 =°iÇò 2
["|°°
10. ¬Á=ô ~[=òã^Î Uk?
1) 1 2) 1 3) 1 4) 2 5) 2
6) 2 7) 1 8) 3 9) 4 10) 3
1) ¬ôe 2) Z°Q®°|O\÷ 11) 4 12) 3 13) 1 14) 3 15) 1
3) =$+¬=ò 4) KÍ¬ 16) 1

G ¬ì~¡°Âx J#O`Ç~¡=ò ãH©.×.647 #°O_ 1206 =~¡ä½ Q® Hê=ò#° '~[¬ôã`Ç ÇòQ®OÑ Qê À~ùøO\ì~¡°.
G ~[¬ôã`Ç° Q®°iOz `³°¬°Hù#°@ä½ ã¬^¥# P^¥~¡ ãQ®O^¥° :
Y
KO^£ |~Þ° - ¬$kÞ~* ~ªé (²ìOk)
M
- ¬$kÞ~* q[Ç° (¬O¬ø $`Ç=ò)
Hß \ì_£ - ~[ªÖ<£ H^¥Ho
95 E
9
59
G ~[¬ôã`Ç°#° Jyßä½ HÆãuÇò°Qê À~ùø#ß ãQ®O^ÎO
D
- ¬$nÞ~* ~ªé.
G ì~¡` Õ ²Ö~¡¬_# ¬ú}°°, Q®¶~¡û# "³òIIQ®° *ìu"~¡° ì~¡` Õx a°Á°, QËO_È°°, |¬ì~° "³òIIQ®° *ì`Ç°
CA
(J=¶à~ò) "i`Ë [iy# "³á"²ìH ¬O|O^¥ ¦¬e`ÇOQê #¶`Ç#OQê Pq~¡ÄqOz ²ìO^Î¶=°`Ç=ò#° ÔÞHiOz#
50
ì~¡fÇò è ~[¬ôã`Ç°° -
98
q<³O\ ²à`, |_¨~¡ø~
A
:8
v ~[¬ôã`Ç ~[=O×=ò° 9 :
h
A E
1. ã¬f¬ð~¡°° 2. Q®¬ì^¥Þ°° 3. Kñ¬ð#°° 4. ¬~¡=¶~¡°° 5. KÇO^Í°°

.P
6. ªéOH©° 7. HêKÇ¶~¡°¼° 8. ~A° 9. À# =O×=ò

AB C
D
1. ã¬f¬ð~¡°° :
ER I
O
G ~[¬ôã`Ç° Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê q[$OaOz#"~¡° - ã¬f¬ð~¡°°
ã¬u¬ð~¡ J#Qê Jx J~¡ÖO.

CH
G ^¥Þ~¡ä½_È° / HË@~¡HÆä½_È°
YD
G gi =O×=ò - Q®¶~¡û~¡ *ìu. G =O×ªÖ¬ä½_È° - (ãì¬ìà}°_È°)

¬ìi×óOã^Î°_È°
~[¼ªÖ¬ä½_È° - (¬ì~¡°Âx `Ç~¡°"`Ç # Õ =Kó_È°)

,H
G <Q®@°_È°-1
G gi "³ò^Î\ ÷ ~[^¥x - (~[ªÖ<£) 2=k -

AM
T
a<£=° H<Ë*
G <Q®@°_È° ¬ì~¡°Âx `Ç~¡°"`Ç ~*ì¼xH÷ =zó H<Ë*#° ~[^¥xQê KÍ¬°Hùx ¬ieOK_È°.

H
M
G Qù¬æ"_È° - q°²ì~ÕA_È°. W`Ç_È° - ¬@}ìxß xiàOK_È°.

AM
Õ*¬î~
W`Ç_È° QÒ_È ^Í=°xß, ~Rä@ 2= H$+¬µâxß F_Oz #° ~[^¥xQê KÍ¬°ä½x ¬ieOK_È°.

IG
G H<Ë*
KH
G W`Çx <HêO Õ J~¡ ~Ç°ìi W`Çx PªÖ#=ò#° ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°.

¬° è=¶<£
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ =°ÀìOã^Î°x PªÖ#O Õ J<Í Hq LO_Í"_È°.

R
'~[õY~¡°_È°Ñ
G ~[õY~¡°x ~¡KÇ#° - H~¡¶æ~¡=°O[i, q^¥¼ªOlH, ìì~¡`ÇO, ì~=¶Ç°}O, Hê=¼g°=¶O¬
G ã¬¬ð~¡° Õ z=i~A - 2= =°ÀìOã^Î°_È°.
2. Q®¬ì^¥Þ ° :
G gi<Í JO\ì~¡°.
'~~Ë~Ñ
G ã¬u¬ð~¡° J#O`Ç~¡=ò Q®¬ì^¥¼ ° ~[¼=ò#° PãHq°Oz KÍ¬°ä½<ß~¡°.

H<Ë*#° ~[^¥xQê
G =O× =ü¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È° - KÇOã^Î^Í=ô_È° / KÇOã^¥^Î~.
G QËqO^Î KÇOã_È°_È<Í Q®¬ì^¥¼ ~A =°¬ìànÇò ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç#° x°=iOKÇ_¨xH÷ J<Í ¬#°ß#° =¬¶°KÍ² `Ç°~¡H^ÎO_È
Ìá#¼=ò#° é+²OK_È°.
G Qù¬æ"_È° - [Ç°KÇOã^Î°_È°. G z=i"_È° - ¬ìi×óOã^Î°_È°.

G [Ç°KÇOã^Î°x ä`Ç°~¡° Kñ¬ð<£ Õ Qù¬æ"_³á# ¬$nÞ~* Kñ¬ð<£#° ãÀq°Oz ¬ÞÇ°O=~¡O Õ =¶~¡°"Í+¬O Õ
~}© ¬OÇòHë
=zó# ¬$nÞ~* Kñ¬ð<£#° =iOzO^Î<Í HË¬O`Ë =°¬ìà^£¦¬°Õsx P¬ðÞxOK_È°.

[Ç°KÇOã^Î°_È°
G 1191 - "³ò^Î\ ÷ `Ç~~ò<£ Õ ¬$nÞ~* Kñ¬ð<£ KÍu Õ =°¬ìà^£¦¬°Õi F_éÇ¶_È°.

Çò^ÎO
G 1192 - ï~O_È= `Ç~~ò<£ Õ ¬$nÞ~* Kñ¬ð<£#° =°¬ìà^£¦¬°Õi ¬ì`Ç=¶~ó_È°.

Çò^ÎO
G 1193 - KÇO^Í"~ Õ ¦¬°Õi KÍu Õ F_é~ò# [Ç°KÇOã^Î°_È° P`Çà¬ì`Ç¼ KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.

Çò^ÎO
3. ~^Ë_£ :
G ~[^¥x - *Õ^£¬î~
G g~¡° [Ç°KÇOã^Î ¬O`ÇuH÷ K³Ok#"~¡° Jx ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ°ä½<ß~¡°. gi PªÖ#O Õ Q® - N¬ì~¡°Â_È° - <³á+¬^Î¡ KÇiã`Ç, - _bÁ
KÇiã`Ç, - YO_È#MìO_È ìO_È¼H ãQ®O^¥#° ~¡zOK_È°.
4. Kñ¬ð#°° :
Y
G =O×ªÖ¬ä½_È° - HêQê Qù¬æ"_È°
"¬°^Í= ¬$nÞ~* Kñ¬ð<£.
M
G ~[^¥x : §HêO|i / _bÁ G gi ~[¼O : ãª^ÎHÆ =°O_ÈO.
G ã¬^Î=° ~[^¥x : §HO|i. G g~¡° ã¬u¬ð~¡° ª=°O`Ç°°Qê LO_ ¬Þ`ÇOãuOK~¡°.
95 E
G ~[¼ªÖ¬ä½_È° :
9
²O¬ì~* Kñ¬ð<£
59
D
G J[Ç°~A J#°#`Ç_È° J<Í #Q®~xß xiàOK~¡°.
Jrà~ ^Î~¾
J[Ç°"Í°~¡° (Jrà~)
(Çò<³ªéø "~¡° Q®°iëOz# 10 Kiã`ÇH ã=òY¼`Ç Q® ¬@}ì Õ 7=k.

q§^Í=ô_È° J#° ~A Jrà~ Õ XH Hì§#° ªÖ²OK_È°.
CA
50
G
PªÖ#Hq - ªé=°^Í=ô_È° - e`Ç qãQ®¬ì~[=ò (<@HO)
98
G q§^Í=ôx
A
q§^Í=ô_È° ¬ÞÇ°OQê Hq - ¬ì~¡öHo (<@H=ò)
:8
G
G Qù¬æ"_³á# ¬$nÞ~* Kñ¬ð<£ H<Ë* ä½_È° [Ç°KÇOã^Î°_ ä½=¶ï~ë
h
A E
.P
¬O³¶y`Ç/ ¬<Ë¼y`Ç#° Z`Ç°ëä½é~ò q"¬ìO KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.

AB C
D
5. ¬~¡=¶~¡°° :
ER I
G ~[^¥x :
O
^¥~#Q®~¡O
G =O×ªÖ¬ä½_È° : LÀOã^Î°_È°
CH
G gi Õ |=O`Ç°_È° - ("Hæu~A Jx À~¡°)

YD
=òO*~A
G Wux PªÖ#H=ô° - ^Î#°O[Çò_È°, (^Î×~¡¶¬) - ¬ì ìÇò^Î°_È° - ^Îxä½_È° - ¬^ÎàQ®°¬ôë_È°. (#=ª¬ìªOH KÇiã`Ç)
,H
G =òO[~A ^¥~#Q®~¡O Õ =òO*ªQ®~¡O J<Í `Ç\ìH=ò#° xiàOK_È°.

AM
T
"Hæu =òO[~A HêO Õ ¬^ÎàQ®°¬ôë_È° Ç ~¡zOK_È°.

#=ª¬ìªOHKÇiã`
G ¬~¡=¶~¡° Õ Qù¬æ"_È° - ~=¶Ç°}O (KÇO¬îHê=¼OQê) - ¬~¡¬Þf HO~~¡}O - ¬=°~OQ®# ¬¶ã`Ç^¥~¡

H
M
Õ[~A
- =òH÷ëHæ`Ç~¡°=ô, PÇòö~Þ^Î ¬~¡Þ¬ÞO, `Ç`ÇÞã¬Hê×.

AM
IG
G Õ[~A, , J<Í Hì§#° xiàOK_È°.

KH
Õ[¬ôi ¬~¡¬°#° 'Õ[§Ñ
6. KÇO^Í°° :
R
G gi ~[¼=ò - (=°^Î¼ã¬^Í)
|°O^Í YO_£
G ~[^¥x - Y[~¡¬ìÙ Wk gi ¬\ ÷+¬"³°Ø# HË@

(=°^Î¼ã¬^Í)
G =ü¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È° - ~[¼ ªÖ¬ä½_È° -

[Ç°×H÷ë, ##°ßH
G Qù¬æ"_È° - q^¥¼^Î~¡°_È°
G D =O×=ò Õx H©ië=~¡à J<Í ~A `Ç# ~[^¥x ¬Hø# J<Í ¬~¡¬°#° xiàOK_È°.
'H©iëªQ®~Ñ
G YA~¡¬ìÙ ^Í"Ç°=ò#° gö~ xiàOK~¡°. (^ÎOQ®_È° H$+²`Ë) "`Ç°# Hê=°¬¶ã`Ç Oy=°° t °Qê K³H÷øOK_È°.
(Z~Ë\÷H± #Q®ß Üáe°) g\÷ Õ `Í[ #=<^Ît ìæ° ã¬=òY"³°Ø#k. ^ÎOQ®~A q×Þ<^Î, r=<^Î, "³á^Î¼<^Î
^Í"Ç¶#° WO_Ë P~¡¼<£ Üáe Õ xiàOK_È°.
G 1309 Õ J ìÁ=ôní<£ dbû KÇO^Í°#° F_Oz |°O^Í YO_£#° PãHq°OK_È°. nO`Ë D ~[¼O JO`Ç=°~ò¼Ok.

7. ªéOH©° :
G ~[^¥x : J²ì ìÞ_£ (Q®°[~`)
/JxÝ @H
G ªÖ¬ä½_È° : =ü~[-1
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ c=°~A HêO Õ Q®lh =°¬ìà^£ ªé=°<^Î ^Í"Ç°=ò#° ^ÎÞO¬O KÍ§_È° (1026)
G Qù¬æ"_È° : W`Çx =°Oãu Àì=°KÇOã^Î°_È° (¬it+¬» ¬~¡¼<£#° ã"§_È°).
[Ç°²O¬_È°
G ªéOH© ª=°O`Ç°°Qê L#ß"~¡° - (J~¡û#°_È° ¬Þ`ÇOãuOK_È°) J~¡°ûxx ä½=¶~¡°_È° - H~¡â^Í=ô_È° W`Ç#

"öQ°°
PªÖ#Hq aÝ}°_È°.
G aÝ}°_È° - qãH=¶OH^Í= KÇiã`Ç.
G J ìÁ=ôní<£ dbû H~¡â^Í=ôx F_Oz ~[¼=ò#° PãHq°OKÇ_È"Í° HêH J`Çx ì~¡¼ q"¬ìO KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
H=° ì^Íqx
8. Hê KÇ°~¡°¼° :
Y
G ~[^¥x : ãu¬ôi (=°^Î¼ã¬^Í) G ~[¼ªÖ¬ä½_È° - HËH°Á_È°
M
G Qù¬æ"_È° - Q®OQ®Ç° ^Í=ô_È° / H©;H~¡â (a~¡°^Î° : ãuHeOQêk¬u) G gö~ z=i ~[¬ôã`Ç~A°
] ~A° :
95 E
9
G ~[^¥x : (ÿOQê )
59
=ò^Î¾yi / "³¶Ow~
D
G =ü¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È° /ªÖ¬ä½_È° QË°_È° - W`Ç_È° #° ªÖ²OK_È°.
'L^ÎíO_È¬ô~¡ q×Þq^¥¼Ç°OÑ
G Qù¬æ"_È° -
CA
^Î~¡à°_È°.
50
G ^Î~¡à°_È° #O^¥ q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O#° ée# #° ªÖ²OK_È°.
''qãH=°t q×Þq^¥¼Ç°OÑÑ
98
G D q×Þq^¥¼Ç° J^Î¼HÆ_È° - Ju×n¬OH~¡°_È°
A
:8
G W`Ç_È° =ã[Ç¶#OÌá 200 ãQ®O^¥#° ~¡zOz \÷ÿ\ Õ =ã[Ç¶#O#° ã¬K~¡O KÍª_È°.
G ~=°°x PªÖ#O Õx ¬O^¥¼H~¡ #O^Î#°_È° - ã"§_È°.
h
A E
~=° KÇiã`Ç
.P
G ~=°°_È° J<Í =°`Ç¼Hê~¡°`Ë é~@O KÍ§_È°.

'ïHá=~¡ëÑ
AB C
D
G gi<HêO Õ L^ÎíO_È¬ô~¡, [Q®^Îí q×Þq^¥¼Ç¶° ã¬K~¡O ÚO^¥~ò.

ER I
G z=i"_È° - =°^Î#°_È°.
O
9. À# =O×=ò :
CH
G `ùe ~[^¥x - ï~O_È= ~[^¥x -

YD
<_Ç¶, QÒ_£
G H~ß@H #°O_ =zó ÿOQê Õ ²Ö~¡¬_ ~A#° F_Oz ~*ì¼xß U~æ@° KÍ²#"_È° - ª=°O`Ç q[Ç°À#°_È°.
,H
G ª=°O`Ç q[Ç°À#°_ ä½=¶~¡°_È° - | ìÁÀ#°_È°.

AM
T
G | ìÁÀ#°_È° - PãHq°OK_È°.
q°k#Q®~¡=ò#°
G W`Çx HêO Õ ÿOQê , c¬ð~ Õ ^Î~¡à§¢ªë#°Q®°}OQê ªO¦²°H H=ô^Îiß=°}=ò [iyOk.

H
M
ãì¬ìà}°Hù~¡ä½ J<Í ãHù`Çë xÇ°=¶=ox ã¬"Í×Ì\ì~¡°.

AM
G ''ä½bx[OÑÑ
IG
G ãì¬ìà}, HÆãuÇò =~â Õ "i "i =O× QÒ~¡==ò#° |\÷ `Ç~¡Q®`Ç°° U~¡æ_¨Û~ò.
KH
G =òYsû, ÿ#sû, KÇ@sû - ãì¬ìà}°°. G ¦¬°Õ+¹, Õ¹ - HÆãuÇò°

R
G | ìÁÀ#°_È° - ^¥#ªQ®~¡=ò - J^Î°Ä`Ç ªQ®~¡=ò ãQ®O^¥#° ã"§_È°.

G Qù¬æ"_È° - (| ìÁÀ#°x ä½=¶~¡°_È°) (z=i"_È°)
HÆ à}À#°_È°.
G W`Ç_È° ¬îs, "~¡}ì², ã¬Ç¶Q® Õ q[Ç°¬ëOì#° <\ì_È°.

G W`Çx PªÖ#H=ô#° Jx JO\ì~¡°.
''¬OKÇ~¡`ß°ÑÑ G ¬OKÇ~¡`ß Õ Qù¬æ"_È° - [Ç°^Í=ô_È° (w`Ç QËqO^ÎO)
G HÆ à}À#°x F_Oz =°¬ìà^£¦¬°Õi À<¬u ~[^¥xx PãHq°OK_È°.
H÷ëÇ¶~dbûx
G ¬ô"Þ_ÈH=òO^Í F_é~ò# ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇãH=ië - HÆ à}À#°_È°.
v ~[¬ôã`Ç° ¬i< q^¥#=ò :

G gi ¬i# HêO Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ - ¬f¬¬ìQ®=°#=ò - ¬~¡^¥¬^Îu - ã|¶}¬ì`Ç¼° (t×Ã) P_Èt×Ã=ô° -
¶ªÞ=°¼ =¼=¬Ö - ì¼ q"¬ð° - *Õ(*º)¬ð~ ¬^Îu J=°° ÕH÷ =Kó~ò.

] =°`Ç ¬i²Ö`Ç°° :
G gi JkHê~¡=°`Ç=ò - ²ìO^Î¶=°`ÇO.
G D HêO Õ<Í ²ìO^Î¶=°`xß fiók^Î_ÈO [iyOk.

G ²ìO^Î¶ =°`Ç=ò#° fiókkí#"~¡° - ä½=¶i@°.
G ä½=¶i @° - ¬î~¡Þg°=¶O¬ ¬^Îíux ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.

ãu=°`° - ãu=°` K~¡°¼°
1. J^³á Þ`Ç=ò - ×OH~K~¡°¼°

2. ^³á Þ`ÇO - =°^¥¼K~¡°¼°
3. qt^³á Þ`ÇO - ~=¶#°*ìK~¡°¼°
v J^³áÞ`Ç ²^¥O`ÇO :
Y
×OH~K~¡°¼° : (788-820) ×OH~K~¡°¼°
M
]
G W`Ç#° J^³á Þ`Ç=°`Ç ªÖ¬ä½_È°. G [#à¬ÖO - (öH~¡×)
95 E
Hê_
9
G ä½@°O|O - G `ÇOã_ -
59
#O|~ãk ãì¬ìà} ä½@°O|O t=Q®°~¡°=ô
D
G `ÇeÁ - ¬f^Íq ( è^¥) P~¼O| G ¬#¼²Oz# ¬O=`Ç~¡O - 8 ¬OII
CA
G ¬î~¡ÞQ®°~¡°=ô - QËqO^Î°_È°
50
G ¬î~¡âg°=¶O¬ ì+¬¼Hê~¡°_³á# ä½=¶i@° ³òHø ã²Ç° t+¬µ¼_È° =°O_È# q°ã×Ã_ß F_Oz J`Çxx, J`Çx ì~¡¼
98
LÇ°ì~¡ux ä_¨ ¬<¼¬O ÔÞHiOKÍ@@°Á KÍ²<_È°.
A
:8
G J^³á Þ`ÇO ã¬Hê~¡O "³¶HÆêxH÷ *ìý#O ã¬^¥#=°~ò#kQê K³æ_È°.
h
A E
G W`Ç_È° qãQ®¬ð~^Î##° ãé`Ç²ìOK_È°.

.P
G W`Çx ã¬Hê~¡=ò P`Çà, ¬~¡=¶`Çà ï~O_È¶ XH>è "Í~¡° Hê=ô.

AB C
D
G Jx ×OH~K~¡°¼_È° K³æ_È°.
ER I
'J¬ìO ã|¬ìà²àÑ, '`Ç`ÇÞ=°²Ñ
G ²ìO^Î¶ "Í^¥O`Ç ãQ®O^¥~ò# ã|¬ìà¬¶ã`Ç=ò°, ^ÎÕ¬x+¬`Ç°ë°, Q®=n¾`Çä½ ì¼#° ~§_È°. g\÷x

O
''ã¬ªë#ã`ÇÇ°=òÑÑ
JO\ì~¡°.
CH
YD
G W`Ç_È° J^³á Þ`Ç ²^¥O`Ç=ò#° "¼²ë KÍÇ°_¨xH÷ 4 =°~#° ªÖ²OK_È°.

,H
1. ×$OöQi =°~¡O ("³°Ø¬¶~) - ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O 2. ^Îs =°~¡O (Hêjà~) - L`Çë~¡ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O
AM
T
3. ¬îs =°~¡O (Xi) - `Ç¶~¡°æ# ì~¡`Ç^Í×O 4. ^¥Þ~¡H =°~¡O (Q®°[~`) - ¬tó=° ì~¡`Ç^Í×O
v ^³áÞ`Ç ²^¥O`ÇO :
H
M
AM
=°^¥ÞK~¡°¼° (1278-1318)
IG
]
KH
G [#à¬ÖO - "Íe ãQê=°=ò (H~â@H Õx L_² ^ÎQ®¾~¡) G ä½@°O|O - ãì¬ìà}

R
G `ÇOã_ - =°^Î¼öQ¬_È° G `ÇeÁ - "Í^Î=u
G J¬° À~¡° - "¬°^Í=ô_È° G Q®°~¡°=ô - JKÇ°¼`Ç ã¬Ç°HÆä½_È°
G W`Ç_È° L_² Õ NH$+¬â qãQ®¬ìxß ã¬u+²»OK_È°.

G W`Ç_È° ìQ®=`Ç¬ô~}O KÇkq ~¡zOK_È°.
^³á Þ`Ç²^¥O`ÇO
G P`Çàä½, ¬~¡=¶`Çàä½ è^ÎO LO@°O^Îx, P`Çà, ¬~¡=¶`Çà q×ÞO D 3 §×Þ`ÇO Jx ^³á Þ`Ç²^¥O`ÇO Õ À~ùø<ß_È°.
G W`Ç_È° w`Çì+¬¼O, ã|¬ìà¬¶ã`Çì+¬¼O, J#° ì+¬¼O J<Í ãQ®O^¥#° ~§_È°.
G H÷ë`Ë q+¬µâ=üiëx, ¬îlOKÇ@O =Á "³¶HÆO ÚO^Î=KÇóx `³e_È°.
H©;^Íqx
G W`Çx J#°KÇ~¡°#° H~â@H Õ Qê À~ùøO\ì~¡°.

'^¥¬ä@Ñ
G gi W"Í°æ - ¬O_Ès¬ô~¡O . (Q®=O`Ç°x À=ä½°)

Õx q~¡°_È°

v qt»^³áÞ`Ç=ò :
] ~=¶#°*ìK~¡°¼_È° (1017-1137)
G [#à¬ÖO - NÌ~¡O|°^Î°~(HOz ¬g°¬O Õ `Çq°×<_È°)
G `ÇOã_ - öH×"K~¡°¼° G `ÇeÁ - HêOu=°f^Íq / HêOu=°u `Ç¶~¡°
G ì~¡¼ - `ÇO[=¶O| G Q®°~¡°=ô - Ç¶^Î= ã¬Hê×Ã_È°
G 2= Q®°~¡°=ô - HOz (W`Ç~¡ ãì¬ìà}©`Ç~¡°_È°)

¬î~¡°â_È°
G W`Çx "³ò^Î\ ÷ t+¬µ¼_È° - =ò^Îe ("Í°#°Á_È°)

Ç¶O_È<£
G W`Ç_È° H÷ë ã¬K~¡O KÍ§_È°.

"³á+¬â==°`Ç
G W`Ç_È° ~¡¬ì¬¼OQê LOKÇ|_Í `~¡H =°Oã`xß HOzQË¬ô~¡"³°H÷ø |@|Ç°° KÍ§_È°. (`~¡H=°Oã`ÇO - FO <~Ç°}ìÇ°
#=°¬ð!)
Y
G W`Ç_È° "³¶HÆêxH÷ ã¬^¥#O Jx K³Ìæ#°.
M
q+¬µâH÷ëÍ°
G KË×~A "³ò^Î\ ÷ ä½ Õ`Ç°ëOQ®°_È° (Üá==°`xß =¶x) ~=¶#°*ìxß ¬ì`Ç¼KÍÇ°_¨xH÷ ã¬Ç°ußOKÇQê ~=¶#°*ìK~¡°¼_È°
`Çq°×<_È° #°O_ ié~ò J<Í ~A Pã×Ç°O ÚO^¥_È°.
95 E
¬ìÙÇ°¬ ~[¼O z\ ÷^Í=ô_È°
9
G D z\÷^Í=ô_Í J<Í a~¡°^Î° ^ÎiOK_È°.
59
D
'q+¬µâ=~¡Ö#°_È°Ñ
G Nì+¬¼O J<Í À~¡°`Ë "¼Mì¼#O ~²<_È°.

ã|¬ìà¬¶ã`ä½
G "Í^¥O`Çª~¡=ò, "Í^¥O`Ç¬OãQ®¬ìO, "Í^¥O`Ç n¬=ò, w`ì+¬¼O
CA
J<Í ãQ®O^¥#° ~²<_È°.
50
G W`Ç_È° ä½ YO_Oz<_È°.
=¼=¬Ö#°
98
G W`Çx H$+²=Á HOz, u~¡°¬u, N~¡OQ®O öHOã^¥°Qê "³°QùO^¥~ò.
A
"³á+¬â==°`Ç :8
v ª²ì`Ç¼=ò : ~=¶#°*ìK~¡°¼°
h
A E
.P
G ~[ì+¬ - ¬O¬ø $`Ç=ò G ì¬ø~K~¡°¼_È° - ²^¥O`Ç t~Ë=°}÷

AB C
D
G P~¡¼@° - b ì=u Q®}÷`ÇO G =¶^Î"Y~¡°_È° - =¶^Î= x#^Î=ò

ER I
G Õ[~A - ¬~¡¬Þf HO~~¡}O, ¬=°~OQ®# ¬¶ã`Ç^¥~¡ G \ © - ~=} =^Î

O
G N¬ì~¡°Â_È° - <³á+¬^ÎKÇiã`Ç G =¶Q®°_È° - t×Ã =^Î
=¶u -
CH
G =¶f =¶^Î==ò, L`Çë~¡ ~=°KÇi`Ç=ò, =°¬ðg~¡ KÇiã`Ç

YD
G H$+¬âq°ã`Ç°_È° - ã¬Õ^Î KÇOã^Ë^ÎÇ°O G ~[õY~¡°_È° - H~¡¶æ~¡ =°O[i

,H
G ¬^Îà Q®°¬ôë_È° - #=ª¬ìªOH KÇiã`Ç G öHÆ"Í°Oã^Î°_È° - #$o
G a¬ìÝ}°_È° - G b ìÕä½_È° -
AM
T
qãH=¶OH^Í= KÇiã`Ç, H~¡â¬°O^Îi H$+¬âH~â=°$`Ç=ò
G HÝ}°_È° - (ì~¡`Ç^Í×¬ô "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ Kiã`ÇH ãQ®O^ÎO ¬O¬ø $`Ç ª²ì`Ç¼ KÇiã`Ç Õ XöHXH KÇiã`ÇHê~¡°_È°)
H
M
'~[`Ç~¡Oy}÷Ñ
v "¬°ë tæ=ò :
AM
IG
KH
G °=<Í×Þ~¡O Õ eOQ®~A, ~*ì~}÷, =òöHë×Þ~Ç¶° H=ô.

G HË}ì~ø Õx - G ¬îi [Q®<ß^¥Ç°O - (QêOQ® =O×O)
R
¬¶~¡¼^Í"Ç°O #~¡²O¬ì^Í=ô_È°. J#OQ®c=ò_È°
G =°¿O\ - J|¶ ªQ®~¡OÌá "¬°ëª, `Í[ª ^Í"Ç¶° - x~à}O. =xH± ªé^Î~¡°
G JOQ·HË~"\ (ã¬¬OKÇO Õ `ùe ¬¶~¡¼^Í"Ç°O) HêOÕ_Ç¶ - 2= ¬¶~¡¼ =~¡à<£
G POã^Îã¬^Í Õ H ¬¶~¡¼^Í"Ç°O - (NHêä½×O)J~¡¬"³eÁ
v Hêjà~#° eOz# =O§° : "³ò`ÇëO - 3

1. H~Ëø@ä½° :D =O§xH÷ K³Ok# Hêjà~ Õ
=òY²`Ç e`k`Ç¼ #° xiàOK_È°.
=¶~ëO_È (¬¶~¡¼ ^Í"Ç°O) ^Í"Ç°O
; W`Çx Q®°iOz HÝ}°_ - ~[`Ç~¡Oy}÷ ¬O¬ø $`ÇO Õ Q® `ùe ã¬=òY Kiã`ÇH ãQ®O^ÎO.
; ~[`Ç~¡Oy}÷ - Q®°iOz `³°¬ô`Ç°Ok.
Hêjà~ ~A
2. L`Çæ =O×O ~}÷k^Î D =O§xH÷ K³Ok#k.

: 3= [Ç°²O¬_ PªÖ# Hq -
3. Õ¬ì~¡ =O×O : HÝ}°_È°.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1. ¬¶~¡¼^Í=ôxH÷ JOH÷`Ç"³ò#iOz# =¶~¡ëO_È PÇ°O#° 10. =°¬ ì =°à^£ Q® l h ì ~¡ ` Ç ^ Í × O Ìá ^Î O _³ u ë =zó#¬ ô _È °
DãH÷ O k "i Õ Hêjà~ ~Aä ½ K³ O k# U ~A ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ L#ß qq^Î ~*ì¼ ä½_È°?
xiàOK³#°? (Group-I - 2011) (E.O - 2008)
1) [Ç°²^Î q#Ç¶k`Ç¼ 2) e`k`Ç¼ =òHë²^Î 1) [Ç°°_È°, ¦¬`Í^¥¬î~, =°²ì°_È°

3) öHÆ=°Q®°¬ë 4) J=Ou=~¡à 2) ÕA~A, =ü~A, ×OH~¡=~¡à<£
2. YA~¡¬ìÙ ^Í"Ç¶ ^¥`Ç ÿ=~¡°?(Group-I - 2009)
3) ~[¼°_È°, =°²ì°_È°, ¬$nÞ~*
1) Q®¶~¡û~¡ ã¬u¬ð~¡°° 2) KÇO^Í ì =O×¬°ë°
4) K=ò_È ~A, =°²ì°_È°, q°²ì~¡ÕA_È°
Y
3) Ì~¡=¶~¡°Á 4) K×Ãä½¼°
M
11. ä ½ }° HêO<\ ÷ Jõ + ¬ t æ ¬ O ¬ ^ Î # ° H e y#
3. ¬$nÞ~* D =O§xH÷ K³Ok#"_È°? (Gr-II - 2003)
(E.O - 2008)
1) ã¬f¬ð~¡°° 2) ¬~¡=¶~¡°°
ì~¡`Ç^Í× =ü¼lÇ°O Uk?
95 E
3) KÇO_Í°° 4) Kñ¬ð#°° 1) ª~¡<^£ 2) HH`ë
9
59
3) =°^Î°~¡ 4) Õ
D
4. w`Ç QËqO^ÎO ~²#"~¡°? (A.E - 2011)
1) `¼Q®~A 2) [Ç°^Í=
CA
12. ¬¶~¡°¼xH÷ =¶~ëO_È PÇ¶xß xiàOz# Hêjà~¡ ~A
50
3) J#ß=¶K~¡¼ 4) `Ç°Ô^¥¬° Z=~¡ ° ? (E.O - 2008)
98
5. e`k`Ç¼ =òHêëÔ^Î D ~[¼=O§xH÷ K³Ok#"_È°? 1) [Ç°²^Î q#Ç¶k`Ç¼ 2) e`k`Ç¼ =òHë²^Î
A
:8
(Group-II - 2000) 3) öHÆ=°Q®°¬ë 4) J=Ou=~¡à
1) H~Ëø@ 2) L`Çæ
h
A E
13. _bÁ #Q®~xß xiàOz#k? (D.L - 2011)

.P
3) Õ¬ì~¡ 4) ªéOH÷ 1) Kñ¬ð#°° 2) `Ë=°~¡°°

AB C
D
6. HË}ì~ø =^Îí L#ß ¬¶~¡¼ ^Í"Ç°O U ~RO Õ LOk? 3) ¬"~¡°° 4) ¬ìi¬ì~¡°°

ER I
(M.P.D.O - 1997)
O
14. HÝ}°_È° ~²# ~[`Ç~¡Oy}÷ ãQ®O^ÎO XH QË¬æ?
1) ÿOQê 2) c¬ð~ (D.L - 2007)

CH
3) =°^Î¼ã¬^Í 4) Xiª 1) Kiã`ÇH ãQ®O^ÎO 2) ª²ì`Ç¼ ãQ®O^ÎO

YD
7. ï~O_È= `Çï~á<£ Çò^ÎO U ¬O=`Ç~¡O Õ [iyOk?

3) "¼H~¡} ãQ®O^ÎO 4) ¬ì¬¼ ãQ®O^ÎO
,H
(A.E.E - 2009)
AM
15. =°^ Î ¼ HêO Õ xiàOKÇ | _ # eOQ® ~ A Q® ° _ ZH ø _È

T
1) 1190 2) 1191 3) 1192 4) 1193

=ô#ßk? (W.W.M - 2011)
H
M
8. ¬¶~¡¼^Í"Ç°O L#ß ã¬^Í×O? (A.E.E - 2009)

1) YA~¡¬ìÙ 2) =°¬ð|e¬ô~¡O
1) =°^Î°~¡ 2) u~¡°¬u
AM
3) =°^Î°ï~á 4) °=<Í×Þ~
IG
3) HË}ì~ø 4) °=<Í×Þ~
KH
9. HÝ}°_È° ~¡zOz# ~[`Ç~¡Oyx ãQ®O^ÎO ^Íx KÇiã`Çä½ ["|°°

R
¬ O |Ok O z#k? (E.O - 2008) 1) 2 2) 2 3) 4 4) 2 5) 1

1) =°Q®^Î 2) =¶×Þ 6) 4 7) 3 8) 3 9) 3 10) 2
3) Hêjà~ 4) q[Ç°#Q®~¡O 11) 3 12) 2 13) 2 14) 1 15) 4

v ~Rä@°° : =O×ªÖ¬ä½_È° - ^ÎOu^Î°~¡°¾_È° (752)
Y
G ì^¥g° K×ÃH¼ z=i~*ÿá# ï~O_È= H©ië=~¡à#° ¬O¬ìiOz ~[¼=òä½ =Kó_È°.
M
G ~Rä@° ã¬^Î=° ~[^¥x - Z ÕÁ~ ( è^¥) Zez¬î~.
G Z ÕÁ~ Õ ïHá ì¬<^Î ^Í"Ç°=ò#° xiàOz# ~Rä@°~A -
95 E
"³ò^Î\ ÷ H$+¬µâ_È°.
9
G L`Çë~¡ ì~¡`Ç^Í×=òÌá ^ÎO_³uë , ã¬f¬ð~¡°#° [~òOz gi z¬ìß=òÌá (<}ÿ=òÌá) `Ë~¡}=ò#°
59
D
'Q®OQê Ç°=ò<Ñ
=òãkOz# ~Rä@~A - ^Î$=ô_È°

Z ÕÁ~ Q®°¬ì°
G ~Rä@° ã¬^¥# ~[^¥x - =¶#¼Mè\
CA
50
G D #Q®~¡ x~à`Ç - J"³¶¦¬°=~¡°Â_È° (Qù¬æ"_È°)
98
G W`Çx PªÖ#=ò#° ^ÎiÅOz# J~¡ Ç¶ãuä½_È° -
A
¬° è=¶<£
:8
G ''J"³¶¦¬°=~¡°Â_È°ÑÑ - ''Hq~[=¶~¡¾=òÑÑ, ''~¡`Çß=¶oHÑÑ
h
J<Í H#ß_È ãQ®O^¥#° ã"§_È°.

A E
.P
G H#ß_È Hqã`ÇÇ°=ò Õ =òY°¼_³á#

AB C
D
''¬O¬ÑÑ Hq
~§_È°.
ER I
''¬O¬ì~¡`Ç=òÑÑ, ''qãH=¶~¡û# q[Ç°=òÑÑ, Pk¬ô~}O
G z=i"_È° (~Rä@° ÕÁ) ï~O_È= H~¡°ø_È°.

O
G W`Çxx ¬tó=° K×ÃH¼ F_Oz ~[¼=ò#° PãHq°OK_È°.

'`³á¬ô_È°Ñ
CH
YD
v Hì¼}÷ K×Ãä½¼° :
,H
G ~[^¥x - Hì¼}÷ (H~â@H)

AM
T
G =ü¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È° (D =O×=ò) - ï~O_È= `³á¬ô_È°.
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ªé"Í°×Þ~¡°x HêO Õ c^Î~ l ìÁ Õx ~[^¥xQê J~òOk.

H
M
'Hì¼}÷Ñ
gi HêO Õ ìQê Ja=$kíK³Ok# =°`Ç=ò -

AM
G g~¡Üá==ò.
IG
G D Hê=ò<\÷ q^¥¼öHOã^¥#° JO^Î°~¡°.

KH
''¦¬°\ ÷H°ÑÑ
v Ç¶^Î=ô° :
R
G D =O× ªÖ¬ä½_È° - aÁ=ò_È°
G Qù¬æ"_È° - ²OQ®#°_È°
G ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×OÌá [iy# _bÁ ¬° ìë#° "³ò^Î\ ÷ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç - Ç¶^Î= ^Í=yiÌá ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç (1294)
G _bÁ ¬° ìë<Í\ Õ He²# "³ò^Î\ ÷ ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç ~[¼O - ^Í=yi.
v ¬ìÙÇ°ª°° : ~[^¥x - ^¥Þ~¡ ¬=òã^ÎO

G auëQ® HêO Õ ªã=¶[¼O q¬ëiOzOk.
q+¬µâ=~¡°Ö#°_
G W`Ç_È° *ÿá#=°`Ç¬°Ö_È°.
G ~=¶#°*ìK~¡°¼x Õ^Î# =Á ÔÞHiOK_È°.

"³á+¬â= =°`Ç=ò#°

G ¬ìÙÇ°ª Õ Qù¬æä½_È° - =ü_È= (=¶eH± Hê¬~ KÍu Õ F_éÇ¶_È°).
| ìÁ°_È°
G H#ß_È ì+¬ Õ "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ #=#° ã"²#"_È° - <Íq°KÇOã^Î°_È°.
G ¬ìÙÇ°ª° q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ªã=¶[¼O Õ He²é~òOk.

ªã=¶[¼=ò
v O_È°¼° : ~[^¥x =°^Î°ï~á

G gi =òY¼ö~=ô ¬@}=ò - HêÇ°
G [\ì=~¡à ¬°O^Î~¡ O_È°¼_È° =ò`Ç°ëä~¡° Õ Q®}¬u^Í=ôxß ¬O¬ìiOz <³¶Á~¡° Õ ¬\ìaÀ+HO KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.

Çò^Î=ò
G ä½õY~¡ O_È°¼x ä½=¶~¡° Õ =zó# "³á+¬=¶¼ =# D ªã=¶[¼O |Ôì#"³°ØOk.

G 1328 Õ, =°¬ì=°à^£ a<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± =°^Î°~¡#° [~òOKÇ_ÈO`Ë D ªã=¶[¼O J<Ík JO`Ç"³°ØOk.
Y
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
95 E
M
1. ~Rä@°° Z=i ª=°O`Ç°° ? (Group-2 - 2008) 6. ^Î§=`~¡ Q®¬ðÇ°O xiàOz#k ?
9
1) ¬Á=ô° 1) ^ÎOu^Î°~¡°¾_È°
59
D
2) KË×Ã° 2) "³ò^Î\ ÷ H$+¬µâ_È°
3) ì^¥q°K×Ãä½¼°
CA
3) ^Î$=ô_È°
50
4) Q®°¬ôë° 4) J"³¶¦¬°=~¡°Â_È°
98
A
2. ~Rä@° ~[^¥x (Group-2 - 1984) 7.
:8
=¶#¼Mè@#Q®~¡O xiàOz#k ?
1) =¶#¼Mè@=ò 1) ^ÎOu^Î°~¡°¾_È°
h
A E
.P
2) ªÖ<Í×Þ~¡=ò 2) "³ò^Î\ ÷ H$+¬µâ_È°

AB C
D
3) Z ÕÁ~ 3) ^Î$=ô_È°
ER I
4) HOz 4) J"³¶¦¬°=~¡°Â_È°
O
3. ~Rä@° =¶`Ç$ì+¬ ? 8. K×ÃH¼~*ÿá# 2= qãH=¶k`Ç°¼x ª=°O`Ç°_È° ?

CH
1) `³°Q®° 1) ^ÎOu^Î°~¡°¾_È°
YD
2) `Çq°×O 2) "³ò^Î\ ÷ H$+¬µâ_È°

,H
3) H#ß_ÈO 3) ^Î$=ô_È°
AM
T
4) ¬O¬$ø`ÇO 4) J"³¶¦¬°=~¡°Â_È°
H
M
9. ZeÌ¦O\ì PÇ°O xiàOz#k ?

AM
4. ~Rä@° z¬ìßO ?
1) "³ò^Î\ ÷ H$+¬µâ_È°
IG
1) Q®~¡°_È 2) ²O¬ìO
KH
3) =~¬ìO 4) U#°Q®° 2) ^Î$=ô_È°

3) J"³¶¦¬°=~¡°Â_È°
R
5. [Q®`Ç°ëOw a~¡°^Î° He¾# ~Rä@~A ?
1) ^ÎOu^Î°~¡°¾_È° 4) ^ÎOu^Î°~¡°¾_È°
2) "³òIIH$+¬µâ_È° ["|°°
3) =ü_È= QËqO^Î°_È° 1) 3 2) 1 3) 3 4) 1 5) 3
4) ^Î$=ô_È° 6) 1 7) 4 8) 1 9) 1

G ãp# `Çq°× ~*ì¼ Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ ~[¼=ò
Y
- KË×~[¼=ò
G ãH©.× 2= ×`|O Õ Z ì~ ãp# ªÖ²OK_È°.

KË×~[¼=ò#°
M
G HiHê KË×Ã_È° Çò^ÎO Õ KÍ~¡, O_È¼ ~[¼ä@q°x F_OK_È°.
''"³hßÑÑ
G ²O¬ì×=òÌá (NOH) ^ÎO_³uë 1200 =°Ok Ìáxä½#° Çò^Î Mÿán°Qê
95 E
9
¬@°ä½x =zó "iKÍ H~¡H@° xiàOK_È°.
59
Hê"Ís #kÌá
D
G W`Çx `Ç~¡°"`Ç W`Çx =°#=_È° - ~[¼=ò#ä½ =Kó_È°.
<³_q°_H÷eÁ
CA
G W`Çx HêO Õ W`Çx ~[^¥xx ¬=òã^Î ^ùOQ®° HùÁQù@_È=ò, O_È°¼°, H^ÎO|°° q[$OaOKÇ_ÈO`Ë D ªã=¶[¼O
50
JO`Ç"³°ØOk.
v #g# KË×Ã° : 98
A
:8
G ªã=¶[¼ ªÖ¬ä½_È° - . (850 #°O_ 870)
h
A E
''#g# KË×ÑÑ q[Ç¶Çò_È°

.P
G ¬Á=ôä½ ª=°O`Ç°°Qê LO@¶ O_È°¼ ª=°O`Ç°_³á# #° F_Oz `ÇO*ì=î~#° PãHq°OK_È°.

''=ò`Çë~Ç°~ÑÑ
AB C
D
G WKÇó@ (`ÇO*ì=î~ Õ) J<Í ^Í"Ç°=ò#° xiàOK_È°.

''q¬O¬¶kxÑÑ
ER I
G ¬úÇ¶<£ÒQ· KË× ªã=¶[¼=ò#° ªã=¶[¼OQê À~ùø<ß_È°.

''KÇ°o³¶ÑÑ
O
v "³ò^Î\÷ ¬~O`Çä½_È° (907 #°O_ 955) :

CH
O_È¼ ~*ÿá# F_Oz =°^Î°ï~á#° PãHq°Oz J<Í a~¡°^Î°#° ÚO^¥_È°.

YD
G 'ï~O_È= ~[²O¬xßÑ ''=°^Î°ï~áHùO_ÈÑÑ
G W`Ç_È° KÍ~¡ ~*ÿá# ä½=¶ï~á#° q"¬ìO P_<_È°.

,H
''ªÖ#°~¡qÑÑ
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬~O`Çä½_È° ~Rä@ ~*ÿá# ï~O_È= H$+¬µâx 916 Çò^ÎO Õ F_Oz P ãO`#° PãHq°OK_È°.
''= ìÁÑÑ
AM
T
G ~Rä@~*ÿá# =ü_È= H$+¬µâ_È° ^ÎO_³`ÇëQê `Ç# ä½=¶~¡°_È° ~*ìk`Ç°¼xß ¬O¬Qê Çò^ÎO Õ (949) ~*ìk`Ç°¼_È°
'`ÇHËøOÑ
H
M
=°~¡}÷OK_È°.
AM
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬~O`Çä½_È° "Í²# §¬#=ò q^¥#=ò#° `³eÇ°*è¬°ëOk.

IG
''L`Çë~¡ "Í°~¡¶~¡°ÑÑ ''KË×Ã ãQê=°#ÑÑ
G W`Çx `Ç~¡°"`Ç ~[¼=ò#ä½ ~A (955 #°O_ 957) W`Çx `Ç~Þ`Ç ~[¼=ò#ä½ =zó#"~¡° -
KH
''Q®°O_È~k`Ç¼ÑÑ ï~O_È=
(957 #°O_ 963)

¬~O`Çä½_È°
R
G ï~O_È= ¬~O`Çä½x ³òHø ªé^Î~¡°_È° L`Çë=°KË×Ãx ä½=¶~¡°_Í (~[~A KË×Ã_È°)

"³ò^Î\ ÷ ~[~A
v ~[~[ KË×Ã_È°-1 (985 - 1012) :

G W`Ç_È° Qù¬æ ²^Î Ìá#¼=ò#° rèzó U~æ@°KÍ²# <ñHê |=ò`Ë ~[¼=ò#° Qê ~¡¶ÚOkOK_È°. '|=`Çë~¡=òÑ
G KÍ~¡ ~*ÿá# ì¬ø~¡=~¡à#° Çò^ÎO Õ F_OK_È°.

''HO^Î¶i °ÑÑ
G <ñHê^Î×O`Ë NOHÌá ^¥_KÍ² 15= =°ÀìOã^Î°xß F_Oz L`Çë~¡ ²O¬ì×=ò#° PãHq°Oz NOH ~[^¥x ''J#°~^Î
^ÎÞO¬O KÍ§_È°.
¬ô~¡=ò#°ÑÑ
G `#° PãHq°Oz# L`Çë~¡ ²O¬ì×=ò#ä½ ''é#ß~¡°"ÑÑ #° ~[^¥xQê KÍ§_È°.

G WKÇó@ t"Ç°=ò#° xiàOK_È°.
G `#° [~òOz# L`Çë~¡ ²O¬ð×=ò#ä½ ''=ò=°à_ KË× =°O_È=òÑÑ Jx À~¡°Ì\ì_È°.

G O_È¼~*ÿá# J=°~¡°[OQ®°x F_Oz =°^Î°ï~á#° PãHq°Oz J<Í a~¡°^Î°#° ïHá=¬O KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
''=°^Î°ï~áHùO_ÈÑÑ
G ~[~A "ÍOwK×ÃH¼ ~*ÿá# ×H÷ë=~¡à `Ç=òà_È° q=° ìk`Ç°¼xH÷ `Ç# ä½=¶ï~ë #° Wzó q"¬ìO KÍ§_È°.
''ä½O^Î=ÞÑÑ
G ~[~A rq`ÇO Õ z=i ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç - Ìá KÍ² ^¥xx PãHq°OK_È°.

=¶b=ô
G W`ÇxH÷ (~[~A) =ò=°à_KË×, KË×=¶~ëO_È, [Ç°OQùO_È, J<Í Qù¬æ a~¡°^Î°° Q®=ô.

''öH~¡ìO`ÇHÑ Ñ, t=^ÎY
õ ~¡,
G `ÇO*ì=î~ Õ #° xiàOK_È°.
'|$¬ìn×Þ~Ç°OÑ
G nx QË¬ô~¡¬ô Z`Ç°ë ¬°=¶~¡° 216. QË¬ô~¡=òÌá J=°ió#~~ò |~¡°=ô

J_È°Q®°° . 80 @#°ß°
G D ^Í"Ç° ã¬`Í¼H`Ç QË¬ô~¡¬ô h_È ¶q°Ìá ¬_ÈHé=_ÈO.

G Üá èOã^Î ~*ÿá# 'Nä½=¶~¡ ql³¶`Ç°ëOQ® =~¡àÑä½ <Q®¬@}O Õ º^Î q¬ð~¡=ò#° xiàOKÇ_¨xH÷ J#°=°ux W=Þ_È"Í° HêH
P q¬ð~¡=ò#ä½ ~[~A XH ãQê=°=ò#° ^¥#=ò KÍ§_È°.
v ~*èOã^Î°_È° (1012 #°O_ 1044) :
Y
G `Ç# `ÇOã_ ã~¡OaOz# '²O¬ì×Ñ PãH=°}#° W`Ç_È° ¬îiëKÍ² ''T^Ë =°ÀìOã^Î°xßÑÑ |OnQê f¬°ä½~Qê J`Ç_È°
M
`ÇO*ì=î~¡° Õ<Í =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
G ~*èOã^Î°_È° HoOQ®Ìá ^¥_KÍ² Q®OQê f~¡=ò =~¡ä½ #_z ÿOQê #° eOKÍ =°Ôì°xß
95 E
9
F_Oz J<Í a~¡°^Î°#° ÚO^¥_È°.
59
''Q®OïQáHùO_È KË×ÑÑ
D
G ~*èOã^Î°_È° q=° ìk`Ç°¼x ä½=¶~¡°_È°. ~[~[ #ö~Oã^Î°xH÷ `Ç# ä½=¶ï~ë J~ò#
x Wzó q"¬ìO KÍ§_È°.
CA
''J=°àOQ®^ÍqÑÑ
50
G ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç Õ<Í ã¬`Í¼H ªÖ#=ò#° PãHq°OKÇ_È"Í° QêH Õ
''~*èOã^Î°x kyÞ[Ç¶xßO\ ÷ÑÑ
98
ïH ìÁ Qù¬æk - =ò@_ (1025)
A
''N q[Ç° ~[¼ÑÑ :8
G =°Ç°, ¬°=°ã`Ç, J<Í ãO`° Nq[Ç°~[¼O Õx ìQê°.
*ì=
h
G D ãO`Ç ~*ÿá# ¬OãQê=° Ìá <ñHê |O`Ë ^ÎO_³uë J`Çxx F_Oz

A E
.P
''q[³¶`Ç°ëOQ® =~¡àÑÑ
~[^¥x H_¨~¡O#° PãHq°Oz J<Í a~¡°^Î°#° ÚOk P ~A#° `Ç=°

AB C
''H_¨~¡OHùO_ÈÑÑ
D
ª=°O`Ç°xQê KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
ER I
G W`ÇxöH J<Í a~¡°^Î° ä_¨ H^Î°.

O
''=ò_HùO_ÈÑÑ
G 'u~¡°KÇ°< l ìÁ Õ ~*èOã^Î°_È°
¬eÁÑÑ ''Q®OïQáHùO_È xiàOz ~[^¥xQê KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
KË× ¬ô~¡=ò#°ÑÑ
CH
G W`Ç_È° 1025 Õ P~ø\ l ìÁ Õx Õ Hì§#° xiàOK_È°.

YD
''Z<ß~ò~"£°ÑÑ
G W`Çx `Ç~Þ`Ç ~[¼=ò#ä½ =zó#"~¡° - "³ò^Î\ ÷(1044-1052)

~*ìk~A
,H
G ¬tó=° K×ÃH¼ ~*ÿá# qãH=¶k`Ç°¼xß W`Ç_È° F_Oz Hù#°ä#° (# ç¾O_È) PãHq°Oz Ç¶^Îyi =^Îí ¬ôe Q®°~¡°ë`Ë
AM
T
¬ëO=ò#° <\ì_È°.
G J<Í KË×~A `Ç# UïHáH ä½=¶ï~ë =°^Î°~O`ÇH`ÇÑ#° ~[~A #ö~Oã^Î°x UïHáH ä½=¶~¡°_È°
H
M
''g~¡ ~*èOã^Î°_È°ÑÑ ''ä½ Õ`Ç°ëOQ®
Wzó q"¬ìO KÍ§_È°.

AM
~*èOã^Î KË×ÃxH÷ÑÑ
IG
G W`Çx ¬O`Çu<Í JO^Î°~¡°.

KH
'K×ÃH¼ KË×Ã°ÑÑ
G KË×Ã Õ z=i ~A - Pk ~*èOã^Î°_È°.

R
G KË× K×Ãä½¼ Õ z=i"_È° -

~[¼O
=ü_È= ~*èOã^Î°_È°.
G W`Çxx HêHfÇ° Q®}¬u ^Í=ô_È° F_Oz HOz =~¡ä½ PãHq°OK_È°.

↓
v ¬i# q^¥#=ò : =°O_È ì°
G gi ~[iH =¼=¬Ö - ''ÿá*ìO\ ÷Ç°<£ÑÑ ~[¼ =¼=¬Ö#° ée LOk. ↓
G KË×Ã ã¬^Î=° ~[^¥x - `ÇO*ì=î~
=<_È°
G `Ç~¡°"`Ç HêO Õ g~¡° Q®OïQáHùO_È KË×¬ô~¡=ò, =°O_HùO_¨<£, HêOp¬ô~#° ↓
ä_¨ ~[^¥xQê KÍ¬°ä½<ß~¡°. ä½ã~¡O / Hù@O
G L#ß`Ç L^Ë¼Q®°#° Jx z#ß L^Ë¼Q®°#°
''Ì~¡°O^Î~¡"£°ÑÑ ''²~¡°`Ç~¡"£°ÑÑ J<Í"~¡°. ↓
G L#ß`Ç L^Ë¼Q®° Õ =òY°¼_È° - =Ç°<Ç°H<£
ãQê=¶°

G gi ¶q° t¬°ë - 1/3= =O`Ç°.
G `Ç~¡°~òï~á (=°Q®¾OÌá ¬#°ß), `Ç\ì~ Hù@"£° (¬Þ~¡âHê~¡°Ìá ¬#°ß), LæÇ°"£° (L¬CÌá ¬#°ß)
v ÌáxH q^¥#=ò :
G Ìáxä½ä½ LO_Í ãOQ®}O#° (<Í\ ÷ HO\Õ<³àO\) JO^Î°~¡°.
''H_ÈQ®"£°ÑÑ
G ~A JOQ®~¡HÆH ^Î×=ò#° ''q°Hê~/ ïHáHËø<£/ J<Í"~¡°.

õø"£°ä½_È~ÑÑ
G ~A =°~¡}÷Àë g~¡° ~A zuÌá ¬_ P`à¬u KÍ¬°Hù<Í"~¡°.

G ¬=òã^Î q^¥#=ò#° J=OaOz# "³ò^Î\ ÷ ì~¡fÇ° KÇãH=~¡°ë° - KË×Ã°
G KÇiã`ÇHê~¡°° |OQê×Mì`Ç=ò#° Qê À~ùø<ß~¡°.

'KË×¬~¡¬°Ñ
G KË×Ã° J§Þ#° Jö~aÇ¶#°O_ kQ®°=°u KÍ¬°Hù<Í"~¡°.

G KË×Ã° J`Ç¼kH ã^¥#¼`Ç#° WKó~¡°.
Y
ãQê=°#ä½
G KË×Ã ãQê=°< q^¥#=ò#° Q®°iOz `³°¬°HË=_¨xH÷ ã¬^¥# P^¥~¡ §¬#O "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬~O`Çä½x ³òHø ''L`Çë~¡
M
"Í°~¡¶~¡° §¬#=òÑÑ
G D HêO <\÷H÷ =ü_È° ~¡Hê ÿá# ãQê=¶° LO_Íq.
95 E
9
1) L~ - ª=¶#¼ ã¬[° LO_Í ãQê=°=ò.
59
D
2) ^Í=^¥# ãQê=¶° - ^Í"Ç¶xH÷ Wzó# ãQê=¶°.
3) ã|¬ðà^ÍÇ° ãQê=¶° (JãQ®¬ð~°) - ãì¬ìà}°ä½ ~A ^¥#O Wzó# ãQê=¶°.
CA
50
G ãQê=¶ Õ 1) L~ J<Í ¬ - ª^¥~¡} ã¬[° ¬°¼°, ¶Hê=°O^Î°° J^Î¼HÆ ¼`Ç =²ìOKÍ"~¡°.
98
2) ¬ - ãì¬ìà}°° =¶ã`Ç"Í° ¬°¼°
A
:8
3) #Q®~¡=ò - (#Q®~¡°`ß~) "¼~¡°° =¶ã`Ç"Í° ¬°¼°.
h
A E
G ãQê=¶xß ("~¡°Û°)Qê qlOKÍ"~¡°.

.P
'ä½_È°O|°°Ñ
G XHùøHø ä½@°O|O #°O_ XHùøHø ¬°¼xß ¬^Îu (ä½O_È Õ p\©° "Í² KÍ p\© fÇ°Qê =zó#
AB C
D
''ä½_È°=°ÑÑ ''ì°xÑÑ
¬°¼°) ^¥Þ~ =zó# ¬°¼#° Z#°ßHù<Í"~¡°.

ER I
D ¬^Îu Õ Z#°ßHË|_Í ¬°¼xH÷ <°Q®° ~¡Hê J~¡Ý`Ç° LO_ë.

O
G
1) 35 #°O_ 70 ¬OII =°^Î¼ =Ç°¬° 2) ãp# §¢ªë ¬@Á J=Qê¬ì# (q^Î¼)
CH
YD
3) ªÚO`Ç W°Á 4) 1/2 ZH~¡ ¶q°.

G ¬^Îu ^¥Þ~ Z#°ßHË|_Í ¬°¼#° Qê (Hq°\©°) qlªë~¡°.
,H
''ä½_È°=°ÑÑ ''<~¡¼=ò°ÑÑ
G ZxßH~ò# J¼~¡° Õ 12 =°Okx *ìý# =$^Î°°Qê U~æ@° KÍ² "ix ("iÂH Hq°\÷) ZO²H
AM
T
''¬O=`Ç~¡ "~¡¼=òQêÑÑ
KÍÀ"~¡°.
H
M
G U~"~¡¼° ("@~ ¬ÌåÁ) é<£ "~¡¼"£° (|OQê~¡O `Çxd), ¬OKÇ"~¡¼° (^Í"Ç° x~¡Þ¬ì}) "³ò^Î ÿá#q LO_Íq.
AM
ãH÷q°# =¼=¬ð~#° ä_¨ ãQê=°¬ KÇióOz f~¡°æ K³Àæk.

IG
G
KH
L^¥ : ¬°O^Î~¡=üiëÌá =zó# Ja³¶Q®=ò#° ãQê=°¬ qKiOz f~¡°æ K³²æ#@°ÁQê `³eÇ°*è¬°ëOk.

''ÌiÇ°¬ô~}=òÑÑ
R
v ªO¦²°H ¬i²Ö`Ç°° :
G ãì¬ìà}°ä½ P^Î~¡} Zä½ø=Qê LOk.
G ¬f ¬¬ìQ®=°#=ò, ^Í=^¥Ô ¬^Îu, ìx¬`ÇÞO J=°° Õ L<ß~ò.
G ï~O_È= ¬~O`Çä½x ¬@ =°Ôì+² - ''"<³"<£ ¬f ¬¬ìQ®=°=ò#° PKÇiOzOk.
=°¬ð^ÍqÑÑ

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1. KË×~[¼ ªÖ¬ä½_È° (Constable - 2013) 4. Q®OïQáHùO_È a~¡°^Î° ^ÎiOz# KË×KÇãH=ië (J.L- 2004)
1) ~*èOã^Î - 1 2) ^ÎOu^Î°~¡¾ 1) "³òII~[~A 2) ~*ìk~A

3) ìÄ<£ 4) q[Ç¶× 3) "³òII~*èOã^Î°_È° 4) ï~O_È= ~*èOã^Î°_È°
2. =°^Î°ï~áHùO_È a~¡°^¥OH÷`Ç°_È° ?
5. KË×~A z¬ìßO ? (T.H. H.P - 2011)
1) Pk`Ç¼KË×Ã_È°
1) U#°Q®° 2) ¬ôe
2) q[Ç¶Çò_È°
3) Q®°ã~¡O 4) =ò
3) "³òII¬~O`Çä½_È°
Y
4) ^ÎOu^Î°~¡°¾_È° 6. KË×ÃHêO Õ ''"³<_È°ÑÑ ¬¶zOKÍk ? (J.L- 2006)
M
3. KË×Ã× HêO<\ ÷ ¬Þ¬i# Q®°iOz qõ° D
1) L#ß`Ç ã¬°=~¡¾O 2) ~RO
3) ¬@}O 4) ãQê=°O
95 E
ãH÷Ok "x Õ U §¬#O =Á `³°¬°ëOk ?
9
59
1) ä½kq°Ç¶=°Üá
D
["|°°
(Group-2 - 2003)
2) Q®OïQáHùO_È KË×¬ô~¡O
1) 4
CA 2) 3 3) 3 4) 3 5) 2
50
3) L`Çë"Í°~¡¶~
6) 4
98
4) HêOp¬ô~¡O
A
:8
h
A E
.P
AB C
D
ER I
O
CH
YD
,H
AM
T
H
M
AM
IG
KH
R

G WªÁO =°`ÇªÖ¬ä½_È° - =°¬ìà^£ ã¬=Hë.
G =°¬ìà^£ ã¬=Hë [#à¬ÖO - (570 A.D)

=°Hêø
G W`Ç_È° J<Í ¬~¡Þ`ÇOÌá `Ç¬¬° KÍÀ"_È°. W`ÇxH÷

Ôì~ rãì~ò è^¥ Qêãÿ~ò J<Í ^Í=^Î¶`Ç ã¬`Ç¼HÆ ¼"³°Ø #°=ôÞ J ìÁ
Y
ä½=¶~¡°_È=x À~ùøOk.
M
G W`Ç_È° *ìý<Ë^ÎÇ°O ÚO^Í<\÷H÷ W`Çx =Ç°¬° - 40 ¬OII°
G W`Çx "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ t+¬µ¼° - ì~¼ (Yf*ì) a_ÈÛ°.
95 E
ãH©.×. 622 Õ =°¬ìà^£ ã¬=Hë ã}~¡HÆ}ïHá =°Hêø #°O_ =°n<ä½ =¬"³ìÁ_È° nx<Í Jx JO\ì~¡°.
9
G '²ìã*ìÑ
59
D
G =ò²ÁO Hê ÿO_È~ä½ D ¬OII#° ã=¶}÷HOQê f¬°ä½O\ì~¡°.
G =°¬ìà^£ ã¬=Hë =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡=ò =KÍó =òÔÁO =°`ÇÌ^Îí#° - JO\ì~¡°.
CA
Yb¦°
50
G ã¬¬OKÇO Õ "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ Yb¦ - J|¶|H~.
98
G =òÔÁO ¬qã`ÇãQ®O^ÎO - ¬OH#O KÍ²#"~¡° -
Y°~<£. [Ç°` ªl^£
A
ì~¡`Ç^Í×OÌá "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê, =òÔÁO ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç - J<Í Yb¦ HêO Õ [iyOk. Hêh Wk q¦¬=°~òOk.
:8
G L=°~ - 3
G ^ÎH÷Æ}ì²Ç¶YO_ÈO Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê WªÁO ã¬"ÍtOz# ãO`ÇO - P¦¬ÉxªÖ<£. ãH©.×.700 D HêO <\÷ Yb¦ -
h
A E
.P
J|°í =¶eH±.
AB C
D
G J ¬ì*ì*#° W~<£ Q®=~¡ß~Qê xÇ°q°Oz# Yb¦ - Jb=r^£
J ¬ì*ì*ä½ Hê#°H° ¬O²#"~¡° -

ER I
G NOH~A.
O
G NOH~A ¬O²# Hê#°H° - ^Íì =^Îí `Ç¬øiO¬|_¨Û~ò. (²O^Î¶~RO, º^Î=°`Ç ãO`ÇO) ãH©.×.711.
F_Èö~=ô
G D HêO <\÷ ²O^Î¶~R~A - (ãì¬ìà}°_È°)

CH
^¥Ôì~
YD
G Hê#°H° `Ç¬øiO¬|_È_¨xH÷ Hê~¡}O ^¥Ôì~~A Jx J ¬ì*ì* - Xè^Î° ìÁ, ^Î~ò J<Í À<^Î°#° ¬O¬Qê
^¥Ôì~ gix F_OK_È°.
,H
G J ¬ì*ì* `Ç# "Í°#°Á_È~ò# =°¬ìà^£c<£ MìÔO (17 ¬OII =Ç°¬°)#° ^¥Ôì~ÌáH÷ ¬O¬Qê ãH©.×.712 E<£ 20#
AM
T
[iy# ''ö~"~ Õ MìÔO^¥Ôì~#° ¬ì`Ç=¶~ó_È°.

Çò^ÎOÑÑ
H
M
G W^Í ì~¡`Ç^Í×OÌá [iy# "³ò^Î\ ÷ =òÔÁO ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç.

AM
G D Çò^ÎO Õ ^¥Ôì~ F@q°H÷ ã¬^¥# Hê~¡}O ^¥Ôì~ À<x MìÔO ¬HÆê# KÍ~¡_È"Í°.
IG
'"³¶HêÑ
KH
G =°¬ìà^£c<£ MìÔ²O =ò ìë<£ #Q®~xß ''²\ ÷ Qê À~ùø<ß_È°.

P¦¹ QË ÛÑÑ
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ WªÁO =°`xß ã¬"ÍtO¬KÍ²#"~¡° -

R
=°¬ìà^£c<£ MìÔO.
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê ¬#°ß#° qkOz#k -

llÇ¶ =°¬ìà^£c<£ MìÔO.
G J~¡|°Ä ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç#° ¦¬e`° èx ã|¬ðàO_È q[Ç°OQê À~ùø#ß"~¡° - è<£¬î .
G J~¡|°Ä° =°#^Í×O #°O_ ^Î§O×=¶#=ò#° f¬°ä½"³o¤ Çü~¡¹#ä½ ¬iKÇÇ°O KÍ§~¡°.

G J~¡|°Ä° =°#^Í× "³á^Î¼ q^¥#=ò#° `Ç=° =°`xH÷ *Õ_Oz #¶`Ç# #° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì~¡°.
"³á^Î¼ q^¥#=ò (Çò<h)
G ²ìO^Î¶ =°`ÇO Õx H~¡à ²^¥O`Ç=ò#° ãQ®²ìOz WªÁO =°`xH÷ J#Þ~òOKÇ_ÈO =Á J<Í #¶`Ç#"³°Ø# '¬¶¦Ô`Ç`ÇÞOÑ
=°`ÇùÞH q^¥#O U~¡æ_Ok.

G ¬OKÇ`ÇOã`ÇO, ã|¬ìà²^¥O`ÇO, H~¡°}YO_È MìO^Î¼H J<Í ãQ®O^¥#° ¬O¬ø $`ÇO #°O_ J~¡|°Ä° J~¡aH± ì+¬ ÕH÷
J#°=kOKÇ°ä½<ß~¡°.
G J|¶=°Ì+á J<Í J~¡aH± ^Í×¬°ë_È° "~¡}ì² Õ 10 ¬OII° LO_
¬iÕ^Î#° [i_È°.
YQË×§¢¬ëOÌá

G Jö~aÇ¶ä½, ì~¡`ä½ =°^Î¼ L#ß ¬iÂÇ°<£ Q® æ Õx ö~=ô¬@}O - ²~*
G J~¡°} J ~¡Ô^£ PªÖ#O Õ J<Í ì~¡fÇ° "³á^Î°¼° W`Çx PªÖ#O Õ L<ß~¡°.

=°OïHá, ¬ è¬ì
G W`Çx <HêO Õ<Í 1001 H^ÎKÍ J<Í ãQ®O^ÎO#°

''Jö~aÇ°<£<³á\ÑÑ ¬OH#O KÍÇ°|_Ok.
¬ì~¡°<£- ¬ì - ~¡+Ô^£KÍ
G ²~* #°O_ ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ Jö~aÇ¶ ^¥Þ~ Q®°ã~°, =ã["³á_È¶~¼°, H~¡¶æ~¡=ò "³òII#q ZQ®°=°u JÍ°¼q.
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O #°O_ q^Í§ä½ J<Í =¢ªë° ZQ®°=°u JÍ°¼=x
|°Hêi"£° À~ùø<ß~¡°. =¶~Ëøé Õ
G J~¡|°Ä° ²ìO^Î°=ô#° J#Qê ²ìO^Î°=ô° J~¡|°Ä#°

'lq°à°Ñ J<Í"~¡°. ''"Í°ÁKÇ°°ÑÑ
ì~¡`Ç^Í×OÌá `Ç°~¡°+¬µø ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç°

v Q®lh =°¬ìà^£ (998-1030) :
G ''`Ç~¡°KÇ° Q®=O`Ç°_È° ¬$+²Oz# Qù¬æ =¼ä½ë Õ W`Ç_È° XH_È°ÑÑ Q®lh Jx À~ùø<ß_È°.
Y
².q."³á^Î¼
G `ÇOã_ - ¬Hël<£(J¦¬ël<£ J°Á_È°)
M
G `Ç# ªé^Î~¡°_³á# 'Wªà~ò #° F_Oz =°¬ìà^£Q®lx ~*ì¼xH÷ =Kó_È°.
Ñ
G =°¬ìà~Q®lx a~¡°^Î° - 'Ç¶q°#°^Íí (ªã=¶*ì¼xH÷ ä½_°[O) G W`Çx ~[¼O -

ìÑ Q®lx.
95 E
G W`Çx <HêO Õ J=°° Õ L#ß <}ÿ=ò° -
9
k~¬ì"£°°.
59
D
G =°¬ìà^£Ql® h ì~¡`^Ç Í O× Ìá 1000-1027 =°^¼Î HêO Õ ^ÎO_È¶Ç ã`Ç KÍ§_Èx LkÄ, Ììãh WÇ°\° `³eÇ°*è§~¡°.
17ª~¡°Á
G W`Çx ³òHø 6= ^ÎO_È¶Ç ã`Ç Õ 1008 Õ Çò^ÎO Õ ì~¡fÇò° K ì=°Okx ¬ì`Ç=¶~ó_È°. (~A P#O^Î°_È°)
CA
'"³
á ì
² O^£Ñ
G "³á²ìO^£ Çò^ÎO Õ ^Í"Ç°=ò#° ^ÎÞO¬O KÍ§_È°.
50
'*ì¼ ì=òdÑ
G 1014 Õ [iy# Çò^ÎO Õ ªÖ<Í×Þ~¡O Õx #° ¬~¡Þ<×#O KÍ§_È°.

98
''KÇãHªÞq° ^Í"Ç°OÑÑ
W`Ç_°È KÍ#² ^ÎO_È¶Ç ã`Ç Õ Qù¬æk - 1026 Õ ªé=°<^Î ^Í"Ç°OÌá ^¥_(Wk 16=k) (Q®°[~` Õx YeÇ°"_£ Õ H^Î°)
A
G
:8
G D HêO<\÷ ~A (ªéOH÷) - "³ò^Î\ ÷ c=ò_È°.G W`Çx z@z=i ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç 1027 Õ [iyOk. *ì\Ìá
h
A E
G W`Ç_È° ì~¡`Ç^Í×=òÌá ^ÎO_³`Çë_¨xH÷ ã¬^¥# Hê~¡}=ò -

.P
ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õx ^Î#=ò#° ^ËKÇ°HË=_È=ò.
G W`Çxx JHÄ~, Ô@~, <³éeÇ°<£`Ë éeó#"~¡° -

AB C
D
².q."³á^Î¼.
G W`Çxx XH #~¡²§zQê, À~× Q® ^Ë²_^¥~¡°xQê À~ùø#ß"~¡° -

ER I
N=`Ç=.
G W`Ç_È° Q®lh¬@}=ò#° ¬°O^Î~¡=òQê fiók^¥í_È°. G W`Çx PªÖ#H=ô° :

O
¦²~¡^ñ², ¦¬~¡¶M, J<i.
G W`Çx PªÖ# KÇiã`ÇHê~¡°° : P (H÷`-L - ²ìO^£) -

ÿ~¡¶x "³òII
K¬ì¼H÷, Là
CH
G ¦²~¡^ñ² - ãQ®O^Î=ò#° ~§_È°. W`ÇxH÷ ~A |OQê~¡° <}ÿ=ò° Wªë#x, "³O_ <}ÿ=ò° W=Þ_ÈO`Ë
YD
'+¬¬ì<=°Ñ
H`Ç K³Ok =°~¡}÷OK_È°.

,H
v =°¬ìà^£ ¦¬°Õi (1173-1206) :

AM
T
G W`Ç_È° ì~¡` Õ WªÁO ~[¼ªÖ¬ä½_È°.

H
W`Çx J¬° À~¡° -

M
G +¬¬ì|°ní<£ "³òq°*Õn<£ =°¬ìà^£.

AM
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ z=i ¦¬°lh =O×¬ô ã¬uxk -

IG
Y°ã¬¶=¶eH±
G Y°ã¬¶=¶eH±#° 1192 Õ ¦¬°Õi `Ç# q_kH÷ ²e²Oz KÇO² PãHq°OK_È°.

KH
ì¬ìÙ~#°
G ¦¬°Õix ì~¡`ä½ P¬ðÞxOz#"~¡° - Q®¬ì^ÎÞ [Ç°KÇOã^Î°_È°.

R
G [Ç°KÇOã^Î°x P¬ðÞ#O "Í°~¡ä½ ì~¡`ä½ =zó# ¦¬°Õi, ¬$nÞ~*ä½ K³Ok# HË@#° PãHq°OKÇ_ÈO`Ë, [iy#
'|\ ÷O_¨Ñ
"³ò^Î\ ÷ `Ç~~ò<£ (1191) Õ F_éÇ¶_È°.

Çò^ÎO
G 1192 Õ ï~O_È= `Ç~~ò<£ Çò^ÎO Õ ¬$nÞ~* Kñ¬ì<£#° ¬O¬ìiOz ì~¡` Õ WªÁO~[¼ªÖ¬# KÍ§_È°.
G ì~¡` Õ W`Çx q[Ç¶xH÷ ã¬^¥#Hê~¡}O - JtÞH^Î×=ò.
G 1194 Õ KÇO^Í"~ Çò^ÎO Õ Q®¬ì^¥Þ [Ç°KÇOã^Î°x F_OKÇQê J`Ç_È° P`Çà¬ì`Ç¼ KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.

G W`Çx À<¬u 1202-03 =°^Î¼
'=°¬ìà^£c<£ H÷ëÇ¶~ dbûÑ (c¬ð~) (ÿOQê ) q×Þq^¥¼Ç°=ò#°
#O^Î qãH=°t
^ÎÞO¬OKÍ², c¬ð~ ~[^¥x #° PãHq°OKÇ_È"Í° QêH, À==O×¬ô ~[~ò#

L^ÎíO_È¬ô~¡O ¬ô=Þ_ÈH=òO^Í HÆ à}À#°x
F_Oz ÿOQê #° PãHq°OK_È°.

G ¬O*ì Õx MÕH~ u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍÇ°Qê 1205 Õ ¦¬°Õi ì~¡`ä½ =zó "ix F_Oz u~¡°Q®° ã¬Ç¶}O Õ ''^ÎOÇ¶H±ÑÑ
(²O^Î° ~RO Õ rO l ìÁ) =^Îí ¬ì`Ç¼ KÍÇ°|_¨Û_È°.

MÕH~æKÍ

v _bÁ ¬° ìë#°° (1206 - 1526) :
Y
G _bÁx 5 =O§° eOK~ò.
G 1) ìx¬=O×=ò - 1206-90 (84 ¬OII°)
M
1) ä½fÄ - 1206-11 2) +¬O+Ô - 1211-66 3) ì ìÄh - 1266 - 90
95 E
2) dbû=O×=ò - (1290-1320) - `Çä½ø= HêO eOz# =O×O (30 ¬OII°)
9
59
3) `Ç°Q®ÁH± =O×=ò - 1320-1415 - Zä½ø= HêO eOz# =O×O (94 ¬OII°)
D
4) ¬Ç°¼^£ =O×=ò - 1415-51 (37 ¬OII°)
5) Õ_ =O×=ò - 1451-1526 (75 ¬OII°)
CA
50
ìx¬=O×=ò (1206-90) : ìx¬ =O§xß ªÖ²Oz#"_È° - ä½`Ç°|°ní<£-S|H± @sø Õ [xàOK_È°.
98
]
A
"³ò`ÇëO ä½¬OY¼ - gi Õ ìx¬°
G 11 3
:8
1) ä½`Ç°|°ní<£ S|H± 2) W @¶\q°+¹ 3) ìÄ<£
h
A E
.P
] ä½`Ç°|°ní<£ S|H± (1206-10) : W`Ç#° `³Q®ä½ K³Ok#"_È°.

W ìÄs
AB C
D
G gi<Í `ùe@~ø°Qê, =°=ü@~ø°Qê ä_¨ À~ùøO\ì~¡°.

ER I
G W`Çx a~¡°^Î°° - ìH±H±Æ

O
G S|H±#° x¬î~ Õ XH MìrH÷ ²¬ ì~ J=¶à_È°. P `Ç~Þ`Ç Q®[h ãO`ÇO#ä½
CH
J=òà_È°éÇ¶_È°. `Ç~Þ`Ç ¦¬°Õs Hùx ^Îìk¬uQê xÇ°q°OKÇ|_¨Û_È°.

ä½`Ç°|°ní<£ S|H±
Jg°~-Z-Jä½` JtÞH
YD
G W`Ç#° _bÁ Õ ''ä½=Þ`-L J<Í =°Ô^Î°#° xiàOK_È°

-WªÁ"£°ÑÑ
,H
G Wk WO_Ë¬iÂ#Ç°<£ Üáe Õ xiàOKÇ|_# "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ =°Ô^Î°.

AM
W`Ç#° ï~O_È= =°Ô^Î°#° Õ xiàOK_È°. nxÀ~¡° `Ç# ¬¶¦Ô Q®°~¡°=ô

T
G Jrà~ ''J^³ák<£Hê ~¡¶OãÑÑ ''ä½`Ç°-Lní<£
*ìý¬Hê~¡ÖO x~à}=ò#° KÍ¬\ì_È°.

H
M
H÷ëÇ¶~ HêH©ÑÑ 'ä½`Ç°q°<~Ñ
W`Ç#° ã¬^¥#OQê . (~[^¥x)

AM
G ì¬ìÙ~#°Oz eOK_È°
IG
G ã¬^¥#ã`Ç é+²OK_È°.
KH
1192 Õx 2= `Çï~á<£ Çò^ÎO Õ
G 1192 #°O_ =~¡ä½ ì~¡` Õ ¦¬°Õs ã¬uxkQê xÇ°q°O¬|_¨Û_È°.

1206
R
G ¦¬°Õi À<#° Õ ã¬=òY°_³á# ä`Ç°~¡°#° q"¬ì=¶_¨_È°.

''Àn<£ Z _È*ÑÑ
G ¬O*ì ä½_³á# <²~¡°ní<£ `Ç# ªé^Îix Wzó q"¬ìO KÍ§_È°.

äìKä½
G `Ç# ä`Ç°~¡°#° 'W J<Í À<xH÷ Wzó q"¬ìO KÍ§_È°.

-@¶\-q°+¹Ñ
G HoO[~ #° eOKÍ ¬~¡=¶~¡ ^Í=ôxß F_Oz PãHq°OK_È°.

HË@
G ¬ì<£Ô, g°~¡\, ~¡}`ÇOÕ~ HË@#° PãHq°OK_È°.

_bÁ,
G Q®[h ä½_È° (=¶=°) Àn<£ -Z -_È*#° F_Oz _bÁ, Q®[h#° He² eOKx ìqOz PãHq°OK_È°. Hêh
=°`Ç°ëhÇ¶ä½ ìx¬Hê=_ÈO`Ë ã¬[° Àn<£- Z -_È* <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ§~¡°.
G W`Çx PªÖ#O Õx '¬ì¬<£ x*ìg°Ñ J<Í ¬ô¬ëHêxß ~¡zOK_È°.
'À =°[~Ñ
G 1210 Õ Q®°ã~¡¬ô P@ £ è^¥

KñQ®< P_È°`Ç¶ Q®°ã~¡OÌá #°Oz ãH÷O^Î¬_ ã¬=¶^Î=§`Ç°ë =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
é Õ

G S|H± =°~¡}÷OKÍ ¬=°Ç°O<\÷H÷ 'W -@¶\-q°+¹Ñ ~Rä½_Qê L#ß ãO`ÇO - |_ÈÇü<£.
G W`Çx =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O W`Çx ä½=¶~¡°_È° 'P~¡"£° Ñ _bÁ ¬° ìë<£ JÇ¶¼_È° (1210-11)
v W -@¶\-q°+¹ (1211-36) :
G W`Çx =O§xß +¬O+Ô =O×=ò JO\ì~¡° - W ìÄi `³Q®.
G ìx¬=O×O Õ Zä½ø= HêO (25¬OII) eOz#"_È°.

G W`Çxx ª~-W-[O^Î~ Jx ²eKÍ"~¡°.
G W`Ç#° "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê Yb¦ (=òªë²~ d ìÁ) =^Îí #°O_ '¬° J<Í a~¡°^Î°#° ÚO^¥_È°.
ìë<£Ñ
W`Ç < Í _ b Á ¬ ° ìë < £ x["³ ° Ø # ªÖ ¬ ä ½ _È x À~ùøO\ì~¡ ° . W`Ç # ° `Ç ° ~¡ ° +¬ µ ø ³ ò H ø J<Í H

ªOã¬^¥Ç¶#° ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°. W @°\q°+¹
G `Ç#~*ì¼xß ° J<Í ÌáxH ~ã°Qê qlOz "\÷ JkHê~¡°°Qê J<Í "ix xÇ°q°Oz# "_È° -
Y
'WHêëÑ ''=òH÷ëÑÑ
W -@¶\-q°+¹ . gö~ `Ç~Þ`Ç''z¬ì Q®xÑÑ ä@q°Qê U~¡æ_¨Û~¡°.
M
G z¬ì Q®h (40 =°Ok `Ç°~¡°+¬µø ä½bh°) q^¥#=ò#°, WHêë- q^¥#=ò (Ìáxä JkHê~¡°ä½ r`ä½ |^Î°° ¶q°
WKÇ°ó@) ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
95 E
9
G , ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°. 1221 Õ =°OQË ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ãuä½_È°
59
"³O_ - @OHê <}ÿ=ò#° ~y - l@ <}ÿ=ò#° K³O¦²°*Mì<£
D
¬iÂÇ¶~A [ ì°ní<£ =°OQêìsß#° "³O|_¬¶ë ì~¡`Ç^Í×OÌá ^¥_KÍ§_È°.
1228 3= `Ç~~ò<£ Çò^ÎíO Õ Q®lh ä½_È° Ç¶Û*#° F_OK_È°.
CA
G
50
G Jd ì~¡`Ç q°@s Õ Ï~¡ ¬sÞ¬°#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
98
G W @¶\q°+¹ q^¥#O=Á ¶ªÞ=°¼ =¼=¬Ö U~¡æ_Ok.
A
:8
G `Ç# ä½=¶~¡°_È° #r~¡°ní<£ "³ò¬ì=°à^£ =°~¡}÷OKÇ_ÈO`Ë J`Çx *ìý¬Hê~¡O '¬° J<Í ¬=¶kx xiàOK_È°. (_bÁ Õ)
ìë<£ ¦¬°sÑ
h
JO^Î°=Á<Í W @°\q°+¹#° JO\ì~¡°.

A E
.P
''¬=¶^Î° ²`=°¬_È°ÑÑ
G ä½`Ç°q°<~ x~à}=ò#° ¬îiëKÍ§_È°.

AB C
W -@¶\-q°+¹
D
G nxH÷ ¬g°¬O Õ W`Çx ¬=¶k H^Î° Wk ²ìO^Î¶=ò²ÁO "¬°ësu Hey LOk.

ER I
G W`Çx PªÖ#O Õx q°<ÝA ²~* J<Í ¬ô¬ëHêxß ~¡zOK_È°. D ¬ô¬ëHO Õ ã¬^¥#OQê

O
''`ÇìH` #[sÑÑ ~¡lÇ¶ ¬° ìë<
Q®°iOz À~ùø#|_#k.
CH
G D ¬ô¬ëHO KÍÇ°|_Ok.
YD
#r~¡°ní<£ "³ò¬ì=°à^£ä½ JOH÷`ÇO
G W -@¶\ q°+¹ =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O J`Çxä½=¶~¡°_È° ~¡°H±#°ní<£ z¬ì Q®x ä@q° ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë ~A JÇ¶¼_È°.
,H
v ~¡lÇ¶¬° ìë< (1236-40) :

AM
T
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ _bÁx eOz# , ~¡°H±#°ní<£#° `ùyOz

H
M
`ùe =°²ìì ~¡lÇ¶¬° ìë<
_bÁä½~° J~òOk. D"³° ³òHø =¼uö~H÷ .

AM
A<³ák
IG
G ~¡lÇ¶¬° ìë< ~¡ë J¶ëxÇ¶ (\ ÷O_¨~A)

KH
G |Oké@° ^ùOQ® ^¥_=Á _bÁ ³òHø UïHáH =°²ììä½~° J~ò# ~¡lÇ¶ ¬° ìë<
R
=°~¡}÷OzOk.
G D"³° `Ç~Þ`Ç +¬O+Ô =O×ä½°
1) |¬ì~¡O (1240-42) 2) J ìÁ -Lní<£ - =°¬¶^£ (1242-45) 3) #r~¡°n<£ =°¬ì=°à^£.
v <r~¡°ní<£ =°¬ìà^£ :
G #r~¡°ní<£ "³ò¬ì=°à^£ ³òHø ã¬^¥#=°Oãu - ìÄ<£ (#r~¡°ní<£ =¶=°)
G ìÄ<£ `Ç# ä`Ç°ix Wzó q"¬ìOKÍ² (ã¬uxk) J<Í a~¡°^Î° ÚO^¥_È°.
''<Ç°ÑÑ
G ìÄ<£ ³òHø =¼uö~H÷ - W=¶^Î°ní<£ ï~¬ð<£

G 1266 Õ ìÄ<£ `Ç# J°Á_È° J~ò# #r~¡°ní<£ "³ò¬ì=°à^£ä½ q+¬O Wzó ¬ì`Ç=¶~ó_È°.

v ìÄ<£ (1266-86) :
G W`Çx =O§xß ì ìÄh =O×O JO\ì~¡°.
G ìÄ<£ J¬°À~¡° - ì¬ní<£
G ìx¬ä½ ìx¬.
G W -@¶\-q°+¹ PªÖ#O Õ ìQ·KÍ~_È°.
G W`Çx a~¡°^Î°° - =°^Î¼ÇòQ® ì~¡`Ç^Í× Lä½ø=°x+²
- l ìÁ¹ì J ìÁ (Q®=O`Ç°xh_È)
- L¶Q·Mì<£ (Qù¬æÇò^Îí Ìáxä½_È°)
G W`Ç#° _bÁ Õ Zã~¡=Ou (ï~_£ ¼ ÿ¹)#° xiàOK_È°.
G J<Í q°@s §Y#° ÌáxH §Y |s^£ (Q®¶_¨Ki) #° U~æ@°KÍ² z¬ì Q®h#° W`Ç~¡ u~¡°Q®°ì@°#°
Y
k"<£-W-Js*
J}z"Í§_È°. ìÄ<£ nx Õ "³ò^Î@Qê ¬°¼_È°.
M
G W`Ç x ß z#ß`Ç # O Õ<Í =°OQË Z`Ç ° ë ä ½ é~ò Õ MìÞ*ì [=ü°ní < £ ä ½ ìx¬ Q ê J=¶à~¡ ° . 1232 Õ
'|ãªÑ
W -@¶@- q°+¹ ìÄ<£#° Hù<ß_È°.
95 E
9
G W`Ç#° ZÁ¬ôC_È¶ Ys^³á# ^Î°¬°ë#° ^ÎiOKÍ"_È°. ª^¥~¡} ã¬[`Ë <Í~¡°Qê =¶\ìÁ_Í"_È° Hê^Î°.
59
D
G W~<£/¬iÂÇ¶ä½ K³Ok# ²l^¥ - ªOQ® #=°ªø~¡=ò, ÌáÕ¹ - ¬° ìë<£ q^¥<#°
^Î=òä½ =ò^Î°íÌ@°@
1266 Õ ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
CA
50
G `Ç# PªÖ#O ÕH÷ q^Íj Ç¶ãuä½° Z=ï~á< =Àë "~¡° "³¶Hê×¤Ìá# =¶ã`Ç"Í° #_È"e.
98
G `Ç# PªÖ#O Õ ZÁ¬C_È¶ x×Åìxß \÷OKÍ"~¡°.
A
:8
G "Çò=¼ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õx =°OQË° ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç#° ¬=°~¡=O`ÇOQê ãu²æHù\ì_È°.
h
A E
G _bÁ ¬i¬~¡ ãO` ÕQ® J<Í ^¥i^Ë²_ ^ùO_È#° J}z"Í§_È°.

.P
'x"\ ©°Ñ
`Ç# ä½=¶~¡°_È° "Çò=¼ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õx =°OQË ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç#° ãu²æHù\ì_È°. Hêh

AB C
G
D
ã²<£ "³ò¬ì=°à^£ `=°~ 1285 Õ
QêÇ¶ä½ Q®°ï~á# ã²<£ "³ò¬ì=°à^£ =°~¡}÷OK_È°.

ER I
¬OÀ Ìá#¼O Õ Õ°<ßÇ°x Q®=°xOz# `ùe _bÁ ¬° ìë<£.

O
G =òH÷ë°
G J<Í ÌáxH =¼=¬ð~ §Y#° U~æ@°KÍ² nx JkHêiQê xÇ°q°OK_È°.

CH
k"<£-W-J~û WÇ¶^£-L -=ò ø#°

YD
G ìÄ<£ ã²<£ "³ò¬ì=°à^£ 'Mì<£-W-+¬Ôì^£ÑJ<Í a~¡°^Î°#° WKó_È°. `Ç~Þ`Ç ìÄ<£ J<~ËQê¼xH÷ Q®°ï~á =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
1286 Õ
G ìÄ<£ =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O W`Çx =°#=_È° _bÁ¬° ìë<£ JÇ¶¼_È°.

,H
ïHáäì^£
G ïHáäì^£ ìÄ<£ ï~O_È= ä½=¶~¡°_³á# |¶<Mì<£ ä½=¶~¡°_È°.

AM
T
G ïHáäì^£ ¬HÆ"`ÇO`Ë =°OKÇO ¬@°@KÍ J`Çx 4 ¬OII ä½=¶~¡°_È° _bÁ¬° ìë<£Qê ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ_¨Û_È°.
H
ïHá=ü~ HÇò¼=ü~
M
G J¬æ\÷ ä½bh Õ Qù¬æ"_³á# ïHáäì^£ =°iÇò ïHáÇò=ò#° ¬ì`Ç=¶ió 1290 Õ _bÁÌá dbû
AM
[ ì°ní < £ dbû

IG
=O§xß ªÖ²OK_È°. nx<Í dbû JO\ì~¡°.

q¬Á=O
KH
dbû =O×=ò (1290-1320)

R
v [ ì°n<£ dbû (1290 - 96) :

G dbû =O×=ò ~[¼ªÖ¬ä½_È° - A`°n<£ (W`Ç#° 6 ¬OII° eOK_È°)
dbû.
G W`Ç_È° _bÁ ¬g°¬O Õ J<Í ã¬^Í×O Õ ¬\ìa+²ä½ë_ÈÇ¶¼_È°.

ïHá°Q®s
G D ã¬^Í×"Í° `Ç~¡°"`Ç HêO Õ J<Í ¬@}OQê "¼²ë ÕH÷ =zóOk.

''<ñ¬¬ì~ÑÑ
G uiy ~[^¥xx 1291 Õ #°O_ _bÁH÷ =¶~ó_È°.

'ïHá°Q®sÑ
G ²O¬ð¬#=ò Jk+²OKÍ<\÷H÷ W`Çx =Ç°¬° - 70 ¬OII°.
G W`Ç_È° `Ç# J#ßHù_È°ä½ ÿá# J ìÁ=ôní<£, P"£° èQ·#° `Ç# ~[¼O Õ L#ß`Ë^Ë¼Qê Õ xÇ°q°OK_È°.

G 'Hê~¡Ñ~Rä½_³á# 1291 Õ u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍÇ°Qê (ìÄ<£ "Í°#°Á_È°) J`Çxx `Ç#ä½=¶~¡°_È°
=¶eH± KÇ°Aû 'J~¡øbMì<£Ñ
F_Oz#¬æ\÷H© `Ç# J#ß ä½=¶~¡°_³á# Hê~ ~Rä½xQê xÇ°q°OK_È°.

J ìÁLn<£#°
G Q®OQê, Ç°=ò< JO`Çö~Þk Õ J<Í ^¥i^Ë²_ ^ùOQ®#° F_Oz |OkOz q_zÌ\ì_È°.

''^ÎQ®°¾°ÑÑ
G J|°í ìÁ J<Í"x <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ 1,50,000 =°Ok ^ÎO_³`ÇëQê "ix F_OK_È°. "~¡° WªÁO =°`Ç=ò#°
=°OQË°°
ÔÞHiOKÇQê<Í "ix =keÌ\ì_È°. gö~ Qê =¶~~¡°.

'#Ç¶=ò²ÁO°Ñ
G =°OQË° <Ç°ä½_³á# `Ç# ä`Ç°~¡°xzó q"¬ìO KÍ§_È°.

L°Mì<£ä½
G Huëx L¬³¶yOz ~¡Hë`Ç=ò zOkOKÍ ¬=°¬¼#° ¬i+¬øiOKÍ ~A Õ §OuHê=òH q^¥#=ò#° ã¬"Í×Ì\÷#
KÇãH=iëQê [ ì°n<£ Úy_#"~¡° - R.K.×~¡à
dbûx
G [ ì°ní<£ `Ç# ä½=¶ï~ë#° J Wzó q"¬ìO KÍ§_È°.

ìÁLn<£ä½
G 1292 ÕJ ìÁ=ôn<£, [ ì°n<£ J#°=°u`Ë =¶ìÞÌá ^ÎO_³uë J~¡^Î#¬O¬^Î#° `³Kó_È°. nxH÷ ¬O`Ç²Oz# [ ì°n<£
Hê~ãO`ÇO`Ë@° J³¶^Î¼#° ä_¨ WKó_È°.
Y
G JHªà`Ç°ëQê ^Í=yi ~*ì¼Ìá ^ÎO_³uë Ç¶^Î= ~=°KÇOã^Î°x F_Oz, ~R P^¥Ç°=ò#°
M
1295 Õ J ìÁ=ôn<£ 'ZeK¬î~Ñ
H¬æ=òQê ÚO^¥_È°. W^Í ^ÎH÷Æ} WªÁO ã¬^Î=° q[Ç°=ò.

ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ
1296 Õ D q[Ç°=ò#° Ja#OkOKÇ_¨xH÷ ä½ "³o¤# [ ì°n<£ dbûx, J ìÁLn<£ XH ¬^ÎHO ã¬Hê~¡O KÇO²
95 E
G 'Hê~¡Ñ
9
~*ì¼xH÷ =Kó_È°.
59
D
v J ìÁLn<£ dbû (1296-1316) :
CA
50
G dbû=O×=ò Õ Zä½ø= ¬OII°(20¬OII) ¬ieOK_È°. _bÁ ¬° ìë#°O^Îi Õ Qù¬æ"_È°.
98
G [ ì°n<£ ì~¡¼ `Ç# ä½=¶~¡°~ò# ~¡°ä½#°n<£ Wã|ÔìO, J~¡øbMì<£#°
A
'=¶eH± [Àì<£Ñ
:8
²O¬ð¬#OÌá x°¬_¨xH÷ ã¬Ç°ußOKÇQê J ìÁLn<£ dbû "i^Îíi HO_È°ÁÔH÷Oz, =¶eH±[¬ð<£#°
h
MÿánKÍ² ~[¼=ò#ä½ =Kó_È°.

A E
.P
G =°`xß ~[H©Ç¶ #°O_ "Í~¡°KÍÇ°_¨xH÷ ã¬Ç°ußOz# ì~¡fÇ°=òÔÁO ä½ ÕÁ

AB C
D
"³ò^Î\ ÷"_È° -
J ìÁ=ôní<£ dbû.
ER I
J ìÁLn<£ dbû.
G W`Çx ã¬^¥# Ìáxä½° - 4 [¦¬~Mì<£, J æMì<£, #ã¬`Mì<£, L æMì<£. gi ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë ã¬¬OKxß [~òOKx
O
x~¡â~òOz, Hù`Çë=°`Ç=ò#° U~æ@°KÍÇ¶x ã¬Ç°ußOKÇQê Wk ª^Î¼OHêx ã¬}ìoH° Jh, ì~¡`Ç^Í×=ò#° WªÁO

CH
YD
~[¼OQê =¶ió, =°OQË° ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç #°O_ ~[¼O Hê_È°ä½O>è ¬ié`Ç°O^Îx _bÁ Hù`Þ J ìL =ò ø
¬¬ð#° WKó_È°.
,H
G W`Ç#° (2= J ÿQêûO_È~) J<Í a~¡°^Î°`Ë <}ì#° =òãkOK_È°.

AM
T
²H÷O^Î~-W-ªh
v L`Çë~¡ ì~¡`Ç^Í× ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç° (1297-1305) :

H
M
AM
] Q®°[~`Ìá ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç (1297) :

IG
; W`Ç_È° ~*ì¼xH÷ =zó# `Ç~¡°"`Ç "³ò^Î\ ÷k.

KH
; Q®°[~`#° eOKÍ "öQ ìH~¡â^Í=ô_È°. J ìÁLní<£#° =¼uö~dOz# *Õ~ã²Ç°<£ä½ Pã×Ç°O WKó_Èx Jö~aÇ¶
R
¬=òã^Î "}÷[¼=òÌá Pk¬`Ç¼=ò Hey L<ß_È<Í <³¬O`Ë J ìÁLn<£ dbû #° Q®°[~`Ìá
L°¾Mì<£, #ã¬`Mì<£
¬O¬Qê "~¡° "öQ ì H~¡â^Í=ôx F_OKÇ@O`Ë J`Ç_È° `Ç# ä`Ç°~¡°x `Ë ^Í=yiH÷ iéÇ¶_È°.
'^Í=^ÍqÑ
; =öQ ì H~¡â^Í=ôx ì~¡¼ _bÁH÷ ¬O¬Qê J ìÁLn<£ q"¬ìO KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.

'H=° ì^ÍqxÑ
; Q®°[~` Õx HêOè #O^Î° ãì¬ìà} ²ìO^Î¶ ìx¬ ì°x (¬ì[~¡í<i) Hù#°QË° KÍ²
#ã¬`Mì<£ Qê =¶eH±Hê¬~
À~¡° =¶~ó_È°.
; Q®°[~`#° PãHq°Oz J æMì<£#° PãO`Çä½xQê xÇ°q°OK_È°.
; Çò^Îq[Ç°O aOz# `Ç~Þ`Ç Y°~<£ ã¬Hê~¡O `Ç=°ä½ ^ÎHø=²# =O`Ç° P^¥Ç¶xß Ìáxä½ä½ W=Þ è^Îx
1/5
#Ç¶=òÔÁO° u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍÇ°Qê "~¡O^Îih ¬ì`Ç=¶~ó_È°.

] ~¡}`ÇOÕ~ Ìá ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç (1299-1301) :
; ~¡}`ÇOÕ~ ä½_È° #Ç¶=òÔÁOä½ Pã×Ç°O WKó_È<Í <³¬O`Ë W`ÇxÌá ^ÎO_³uë W`Çx À<x
'¬ìOg~¡^Í=ô_È°Ñ
'~¡}=°°ÁÑ#° `Ç#"³á¬ô u¬Cä½x ~¡}`ÇOÕ~#° PãHq°OK_È°.

; D ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç Õ #ã¬`Mì<£ =°~¡}÷OKÇQê D ãO`Ç=òÌá xÇ°q°OK_È°.L°¾Mì<£#°
; W`Ç_È° `Ç~¡°"`Ç HêO Õ ~¡}=°°Á#° ä_¨ F_OK_È°.
] "Í°"_£ Ìá ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç (1303) :

; "Í°"_£ ä½_È° ~¡Ol`²OQ·. W`Çx ì~¡¼ Ju ÕH¬°O^Îi D"³° Q®°iOz J ìÁLn<£ D ~[¼OÌá
''~}÷ ¬kàxÑÑ
^ÎO_³`ë_È°.
; ''=¶eH± =°¬ìà^£ ³òHø
*ÿáÔÑ J<Í ãQ®O^ÎO ã¬Hê~¡O
¬^¥à=u ^ÎO_³uë ~¡Ol`²OQ·#° |OkOz,
J ìÁLn<£ z`Ëë_£ Ìá
J`Çxx q_²OKÇ°Hù#_¨xïHá ~}©¬kàhx `Ç# PªÖ#O#ä½ P¬ðÞxOK_Èh, P"³° 700 =°Ok`Ë H² =¶~¡°"Í+¬O`Ë
Y
é~_ q_²OzO^Îh, P `Ç~¡°"`Ç [iy# Çò^¥ Õ ~¡Ol`²OQ· =°~¡}÷OKÇQê ~[¬ôã`Ç ãÔë° *Õ¬ð~ q^¥<xß
M
\÷OK~¡°.
; D ãO`ÇOÌá J ìÁLn<£ `Ç# ä½=¶~¡°_ #° ~AQê xÇ°q°OK_È°.
'H÷l~Mì<£Ñ
95 E
9
v ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í× ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç° (1306-1312) :
59
D
G ^Í=yi ~A Ç ¶ ^Î = "öQ H~¡â^Í=ôxH÷ Pã×Ç°O W=Þ_È"Í° HêH
~=°KÇ O ã^Î ° _È ° ~R X¬æO^Î=ò#° 'ZeK ¬ î ~ Ñ
LÁO¦²°OK_È°.
CA
50
G 1303 Õ ¬O²# J<Í À<¬ux F_Oz ¬O¬_ÈO.
98
K³*Õû HêHfÇ° 2= ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°_È°
¬°O^Î~¡O_È°¼_È° `Ç# ~[¼¬O~¡HÆ}ïHá Pã×~òOKÇ@O "³ò^Î ÿá# Hê~¡}O ^Î$ ¼ ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í× ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç
A
G J ìÁLn<£#°
:8
[iyOk.
h
A E
nxH÷ <Ç°H`ÇÞO =²ìOz#"~¡° -

.P
G =¶eH± Hê¦¬~.
AB C
^Í=yi Ìá ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç (1303) :

D
]
ER I
; ^Í=yiÌá Pã×Ç°O ÚO^Î°`Ç°#ß "öQ H~¡â^Í=ôxß F_Oz J`Çx ä`Ç°~¡° _bÁH÷ ¬O¬Qê Çò=~A
^Í= ^Íqx
O
H÷*ì~Mì<£ q"¬ìO P_¨_È°.

; gi ã¬}Ç°=$`ëO`Ç=ò#° ãQ®O^ÎOQê ~§_È°. ^¥xÀ~¡°
CH
Jg°~Y°ã¬¶ ''¬ì²H÷ÑÑ
YD
; Ç¶^Î=~A ~=°KÇOã^Î°xF_Oz _bÁH÷ ¬O_È°.

,H
] F~¡°Q®°Á Ìá ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç (1310) :

AM
T
; HêHfÇò Õ z=i~A 2= F_é~ò =¶eH±Hê¬~`Ë ¬Ok KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.

ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°_È°
; =¶eH± Hê¬~ ~[^¥x ^¥Þ~ ¬=òã^ÎOÌá ^ÎO_³uë F_Oz ¬Ok KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.

H
M
1311 Õ '¬ìÙÇ°ª°Ñ 3= g~¡| ìÁ°x

AM
] =°^Î°ï~á Ìá ^¥_ (1311) :

IG
KH
; =°^Î°ï~á#° öHOã^ÎOQê KÍ¬°ä½x ¬ieOK~¡°.

O_È°¼°
ä½õY~¡ O_È°¼xH÷ J<Í W^Îí~¡° ä½=¶~¡°° Q®~¡°.

R
; ¬°O^Î~¡O_È°¼_È°, g~¡O_È°¼_È°
; ä½õY~¡°x =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O gi^Îíi =°^Î¼ "~¡¬`ÇÞ Çò^¥° K³ö~Qê~ò.

; ¬°O^Î~
¡ O_È°¼x P¬ðÞ#O "Í°~¡ä½ =¶eH± Hê¬~ =°^°Î ~ï Ìá á ^ÎO_³`QëÇ ê g~¡O_È°¼x Qï i ìÁòÇ ^Îí ^¬ `íÎ °Ç `Ë Qï °= Hè
HË¬O`Ë N~¡OQ®O, ~"Í°×Þ~¡ =°^°Î ~ï á Õx ²ìO^Î¶ ^Í"Ç°=ò#° ^ÞÎ O¬O KÍ,² ~"Í°×Þ~¡O =^Îí =°Ô^°Î #° xiàOK_È°.
; =¶eH± Hê¬~ _bÁH÷ uiy "³×Ã`Ç¶ =°~Ëªi ^Í=yiÌá ^ÎO_³uë P ~[¼=ò#° PãHq°OK_È°.
1312 Õ
; _bÁ ¬° ìë<Í\ Õ He²# "³ò^Î\ ÷ ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç~[¼O - ^Í=yi (1312)
; 1296-1308 =°^Î¼HêO Õ J ìÁLn<£ dbû ªã=¶[¼OÌá =°OQË°° ^ÎO_³`ë~¡°.

12 ª~¡°Á
; =°OQË° ^ÎO_¨Ç¶ã`Ç#° 1297 Õ u²æHù\÷# dbûÀ<¬`Ç°° - [¦¬~Mì<£, L°¾Mì<£°.
; gi^Îí~¡° _bÁ ¬g°¬O Õx PãHq°OK~¡°.

²i#Q®~¡O#°

; J ìÁLn<£ dbû 1302 Õ PãH=°} Õ L#ß ¬O^Î~Ä Õ [iy# =°OQË° ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç#° Z^Î°~ùø# èH
z`Ëë_£Q®_£
²i#Q®~¡O Õ ^¥Hùø<ß_È°.
; =°OQË° ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç#° Z^Î°~Ëø=_¨xH÷ _bÁ Hù`Þ J ìÁL =ò ø ¬¬ð "Í°~¡ä½ ì~¡`Ç^Í× "Çò=¼ ãO`ÇO Õ
n¬ ¬î~, ¬=¶#HË@ä½ =°~¡=°`Ç°ë KÍ~òOz JKÇó@ '¦¬¶r=¶eH± / #° xÇ°q°OK_È°.
¦²°Ç¶An<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH±Ñ
v J ìÁLn<£ dbû ¬i< q^¥#=ò :

G ~[H©Ç¶ #°O_ =°`xß "Í~¡°KÍ²# "³ò^Î\ ÷ _bÁ¬° ìë<£.
G W`Ç_È° ¶ªÞ=°¼ =¼=¬Ö#° ~¡^Î°í¬~¡z, Q®¶_¨K~¡ Jã¬=°`Çë=ò KÍ²,
^Îìxß xÀ+kOK_È°.
=°`Ç°ë¬^¥~¡í=ò#°
G ¶q° t¬°ë#° x~¡â~òOKÇ_¨xïHá 'k"<£-W-=°¬ëH J<Í À~¡°`Ë XH ã¬°`ÇÞ§Y#° U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.

~*Ñ
G ²ìO^Î°=ôÌá 1/2= =O`Ç° ¶q°t¬°ë, =òÔÁOÌá = =O`Ç° ¶q°t¬°ë qkOK_È°.

1/4 J<Í ¶q°x HùeKÍ
'a¹ëÑ
q^¥#=ò#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
Y
G ²ìO^Î°=ô° Hù`Çë^Î°¬°ë° ^ÎiOKÇ_ÈO#° xÀ+kOK_È°.
M
] ÌáxH ¬O¬ø~¡}° :
95 E
; =òH©ë° ¬O²OKÍ Ìá#¼=ò Õ¬|¶~ò+¬"³°ØOkQê ìqOz ¶ªÞ=°¼=¼=¬Ö#° ~¡^Î°í¬iz, ã¬`Ç¼HÆOQê Y*ì< #°O_
9
59
x ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
D
rèKÍó ¬^Îíu
; W`Çx "³ò`ÇëO Ìá#¼O 3HÆ°.

; W`Ç#° "³ò^Î\ ª ÷ iQê Q®°ã~Ìá =òã^Î#° =òãkOKÍ
CA
x, q=~#° ¬¶zOKÍ ¬\H÷ ( )#° ã¬"Í Ì× \ì_°È .
50
^¥Q· ¬û
Î K³ì
¬ ~
; Ìáxä½x ª°¬i r`Ç=ò - 234 @OHê° WO^Î° Õ 78 @OHê° Q®°ã~¡O é+¬}ä½ Y~¡°ó KÍÇ¶e.
98
A
=¶ï~ø\ ¬O¬ø~¡}° :
]
:8
; J ìÁLn<£ ¬O¬ø~¡}xßO\÷ Õ Zä½ø= ã¬*ì^Î~¡} ÚOk#k - =¶ï~ø\ ¬O¬ø~¡}°.
h
A E
.P
; ^ Î ~ ¡ #° J^Î ° ¬ ô KÍ Ç ° _¨xH÷ =°iÇ ò J=°°¬ ~ ¡ ° KÇ _ ¨xH÷ J<Í ã¬ ° `Ç Þ §Y#°

''k"<£-W-iÇ¶¬`ÑÑ
AB C
D
+¬¬ì<-W-=°O_ J<Í ã¬°`ÇÞ L^Ë¼yx ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.

ER I
; =~¡ëä½° `Ç=°À~¡Á#° J<Í il+¬~ Õ #"³¶^Î° KÍ¬°HË"e.

'^Î¦¬ë~Ñ
O
; ''`Ç¶H=ò `Çä½ø=~ò`Í ^¥xH÷ ¬i¬_¨ =¶O¬O =~¡ëä½x ×s~¡O #°O_ - lÇ¶=ôn<£ |~Òx ~¡KÇ#
HËÀ"~¡xÑÑ
CH
^¥Þ~ `³°¬°ëOk.
YD
; =¼ä½ë° Z=ï~á##° ^¥#¼=ò#° xÞ ã¬°`ÞxH÷, Jq°à"ÍÇ¶x P^ÍtOK_È°.

LOKÇä_È^Îx,
,H
] W`Çx PªÖ# H=ô° :

AM
T
; ~¡jH H=ô° - Jg°~ Y°ã¬¶ Indian Parrot (`Ç°f-W-²ìO^£ ì~¡`Ç^Í×¬ô ~=°z°H)

H
M
- Jg°~¬ì¬<£ - ªÏk J¦¹ WO_Ç¶ J<Í a~¡°^Î°°.

AM
; J ìÁLn<£ dbû, ä½`Ç°q°<~ ¬g°¬O Õ - `³°¬ô, Z~¡°¬ô ~¡OQ®° ~u`Ë (Entrance

IG
'J° ^Î~Þ*ìÑ
gate) xiàOK_È°.
KH
; '²iÑ #Q®~¡O Õ HË@#°, "Í~ò¬ëOì ~[=#=ò#°, Hùxß =°Ô^Î°#° xiàOK_È°.

R
; J ìÁLní<£ dbû 'aªà~øÑ `Ë éeó#"~¡° - A.L. N"`Ç=.
; J ìÁLní<£ dbû J#O`Ç~¡O ~*ì¼xH÷ =zó#"~¡° - ä½`Ç°|°n<£ =òì~¡H± dbû (1326-1320)
; W`Ç_È° ^Í= ^Íqx q"¬ìO KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.

; W`Çx `Ç~¡°"`Ç ~*ì¼xH÷ =zó#"_È° dbû=O×O Õ z=i"_È° - <²~¡°k<£ Y°ã¬¶.
; W`Ç_È° WªÁO =°`Ç=ò#° ÔÞHiOz# ²ìO^Î°=ô.
; W`Ç_È° ä_¨ ^Í= ^Íqx q"¬ìO P_ ~[^Î~Ä~¡° Õx =òÔÁO ãÔë#° K³iK_Èx ¬~¡Â<£ ãQ®O^Î"³°Ø# '`ÇH` -Z-
JHÄsÑ `³eÇ°*è¬°ëOk.
; D q^¥#=ò#° ¬²ìOKÇ èH <²~¡°n<£ Y°ã¬¶#° F_Oz
¦¬¶r=¶eH± `Ç°Q®ÁH± a~¡°^Î°`Ë ~*ì¼xH÷
¦²°Ç¶An<£
=Kó_È°.

v `Ç°Q®ÁH± =O×=ò (1320-1414) :
G `Ç°Q®ÁH± =O×ªÖ¬ä½_È° - ¦²°Ç¶An<£ J¬°À~¡° -
`Ç°Q®ÁH±. Qêr=¶eH±.
G W`Ç_È° `Ç°~¡°+¬µø Õ J<Í `³Q®ä½ K³Ok#"_È°.

'H~Ò<Ñ
G "Çò=¼~RO J~ò# ¬O*ì|° LO_

Q®=~¡ß~Qê ~Rä½_Qê LO_ 29 =°OQË° ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç#°
n¬ ¬î~
Z^Î°~ùøx ~[¼=ò#° ~¡H÷ÆOK_È°.

G W`Ç_È° _bÁ ¬g°¬O Õ J<Í #Q®~¡=ò#° xiàOz ~[^¥xQê KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
''`Ç°Q®ÁHêì^£ÑÑ
G Q®°ã~Ìá "~¡ë#° ¬OÀ ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# "³ò^Î\ ÷ KÇãH=ië.

`Ç ¬^Îux
G W`Çx<Í _bÁ ¬° ìë<£ HêO <\÷ Qê À~ùøO\ì~¡°.

'À~Ñ
G W`Çx PªÖ#Hq - Jg°~ä½ã¬¶.
G W`Çx <HêO Õ W`Çx ä½=¶~¡°_È° £ 1323 Õ

A<Mì< PãHq°Oz ^¥xH÷ ¬° ìë<£¬î~ J<Í
HêHfÇ° ªã=¶*ì¼xß
Y
À~¡° Ì\ì_È°.
¦²Ç¶An<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± ÿOQê° Õ <²~¡°ní<£ä½ ¬¬ðÇ°OQê "³o¤ J`Çxx ²O¬ð¬#OÌá Jk+²O¬*è², _bÁH÷ =¬¶ë =¶~¡¾=°^Î¼O Õ
M
G
u~¡°¬ì` (q°k #° [~òOz
) ª=°O`Ç°xQê KÍ¬°ä½x _bÁH÷ |Ç°°^Í~_È°.
~*ì¬ìi²OQ·^Í=ôxß
95 E
G _bÁH÷ =¬°ëO_ÈQê W`Çx ä½=¶~¡°_È° =^Îí `Ç# `ÇOã_x P¬ðÞx¬¶ë ã¬"Í×Ì\÷
9
A<Mì<£ P¦¬É<£¬î~ U#°Q®° L`Ç==ò#°
59
ã¬Hê~¡O `ÇOã_x KÇO_È°.
D
XH ¬^ÎHO
G Wk ¬ÞÇ°OQê `ÇOã_x KÇO¬_¨xH÷ Jx K³æ_È°.
CA
A<Mì<£ ¬xß# ¬<ßQ®O "³ò~HË ~Ç°ìi W|<£|@¶@
W`ÇxH÷ D ^Î$§¼xß KÇ¶²# J<Í J`Ç_È° K³²æ#@°ÁQê À~ùø<ß_È°.
50
G À+H±~¡°HËßn<£ W|<£|@¶@
98
] =°¬ìà^£c<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± (1325-1351) :
A
:8
; J¬° À~¡° A<Mì<£ a~¡°^Î° - W`Ç~¡ À~¡°Á
=°¬ìà^£c<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH±.
=°¬ìà^£ `Ç°Q®ÁH±
Ìá`<£ ¬ì$^ÎÇ°O
h
Hey#
A E
.P
ª^Î°¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È°, ²zó`Ç°Q®ÁH±
; W`Ç_È° ì+¬ Õ Qù¬æ¬O_`Ç°_È°.

AB C
@sø, ~¡jH
D
; W`ÇxH÷ e`ÇH×O>è Ja=¶#O.

ER I
; W`ÇxH÷ ¬$+²"³á¬i`Ç¼O, q~¡°^Îí ì"ä½ xÇ°O. q~¡°^Î

O
Q®°}ì q°ã×=°OQê
À~ùø#ß"_È° - lÇ¶Ln<£ |~Òx.

CH
; `Ç°Q®ÁH± - ã¬u#° |\÷ L^Ë¼Qê#° WKÍó ¬^Îíux ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.

YD
=¼ä½ë
; ¬ìÙe ÷ ²ìO^Î°=ô ¬O_È°Q® Õ ç¾#ß "³ò^Î\ ÷ _bÁ ¬° ìë<£ -

ìO\ `Ç°Q®ÁH±.
,H
; W`Çx KÍuã"`Ç =ò`¼ = ÿ LO@°Ok.

(eãQ®¦Ô)
AM
T
; W`Çx À~ùø#ß"~¡° (Hêã²²Ç°¹ ¬° ìë<£) -

²zó`Ç°Q®ÁH±Qê Zeæ<£ªé<£, ²+¹\ ÷ N~=°×~¡à, ²à`
; KÇãH=iëx ^ÎiÅOKÇ_¨xH÷ "³o¤#"~¡° `Ç=° `Ç LO^Ë è^Ë Jx XHªi `Ç_q°KÇ°¬°ä½<Í "~¡° Jx -
H
M
[Ç¶Ln<£
À~ùø<ß_È°.
AM
~Òx
IG
; ¬=°Ç¶#°ä ã¬=~¡ë# èHé=_ÈO, =°iÇò ^Î¶~¡^Î$+², qKÇHÆ} èHé=_ÈO =Á<Í ª\÷ èx ¬~[Ç°O ÚO^¥_Èx
KH
- À~ùø<ß_È°.
èH±¬î
R
v W`Çx ã¬}ìoH° (5) :

1. ¶q°t¬°ë ÌO¬ô (1306-27) :
; Q®OQê Ç°=ò# JO`Çö~Þk Õ 10 #°Oz 20 ï~@°Á =~¡ä½ ¶q°t¬°ë qkOz#@°ÁQê ~Òx ~¡KÇ# ^¥Þ~ `³°¬°ëOk.
; ï~á`Ç° #°O_ t¬°ë =¬¶° KÍÇ°_¨xH÷ J<Í Hù`Çë L^Ë¼Q®°#° xÇ°q°OK_È°.
'ÌO@¶~Ç°<£°Ñ
; Hêx WHø_È =~Â° èHé=_ÈO, H~¡°=ô ^Î$ ¼ `Ç# ¬#°ß#° xe²"Í², ï~á`Ç° ¬OöHÆ=°O Hù~¡ä½ J<Í k"<£-W-HË²ì
=¼=ªÇ°§Y#° U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
; W`Ç_È° ìsÁ ªÖ#O Õ ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
QË^Î°=°#°
; QË^Î°=°#° ªQ®°KÍÇ°_¨xH÷ ï~á`Ç°ä½ |°°}ì° WKó_È°. ; QË^Î°=°#° ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# "³ò^Î\ ÷ KÇãH=ië.

2. ~[^¥x =¶~¡°æ 1327 :
; =°OQË° ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç#° `Ç@°HË=_¨xH÷ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O =°^Î¼ Õ ~[^¥x LO_¨<Í P ÕKÇ#`Ë ~[^¥xx _bÁ
#°O_ 700 "³°Ø×¤^Î¶~¡O Q® =¶~ó_È°.
^Í=yiH÷ Jx <=°H~¡}O KÍ§_È°.
^ñ`ì^£
; Hêh Y*ì<#° =¶ã`Ç=ò _bÁ Õ<Í LOK_È°.

; 1335 Õ (8¬OII `Ç~¡°"`Ç) =°~Ëªi ^ñ`ì^£ =¶~ó_È°. (=°OQË° ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç° =°iO`Ç
#°O_ _bÁH÷
fã==°=_ÈO`Ë)
; '^ñ`ì^£Ñ =$^¥ã¬Ç¶¬ä½ z¬ìß=òQê xezé~òOk. Jx - À~ùø<ß_È°. è<£¬î
; D ~[^¥x =¶~¡°æ ¦¬e`ÇOQê L`Çë~¡, ^ÎH÷Æ}^Í§ =°^Î¼ ~¡"}ì, [iyOk.

H=ü¼xöH+¬<£ q¬ë~¡}
; _bÁ #°O_ =zó# =°`Ç¬<¼¬° Õ^Î# =# U~¡æ_Ok.

^ÎHø<£ ¬O¬ø $u
3. <}èÿ =òã^Î} (1329-30) :
Y
; W`Çxß <}è =òã^Î}ì Çò=~A Qê À~ùø#ß"~¡° - Z_ÈÞ~Û^¥=°¹.
M
; W`Çx HêO Õ J=° ÕÁ L#ß<}ÿ=ò° - (|OQê~¡O),
k<~ ("³O_) J^Îe
; 1330 Õ "³O_Hù~¡`Ç =¬°ëO^Îx q+¬¼`Ç°ë#° T²ìOz, "³O_<}ÿ=ò°ä½ |^Î°°Qê q°ã×=°

~y, W`Çë_`Ë ä_#
95 E
<}ÿ=ò° (^Ëìx), ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
9
59
D
; D <}ÿ=ò° "ÍÇ°_¨xH÷ ãÀ~¡} HeyOz#"~¡°
1) K³á<~A - ä½ÿÁåMì<£ (Hêy`Ç¬ô Hï~hx K³ ì=°}÷ ÕH÷ `³Kó_È°)
2) W~<£ä½_È° - ïHáä`Mì<£ (<=°=¶ã`Ç¬ô Hï~hx `³Kó_È°)
CA
50
; D ~y<}ÿ=ò° =òã^Î}Ìá ~Aä½ xÇ°Oã`Ç} èHé=_ÈO, q^ÍjÇò° =°# =¬°ë=ô#° Hù#°QË° KÍ²#¬ô_È°
98
A
~y <}ÿ=ò° Wzó, "i =¬°ë=ô#° Hù#°QË° KÍ²#¬C_È° =¶ã`ÇO |OQê~¡O <}=ò° f¬°HË=_ÈO =Á ~y
:8
<}ÿ=ò xÞ° Ìiy ~[¼O Õ ã^Î"Ë¼Ä}O U~¡æ_Ok.
h
A E
.P
4. =°^Î¼ P²Ç¶ Õx Hù~¡<£, W~H±, ã\ì<£*ìH÷Ç¶<Ìá ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç :

AB C
D
; D ãO`#° [~òOKÇ_¨xïHá - 3,70,000 Ìá#¼=ò#° `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍ§_È°.

ER I
; Hù~¡ª<£ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç Õ =°^Î`Ç°xªë#x K³²æ# ã\ì<£*ìH÷Ç¶< ä½_È° q~¡q°OKÇ°HË=_ÈO`Ë D

`~ß+¬s<£
O
^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç q~¡q°OKÇ°ä½<ß_È°.
CH
; 1328-29 Õ =°OQË°° _bÁÌá ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç [~¡°¬Qê "i <Ç°ä½_È° `Ç~ß+¬s<£ä½ OK° =ò@K³²æ
YD
|°[ûyOK_È°.
,H
; ~[¼=ò#° Hê_È°HË=_¨xH÷ `Ç°Q®ÁH± JìÄ²_£/ JèÄ¬Ç°¼^£ Yb¦ KÇãH=ië J<Í a~¡°^Î°#°

#°O_ WO_Ç¶
AM
ãQ®²ìOz, =òãkOK_È°.
T
<}ÿ=òÌá `Ç# À~¡°ä½ |^Î°°Qê Yb¦ À~¡°#°
5. HêÞ~¡*ì Ìá ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç :

H
M
AM
; ²ì=¶Ç¶ Õx ä½=¶Çò<£ Q®~Þ =°^Î¼ãO`ÇO Õ L#ß Hê¼~¡*ì ãO`ÇO Õ x=²OKÍ HùO_È*ìu"~¡° `Ç~¡KÇ°Qê
IG
[~¡°¬ô ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç#° Z^Î°~ùø#_¨xïHá `Ç# "Í°#°Á_È° <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ Ìá#¼O#° ¬O¬Qê D Ìá#¼=ò#ä½

KH
Y°ã¬¶=¶eH±
\÷ÿ\ =^Îí ÀÁQ®° "¼k =zó J<ÍH=°Ok =°~¡}÷OK~¡°.

R
; W`Çx HêO Õ W|<£|@¶@ J<Í "³ò~HË Ç¶ãuä½_È° W`Çx PªÖ#O ÕH÷ =Kó_È°. 8 ¬OII° ì~¡`^Ç Í O× Õ L<ß_È°.
; W|<£|@¶@ ~¡KÇ# - H÷`-L -ï~¬ðÁ
; W|<£|@¶@#° '_bÁ Qê xÇ°q°OK_È°. (=°`kHêi)

MìrÑ
; =°¬ìà^£c<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± P^Î~¡Å"k.

; 1327 Õ ªQ®~ ~Rä½_È° ± u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ² J<³QùOkx eOKÍ
Q®~Â+¹ =¶eH =^Îí Pã×Ç°O
HO²e~Çòx
ÚO^¥_È°.
; `Ç°Q®ÁH± HO²e~Çò_x F_Oz PãHq°Oz `Ç#ã¬uxkQê =¶eH±<Ç°#° xÇ°q°OK_È°.
'J<³QùOkxÑ
; 1335 Õ =¶ì^£ ~A [ ìLn<£ u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍÇ°Qê, F~¡°Q®°Áä½ é~ò H~ ªéH_ÈO`Ë uiy
Jk<£
"³o¤éÇ¶_È°.

; W`Çx <HêO Õ<Í ¬ìi¬ì~¡~Ç°°, |°Hø~Ç°° 1336 Õ q[Ç°#Q®~¡ªã=¶*ì¼xß, 1347 Õ ¬ì¬<£Q®OQ®°
|¬=°h Q®°Ä~¾ ~[^¥xQê ªÖ²OK~¡°.

|¬=°h ªã=¶[¼O
; Q®°[~` ä½_È° ¬Þ`ÇOãuOKÇQê tH÷ÆOKÇ_¨xH÷ "³o¤ =^Îí (²O^Î¶ ~[^¥x) ¬g°¬O Õ 1353 Õ =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
'^Î\ìÑ
; `Ç°Q®ÁH± =°~¡}O Q®°iOz ''~Aì^Î H÷ `Çæ~ò Jx À~ùø#ßk -

ã¬[H÷ - ã¬[ì^Î ~AÑÑ è<£¬î .
¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH±
v ¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH± (1351-1388) :
G `Ç°Q®ÁH± =O×O Õ Zä½ø= ¬i# KÍ²# ~A -
¬OII° ¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH±.
G `ÇOã_ - (=°¬ìà^£c<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± `Ç=òà_È°)

~¡[
Y
G `ÇeÁ - cc<³á (~[¬ôã`Ç ~[ä½=¶i)
ì
M
G =°¬ìà^£c<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± `Ç~¡°"`Ç J`Çxªé^Îi `Ç# "³°Ø#~ ä½=¶~¡°xß
'Y°^¥=O` A^¥Ñ
²O¬ð¬#OÌá x°¬Qê =°iÇò _bÁ HêÞ*ì[¬ð<£ J<Í ì°xß ²O¬ð¬#OÌá ZH÷øOKÇQê
95 E
9
_bÁ ã¬"ÍtOz HêÞ*ì[¬ð<£#° Lif² ~[¼=ò#° PãHq°OK_È°. ¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH±
59
¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH±
D
G ¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH± ã¬^¥#=°Oãu - =¶eH± (WªÁO =°`ÇO ÔÞHiOz# ãì¬ìà}°_È°, HêHfÇ°ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°x
=°äÄ
CA
PªÖ#O Õx"_È°)
50
G =¶eH± =°äÄ `Ç~¡°"`Ç W`Çx ä½=¶~¡°_È° ã¬^¥#=°OãuQê ¬xKÍ§_È°. - *ì<£.
98
G =°¬ìà^£c<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± =°~¡}÷OKÇQê ÿOQê ä½_È° ¬ðlWeÇ¶¹ ¬Þ`ÇOãuOKÇ_ÈO`Ë J`ÇxÌá ^ÎO_³uë
A
:8 ¦²~Ë*`Ç°Q®ÁH±
=~Â° ~=_ÈO`Ë 'WHÖ `Ç^¥KÇ°Hùx J`Çx`Ë ¬OkKÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.

ìHË@ ÕÑ
h
G ¬ðlWeÇ¶¹ ä½=¶~¡°_È° 1859 Õ 70,000 J×Þ^Î×O`Ë ^ÎO_³uë =¶~¡¾=°^Î¼ Õ =^Îí =°¬ìà^£c<£

A E
.P
²H÷O^Î~ Ìá [¦¬~ì^£
`Ç°Q®ÁH± QÒ~¡"~¡O ¦²~Ë*`Ç°Q®ÁH± J<Í #Q®~¡=ò#° xiàOK_È°.

AB C
'*ì<£¬î~Ñ
D
G *ì<£¬î~#° WªÁO =°`xH÷"³°Q®°Qê À~ùøO\ì~¡°.

ER I
G ¦²~Ë*`Ç°Q®ÁH± ÿOQê #°O_ _bÁH÷ =¬¶ë 1360 Õ ì*#Q®~ (X_) Ìá ^ÎO_³uë QêOQ®~[~ò#
O
3= ì#°^Í=ôxß
F_Oz H¬æ=ò#° =¬¶° KÍ² JKÇó\÷ ¬îi PãHq°Oz#@°ÁQê

^Í"Ç°=ò#° ~¡KÇ# ^¥Þ~ `³°¬°ëOk.
L Ìáì_£
CH
G ^¥_KÍ² P HË@ Õx ^ÎÞO¬O KÍ² JKÇó@ #°O_ 1300 ¬O¬ø $`Ç

YD
1361 Õ <Q®~HË@Ìá *ìÞ ì=òd PÇ°=ò#°
ãQ®O^¥#° `ÍQê W`Çx PªÖ#Hq 'Hê^£HêxÑ ^Îì P<Í À~¡°`Ë ¬~¡Â<£ì+¬ ÕH÷ J#°=kOK_È°.
-W-¦²~Ë*~ò²ì
,H
G W`Çx J¬=°~¡`Çä½ x^Î~¡Å#"³°Ø# ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç - ²O^Î¶ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç.

AM
T
G W`Ç_È° ã¬[Ìá L#ß 26 ~¡Hê `ùyOz Y°~<£ J#°¬iOz

¬#°ß#° ¬#°ß#° =¶ã`Ç"Í° qkOz#@°ÁQê
5~¡Hê
H
J<Í ãQ®O^ÎO `³eÇ°*è¬°ëOk.

M
'¬`=ô`-Z-¦²~Ë*²ìÑ
AM
IG
1) Hê~¡*, 2) llÇ¶ ¬#°ß, 3) [ïH`, 4) _È¬~, 5) HêO¹
(L¬~ - =ò²ÁO ï~á`Ç°Ìá Mì"£° - Çò^Î^Ë²_ Õ 5= =O`Ç°)

KH
21/2% ¬#°ß,
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê ã=òY¼`Çxzó# ~A -

ªQ®°h\ ÷H÷ ¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH±.
R
G W`Ç_È° 4 h\÷Hê°=#° ã`ÇqÞOK_È°.

1) [=ò< #°Oz ¦²~Ë*ìì^£ (150 "³°Ø×Ã¤) 3) =¶O_Èb #°Oz Wª~ ¦²~Ë*¬î~
2) ¬>ÿÁ* #°Oz QêãQê (96 "³°Ø×Ã¤) 4) QêãQê #°Oz Ôì~¡<£ è~
G h\÷x L¬³¶yOKÇ°ä½#ß "iÌá J<Í h\÷ ¬#°ß#° qkOK_È°.
ã+¬ 10%
G =# x~à}ì Õ W`Çxx PQ®¬¹`Ë éeó#"~¡° -

~Ë"£°~A . L Ìáì_£
G _bÁ¬° ìë<£ Õ *ìw~^¥~ (¶ªÞ=°¼ q^¥#O) W @°\q°+¹ ã¬"Í×Ì\Qê ~¡^Î°íKÍ²#"~¡°

q^¥#=ò#° J ìÁ=ôn<£ db û
HêQê ^¥xx uiy ã¬"Í×Ì\÷#"_È° - ¦²~Ë*`Ç°Q®ÁH±.
G ¦²~Ë*`Ç°Q®ÁH± P^¥, aH± "³O_, ~y ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.

q°ã×=° <}ÿ=ò#°
G _bÁ Õ Õ@¹ PHê~¡O L#ß H@_¨#° xiàOK_È°.

Õ

G ¦²~Ë*`Ç°Q®ÁH± H@_Èx~à}ìä½ =òY¼ "¬°ëteæ - Qêr+¬¬ì<.
G Qêr+¬¬ð#ä½ ¬¬ðÇ°OQê J|°í ¬ìH± J<Í J`Ç_È° xÇ°q°OKÇ|_¨Û_È°.

G _bÁ KÇ°@¶ 1 200 L^¥¼#=<#° "Í~òOKÇ_È"Í° HêH J ìÁLn<£ HêO<\÷ 30 L^¥¼#=<ä½ =°~¡=°`Ç°ë° KÍ~òOK_È°.
G _bÁ Õ W`Ç_È° 30 =<#°, 200 (qã§OuQ®$¬ð°)
¬~~ò#° 5xiàOK_È°.
[ ì×Ç¶#°, 4 "³á^¥¼Ç¶#°
G ¦²~Ë*`Ç°Q®ÁH± `Ëã¦ (H÷ã*ìì^£), L#ß JÕH ¬ëOì#° _bÁH÷ `Ç~¡eOK_È°. JO`ÍHêH

g°~¡\ Õ ä½`Ç°q°<~ä½
=°~¡=°`Ç°ë KÍ~òOK_È°.
G D ~A ¦²~Ë*ìì^£, ¦¬`Íì^£, Wª~ ¦²~Ë*¬î~, *ì<£¬î~ J<Í #Q®~#° xiàOK_È°.
G Hi# tHÆ#° ~¡^Î°íKÍÇ°_È"Í°HêH "\÷x xÀ+kOKÇ_¨xöH Q®=O`Ç°_È° `Ç##° xÇ°q°OK_Èx À~ùø<ß_È°. ¦²~Ë*
G ã¬°`ÇÞ J=¬~ä½ Hê=²# ¬iH~#° `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍÀ xq°`ÇëO U~æ@°KÍ§_È°. 36 H~àQê~#°
G À^Î =ò²ÁO ìeH Hù~¡ä½ XH ã¬`Í¼H ã¬°`ÇÞ§Y#° U~æ@°KÍª_È°.

q"¬ìO
G ìx¬`ÇÞO #°O_ ì#° q=òH÷ë KÍÇ°_¨xH÷ U~æ@°KÍ²# XH ã¬`Í¼H §Y - (^¥#^Î~¡à=ò §Y)
Y
k"<£-W-ïHá~¡`
G '^¥~¡° -L J<Í Lz`Ç"³á^Î¼§#° ªÖ²OK~¡°.

-+¬¦Ñ
M
G x~¡°^Ë¼Q® ¬O¬Ö#° <³Hùeæ nx ^¥Þ~ ã¬°`ÇÞ L^Ë¼Qê#° HeæOK_È°.
G ãì¬ìà}°Ìá ä_¨ qkOK_È°.
95 E
"³ò@"³ò^Î@Qê llÇ¶ ¬#°ß#°
9
G ¦²~Ë*#° JHÄ~`Ë éeó#"~¡° -
59
Zeæ<£¬<£, WeÇ°\°.
D
G W`Çx PªÖ#O Õx lÇ¶=ôní<£ ~Òx - '`sM - W - J<Í ãQ®O^¥#° ã"²<_È°.
¦²~Ë*²ìÑ, '¬`ÇÞ-W-[²ìO^ÎiÑ
CA
G O+¹ D ²~*, J¦Ô* (ã¬²^Î "Í^¥Ou)
50
G ¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH± `<Í ¬ÞÇ°OQê J<Í Hê=¶# Ç°Oã`Ç=ò#° `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍ§_È°.
^¥<£Q®iÇ¶
98
G ¬ÞÇ°OQê ¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH± J<Í ãQ®O^Î=ò#° J~¡aH± ì+¬ Õ ã"§_È°.
A
'¦¬`Í¬ô` W ¦²~Ë*²ìÑ :8
G ¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH± `Ç~¡°"`Ç ~[¼=ò#ä½ =zó#"_È° - 2= ¦²°Ç¶Aní<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH±.
h
G `Ç°Q®ÁH± Õ z=i"_È° -
A E
.P
<²~¡°n<£ =°¬ìà^£.
G W`Çx <HêO Õ<Í ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç [iyOk.

AB C
1398 Õ `³á=ü~
D
G `³á=ü~ `Ç°~¡°+¬µø Õ `³Q®ä½ K³Ok#"_È°.

'|~Á¹Ñ G W`Çx ~[^¥x ¬=°~YO_£.
ER I
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õx <×#O KÍÇ°_¨xöH `³á=ü~ ì~¡`Ìá ^ÎO_³`ë_Èx ¬¦¬~<=°

O
qãQ®¬ð~^Îä½#° =°<£¦¬[ -Z-`³á=üs,
J<Í ãQ®O^¥ ^¥Þ~ `³°¬°ëOk.

CH
G `³á=ü~ W+¬O =zó#@°Á ^ËKÇ°ä½x =O^Î=°Ok =$uë¬x"ix f¬°ïHo¤

YD
_ b Á x 15 ~ËA@° ¬ = °~ Y O_£ Õ
=°Ô^£#° xiàOKÇ_¨xH÷ L¬³¶yOK_È°.

,H
G ì¬ìÙ~, =ò ìë<£, n¬ ¬î~ ãO`Ìá `Ç# ã¬uxkQê xÇ°q°Oz `³á=ü~ ¬=°~YO_£ä½
d[~Mì<£ ¬Ç°¼^£#°
AM
"³o¤éÇ¶~¡°.
T
H
v ¬Ç°¼^£ =O×O (1415-51) :

M
AM
G ªÖ¬ä½_È° - (=°¬ìà^£ ã¬=Hë ¬O`Çu "~¡=°x ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ°ä½<ß_È°)

IG
d[~Mì<£
KH
G dl~Mì<£ `Ç~Þ`Ç ä½° -

1) =òì~¡H± - (Qù¬æ"_È°) - W`Çx Q®¶ió ¬~¡ÝOn ''ìM - W - =òì~¡H± ÔìÑÑ J<Í ãQ®O^¥xß ã"§_È°.
R
2) "³°¬ìà^£ 3) J ìÁ=ôn<£ PO (z=i"_È°)

v Õ_ =O×O (1451-1526) :
G Õ_ =O×ªÖ¬ä½_È° - |¬ì¶ Õ_.
G W`Ç#° *º<£¬î~#° PãHq°OK_È°. (*º<£¬î~#° ²~*P¦¹ k D¹ / `Ç¶~¡°æ³òHø H÷s@OQê JO\ì~¡°) nxx +¬sø=O×=ò
eOzOk.
G W`Çx HêO Õ J¬ìà^£Ç¶^£Qê~ J<Í ¬ô¬ëHêxß ~¡zOK_È°.
''ìH± - W - ¬° ìë< P¦É<ÑÑ
G W`Çx `Ç~Þ`Ç ä½_È° - ²HO^Î~ Õ_.
²H÷O^Î~ Õ_ Õ_=O×O Õ JuQù¬æ"_È°. W`Çx J¬° À~¡° - x*ìOMì<£ è^¥ x*ìO.

G W`Ç#° 1504PãQê ¬@}ìxß xiàOK_È°. PãQê Õ W@°H QË_È#° xiàOK_È°.(PãQê ¬@} x~à`Ç - ²H÷O^Î~ Õ_
Õ
HêQê PãQê HË@ x~à`Ç ) JHÄ~
G W`Ç#° XH Qù¬æ Hq. ¬iÂÇ¶ ì+¬ ~¡zOK_È°.

Õ J<ÍH Hq`ÇÞ=ò#°
W`Çx HOÀ~¡° - <O^£¬î<Í ³òHø Q®° ~¡°M
G W`ÇxHêO Õ<Í LO_Í"_È°. (Hc~ ²ìOn Õ ã"²# ¬^¥¼#°

Hc~ JO\ì~¡°) ^Ë¬ð¹
G W`Çx `Ç~Þ`Ç ä½_È° Wã|ÔìOMì<£ Õ_.
G 1526 Õ ì|~ "³ò^Î\ ÷ Wã|ÔìOMì<£ Õ_x F_Oz _bÁÌá "³ò¦¬°° ªã=¶*ì¼xß ªÖ²OK_È°.
x¬@° Çò^ÎíO Õ
G ²H÷O^Î~ Õ_ ¶q°Hù`Ç Õ J<Í q^¥#=ò#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì~¡°.

Q®*-W-²HO^Îs
G _bÁ ¬° ìë#° Õ `ÇeÁ ²ìO^Î¶ J~ò# ~A° - 4 Q®°~¡° "~¡°

1) Y°ã¬°Mì<£ (dbû z=iä½_È°) 3) ¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH±
2) yÇ¶An<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± (`Ç°Q®ÁH± =O×ªÖ¬ä½_È°) 4) ²H÷O^Î~ Õ_.
Y
v Õ_ =O×O :
M
G Õ_ =O§xß ªÖ²Oz#"_È° |¬ì ì Õ_ (1451-89)
95 E
G W`Çx HêO Õ J¬ìà^£ Ç¶k¾~ - J<Í ¬ô¬ëH=ò ~¡zOK_È°.
9
ìH±-W-¬° ìë< P¦¾<
59
D
G |¬ì ì Õ_ Kñ<£¬î~#° PãHq°OK_È°.
G W`Çx `Ç~Þ`Ç ä½_È°
CA
²H÷O^Î~ Õ_.
50
v ²H÷O^Î~ Õ_ :
W`Çx J¬°À~¡° G W`Çx `ÇeÁ -
98
A
G x*ì"£°Mì<£() ²ìO^Î°=ô.
:8
G W`Ç#° Õ_ =O×O Õ Ju Qù¬æ"_È°.
h
A E
1504 Õ PãQê ¬@}O#° ªÖ²OK_È° (Z\ì" `³Q®#° xÇ°OãuOKÇ°@ä½)

.P
G
W`Ç#° J<Í ¶q°Hù`Ç q^¥#O ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
AB C
G
D
²H÷O^Î~ - W - Q®*
G W`Ç#° Qù¬æHq. G W`Çx HO À~¡° -

ER I
<O^£¦¬î<Í
1517 Õ W`Çx =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O Wã|ÔìO£Mì<£ Õ_ =O× ä½_ÈÇ¶¼_È°.

O
G
G Hc~ ²H÷O^Î~ Õ_ HêO Õ LO_Í"_È°
CH
1526 Õ ì|~ Wã|ÔìO Mì<£ Õ_#° "³ò^Î\ ÷ x¬@° Çò^ÎO Õ F_Oz _bÁ ¬° ìë<£#° JO`ÇOKÍ² WO_Ç¶ Õ
YD
G
ªÖ²OK_È°.
,H
"³ò¦¬° ªã=¶[¼O
AM
T
_bÁ ¬° ìë#° ²O^Î¶ `Ç°Á° :
1) Y°ãªéMì<£ 2) yÇ¶* - Lní<£ - `Ç°Q®ÁH± 3) ¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH± 4) ²H÷O^Î~ Õ_.

H
M
v _bÁ ¬° ìë#° HêO Õ H=ô° - KÇiã`ÇHê~¡°° :

AM
IG
G P ÿÄ~¡¶h - ìH± - W - ²ìO^£ (nxx POQ®ÁO Õ J#°=kOz#"_È° ¬KÔì)

KH
G LkÄ - ìH± - W - Ç°g°< ("³ò¬ìà^£ ¦¬°[h KÇiã`Ç)

R
G ¦²~ ^ñ+Ô : <=¶ (Q®[h ãO`ÇO Q®°iOz q=i¬°ëOk)

Ìá =òQ®°¾~¡¶ =°¬ìà^£ LO_Í"~¡°.
Q®[h HêO Õ
G x*ì=ò : _¨* =°[~ (S|H± HêO Õ LO_Í"_È°) ¬ð¬<£ x*ì"£°ä½ =°~ËÀ~¡°

G q°<Ý* - L - ²~* : (W @°\ q°<£ HêO) `ÇH` #[s (~¡lÇ¶ ¬° ìë< Q®°iOz =°iÇò D ¬ô¬ëHO #r~¡°nÖ<£
"³ò¬ìà^£ä½ JOH÷`ÇO KÍÇ°|_Ok)
G W|<£ |@¶\ì : W`Ç#° "³ò~HË ^Í§xH÷ K³Ok#"_È°. G W`Ç#° 1333 Õ MBT A<Mì<£ PªÖ<xß ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°.
G W`Çxx _bÁ ³òHø xÇ°q°OK~¡°.
<¼Ç°=üiëQê
G 1347 MBT `Ç# ~Ç°ìiQê K³á< ¬O_È°.

Õ |@¶\ì#°
G |@¶\ì ¬¦¬~<=¶, J<Í ¬ô¬ëHê#° ~¡zOK_È°.

H÷` -L ï~¬ðÁ

v Jg°~ Y°ãªé :
G W`Çx J¬°À~¡° ¬ì¬<£. G W`Çx a~¡°^Î° - ''ì~¡`Ç^Í× ~=°z°HÑÑ
G W`Ç#° 7Q®°~¡° _bÁ ¬° ìë#° PªÖ#O Õ L<ß~¡°. G W`Ç#° XH Qù¬æ Hq, KÇiã`ÇHê~¡°_È°, ¬Ow`ÇHê~¡°_È°.
W`Çx ¬ô¬ëHê° :
1) Y[~<£ L¹ - ¬ï~á<£ - ïHá : (ïHáä½*ì^£ HËiH "Í°~¡ä½ ã"§_È°)
2) ìH± - W - J ÿá : J ìÁ Lní<£ dbû Q®°iOz `³°¬ô`Ç°Ok.
4) #¶+²¦¬~ : =òì~¡H± dbû Q®°iOz =°iÇò ì~¡`Ç^Í× Qù¬æ`Ç#O WO^Î° Õ À~ùø<ß_È°)
5) `Ç°Q®ÁH± <=¶ : ¦²°Ç¶Aní<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± Q®°iOz
G W`Ç#° WO_Ç¶ Õ ²`~, ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
`Ç| ì#°
G W`Ç#° J<ÍH ~Qê°#° ~¡zOK_È°. L^¥ :
Y
QË~, S=°<£, ª~¡OyW.
G WO_Ç¶ Õ H"Þ`Ç #° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
M
v lÇ¶Lní<£ |~Òh :
95 E
¦²~Ë*`Ç°Q®ÁH± HêO
9
G
59
D
G 1) ¬`Þ - W - [¬ìOQ®s 2) ÈH© - W - ¦²~Ë*Ôì
G +¬O+Ô - ²~* - P¦Ô¦¹ (KÇiã`ÇHê~¡°_È°) : ÈH© - W - ¦²~Ë*Ôì
CA
50
G Wªq° : ¬`-L¹-¬ ìu<£ - WO_Ç°<£ <=¶ Jx JO\ì~¡°.
98
G _bÁ ¬° ìë#° HêO Õ Ja=$k K³Ok# H×° :
A
:8
G Q®°=°à@O, H=¶#°, ^Î¶×O, ã¬"Í×^¥Þ~¡OÌá L#ß ~~ò, ^ÎÞO^ÎÞ Q®°=°à@O Õ_ =O×HêO Õ Ja=$kK³Ok# H×°.
h
v _bÁ ¬° ìë#° ¬i< q^¥#O :

A E
.P
~[¼O - ~A G WHêë - =òH÷ë G +²H± - +²H±^¥~

AB C
G
D
G ¬~¡Q®}ì° - Jg° è^¥ Kñ^Îi G ãQê=¶° -

ER I
KH©^¥~ ¬>è\
O
G _bÁ ¬° ìë#°° @sø, ¬iÂÇ°<£ q°ã×=° < =¼=¬Ö#° U~æ@°KÍ§~¡°.

G ¬@}ìÌá JkHê~¡°#° - À~ùøO\ì~¡°.
CH
Hù`Þ Qê
YD
G ~*ì¼xß Hê_È°HË=_¨xH÷ Yb¦#°O_ ¬ã`° `³KÇ°óä½#ß "_È° - W @¶\q+¹.

G _bÁ¬° ìë#°° `=ò Ybä½ q^ÍÇò°Qê K³¬Cä½<ß~¡° Hêh =òQ®°¾~¡° ¬° ìë#°° =¶ã`ÇO Pq^¥#Oä½ ¬Þ²ë¬eHê~¡°.
,H
G k"<£ - W - Wª - q^Í§OQ® §Y=°Oãu.

AM
T
G k"<£ - W - W<Â - L`Çë~¡ ã¬`Ç°¼`Çë~°. nxÌá JkHêi Jg°~ - W - =òxÂ.

H
M
G D HêO Õ =ò²ÁO° ²ìO^Î°=ô#° Qê À~ùø<ß~¡°.

AM
Hê¦²~ è^¥ lq°à°
²ìO^Î°=ô° =ò²ÁO#° Qê À~ùø<ß~¡°.

IG
G ''"Í°Á#°°ÑÑ
KH
G D HêO Õ Zä½ø=Qê L¬³¶yOz# P¬ð~¡^¥#¼O - HêQê ^Îxä½ P¬ð~¡O - .

*ç#ß =i
G - Jg°~Y°ã¬¶
R
''~A H÷s@O Õx ã¬f ~¡`ÇßO À^Îï~á`Ç° Hhß\ ÷ #°O_ ~e# h\ ÷aO^Î°=ô Q®hqOz ~¡¶ÚOk#^Í JxÑÑ
À~ùø<ß~¡°.
v =°`Ç ¬i²Ö`Ç°° :
G =°^Î¼ÇòQ®O Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ H÷ë, ¬¶¦Ô L^Î¼=¶° =Kó~ò.
^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õx ã¬=òY -
H÷ëL^Î¼=°Hê~¡°°
1) ×OH~K~¡¼ - J^³á Þ`ÇO (öH~¡× - 8=×`|íO) 2) ~=¶#°*ìK~¡°¼° - qt»^³á Þ`ÇO (`Çq°×<_È°)

3) =°^¥ÞK~¡°¼° - ^³á Þ`ÇO (H~â@H) 4) xOì~¡°ø_È° - ^³á Þ`^³á Þ`ÇO
5) =ÁìK~¡°¼_È° - ×Ã^¥í^³á Þ`ÇO - ¬ô+²=¶~¡¾O) (`³°Q®° ãì¬ìà}°_È°)

v ª²ì`Ç¼O :
G _bÁ¬° ìë#° JkHê~¡ ì+¬ - ¬iÂÇ¶, J~¡aH±. G ~¡tH H=ô Õ JãQ®Q®}°¼_È° - . Jg°~Y°ã¬¶
G W`Ç#° J ìÁLn<£ HêO#°O_ ¦²~Ë*`Ç°Q®ÁH± =~¡ä½ =^Îí ¬xKÍ§_È°.

7Q®°~¡° ¬° ìë#°
G J ìÁLní<£ KÇiã`Ç#° - '` èLQê ã"§_È°.

¦¬`Ñ
G ìH± - W - J ìg°, `Ç°Q®ÁH± <=¶ (¦²°Ç¶Aní<£ Q®¶ió) J<Í ãQ®O^¥#° ã"§_È°) (ì<£ #°O_ ¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH±=~¡ä½
Q® KÇiã`Ç#° `³°æ#°)
G O+Ô +Ô~* ã"²# - ìM - W - ²~Ë*Ôì ²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH± Q®°iOz =¶ã`Ç"Í° `³°¬ô#°.
G Q®° ìO =°¬ìàní<£ J¬ìà^£ - `sM - W - =òì~¡H± J<Í ãQ®O^¥#° ã"§_È°.
G Wªq°-¦¬`-L¹-¬ ìu<£ / 300 ¬OII ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç nx^¥Þ~¡ `³°¬°ëOk.
G <\÷ =ò²ÁOKÇiã`ÇHê~¡°O^Îi Õ Qù¬æ"_È° - ²~ - ''ìM - W - Ì¦iÑÑ
Y
G ÌáxH ta~ Õ ~¡¶ÚOkOz# ì+¬ - L~¡¶í.
G ~¡tH, @sø, J~¡aH± ì ¬^¥° H² L~¡¶í ì+¬Qê ~¡¶ÚOkOk.
M
G "³ò^Î@ D L~¡¶íì+¬#° [ì<£ - Z - ²ìO^ÎgQê ²eKÍ"~¡°.
95 E
G L~¡¶ì+¬ Õ PkHq - G a~¡°^Î° -
9
Jg°~Y°ã¬¶ WO_Ç°<£ ï~\.
59
G -
D
''<Í#° WO`ÇQê Qê#O KÍÇ°_¨xH÷ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ LO_È_È"Í° Hê~¡}OÑÑ Jg°~ Y°ã¬¶.
G ¬O¬ø $`Ç ãQ®O^¥#° "³ò^Î@ ~¡jH ì+¬ ÕH÷ J#°=kOz#"~¡° - lÇ¶#HÆê
G
CA
W`Ç_È° `Ç°u<=° J<Í ¬O¬ø $`Ç ãQ®O^ÎO#°, ì~¡`Ç^Í× HêÇ°§GO J~ò# HËH§GO#° ~¡tH, ì+¬ ÕH÷ J#°=kOK_È°.
50
G Jg°~ Y°ã¬¶ Hq`sux ì~¡fÇ°su è^¥ Jx =¼=¬ìiªë~¡°.
98
''+¬|H± - W - ²ìO^£ÑÑ
S~Ë HêO Õ ¬O¬ø $`ÇO Õ Q® "³á^Î¼, ¬Ow`Ç ãQ®O^¥#° ¬iÂÇ°<£ ì+¬ ÕH÷ J#°=kOK~¡°.
A
G
:8
G Hêjà~ ~*ÿá# ''lÇ¶ - L -¬O¬ø $`Ç ì+¬ ÕH÷ ~[`Ç~¡Oy}÷ (HÝ}°_È°), =°¬ðì~¡`#° ¬iÂÇ¶ ÕH÷
Jak<£ÑÑ
h
A E
J#°=kOK_È°.
.P
AB C
D
v ¬Ow`ÇO :
ER I
G _bÁ ¬° ìë#° HêO Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ÕH÷ J<Í ¬Ow`Ç "Çò^¥¼° ã¬"ÍtOK~ò.
O
~¡ì, ª~¡Oy
G ì~¡`Ç - `Ç°~¡°+¬ø ¬Ow`Ç s`Ç° q°ã×=°O ¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH± HêO Õ ìQê Ja=$k K³OkOk.
CH
G S=°<£, ïQã¬ð, ¬#"£° J<Í Hù`Çë ~Qê#°, ²`~¡, `Ç| ì J<Í ¬Ow`Ç "~ò^¥¼#° ì~¡` Õ ã¬"Í×Ì\ì~¡°.
YD
Jg°~Y°ã¬¶
G ¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH± HêO Õ J<Í ¬Ow`Ç§GO#° ~¡jH ì+¬ ÕH÷ J#°=kOK~¡°.

'~Q®^Î~¡æ}OÑ
,H
G QêÞeÇ°~ ¬OªÖ#O Õ ¬Ow`ÇO ìQê Ja=$k K³OkOk.

AM
T
v "¬°Üáe :
H
M
G _bÁ ¬° ìë#° HêO Õx tæÜáex Qê À~ùø#ß"~¡° - Ìì~Á¬<£ HêQê ²ìO^Î¶ªÖ<£ ÜáeQê À~ùø#ß"~¡° -
AM
''¬\ì<£ ÜáeÑÑ
IG
*ì<£=¶~¡Â .
KH
G =ò²ÁO s`Ç°° Q® ²ìO^Î¶H@_ÈO - (q[Ç°#Q®~¡O)

¬^¥à=°¬ì
giHêO Õ =~¡ëH "¼~° ¬^Îíu Õ [iöQk.

R
G '^Îì Ñ
G ^Îì J<Í¬^ÎO J~¡aH± ì+¬ #°O_ L^ÎÄqOzOk.

G #¶°=G ¬iã×=° Õ KÍ<Í`Ç HO^³#, q°Á, KÇãH=ò° ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ÕH÷ ã¬"ÍtOK~ò.
G Hêy`ÇO ¬iã×=°#° `Ç°~¡°+¬µø° ì~¡` Õ ã¬"Í×Ì\ì~¡°.
G _bÁ ¬° ìë#°° ì~¡`Ç x~à}ì Õ ''P~óx ã¬"Í×Ì\ì~¡°. nxïHá g~¡°
/ _Ë"£° ¬^ÎuÑÑ #° L¬³¶yOK~¡°. ''"³¶~~¡°ÑÑ
G `Ç°~¡°+¬µø° `Ç=° =#x~à}, tæ, zã`ÇH× Õ c[Q®}÷`Ç zã`Çs`Ç°°, ¬ôæ _*ÿá<£`Ë ä_# q°ã×=° zã`#°
L¬³¶yOKÍ"~¡°. nx<Í ¬^Îu JO\ì~¡°.
''J~¡a¹øÑÑ
G ''ä½=Þ`-L -
WªÁOÑÑ_b Á Jrà~ Õx J^³k =°Ô^°Î °. ¬î~¡Þ¬ô ²ìO^Î¶^Í"Ç¶° g\÷x =°Ô^°Î °Qê =¶~ó~¡°.
á <£Hê~¡ìÙOã
G ²~Ë`Ç°Q®ÁH± _bÁ Õ J<Í q ì¬ =°Ok~¡O#°

'¬ìº*Hê¹ÑÑ À~¡°`Ë HË@#° xiàOK_È°.
''¦²~Ë* HË@ÁÑÑ
G ¦²°Ç¶Aní<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± ³òHø ¬=¶k Õ ²ìO^Î¶HÆ}=ò`Ë ä_# #° xiàOK_È°. 'H×OÑ

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1. =¼=ªÇ° =°Oãu`ÇÞ§Y#° U~æ@°KÍ²# _bÁ¬° ìë<£ 11. =¼=ªÇ° ¬#°ß ¬^Îux ~¡^Î°í KÍ²# `ùe ¬° ìë<£?
(Group-I - 2010) (Group-II- 2012)
1) ìÄ<£ 2) J ìÁ=ôní<£ dbû 1) =òì~¡H± dbû 2) ¦²°Ç¶Aní<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH±

3) =°¬ì=°à^£ c<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± 4) ¦²~¡¶* `Ç°Q®ÁH± 3) =°¬ì=°à^£a<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± 4) ¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH±
2. ã¬°`ÇÞ =°^Î`Ç°`Ë Hê°= =¼=ªÇ° q^¥#O 12. PãQê #Q®~¡ ªÖ¬ä½_È° Z=~¡°? (Group-II - 2011)
ã~¡OaOz#"~¡°? (Group-I - 2010) 1) ¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH± 2) =°¬ì=°à^£ a<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH±

1) J ìÁ=ôní<£ dbû 2) ¦²°Ç¶#°ní<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± 3) J ìÁ=ôní<£ dbû 4) ²H÷O^Î~ Õ_
3) ¦²~¡¶* `Ç°Q®ÁH± 4) =°¬ì=°à^£ c<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± 13. ãH÷Ok "\ ÷ Õ ìÄ<£ ^ÎiOz# a~¡°^Î° Uk?
Y
3. Z=i ¬i< HêO Õ ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O#°
(Group-II - 2003)
M
[~òOKÇ°@ ¬îië J~ò#k? (Group-I - 2010)
1) @°>ÿ - W - ²ìO^£ 2) ïHá¹ - W - ²ìO^£
1) ìÄ<£ 2) J ìÁ=ôní<£ dbû 3) l - Z - W ì²ì 4) g\÷ Õ UkHê^Î°.
95 E
3) ¦²°Ç¶¬°ní<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± 4) =°¬ì=°à^£ c<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH±
9
14. ä½`Ç°g°<~ H@_È=ò#° ¬îië KÍ²# Hê=ò?
59
D
(Group-I - 2007)
4. ä½`Ç°g°<~ J#° <=°=ò Z=i À~¡° g°^Î =zó#k?
1) 1234-35 2) 1206-08
CA
(Group-I- 2010)
1) W @°\q°+¹ 2) ¬° ìë<£ ~¡lÇ¶ 3) 1210-12 4) 1231-32
50
3) ä½`Ç°|°ní<£ S|H± 4) MìÞ*ì ä½`Ç°|°ní<£ (Gr-I - 07)
98
15. '#+¹Q®<Ñ J#° <}ÿ=ò#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ ÷#k?
1) J ìÁLní<£ dbû 2) ìÄ<£

A
5. JÕH¬¶Ö¬O#° _bÁH÷ `³zó# ¬° ìë<£(Group-I - 2007)
:8
1) ïQá#°ní<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± 2) ¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH± 3) ¦²~¡¶* `Ç°Q®ÁH± 4) ²H÷O^Î~ Õ_
h
A E
(Group-I - 2007)
3) J ìÁ=ôní<£ dbû 4) =°¬ì=°à^£ a<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH±
.P
16. Hc~ ¬=°Hêb#°_È°?
1) ìÄ<£ 2) ²H÷O^Î~ Õ_

AB C
D
6. ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ìx¬ =O§xß ªÖ²Oz# ä½`Ç°|°ní<£

3) Wã|ÔìO Õ_ 4) J ìÁ=ôní<£ dbû
ER I
S|H± "³ò^Î@ Z=i =^Îí ìx¬Qê L<ß_ÈO>è

17. `³Ììl* - Z - ²ìO^£ ¬ô¬ëH ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç?
O
(Group-I - 2004)
(Group-II - 2011)
1) ¦¬°lx 2) W @°\q°+¹
1) J ÿÄ~¡°x 2) Jg°~ Y°ã¬¶
CH
3) ¦¬°Õs 4) ¦²°Ç¶Aní<£ ìÄ<£

YD
3) Ìì~¡_Ë@¹ 4) "³òQ®¬ëh¹
7. ä½`Ç°|°ní<£S|H± ^Íx ªÖ¬ä½_È°? (Group-I - 2002)
,H
18. =°¬ì=°à^£¦¬°Õix F_Oz# ²ìO^Î¶ ~A?

1) ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ "³ò¦¬° =O×O (Group-II - 2003)
AM
T
2) ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ìx¬ =O×O 1) q^¥¼^Î~¡ 2) e`k`¼

3) ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ dbû =O×O
H
M
3) [Ç°KÇOã^Î 4) ¬$nÞ~*
4) ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ¬Ç°¼^£ =O×O
AM
IG
19. ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ =°¬ìà^£ Q®[h`Ë ì@° =zó# "ï~=~¡°?
8. 7= ×`|íO Õ ãH÷O^Î À~ùø#|_# U q^Ít Ç¶ãuä½_È°

KH
(Group-II - 2003)
ì~¡`Ç^Í§xß ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°? (Group-I - 199)
1) P - ~l 2) W|<£|@¶\ì
1) J ÿ~¡¶h 2) ²ìÇ¶<£
R
3) P - ÿ~¡¶h 4) P - ¦²~¡^ñÔ
3) WuOQ· 4) ¬° è=¶<£ 20. ãH÷Ok ¬° ìë#° Õ L è=¶ Ì`Çë#O #°O_ q=òH÷ë
9. ãH©.×.712 ¬OII ³òHø ã^¥#¼`Ç? (Group-I- 94)

ÚO^Î°@ä½ KÍ²# Ç°`ÇßO Õ q[Ç°O ÚOk#
1) `³á=ü~ ìOQ· _bÁ g°kH÷ ^ÎO_³`Çë_ÈO "ï ~ =~¡ ° ? (Group-II - 2003)

2) J~¡|°Ä° ²O^Î° Ìá ^ÎO_³`Çë_ÈO 1) [ ì°ní<£ dbû 2) J ìÁ Lní<£ dbû
3) ×OH~K~¡°¼° KÇxé=_ÈO 3) ìÄ<£ 4) ¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH±
4) ¬Ç¶<£ÒQ· ì~¡`Ç^Í× Ç¶ã`Ç 21. 'l`Ç Ñ J#Qê<Íq°? (Group-II - 2003)
10. ä½`Ç°q°<~ x~à}O gi HêO Õ ¬îiëQêqOKÇ|_#k?
1) XH `Ç¶HO 2) XH |OQê~¡°<}ÿO
(Group-I- 84) 3) XH `Çä½ø= =¶~¡H¬ô q°=Q® <}ÿO
1) W @°\q°+¹ 2) ~¡lÇ¶ 3) ìÄ<£ 4) ìÄ<£ 4) XH ¶q° Hù`Ç Hù=¶#=ò

22. ìx¬ =¼=¬ð~ Hù~¡ä½ XH ã¬`Í¼H§Y#° 34. '~A H÷s@O Õ ã¬u=°}÷ À^Î ï~á`Ç° Hhß\ ÷ aO^Î°=ô
xÇ°q°Oz# ¬° ìë#° Z=~¡°? (Group-II - 2003) ¦¬°hqOz U~¡æ_O^Í `Ç¬æ =°ö~g° Hê^Î°Ñ _bÁ ¬° ìë#°
1) ~¡lÇ¶ 2) W @°\q°+¹ HêO Õ ì~¡fÇ° ï~á`Ç° À^ÎiHêxß Zuë KÇ¶À =¶@eß
3) ¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH± 4) =°¬ì=°à^£ a<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± J#ß^³ = ~¡ ° ? (E.O - 2008)

23. `Ç°~¡ø<£ - W - z¬ì Q®h J<Í =¼=¬Ö#° ~¡^Î°í¬~¡z#
1) |ï~Òh 2) W|<£ |@¶\ì
_bÁ ä½_È°? (Group-II - 2001)
3) q°<£¬ð^Î°ní<£ ²~* 4) Jg°~ Y°ã¬¶
1) Jëq°+¹ 2) ¬° ìë<£ ~¡lÇ¶ 35. 'J~¡ ^Î O _È Ç ¶ ã`Ç Q® ` xH÷ ¬ O |Ok O z# XH H ^ Î
3) #Ô^Î°ní<£ =°¬ì=°à^£ 4) ¦²°Ç¶Aní<£ ìÄ<£
=¶ã`Ç"Í°, J^ùH ¦¬e`ÇO èx q[Ç°OÑ Jx J#ß^³=~¡°?
24. ä ½ `Ç ° q°<~ ¬ g °¬ O Õx J ÿá ^Î ~ Þ*ì#° Z=~¡ °
(E.O - 2008)
xiàOK~¡°. (Group-II - 2000)
1) =°¬ìà^£ a<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± 2) <²~¡°ní<£ Y°ã¬¶ 1) ¬~ L ÀÁ ÀìQ· 2) q.Z.²à`

3) J ìÁ=ôní<£ dbû 4) =òì~¡H± dbû 3) ¬ð"³ 4) ªÁhÁ è<£¬î è
Y
36. =°¬ìà^£ c<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± ã¬"Í×Ì\ ÷# \ÕH<£ Hï~h q¦¬O
M
25. J ìÁ=ôní<£ dbû ³òHø U ÌáxH JkHêi Ç¶^Î= =O×¬ô
~A ~OKÇOã^Î°x F_OK³#°? (Group-II - 2000) Hê=\ìxH÷ =òY¼ Hê~¡}O? (E.O - 2008)
1) =¶eH± Hê¦¬~ 2) =òì~¡H± 1) q^Íj "¼~¡°° \ÕïH<£ Hï~h u~¡¬øiOKÇ_ÈO
95 E
2) ^ùOQ® <}ÿ=ò#° q¬s`ÇOQê =òãkOKÇ@O
9
3) a[~ Mì<£ 4) Y°ãªé Mì<£
59
D
26. ' <=¶Ñ J<Í ¬ô¬ëHêxß ã"²#k Z=~¡°? 3) \ÕïH<£ Hï~h <}¼"³°Ø#k HêHé=@O
4) \ÕïH<£ <}è#° HiyOKÇ@O.
CA
(Group-II - 2000)
50
1) =°¿ ì< MìÞ[w 2) W|<£ |@¶@ 37. _b
Á ¬° ìë<
£ Õ 'Mì"£°Ñ J<Í ¬Ô
Î ^ÍxH÷ ¬O|OkOz#k?
3) P ÿÄ~¡¶x 4) ¦²~^ñ²
98
(E.O - 2008)
A
:8
27. q°¦ë - L - ¬ô`Ç° ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç Z=~¡°? (Gr-II - 2000) 1) =¶ï~ø\ ¬#°ß 2) ~AHË§Qê~¡O
1) Jg°~ Y°ãªé 2) q°#Ý* - L¹ - ²~* 3) h\÷ ¬#°ß 4) Çò^Î ^Ë²_ ªÚ=òà
h
A E
3) ¬ì¬<£ x*ìq° 4) lÇ¶=ôní<£ |~Òh

.P
38. D ãH÷Ok "i Õ, '"³á*ÿ¹¬î ÑÑ Jx U _bÁ ¬° ìë#°#°

AB C
D
28. ä½`Ç°q°<~ ³òHø ã¬"Í× ^¥Þ~¡=ò#° U=°O^Î°~¡°?

KÇiã`ÇHê~¡°° =iâOzi? (A.C.E - 2008)
(Group-II - 2000)
ER I
1) ìÄ<£ 2) Wã|ÔìO Õ_

1) ä½`Ç° ^Î~Þ*ì 2) J ÿá ^Î~Þ*ì
O
3) =°¬ìà^£c<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± 4) J ìÁ=ôní<£ dbû

3) |°O^£ ^Î~Þ*ì 4) ²i ^Î~Þ*ì
CH
39. J ìÁ=ôní<£ dbû <³Hùeæ# =¶ï~ø\ HOã\Õ~ §Y À~¡°?

(Group-II - 2000)
YD
29. k"<£ W Mÿá~¡` J#Qê <Íq°?
1) P_@~ [#~¡ (D.L - 2012)
1) k"<£ - W - iª` 2) k"<£ - W - iÇ¶¬`

,H
2) ^¥#§Y x~¡Þ¬ì} JkHêi

3) =¼=ªÇ°§Y JkHêi 3) k"<£ -W - Ji* 4) k"<£ - W - W<Â
AM
T
4) Q®¶_¨Ki =¼=¬Ö JkHêi 40. ª=¶#¼ ã¬[`Ë ã¬`Ç¼HÆOQê ¬Oì+²OKÇ\ìxH÷

H
M
(Group-II - 2000) x~HiOz# ¬° ìë#°? (D.L - 2012)

AM
30. ^Î°<=¶ ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç Z=~¡°?
1) J|° Ì¦ár 2) J|°í ¬ìg°^£ ì²ìs 1) W @°\q°+¹ 2) ìÄ<£

IG
KH
3) J|° ¦¬[ 4) Z=~¡° Hê^Î° 3) J ìÁ=ôní<£ dbû

(H.M.E - 2012) 4) =°¬ì=°à^£ - a<£ - `Ç°Q®ÁH±
R
31. `Ç°Q®ÁH± ~[=O× ªÖ¬ä½_È°?
1) yÇ¶#°ní<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± 2) =°¬ì=°à^£ `Ç°Q®ÁH±

3) ¦²~Ë* `Ç°Q®ÁH± 4) Z=~¡° Hê^Î° ["|°°
32. ãH÷Ok "i Õ ~[^¥xx ï~O_È°ª~¡°Á =¶ió# 1) 3 2) 3 3) 4 4) 4 5) 2
q"^¥¬æ^Î°_³á# ~A Z=~¡°? (A.E.E- 2004) 6) 3 7) 2 8) 1 9) 2 10) 1
1) ²H÷O^Î~ Õ_ 2) ¦¬¶l =°eÁH± `Ç°Q®ÁH± 11) 4 12) 4 13) 3 14) 4 15) 3
3) =°¬ì=°à^£ a<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± 4) ¦²~Ë* 16) 2 17) 1 18) 4 19) 3 20) 3
33. ì~¡`Ç^Í×O g°^Î ^ÎO_³uë# "³ò^Î\ ÷ =ò²ÁO Z=~¡°? 21) 3 22) 3 23) 4 24) 3 25) 1
(E.O - 2008) 26) 4 27) 1 28) 2 29) 2 30) 3
1) QËi 2) Q®lx 31) 1 32) 3 33) 3 34) 2 35) 4
3) =°¬ì=°à^£ c<£ Mì²O 4) ì|~ 36) 2 37) 4 38) 3 39) 2 40) 2

HêHfÇò°
Y
G HêHfÇò Q®°iOz "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê ã¬ªëqOz# §¬#O - =¶Q®°Á §¬#O (`Ç¶~¡°æK×ÃH¼ ~*ÿá# ''^¥<~¡â=ô_È°ÑÑ
M
nxx "Í§_È°)
G HêHfÇò =ü¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È° - . Jx `³eÇ°*è²# §¬#O - . (Q®}¬u^Í=ôx ªé^Îi
95 E
HêH~¡ë¼ Q®°O_È¼< |Ç¶¼~¡O §¬#O
9
"Í²# §¬#O Wk)
59
''"³°Ø ìO|ÑÑ
D
G HêHfÇò ~[ ìOKÇ#O - Q®°=°à_/HêHf
G HêHfÇò JkHêiH z¬ìßO - (nxx Hì¼}÷ K×Ãä½¼ #°O_ ÔÞHiOK~¡°)

CA
=~¬ìO
50
(HêHfÇò `ùe JkHêiH ìOKÇ#O - LO_Ík.)
Q®~¡°_È
98
G HêHfÇò ä½^Í=`Ç - (HêHf)
HêH`Ç=°à
A
:8
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ HêHfÇò° *ÿá#°° HêQê `Ç~¡°"u "~¡° Üá= =°`Ç=ò#° J#°¬iOK~¡°.
G "³ò^Î@ HêHfÇò° ~Rä@°ä½ ª=°O`Ç°°Qê LO_ Ìá "ö~ ã¬ux^Î°°Qê L<ß~¡°.
h
A E
''ä½ã~¡"_ÑÑ
.P
G =òkQùO_È K×Ãä½¼ ª=°O`Ç°_³á# ''qiÇ¶ HêH~¡ë¼Q®°O_È##° ¬O¬ìiOK_È°.

Zã~¡ ¶¬uÑÑ
AB C
D
G HêH~¡ë¼Q®°O_È# ä½=¶~¡°_È° "³ò^Î\ ÷ è`Ç~A qiÇ¶ Zã~¡¶¬u ì~¡¼ ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë HêHf¬ô~¡=ò#° ÚO^¥_È°.
''Hê=°ªxÑÑ
ER I
G HêHfÇò° ã¬^¥#OQê ¬tó=°K×Ãä½¼ä½ ª=°O`Ç°°Qê LO_ ¬Þ`ÇOãuOK~¡°.

O
G ¬tó=° K×ÃH¼ ~A - 6= qãH=¶k`Ç°¼xH÷ Çò^¥ Õ ¬¬ðÇ°¬_ ¬tó=° K×Ãä½¼ #°O_ "³ò^Î\ ÷ è`Ç~A
ä½=¶~¡°_È° "³ò^Î\ ÷ ãé~A ÚO^¥_È°.
CH
''¬ì#°=°HùO_È#°ÑÑ
YD
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ãé~A F~¡°Q®°Á ¬g°¬O Õ öH¬i ¬=òã^Î=ò, [Q®`öH¬i,`Ç\ìHê#° ã`ÇqÞOK_È°.

Ü\ ÷ ¬=òã^Î=ò
"³ò^Î\ ÷ ãé~AöH J<Í a~¡°^Î° H^Î°.

,H
G ''JiöH¬iÑÑ
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ãé~A ä½=¶~¡°_È° ï~O_È= è`Ç~Aä½ J<Í

AM
T
''qãH=°KÇãH, KÇ=°iëQ®O_È, ãu°=#=°Á, =°¬ð=¶O_È è×Þ~¡ÑÑ
a~¡°^Î°° H^Î°.
H
M
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ HêHfÇò° ã¬²kí ~A - (W`Çxx Q®°iOz `³°¬°HË=_¨xH÷ ã¬^¥# P^¥~¡ §¬#O -
AM
ï~O_È= ãé~A
~¡°ã^Î^Í=ôx ¬ì#àHùO_È §¬#=ò)

IG
KH
G ï~O_È= ãé~A Çò=~A ~*èOã^Î°x`Ë [iy# Çò^ÎO Õ =°~¡}÷OK_È°.

''"³<\ ÷ÑÑ
G ï~O_È= ãé~A F~¡°Q®°Á Õ (nx Õ zã`° H=ô), xiàOK_È°.

R
¬ÞÇ°O¶, ¬^¥àH÷Æ ²^Í×Þ~¡ ^Í"Ç°=ò#°
v ~¡°ã^Î^Í=ô_È° ( è^¥) "³ò^Î\÷ ã¬`¬ ~¡°ã^Î°_È° : (1158-1196)

G ~¡°ã^Î^Í=ô_È° 1162 Õ ¬Þ`ÇOãfHiOK_È°. "Í~ò¬ëOì Q®°_ §¬#O / J#°=°HùO_È
G 1162 Õ ¬ì#àHùO_È Õ ~¡°ã^ÍÞ
× ~Ç°O ^
è ¥ "Í~ò¬O
ë ì Q®°_
xiàOK_È°.
G W`Çx Q®°iOz `³°¬°HË=_¨xH÷ ã¬^¥# P^¥~¡ §¬#=ò -
¬ì#àHùO_È §¬#O.
G W`Ç_È° ¬tó=° K×ÃH¼ ~*ÿá# ''=ü_È= `³á¬ôxßÑÑ Z^Î°iOz

¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç°_ÈÇ¶¼_È°.

G ~¡°ã^Î^Í=ô_È° KË_È°^ÎÇ¶xß F_Oz J`Çx ~[^¥x #Q®°Á#° (# ç¾O_È ¬Hø#) ^ÎQ®O KÍ§_È°.
G 1182 Õ ~¡°ã^Î^Í=ô_È°, ¬ ìß\÷ ~A =°^Î¼ [iy# Õ #Qê=° ~A ¬HÆê# LO_ =°e^Í=
''¬ ìß\ ÷ Çò^Î=òÑÑ
~A#° F_OK_È°.
G =°e^Í=~A `Ç~¡¬ô# é~_# ã¬^¥x ã|¬ìà<Çò_È°.
G 1196 Õ Ç¶^Î= *ÿáã`Ç°x`Ë (*ÿá`Ç¶y) [iy# Çò^ÎO Õ =°~¡}÷OK_È°.

G ~¡°ã^Î^Í= =°¬ð~A ¬ì#àHùO_È Õ ~¡°ã^Í×Þ~¡ PÇ°=ò#° xiàOK_È°.
("Í~ò¬ëOì Q®°_)
G nx Õ t=ôx`Ë@° q+¬µâ=ô, ¬¶~¡¼ã¬u=°#° ä_¨ xe_È°. Wk ãuä@ PÇ°O.

G ~¡°ã^Î^Í= =°¬ð~A ¬O¬ø $`ÇO Õ J<Í ãQ®O^Î=ò#° ~¡zOK_È°. W`ÇxöH
''huª~¡=òÑÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î° Q®^Î°.
''q^¥¼¶+¬}ÑÑ
G W`Çx =°Oãu - ("³á+¬â=ô_È°) ¬ì#àHùO_È Õ

Q®OQê^Î~¡°_È° xiàOK_È°.
'ã¬¬#ß öH×"Ç°OÑ
G W`ÇxH÷ ¬O`#=ò èHé=_ÈO =# W`Çx `Ç=òà_È° =°¬ð^Í=ôx ä½=¶~¡°_È° Q®}¬u ^Í=ô}÷â ^Î`Çë ÔÞHê~¡=ò KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
G =°¬ð^Í=~A ¬@°|_# Çò^ÎO Õ<Í Q®}¬u^Í=ô_È° Ç¶^Î=ôä½ |OnQê zHêø_È°.
Y
G =°¬ð^Í=ô_È° - 1196-99 =~¡ä½ eOK_È°.
M
v Q®}¬u ^Í=ô_È° (1199-1262) :
G 1196-1199 ~¡°ã^Î^Í=ôx ªé^Î~¡°_È° =°¬ð^Í=ô_È° eOK_È°.
95 E
9
G ¬ìÙÇ°ª°`Ë [iöQ Çò^ÎO Õ HêHfÇò ¬¬ðÇ°=ò J=¬~¡=ò
59
~=°¬æ^Í"Ç°=ò
D
Jx ìqOz *ÿá`Ç°y Q®}¬u ^Í=ô}÷â K³~¡#°O_ q_²OK_È°.
G Q® } ¬ u ^Í = ô_È ° Ç ¶ ^Î = ô |OnQê L#ß HêO Õ HêH f Ç °
CA
50
ªã=¶[¼=ò#° Hê_#"_È° -
98
ö~KÇ~¡Á ~¡°ã^Î°_È°.
W`ÇxH÷ J<Í a~¡°^Î° Q®^Î°.

A
G ''HêHfÇ° ~[¼ ¬ô#ã¬u¬<K~¡¼ÑÑ
:8
G W`ÇxH÷ Q®}¬u ^Í=ô_È° `Ç#À<¬uQê xÇ°q°OK_È°.
h
A E
G 1213 Õ ö~KÇ~¡Á ~¡°ã^Î°_È° OÀ@ Õ xiàOK_È°.

.P
~=°¬æ^Í"Ç°=ò#°
AB C
D
v Q®}¬u ^Í=ôx kyÞ[Ç° Ç¶ã`Ç° : 1201

ER I
G nxH÷ <Ç°H`ÇÞO =²ìOz#"~¡° -

O
=° ì¼ Kñ_È~Çò_È°.
G #° eOKÍ JÇ°¼=O×¬ô ²#KË_È°xß F_Oz J`Çx ä½=¶ï~ë° J~ò# <~O|, À~O|#° q"¬ìO P_
'kqÔ=°Ñ
CH
"i ªé^Î~¡°_È° *ìÇ°¬À<xH÷ Q®}¬u^Í=ô_È° Qê xÇ°q°Oz ²#KË_È°_H÷ J<Í a~¡°^Î°xKó_È°.

YD
''Q®[ª²ìxÑÑ ''kÞ²°O\ìHêÑÑ
G ''^Î~¡}÷HË@ÑÑ#° U è HË@~¡°ã^Î°x ä½=¶~¡°_È° è`Ç~Aä½ Q®}¬u^Í=ô_È° `Ç# Ì^Îí ä`Ç°~¡° #° Wzó q"¬ìO ''Q®}OìÑÑ
,H
KÍ§_È°.
x_È^Î"Ë° `Ç# ä½=¶ï~ë ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íqx Wzó q"¬ìO KÍ²<_È°.
AM
T
G K×ÃH¼~*ÿá# g~¡ã^Î°xH÷
G <³¶Á~¡° Õ ~Ç°ì~¡ ¦¬e`ÇOQê =°#°=°²kH÷ ¬¬ðÇ°OQê "³o¤ J`Çxx ~[¼OÌá xÿ\ì_È°.

H
M
uHø# ªé=°Ç¶l
G nxH÷Qê#° Q®}¬u^Í=ôxH÷ ï~O_È= =°#°=°²k #° (H_È¬) Hê#°HQê WKó_È°.

AM
H<_È°
IG
G Q®}¬u^Í=ô_È° H<_È° JkHêiQê Q®OQ®Ç°ª²ìxx xÇ°q°OK_È°.

KH
G =°#°=°²k ª=°O`Ç°_³á# ''Q®OQ®Ç°¼ª²ìxÑÑÌá ^¥_KÍÇ°Qê Q®}¬u^Í=ô_È°

''~¡ïHø¬ Q®OQ®_È°ÑÑ F_Oz ''~¡ïHø¬ Q®OQ®xßÑÑ
J`Çxx |¬ì`Çë~¡ x³¶Qêk¬uQê xÇ°q°Oz J`Çx ~[¼O ö~<_È° (~[^¥x-=¶Á~)#° HêHfÇ° ªã=¶[¼O Õ
R
He²"Í§_È°.
G Q®}¬u^Í=ô_È° 1262 Õ [iy# ''=ò`Ç ° ë ä ~¡ °Õ =°#°=°²kH÷
Ç ò ^Î O ÑÑ
¬¬ðÇ°=òQê "³o¤ [\ì=~¡à ¬°O^Î~¡O_È°¼x KÍu Õ Q®}¬u ^Í=ô_È° F_

¬ì`Ç=¶~¡ó|_¨Û_È°.
G Hêx HùO`Ç=°Ok KÇiã`ÇHê~¡° JaãÇ°=ò ã¬Hê~¡=ò D Çò^Î=ò Õ
QêÇ°¬_ 1269 =~¡ä½ rqOzÇòO_ 1269 Õ =°~¡}÷OK_Èx `³°¬°ëOk.
G Q®}¬u^Í=ô_È° q^Íj =~¡ëä½ä½ ~¡HÆ} (¬^Î°Ç°O)#° Heæ¬¶ë ''"³¶@°¬eÁ
§¬#OÑÑ (ã¬Hê×O)#° "Í§_È°. (WHø_È ²^ÎÇ°^Í=ôx "³¶@°¬eÁ JÇ°§¬#O

¬~¡¼"ÍHÆ}ä½ xÇ°q°OK_È°).

G Q®}¬u^Í=ô_È° x~à}O#° ¬îië KÍ² 1254 Õ ~[^¥xx ¬ì#àHùO_È #°Oz F~¡°Q®°Áä½ =¶~ó_È°.
F~¡°Q®°Á HË@#°
G W`ÇxH÷ t=nHÆ#° W²æOz# Q®°~¡°=ô - qõÞ×Þ~¡×O°.
G W`Çx ì==°~¡k [Ç°¬À<x J<Í ãQ®O^Î=ò#° ã"²<_È°. nx Õ

''#$`Ç¼~¡`ß=oÑÑ #$`Ç¼ q+¬Ç°=ò° L<ß~ò. ''Ài}÷ÑÑ
G D ãQ®O^Î=ò Õx #$`Ç¼ Oy=°° OÀ@ Õx ~=°¬æ ^Í"Ç°O Õ H=ô.

G ~=°¬æ ^Í"Ç°O Õx t ìæ° `Ë K³Hø|_¨Û~ò.
''#ÁÀ#¬ô ~uÑÑ
G D ^Í"Ç°=ò#° h\ ÷ `Ë xiàOK~¡x ã¬fu.

Õ `Í è W@°H
G ~=°¬æ ^Í"Ç°O Õx ã¬^¥# ^³á==ò - ~=°eOöQ×Þ~¡ ªÞq°.
v ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq : (1269-1989)
G ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq ²O¬ì¬<xß Jk+²OKÇ_¨xH÷ ¬¬ìHiOz# ã¬^¥x - t=^Í=Ç°¼.
G ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq J¬° À~¡° :
Y
~¡°ã^¥O|.
a~¡°^Î°° 1) ~¡°ã^Î=°¬ð~A, 2) ~Ç°, 3) ¬\ÕÁ^Î$u (*ÿxßQ® ^Í=ôx ^Î°i¾ §¬#O)

:
M
G ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq =°¬ð~A J<Í a~¡°^Î°`Ë ~[¼=ò#ä½ =zóOk.
G `Ç# ^Î°i¾ §¬#=ò Õ ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íqx ¬\ÕÁ^Î$u (Z#°ßHË|_#)Qê À~ùø<ß_È°.
95 E
''HêÇ°¬Ö *ÿxßQ®^Í=ô_È°ÑÑ
9
G XH =°²ì× ~[¼=ò#ä½ ~=_¨xß =¼uö~d¬¶ë [iy# u~¡°Q®°ì@Á#° ö~KÇ~¡Á ã¬ª^¥k`Ç°¼_È°, QË#Q®<ßï~_Û° J}z"Í§~¡°.
59
D
G ö~KÇ~¡Á ã¬ª^¥k`Ç°¼xöH ''HêHfÇ° ~[¼ ªÖ¬<K~¡¼ÑÑ, J<Í a~¡°^Î°° H=ô.
''~Ç°²`=°¬ìHÑÑ
CA
G HêHfÇ° ~[¼=òÌá `Ç¶~¡°æQêOQ® ~*ÿá# g~¡ì#°_È° ^ÎO_³`ÇëQê J`Çxx HêHfÇò°
50
~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq
F_OK~¡°.
98
G HêHfÇ° ~[¼=òÌá Ç¶^Î= =°¬ð^Í=ô_È°, ^ÎO_³`ÇëQê ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq, J`Çxx F_Oz
A
:8
''~Ç°Q®[öH¬iÑÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î°#° ÚOk#@°ÁQê ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î KÇiã`Ç `³eÇ°*è¬°ëOk.
h
A E
G <³¶Á~¡° ~[¼=ò O_È°¼° PãHq°Oz# `Ç~¡°"`Ç =¶Á~¡° ~[¼=ò ä_¨ O_È¼

.P
~[¼=ò Õ H²é~òOk.
AB C
D
G =¶Á~¡°#° öHOã^ÎOQê KÍ¬°Hùx ¬ieOz HêÇ°¬Ö JO|^Í=ô_È° ã¬^Î=°=ò Õ

ER I
O
~¡°ã^Î=°^ÍqH÷ ª=°O`Ç ~AQê LO_ ¬Þ`ÇOãuOz ''~Ç°¬¬ìã¬=°ÁÑÑ, ''^Í=yi ~[¼
J<Í a~¡°^Î°#° ÚO^¥_È°.

CH
ã¬ªÖ²`ÇÑÑ
YD
G JO|^Í=ô_È° [\ì=~¡à ¬°O^Î~¡O_È°¼x ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë Ìá ^ÎO_³`ÇëQê ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq =°#°=_È° ï~O_È= ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°x
''~¡°ã^Î=°^ÍqÑÑ
<Ç°H`ÇÞO Õx HêHfÇ° Ìá#¼=ò "ix F_OzOk. ~Ç°KÇ¶~ ^Î°~¡¾O#° PãHq°OK_È°.

,H
G Hêx P `Ç~¡°"`Ç 1289 Õ JO|^Í=ôx`Ë [iy# Çò^ÎO Õ ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq =°~¡}÷Oz#@°ÁQê (# Õ¾O_È

AM
T
''KÇO^Î°¬@Á §¬#OÑÑ
l ìÁ) `³°¬ô`Ç°Ok.
H
M
G ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq F~¡°Q®°Á Õx ~uHË@ä½ "³°@Á#°, =°\÷HË@ä½ JQ®~¡ë#°, |°~¡°A#° xiàOz#k.

AM
IG
G D"³° < HêO Õ "³h¹ (W@b) Ç¶ãuä½_È° 1288 Õ "³¶@°¬eÁx ¬O^ÎiÅOz WKÇó@
''=¶ Õøé ÕÑÑ U_È° Q®*ì
KH
p~¡ #° Jy¾Ì>ÿ Õ Ì@°Hùx f¬°ïHo¤#@°ÁQê J`Çx J<Í ãQ®O^Î=ò `³eÇ°*è¬°ëOk.

''ã\ì"³ ÑÑ
HêHfÇò° ¬ì#àHùO_È ¬i¬~¡ ãO`ÇO Õ ¬°"¬#° "³^Î[ èÁ aÇ¶¼xß ¬O_OKÍ"~¡x =iâOK_È°.

R
G =¶~Ëøé Õ
v ï~O_È= ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°_È° (1289-1323) :

G ''ä½=¶~¡ J<Í a~¡°^Î°`Ë ~*ì¼xH÷ =Kó_È°.
~¡°ã^Î^Í=ÑÑ
G W`Ç_È° ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq ä½=¶ï~ë =ò=°à_È=°à ä½=¶~¡°_È°.

G W`Ç_È° ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq HêO Õ JO|^Í=ôxÌá ^¥_KÍ² q[Ç°=ò#° ªkOK_È°.
G ''Q®O_HË@#°ÑÑ¬ieOKÍ =°eÁ^Í=ô_È° ¬Þ`ÇOãuOKÇQê J`Çxx F_Oz ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°_È° P ãO`Ç=òÌá `Ç# ã¬uxkQê
'' ÿOH x xÇ°q°OK_È°.
QùOHêï~_ÛÑÑ
G 1303 Õ =~¡OQ® Ìá =ò²ÁO `ùe ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç [iy#@°Á ï~_Û~}÷ J#`ÇeÁH°=KÍ~¡° §¬#O Õ À~ùøOk. ï~O_È=
ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°x HêO Õ =ò²Á=ò ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç° "³ò^ÎÇ¶¼~ò.

G 1309 Õ =¶eH±Hê¬~ F~¡°Q®°ÁÌá ^¥_KÍ² ï~O_È= ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°x #°O_ t¬°ë =¬¶° KÍ§_È°.
G F~¡°Q®°ÁÌá `Ç°~¡°+¬µø° ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç° S^Î°ª~¡°Á [iQêÇ°x =ò²Á=ò ~`Ç ^¥Þ~ `³°¬°ëOk.
G 1323 Õ [iy# =°¬ìà^£a<£`Ç°Q®ÁH± ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç Õ F_
''A<Mì<£ÑÑ 2= ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°_È°x _bÁH÷
''Mìk~Hê<£, MìÞ[¬ðl°
f¬°ä½é`Ç°O_ÈQê #~¡à^¥#k(ªé"³¶^ÎÄ= #k) Õ ^Î¶H÷ P`Çà¬ì`Ç¼ KÍ¬°ä½<ß_Èx (ãéÇ° "Í=¶ï~_Û)

''q ì¬ §¬#=òÑÑ
`³eÇ°*èÇò#°.
G E<Mì<£ F~¡°Q®°Á#° ¬° À~¡° =¶ió ^¥x JkHêiQê |°~Ý#°ní<£ xÇ°q°OK_È°.
ìë<£¬î~Qê
G 1323 Õ F~¡°Q®°Á#° ¬° ìë<£ Hq - q^¥¼<^Î°_È°.
G q^¥¼<^Î°_È° ''ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î J<Í JOHê~¡ ãQ®O^Î=ò#° ¬O¬ø $`Ç ì+¬ Õ ã"§_È°.

Ç°Õ¶+¬}=òÑÑ
G JQ®¬°ë¼_È° J<Í J`Ç_È° ìì~¡`Ç=ò, #° ~¡zOK_È°.

''#H©iëHÒ=òkÑÑ
QË çøO_È
G =¶~¡#-=¶~¡øO_Í°Ç ¬ô~}O#° ~¡zOz JOH÷`qÇ °Kó_È°.
''QË# Q®<ßï~_H
Û Ñ÷ Ñ
G ï~_Û, "³=° Pk¬`Ç¼=ò Hù~¡ä½ x~¡O`Ç~¡=ò JO`Ç~¡¾`Ç é~¡° [~¡Q®_È=ò
Y
- q^¥#=ò =Á ¶ªÞ=°¼ =¼=¬Ö U~æ@° Hê=_ÈO "³ò^Î ÿá#
M
''<Ç°OH~¡ÑÑ
Hê~¡}ì ^Î$ ¼ ''HêHfÇ° JO`Ç"³°Ø#k.

ªã=¶[¼OÑÑ
G <Ç°OH~¡ q^¥<xß Q®}¬u^Í=ô_È° ã¬"Í×Ì@Qê ï~O_È= ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°_È°
95 E
9
¬ \ ÷ + ¬ O KÍ §_È ° . W`Ç x HêO Õ 77 =°Ok ¬ ^ Î à <Ç ° ä ½ °
59
D
<Ç°OH~¡°°Qê LO_Í"~¡°.
v ¬i< q^¥#=ò :
CA
50
98
G gi < q^¥<xH÷ ã¬^¥# P^¥~¡ ãQ®O^¥° - ³òHø huª~¡=ò, |^³í# (~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq
A
HêHfÇ° "³ò^Î\ ÷ ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°x
:8
ª=°O`Ç°_È°) ''hu§G t=^Í=Ç°¼ (Q®}¬u ^Í=ôx ¬=°Hêbä½_È°) ³òHø ¬ô~¡°~¡ª~¡=ò, =°_H÷ ²OQ®#
=òHêë=oÑÑ
h
³òHø ¬Hhu ¬=°à`Ç=ò "³ò^Î ÿá#q ã¬^¥# P^¥~¡ ãQ®O^¥°.

A E
.P
G ~[iH=ò J<Ík xO_ LO_Ík.

AB C
D
¬ëOQ®=ò`Ë
G Q®}¬u ^Í=ôx, ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq ³òHø ã¬^¥#=°Oãu t=^Í=Ç°¼. =°¬ðÀ<k¬u =° ì¼ Àì=¶ãkï~_Û.

ER I
G ï~O_È= ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°x ã¬^¥x =ò²æ_ <Ç°ä½_È°.

O
G ~*Õ^Ë¼Q®°#° qlOK~¡°.
CH
72 x³¶Qê°Qê
YD
G g\÷x |$¬ì`Çë~¡ x³¶Qêk¬u¬~¡¼"ÍH÷ÆOKÍ"_È°.

G Q®}¬u^Í=ôx HêO Õ |$¬ì`Çë~¡ x³¶Qêk¬u -
,H
HêÇ°¬Ö Q®OQ®Ç°¼ª~òx.
G Q®}¬u^Í=ôx HêO Õ HêHfÇ° ªã=¶*¼O Õ <Ç°OH~¡ q^¥#=ò U~¡æ_Ok.

AM
T
~[¼=ò - ~A
H
M
AM
↓
IG
<_È°° / Ô=°° - ~*Õ^Ë¼Q®°°, Çò=~A

KH
↓
R
¬Ö ì° - <Ç°OH~¡°°

↓
ãQê=¶° - 12 =°Ok JÇ°QêOã_È° (H~¡}O, ï~_Û)
G <¼Ç° q+¬Ç°O Õ ~Aä½ ¬¬ðÇ°O KÍÀ"~¡° - ã_Þ"ä½°.
G tHÆ#° J=°°[~¡°¬_¨xH÷ ãQê=¶ Õ LO_Í"~¡°.

g~¡@°°
G Qùãï~=°O^ÎÌá J_ÈÛ¬°OHO ¬°OH=ò =¬¶° KÍÀ"~¡°.

G Ìá#¼=ò ï~O_È° ~¡Hê° - 1) =ü/~A |=ò 2) <Ç°OH~¡ |=ò.
G <Ç°OH~¡°° ~A#°O_ <Ç°OH~¡ ¬Ö =$`Ç°ë° ÔÞHiOz Ìá#¼=ò#° é+²OKÍ"~¡°.

v PiÖH ¬i²Ö`Ç°° :
G gi ã¬^¥# =$uë - =¼=ªÇ°=ò.
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ãé~A HêHfÇòä½ ¬¬ë¬O`#=ò H^Îx À~ùø<ß_È°. 1) ¬Þ¬O`#O, 2) `Ç\ìH=ò°, 3) ^Î#xöHÆ¬O,

4) PÇ°ã¬u+¬», 5) =#ã¬u+¬», 6) JãQ®¬ð~¡ã¬u+¬», 7) ã¬|O^Î~¡KÇ#.
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ãé~A öH¬s `Ç\ìH=ò#° xiàOK_È°.
G Q®}¬u^Í=ôx À<x ''ö~KÇ~¡Á Hê K³~¡°=ô, ~=°¬æ K³~¡°=ô#° ã`ÇqÞOK_È°.
~¡°ã^Î°_È°ÑÑ
G gi HêO Õ ¬O|OkOz# P^¥~¡=ò° è=ô.

HOk¬¬Cä½
G QË çøO_È Õ =ã*ì°, x~¡à Õ `ÇÇ¶ï~á# H`Ç°ë° =~¡ä½ ã¬²k K³O^¥~ò.

_³=¶¬ø¹
G "³¶@°¬eÁ ö~=ô¬@}=òq^Íj "}÷*ì¼xH÷ ã¬^¥# ã`Ç é+²Oz#k.
Y
G "³¶@°¬eÁ §¬#=ò "Í²#k - Q®}¬u ^Í=ô_È°.
M
G gi HêO Õ L#ß ã¬^¥# |OQê~¡° <}ÿ=ò - . Q®^¥¼}=ò
95 E
v =°`Ç ¬i²Ö`Ç°° :
9
59
D
G HêHfÇò° ã¬^Î=°=ò Õ *ÿá#=°`Ç=ò#° P^ÎiOz `Ç~Þ`Ç Üá==°`Ç=ò#° ÔÞHiOK~¡°.
CA
G gi HêO Õ ''g~¡Üá==°`Ç=òÑÑ J<Ík H~ß@H #°O_ `³°Q®°^Í×O ÕH÷ =zóOk.
50
G D g~¡Üá= =°`ÇªÖ¬ä½_È° -
98
|¬"Í×Þ~¡°_È°.
G D g~¡Üá= =°`Ç=ò#° POã^Î Õ ìQê "¼²ë KÍ²#"~¡° - ¶øiH÷ ªé=°<^Î°_ ¬O_`~^Î°¼_È° "³òII
A
:8
G ¶øiH÷ ªé=°<^Î°_È° - ¬O_`~^Î¼ KÇiã`Ç J<Í ãQ®O^¥<Í Hêä½O_¨ J<Í `³°Q®°
h
'|¬=¬ô~}=òÑ ''|¬=^Î~¡}=òÑÑ
A E
.P
ª²ì`Ç¼O Õ "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ L^¥¬ì~¡} ã¬ãH÷Ç°ä½ <Ok ¬eHê_È°.

°øiH÷ ªé=°<^Î°_È°
AB C
D
G =°eÁHê~¡°û# ¬O_`Ç°_È° J<Í ãQ®O^Î=ò#° ã"§_È°.

''t=`Ç`ÇÞª~¡=òÑÑ
ER I
G °øiH÷ ªé=°<^Î°_È° `³°Q®° ª²ì`Ç¼=ò Õ "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ ×`ÇH=ò ã"²<_È°.

''=$k¬ ×`ÇH=òÑÑ
O
G Q®}¬u ^Í=ôx t=Q®°~¡°=ô - qõÞ×Þ~¡(qõÞ×Þ~¡ ×O°)

t=^Î°_È°
CH
YD
v ª²ì`Ç¼=ò :
,H
G HêHfÇò ~[ì+¬ - ¬O¬ø $`Ç=ò.

AM
T
G ''ªH¼ =°Á|@°ÑÑx~Ë+¬ ¼ ~=¶Ç°}=ò, L`Çë~¡ ~¦¬°=Hê~¡¼=ò J<Í ãQ®O^¥#° ã"ª_È°.

H
M
G gi HêO Õ ^ÍjHq`Ç (`Çä½ø= ªÖ~ò) "¼²ë ÕH÷ =zóOk.

AM
G ^Íj Hq`Ç Õ - ã"²<_È°.

IG
''#<³ßKË_È°_È°ÑÑ ä½=¶~¡ ¬O==ò#°

KH
G Ç°^¥"ä½ø J#ß=°Ç°¼ - ''¬ö~Þ×Þ~¡ J<Í ^¥xx ã"ª_È°.

×`ÇH=òÑÑ
HêHfÇò HêO<\÷ *ÿá# H=ô Õ Qù¬æ"_È° -

R
G J¬æÇ¶<~¡°¼_È°.
G ''J¬æÇ¶<~¡°¼_È°ÑÑ J<Í *ÿá# Hq ''l<ÍOã^Î J<Í ãQ®O^Î=ò#° ã"²<_È°.

Hì¼}ì°¼^ÎÇ°=òÑÑ
G HêHfÇò HêO Õ F~¡°Q®°Á Õ zã`ÇH× Ja=$k K³OkOk. 1500 =°Ok zã`ÇHê~¡°#° =¶KÇ ^Íq (Ài}÷ #$`Ç¼Hêi}÷
ï~O_È= ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°x ³òHø LO¬ô_È°Q®`³ë) F~¡°Q®°Á Õ é+²OzOk.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1. ¬ì#àHùO_È Õx "Í~ò¬ëOì Q®°_Èx xiàOz#^³=~¡°? 9. OÀ@ Õx ã¬ ² ^ Î ~=°¬ æ ^Í " Ç ° O Z=~¡ °
(Geologist - 2007) xiàOK~¡°? (Group-I - 1991)
1) ~¡°ã^Î^Í=ô_È° 2) Q®}¬u^Í=ô_È° 1) Q®}¬u ^Í=ô_È° 2) ö~KÇ~¡Á ~¡°ã^Î°_È°

3) ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°_È° - II 4) ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq 3) [Ç°¬<Ç°H 4) ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î
2. Z=i <HêO Õ ~=°¬ æ =°iÇ ò ² Á =°ãi 10. HêHfÇò HêO Õ "³¶@°¬eÁ ö~=ô#° ¬O^ÎiÅOz#
^Í"Ç¶° xiàOKÇ|_¨Û~ò? (A.C.S - 2013) q^ÍjÇ¶ãuä½_È°? (Group-I - 1991)
1) WHÆêÞä½° 2) `Ç¶~¡°æK×Ãä½¼° 1) ¬úÇ¶<£ÒQ· 2) =¶~øé Õ
Y
3) §`Ç"¬ì#°° 4) HêHfÇò° 3) J|°í ~¡*ìH± 4) xHË HêO\÷
M
3. HêHfÇò° "³ò^Î\ÕÁ? (J.L - 2003) 11. Q®}¬u ^Í=ôx ~[ Q®°~¡°=ô? (Group-I - 1984)
1) *ÿá#°° 2) Üá=ô° 1) |¬= 2) qÀ¦°ß×Þ~¡×O°
95 E
3) "³á+¬â=ô° 4) QËH÷ Üá=ô° 3) ¬O_`~^Î°¼_È° 4) #~¡¬ìi f~¡°_È°
9
59
D
4. =~¡OQ® HË@ Õx ¬ÞÇ°O° PÇ¶xH÷ ¬ô#k "Í²# 12. ~=°¬æ^Í"Ç°O D HË=ä½ K³Ok#k?
CA
"~¡ ° ? (V.D.O - 2002) (Group-II - 2012)
50
1) ï~O_È= ãé~A 1) UHt 2) ÇòQ®×
98
2) "³ò^Î\ ÷ ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°_È° 3) ãuä@ 4) ¬OKÇä@
A
:8
3) ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq 13. HêHfÇ°HêO Õ ãQê=¶kHê~¡°¬OY¼?
4) Q®}¬u ^Í=ô_È°
h
A E
(Group-II - 2012)
.P
5. ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq Z=i ä½=¶ï~ë? (H.W.O - 2012) 1) 5 2) 8 3) 10 4) 12

AB C
D
1) ~*ìqãH=¶k`Ç¼ 2) Q®}¬u^Í=ô_È° 14. Q®OQê^Íq DÇ°# t+¬µ¼~°? (Group-II - 2012)

ER I
3) ~[~[ 4) ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°_È° 1) JQ®¬°ë¼_È° 2) ~"Í°×Þ~¡ ¬O_`Ç°_È°

O
6. =°^Î°ï~á Z=iH÷ =òY¼¬@}O? (F.D.D - 2011) 3) uHø# 4) é`Ç#

CH
1) O_È¼ ~[=O×O 2) Q®}¬u^Í=ô_È°

YD
15. HêHfÇò <\ ÷ ¬°ã¬²^Î F_Èö~=ô ¬@}O?
3) ~[~[ 4) ã¬`¬~¡°ã_È°_È° (Group-II - 2012)

,H
7. "³¶Ç°= ~[¼O JOu=°OQê U ~[¼O`Ë 1) =°zb¬@ßO 2) "³¶@°¬eÁ

AM
T
H e ² é~òOk? (W.W.M - 2008) 3) ¦¬°O@ª 4) HË~¡Oy

1) ¬Á=ô° 2) ã¬f¬ð~¡°°
H
M
3) q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ~A° 4) |¬ì=°h ~A°

["|°°
AM
IG
(A.T.E - 2010)
1) 1 2) 4 3) 1 4) 1 5) 2
KH
8. ªO_È¼ ~A ~[H©Ç° öHOã^ÎO?
6) 1 7) 1 8) 2 9) 2 10) 2
1) "ÍOw 2) =°^Î°ï~á
R
11) 2 12) 1 13) 4 14) 1 15) 2

3) HêOp¬ô~¡O 4) =°¬ð|e¬ô~¡O

G =°^Î¼ÇòQ® ã~¡OO Õ ²ìO^Î¶, =ò²ÁO =°` ÕÁ ¬=¶O`Ç~¡OQê ï~O_È° =°`Ç L^Î¼=¶° [iQê~ò. Jq.. H÷ë, ¬¶¦Ô
L^Î¼=¶°. D ï~O_È° L^Î¼=¶° ¬=¶[O Õ =ü_¨K~#° YO_OK~ò. D ï~O_È¶ ^Í=ô_ ¬@Á H÷ëH÷ `Ç¬æ ^ÍxH©
ã^¥#¼`Ç W=Þ è^Î°. ãÀ=°, ÀÞKÇó D ï~O_È° L^Î¼=¶ ÕÁ =òY¼ HÆ}ì°.
v H÷ë L^Î¼=¶° :
G H÷ë L^Î¼=°O =ò²ÁO # =Á ã~¡O"³°ØOk J<Ík x[O Hê^Î°. H÷ë J<Í ì=# K ì ãp#"³°ØOk. P~¡°¼
HêO Õ<Í L¬x+¬`Ç°ë°, ìQ®=`ÇO "³ò^Î ÿá#"\÷H÷ Ì^ÎíÔ@ "Í§~¡°.
Y
G ãp# ÇòQ® z=i ^Î× Õ PìÞ~¡°Á, <Ç°<~¡°Á H÷ë Qù¬æ`Ç<xß `³eÇ°*è§~¡°.
G =°mÁ =°^Î¼ÇòQ® ã~¡OO Õ ×OH~K~¡°¼° H÷ë L^Î¼=¶xß ^Í×O #°"³á¬ô ì ã¬K~¡O KÍ§~¡°. `Ç~Þ`Ç ZO^Î~Ë H÷ë
M
L^Î¼=°Hê~¡°° qq^Î ãO` ÕÁ H÷ë ã^¥#¼`Ç#° q=iOK~¡°.
95 E
H÷ë L^Î¼=°Hê~¡°°
9
59
D
G gi Õ ¬°Q®°} H÷ë, x~¡°¾} H÷ë J<Í ï~O_È° ~¡Hê H÷ëx ã¬ÕkOz# "~¡°<ß~¡°.
1. ×OH~K~¡¼ :
CA
50
G öH~¡× Õx Hê_ Õ [xàOK~¡°. 8= ×`ìíxH÷ K³Ok#"~¡°.
98
G `ÇOã_ t= Q®°~¡°=ô, `ÇeÁ P~¼O|.
×OH~K~¡°¼°
A
Q®°~¡°=ô QËqO^Î ^¥K~¡°¼°. ×OH~¡°° `Ç# 8= U@<Í ¬<¼¬O ÔÞHiOK~¡°.
G
:8
G W`Çx a~¡°^Î°° : PkQ®°~¡°, ã¬KÇó#ß |°^Îí,
h
A E
×OH~¡° ²^¥O`ÇO J^³á Þ`ÇO. JO>è L#ßk ¬~¡=¶`Çà XHø_Í. ã¬¬OKÇ=°O` =¶Ç°.
.P
G
G J^³á Þ`Ç ²^¥O`xß J#°¬iOKÍ "ix ªà~¡°Ö° JO\ì~¡°.
AB C
D
G ×OH~¡°° ã|¬ìà ¬¶ã`°, L¬x+¬`Ç°ë°, Q®=n¾`Çä½ "¼Mì¼<° ~¡zOK~¡°.

ER I
G ×OH~¡°° `Ç# ²^¥O` ã¬K~¡O HË¬O ì~¡` Õ <°Q®° kä½ø ÕÁ <°Q®° =°~° ªÖ²OK~¡°. Jq..
O
kä½ø ¬ÖO ~ã+¬O kä½ø ¬ÖO ~ã+¬O

CH
L`Çë~¡O |^Îs<^£ [=òàHêjà~ ^ÎH÷Æ}O ×$OöQi H~â@H

YD
`Ç¶~¡°æ ¬îi X_§ ¬tó=° ^¥Þ~¡H Q®°[~`

,H
G W`Çx =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O W`Çx t+¬µ¼ HOz =°~¡O ªÖ²OK~¡°.

AM
T
2. ~=¶#°*ìK~¡¼ :
H
M
G `Çq°×<_È° Õ ãj Ì~¡O|^Î¶~¡° Õ ãH©.×. 1017 Õ [xàOK~¡°. ãH©.×.1137 Õ ¬~¡=°¬kOK~¡°.

AM
G DÇ°# ²^¥O`ÇO.. qt^³á Þ`ÇO. ã|¬ìà¬¶ã`ä½ 'ãjì+¬¼OÑ J<Í "¼Mì¼# ãQ®O^ÎO ~¡zOK~¡°.
IG
KH
G W`Ç#° H÷ë L^Î¼=° x["³°Ø# ªÖ¬ä½_È°. ~=¶#°*ìK~¡°¼°

G KË× ~A`Ë q"^ÎO U~¡æ_ ~=¶#°["£° KË×~[¼O #°Oz =°¬ð~R KÍ~¡°ä½<ß_È°.
R
G =°¬ð~R Õ ¬O_Ès¬î~ Õx q~Ëì ^Í"Ç°O P^¥~¡OQê H ë÷ L^Î¼=¶xß "¼²ë KÍª_È°. W`Ç#° N"³+á =â¬ `³Q#® ° ªÖO² K_È°.
G "Í^¥O`Ç ª~¡O, "Í^¥O`Ç n¬O, Q®` ~¡`ÇßHê~, w` ì+¬¼O `Çk`Ç~¡ ãQ®O^¥#° ~§~¡°.
G ä½Õ`Ç°ëOQ®°x PãQ®¬ìO =Á K×ÃH¼.. KË× ~[¼O q_z ¬ìÙÇ°ª ~*ì¼xH÷ "³oÁéÇ¶~¡°.
G ^³á Þ`Ç, J^³á Þ`Ç ²^¥O`#° ¬=°#ÞÇ°O KÍ¶¬ ë è^¥ è^Î ²^¥O`xß ~¡¶ÚOkOz# xOì~¡°ø_È°. ~=¶#°*ìK~¡¼ä½ ¬=°Hêb#°_È°.
3. =°^¥ÞK~¡¼ :
G H~â@H Õ [xàOK~¡°. DÇ°# ¬î~¡Þ<=°O.. "¬°^Í=ô_È°.
G ×OH~¡°, ~=¶#°A ²^¥O`ä½ a#ßOQê ^³á Þ`Ç ²^¥O`xß ã¬ukOK~¡°.
G ^³á Þ`Ç ²^¥O`ÇO ã¬Hê~¡O P`Çà, ¬~¡=¶`Çà "Íö~Þ~¡°Qê LO\ì~ò.
G Z<Ëß "¼Mì¼# ãQ®O^¥° ~¡zOK~¡°. =°^¥ÞK~¡¼

4. ~=¶#O^Î :
G W`Ç#° L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í Õ ã¬Ç¶Q® Õ [xàOK_È°.
G H÷ë L^Î¼=°Hê~¡° ÕÁ JãQ®Q®}°¼°. DÇ°# 15= ×`|íO Õ rqOK~¡°.
G ãH©.×.1400 Õ [xàOz 1470 Õ ¬~¡=°¬kOK~¡°.
G L`Çë~¡ ì~¡`Ç^Í× "³ò^Î\ ÷ H÷ë L^Î¼=° Hê~¡°_È°.
G ä½, =°`Ç è^¥ä½ Jf`ÇOQê qq^Î x=°ß ä½ ì #°Oz ZO`Ë=°Okx t+¬µ¼°Qê ÔÞHiOK~¡°.
G ~=° H÷ëx K\ì~¡°. ²ìOn Õ Õ^Î#° KÍ² ã¬[ä½ KÍ~¡°=Ç¶¼~¡°. ~=¶#O^Î°_È°
G =ò²ÁO J~ò# Hc~, K³¬ôæ° ä½>è ä½ ìxH÷ K³Ok# ~"£°^¥¹, =°OQ®e ä½ ìxH÷ K³Ok# Ìá<Ö¹, ï~á`³á# ^Î#, W ì Z<Ëß
=~¾ä½ K³Ok#"~¡° ~=¶#O^Î t+¬µ¼ ÕÁ L<ß~¡°.
5. =ÁìK~¡°¼_È° :
G W`Ç#° L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í Õ "~¡}ì² Õ ãH©.×.1479 Õ `³°Q®° ãì¬ìà} ä½@°O|O Õ [xàOK~¡°.
Y
G DÇ°# ×Ã^Î^³á Þ`xß ã¬ÕkOK~¡°. H÷ë =¶~¾xß ¬ô+² =¶~¡¾O JO\ì~¡°.
M
G DÇ°# ~^¥H$+¬µâ =°^Î°~¡ H÷ëx ã¬ÕkOK~¡°.
=ÁìK~¡°¼_È°
G ãjH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°ä½ ¬=°Hêeä½°. ²^¥Ou ~¡¬ì¬¼O, ¬°Õkx `Çk`Ç~¡ ãQ®O^¥° ~¡zOK~¡°.
95 E
9
G H$+¬µâ}÷ß 'ãj<^£rÑ J<Í À~¡°`Ë ¬îlOK~¡°. ãH©.×. 1531 Õ ¬~¡=°¬kOK~¡°.
59
D
G W`Ç#° a~¡°^Î° Z²ä¼iÇ°<£ P¦¹ ^Î D¹ (¬O`Ë+¬O ^¥Þ~ "³¶HÆO ªkOKÇ°@)
6. |¬= :
CA
50
G W`Ç#° H~â@H Õ a[û ~*ì¼xH÷ ã¬^¥x. G W`Ç#° g~¡Üáq["£°#° ªÖ²OK_È°.
98
G D =°`xß \÷OKÍ "ix eOQêÇ°`° JO\ì~¡°. G gi Q®°~¡°=ô#° [OQ®=°° JO\ì~¡°.
A
:8
G Wk =°`Ç ¬ô¬ëHê#° JQ®=°° JO\ì~¡°.
D =°`ÇO ªO¦²°H ¬O¬ø~¡}° ÕkOKÇ°#°.
h
G
A E
.P
L^¥: q`ÇO`Ç° q"¬ìO [~¡Qêe, ì¼q"¬ð° xÀ+^ÎO "³òII#q.

AB C
D
7. g°~ì~ò
ER I
G g°~ì~ò ãH©.×. 1498-1557 =°^Î¼ rqOzOk.

O
G D"³° F ~[¬ôã`Ç Çò=~}÷. "Í°"~#° eOz# ~¡`Ç<£²OQ· ä½=¶ï~ë.

CH
G D"³°ä½ ~}ì ¬OãQê=° ²O¬ð Ì^Îí ä½=¶~¡°_³á# Õ[ ~A`Ë ãH©.×. 1516 Õ q"¬ìO [iyOk.
YD
G ~¡ë JHê =°~¡}O `Ç~Þ`Ç H$+¬µâ}÷ß =°^Î°~¡ H÷ë`Ë P~kOzOk.

,H
G D"³° ãa* ì+¬, Q®°[~f, ~[ªÖh `Çk`Ç~¡ ì+¬ ÕÁ Z<Ëß ¬^¥¼° ~¡zOzOk.
AM
T
G D"³° ¬Ow`Ç "~ò^Î¼O - UH`~¡

G D"³° H©~¡ë#° ¬^¥=o J<Í ¬ô¬ëHO Õ ~¡zOKÇ|_¨Û~ò.
H
M
8. ¬¶~¡^¥¬°
AM
IG
G 16= ×`ìíxH÷ K³Ok#"~¡°.

KH
G ~^¥, H$+¬â H÷ëx J#°¬iOK~¡°.

R
G ¬¶~ ª~¡=o, ª²ì`Ç¼ ~¡`Çß, ¬¶~ ªQ®~ `Çk`Ç~¡ ãQ®O^¥° ~¡zOK~¡°.

G H$+¬µâ}÷ß z#ß H$+¬µâ_Qê Zä½ø=Qê P~kOK~¡°.
G JO^Î°_È°. 'PãQê JO^ÎHqÑ Jx DÇ°##° ²eKÍ"~¡°.
G =ÁìK~¡¼ t+¬µ¼#° 'J+¬z=Ñ H=ôO\ì~¡°. "~¡O^Îi Õ#¶ ¬¶~¡^¥¹ JãQ®Q®}°¼_È° Jx K³¬æ=KÇ°ó.
9. `Ç°Ô^¥¬°
G DÇ°# ãH©.×. 1532-1623 =°^Î¼ HêO Õ rqOK~¡°.
G ~=°H÷ëx ã¬ÕkOK~¡°.
G ~=°KÇi`Ç=¶#¹ J<Í ã¬=òY ãQ®O^ÎO`Ë@° w`=o, Hq`=o, q#Ç°¬ãuH
`Çk`Ç~° PÇ°# ~¡KÇ#°.
G W`Ç#° JHÄ~ ¬=°Hêeä½_È°.

10. *ìý#^Í"£
G 13= ×`ìíxH÷ K³Ok# =°¬ð~ã+¬ H÷ë L^Î¼=°Hê~¡°_È°.. *ìý#^Í"£
G q~¡°x ä½ë_È°. Q®=n¾`ÇÌá '*ìý<Í×ÞiÑ À~¡°`Ë =°~s ì+¬ Õ "¼Mì¼#O ~§~¡°.
G J=°$`#°=, K³OQ®^Í= ã¬×²ë J<Í W`Ç~¡ ãQ®O^¥° ä_¨ ~¡zOK~¡°.
G =~¡â =¼=¬Ö, =ü_¨K~#° YO_OK~¡°.
11. <=° ^Í=ô_È°
G 14= ×`ìíxH÷ K³Ok# =°¬ð~ã+¬ H÷ë L^Î¼=°Hê~¡°_È°.
G ¬O_Ès¬ô~¡O öHOã^ÎOQê H÷ëx ã¬ÕkOK~¡°. 'q~ËìöH×~¡Ñ J<Í Q®°~¡°=ô #°Oz ¬<¼¬ nHÆ f¬°ä½<ß~¡°.
G =°~s ì+¬ Õ Z<Ëß ¬^¥¼° ~Ç°_È"Í° Hêä½O_¨, ¬~¡Hês ªOã¬^¥Ç¶xß ã¬"Í×Ì\ì~¡°.
G <=°^Í=ô_ ~¡KÇ##° JOQ®=ò° JO\ì~¡°.
Y
G =°^Î¼ÇòQ®O Õ H÷ë L^Î¼=°ÇòQ®O ï~O_È°Qê peéÇ¶~¡°. 1) x~¡°¾} 2) ¬^Î°¾}
x~¡°¾} :
M
I.
G ^Í=ôxH÷ ~¡¶¬O è^Î°, qãQ®¬ð~^Î# KÍÇ°~^Î°, f~¡ÖÇ¶ã`Ç° KÍÇ°~^Îx g~¡° K³Àæ"~¡°.
95 E
G x~¡°¾} ¬<¼¬° Õ =òY°¼° : Z) Hc~ a) Q®°~¡°<#H± ²) ^¥~¡°^ÎÇ¶
9
59
D
Z) Hc~ :
; W`Çxx =°^Î¼ÇòQ® Hê~¡ =¶~ø JO\ì~¡°.
CA
50
; ãH©.×.1440-1518 =°^Î¼ HêO Õ rqOK~¡°.
98
; ãì¬ìà} q`ÇO`Ç°=ôä½ [xàOz<, =ò²ÁO <Í`Ç ¬x"i WO\ÕÁ ÌiQê~¡°.
A
Hc~¡°
:8
; ~=° H÷ëx ã¬ÕkOKÇ_È"Í° Hêä½O_¨ ²ìO^Î¶, =ò²ÁO SH¼`Çä½ H$+² KÍ§~¡°.
; ¬=¶[O Õx =ü_¨K~#° KÇ`Ç°~¡`Ç`Ë z#ß z#ß ¬^¥¼`Ë q=iOK~¡°. "\÷x ^Ë¬ð° JO\ì~¡°.
h
A E
.P
; Hc~ ^Ë¬ð#° 'a[HÑ J<Í À~¡°`Ë ¬OH#O KÍ§~¡°.

AB C
D
; Hc~ _bÁ ¬° ìë#`#° eOz# ²H÷O^Î~ Õ_H÷ ¬=°Hêeä½_È°.

ER I
; Hc~ ì~¡¼ ÕÇ°, ä½=¶~¡°_È° H=° .

O
; Hc~ =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O PÇ°# =ò²ÁO t+¬µ¼° =°¦¬°~ §YQê U~¡æ_¨Û~¡°.

W`Ç#° ²ìO^Î¶,=ò²ÁO HêO Õ#° ãé`²ìOK_È°. ºH÷H"^ÎO ÕkOK_È°.
CH
; ;
YD
; ''~"£° Ê ~¡Ôì"£°ÑÑ XöH <}ÿO ³òHø ï~O_È° ~¡¶° Jx K³æ~¡°.

W`Ç#° J`Ç¼kHOQê qãQ®¬ð~^Î# YO_OK_È°. ; W`Ç#° KË¬ð<£, ²a ,¹ a*ìO@ J<Í ¬ô¬Hë ê#° ²ìOn Õ ~¡zOK_È°.
,H
;
; W`Çx =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O J`Çx ×=OÌá L#ß ¬ô=ôÞ#° ²ìO^Î°=ô "~¡}ì²=^Îí =ò²ÁO° - =°Q®~ (QË~¡M¬î~) Õ
AM
T
¬î_¨ó~¡°.
H
M
a) Q®°~¡°<#H± :
AM
W`Ç#° ¬O*ì Õ `Ç ÞO_ (#<£Hê<ªÌì) Õ [xàOK_È°.

IG
;
W`Ç#° tä½ø=°`Ç ªÖ¬ä½_È°
KH
;
; ãH©.×. 1469 Õ ¬O*ì Õ '`ÇÞO_Ñ Õ [xàOK~¡°.
R
; ²ìO^Î¶, =ò²ÁO è Hêä½O_¨ qq^Î =°`°, ä½ ì =°^Î¼ ¬=¶#`ÞxH÷ ã¬Ç°ußOK~¡°. Q®°~¡°HêOQ®~ J<Í ª=ü²ìH
=O@§°ã~¡OaOK~¡°.
; DÇ°# Õ^Î#° Q®°~¡° ãQ®O^Î ªÌì/Pk ãQ®O^£ Õ ¬OH#O KÍ§~¡°.
; ãH©.×. 1539 Õ ¬O*ì Õ H~ë~¬î~ Õ =°~¡}÷OK~¡°.
; W`Çx `Ç^Î#O`Ç~¡O t+¬µ¼° ²ä½ø =°`ÇOQê ~¡¶O`Ç~¡O K³O^¥~¡°.
; ºH÷H`Ç`ÇÞO ÕkOK_È°.
; W`Ç#° J<ÍHª~¡°Á =°Hêø#° ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°
; W`Çx ¬Ow`Ç "~ò^Î¼O - ~¡ì
; W`Çx ã¬^¥# t+¬µ¼_È° - =°^Î<
; W`Çx `Ç~Þ`Ç 9 =°Ok tä½ø Q®°~¡°=ô°<ß~¡°. Q®°~¡°<#H±

²) ^¥^Î°^ÎÇ¶ :
; W`Ç#° Q®°[~` Õ ÕkOK_È°. ; Hc~ t+¬µ¼ ÕÁ =òY°¼_È° ^¥^Î¶ ^ÎÇ¶.
; ãH©.×.1544 Õ J¬ìà^¥ì^£ Õ ãì¬ìà} ä½@°O|O Õ [xàOK~¡°. ; 1603 Õ ¬~¡=°¬kOK~¡°.
; ¬=¶[O Õ L#ß qq^Î #=°àHê#° XöH ²^¥O`ÇOQê =¶~¡ó_¨xH÷ ã|¬ìà ¬Oã¬^¥Ç°/ ¬~¡ã|¬ìà ¬Oã¬^¥Ç° J<Í
q^¥<xß ¬$+²OK~¡°.
; W`Ç~¡° Õ^Î#xßO\÷h ÀHiOz# "³ò^Î\ ÷ =¼H÷ë. ; ^¥^Î¶ JO>è J#ß, ^ÎÇ¶ JO>è *ìe Jx J~¡ÖO.
; W`Çx t+¬µ¼°#° x¬H±O^¥° / ^¥^Î°On° JO\ì~¡°.
; W`Çx Õ^Î#° ¬hß J<Í ¬ô¬ëHO Õ ÀHiOKÇ|_¨Û~ò.
_) ~=°^¥¬° :
; W`Ç#° "~¡}ì² Õ K³¬C° ä½@°Hù<Í"_È°. ; W`Ç#° ã¬^¥# t+¬µ¼~° ~}©e.
. ¬Q®°} ¬<¼° :
Y
II
G ^Í=ôxH÷ ~¡¶¬O LOk. qãQ®¬ð~^Î#, f~¡ÖÇ¶ã`Ç° KÍÇ¶x K³æ~¡°.
M
G g~¡° ã¬^¥#OQê 3 ãO` Õ LO_Í"~¡°.
95 E
1) =°~~ "³á+¬âq["£°(=°¬ð~R) 2) ïQá_È "³á+¬âq["£° (ÿOQê ) 3) PìÞ~¡°° <Ç°<~¡°Á (^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`)
9
59
1. =°~~ "³á+¬âq["£° :
D
; =°¬ð~R Õ H÷ë L^Î¼=°O "¼²ëKÍ²#k ~=°#°*ìK~¡°¼_È°.
CA
; ¬O_Ès¬î~ Õ q~Ëì ^Í"Ç°O P^¥~¡OQê H÷ë L^Î¼=°O "¼²ëK³OkOk.
50
; =°¬ð~R Õ H÷ë L^Î¼=°Hê~¡°° 2Qê peéÇ¶~¡°. Z) ^¥~¡Hêi `³Q® a) "~¡Hêi `³Q®
98
Z) ^¥~¡Hêi `³Q® :
A
:8
; g~¡° ¬O_Ès¬î~H÷ ¬O=`Ç~xH÷ XöHªi f~¡ÖÇ¶ã`Ç KÍÀ"~¡°. ; ~=°^¥¬° ^Î×Õ^Î J<Í ¬ô¬ëHêxß ~¡zOK_È°.
h
A E
=òY¼"³°Ø# H÷ë ¬<¼² ~=°^¥¬°. ; W`Ç#° t"r =°`ÇQ®°~¡°=ô.

.P
;
~=°^¥¬° ³òHø HêÇ° =ãªëxß `Ç# JkHêiH=°x t"r ã¬H\ ÷OK~¡°.
AB C
;
D
a) "~¡Hês `³Q® :
ER I
g~¡° ¬OIIH÷ 2 ª~¡°Á f~¡ÖÇ¶ã`ÇH÷ ¬O_Ès¬î~ H÷ "³õÁ"~¡°.

O
2. QÒ_È "³á+¬âq["£° :
CH
YD
Z) K³á`Ç#°¼_È° :
,H
;W`Çx J¬°À~¡° q×ÞO|~¡ q°ã§. ; W`Çx Q®°~¡°=ô öH×= ì~¡u

; H÷ë L^Î¼=°Hê~¡° Õ W`ÇxH÷ J`Ç¼kHOQê t+¬µ¼° Hey L<ß_È°.
AM
T
; W`Çx P`ÇàH^Î ''K³á`Ç#¼ KÇiã`=°$`ÇOÑÑ #° Hq^¥¬~A ~¡zOK_È°.

H
M
; W`Ç#° ÿOQêe, Jªg°, X_Ç¶ ì+¬ Õ ÕkOK_È°.

AM
; W`Ç#° ¬ìö~~=° ¬ìö~H$+¬â x<^ÎO WKó_È°. ; W`Ç#° `Ç#H÷ `#° H$+¬µâx J=`~¡=°x ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ°ä½<ß_È°.
IG
KH
; W`Ç#° ''JzóO`Ç è^Î"^ÎÑÑ ²^¥O`ÇO#° ÕkOK_È°.

a) KÇO_^¥¬ : W`Ç#° [Ç°^Í=ôx w`QËqO^ÎO`Ë, º^Î=°`xH÷ K³Ok# ¬¬ðlÇ¶ `³Q®`Ë ã¬ìq`Ç"³°Ø H÷ë ¬<¼²Qê
R
=¶~_È°. W`Ç#° z~¡°`ÇH÷ / K³Hø[#ä½ ã¬²k.

3. PìÞ~¡°Á, <Ç°<~¡°Á :
Z) PìÞ~¡°Á :
; "³á+¬â=ô#° PìÞ~¡°° JO\ì~¡°. ; 12 PìÞ~¡° Q®°~¡°=ô° L<ß~¡°.
; =òY¼"³°Ø# "~¡° : ~=¶#°*ìK~¡¼, xOì~¡ø~, u~¡°=×Ã¤=~ "³òII.
; xOì~¡ø~ - ^³á Þ`Ç J^³á Þ`ÇO ÕkOK_È°. W`Ç#° ''"Í^¥O`Ç i*ì`Ç ªÏ~¡Ñ ¬ô¬ëHêxß ~¡zOK_È°.
a) #Ç°<~¡°Á :
; Üá=ô#° <Ç°<~¡°Á JO\ì~¡°. ; 63 =°Ok <Ç°<~¡°Á Q®°~¡°=ô° L<ß~¡°.
; =òY¼"³°Ø# "_È° - "³°HêO_È~ - ''t= *ìý# Õ^ÎÑÑ ¬ô¬ëH=ò ~¡zOK_È°. JQêq°H± Üá=`³Q®#° ªÖ²OK_È°.

W`Ç~¡ H÷ë ¬<¼¬°° :
×OH~¡^Í= - JªéO Õ
ìÁ - Hêjà~
QË~¡M<^£ - L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í Õ ÕkOK~¡°.
- W`Çx t+¬µ¼#° <^£ ãOfÇò° JO\ì~¡°
#~¡²O¬ìO - Q®°[~` Õ ÕkOK_È°.
<ìr - ''Hë=¶ÑÑ J<Í ¬ô¬ëH=ò ~¡zOK_È°. Wk =°^Î¼ÇòQ® ¬<¼¬° Q®°iOz q=i¬°ëOk.
v ¬¶¦Ô L^Î¼=°O :
G ¬¶¦Ô JO>è Lxß Jx J~¡ÖO. ãÀ=°`Ë =¶#=ô_È° Q®=O`Ç°x Õ b#O HêQ®_È#ß^Í ¬¶¦Ô =°`ÇO =òY¼²^¥O`ÇO.
G ¬¶¦Ô J<Í ¬^ÎO "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê J|°¬ì²<£ L¬³¶yOK_È°. W`Ç#° ä½¦(W~<£ä½ K³Ok#"_È°)
Y
G "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ =°²ìì ¬¶¦Ô ¬<¼²x - ~¡aÇ¶ (W~H±)
M
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ¬¶¦Ô L^Î¼=°O "¼²ë KÍ²#"_È° - "³ò~ò#°n<£ zh
Z) zÔÖ`³Q® :
95 E
9
ã¬^¥# öHOã^ÎO :Jrà~ ªÖ¬ä½_È° : "³ò~ò#°kí<£ zÔÖ (1143-1236)
59
; ;
D
; a~¡°^Î° : HêÞ*ì Q®s|°ní<£ ; ¬$nÞ~* Kñ¬ð<£ HêO Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O =Kó_È°.
CA
; Jrà~ Õ ²Ö~¡¬_¨Û_È°.
50
; W`Ç~¡ zÔÖ ¬<¼¬°° : 1) ä½`Ç°|°n<£ H÷ëÇ¶~HêH÷
98
↓
A
:8
2) ¬ìg°^£ Ln<£ #QÒs
h
↓
A E
.P
3) ìì ¦¬s^£ (W`Çx Õ^Î#° PkãQ®O^£ Õ KÍ~¡ó|_¨Û~ò)

AB C
D
↓
ER I
4) x*ì=òní<£ BeÇ¶ (7 Q®°~¡° ¬° ìë#° # KÇ¶§_È°. _bÁ ¬° ìë#°
O
#°O_ |¬=¶<#° ÚO^¥_È°. ³¶Qê¬<° "Í¬¶ë ²^£ J<Í a~¡°^Î° ÚO^¥_È°.

CH
↓
YD
5) #r~¡°n<£ z~Q· - W - ^³¬ìÁg ( ÿá\ P¦¹ _bÁ)

,H
a) ¬°ã¬ì=sí `³Q® :
AM
T
; ã¬^¥# öHOã^ÎO : =ò ìë<£ ; ªÖ¬ä½_È° : |¬ðLn<£ [HêiÇ¶.

H
"³á=OQê, q ì¬=O`ÇOQê rqOKx K³æ_È°.

M
;
AM
; ¬°ã¬ì=sí J<ÍH §Y°Qê peé~òOk. 1. =ò ìë<£ 2. LKó§Y (=°¬ìà^£c<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH± nxx J`Ç¼kHOQê QÒ~¡qOK~¡°)
IG
3. ¦²~¡^ñ²Ç¶
KH
_) Mìãn `³Q® :

R
; ªÖ¬ä½_È° : Ç°=¶Ç°`Ç° ìÁ =òä½í"£° =°¬ìà^£ l ìh

W) #HÆê |On :
; ªÖ¬ä½_È° : ìH©a ìÁ ; ¬¶¦Ô `³Q®#° ² ² ì° JO\ì~¡°.
; J|° ¦¬A `Ç# Sh JHÄs Õ 16 ² ² ì° Q®°iOz À~ùø<ß_È°.
v =°¬ðc L^Î¼=°O :
G =¬ðb L^Î¼=¶xß ¬Ç°¼^£ "Ôì^£ '~°|ö~bÑ Õ ªÖ²OK~¡° (L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í)
G "³ò^Î\ÕÁ Wk =°`Ç¬~¡ L^Î¼=°O `Ç~Þ`Ç ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼ L^Î¼=°OQê =¶iOk. Wk ãa\÷+¹H÷ =¼uö~H L^Î¼=°OQê =¶iOk.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1. ×OH~K~¡°¼_È° ÕkOz# ùÞH§Y? (Gr-I - 2012) 12. ã¬²^Î ²ìO^Î¶`Ç`ÇÞ"Í`Çë ×OH~K~¡°¼° U ~ãxH÷
1) ^³á Þ`Ç=ò 2) J^³á Þ`Ç=ò K³Ok#"_È°? (P.O - 2012)
3) qt^³á Þ`Ç=ò 4) ^³á Þ`^³á Þ`Ç=ò 1) POã^Îã¬^Í 2) H~â@H

2. H÷ë L^Î¼=°O ³òHø ã~¡O ã¬u^Îä½_È°? (T.P- 12) 3) `Çq°×<_È° 4) öH~¡×
1) ~=¶#°[ 2) xOì~¡ø 13. H÷ë L^Î¼=°O Õx Ju ã¬^¥#"³°Ø# JO×O Uq°\÷?
3) =¶^Î=K~¡¼ 4) ~=°#O^Î 1) ²ìO^Î¶ =°`Ç¬ô#~¡°^Î~¡} (Group-II - 2003)
3. ² ì O^Î ¶ "Í ^ ¥O`Ç = òKÍ q°H÷ ø e ã¬ ì q`Ç " ³ ° Ø # 2) ä½ qè^¥° x~¡¶àeOKÇ°@
¬¶¦QÔ °® ~¡°`Ç°°¼°?
Y
(Group-I - 2007)
3) ²ìO^Î°=ô°, =ò²ÁO° ~r¬_È°@
1) À+H±Wªà~ò 2) J|°í HsOJb[b 4) UöH×Þ~Ë¬#ä½ ã=òY¼O
M
3) ^¥`Q®O*H±Æ 4) ¬~ò¼^£J¬ìà^£¬° ìë<£ 14. ''~× ¤ #° ¬ î lÀë ^Í = ô_È ° H # ¬ _ ` Í <Í # ° HùO_È < Í
4. ~=°#O^Î J#°KÇ~¡°_È°
95 E
(T.P - 2012)
¬îlªë#°ÑÑ Jx J#ß^³=~¡°? (Group-II - 2003)
9
1) ~¡q^¥¹ 2) Hc~ 1) <#H± 2) Hc~
59
D
3) Ô< 4) Ìá"~¡O^Î~¡°
3) `Ç°Hê~¡O 4) K³á`Ç#°¼_È°
5. ×OH~K~¡°¼° "Mì¼#O KÍÇ°xk D ãH÷Ok "x Õ
CA
15. lq°à° Z=~¡°?
50
(Group-II - 2003)
Uk? (Group-I- 2003)
1) llÇ¶ H\ ÷~¡HÆ} ÚO^Í"~¡°
98
1) ã|¬ìà¬¶ã`Ç=ò° 2) L¬x+¬`Ç°ë°
2) ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õx `Ç°sø*ìfÇò°
A
:8
3) |°°öQÞ^ÎO 4) Q®=n¾`Ç
3) =ò²ÁO =°`ÇO ÕH÷ =¶iæ_ KÍ¬°ä½#ß"~¡°
6. ''ì"~¡Ön²HÑÑ ~¡zOz#^³=~¡°?
h
(Group-I - 1991)
4) =ò²ÁO [g°O^¥~¡°Á
A E
.P
1) ~=¶#°*ìK~¡¼ 2) *ìý<Í×Þ~
16. J~¡ÿ¹ø J#Qê<Íq°?
AB C
3) "³á^Î¼<^£ 4) g°~ì~ò (Group-II - 2003)

D
7. J ìÁ, ~"£° a_ÈÛ_È°Qê ²°=|_# H÷ë L^Î¼=°Hê~¡°_È°? 1) ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õx J~¡cÄ Ç¶ãuä½°

ER I
2) =°`Çã¬K~¡ä½°
O
(Group-I - 1984)
1) ~=¶#O^Î°_È° 2) Hc~ 3) WªÁOH÷ ¬O|OkOz# ì

CH
3) ¬¶~^¥¹ 4) `Ç°Ô^¥¹ 4) ¬ô+¬æ=ò JeÁH `Ç`Ë JOHiOz# H×

YD
8. `Ç¬CQê L#ß [`Ç#° Q®°iëOKÇ°=ò? (J.L - 2011) 17. J^³á Þ`ÇÞ=ò ªÖ¬ä½_È° Z=~¡°? (Group-II - 2003)
,H
1) ~=¶#O^Î°_È° - ^ÎH÷Æ}ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ q¬ë $`ÇOQê 1) ×OH~K~¡°¼° 2) =ÁìK~¡°¼°

AM
T
ÕkOK_È°. 3) |¬=ô_È° 4) QËqO^ÎnH÷Æ`Ç°_È°

2) =ÁìK~¡°¼_È° - q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ªã=¶[¼O Õ 18. eOQêÇ°` L^Î¼=°ªÖ¬ä½_È°?
H
M
(A.M.V.I.E - 2009)
1) |¬=~A 2) ~=¶#°[
AM
ÕkOK_È°
IG
3) K³á`Ç#°¼_È° - `Ç¶~¡°æ, L`Çë~¡ì~¡`Ç ¶ìQê ÕÁ#° 3) ×OH~K~¡¼ 4) HO|<£

KH
^ÎHø#° Õ#° ÕkOK_È°. 19. H÷ë L^Î¼=°O KÍ²# ª=¶lH À=? (J.L - 2011)
R
4) "Í=°# - POã^Î ^Í×O Õ Õ^Î#° KÍ§_È°. 1) ²ìO^Î°=ô Õ ^³á~¡¼O ÌiyOk

9. ~=°KÇi`Ç=¶#¹ ~¡zOz#^³=~¡°? (Group-II - 2001) 2) ¬Oä½z`Ç`Þxß, =~¡¾K³á`Ç<¼xß ~¡¶¬ô =¶²Ok
1) ~=¶#O^Î 2) q°~ì~ò 3) L^¥~¡"^ÎO ÌiyOk
3) Hc~ 4) `Ç°Ô^¥¹ 4) =°`Çª=°~¡¬¼O, ª¬ì¬O ÌiyOk
10. D ãH÷Ok "i Õx U H÷ë L^Î¼=°<Ç°ä½_È° WªÁO
=# ã¬ìq`Ç°_ÈÇ¶¼_È°? (Group-II - 2011) ["|°°
1) ~=¶#°[ 2) #Ç°<~¡°Á 1) 2 2) 1 3) 1 4) 4 5) 3
3) K³á`Ç#¼ 4) ~=°<^Î<£ 6) 1 7) 2 8) 1 9) 4 10) 3
11. ~=¶#°A_È° ÕkOz#k? (Group-II - 2008) 11) 2 12) 4 13) 1 14) 2 15) 1
1) J²ìO¬ 2) H÷ë 3) *ìý#O 4) "Í^Î=ò° 16) 4 17) 1 18) 1 19) 4

G q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ªã=¶[¼O Q®°iOz `³°¬°HË=_¨xH÷ ã¬^¥# P^¥~¡=ò - ''~|~ ¬¶Ç° ÑÑ ³òHø ¦¬~Qê>ÿ<£ ZOÌá~ P¦¹
q[Ç°#Q®~¡ÑÑ (q¬ë $`Ç, q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ªã=¶[¼O) ãQ®O^Î=ò `³°¬ô`Ç°Ok.
G q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ä½° H#ß_È ^Í×=ò#ä½ K³Ok#"~¡° Jx H#ß_È ²^¥íO`Ç=ò#° `³e²#k - N H$+¬âªÞq° JÇ°¼OQê~,
ÌìK.H$+¬â§¢²ë.
Y
G q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ªã=¶\° POã^Î^Í§xH÷ K³Ok#"~¡° - <Í@¶i "³OH@~¡=°}Ç°¼ - Wk P"³¶^Î³¶Q®¼"³°Ø#k.
M
G q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ªã=¶[¼ ªÖ¬ä½° - ¬ìi¬ì~¡, |°Hø~Ç°°.
G q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ~[¼O ªÖ²OKÇ|_# ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò - 1336 ¬OII
95 E
G ¬ìi¬ì~¡ |°Hø° "³ò^Î\ ÷ '=°¬ì=°à^£ c<£ `Ç°Q®ÁH±ÑKÍ WªÁO ÕH÷ =¶~¡ó|_ `Ç°Q®ÁH± ª=°O`Ç°°Qê J#QùOk ãO`Ç ä½°Qê
9
59
D
xÇ°q°OKÇ|_¨Û~¡°.
G ¬ìi¬ì~¡|°Hø°#° uiy ²ìO^Î¶=°`Ç=ò ÕH÷ `³zó#"~¡° - =¶^Î= q^¥¼~¡}¼ ªÞq° (×$OöQi ×OH~¡=°~¡ Ô~k¬u -
"³°Ø¬¶~)
CA
50
G q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ªã=¶[¼O#° 1336 #°O_ 1652 =°^Î¼HêO Õ <°Q®° ~[=O§° ¬ieOK~ò.
98
A
1. ¬OãQ®=° =O×=ò - 1336-1485 - Zä½ø= ¬OII° ¬i#.
:8
2. ª×Ã= =O×=ò - 1485-1505 - `Çä½ø= ¬OII° ¬i#
h
A E
.P
3. `Ç°×Ã= =O×=ò - 1505-1570

AB C
4. J~¡g\÷ =O×=ò - 1570-1652

D
v ¬OQ®=° =O×=ò : 1336-1485 :

ER I
O
G ¬ìi¬ì~¡, |°Hø~Ç°° ¬OQ®=°=òx ä½=¶~¡°°. G `ÇeÁ =¶#OaH.

CH
G ¬OQ®=òx ä½=¶~¡°° Hê=@O =Á D =O×=ò#ä½ ¬OQ®=°=O×O Jx À~¡° =zóOk.

YD
G gö~ q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ªã=¶[¼ ªÖ¬ä½°. G D ªã=¶[¼ ~[^¥x - q[Ç°#Q®~¡O.

,H
G 1336 #°O_ 1343 =~¡ä½ `Ç°OQ®ã^¥#k ^ÎH÷Æ} ìQ®=ò Õ q[Ç°#Q®~¡=ò#° xiàOz 1344 Õ ''~[^¥xx J#QùOkÑÑ
AM
T
(HO²e) #°O_ q[Ç°#Q®~xH÷ =¶~ó~¡°.

G D #Q®~¡=ò 14 "³°Ø×¤ Ú_È=ô, 10 "³°Ø×¤ "³_È°æ Hey LOk.
H
M
G D #Q®~¡=ò Q®°iOz J|° ~¡*ìH± =iâOKÇ_ÈO [iyOk. G q[Ç°#Q®~¡¬ô HË@ - yi^Î°~¡¾=ò.

AM
IG
1. ¬ìi¬ì~¡ ~Ç°° (1336-1356) :

KH
G W`Çxx ''¬î~¡Þ, ¬tó=° ¬=òã^¥n×Þ~¡°xÑÑQê ì^¥g° §¬#O À~ùø#ßk.

R
G ¬ìi¬ì~¡ ~Ç°° ¬ìÙÇ°¬ ~A ''<¾= | ìÁ°xÑÑ J¬=°~¡`Ç#° J°¬°Qê

G q[Ç°#Q®~¡O Õ W`Ç_È° q~¡¶HÆ ^Í"Ç°O#° xiàOK_È°.
G W`Çx <HêO Õ<Í 1347 Õ ''¬ì¬<£ Q®OQ®¶ |¬=°xÑÑ Q®°Ä~¾ öHOã^ÎOQê
|¬ì=°h ªã=¶[¼O#° U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
G q[Ç°#Q®~¡ - |¬=°x ¬° ìë#° =°^Î¼ H$+¬â, `Ç°OQ®ã^Î JO`Çö~Þk (~Ç°KÇ¶~ - ~Ç°KÇ¶~
^ËP) Õx P^Ëx, =¶`ÇOQ® , |OQê¬î~ ^Î°~¾ïHá x~¡O`Ç~¡=ò Çò^¥° [iöQq.
2. "³ò^Î\ ÷ |°Hø~Ç°° (1356-1376) : ¬ìi¬ì~¡, |°Hø~Ç°°
G W`Çx HêO Õ [iy# ¬O¦¬°@#xßO\÷ Õ Qù¬æk - =°^Î°~ q[Ç°=ò (1371)
G DÇ°# < HêO Õ<Í |¬ì=°x - q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ~A =°^Î¼ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªi ¦¬°~¡Â} ã~¡O=°~ò#k (1356)

G W`Çx ä½=¶~¡°_È° HO¬~Ç°° ''ª×Ã= =°OQ®°ÑÑ ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë "³o¤ ''=°^Î°~¡ ¬° ìë<£ÑÑ#° =kOz =°^Î°~¡#° q[Ç°#Q®~¡O Õ
He²"Í§_È°.
G D =°^Î°~¡ q[Ç°O Q®°iOz HO¬~Ç°° ì~¡¼ Q®OQê^Íq ''=°^Î°~q[Ç°OÑÑ J<Í ãQ®O^Î=ò#° ã"²#k. Q®OQê^Íq
JQ®¬°ë¼_x Q®°~¡°=ôQê ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ°ä½Ok.
G '¬ì¬<£ Q®OQ®° ¬ì=°xÑ ä½=¶~¡°_È° =°¬ìà^£ `Ç# PªÖ#O Õ J<ÍH=°Ok ²ìO^Î°=ô#° L#ß`Ç L^Ë¼Qê Õ xÇ°q°OK_È°.
G |°Hø~Ç°° ³òHø "Í^Î ì+¬¼Hê~¡°_È° ª^Î<K~¡°¼°, =¶^Î"K~¡°¼° W`Çx =°Oã`Ç°°Qê ¬xKÍ§~¡°.
G W`Çx PªÖ#O Õ <KÇ#ªé=ò_È° J<Í Hq ''L`Çë~¡ ¬ìi=O×=òÑÑ J<Í ãQ®O^ÎO ã"§_È°. W`ÇxH÷ ÌOzHk<³ß J<Í
JãQ®¬ð~¡O W=Þ|_Ok.
3. 2= ¬ìi¬ì~¡ ~Ç°° 1377-1404 :
G ¬OQ®=° =O×=ò Õ Zä½ø= ¬OII° ¬ieOz# ~A - 2= ¬ìi¬ì~¡~Ç°°.
Y
G W`Ç_È° ''=°¬ð=°O_È è×Þ~¡ÑÑ a~¡°^Î°ä½ |^Î°°Qê ''=°¬ð~*ìk~[ÑÑ, ~["bàH÷, ~["¼¹, ¬~¡"Í°×Þ~¡ J<Í a~¡°^Î=ò#°
"³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê ÔÞHiOK_È°.
M
G W`Çx Q®°~¡°=ô ªÇ°<Ki HêQê =°¬ð=°Oãu ªÇ°<K~¡°¼_È°. (q^¥¼~¡}¼ªÞq° ªé^Î~¡°_È°). =¶^Î=ô_È<Í =°Oãu QË"#°
95 E
PãHq°Oz °=<³áHg~¡°_È° J#° a~¡°^Î° ÚO^¥_È°. ªÇ°# =°iÇò =¶^Î= <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ "Í^¥ä½ "¼Mì¼° ã"Ç°|_¨Û~ò.
9
59
G Ì^ÎHË=°\÷ "Í=¶ï~_Û ä½=¶i yiï~_Û =°^Î¼Q® "³á~xß P¬~Q® f¬°Hùx ä½=¶i yiï~_Û À<x Hê@=°"Í=òx KÍu Õ
D
F_ J`Çx ä½=¶~¡°xH÷ `Ç# ä½=¶ï~ë#° Wzó q"¬ì=ò KÍ§_È°.
G
CA
W`Çx =°~ùH =°Oãu W~¡°Q®¬æ^ÎO_È<^Î°_È° #=~¡`Çß=¶ ì Jx ¬ô¬ëHêxß ~¡zOK_È°. Q®xy@ J<Í *ÿá# PÇ¶xß xiàOK_È°.
50
G DÇ°# < HêO Õ<Í =°¬ð~R ãO`ÇO Õ 12 ¬OII~ H~¡°=ô =zóOk. nx<Í ^Î°~¾^Íq H~¡°=ô JO^Î°~¡°.
98
A
G W`Çx < HêO Õ<Í q[Ç°#Q®~¡ KÇiã`Ç Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ "~¡¬`ÇÞ H¬ìO K³ö~yOk.
:8
4. "³ò^Î\ ÷ ^Í=~Ç°° (1406-1422) :
h
A E
.P
G D HêO <\÷ W`Çx ¬=°Hêeä½_È° |¬ì=°x ¬° ìë<£ ¦²~Ë* - ''<³¬ì ÑÑ J<Í HOªe ä½=¶ï~ë Q®¶ió D ~[¼OÌá
AB C
D
^ÎO_³uë W`Çxx F_Oz 33,00,000 ^Î<xß ãQ®²ìOz "³o¤éÇ¶_Èx `³°¬°ëOk.

ER I
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ^Í=~Ç°° q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ãHê~#° | ÕÀ`Ç=ò KÍ² |°~¡°A#° xiàOz `Ç°OQ®ã^¥#kH÷ P#H@° xiàOz
O
Hê°=° ^¥Þ~ #Q®~xH÷ h\÷ ¬~¦¬~ KÍ§_È°.

CH
G W`Çx HêO Õ W`Çx PªÖ#O ÕH÷ ''xHË ìHêO\÷ÑÑ J<Í W@b Ç¶ãuä½_È° =Kó_È°.
YD
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ^Í=~Ç° ³òHø =°Oãu KÇ°#^ÎO_ <Ç°ä½_È°.

,H
G D Hê=ò <\÷ ''[Hø# J<ÍHqÑÑ qãH=¶~¡ø KÇiã`Ç J<Í ãQ®O^Î=ò#° ã"² ''²^Îí#ÑÑä½ JOH÷`Ç=ò WKó_È°.
AM
v ï~O_È= (ãÏ_È) ^Í=~Ç°° (1226-46) :

T
H
M
G ¬OQ®=° =O×=ò Õ Qù¬æ"_È° - ï~O_È= ^Í=~Ç°° ( è^¥) ãÏ_È ^Í=~Ç°°.

AM
G ''Q®[è@Hê~¡ÑÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î° ^ÎiOz# "³ò^Î\ ÷ q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ~A.

IG
KH
G 1428 Õ HùO_Èg_È°#° PãHq°Oz ï~_Û ~[¼=ò#° ª=°O`Ç ~[¼OQê KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.

G W`Çx À<¬u - Hø#ß ^ÎO_È<Ç°ä½_È°. NOHÌá ^¥_ KÍ² ''*ìßÑÑ #°O_ H¬æ=ò#° =¬¶° KÍÀ"_È°.
R
G J^Íq^ÎOQê öH~¡× Õx H÷Þ<£ ãO`Ç=ò#° ä_¨ PãHq°OK_È°.

G D PãH=°} =Á<Í ï~O_È= ^Í=~Ç°ä½ ''^ÎH÷Æ} ¬=òã^¥n×Þ~¡ÑÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î° =zóOk.
G |¬ì=°h ¬° ìë<£ J¬ìà^£ `Ç# ~[^¥xx ''Q®°Ä~¾ÑÑ #°O_ ''c^Î~ÑÑä½ =¶~ó_È°.
G =ò²Á=ò#° Ìá#¼=ò ÕH÷ f¬°ä½#ß "³ò^Î\ ÷ q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ~A "³ò^Î\ ÷ ^Í=~Ç°° J~ò`Í Zä½ø= =°Okx Ìá#¼=ò ÕH÷
f¬°ä½#ß"_È° ï~O_È= ^Í=~Ç°°.
G 1443 W`Çx < HêO Õ<Í J|°í ~¡*ìH± J<Í ¬~¡Â¼<£ ~Ç°ìi W`Çx ~[¼=òä½ =zó q[Ç°#Q®~¡O Õ ~¡`ß°
~×Ã°Qê éª~¡x À~ùø#_È"Í° QêH q[Ç°#Q®~¡O Õ 300 F_Èö~=ô° L#ß@°ÁQê À~ùø<ß_È°.
G 3= ^Í=~Ç°° q[Ç°#Q®~¡O Õx ''<£¬°ìsÑÑ |*ì~¡° Õ XH *ÿá# ^Í"Ç°=ò, J[~ ~=°ªÞq° ^Í"Ç°=ò,
q~¡ªÞq° ^Í"Ç°O Õ HùO`Ç ìQ®=ò#° xiàOK_È°.

G W`Çx PªÖ#O Õx ¬O¬ø $`Ç Hq J~ò# QÒ_È _O_=°@
°#° HùO_Èg\÷ ~ï _~Û A Ì^ÎHË=°\÷ "Í=¶ï~_Û PªÖ#Hq N<^°Î _È° F_Oz
J`Çx HOKÇ°_HÈ ø #° ¬Q°® Qù@Qê N<^°Î xH÷ ~ï O_È= ^Í=~Ç°° H#HêaÀ+H=ò KÍ² Hqª~¡Þº=° J<Í a~¡°^Î° WKó_È°.
G ãÏ_È^Í=~Ç°° ¬ÞÇ°OQê Hq ''=°¬ð<@H ¬°^¥xkÑÑ J<Í À~¡°`Ë ~=¶Ç°}O#° K³O¬î
Hê=¼=òQê ã"²<_È°
G ï~O_È= ^Í=~Ç°° Üá= =°à=¶x.
G W`Çx é+¬} Õx K=°~¡¬° J<Í Hq H#ß_È=ò Õ ''ã¬°eOQ® bÑÑ J<Í ãQ®O^Î=ò#° ã"²<_È°.
G ¬OQ®=° =O×=ò Õ z=i ~A - 2= q~¡¶äÆ½_È°.
G W`Çxx KÇOã^Îyi ^Î°~¾k¬u ª×Ã= #~¡²O¬_È° `Ç°×Ã= #~¡¬ <Ç°ä½x ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë
¬O¬ìiOz ~[¼=òä½ =Kó_È°.
N<^°Î _È°
ª×Ã= =O×=ò (1485-1505)
Y
M
v ª×Ã= #~¡²O¬ì~Ç°° (1485-91) :
95 E
G D =O× ªã=¶[¼ ªÖ¬ä½_È° - ª×Ã= #~¡²O¬_È° (1485-91). G W`Çx ~[^¥x - KÇOã^Îyi.
9
59
G W`Ç_°È u~¡°¬u Õx Nx"¬ =°OQê¬ô~¡=ò Õx Q®~ÄÇ°O xiàOK_È°. Hê<Ë=~,
D
|@ø , "³ò^Î #áÿ F_È~ö =ô#° PãHq°OK_È°.
G 1484 Õ ¬ô~¡°é`Çë=° Q®[¬u HùO_È¬eÁ,
CA
HùO_Èg_È°#° PãHq°Oz 'L^ÎÇ°yiÑx
50
ä_¨ ÚO^¥_È°. ª×Ã= #~¡²O¬ì~Ç°° ''J#ß=°Ç°¼ÑÑä½ ¬=°Hêb#°_È° J`Çx
98
A
H$`Ç°#° W`Ç_Í ã^Î¬iK_Èx K³|°`~¡°. J#ß=°Ç°¼ 32000 H©~¡ë#° ã"²
:8
N"ÍHO>è×Þ~¡ªÞq°H÷ JOH÷`Çq°Kó_È°. J#ß=°Ç°¼ì~¡¼ u=°àHø ä_¨ Qù¬æ H=~òãu.
h
A E
.P
D"³° ~¡°H÷à}©Hì¼}O, ¬°ã^ÎHì¼}O J<Í ãQ®O^¥#° ~¡zOzOk.

AB C
G q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ªã=¶[¼=ò Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê ''ª=ò Q®i_#°ÑÑ ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# ~A - `×¤H J#ß=¶K~¡°¼_È°
D
ª×Ã= #~¡²O¬_È°.
ER I
O
G W`Çx PªÖ# Hq - ~[<^Î _O_=°@° - ''ª×Ã"°¼^ÎÇ°OÑÑ J<Í ¬O¬ø $`Ç Hê=¼=ò#° ã"² ~Aä½ JOH÷`Çq°Kó_È°.
G W`Çx PªÖ#O Õx ²Á=°ãi ²#g~¡ã^Î°_È° J<Í Hq ''*ÿáq°h ì~¡`Ç=òÑÑ#° ã"² JOH÷`Çq°Kó_È°. (~Aä½)
CH
YD
G D ãQ®O^Î=ò Õ<Í D Hq ''"}© < ~}÷ÑÑ Jx À~ùø<ß_È°.
v W=°à_ #~¡²O¬ì~Ç°° (1491-1505) :

,H
AM
T
G ª×Ã= =O×=ò Õ Zä½ø= ¬OII° ¬ieOz# ~A - W=°à_ #~¡²O¬ì~Ç°°.

H
M
G ª×Ã= #~¡²O¬ì~Ç°° `Ç# z=i (=°~¡}) ¬=°Ç°O Õ `Ç# ä½=¶~¡°_È° J~ò# W=°à_ #~¡²O¬ì~Ç°#° ~AQê
AM
KÍÇ°=°x `Ç# ã¬^¥x `Ç°×Ã= #~¡¬<Ç°ä½xH÷ J¬æy¬¶ë =°~¡}÷OK_È°.

IG
KH
G `Ç°×Ã= #~¡<¬ Ç°ä½_È° ''W=°à_ÑÑx ²O¬ð¬#=ò#° ZH÷øOK_È° Hêx "¬=ë JkHê~¡O#° #~¡<¬ Ç°ä½_È° J#°q OKÇ_=È ò#°
W+¬O xè W=°à_ #~¡O² ¬ì~Ç°° ã¬^¥ x ¬^qÎ #°O_ #~¡<¬ Ç°ä½xß `ùyOz ''<^ÍO_ÈÁ u=°à~¡°¬°ÑÑ#° ã¬^¥ xQê xÇ°q°OK_È°.
R
G #~¡¬ <Ç°ä½_È° Ì#°QùO_È Õ Ìá#¼=ò#° `Ç¶Ç ~¡° KÍ°¬ Hùx ''<^ÍO_ÈÁ u=°à~¡°¬°ÑÑ#° ¬O¬ìiOz W=°à_ #~¡O² ¬ì~Çò°#°
Ì#°QùOk Õ |OkOz ²O¬ð¬#=ò#° Jk+²»OKÇä½O_¨<Í Ì#°QùO_È#° ¬ieOK_È°.
G 'H@H=òÑ#° öHOã^Î=òQê KÍ¬°Hùx ¬ieOKÍ ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î Q®[¬u W`ÇxÌá ^ÎO_³`ÇëQê ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î Q®*¬ux F_OK_È°.
G 1505 Õ #~¡¬<Ç°ä½x =°~¡}O J#O`Ç~¡=ò g~¡ #~¡²O¬ì~Ç°° ~[¼=ò#ä½ =Kó_È°.
G ''`Ç°×Ã= #~¡¬<Ç°ä½xH÷ÑÑ =òQ®°¾~¡° ì~¡¼°
1. uæO| (g~¡ #~¡²O¬ì~Ç°°) 2. <Q®° ìO| (NH$+¬â ^Í=~Ç°°) 3. FìO| (~¡OQ®~A, JKÇ°¼`Ç ^Í=~Ç°°)
G g~¡ #~¡²O¬ì~Ç°° Ì#°QùO_È Õ |OkOKÇ|_ Çò#ß ''W=°à_ #~¡²O¬ì~Ç°ÑÑ#° ¬O¬ìiOz ~[¼=ò#ä½ =zó
q[Ç°#Q®~¡O Õ `Ç°×Ã= =O×=ò#° ªÖ²OK_È°.

`Ç°×Ã= =O×=ò (1505-1570)
v u=°à~A :
G `Ç°×Ã= =O×=ò =ü ¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È° - u=°à~A G gi =¶`Ç$ì+¬ - H#ß_È=ò
G Ja=¶# ì+¬ - `³°Q®° G "³°Ø¬¶~ Õx ''`Ç°×Ã=<_È°ÑÑ gi [#à¬Ö=ò.
G `Ç°×Ã= #~¡¬<Ç°ä½xH÷ uæO|, <Q®° ìO|, FìO| J<Í ì~¡¼° H~¡°.
G uæO| ä½=¶~¡°_È° - g~¡ #~¡²O¬ì~Ç°° G <Q®° ìO| ä½=¶~¡°_È° - NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°°
G FìO| ä½=¶~¡°° - ~¡OQ®~A, JKÇ°¼`Ç~Ç°°
G `³°Q®° ì+¬ "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ [O@ H=ô° - #Ok =°ÁÇ°¼, Q®O@ ²OQ®Ç°¼°.
G g~¡° ~¡zOz# ''=~¡¬ì¬ô~}=òÑÑ#° `Ç°×Ã= #~¡¬<Ç°ä½xH÷ JOH÷`Çq°Kó~¡°.
Y
v g~¡ #~¡²O¬ì~Çò° :
M
¬ Ç°ä½_È°ÑÑ =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~=
G ''`Ç°×Ã= #~¡< ¡ ò uæO| ä½=¶~¡°_È° J~ò# g~¡#~¡O² ¬ì~Çò° ''Ì#°QùO_ÈÑÑ Õ |OnQê
=ô#ß ª×Ã= =O×ô¬ z=i ~A J~ò# W=°à_ #~¡O² ¬ì~Ç°#° ¬ì`Ç¼KÍ² q[Ç°#Q®~O¡ Ìá `Ç°×Ã= =O×=ò#° ªÖO² K_È°.
95 E
9
G W`Ç_È° ~[¼=ò#ä½ ~Qê<Í P^Ëx ä½_È° ''Hê#¬æ =_ÈÇ¶~ÑÑ L=°à`Ç¶ë~ ä½_È° ^Í=~A, N~¡OQ® ¬@}O ~A
59
D
Q®°O_È~A° u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍÇ°Qê "ix F_OKÇ_¨xH÷ |Ç°°^Íi 1509 Õ =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
v NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° : ãH©.×. 1509-1529 :
CA
50
98
G NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ~AO^Îi Õ Qù¬æ"_È°- ì|~ä½ - P°øHÞ~øä½
A
:8
¬=°Hêeä½_È°.
G W`Çx ã¬^¥x ''ª×Ã= u=°à~¡°¬°ÑÑ
h
A E
.P
G ª×Ã= u=°à~¡°¬° ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° ~[¼=ò#ä½ =Kó_Èx ''#¶¼x*ÑÑ

AB C
D
~¡KÇ# ^¥Þ~ `³°¬°ëOk.

ER I
G NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° 08-08-1509# `Ç# 22= U@ ¬\ìa+²ä½ë_È° JÇ¶¼_È°.

O
G NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç° PªÖ#O ÕH÷ PHêO <\÷ é~¡°ów¬° Q®=~¡ß~ P æ<£ªé-_. P |°HÞ~ø

''¶~ò*ÀÇ°~ÑÑ#° ~Ç°ìiQê ¬O_È°.
CH
YD
G é~¡°ów¬° "~¡° ''¬@ø ÑÑ Õ HË@° H@°HË=_¨xH÷ J#°=°ux Wzó#O^Î°ä½Qê#° é~¡°ów¬°

"~¡° NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°ä½ =¶ã`Ç"Í° Q®°ã~#° J"Í°à@@°ÁQê X¬æO^ÎO ä½^Î°~¡°óä½<ß_È°.
,H
G |¬ì=°h ¬° ìë<£ #°O_ "³ò^Î\ª÷ iQê ¬Þ`ÇOãuOz#"_È° - c*ì¬î~ Jk ²ì ~A - Çü¬¹¦ Jk Mì<£ (1489 Õ)
AM
T
G Çü¬¦¹ Jk Mì<£ NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°Ìá ^ÎO_³uë 1510 Õ HË"³HùO_È =^Îí '~Ç°ÑKÍ ¬ì`Ç¼ KÍÇ°|_¨Û_È°.
H
M
G Çü¬¦¹ Jk ä½=¶~¡°_È° Wªà~ò Jk "³°Ø#~ì°_È° Hê=_ÈO`Ë ''H=¶ Hê<£ÑÑ J<Í ¬~~¡° Wªà~ò #°
AM
¬ì`Ç=¶ió ~[¼=ò#° PãHq°OKÇ_¨xH÷ ã¬Ç°ußOKÇQê c*ì¬î~ ªã=¶[¼O Õx ''ÿ ì¾OÑÑ ã¬[ P¬ðÞ#O "Í°~¡ä½
IG
KH
NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° - ''H=¶ Hê<£#°ÑÑ F_Oz Wªà~ò Jk #° c*ì¬î~ ~[¼OÌá xe_È°.

G D q^ÎOQê x¬_ÈO =# NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°ä½ ''Ç°=Þ# ~[¼ ªÖ¬<K~¡¼ÑÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î° aOzOk.
R
G 1512 Õ L=°à`Ç¶ë~ ä½_È° Q®OQ®~A ^ÎO_³`ÇëQê Q®OQ®~A NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç° KÍu Õ F_ Hê"Ís#k Õ ^Î¶H÷ =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
G NH$+¬^â =Í ~Ç°° L=°à`Ç¶~ë , t=¬=òã^Î°#° PãHq°Oz "\÷H÷ N~¡OQ®@¬ }
O#° ~[^¥xQê KÍ² JKÇó@ `Ç# ã¬uxkQê
~Ç°° ª×Ã= QËqO^Î~Ç°#° x=°q°Oz N~¡OQ®@ ¬ }
~*ÿ#á ~=°~Ç° ä½=¶ï~ë u~¡°=° ^Íqx q"¬ìO P_<_È°.
G gi ä½=¶ï~ë - u~¡°=° ìO|.
v HoOQ® ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç ( 1513-1519) :
G HoOQ® ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç L^ÎÇ°yi =ò@_`Ë ã~¡O"³°Ø#k.
G H@H=ò#° öHOã^Î=òQê KÍ¬°Hùx eOKÍ ''HoOQ® ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î Q®[¬uÑÑ u~¡°=° ~Ç°° nxÌá ä½xQê LO_ÈQê
J`Çxx F_Oz `Ç# ã¬uxkQê =°~¡°¬Ç°¼#° JKÇó@ LOz HË@ Õx ìH$+¬âx qãQ®¬ì=ò#° ~Ç°° f¬°ïHo¤ ¬ìO² Õ
ã¬u+²OK_È°.

G HoOQ® ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç Õ ìQ®OQê ï~O_È= ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç [iy# ãO`Ç=ò - HùO_Èg_È°.
G nx ä½_È° - g~¡ ~¡°ã^Î Q®[¬u. (ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î Q®[¬u ä½=¶~¡°_È°)
G 1515 Õ u=°à~¡°¬° "Í²# =¶Ç°Ç°O`Ë, g~¡ ~¡°ã^Î Q®*¬ux F_Oz JKÇó@ ~Ç°° `Ç# ã¬uxkQê ²#HùOã_Ä#°
xÇ°q°OK_È°.
G =ü_È= ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç [iy# ãO`Ç=ò - HùO_È¬eÁ.
G D HË@#° ~¡HOÆ÷ KÇ°HË=_¨xH÷ ¬ÞÇ°OQê =zó# ã¬`¬~°¡ ã^Î Q®*¬ux F_Oz HùO_Èe¬ xÁ PãHq°Oz `³OQê} Õ ã¬"tÍ OK_È°.
G D HêO<\÷ `³OQê} ãO`Ç ä½_È° - Ô`¬u ( è^¥) z`|°Hê<£ (ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î Q®[¬u ª=°O`Ç°_È°)
G NH$+¬â ^Í=~Ç°° J#O`Çyi, LOã_ÈHùO_È, *ÿeÁHùO_È, ^Í=~¡HùO_È, #ÁQùO_È#° PãHq°Oz é@¶ß~ ²O¬ðKÇO KÍi
é@¶ß~ =^Îí ''z`|°Hê<£ÑÑ#° F_Oz q[Ç° ¬ëO=ò#° xe² Q®[¬`Ç° ~[^¥x H@H=ò#° PãHq°Oz J`Çx
ä½=¶ï~ë ã^¥^Íqx q"¬ìO P_<_È°.
Y
G 1512 <\÷H÷ |¬ì=°x ªã=¶[¼O 5 ìQê°Qê qlKÇ@O J~ò#k.
1. c*ì¬î~ - Jk ²ì (=O×=ò) - Çü¬¦¹ Jk Mì<£ (1489)
M
2. J¬ìà^£#Q®~ - x*ì²ì =O×=ò - J¬ìà^£ x*ì"£°²ì (1490 Õ ªÖ¬#)
95 E
Ìá ï~O_O\÷ =°^Î¼ q~Ë^ÎO LO_Ík.
9
59
3. c^Î~ - |s^£ =O×=ò - J¬ìà^£
D
4. è~~ - W=¶^£²ì =O×=ò - J ìÁ=ôní<£ W=¶^£ ²ì
5. QË çøO_È - ä½`²ì =O×=ò - ¬° ìë<£ ä½b ä½`Ç°
CA
50
G Ìá 5 ~[¼=ò Õ Ì^Îík - c*ì¬î~.
98
A
G c*ì¬î~ ¬° ìë<£ Wªà~ò Jk NH$+¬â ^Í=~Ç°°Ìá ^ÎO_³uë 'JO`Çö~ÞkxÑ PãHq°OKÇQê NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° 1520
:8
çaÄe Çò^ÎO Õ Jk x F_Oz é~¡°ów¬° "¼i ''ãH÷+¬é- _È -¦²QËi_ËÑÑ <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õx ¦²~¡Oy^Î×=ò P^¥~¡=òQê
h
A E
.P
NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° ''~Ç°KÇ¶~ÑÑ#° PãHq°OK_È°.

AB C
D
G nO`Ë Wªà~ò Jk J¬ìà^£#Q®~, è~~, c^Î~`Ë "³á"²ìH ¬O|O^¥ ^¥Þ~ UHOKÍ² 1529 Õ uiy =ò²ÁO
ER I
~A° ''~Ç°KÇ¶~ÑÑ#° PãHq°OK~¡°.

O
G W`Ç#° `Ç# =°~¡} ¬=°Ç°O Õ JKÇ°¼`Ç~Ç°#° ~AQê KÍÇ°=°x K³²æ =°~¡}÷OK_È°.

NH$+¬â ^Í=~Ç°ä½ ''g} "~ò^Î¼OÑÑ <Íiæ# =¼H÷ë - H$+¬âÇ°¼Qê~¡°.
CH
G
YD
G NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° é~¡°ów¬° "i ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë `Ç°OQ®ã^¥ #kH÷ Hê°=#° xiàOKÇ_È"Í° Qêä½O_¨ `Ç# `ÇeÁÀ~¡
,H
<Q®° ì¬ô~¡=ò#° xiàOK_È°.

NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç° ^Î~Ä~¡°#° ''°=#q[Ç°OÑÑQê À~ùøO\ì~¡°.
AM
G
T
G NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç° PªÖ# H=ô#° ''J+¬»kQ®¾[=ò°ÑÑ JO^Î°~¡°.

H
M
v J+¬kQ®¾[=ò° :
AM
IG
KH
1. JÁªx Ì^Îí# - ªÞ~Ëz¬ =°#° ¬O==ò (=°#°KÇiã`Ç) J<Í ã¬|O^Î ÇòQ®=ò#ä½ <Ok ¬eHê_È°.
2. #Ok u=°à# - i *ì`¬¬ì~¡}O 3. =¶^ÎÇ°Qêi =°Á# - ~[õY~¡ KÇiã`Ç
R
4. ^Î¶~¡û\ ÷ - N Hê×¬ìÔë×Þ~¡ ×`ÇH=ò/=°¬ì`Ç¼=ò 5. JÇ°¼~A ~=°ã^Î°_È° - ~=¶°¼^ÎÇ°=ò

6. ~=°~[ ¶+¬}°_È° (@°=üië) - =¬°KÇiã`Ç, #~¡¬ ¶bÇ°=ò
7. ²OQ®o¬¶~¡# - Hì¬î~Ëâ^ÎÇ°=ò, ~¦¬°= O_ÈgÇ°=ò, ã¬ì=f ã¬^Î°¼#àÇ°=ò
8. `³<e ~=°H$+¬µâ_È° - O_È°~¡OQ® =°¬ð`Çà¼=ò, ¦¬°\÷HêKÇ =°¬ì`Çà¼=ò, L^ÎÄ\ì~[¼ KÇiã`Ç.
; NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° °=# q[Ç°O Õ ª²ìf QË+²»#° x~¡Þ²ìOKÍ"_È°.
; W`Çx Q®°~¡°=ô - ``K~¡°¼° / "¼¬~Ç°°.
; NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° J<ÍH ¬ô¬ëHê#° ~¡zOK_È°.(P=òHë=¶¼^Î ã"Ç¶<Í P ÕKÇ# NHêä½×O Õ (H$âl ìÁ) HeyOk)
1) P=òHë¼ =¶¼^Î / q+¬µâzfëÇ°O - `³°Q®° Õ 2) *ìO|=f ¬i}Ç°O - ¬O¬ø $`ÇO
3) L ¬i}Ç°O - ¬O¬ø $`ÇO

; P=òHë=¶¼^Î u~¡°¬u Õx N"³OH>è×Þ~¡ªÞq°H÷ JOH÷`ÇO KÍÇ°|_Ok.
; NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° P=òHë=¶¼^Î#° `Ç# ä½=¶ï~ë "³¶¬ì<OyKÍ ~~òOK_È°. "³¶¬ì<Oy =¶ip ¬i}Ç°O J<Í
ãQ®O^¥xß ã"²Ok.
; NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° ³òHø PªÖ# q^¥ÞO¬°_È° H©Æ à<^Î°_È° ¬Ow`Ç ¬¶~Ë¼^ÎÇ°O J<Í ãQ®O^¥xß ~¡zOK_È°.
; NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° ³òHø W^Îí~¡° ì~¡¼° z<ß^Íq, u~¡°=°^Íq t ìæ° u~¡°=° Õ K³Hø|_¨Û~ò.
; u~¡°=° ìOaH JKÇ°¼`Ç~Ç°° HêO Õ =~¡^¥OaHê ¬i}Ç°O J<Í ãQ®O^¥xß ~¡zOzOk.
; NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° ¬ìO² Õ (¬ì[~) ¬ì*ì~^Í"Ç°O è^¥ ~=°KÇOã^¥Ç°O H$+¬âªÞq° ^Í"Ç°O, q~¡ ìªÞq°
^Í"Ç°O#° xiàOK_È°.
; `Ç# `ÇeÁ <QêO| *ìý¬Hê~¡ÖO <Q®O¬ô~¡O J<Í ¬@}ìxß xiàOK_È°.
; ¬ìO² Õ ¬^Îà=°¬ì è^¥ Lotous Mahal Indo - Islamic Üáe Õ Indo - Aromic Üáe Õ xiàOKÇ|_Ok.
; W`Ç#° q§Y¬@}O Õx ²O¬ðKÇO =~¬ì #~¡²O¬ìªÞq°H÷ =ã*ì¬ð~¡O ¬=°iæOK_È°.
Y
; W`Ç#° =°OQ®×yi H©Æ à#~¡²O¬ì^Í"Ç¶xH÷ ¶q°x ^¥#O KÍ§_È°.
M
; D ^Í"Ç°O ³òHø tY~¡O POã^Îã¬^Í Õ<Í Ju Z`³áë# tY~¡OQê ¬iQ®}÷OKÇ|_È°`Ç°Ok.
; W`Ç#° ¬ô~¡O^Î~^¥¹ =°~xß xiàOK_È°.
95 E
9
; 1526 Õ `Ç# ä½=¶~¡°_È° u~¡°=°^Í=~Ç° `Ç# "~¡¬°_Qê ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ|_¨Û_È°. Hêh W`Ç#° ¬ì`Ç¼ä½ Q®°i JÇ¶¼_È°.
59
D
; nxH÷ NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° ã¬^¥x u=°à~¡¬° è^¥ Jær#° ì^Î°¼xßKÍ¬¶ë HùO`Ç=°Ok ä½ã@¬xß W`Çx ï~O_È° H×Ã¤
CA
f~òOKÍª~¡°. `Ç~Þ`Ç J<~ËQê¼xH÷ Q®°ï~á NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° 1530 Õ =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
50
; NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° HêO Õ q[Ç°#Q®~¡O#° ¬O^ÎiÅOz# =òY¼"³°Ø# é~¡°ów¹ Ç¶ãuä½° ì~ËÄ*ì, _ùq°OQËÀ¹.
v JKÇ°¼`Ç ^Í=~Ç°° : 98
A
:8
G W`Çx À<x - JoÇ°~=°~Ç°
h
A E
.P
G W`Çx HêO Õ é~¡°ów¹ Ç¶ãuä½_³á# #¶¼x* q[Ç°#Q®~xß ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°.

AB C
D
G JKÇ°¼`Ç ²O¬ð¬<xß Jk+²OKÇ°@ä½ JoÇ°~=°~Ç°`Ë XH §Ou X¬æO^ÎO KÍ¬°HË"e =zóOk.

ER I
G nx ã¬Hê~¡O JKÇ°¼`Ç ~A J=ÞQê, JoÇ°~=°~Ç° À<x JÇ¶¼_È°.

O
G JoÇ°~=°~Ç° JKÇ°¼`Ç^Í=~Ç° u~¡°¬u, NHê×¬ì²ë Õ ¬\ìaÀ+HO KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.

W`Çx `Ç~Þ`Ç ä½_È° ¬^¥t=~Ç°°. G ¬^¥t=~Ç°° `Ç°×Ã= =O×O Õ z=i"_È°.
CH
G
YD
G W`Çx À<x ä_¨ JeÇ°~=°~Ç°. G W`Ç#° JeÇ°~=°~Ç° KÍu Õ XH H©°ç=°à.

,H
G JeÇ°~=°~Ç° ¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç# KÍ¬¶ë |¬ìàh ~[¼O Õx JO`Ç~¡¾`Ç =¼=¬ð~ ÕÁ *ÕH¼O KÍ¬°ä½<Í"_È°. "i =°^Î¼
qè^¥° ¬$+²Oz, qlOz - eOKÇ° J<Í q^¥<xß \÷OK_È°.
AM
T
G XHªi q[Ç°#Q®~¡ Ìá#¼O J¬ìà^£#Q®~Ìá ^¥_KÍ²#¬ô_È° J<ÍH =°Ok Ï~¡°° ¬ì`Ç=¶~¡ó|_, J<ÍH =°OkÌá J<ÍH
H
M
PH$`¼° [~¡°¬|_¨Û~ò.
AM
IG
G nxx PãQ®ì² Oz# |¬ìàh~*ì¼° `Ç=° =¼H÷Që `® Ç q"^¥#° ¬Hø #ÿ\,÷ q[Ç°#Q®~O¡ ä½ =¼uö~HOQê XH ä@q° ì U~¡æ_Ok.
KH
G ã|¬ìàh ~*ì¼ ÕÁ XHø c~~ q°#¬ð~òOz, q°Q®` 4 ~*ì¼° q[Ç°#Q®~¡Oä½ =¼uö~HOQê ä@q° Õ ç¾<ß~ò.
J¬æ\÷ |¬ìàh ~[¼ ä½° -
R
G
1) QË çøO_È - Wã|ÔìO ä½bä½`Ç° 2) J¬ìà^£#Q®~ - ¬À<£ x*ìO
3) c^Î~ - |° ì¼^£ |s^£ 4) c*ì¬î~ - Pb Jn~ (Jn )
5) c~~ - ^Î~¼ W=¶^£ (W`Ç#° ä@q° Õ ç¾# è^Î°)
v ~HÆ¬ `ÇOQ®_ / |xß ¬ì\÷ / `Ço¤HË@ Çò^ÎO (1565 [#=i23) :
G |¬ìàh ~*ì¼ ä@q° q[Ç°#Q®~¡OÌá Çò^ÎO ã¬H\ ÷Oz, `Ço¤HË@ J<Í ãO`ÇO =^Îí q[Ç°#Q®~¡O Ìá<¼xß Z^Î°~ùø<ß_È°.
G D Çò^ÎO J¬C_È° JoÇ°~=°~Ç° =Ç°¬° - 90 ¬OII.
G D Çò^ÎO Õ JoÇ°~=°~Ç° ³òHø W^Îí~¡° ªé^Î~¡°° u~¡°=°~Ç°, "³OH\ìãk ä_¨ ç¾<ß~¡°.
G D Çò^ÎO H$â#k, =°e"¬ìi #^Î° =°^Î¼ [iyOk.

G D Çò^ÎO Õ q[Ç°#Q®~¡O Ìá#¼O F_é~òOk.
G J¬ìà^£#Q®~ ä½_³á# ¬À<£ x*ìO JeÇ°~=°~Ç°#° ¬ì`Ç=¶~ó_È°. q[Ç°#Q®~¡O ¬îiëQê ^ÎÞO×O KÍÇ°|_Ok.
G D Çò^ÎO Q®¶ió ¬¶Ç° `Ç# Forgotten empire J<Í ¬ô¬ëHO Õ q=iOK_È°.
G D Çò^¥xß ÕQê¬ô~¡O Çò^ÎO Jx ä_¨ JO\ì~¡°.
G D Çò^¥xß hHO~¡§¢²ë ~HÆ²- `ÇOQ®_ Çò^Î=°x À~ùø<ß_È°.
G D Çò^¥xß H.K.À+~Þxß |xß¬ì\÷ Çò^Î=°x À~ùø<ß_È°.
G D Çò^ÎO Õ q[Ç°#Q®~¡ Ìá#¼O ¬~[Ç°O =Þ_ÈO`Ë u~¡°=°~Ç°° ¬^¥t=~Ç°#° f¬°Hùx Ì#°QùO_Èä½
iéÇ¶_È°.
G 1570 Õ u~¡°=°~Ç°° Ì#°QùO_È Õ P~¡g\÷ =O§xß ªÖ²Oz, =°~¡ ì q[Ç°#Q®~¡ "³á"xß ¬ô#~¡°^ÎiOKÇ°@ä½
ã¬Ç°ußOK_È°.
4. P~¡g\÷ =O×O (1570-1646) :
Y
] u~¡°=°~Ç°° (1570-72) :
M
; W`Ç#° Ì#°QùO_È ~[^¥xQê 2 ¬OII° # KÍ§_È°.
95 E
; W`Ç#° 1572 Õ =°~¡}÷OKÇ_ÈO`Ë N~¡OQ®~Ç°- I (1572-85) P~¡g\÷ =O×ä½_ÈÇ¶¼_È°.
9
59
D
; u~¡°=° ~Ç°° `Ç# ~*ì¼xß ì ãu¬kH# 3 q^¥°Qê qlOK_È°. 1) `³°Q®°, 2) H#ß_È, 3) `Çq°×O.
] "³OH@¬u~Ç°°-II (1585 - 1614) :
CA
50
; W`Ç#° P~¡g\÷ =O×O Õ JuQù¬æ"_È°.
98
; W`Ç#° q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ~*ì¼xß J`Ç¼kH HêO eOz#~A.
A
:8
; W`Ç#° ~[^¥xx Ì#°QùO_È #°O_ KÇOã^ÎyiH÷ =¶~ó_È°.
; W`Çx <HêO Õ<Í POã^¥f~¡O Õx =°zb¬@ßO =^Îí _ÈK"~¡°(1605), ãa\©+¹"~¡° (1611) `Ç=° "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷
h
A E
.P
ªÖ=~#° xiàOKÇ°ä½<ß~¡°. nxH÷ J#°=°uOz# QË çøO_È ä½_È° =°¬ìà^£ ä½b ä½`Ç°.

AB C
D
; "³OH@¬u ~Ç°°-III 1639 Õ =°ã^¥¬°¬@ßO#° ãa\©+¹ JkHêi J~ò# ã¦x¹_ÍH÷ WKó_È°.

ER I
; P~¡g\÷ =O×O Õ z=i"_È° - N~¡OQ®~Ç°-III.

O
; N~¡OQ®-III 1646 Õ c*ì¬î~ Ìá#¼OKÍ F_OKÇ|_¨Û_È°. nx`Ë P~¡g\÷=O×O`Ë @°, "³ò`ÇëO q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ªã=¶[¼O
CH
JO`Ç=°~ò¼Ok.
YD
v ¬=¶[O :
,H
G q[Ç°#Q®~¡ HêO Õ KÇ`Ç°~¡Þ~¡â =¼=¬Ö LO_Ík. G ãì¬ìà}°ä½ L#ß`ÇªÖ#O HeæOKÇ|_Ok.

AM
T
G D HêO Õ ¬f¬¬ìQ®=°#O, ì¼q"¬ð°, =~¡H@ßO ^Î°~K~°, |¬ì~¡¼`ÇÞO LO_Íq.

H
M
G J¬æ\ÕÁ ¬ìÙ^¥#° |\÷ LO¬ô_È°Q®`³ë#° =ôOKÇ°ä½<Í"~¡°.

AM
G ¬=¶[O Õ "Í§¼=¼=¬Öä½ KÇ@ã^Î`Ç HeæOKÇ|_Ok. G "Í×¼Ìá qkOKÍ ¬#°ß - Q®}ìK~¡ ¬#°ß.

IG
D HêO Õ OKO J<Í 5 ä½ ì ä@q° U~¡æ_Ok.

KH
G
1) HOªe 2) H=°ài 3) HêÌ 4) ¬Þ~¡âHêi 5) =ã_ÈOQ®°°
R
G JeÇ°~=°~Ç° =°OQ®e "iH÷ t¬°ë q°#¬ð~òO¬ô WKó_È°.

G J¬æ\÷ ¬=¶[O Õ K³ ì=°}÷ Õ =ô#ß Hï~h#° ¬~¡"Ë¹ J<Í"~¡°.
G q[Ç°#Q®~¡O Õ KÇ ì=°}÷ Õ =ô#ß é~¡°ów¬° |OQê~¡° <}è#° Ìª_Ë J<Í"~¡°.
G ¶q°t¬°ë#° =¬¶° KÍÀ §Y#° J~¡"}è J<Í"~¡°.
G =°}÷ãQêO, ïHáHùì¤° J<Í =~¡ëH ãõ}°° J¬æ\ÕÁ =ôO_Íq.
G q[Ç°#Q®~¡O HêO Õ Ju=òY¼ |OQê~¡°<}ÿO - ¦#O
v =°`ÇO :
G q[Ç°#Q®~¡ HêO Õ "³á+¬â= =°`ÇO Zä½ø=Qê "¼²ë K³O^Î|_Ok.
G gi ä½^³á=O - q~¡¶äÆ½_È°. G gi §¬< Õ JOu=°¬^ÎO - q~¡¶HÆêÇ° #=° Jx =ôO@°Ok.

G gi ä½Q®°~¡°=ô - Hêjq ì× ãH÷Ç°×H÷ë. G ¬ìi¬ì~¡~Ç°-II NÜáO Õ =òY=°O_Èxß xiàOK_È°.
G |°Hø~Ç°-I ª=°O`Ç°_³á# q~¡°¬#ß èH÷Æ ^Í"Ç°O#° xiàOK_È°.
v ª²ì`Ç¼O :
G |°Hø~Ç°-I HêO Õ <KÇ#ªé=ò_È° L`Çë~¡¬ìi=O×O#° ~¡zOz, ¬ìi¬ì~¡^Í=ôxH÷ JOH÷`ÇO KÍ§_È°.
G "³òÁ, "³òÁ ~=¶Ç°}O#° ~¡zOz, ~=òxH÷ JOH÷`ÇO KÍ²Ok.
G `³°Q®° Õ `ùe [O@H=ô ÿá# #Ok=°ÁÇ°¼, Q®O@ ²OQ®#ß° =~¬ì¬ô~}O#° ~¡zOz, #~¡¬<Ç°ä½xH÷ JOH÷`ÇO
WKó~¡°.
|¬ì=°h =O×O
Y
G ¬ð¬<£ Q®OQ®¶ / J|° =ò*ì¦¬~ J ìÁLní<£ |¬ì=°h 1347 Õ Q®°Ä~¾ ~[^¥xQê |¬ì=°h =O×O ªÖ²OK_È°.
G |¬ìàh ~[¼O Õ 4 ãO`° LO_Íq. Q®°Ä~¾, ^ñ`ì^£, c~~, c^Î~.
M
G |¬ì=°h ~A ¦²~Ë* |¬ì=°h q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ~A 1= ^Í=~Ç°° =°^Î¼ =ò^Î¾ Çò^ÎO [iyOk.
95 E
G D Çò^ÎO Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê Q®<£Ï_È~#° L¬³¶yO¬|_Ok.
9
59
(x¬ð J<Í =°²ì× =¶# =°~¼^Î#° Hê_È°@ä½ D Çò^ÎO [iyOk)
D
G |¬ì=°h =O×O Õ Qù¬æ"_È° ¦²~Ë* |¬ì=°h. (YQË×§GO ãé`Ç²ìOK_È°)
G
CA
YQË× ¬iÕ^Î#ïHá ^ñ`ì^£ Õ ¬iÕ^Î< öHOã^ÎO U~¡æiK_È°.
50
G W`Çx PªÖ#O Õ ¬¶¦Ô ¬<¼² öQ¬°^Î~*.
W`Ç#° c=¶ #k X_È°Û# ¦²~Ë*ìì^£ J<Í ¬@}O xiàOK_È°.
98
A
G
:8
G 1= ^Í=~Ç°#° F_Oz J`Çx ä½=¶ï~ë#° q"¬ìO P_¨_È°. |OH¬î~#° H@ßOQê ÚO^¥_È°.
h
A E
G ¦²~Ë* J#O`Ç~¡O J¬ìà^£ ä½_È° JÇ¶¼_È°.

.P
G W`Ç#° |¬ì=°h ~[^¥xx Q®°Ä~¾ #°O_ c^Î~ä½ =¶~ó_È°.

AB C
D
G |¬ì=°h ä½_È° ¬=°Çü<£#° *ìe"£° (Hi#"³°Ø#"_È°) JO\ì~¡°.

ER I
G ¬=°Çü<£ =°¬ìà^£ Q®"<£ä½ =¶eH±-W-`Ç°Eû~ J<Í a~¡°^Î° WKó_È°.

O
G =°¬ìà^£ Q®"<£ 3= =°¬ìà^£ ³òHø ã¬^¥#=°Oãu.

CH
W`Ç#° |¬ì=°h ã¬^¥#=°Oã`Ç° Õ Ju Qù¬æ"_È°.

YD
G
G 1482 Hùxß ä½ã@ Hê~¡}OQê W`Ç#° LifÇ°|_¨Û_È°.
,H
G W`Çx =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O |¬ì=°h ~[¼O J<ÍH z#ß z#ß ~*ì¼°Qê U~¡æ_Ok.

AM
T
] c~~ : (1484 Õ U~¡æ_Ok)

H
M
ªÖ¬ä½_È° : ¦¬`ÍL ìÁ W=¶^£ =O×O : W=¶^£Ôì

AM
IG
JHÄ~ nxx PãHq°OK_È°.

KH
] J¬ìà^£#Q®~ : (1489) ªÖ¬#

R
ªÖ¬ä½_È° : =¶eH± J¬ìà^£ =O×O : x*ì"£° Ôì

[¬ð<£ PãHq°OK_È°. (1633) Õ
G KO^£cc D =O§xH÷ K³OkOk. G D"³° ã¬^¥#=°Oãu =¶eH± JO|~
G =¶eH± JO|~ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ïQi ìÁ Çò^ÎO ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
G 1633 Õ [¬ð<£ J¬ìà^£#Q®~#° "³òQ® ªã=¶[¼O Õ qb#O KÍ§_È°.
] c*ì¬î~ : (1489)
ªÖ¬ä½_È° : Çü¬¦¹ Jk =O×O : Jl~ Ôì
G Qù¬æ"_È° - Wã|ÔìO Jk
G W`Çx a~¡°^Î°° - JìÁìì (ï~á`Ç°/À^Î Àß²ì`Ç°_È°), [Q®^Î°¾~¡°.

G W`Ç#° H÷` - W - <~¡* J<Í ¬ô¬ëHO ~¡zOK_È°. <~¡*¬î~ J<Í ¬@}ìxß xiàOK_È°.
G ã¬OKÇO Õ ï~O_È= JuÌ^Îí Q®°=°à@O QË Q®°|* c^Î~ Õ xiàOK_È°. Wk q¬æiOQ· Qê¼sH÷ ä_¨ ã¬²k K³OkOk.
(~Ë"£° Õx Ì~òO\ KÇió ã¬¬OKÇO Õ JuÌ^Îí Q®°=°à@O.
G 1686 Õ B~¡OQ®*è|° c*ì¬î~#° PãHq°OK_È°.
] QË çøO_È : (1512)
ªÖ¬ä½_È° : ¬° ìë<£ ä½bä½`Ç° =O×O : ä½`Ç°Ôì
Qù¬æ"_È° : =°¬ìà^£ ä½bä½`Ç° W`Ç_È° 1591 Õ Ìáì^Î~ì^£#° 1594 Õ Kià<~#° xiàOK_È°.
z=i"_È° J|° ¬ì¬<£ `h (JHø#ß, =¶^Î#ß, HOKÇ~¡ÁQË¬#ß)
G 1687 Õ J|° ¬ì¬<£ `h#° F_Oz QË çøO_È#° PãHq°OK_È°.
] c^Î~ : 1526
Y
ªÖ¬ä½_È° : Jg°~ Pb |s^£ (^ÎHø<£ #Hø) =O×O : |s~ Ôì
M
G Wk `Ç~Þ`Ç HêO Õ c*ì¬î~ Õ qb#O J~òOk.
ä½`Ç°Ôì° (1512-1687)
95 E
9
59
D
v ¬° ìë<£ ä½b ä½`Ç° (1512-43) :
CA
50
G ~[¼ªÖ¬ä½_È° - ¬° ìë<£ä½b (1512-43)
W`Ç_È° ¬iÂÇ¶ ^Í§xH÷ K³Ok# Hê~ä½<£° (#ÁQùãï~) J<Í `³Q®ä½ K³O^¥_È°.
98
G
A
ä½`Ç°²ì ~[^¥x QË çøO_È nx J¬° À~¡° =°OQ®×=~¡O.
:8
G
G ¬° ìë<£ ä½b "³ò^Î@ |¬ì=°h ¬° ìë<£ ~*ÿá# =°¬ìà^£ Hù°=ô Õ KÍ~_È°.
h
A E
.P
G =°¬ìà^£ ã¬^¥x =°¬ìà^£ Q®"<£ (ã¬^¥#° Õ Qù¬æ"_È°)

AB C
W`Ç_È° QË ç¾O_È HË@ Õ [=¶à=°Ô^Î°#° xiàOK_È°.

D
G
W`Çx ¬=°Hêb# q[Ç°#Q®~¡~A - NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°°.
ER I
G
O
G ¬° ìë<£ ä½e a~¡°^Î°° - H"¹ Mì<£, |_£=¶eH±

G ¬° ìë<£ ä½bx ¬ì`Ç=¶ió# W`Çx ä½=¶~¡°_È° - [Ôì~ ~*ì¼xH÷ =Kó_È° (1543-50) Hê¼#~`Ë KÇxéÇ¶_È°)
CH
YD
v Wã|ÔìO ä½`Ç° (1550-80) :

,H
G 'Ñ J<Í a~¡°^Î° Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê ~*ì¼xH÷ =Kó_È°.

AM
T
G W`Ç_È° ~*ì¼xH÷ ~=\ìxH÷ ìQê ¬¬ìHiOz#"~¡° - q[Ç°#Q®~¡~A (=òY¼OQê PeÞ~=°~Ç°°)

W`Çx <HêO Õ<Í QË çøO_È ~[¼O =~¡ëH "¼~ Õ ï~O_È= Dl¬ôQê À~¡°ÚOkOk.
H
G
M
AM
G D ~A w~¡k J<Í ²ìO^Î¶ J=¶à~òx ãÀq°Oz Ìì¤_¨_È° - QË çøO_Èä½ w~¡n#Q®~¡O Jx <=°H~¡}O KÍ§_È°.
IG
G D ~A =ü²#kÌá ¬ô~¡°}ì¬î =O`³##° xiàOK_È°.

KH
G W`Ç_È° D ãH÷Ok x~à}=ò° KÍ¬\ì_È°.

R
1) Wã|²ìOìQ· 2) Wã|²ìO ¬@ßO 3) Wã|ÔìO `Ç\ìHO

4) ¬î ìQ· 5) ä ìQ· 6) OQ®~ ¬ìº¹
W`Çx PªÖ#H=ô° :
1) HO^Î°äi ~¡°ã^ÎHq - ¬°ãw= q[Ç°O (Wk "³ò^Î\ ÷ `³°Q®° Õ Ç°HÆQê#O)
- x~¡Oä½ÕMì¼#O
2) Ú#ßQ®O\÷ `³°Q®°<~¡°¼_È° - Ç¶Ç¶u KÇiã`Ç ("³ò@ "³ò^Î\ ÷ JKÇó`³°Q®° Hq)
3) =° ìÁï~_Û - +¬\ KÇãH=ië KÇiã`Ç - t=^Î~Ëà^Î`ÇëO
G D ~Aä½ Q® a~¡°^Î° - =°bø ~=ò_È°
G D ~A ~[¼O Õ KÇ~²Ç¶ J<Í #¶`Ç# =°`xß ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.

G Wã|ÔìO ä½bä½`Ç° 1565= ¬O=`Ç~¡O Õ [iy# `ÇeÁHË@ Çò^ÎíO Õ ì¬=°x ¬° ìë#° "³á¬ô #°O_ `Ç#ä½
Q®`ÇO Õ Pã×Ç°O#° Wzó# ~=¶~Ç°°#° ¬ì`Ç=¶~¡ó@O Õ ã¬=òYã`Ç#° é+²OK_È°.
v =°¬ìà^£ ä½b ä½`Ç° (1580 - 1612) :
G Wã|ÔìO ä½`Ç°, w~¡k ä½=¶~¡°_È° G W`Ç_È° ãÀq°Oz# ²ìO^Î¶Çò=u - ìQ®¼=°u
G W`Çx ãÀÇ°² ìQ·=°u À~¡°g°^Î<Í ìQ®¼#Q®~¡O J<Í À~¡° =zóOk.
G W`Ç_È° =ü²#kÌá #Ç¶¬î J<Í =O`³##° xiàOz #Q®~xH÷ =°Ozh\÷ ¬~¡¦¬~#° U~æ@°KÍ§~¡°.
G ÀÁQ®° "¼k x~¡¶à#ïHá 1591-94 =~¡ä½ Kià<~#° xiàOK_È°.
G nx =òY¼ "¬°ëteæ - g°~ =°¬ìà^£ "³òg°<£ J¢ªìn. ä½b ä½`Ç°
G W`Çx ÌO¬ô_È° ä½=¶~¡°_È° Ìáì^Î~x*ìO À~¡° g°^Î°Qê ìQ®¼#Q®~¡=ò#ä½ Ìáì^Î~ì^Î° J<Í À~¡° =zóOk.
G _ÈK"iH÷ 1605 - =°zb¬@ßO =^Îí =~¡ëHöHOã^ÎO U~æ@°ä½ J#°=°uxKó_È°.
Y
G W`Çx <HêO Õ 1611 Õ QËÁ J<Í ãa\©+¹ 4= <ñH-²ì¬æ<£ <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ =°zb¬@ßOä½ ~H D ~A "iH÷
M
=°zb¬@ßO Õ "¼~¡ J#°=°ux WKó_È°.
G W^Í POã^Î^Í×O Õ POöQÁÇò "³ò^Î\ ÷ =~¡ëH ªÖ=~¡O.
95 E
G D ~A L~¡¶í Õ ä½bÇ°` ä½e J<Í À~¡°`Ë w`#° ¬OH#O KÍ§_È°.
9
59
D
G W`Çx PªÖ#H=ô°- =°¬ìà^£ Jg°<£ - 1) ÿá ì=°Aß 2) Q®° ìOPb - ¬^¥à=u J<Í ãQ®O^¥xß L~¡¶í ÕH÷ J#°=kOKÇ°@.
3) ª~¡Oy u=°àÇ°¼ - "³á[Ç°Ou q ì¬O 4) auë H$+¬â=¶k`Ç°¼_È° - ¬O¬ø $`Ç ¬O_`Ç°_È°
CA
50
v =°¬ìà^£ ä½`Ç¶ (1612-26) :
98
G W`Ç_È° Ìáì^Î~ì^Î°ä½ `Ç¶~¡°æ# ¬° ìë#°#Q®~¡O J<Í À~¡°`Ë =°~Ë #Q®~xß xiàOK_È°.
A
:8
G W`Ç_È° 1617 Õ =°Hêø=°Ô^Î°ä½ ¬ô<k"ÍÇ°Qê, 1694 Õ (77 ¬OII) =°Hêø =°Ô^Î°#° B~¡OQ®*è|° ¬îiëKÍ§_È°.
h
A E
G D ~A Y°~<£#° ²O¬ð¬#OÌá LOz ^¥xã¬Hê~¡O # KÍ§_È° Jx Y°~<£ qO@¶ =°~¡}÷Oz#@°ÁQê `³°¬°ëOk.
.P
G W`Çx ¬=¶k Mÿá~¡`ì^£ Õ H^Î°.

AB C
D
v J|°í ìÁ ¬À<£ ä½`Ç° (1626-72) :

ER I
O
G W`Çx `ÇeÁ ÌáìÇ°`H÷Æ À~¡° g°^Î°Qê ¬ìÇ°`#Q®~ U~¡æ_Ok.

CH
G W`Çx ï~"³#¶¼ JkHêi À~¡° - q°~A=¶Á. G W`Ç_È° B~¡OQ®*è|°ä½ J#°ä°_È°.

YD
G q°~¡A=¶Á q^¥<xß #KÇóx D~A J`Çxx |OkKÍÇ°Qê B~¡OQ®*è|° `Ç# ä½=¶~¡°_È° =°¬ìà^£#° ¬O¬Qê D ~A ¬Ok
,H
KÍ¬°Hùx 15 HÆ ~¡¶Ç°° =°iÇò `Ç# ä½=¶ï~ë#° =°¬ìà^£ä½ Wzó ÌoÁKÍ§_È°.

AM
G W`Çx ¬=°Hêb# "öQ¾Ç°Hê~¡°_³á# öHÆã`ÇÇ°¼#° `Ç# PªÖ<xH÷ P¬ðÞxOz QÒ~¡qOK~¡°.

T
G W`Çx HêO Õ Q®°O@¶~¡°l ìÁ Õx Hù¶Á~¡° =^Îí QË çøO_È =ã[O aOzOk.

H
M
G D ~A POQ®Á"¼~¡°#° `Ç=° =~¡ëHªÖ=~#° WHø_È U~æ@°KÍ~òOKÇ_¨xïHá P¬ðÞ#=ò 1636 Õ ¦¬~à} *ìiKÍ§_È°.
AM
IG
v J|° JªO ^¥x (1672-82) :

KH
G W`Ç_È° J|°í ìÁ ¬À<£ ä½`Ç° ³òHø J°Á_È°.

R
G W`Ç_È° ~*ì¼xH÷ ~=_¨xH÷ ¬¬ìHiOz#"~¡° JHø#ß =¶^Î#ß°.

G JHø#ß ¬~-¬ø~(À<¬u), =¶^Î#ß-q°~A=¶Á (ã¬^¥#=°Oãu)
G JHø#ß =¶^Î#ß° 1686 Õ =¶ió 24# B~¡OQ®*è|° ä½ã@KÍ À+H± q°<Ý_£ À<k¬u - [O^£^¥Þ~¡ KÇO²OK_È°.
G JHø#ß =¶^Î#ß "Í°#°Á_Í - HOKÇ~¡Á QË¬#ß (~=°^¥¬°) G W`Ç_È° N~=ò_Ìá ~²# ×`ÇHO - ^¥×~¡n ×`ÇHO.
G `h äz¬î_ ìQ®=`Ç° HÒ×xß "³°KÇ°óHùx giH÷ äz¬î_ (H$âl ìÁ) ãQê=¶xß JãQ®¬ð~¡OQê WKó_È°.
G äz¬î_ #$`Ç¼²`=°¬_È° - ²^ÍíOã^Î ³¶y.
G nx Õx ã¬^¥# #$`Ç¼s`Ç°° - ì=¶H ì¬O, L¬i}Ç°O, QË ìH ì¬O.
G 1687 Õ JHË|~¡°-3# B~¡OQ®*è|° QË çøO_ÈÌá ^¥_KÍÇ°Qê P HË@ ã¬^¥# ^¥Þ~¡O ¦¬`Í^Î~Þ*ì#° `³iz# ~[ã^Ë²ì -
J|°í ìÁ}÷.

G ä½`Ç° ²ì `Ç~¡°¬ô# q~Ëz`ÇOQê é~_# Ìáxä½_È° - J|°í ~¡*ìH± ìi.
G D HË@#° PãHq°Oz B~¡OQ®*è|° `h#° ^ñ`ì^£ Õ |OkOKÇQê 1700= ¬OII Õ `h =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
G W`Çx HêO<\÷ ã¬^¥# =¼ä½ë° W^Îí~¡° H~¡° 1) é`Ç°¶i g~¡ã|ÀìàOã^ÎªÞq°, 2) "Í=°#.
G g~¡ã|ÀìàOã^ÎªÞq° ã¬ukOz# ²^¥O`ÇO - JKÇ ²^¥O`ÇO. J#Qê ä½, =°`° H$ãu=°=ò° Jx J~¡ÖO.
G W`Çx ã¬^¥# t+¬µ¼_È° - ²^Îí¬æ (^Î¶^Íä½ ä½O), J¬° À~¡° À+H± ¬Ç°¼^£.
G W`Çx =°`Ç t+¬µ¼_È° - @Hø_È° (¬OKÇ=ò_È°) G g~¡ã|ÀìOã^ÎªÞq° ~²# Ju=òY¼ ãQ®O^ÎO - Hê *ìý#=ò.
G "Í=°# ³òHø ¬^¥¼#° "³°Q®° ÕH÷ `³zó#"~¡° - ².².ãº<£.
G D ¬^¥¼Ìá ¬iÕ^Î##° [i²#"~¡° - ~×¤¬eÁ J#O`ÇH$+¬â×~¡à, #HøQË².
G "Í=°# ¬^¥¼ Õ LO_Í KÇO^Î¬° - P@"³k.
G P^Î°xH ã¬*ìHq - "Í=°#. G POã^Î° "³ò^Î\ ÷ Hq - ¬ì°_È°.
v J¬¦¹ *ì²ì° (1724-1948) :
Y
G J¬¦¹*ì²ì ~[¼ªÖ¬ä½_È° - x*ìO L =ò ø (1724-48)
M
G W`Çx J¬°À~¡° - g°~Yã=òní<£ G gi ¬îiÞä½ ãO`ÇO - Jö~aÇ¶.
95 E
G W`ÇxH÷ x*ìO-L -=ò ø J<Í a~¡°^Î°xzó# "~¡° - ¦¬~¡¶H±+²Ç°~ ("³ò¦¬°°~A)
9
59
G W`ÇxH÷ J¬¦¹*ìQê a~¡°^Î°#° Wzó#"~¡° - =°¬ìà^£
D
G 1724 Õ +¬Hø~Mè_£ Çò^ÎO Õ =òìi*Mì<£ F_Oz J¬¦¹*ì²ì =O§xß ªÖ²Oz ^ÎHø<£ ¬°è^¥~¡°Qê ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ°ä½<ß_È°.
Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ~[¼ªÖ¬# KÍ§_È°.
CA
50
G W`Çx ã¬^¥# ~[^¥x - B~¡OQ®*è|°.
98
A
v x*ìO PbMì<£ (1761-1803) :
:8
h
G Zä½ø= ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò° ¬ieOz# ~A - x*ìO JbMì<£ (42 ¬OII)

A E
.P
G x*ìO J<Í a~¡°^Î°`Ë eOz# "³ò^Î\ ÷~A.

AB C
D
G W`Çx PªÖ#O Õ ö~=¶O_£ J<Í ãÌ¦Oz À<¬u LO_ Çò^Î"³°ä½=#° <Í~æ_È°.

ER I
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê D~A "³Á²Á ³òHø 'Ìá#¼¬¬ìHê~¡ ²^¥O`ÇOÑ#° JOwHiOK_È°(1718).

O
G D ~A POöQÁÇòä½ D ãH÷Ok ãO`#° ^¥~^Î`ÇëO KÍ§_È°.

CH
1) 1766 - L`Çë~¡ ¬~ø~¡°° 2) 1788 - Q®°O@¶~¡° 3) 1800 - ^Î`Çë=°O_È ì°

YD
4) 1801 Õ - z`Ç¶ë~¡°, <³¶Á~¡°.

,H
G D ~A ~[^¥xx 1770 Õ B~¡OQêì^Î° #°O_ Ìáì^Î~ì^Î°ä½ =¶~ó_È°.

AM
T
v ²H÷O^Î~ *ì (1803-29) :
H
M
G W`Çx À~¡°g°^Î°Qê<Í ²H÷Oã^¥ì^£ #Q®~¡O U~¡æ_Ok.

AM
G W`Çx HêO Õ ãa\÷+¹ ã¬uxkQê L#ß Ììãx~¡À - 1811 Õ ~¡¬ ãaöQ_£ Ìá<¼xß U~æ@°KÍ§~¡°.
IG
KH
G nx<Í Ìáì^Î~ì^£ HO\÷<£*ÿO\ JO\ì~¡°.

G D ~A `Ç# J¬C#° JkQ®q°OKÇ_¨xïHá =°~ JO_£ HOÌh #°O_ J¬C#° f¬°Hùx J¬CÇ¶¼_È°.
R
v <²~Ò^Î°í ì (1829-57 "Í°) :

G W`Çx HêO Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ 1857 ²~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@° "Í°10# g°~¡\ Õ ã~¡OaOK_È°.
G W`Çx HêO Õ<Í L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í =¬ìcÇò^ÎO (1839) Õ "³ò^Î ÿáOk.
v J¬û°^ñ ì (1857-69) :
G W`Çx À~¡°g°^Î°Qê<Í J¬û Q®O* U~¡æ_Ok.
G W`Çx <HêO Õ<Í 1857 E<£ Õ Ìáì^Î~ì^£ Õ ²~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@° =zóOk.
G WKÇó@ D u~¡°Q®°ì@°ä½ <Ç°H`ÇÞO =²ìOz# "~¡° - `Ç°ãö~ì*Mì<£
G J}z"Í²#"~¡° "³ò^Î\ ÷ ª ì~[OQ· (ã¬^¥#=°Oãu)

v g°~=°¬ì|¶ PbMì<£ (1869-1911) :
G W`Ç#° ~*ì¼xH÷ =KÍó<\÷H÷ W`Çx =Ç°¬° - 3¬OII°.
G W`Ç#° ¦²ã|=i 5# "Í°[~¡° Hê=_ÈO`Ë Kñ=°¬ì ìÁ =#O Õ ¬\ìaÀ+H =°¬ìÙ`Ç=O x~¡Þ²ìOKÇQê D Hê~¡¼ãH=¶xH÷
Ìáì^Î~ì^Î°ä½ =zó# "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ "³áã§° - ì~Ûi¬æ<£.
G W`Çx HêO Õ<Í =òeø L^Î¼=°O (1888) ã~¡O"³°ØOk.
v g°~ Lªà<£ PbMì<£ (1911-48 ÌÌO|~17) :

G W`Ç_È° 7= J¬¦¹*ì J<Í À~¡°`Ë ~*ì¼xH÷ =zó# z=i ~A.
G W`Çx <HêO Õ<Í ï~O_È° ã¬¬OKÇÇò^¥° [iQê~ò.
G W`Ç_È° xiàOz# K³~¡°=ô#° - Q®O_À@
Y
- x*ìOªQ®~ "³¶HÆQ®°O_ÈO qõÞ×Þ~¡Ç°¼ ã¬}ìoH ã¬Hê~¡O (H# ÿO\ WO[h~ #"
M
Jb-#" [OQ·.
- Lªà<£ ªQ®~
95 E
9
- ²ì=¶Ç°` ªQ®~
59
D
- JbªQ®~ (2921) - Õ^Î<£ - x*ì=¶ì^£
W`Ç_È° xiàOz# ¬iã×=°° - ²OQ®ö~}÷ çQ®°¾Q®#°°
CA
50
- Õ^Î<£ +¬µQ®~ ¬iã×=° - 1937
98
- ²~¡¶æ~ HêQ®*#Q®~¡ Hêy`Ç¬ô q°°Á (Pk ìì^£) (1939)
A
:8
- D.B.R. =ãªë q°°Á
- J*ìO*ì²ì q°°Á - KÍ<Í`Ç ¬iã×=° (=~¡OQ® )
h
A E
.P
- K~q°<~ - ²Q®ï~\ HOÌh (1941) (VST - =ã*ì~ ¬° ìë<£, \çìHË - Ìáì^Î~ì^£)
AB C
D
- Industrial Zyûa+¬<£ - "³ò^Î@ (1919) K^Î~Q®\, W¬C_È° - <O¬eÁ.

ER I
- NSRTC (ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ<Í "³ò^Î\ ÷ ã\ì<£éö~+¬<£)

O
W^Í <Í\ ÷ APSRTC

CH
v q^¥¼¬O¬Ö W`Ç~¡ ªO¬ø$uH öHOã^¥° :

YD
,H
1. 1918 ¦¬~}ì ^¥Þ~ LªàxÇ¶#° ªÖ²Oz 1919, PQ®¬° 28# LªàxÇ¶ Çüx=iÅ\© ã~¡OaOK~¡°.
2. ²\ © Hê è* 3. öHOã^Î ã¬°`ÇÞ ãQ®O^¥Ç°=ò 4. EcÁ¬ð 5. ¬ô~=¬°ë §Y 6. ÌáìHË~¡°
AM
T
7. JÌOcÁ 8. ª ì~[OQ· =ü¼lÇ°O. 9. LªàxÇ¶ ¬ð²æ@ 10. Çò<x ¬ð²æ@

H
M
G 1946 =~¡ä½ D ~A ã¬*ì¬OöHÆ=°O Hù~¡ä½ ã¬Ç°ußOK_È°.

AM
IG
G Hêx Mì²O ~¡lÞ ã¬"Í°Ç°O`Ë x~¡Oä½×Ã_È°Qê eOK_È°. ã¬^ÎiÅOK_È°.

KH
G P¬ö~+¬<£ é Õ J<Í À~¡°`Ë öHOã^Îã¬°`ÇÞO D ¬OªÖ#OÌá ÌáxHKÇ~¡¼ [i² 1948 ÌÌO|~ 11# Ìáì^Î~ì^£#°
R
ì~¡`Ç ~¢ ÇüxÇ°<£ Õ qb#O KÍ²Ok.

G D ¬O^Î~¡ÄO Õ öHOã^ÎÌá<¼xH÷ <Ç°H`ÇÞO =²ìOz#"~¡° - J.N.Chowdary.
G x*ìO Ìá<¼xH÷ <Ç°H`ÇÞO =²ìOz#"~¡° - L.Pã@¶¹
G 1948 #°O_ 1956 =~¡ä½ Lªà<£ PbMì<£ ~*ã¬=òMQê =¼=¬ìiOK~¡°.
G Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ~[¼ z=i ã¬^¥#=°Oãu - g°~ ìÇ°H± Pb.
v "³ò^Î\÷ ª ì~[OQ· (1853 "Í°31 #°O_ - 1883 ¦²ã|=i 8) :
G W`Ç#° J¬° À~¡° - `Ç°~¡ PbMì<£.
G W`Ç_È° =òQ®°¾~¡° ¬° ìë#° =^Îí k"#°Qê ¬xKÍ§_È°.
1) <²~Ò^Î°í ì 2) J¦¬û°^ñ ì 3) g°~ =°¬ì|¶ PbMì<£

v ª ì~ [OQ· ¬O¬ø~¡}° :
G W`Ç_È° ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# #¶`Ç# ¶q°t¬°ë q^¥#O - l ìÁ|Ok q^¥#O.
G W`Ç_È° ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# #¶`Ç# <}ÿO - ¬ì ²Hêø.
G Ìáì^Î~ì^£ Õ öHOã^Îã^Î=¼ =òã^Î}ìÇ°O U~æ@°KÍ§~¡°.
G ã¬u =°Oãu`ÇÞ §Yä½ XH Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅ LO_¨x ã¬ukOK_È°.
G ¶q°t¬°ë =¬¶° Hù~¡ïHá W`Ç_È° ~*ì¼xß S^Î° ãOfÇ° =°O_È ì°Qê 17 ï~"³#¶¼ l ìÁ°Qê qlOK_È°.
G ãH÷OkªÖ~ò Õ ¶q°t¬°ë =¬¶° JkHêi - `Ç¬ì² ìí~
G W`Ç_È° 1865 Õ éb¬° =¼=¬Ö#° U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ª ì~[OQ· Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ~[¼O Õ §ó`Ç¼ q^¥¼q^¥#O#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
G 1870 Õ ª ì~[OQ· ²\ © Ìáì¬¶ø #°, XH WO[hiOQ· Hê èr#° U~æ@°KÍ§~¡°.
Y
G W`Ç_È° ¶ªÞ=ò ²Á Hù~¡ïHá ã¬`Í¼HOQê J<ÍH q^¥¼¬O¬Ö#° <³Hù ìæ_È°.
G ª ì~[OQ· =°~¡}÷Oz# Hùxß ¬O=`Ç~ `Ç~¡°"`Ç 1887 Õ K^Î~¦¬¶\ Ìáì¬¶ø Õx WO@ià_Ç°\ `Ç~¡Q®`Ç°#°
M
=°^Î~¡ª-W-JeÇ° Õ qb#O KÍ¬¶ë x*ìO Hì§#° xiàOK~¡°.
95 E
G nx "³ò^Î\ ÷ ã²x - J¦¬°Õ~¡<^ÎKÇ\Õ^¥¼Ç°.
9
59
G ª ì~[OQ· =ü¼lÇ°O#° W`Ç_È° xiàOKÇQê, nx Õx =¬°ë=ô#° ÀHiOz# "~¡° =ü_È= ª ì~[OQ·.
D
v Ìáì^Î~ì^£ Õ ª=¶lH ¬O¬ø$`Ç K³á`Ç#¼O :
CA
50
G Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ~[¼O Õ L#ß "³ò`ÇëO l ìÁ° - 16 (`³OQê}-8, =°¬ð~R-5, H~â@H-3)
98
G `³OQê} Õx ã¬[ Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê K³á`Ç#¼O#° `³zó# ¬O¦¬°@# - KÇO^¥ ï~á èÞ ÔøO ¬O¦¬°@# (1883)
A
:8
v q^¥¼¬O¬Ö° - ãQ®O^¥Ç¶° :
h
A E
.P
G 1901 - NH$+¬â^Í=~Í°Oã^Î ì xÇ°O - Ìáì^Î~ì^£ Õ ã¬^Î=° ãQ®O^¥Ç°O - HË=¶à~A HÆ à}~=ô.
AB C
D
G 1904 - ~[~[#ö~Oã^Îì xÇ°O - ¬ì#àHùO_È - HË=°~A HÆ à}~=ô - ãQ®O^¥Ç°O.

ER I
G 1905 - POã^Î¬O=ix ²H÷Oã^¥ì^£

O
G 1906 - q*ìý# KÇOãkHê=°O_Èe - Ìáì^Î~ì^£ - Hù=°à~A HÆ à}~=ô.

G 1912 - POã^Î q*ìý# ¬~¡Þ¬Þ=ò (`ùe `³°Q®° q*ìý# ¬~¡Þ¬ÞO) - K.HÆ à}~=ô.
CH
YD
G 1904-#=O|~¡°18 - K^Î~Qê\ - Ìáì^Î~ì^£ - "³ò^Î\ ÷ `³°Q®° ~¡§ - Hê Õl ~¡OQê~=ô.

`³OQê} Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ `³°Q®°¬ãuH - QË çøO_È (1925) - ¬°~¡=~¡O ã¬`¬ï~_Û.
,H
G
G `³OQê} Õ POã^Î[#¬O¦¬°O - 1921 #=O|~¡° 12# U~æ@°KÍ§~¡°.
AM
T
v x*ìO POã^Î =°¬ð¬° (1930-46, 13 =°¬ð¬° [iQê~ò) :

H
M
AM
1. "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬=¶"Í×O (1930) - *Õ¼sÀ@ - "³°^ÎH± - ¬°~¡=~¡O ã¬`¬ï~_Û.

IG
2. ï~O_È= ¬=¶"Í×O (1931) - ^Í=~¡HùO_È - |¶~¡°¾ ~=°H$â~=ô

KH
3. 11= ¬=¶"Í×O (1944) - °=#yi - # ç¾O_È - ~q <~Ç°}ï~_Û.

R
G WKÇó@ Ju"^Î, q°`Ç"^Î°°Qê q_éÇ¶~¡°.

G Ju"^Î°° - H=ü¼x¬° s P¦¹ WO_Ç¶ Õ qb#O HêQê, q°`Ç"^Î°° Ìáì^Î~ì^£ À\ HêOãïQ¹ Õ qb#O
JÇ¶¼~¡°.
G Ju"^Î° <Ç°ä½_È° - ~q <~Ç°}ï~_Û, |kíO Z ìÁï~_Û.
G q°`Ç"^Î° <Ç°ä½_È° - |¶~¡°¾ ~=°H$â~=ô, HùO_¨ "³OH@~¡OQêï~_Û "³ò^ÎQ®°"~¡°.
G 13= ¬=¶"Í×O (1946) - HOk - "³°^ÎH± - [=° ì¬ô~¡O öH×=~=ô - z=i ¬=¶"Í×O.
G öH×=~=ô a~¡°^Î° - ^ÎHø<£ ¬~~.
G 1938 Õ Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ~R HêOãïQ¹ U~¡æ_Ok. nx ªÖ¬ä½_È° =°iÇò "³ò^Î\ ÷ J^Î¼äÆ½_È° - ªÞq° ~=¶#O^Î f~¡.
G x*ìO ã¬°`ÇÞO Ìáì^Î~ì^£ À\ HêOãïQ¹ Ìá L#ß xÀ+^¥xß 1946 A ÿá Õ `ùyOK~¡°.

G LªàxÇ¶ Çüx=i\© Õ 1938 #=O|~¡° #°O_ _×O|~¡° =~¡ä½ =O^Í=¶`Ç~¡ L^Î¼=°O B ¬ð¬ Õ [iyOk.
nx Õ ã¬^¥# ã`Ç é+²Oz#"~¡° - P.V. #iO¬ì~=ô, P~¡°@Á ~=°KÇOã^Î ï~_Û, Ìáìãw"Ki.
v x*ìO =¼uö~Y é~@O :

G Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ~[¼O Õ ì~¡`Ç ÇüxÇ°<£ Õ KÍ~x "³ò^Î@Qê ¬¶zOz#"~¡° - [Ç°ã¬Hê<~Ç°}.
G H.S.C XH JO×OQê f¬°HËx L^Î¼q°OzOk.
G Ç°^¥²Öu X_ÈO|_H - 1947 #=O|~¡° 21 x*ì"£° =°iÇò öHOã^Îã¬°`ÇÞ=ò#ä½ =°^Î¼# [iyOk.

G Ç°^¥²Öu X_ÈO|_H#° MìtO-~¡lÞ (MIM J^Î¼äÆ½_È°) LÁO¦²°OK_È°.
G Ç°^¥²Öu X_ÈO|_H ã¬Hê~¡O, Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ~[¼O#ä½ U*ÿO\ [#~¡ Qê =zó#"~¡° K.M.=òxÂ.
G 1948 Õ ì~Û =°¿O\ì@<£ x*ìO`Ë =°^Î¼=ië`ÇÞO [i_È°.
G 1948 ÌÌO|~ 13 #°O_ 17 =~¡ä½ Ìáì^Î~ì^£Ìá öHOã^Îã¬°`ÇÞO P¬ö~+¬<£ é Õ J<Í ÌáxH KÇ~¡¼#° [i² Ìáì^Î~ì^£#°
Y
ì~¡` Õ qb#O KÍ§~¡°.
M
G 1948 #°O_ 49 =~¡ä½ Ìáì^Î~ì^£ Õ ÌáxH ã¬°`ÇÞO LO_ÈQê 1950 [#=i Õ ICS JkHêi M.K. "³ ÕÁ_x C.M.Qê
xÇ°q°Oz Ï~¡ã¬°`Þxß U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
95 E
9
G 1952 Õ [iy# "³ò^Î\ ÷ ª~¡ÞãuH ZxßH ÕÁ |¶~¡°¾ ~=°H$â~=ô Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ~R ã¬^Î=° =òY¼=°OãuQê ZxßHÇ¶¼~¡°.
59
D
(^£#Q®~ x³¶[H=~¡¾O)
x*ìO Lªà<£ PeMì<£ 1949-56 =~¡ä½ ~[ã¬=òM (Q®=~¡ß~)Qê L<ß_È°.
CA
G
50
G Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ~R `ùe ÔæH~ - Hêj<^Î~=ô "³á^Î¼.
98
A
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
:8
h
A E
.P
1. NH $ +¬ â ^ Í = ~Ç ° ° gi`Ë Àß¬ ì ¬ O |O^ ¥ ° 9. q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ~[¼O ¬O^ÎiÅOz# `ùe q^ÍjÇò_È° ?
AB C
Hù#ªyOK_È°.
D
(Constable - 2013) (D.L - 2012)
1) ãa\©+¹ 2) _ÈK 3) é~¡°ów¬° 4) ãÌ¦Oz 1) "ùq°OQ· Ô¹ 2) _È¶¼ö~\ ì~ËÄª

ER I
O
2. ¬ì[~~=°ªÞq°, q~¡ªÞq° PÇ¶ x~à`Ç 3) xHù ÕHêO>è 4) J|°í ~¡*ìH±

(Constable - 2013)
10. ¬Ow`Ç ¬¶~Ë¼^ÎÇ°O ~¡zOz#k ?
CH
(ADM- 2012)
1) ã¬`¬~¡°ã^Î°_È° 2) ~¡q=~¡à-1
YD
1) NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° 2) H©;<~Ç°}
3) NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° 4) KÇã`Ç¬u t"r
3) ~=°~Ç°° 4) ~=°ã^ÎO
,H
3. U Çò^ÎO`Ë q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ªã=¶[¼O JO`ÇiOzOk.

11. NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° ¬ =<xß U=°O\ì~¡° ?
AM
T
(Constable - 2012)
(AAM - 2012)
1) `Ço¤HË@ Çò^ÎO 2) x¬@° Çò^ÎO
H
M
1) =ò`¼§ 2) Àì=°ä@O
AM
3) "³°Ø¬¶~ Çò^ÎO 4) "³¶Á~ Çò^ÎO

IG
4. |¬ìàh ~[¼O `ùe ~[^¥x (Constable - 2012) 3) °=#q[Ç°O 4) =°Ç°ä@O

KH
1) c^Î~ 2) Q®°Ä~¾ 3) c*ì¬î~ 4) ÿ ì¾O 12. Ç°=#~[¼ ªÖ¬<K~¡¼ J#° a~¡°^Î° Z=ik ?
R
5. q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ~[¼O Õ `ùe =O×O ? (Group-2 - 1995)
1) ¬OQ®=° 2) ª°= 3) `Ç°°= 4) P~¡"Í\ ÷ 1) NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° 2) ^Í=~Ç°°

6. NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° U =O×¬°Ö_È° ? 3) q~¡¶HÆ~Ç°° 4) ¬ìi¬ì~¡~Ç°°
1) ¬OQ®=° 2) ª°= 3) `Ç°°= 4) P~¡"Í\ ÷ 13. q[Ç°#Q®~xß ¬ieOz# ~[ =O§° Zxß ?
7. ''P=òHë=¶¼^ÎÑÑ U ì+¬ Õ ã"Ç°|_Ok ?(J.L - 04) 1) 6 2) 5 3) 4 4) 3
1) ãH©.×.1564 2) ãH©.×.1565
3) ãH©.×.1566 4) ãH©.×.1569
["|°°
8. q[Ç°#Q®~¡ "³ò^Î\ ÷ ä½_È° ? (D.L - 2012) 1) 3 2) 3 3) 1 4) 2 5) 1
1) =ò^Îí¬æ 2) =¶~¡¬æ 6) 3 7) 2 8) 3 9) 3 10) 2
3) ¬ìi¬ì~¡ -1 4) HO¬# 11) 3 12) 1 13) 3

G "³ò¦¬° =O×ªÖ¬ä½_È° - ì|~. ¬îië À~¡° - [Ôì~¡°ní<£ =°¬ìà^£ìì~.
G '=°OQË°Ñ J<Í ¬^ÎO #°O_ '"³ò¦¬° Ñ J<Í ¬^ÎO L^ÎÄqOzOk.
G "³ò¦¬°°° 1526 - 1858 =~¡ä½ ^¥^¥¬ô 332 ¬OII° 18 =°Ok ~A° ¬ieOK~¡°.
Y
G 1526-1707 =~¡ä½ (ì|~ #°O_ B~¡OQ®*è|°) Q® "³òQ® #° - ãöQ@~ "³ò¦¬° JO\ì~¡°.
M
G 1707-1761 =~¡ä½ ("³ò^Î\ ÷ |¬ì^Î¶~ #°O_ ï~O_ÈPO) Q® ~A#° - ^Î°~¡Ä~¡ "³òQ® / H_È¬\ ÷ "³òQ®
JO\ì~¡°.
95 E
9
G 1761 - 1857 =~¡ä½ ("³ò^Î\ ÷ JHÄ~ #°O_ 2= |¬ì^Î¶~) Q® ~A#° - <=°=¶ã`Ç¬ô "³òQ® JO\ì~¡°.
59
D
G "³ò¦¬° Õ Zä½ø= ¬OII° ¬ieOz# ~A - B~¡OQ®*è|° (49 ¬OII°).
G H_È¬\ ÷ "³òQ® Õ Zä½ø= ¬OII° ¬ieOz# ~A - 2= |¬ì^Î¶~ PO (47 ¬OII°)
CA
50
G "³ò¦¬° Õ z=i"_È° - 2= |¬ì^Î¶~. G "³ò¦¬° öHOã^ÎªÖ#O - ¦¬~¾}.
98
G "³ò¦¬° "³ò^Î\ ÷ì+¬ - @iø / `Ç°~¡°+¬ø (J~¡aH±) G gi =O×=ò - WªÁO Õx ¬°hß.
A
:8
G "³ò¦¬° ~A Õ Qù¬æ KÇãH=ië - JHÄ~ (W`Ç_Í "³òQ® ªã=¶[¼ x~à`Ç)
G Zä½ø= ªã=¶[¼=ò#° q¬ëiOz# ~A - B~¡OQ®*è|°.
h
A E
.P
v P^¥~° :
AB C
D
1)
`Ç°AH±-W-ì|s è^¥ ì|~<=° (ì|~ ÔÞÇ°KÇiã`Ç) (`Ç°søì+¬ Õ Wk t~Ë¶+¬}O =O\÷k)
ER I
2)
¬=¶Çò<£<=°-Q®° |^Î<£ èQ®O (¬=¶Çü<£ ªé^Îi, JHÄ~ HËiH "Í°~¡ä½ ~¡zOzOk)
O
3)
`sM-W-¬=¶Çò<£#° |Ç¶l^£ K³¬ô`Ç°O_ÈQê J|° ¦¬A ã"§_È°.
CH
4)
JHÄ~<=¶ - J|° ¦¬A
YD
5)
ShJHÄs - J|° ¦¬A (Wk "³ò¦¬° < q^¥#=ò Q®°iOz `³°¬ô`Ç°Ok. (nxx HÒ\÷°¼x) J~¡§G=ò`Ë
,H
éó=KÇ°ó.
AM
T
G '=°¬¶zÑ "³ò¦¬° KÇiã`Ç#° W@b ì+¬ Õ ã"²#k - 'ªéiÇ¶_ "³òQËiÇ¶Ñ

G Travels Abbikare in India Near East' - JaÄHêö~.
H
M
'
AM
G "Travels in Mougal Empire" - ã\ì"³ißÇ°~ =°iÇò ÿißÇ°~ (FrenchÇ¶ãuä½°).

IG
v ì|~ : (1526-1530)
KH
R
G J¬°À~¡° - [Ôì~¡°ní<£ =°¬ìà^£ ì|~. ì|~ J#Qê @sø ì+¬ Õ ¬ôe è^¥
²O¬ìO Jx J~¡ÖO.
G 1483 ¦²ã|=i 14# P¦¬Éxªë<£ Õ ¦¬~¾< Õ ''@søKQ·`~òÑÑ =O×O Õ [xàOK_È°.
G `ÇOã_ - L=°~À+M q°~û (@sø ~A `³á=ü~ =O×=ò)
G `ÇeÁ - ä½`Ç°°Q· xQê~Mì<£ (=°OQË K³Ow*Mì<£ =O×=ò)
G ¦¬~¾}ì ~[^¥x - JO_*ì<£ #Q®~¡=ò.
G `ÇOã_ =°~¡}O`Ë 1496 Õ ¦¬~¾<ä½ ~A JÇ¶¼_È°.
G 1497 Õ `³á=ü~ ~[^¥x ª=°~¡O_£Ìá ^ÎO_³`ÇëQê ì|~ `Ç=òà_È° [¬ìOw~
¦¬~¾<#° PãHq°OKÇQê (=°~¡}÷OK_Èx =^ÎOu ¬ô\÷Oz) ª=°~¡O_£#°, P ãO`xH÷
K³Ok# ^¥_£Mì<£ PãHq°OKÇ_ÈO`Ë ì|~ ï~O_È° ãO`#° HË ÕæÇ¶~¡°. ì|~

G 1503 ¬OII Õ 'kH`Ñ J<Í ãQê=°O Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê XH =ò^Î°¬e J=Þ #°O_ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Q®°iOz q<ß_È°.
G 1504 Õ `Ç# ²#`ÇOã_ 'L°Q· À+H± q°~ûÑ #° F_Oz, Hê|° #° PãHq°Oz# ~*ì=°H©"£°#° F_Oz Hê|° #° PãHq°OK_È°.
WkÍ° W`Çx rq`ÇO Õ H©H=°~ò# =°°¬ô.
G ì|~ - 1) L*ÿQ· #°O_ `Ç°°Q·=¶ Çò^Î ¬^Îux
2) =°OQË° #°O_ JO|°+¹Mè_£ 3) @sø #°O_ J×Þ^Î×=ò#°
4) ¬iÂÇ¶ #°O_ ¦²~¡Oy^Î×=ò#° ãQ®²ìOz `<Í ¬ÞÇ°OQê |O_ÈÁ=î¼¬ì=ò#° U~æ@°KÍ² ''~¡¶g°Çò^Î
q^¥#=òÑÑ#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
G Ìáxä½ä½ tHÆ} W²æOKÇ_¨xH÷ - 1) Lªë^£ Jb (¦²~¡Oy ^Î×<Í~¡æi)
2) =ò¬ë¦ J<Í L#ß`Ç L^Ë¼Q®°#° xÇ°q°OK_È°.
G 1519 #°O_ 1524 =~¡ä½ ì~¡`Ìá 4 ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç° KÍ§_È°.
Y
G 4= ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç Õ ^ñ`ì<£ Õ_ (¬O*ì Q®=~¡ß~) ¬¬ðÇ°OQê =zó Wã|ÔìO Õ_ À##° F_Oz, [O^Î~ Õ -
^ñ`Mì<£#°, ¬° ìë¬î~ Õ - k ì=~Mì<£#°, n¬H±¬î~ Õ - P"£°Mì<£#° xÇ°q°Oz "³oÁéÇ¶~¡°.
M
v "³ò^Î\÷ x¬@° Çò^ÎO (21-4-1526) :
95 E
9
G ^ñ`Mì<£, P"£°Mì<£° UH"³°Ø ì|~#° ÿHøKÍÇ°Hé=_ÈO`Ë ì|~ `Ç# 2= ä½=¶~¡°_È° Hã=¶<£ä½ Hê|° #° J¬æyOz
59
D
Ì^Îíä½=¶~¡°_È° ¬=¶Çò<£`Ë 12000 Ìá#¼O`Ë 1525 #=O|~ Õ 5=ªi ì~¡`Ìá ^ÎO_³uë x ì=\HË@ Õ `Ç^¥KÇ°ä½#ß
^ñ`Mì<£#° c~"£°HË@ Õ |OkOK_È°.
CA
50
G ì|~ `Ç# Ìá#¼O KÇ°@¶ 'J~|Ñ#° <³Hùeæ Ìá#¼O =°^Î¼ìQ®O Õ 'Q® Ñ#° <³Hù ìæ_È°.
98
G ì|~ ³òHø ¦²~¡Oy^ÎìxH÷ <Ç°H`ÇÞO =²ìOz#"~¡° - Lªë^£Jb ì|~ "³òQ® ªã=¶*ì¼xß U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
A
:8
G "³ò^Î\ ÷x¬@° Çò^ÎO Õ Wã|ÔìO Õ_ =°~¡}÷OKÇ_ÈO`Ë ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ì|~ "³ò¦¬° ªã=¶*ì¼xß U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
G D Çò^ÎO Õ Õ_ `Ç~¡°¬ô# ç¾x =°~¡}÷Oz# QêÞeÇ°~ ~A - ~*ì qãH=°l` ²OQ·.
h
A E
.P
v H}ìÞÇò^Î=ò (17-3-1527) :
AB C
D
G ì|~ rq`xH÷ Hê}ìÞÇò^ÎO XH x^Î~Å¡ #O. nx Õ<Í ì|~ `ùeªiQê 'l¬ð^£Ñ#° ã¬H\
O÷ z Qêr J<Í a~¡°^Î°#° ÚO^¥_È°.
ER I
O
G D Çò^ÎO Õ F_é~ò# ²ªé_Ç¶ =O×O Õ Qù¬æ"_È~ò# ~}ì¬OãQê"£°²OQ· 7 Ì^Îí~A°, 9 =°Ok Ì^Îí<Ç°ä½°,

104 z#ß<Ç°ä½`Ë ä@q°x U~æ@°KÍ² Wã|ÔìO Õ_ ªé^Î~¡°_È° =°¬ìà^£ Õ_x ~AQê Q®°iëOz ì|~ Z^Î°~ùøx
CH
YD
F_éÇ¶~¡°.
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ x¬@°Çò^ÎO "³òQ® ~[¼=ò#° U~æ@°KÍÀë Hê}ìÞÇò^ÎO "³òQ® ~[¼O#° ²Ö~¡¬izOk.
,H
G ~}ì¬OãQê"£°²OQ·#° ã¬¬OKÇKÇiã`Ç Õ HÆ`ÇQêã`Ç°_È~ò# ~AQê À~ùøO\ì~¡°. öH=O =òYOÌá<Í 70 QêÇ¶° JÇ¶¼~ò

AM
T
H#°ßé~òOk. 1528 [#=i 30# =°~¡}÷OK_È°.

H
M
v KÇO^Íi Çò^ÎO (29-1-1528) :

AM
IG
G 1528 KÇO^Íi Çò^ÎO Õ ì|~ |°O^Í YO_£~A '"Í°k<Í~°Ñx ä_¨ F_OK_È°. (D Çò^ÎO `Ç~¡°"`Ç ~[¬ôã`Ç
KH
¢Ôë° *Õ¬ì~ q^¥<xß \÷OK~¡°)

R
v QËãQê Çò^ÎO (6-5-1529) :

G W^Í ì|~ rq`ÇO Õ z=i Çò^ÎO =°iÇò H÷Á+¬=°~ò#k.
G Wã|ÔìO Õ_ `Ç=òà_È° =°¬ìà^£ Õ_ <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ P¦¬É#°Á, J~¡|°Ä° UH=°~ò Q®O_ÈH± #n f~¡=ò Õx 'QËãQêÑ J<Í
ã¬^Í×O =^Îí [iy# Çò^ÎO Õ P¦¬É#°Á ¬îiëQê F_éÇ¶~¡°.
G 1530 _×O|~¡° 26# ì|~ =°~¡}÷OK_È°. (Hê|° ä½ "³×´ë =°~¡}÷OK_È°)
G ì|~ ¬=¶k Hê|° Õ LOk. ì|~ä½ W+¬"³°Ø# #Q®~¡O Hê|° .
G ì~ `Ç°sø ì+¬ Õ '`Ç°AH÷-W-ì|iÑ J<Í ÔÞÇ°KÇiã`Ç ãQ®O^¥xß ~§_È°. Wk `Ç°søì+¬ Õ t~Ë¶+¬}O ìO\÷k.
G ì|~ '=ò|Ç°¼H±Ñ J<Í ãHù`Çë KÇO^Î¬°#° ã¬"Í×Ì@_È"Í° HêH =òc<£ J<Í À~¡°`Ë Hù`Çë '=ò#ßgxÑ ~¡zOK_È°.
G iª-W-=bkÇ¶ J<Í ãQ®O^Î=ò#° `Ç°~¡°+¬øì+¬ ÕH÷ J#°=kOK_È°.

G W`Çx a~¡°^Î°° - 1) ÔÞÇ°KÇiã`Ç ~A 2) L^¥¼#=< ~A 3) HO^Î~ (=°`Ç "¼²ëä½_È°)
¬=°Çü<£ (1530 #°O_ 1540) Ê (1555-56)

G ì|~ä½ 4Q®°~¡° ä½=¶~¡°° :
1. ¬=°Çü<£ - Ì^Î" í _È° ã¬^=
Î °O Õ +¬Oì~ä½ Jku
¬ Qê LO_ `Ç~"
¡ `Ç `ÇOã_ "³O@ L<ß_È°. W`Ç_Í ì~¡`^
Ç
Í × ~A.
2. Hã=¶<£ - Hê|¶ , HêO^Î¬ð~, Q®[x, _¨HÆ<£Ìá Q®=~¡ß~.
3. J¬øs - +¬Oì è¾ ~A
4. ²ìO^¥ - P ìÂ~Ìá ~A
W^Îí~¡° ä½=¶ï~ë° - 1) =°¬¶< èQ®O, J°Á_È° - À+M [#~¡ q°~û - l¬ð~ ä½_È°.
2) Q®° |^Î<£èQ®O, J°Á_È° - =°¬ìà^£ ¬° ìë<£ q°~û.
Y
G ¬=¶Çü<£ J#Qê J^Î$+¬=O`Ç°_È° Jx J~¡ÖO. Hêh "³òQ® KÇiã`Ç W`Ç#O`Ç
M
^Î°~¡^Î$+¬=O`Ç°_È° è_Èx ÿ<£¬î =iâOK_È°.
95 E
G ¬=¶Çò<£ä½ HË²ì#¶~ =ã[=ò#° ã¬^¥#O KÍ²#"~¡° - QêÞeÇ°~ ~A ~*ì
9
¬=¶Çü<£
59
qãH"£°l`²OQ· ä½@°O|O
D
G ¬=¶Çò<£ "³ò^Î\ ÷ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç Õ |°O^Í YO_£ ~A J~ò# ~*ìã¬`¹²OQ·Ìá [iyOk.
CA
G Q®°[~`#° eOKÍ |¬ì^Î¶~#° F_Oz JKÇó@ Q® =¶O_È¶HË@#° PãHq°Oz J¬øsx Q®=~¡ß~Qê xÇ°q°OKÇQê
50
<#°=O èHé=_ÈO =# (ã¬[ ¬¬ðÇ°=ò`Ë |¬ì^Î¶~ uiy Q®°[~`#° PãHq°OK_È°).
98
A
G c¬ð~ä½xQê L#ß À+~Â#° ïQ=_¨xH÷ 3 Çò^¥#° KÍ§_È°.
:8
1. KÇ°<~ Çò^ÎO (1537) : ¬=°Çü<£ ì= À+H± [=¶<£q°~û ¬=°Çü<£#° =¼uö~dOz À+~Â ¬¬ðÇ°=ò#°
h
A E
ÚO^Î_ÈO`Ë, À+~Âä½ |°kK³æx À+~ÂÌá Çò^ÎO ã¬H\ ÷Oz KÇ°<~HË@#° PãHq°OK_È°.

.P
Hêh Uq° ¦¬e`ÇO è^Î°.

AB C
D
2. Kñª Çò^ÎO (1539) : H~¡à<£ #n f~# Q® Kñª =^Îí [iy# Çò^ÎO Õ ¬=°Çü<£ Ìá#¼O F_é~òOk.
ER I
O
G ¬=°Çü<£ x*ìO J<Í À=ä½x ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë ã}ì#° ^ÎH÷øOKÇ°ä½<ß_È°.
v
CH
H<Ë* Çò^ÎO (1540) :

YD
G ¬=°Çü<£ 2HÆ Ìá#¼O`Ë À+~ÂÌá ^ÎO_³uë 1540 H<Ë*(L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í) Çò^ÎO Õ ¬îiëQê F_é=_ÈO`Ë À+~Âä½
,H
¬O¬î~¡â q[Ç°O aOzOk.

AM
T
G D Çò^ÎO Õ À+M [=¶<£q°~û À+~Âä½ ¬¬ðÇ°¬_<_È°. nx<Í 'a ãQêOÑ Çò^ÎO Jx ä_¨ JO\ì~¡°. nO`Ë À+~Â
H
M
_bÁ, PãQê#° PãHq°OK_È°.

AM
G ¬=°Çü<£ ¬iÂÇ¶~[~ò# `Ç¬ì=¶<£ P¬ðÞ#=ò#° ¬ô~¡¬øiOKÇ°Hùx ¬iÂÇ¶ä½ Hê|¶ Q®°O_¨ "³°`Ç°O_ÈQê W`Çx
IG
ªé^Î~¡°_È° Hã=¶<£ ¬=°Çü<£# ¬ì`Ç=¶~¡ó_¨xH÷ ã¬Ç°ußOz J_ÈÛOä½#° ¬$+²OK_È°.

KH
G ¬=°Çü<£ *ì`ÇHê g°^Î #=°àHO`Ë ¬ìg°^¥èQ®O#° q"¬ì=¶_¨_È°.

R
G ¬ìg°^¥èQ®O ã¬¬= ¬=°Ç°O Õ Pã×Ç°O Wzó# J=°~HË@~A - ~}ìã¬ª^£.

G 1542 #=O|~ 23# JHÄ~ [xàOK_È°.
G `Ç¬ì=¶<£ ¬¬ìHê~¡O`Ë ¬=°Çü<£ 1545 Õ Hê|¶ , HêO^Î¬ð~#° [~òOK_È°.
G 1555 Õ @¶\ì~Mì<£, #ÔMì<£, \ì*Mì<£, =°iÇò ÿá~OMì<£ ¬¬ðÇ°=ò`Ë ¬O*ì Õx Q®°~¡°^¥¹¬î~#° KÍi
'=°zó"~ Çò^ÎOÑ Õ q[Ç°O ªkOK_È°.
G 1555 E<£ Õ ¬¶~=O×~*ÿá# ²H÷O^Î~¬¶~#° ¬~²ìO^£Çò^ÎO Õ F_Oz 1555 A ÿá 25# _bÁ#Q®~¡ ã¬"Í×O KÍª_È°.
G 1556 [#=i 24# _bÁ Õ À+~=°O_ ÿáã|s #°O_ ãH÷OkH÷ kQ®°`Ç¶ Hê°*ìi¬_ =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
G ¬=°Çü<£ ¬=¶k _bÁ Õ LOk. nxx xiàOz#"~¡° - ¬ð*ìèQ®O (ì~¡¼). JHÄ~
G ¬=°Çü<£ YQË×§G ¬iÕ^Î#ä½, ãQ®O^¥Ç°=ò#ä½ =<#° _bÁ Õ xiàOK_È°.

G KÇOã^Î=¶#O ã¬Hê~¡O "~ À~¡Á#° =¶~ó_È°.
G W`Ç_È° L#ß`Ç =O§"i HË¬O 'g°< *ì~Ñ J<Í ¬O`Ç#° U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
¬¶~ =O×=ò (1530 - 1555)

G ¬¶~ =O×ªÖ¬ä½_È° - Wã|ÔìOMì<£ ¬¶~. G gi ¬Þ¬Ö=ò - P¦¬É<£ Õx ~ËÔì ãO`Ç=ò.
G Wã|ÔìOMì<£ ¬¶~ä½ Pã×Ç°O Wzó# Wª~ ¦²~Ë*¬î~ ~A - [=¶ Mì<£
G Wã|ÔìOMì<£ ¬¶~ä½ ä½=¶~¡°_È° - J¬<£Mì<£ ¬¶~.
G [=¶ Mì<£ *ì<£¬î~#° PãHq°OKÍ ¬O^Î~¡ÄO Õ J¬<£Mì<£ ¬¶~ ¬¬ðÇ°¬_È_ÈO =Á H$`Ç[ý`Ç ¬¶KÇHOQê '¬¬~"£°Ñ
(c¬ð~ªé<£ #n f~¡=ò) *ìw~~¡°#° J¬<£Mì<£ ¬¶~Ñä½ WKó_È°.
G ¬¶~ =O×¬°Ö ã¬^¥#=$uë - Q®°ã~ "¼~¡=ò.
Y
G J¬<£Mì<£ ¬¶~ä½ 4Q®°~¡° ì~¡¼° HêQê 8=°Ok ä½=¶~¡°° Q®~¡°. gi Õ Ì^Îíì~¡¼ ä½=¶~¡°_È° À+~Â, z#ßì~¡¼ z#ß
ä½=¶~¡°_È° 'J¬ìà^£°Ñ =òY°¼°.
M
À+~Â (1540 - 1545) À~Â
95 E
9
59
D
G À+~Â [#à`Ç - P¦¬É#°_È°. J¬°À~¡° - ¦¬s^£.
G [xàOz# ã¬^Í×O - 1472 Õ <~ß (c¬ð~)
CA
50
G J¬<£Mì<£ z#ß ì~¡¼ K_ ¦¬e`ÇOQê 1484 Õ À+~Â "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬ ìÇ°#O KÍ§_È°.
G `ÇOã_ ä½=¶~¡°#° He²# "_È° - [=¶ Mì<£.
98
A
G 1518 Õ 2= ¬ ìÇ°#O Õ ¦¬s^£ c¬ð~ä½_È° '|¬ì~Mì<£ Õ¬ìhÑÑ ä½=¶~¡°_È° [ ì Mì<£ä½ J^¥¼¬ä½xQê KÍ~_È°.
:8
G "Í@ ¬O^Î~¡ÄO Õ ¬ôeìi #°O_ |¬ì~Mì<£#° ~¡H÷ÆOKÇ_È"Í° HêH ¬ôex KÇO¬_ÈO`Ë |¬ì~Mì<£ W`ÇxH÷ 'À+~Mì<£Ñ J<Í
h
A E
.P
a~¡°^Î°x=Þ_È"Í° HêH c¬ð~Ìá L¬~R¬uQê 1525 Õ xÇ°q°OK_È°.

AB C
G 1526 Õ 3=ªi ¬ ìÇ°#O Õ ìQ®OQê 1527 Õ ì|~#° H°¬°Hùx 1527, 1528 Õ Hê}ìÞ, KÇO^Íi Çò^¥ Õ
D
ì|~ä½ ¬¬ðÇ°OKÍ² J`Çx ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë ¬¬~"£°Ìá *ìw~í~Qê Q®°iëO¬ô ÚO^¥_È°.

ER I
O
G 1528 Õ |¬ì~Mì<£ Õ¬ìx =°~¡}÷OKÇ_ÈO`Ë ~}÷KÍ`Ç L¬Q®=~¡ß~Qê xÇ°q°O¬|_¨Û_È°.
v
CH
À+~Â ¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç ~[¼ªÖ¬# (1529-31) :

YD
G 1530 Õ KÇ°<~ä½_È° `*Mì<£ =°~¡}÷OKÇQê ~}÷ ì_£=¶eH±#° q"¬ì=¶_ KÇ°<~ HË@#° PãHq°OK_È°.
,H
G 1529 "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬¶~¡*¦¬°~ Çò^ÎO Õ [=° Mì<£ =°iÇò ÿOQê ¬° ìë<£ #ã¬` ¬OÇòHë À##° F_Oz
AM
T
1530-31 Õ ¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç ~[¼=ò#° ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°.

G 1534 2= ¬¶~¡*¦¬°~ Çò^ÎO Õ ¦²°Ç¶Aní<£ =°¬ìà^£ (#¬`Ëä½=¶~¡°_È°) [ ì Mì<£ ¬OÇòHë Ìá#¼=ò#°
H
M
AM
=°~Ëªi F_OK_È°.
IG
G 1540 H<Ë*Çò^ÎO Õ q[Ç°O ªkOz (¬=°Çü<£#° F_Oz _bÁx PãHq°OK_È°.)

KH
G 1545 "Í° 27# HeO[~HË@#° (~A - H÷~`²OQ·) PãHq°OKÍ ¬=°Ç°O Õ ¦²~¡Oy Àe =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
R
G À+~Â `Ç~Þ`Ç W`Çx 2= ä½=¶~¡°_È° WªÁ"£° ~*ì¼xH÷ =Kó_È°.
v ¬i< q^¥#=ò :
G ¬OKÇ¬¶ã`Ç=ò P^¥~¡=òQê À+~Â ¬i< q^¥#=ò#° U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
~[¼O - ~A
↓
¬~ø~ - 1) +²H±^¥~ - W - +²H±^¥~¡<£ (§Ouã^Î`Ç°), 2) =°xÂ¦¹ - W - =°xÂ¦<£ (<¼Ç° q+¬Ç¶°)
↓
¬~¡Q®}ì - Wk ã¬^¥# ¬i< Çüx\, Wk À+~Â ¬$+². nx Õ 4 JkHê~¡°°O_Í"~¡°.
↓
ãQê=¶° - ¬\ìÞs (¶q°t¬°ë), KñH©^¥~ (~¡HÆ})

¬iQ®}ì Õx 4 JkHê~¡°° :
; 1) +²H±^¥~ - §Ouã^Î`Ç° KÇ¶À =¼H÷ë, <Í\ ÷ _¬î¼\© H ÿH~`Ë éó=KÇ°ó.
2) Jg°<£ - ¶q° t¬°ë x~¡â~òOKÇ°@.
3) H#°OQË - ¶q° t¬°ë =¬¶°, ã¬°`ÞxH÷ ã¬[ä½ OïH =O\÷"_È°.
4) é`Í^¥~ - Y*ì<kHêi.
; Hê~ä<£° J<Í JkHê~¡°° ²ìOn ~¡jH=ò Õ ÿHø° ~À"~¡°.
; À+~Â `Ç# ¬i< q^¥#=ò#° "³ò^Î\ ÿOQê Õ ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
v ÌáxH ¬O¬ø~¡}° :
G À+~ÂHêO Õ L#ßO`Ç ã^Î`Ç =°ö~ ~AHêO Õ è^Î°.
G J×Þ^Î×=ò, HêÄ=ò, `Ç°H÷^Î×=ò, =°~¡¦²~¡Oy^Î×=ò, J<Í 4 ^Î×=òä½ ã^¥#¼`Ç WKó_È°.
Y
G ~[¼=ò#° '¦ÏAÑ° J<Í ÌáxH qìQê°Qê qlOK_È°.
M
G ¦Ï*Ìá JkHêi - ¦Ï*^¥~. (¦Ï*^¥s q^¥#O)
G J ìÁ=ôní<£ dbûx J#°¬iOz Y*ì< #°O_ Ìáxä½ä½ ã¬`Ç¼HÆOQê r`° WKÍó ¬^Îux, ^¥Q·, K³ã¬ð ¬^Î`Ç°#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
95 E
9
v ¶q°t¬°ë q^¥#=ò :
59
D
G ¶q°x ¬ö~ÞKÍ² 'aQêÑ À~¡°`Ë ¶q[# KÍ§_È°.
G aQê#° L`Çë=°=ò, =°^Î¼=°=ò, J^Î=°=òQê qlOK_È°.
CA
50
G ¶q°t¬°ë x~¡âÇ°=ò Õ L^¥~¡OQê LO_¨x, =¬¶° q+¬Ç°O Õ Yzó`Ç=ò#° \÷OKx ¬¶zOK_È°. JO`Çä½=òO^Î°
98
Q® [g°O^¥s q^¥#=ò#° f²"Í² ï~á`Þs q^¥#=ò#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
A
:8
G ï~á`Ç° ¶q°x Hùez#O^Î°ä½ ï~á`Ç°ä½ '[sÑ J<Í Hù`Ç ~¡°¬°=ò#° =¬¶°KÍÀ"~¡°.
h
G ¶q°t¬°ë =¬¶°#° '=°¬ìt ì#Ñ J<Í ã¬°`ÇÞ JkHê~¡°#° xÇ°q°OK~¡°. J~ò#¬æ\÷H© ¶q°t¬°ë =¬¶° ã¬^¥#
A E
.P
JkHê~¡°° - Hê#°OQË.
AB C
D
G W`Ç_È° qkOz# ¶q°t¬°ë 1/3 =O`Ç°.

ER I
½
G H~¡°=ô Hê@H xk HË¬O ï~á`Ç° =^Îí #°O_, aQ® 2 À+~Â ^¥#¼=ò#° =¬¶°KÍÀ"_È°.
O
G H~¡°=ô ¬=°Ç°O Õ ï~á`Ç°ä½ PiÖH ¬¬ðÇ°O KÍÇ°_¨xH÷ ã¬°`ÇÞO ï~á`Ç°ä½ '`ÇHêøgÑ |°°}ì#° ï~á`Ç°ä½ =°OE~¡°KÍÀk.
CH
G ã¬u ï~á`Ç° ã¬°`ÞxH÷ H@=²# t¬°ë#° xö~t¬¶ë '¬\ì#°Ñ *ìsKÍ§_È°. nx<Í ¬\ì¬^Îu JO\ì~¡°.
YD
G ï~á`Ç° ¬\ì#° ÔÞHi¬¶ë `Ç=° JOwHê~¡=ò#° `³°¬ô`Ç¶ ã¬u ï~á`Ç° ã¬°`ÞxH÷ WKÍó ¬ã`Ç=ò<Í ''H|¶eÇ°`Ñ JO^Î°~¡°.
,H
G '^¥"£°Ñ J<Í "³O_, ~y`Ë Hù`Çë <}ÿ=ò#° ã¬"Í×Ì\÷ 1/2, 1/4, 1/8,
AM
T
1/16, 1/32 Hù`Ç`Ë =òãkOK_È°.

G D <}ÿ=ò° ^Í×O Õ 1542 #°O_ 1835 =~¡ä½ J=°° Õ L<ß~ò.
H
M
G À+~Â ~¡¬ì^¥i ¬#°ß#° xÀ+kOK_È°.

AM
IG
G "¼~¡ ¬O¦¬¶Ìá ¬#°ß =¬¶° KÍÇ°_¨xH÷ `Ç¶~¡°æ# 'ªé<~Qê"£Ñ #°O_ ¬_È=°~¡ ^¥"£°
KH
~Ë¬ì\ì¹ ¦¬°~ =~¡ä½ xiàOz# ãQêO_£ã@OH± ~Ë_È°ÛÌá JkHê~¡°#° xÇ°q°OK_È°.

½
R
G J=°àH¬ô ¬#°ß#° 2 % Qê =¬¶° KÍ§_È°.

G ì~¡`Ç^Í×=ò Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê ãQêO_£ã@OH± ~Ë_È°Û q^¥<xH÷ <Ok ¬eH÷# "_È° - À+~Â.
1) ²O^Î¶ - PãQê - _bÁ - ì¬ìÙ~ g°^Î°Qê ÿOQê Õx ªé<~Qê"£ =~¡ä½ JuÌ^Îí ãQêO_£ã@OH± ~Ë_È°Û xiàOK_È°.
(1500 HË¬°°, 1 HË¬° « 4 H÷.g°.)
2) ÿOQê #°Oz ì¬ìÙ~ (1000 HË¬°°) 3) PãQê #°Oz |~¡Ý"£°¬î~ (X_)
4) PãQê #°Oz *Õ^£¬î~ (z`Ëë_£¦¬°_£) 5) ì¬ìÙ~ #°Oz =ò ìë<£.
G À+~Â `Ç q^¥#=ò Õ ìQ®OQê JtÞH `Ç ì^¥~¡°#°, ¬iïQ`Íë `Ç ì^¥~¡°#° xÇ°q°OK_È°.
G À+~Â 1700 ¬~~ò (¬ã`ÇO)#° xiàOK_È°. G ¬~~òÌá JkHêiH÷ +¬¬ð< JO\ì~¡°.
G À+~Â ¬ª~¡"°£ Õ `#° |uH÷ LO_ÈQê<Í `Ç# ¬=¶kx xiàOKÇ°Hù#_È"°Í QêH ~ù¬ì\ì¹ ¦°¬ ~, HËß HË@ä½ =°~¡=°à`Ç°ë KÍª_È°.
G À+~Â#° *ìu x~à`Ç =°iÇò JHÄ~ä½ =¶~¡¾^Î~¡Åä½_È°Qê À~ùø#"~¡° - ãui Zi¬ø<£, Hê#°OQË, ¬~¡<£ "³ò^ÎQ®°"~¡°.

JHÄ~ (1556 - 1605)
G ì~¡` Õ "³òQ® =O× / ~[¼ =O× ªÖ¬ä½_È° ì|~ J~ò`Í "³òQ® ªã=¶[¼ªÖ¬ä½_È° - JHÄ~.
G "³òQ® KÇãH=~¡°ëO^Îi Õ Qù¬æ"_È°.
G `ÇOã_ : ¬=¶Çü<£, `ÇeÁ : ¬ìg°^¥ì#° èQ®O.
G [xàOz# ã¬^Í×=ò - J=°~HË@ ~}ì ã¬ª^£ JO`Ç¬ô~¡O Õ 1542 #=O|~ 23= `Ín#.
G W`Çx ¬îiëÀ~¡° - '[ ì°n<£ =°¬ìà^£ JHÄ~Ñ (JHÄ~ J#Qê L#ß`Ç"³°Ø#"_È°/ Qù¬æ"_È° Jx J~¡Ö=ò)
G 1545 Õ ¬=¶Çü<£ `Ç# ªé^Î~¡°_È° Hã=¶<£ #°O_ Hê|¶ #° PãHq°Oz# `Ç~¡°"`Ç
JHÄ~
1545 JHË|~ 15# JHÄ~ä½ D À~¡° Ì\ì~¡°.
G JHÄ~ ¬O~¡HÆä½_È° - ÿá~OMì<£.
G 1550 Õ JHÄ~ KÇ~H± ãQê=¶kHêiQê, 1551 Õ Q®[h ~*ì¼xH÷ Q®=~¡ß~Qê Wª~
Y
¦²~Ë*¬î~ l ìÁ *ìw~^¥~Qê ¬xKÍª_È°.
M
G 1556 ¦²ã|=i 14# ¬O*ì Õx Q®°~¡°^¥¹¬î~ ¬g°¬O Õ L#ß 'H#¶~Ñ HË@ Õ
ÿá~OMì<£ JHÄ~¡°ä½ ¬\ìaÀ+H=ò KÍ§_È°.
95 E
9
G ¬¶~=O×=ò Õ z=i"_È° - Jk ¬¶~ (J¬°À~¡° =òìi* Mì<£)
59
D
G _bÁ #°O_ ¬=¶Çü<£KÍ F_O¬|_ c¬ð~ä½ ié~ò KÇ°<~#° öHOã^ÎOQê KÍ¬°ä½x ¬ieOK_È°.
G Jk ¬¶~ ã¬^¥#=°Oãu - Àì=ü~*. (ì~¡¾= J<Í À~¡°#ß QÒ_È ãO`Ç¬ô ãì¬ìà}°_È°. DÇ°# g^Î° Õ L¬C#°
CA
50
J"Í°à"_È°. `Ç# ×Hª ë÷ =°~¡¼ =ò`Ë ãH=°ãH=°OQê Ja=$kí K³Ok Jk ¬¶~#° `ùyOz "¬"
ë kHê~#° K³ ì~òOK_È°.
98
G ¬=¶Çò<£ =°~¡}÷OKÇQê<Í ~A P^Í§#°ª~¡=ò _bÁH÷ KÍ~¡Qê, _bÁ ¬O~¡HÆä½_È°Qê L#ß \ìiÛèQ· 1-10-1556 Õ
A
:8
¬@}=ò#° =ke iéQê Àì=ò~* _bÁx PãHq°Oz Pk ¬¶~#° kHøiOz 'qãH=¶k`Ç¼Ñ J<Í À~¡°`Ë _bÁ Õ
¬\ìaÀ+H=ò KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
h
A E
.P
G ÿá~OMì<£ P^ÎÞ~¡¼O Õx JHÄ~À#ä½ Àì=ü~*ä½ =°^Î¼ 1556 #=O|~¡° 5 # [iy# 2= x¬@° Çò^ÎO Õ
AB C
D
JHÄ~ Àì=ü~*#° F_Oz _bÁx PãHq°Oz 1556 #=O|~ 6# ~[^¥x Õ ã¬"ÍtOK_È°.

ER I
G _bÁx ¬ieOz# z=i ²ìO^Î¶ KÇãH=ië - Àì=ü~*.

O
v ÿá~"£°Mì<£ # (1556-1560) :

CH
G ¬iÂÇ¶ ^Í×¬°ë_È°. WªÁO Õx '+²Ç¶Ñ §Yä½ K³Ok#"_È°.

YD
G ¬°hß §Y#° ^ÍÞ+²¬¶ë, ¬°hß§Yä½ K³Ok# \ìiÛèQ·, =°ª²ìèQ·#° ¬ì`Ç=¶ió, Q®[^Î×O #°O_ JHÄ~¡°#° `ùyOK_È°.
,H
G ÿá~"£°Mì<£#° ^ÍÞ+²Oz# JHÄ~ ÌO¬ô_È° `ÇeÁ - "³ò¬ì"£°JOQê.

AM
T
G ¬O~¡HÆH ¬^Îq #°O_ 1560 Õ ÿá~"£°Mì<£#° ~¡ë~¡¦¹ KÍ§_È°. `Ç~¡°"`Ç Heæ, KÇO^Íiä½ Q®=~¡ß~Qê LO_È\ìxH÷, =°Hêøä½
H
M
é=_¨xH÷ JHÄ~ J#°=°ux WKó_È°.

AM
G =°Hêø =¶~¡¾=°^Î¼=ò Õ '¬@<£Ñ (J<£²ì "~ =^Îí) J<Í ãO`Ç=ò =^Îí ã~¡< ¬=°Ç°O Õ `Ç# `ÇOã_x KÇO²<_È<Í
IG
HË¬O`Ë =òì~¡H±Mì<£ J<Í =¼H÷ë ÿá~OMì<£#° ¬ì`Ç=¶~ó_È°.

KH
v L`Çë~¡ ì~¡`Ç^Í× ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç° :

R
G 1560 Õ W`Çx "³ò^Î\ ÷ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç KÇ°<~Ìá [iyOk.

G WKÇó\÷ ä½_È° 'À+~ÂÑ P¦¬É<£#° F_Oz ~Ë¬ì\ì¹ ¦¬°~ HË@#° PãHq°OK_È°.
G =¶ ìÞÌá ^ÎO_³`ÇëQê J¬æ\÷~A ì*|¬ì^Î¶~ iéQê J`Çx LO¬ô_È°Q®`³ë '~¡¶¬=uÑ
P`Çà¬ì`Ç¼ KÍ¬°ä½Ok.
G QËO_¨Þ<Ìá ^ÎO_³uë (1564-65) ~A '^Î×¬^£Ñ =°~¡}÷OKÇQê ä½=¶~¡°_È° g~¡<~Ç°}°x
À~¡ '^Î°~¡¾=uÑ ~[¼=ò#° eOzOk. D"³°#° F_Oz D ãO`Ç=ò#° PãHq°OK_È°.
nx PãH=°}`Ë JHÄ~ ~[¬ôã`Ç ~*ì¼#° PãHq°OKÍ q^¥<xH÷ NHê~¡O KÇ°\ì_È°.
G ~[ªÖ<£ : "³òQ® #° Z^Î°~ùøx é~_¨<Í q^¥#=ò#° J#°¬iOKÍ "~¡° "Í°"_£#°
eOKÍ ²ªé_Ç¶ =O×~A, ~}ì`ÇOÕ~ ~A. ~}÷ ^Î°~¾=u

G Hêh "³°Q® `Ë ¬`ÇO|O^¥xß U~¡æ~¡°óä½#ß~A - JO|~ ~*ÿá# ~*a¬ðs=° .
G 1562 Õ ~*a¬ðs=° Jrà~ Õ JHÄ~#° ^ÎiÅOz `Ç# ä`Ç°~¡° *Õ^¥ì~òxzó q"¬ìO KÍ§_È°.
G ~}ì`ÇOÕ~ ~*ÿá# ''#¶~*ì<£ ¬ì~¡~"£°ÑÑ (Kñ¬ð<£ =O×O) JHÄ~#° =¼uö~dOK_È°. Hêh ~*=¶<£²OQ· Xuë_ "Í°~¡ä½
¬OkKÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
"Í°"_£ ~[¼=ò : ~[^¥x z`Ëë_£Q®_£.
G ì*|¬ì^Î¶~ä½ ¬¬ðÇ°=ò KÍ¬°ë<ß~¡<Í <³¬O`Ë JHÄ~ 1567 Õ z`Ëë_£Q®_£ Ìá ^ÎO_³`ÇëQê ~*ìL^Î°²OQ· iéÇ¶_È°.
~*ì[Ç°=° , ¬\ì, J<Í ~[¬ôã`Ç°° g~Ëz`ÇOQê é~_ =°~¡}÷OK~¡°. D q[Ç¶xH÷ ¬¶KÇ#Qê JHÄ~ Jrà~ Õx
'À+H±¬b"£° z+Ô»Ñ =°Ok~xH÷ #_z"³ì¤_È°.
G D HË@ Õ J=°à"i PÇ°O Õ L#ß #Qê~#° f¬°ä½"³ì¤_È°.
G PãQêHË@ ²O¬ì^¥Þ~¡=ò#ä½ W~¡°"³á¬ô ~*ì[Ç°=ò , ¬\ì qãQ®¬ð#° xe~¡°.
G "³òQ® ä½ ¬@°|_Èx UïHáH ~[¬ôã`Çg~¡°_È° - ~}ìã¬`¹²OQ·. (L^Î°²OQ· ä½=¶~¡°_È°)
Y
G P~=o ¬~¡Þ` Õ Q® 'ä½Oì Q®~Ñ ¬~¡Þ`Ç ¬Oä½ë Õ L#ß Õ¬ì²OQ· ãQê=°=ò#° öHOã^ÎOQê KÍ¬°ä½x ~}ìã¬`¬²OQ·
M
~[¼=ò#° U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
G D ãQê=°=ò#° KÍ~O>è UïHáH=¶~¡¾O - ¬ìbí¦¬¶\ H#°=°.
95 E
9
G D H#°=°#° ²à` J<Í KÇiã`ÇHê~¡°_È° - "³°"_£ ^Î~¡àé ÿ Qê À~ùø<ß_È°.
59
D
G 1576 Õ E<£ Õ [iy# ¬ìsí¦¬¶\ Çò^ÎO Õ ~*ì`Ë_È~=° KÍu Õ ~}ìã¬`¹²OQ· F_#¬æ\÷H© ¬@°|_ÈH Çò^ÎO
`Ç~¡°"`Ç =°~¡ =zó 'KÇ=O^£Ñ J<Í KË@ ~[^¥xx xiàOz ¬ieOK_È°.
CA
50
G W`Çx q[Ç¶xH÷ ã¬^¥# Hê~¡}=ò W`Çx Q®°ã~¡=ò - KÍ`ÇH±.
98
G J`Ç¼O`Ç jã¦¬°Q®u Õ Çò^Î q[Ç°=ò aOz# Çò^Î=ò - Q®°[~`Ìá ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç (1572)
A
:8
G JHÄ~ =°`Ç~¡²ì`Ç q^¥<xH÷ ã¬fHQê L#ß Çò^Î=ò - ÿOQê Ìá ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç (1576)
h
v ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í× ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç° :

A E
.P
G 1599 Õ 3=ªi J¬ìà^£#Q®~Ìá ^ÎO_³uë KO^£ccx F_OK_È°. `#° PãHq°Oz# J¬ìà^£#Q®~, è~~, MìO^Í+¹ J<Í
AB C
D
ãO`#° 3 ¬°ì°Qê qlOz ''^Î<¼° ~[ä½=¶~¡°xßÑÑ `Ç# ã¬uxkQê xÇ°q°OK_È°.

ER I
G 1599 Õ JHÄ~ MìO^Í+¹#° PãHq°Oz D q[Ç°=ò#ä½ z¬ìß=òQê ¦¬`Í¬î~²ãH© Õ 1602 Õ '|°O^£ ^Î~Þ*ìÑ#°
O
xiàOK_È°.
CH
YD
v JHÄ~ ¬O¬ø~¡}° :
,H
G ªO¦²°H ªO¬ø $uH ¬O¬ø~¡}°

AM
T
G 1) 1562 - Çò^ÎO Õ zH÷ø# "ix ìx¬°Qê KÍÇ°ä½O_È°@.

|=O`ÇOQê W`Ç~¡=°` "ix WªÁO ÕxH÷ =¶~¡óä½O_È°@.
H
M
AM
2) 1563 - ²ìO^Î¶ f~¡Ç¶ãuä½Ìá ¬#°ß ~¡^Î°í.

IG
3) 1564 - llÇ¶ ¬#°ß ~¡^Î°í.

KH
4) 1570 - *ìw~~ =¼=¬Ö ~¡^Î°í.

R
5) 1574 - Çò^Î ¬=°Ç°=ò Õ ¬O@ #+¬=ò#° P¬@O.

6) 1586 - =°`Ç¬~¡OQê ²ìOªHêO_È xÀ+^Î=ò.
7) 1587 - |¬ì~¡¼`ÇÞ xÀ+^ÎO (²Á° èx "i q+¬Ç°O Õ `Ç¬æ)
- ¬ô~¡°+¬µ Hh¬ q"¬ì =Ç°¬° - 16
- J=¶à~ò Hh¬ q"¬ì =Ç°¬° - 14 Qê x~¡â~òOKÇ°@.
- ì¼ q`ÇO`Ç°=ô Õ ¬f¬¬ìQ®=°#O xÀ+^ÎO.
- =ò²ÁO° Q®_ÈÛO fÇ°_¨xH÷, J_Èq¬Ok, ¬ôe=¶O¬ HÆ}ä½ J#°=°u.
- JHÄ~ - *ÿ~ËHê^Î~¡Å<£ (ã¬[° ~A#° ^ÎiÅOKÇ°ä½<Í g° HeæOKÇ°@)
- =°¬ì~¬O*ì (×ã`Ç°~A#° KÇO¬ä½O_¨ JÇ°O WKÇ°ó@) J=°°¬iK_È°.

v ª²ì`Ç¼ ¬O¬ø~¡}° :
G J~¡aH± ì+¬#° xÀ+kOz ~¡jH ì+¬#° ~[ì+¬Qê ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°.
G ²ìOnì+¬ä½ ã^¥#¼`Çxzó, `Ç~¡°û=¶§Y#° <³Hù ìæ_È° (JHÄ~ <Hê O : ²ìOn ì+¬ä½ ''¬Þ~¡âÇòQ®OÑÑ)
G `Ç°*H÷-W-ì|s J<Í ãQ®O^Î=ò#° J~¡aH± ì+¬ #°O_ ¬iÂÇ°<£ ì+¬ ÕH÷ J#°=kOK_È°.
G ¬O¬ø $`ÇO Õ L#ß ~=¶Ç°}, =°¬ðì~¡`Ç=ò#° W`Çx PªÖ#Hq '|^¥~ò<£Ñ ¬~¡Â<£ ì+¬ ÕH÷ J#°=kOK_È°.
G W`Ç_È° =òO`ÇHê-L -`Ç¬ìiH± J<Í ãQ®O^Î=ò#° ~§_È°.
G ¬O¬ø $`ÇO Õx J^Î~¡Þ} "Í^Î=ò#° Wã|ÔìO ¬~²ìO^£ ¬~¡Â<£ ì+¬ ÕH÷ J#°=kOK_È°.
v =°`ÇÎ ¬O¬ø~¡}° :
G =°`ÇKÇ~¡óïHá ¦¬`Í¬î~²ãH÷ Õ JHÄ~ 1575 Õ Wì^Î`Hê< J<Í ã~¡< =°Ok~¡O#° xiàOK_È°.
Y
G J|°í f¦¹ - JHÄ~ =°`Ç Q®°~¡°=ô - WªÁO =°`Ç q+¬Ç¶° `³eÇ°*è§_È°.
G À+H± =òì~¡H± - ¬¶¦Ô =°`Ç¬°Ö_È° - W`Ç_È° JHÄ~ä½ ùÞH ªÞO`Ç##° KÍä~ó_È°.
M
G W`Çx ä½=¶~¡°° - J|° ¦¬A , J|° Ì¦ár°
95 E
G ^Î¬¶ë~*è =°¬ðÇ¶sû ~}ì - *Õ~ã²Ç°<£ =°`Ç Q®°~¡°=ô - ¬iÂÇ°<£ =°`Ç q^¥< ^¥Þ~ PªÖ#O Õ x`¼yß¬î[,
9
59
¬O^¥¼n¬O, ¬¶~¼~^Î##° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
D
G ^Íg ¬ô~¡°é`Çë=ò_È° - ²ìO^Î¶=°`Ç Q®°~¡°=ô - ×$u, ¬à $`Ç° q+¬Ç¶°. ¬¶~¡¼KÇOã^Î, ãu=ü~¡°ë qãQ®¬ð~^Î##°
q=iOK_È°.
CA
50
G ^¥"³¶^Î~¡ ^¥¬° (=ÁìK~¡°¼x ä½=¶~¡°_È°), q~¡ ^¥¬° (=ÁìK~¡°¼x =°#°=_È°) gi^Îí~¡° KÇãH=iëx ã¬ìq`ÇO KÍ§~¡°.
98
A
G c~¡Ä - JHÄ~ä½ ²ìO^Î¶=°`ÇOÌá Ja=¶#O ¬ô\÷Oz#"_È°. ¬¶~¡¼^Í=`~^Î#, QË¬î[,
:8
¬OKÇ¶`~^Î# =°iÇò H~¡à²^¥O`ÇO Q®°iOz q=iOK_È°.
h
A E
¬^Îà¬°O^Î~¡°_È° - *ÿá#¬O_`Ç°_È° - JHÄ~²ì ×$OQê~¡ ^Î~¡æ}=ò ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç

.P
G
Ôì~ q[Ç°¬¶i - JHÄ~#° ã¬ìq`ÇO KÍ²# *ÿá# ¬O_`Ç°_È° - W`Çx Õ^Î# =Á
AB C
G
D
=¶O¬HÆ}, "Í@, r=²ìO¬#° =ke"Í§_È°.

ER I
O
G ²ä½ø Q®°~¡°=ô ~=°^¥¬° (²ä½ø=°`Ç 4= Q®°~¡°=ô) - J=°$`¬~ ^Í"Ç°O L#ß ¶ìQ®=ò#°

JHÄ~ W`ÇxH÷ ^¥#OQê W=ÞQê JKÇó@ 5= Q®°~¡°=ô J~¡°û<£ 1581 Õ ¬Þ~¡â^Í"Ç°=ò#°
CH
c~¡Ä
YD
xiàOK_È°.
G J~¡°û<£²OQ· ³òHø Q®°~¡°ãQ®O^Îª²ì#° QÒ~¡qOK_È°.
,H
G ¦^Î~ =¶#°ö~\ - ¢ïHá¬ë= =°`K~¡°¼_È° - ¢ïHá¬ë= =°`ÇO Q®°iOz ã¬¬OyOKÍO^Î°ä½ W`Çxx ¦¬`Í¬î~²ãH÷H÷ P¬ðÞxOK_È°.
AM
T
G `Ç°Ô^¥¹ - HëHq - W`Çx ~=°KÇi`Ç=¶#¹ ã¬ì=O`Ë `Ç# <}ÿ=òÌá JHÄ~ N~=òx ç=°à#° =òãkOK_È°.
H
M
G n<£-W-W ì²ì J<Í =°`Ç U~æ@°ä½ ãÀ~¡} HeyOz# ¬O¦¬°@# - H=¶~Qê "Í@ nx<Í ''z#ß =°HêøÑÑ JO\ì~¡°.
AM
G 1579 ÌÌO|~¡°2# JHÄ~ J"³¶¦¬°`ÇÞ ã¬H@# KÍ§_È°. nxx À+H±=òì~¡H± ~Ç°Qê 987 =°Ok =°`ÇQ®°~¡°=ô° ¬O`ÇHê°
IG
KH
KÍ§~¡°.
G 1582 Õ JHÄ~ n<£-W-W ìÔì J<Í #¶`Ç# =°`Ç=ò#° U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
R
G nxH÷ "³ò^Î@Qê `²ì`-W-W ìÁ²ì À~¡° LO_ÈQê 8 ¬OII `Ç~Þ`Ç nxH÷ 'n<£Ñ J<Í ¬^Î=ò#° KÍ~ó~¡°.
G D =°`ÇO Õx ã¬^¥#¬¶ã`Ç=ò '¬°ö~-W-ä½ Ñ (ã¬u"i`Ë §Ou) nxx J|°í f¦¹ #°O_ ãQ®²ìOK_È°.
G n<£-W-W ì²ì H÷ =òY¼ =òA`²ì^£ (¬ô~Ë²ì`Ç°_È°) - JHÄ~.
G JHÄ~ ªÖ²Oz# D =°`Ç J#°KÇ~¡°#° - W ìÁÔì° JO^Î°~¡°.
G D =°`ÇO Õ KÍi# "³ò`ÇëO ¬°¼ ¬OY¼ - 18 =°Ok. nx Õ KÍi# UïHáH ²ìO^Î°=ô - c~¡Ä .
G D =°`Ç ã¬^¥# x<^Î=ò (¬ ì"£° KÍÇò#¬ô_È°) - J ìÁ¬ìÙ JHÄ~, [ [ ì¬ìÙ (JHÄ~ ^Í=ô_È° J`Çx Qù¬æ`Ç#=ò
=iÖ°ÁQêH)
G ì~¡`Ç ¢ÔëH÷ q°Oz# ã¬uã=`Ç U ^Í×O Õ#° è^Î° - JHÄ~ (Wì^Î`Hê< Õ ¢ïHá¬ë=ô`Ë J<ß_È°)
G D =°`Ç ÔÞHê~xH÷ ã¬=¶}H~¡ë - J|° ¦¬[ .

v < ¬O¬ø~¡}° :
G ªã=¶[¼=ò - ~A
↓
¬°ì° - JHÄ~#° `Ç#¬$+²» (W`Çx HêO Õ 15 ¬°ì°<ß~ò. ¬°ìÌá JkHêi - ¬°è^¥~
↓
¬~ø~¡°° - Jq°`Q®°*ì~ (ï~q#¶¼ JkHêi)
↓
¬~¡Q®}ì° - KñH©^¥~, ¬\ìÞi.
G Jg° ãH÷O^Î 4 JkHê~¡°° Q®~¡°.
1) H~à<£ - (ªQ®°¶q° ¬O@ `Çxv), 2) Hê#°OQË - t¬°ë=¬¶°, 3) |\H÷z - Hê#°OQË ÿHø `Çxv JkHêi
Y
4) é`Í^¥~ - HË§kHêi.
M
¶¬O¬ø~¡}° :
G ÿá~"£°Mì<£ ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# ¶q°t¬°ë q^¥#=ò - [²ë¬ì (¬ì~¡ª) ¬^Îíu.
95 E
9
G ¬ì~¡ª ¬^Îíux f²"Í² ¬¹ø ¬^Îíux ã¬"Í×Ì\÷#"_È° - JHÄ~ P ^Í×O Õ ¬ì¬ìçní<£ J¬ìà^£Mì<£.
59
D
G À+~ ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# ï~á`Þs ¬^Îíux ~¡^Î°í¬iz JHÄ~ [Ôë è^¥ ^Îª ¬^Îíu è^¥ |O^Ë|¬°ë q^¥#=ò#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
CA
^Îª ¬^Îíu : c¬ð~, ÿOQê , Q®°[~`° `Ç¬æ q°Q®`¶q°x 'Y ìÑ ¶q° (KÇãH=ië ¶q°)Qê ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°.
50
G ~*ì `Ë_È~=° J^Î¼HÆ`Ç# =ò[¦¬~Mì<£, =¶<£¬¶~ ¬°¼°Qê ¶q°t¬°ë x~¡âÇ°Hq°\©x "Í§_È°.
98
G D Hq°\© ~[¼=ò#° 182 H~Ës°Qê qlOzOk.
A
:8
G ¶q°x Hù=_¨xïHá 41 _l@°Á L#ß ''W ìÁ²ìQê*ÑÑ J<Í Hùã¬=¶}=ò#° U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
h
A E
G ï~á`Ç° ìO Hù~¡ä½ ²ìã*ì ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò f²"Í² W ìÁ²ì×H=ò#° U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.

.P
G ''`Ç#ÑÑ J<Í Hù`_È°, ''[sÑÑ J<Í W#°¬iOQ®° "ªHã~¡#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.

AB C
D
G ¶ìQ®¬ô ã¬=¶}=ò#° 'a¦¬¶Ñ Qê À~ùøO\ì~¡°.(1a¦¬¶ « 3600 KÇ.Q®*ì°)

ER I
O
G 1580 Õ ~*ì`Ë_È~=° =r~Qê ZO²H~ò 1582 Õ |O^Ë|¬°ë q^¥#=ò#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°. nx ã¬Hê~¡=ò ¶q° 4
ìQê°.
CH
YD
1) é* - ã¬u U\ì ¬O_È°`Ç°Ok =°iÇò ª~¡=O`Ç=°~òOk.

2) ¬~£ - ï~O_È° ¬OII HùHªi ¬O_Ík.
,H
3) KÇKÇ~ - 3 è^¥ 4 ¬OII°.

AM
T
4) |O[~ - 5 ¬OII HùH ¬O@ ¬O_È°`Ç°Ok èHé`Í è^Î°. (c_È°¶q°)

H
M
G ï~q#¶¼ §Y#° - k"h Jh, JkHêix - k"<£ JO^Î°~¡°. G JHÄ~ ¬\ì, H|¶eÇ°` q^¥#=ò#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
AM
IG
v ÌáxH ¬O¬ø~¡}° :
KH
G ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç Õ *ìfÇ°¬¶ã`Ç=ò JkH=°x Ìá#¼=ò#° U~æ@° KÍ²# "³ò^Î\ ÷ "³ò¦¬° ~A - JHÄ~.
R
G Ìá#¼=ò 2 q^¥° - 1) KÇãH=ië Ìá#¼=ò (²^ÎíÌá#¼=ò) 2) =°<£ª^¥s Ìá#¼=ò

G "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê Ìá#¼O Õ Q®[^Î×=ò#° U~æ@°KÍ²# "³ò¦¬° KÇãH=ië - JHÄ~.
G <ñHê^Î×=ò#ä½ ã^¥#¼`Ç#° Wzó D ^Î× JkHêi - 'g°~ |ÀìiÑQê U~æ@°KÍ²# KÇãH=ië - JHÄ~.
G JHÄ~ HêO Õ ²~¡Oy^Î×=ò P²Ç¶YO_È=ò Õ 2=ªÖ#=ò#° PãHq°OzOk.
G JHÄ~ Ìá#¼ qìQ®=ò Õ J×Þ^Î×=òä½ Zä½ø= ã^¥#¼`ÇxKó_È°.
v =°<£¬^¥s q^¥#=ò :
G W`Çx Ìá#¼O Õ 3 =O`Ç°ä½ ÌáQê =°<£¬^¥s À# è L<ß~ò.
G JHÄ~ 1575 Õ *ìQê~^¥s q^¥#=ò#° ~¡^Î°íKÍ² =°<£¬^¥s q^¥#=ò#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.

G =°<£¬ J#Qê XH Qù¬æ ¬ìÙ^¥/ L#ß`Ç"³°Ø# L^Ë¼Q®O/ ÌáxH ãõ}÷ Õ XH `Ç~¡Q®u. (J#Qê ÌáxH ãõ}÷q^¥#=ò)
G ~Ë=°<£ ÿá*ìO\÷Ç°<£ ¬^Îí`Ç°#°, JìÄx_£ Yb¦ ¬^Îí`Ç°#° J#°¬iOz ^Î§O× ¬^Îíu Õ JHÄ~ =°#^¥i q^¥#=ò#°
ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
G JHÄ~ HêO Õ =°<£¬ ¬OY¼ - 10"Í, #°O_ 12000 =~¡ä½ LO_Ík.
G [¬ð<£, [¬ìOw~ HêO Õ =°<£¬ ¬OY¼ - 40-60 "Íä½ ÌiyOk.
G 1605 Õ JHÄ~ [`, ¬"~ ¬^Î`Ç°#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì~¡°.
G [` J#Qê =°<£¬^¥~ é+²OKÇ=²# Çò^¥xH÷ ¬xH÷~x Q®°ã~°, U#°Q®°° W`Ç~¡ [O`Ç°=ô°.
G ¬"~ J#Qê Çò^¥xH÷ `Çy# J×Þ^Î×=ò Jx J~¡=ò.
G J ìÁLní<£ dbû ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# Ìáxä½ä½ r`° WKÍó ¬^Îux, ^¥Q·, K³ã¬ð ¬^Îíux JHÄ~ J#°¬iOK_È°.
v =#x~à}=ò :
Y
G PãQê, ì¬ìÙ~ J¬ðì^£ HË@#°, ¦¬`Í¬î~ ²ãH÷ x~à}ì#° JHÄ~ xiàOK_È°.
M
G ¦¬`Í¬î~ ²ãH© Õx =<#° 1570 #°O_ 1580 =~¡ä½ xiàOK_È°. ¦¬`Í¬î~H÷ Q® "³ò`ÇëO ^Î~Þ*ì° 9 L<ß~ò.
G PãQê ^Î~Þ*ì #°O_ ã¬"ÍtÀë <ñ|`Mì< (¬Ow`Ç=#=ò), k"<£-W-P"£° (^Î~Ä~ Q®k). k"<£-W-Hê¹, "³¶f=°Ô^£,
95 E
*Õ^Î°ì~ò =#=ò, À+H± ¬b"£° z+Ô» ¬=¶^Î°° Q®=ô.
9
59
D
G À+H± ¬f"£°z+Ô» ¬=¶kx Zã~¡ =°iÇò `³Áx ~u`Ë xiàOK_È°. nx Õ ²ìO^Î¶, =òÔÁO H@Û_È HÆ}ì°<ß~ò.
G ¦¬`Í¬î~ ²ãH© Õ JxßO\÷HO>è =òY¼"³°Ø#q - ¬ëO ²O¬ð¬#=ò. Wk k"<£ - W - ì¹ Õ xià`Ç=°~òOk) D ¬ëO
CA
²²O¬ð¬#=ò#° ^Î¶~¡O #°O_ KÇ¶Àë qKÇ°óä½<Í `=°~¡"³òQ®¾#° `ÇH÷O^Î°°Qê Ì\÷ KÇ¶Àë Z ì LO@°O^Ë J ì LO_Í
50
x~à}"Í° Wk.
98
A
G JHÄ~ HêO Õ ¬î~¡ë~ò# W`Ç~¡ x~à}ì Õ =òY¼"³°ØOk - PãQêHË@/[¬ìOw~ =°¬ì .
:8
JHÄ~ ^Î~Ä~ :
h
A E
.P
G W`Çx PªÖ#H=ô° 59 =°Ok. gi Õ =òY¼=°~ò# "~¡° 1) J|° ¦¬A 2) J|° Ìár 3) |^¥~òh
AB C
D
G ¬Ow`Ç=ò : '#Qê~Ñ "³¶yOKÇ_ÈO Õ JHÄ~ ²^Î¬ì¬°ë_È°. W`Ç_È° ' ì Hì=O`Ñ J<Í QêÇ°ä½x =^Îí Qêã`ÇO <Í~¡°óä½<ß_È°.
ER I
G W`Çx PªÖ# ¬Ow`Çq^¥ÞO¬°_È° - `<£À<£ (J¬°À~¡° - ~"£°^Î<£ q°ã§)

O
G W`Ç_È° WªÁO =°`Ç=ò#° ¬ôKÇ°óHùx 'q°~ûÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î°#° ÚO^¥_È°.

CH
G ^Í"~A J~ò# ~=°KÇOã^Î°x PªÖ#O Õ LO_ÈQê JHÄ~ W`Çxx `Ç# PªÖ#O ÕH÷ 1562 Õ |=O`ÇOQê ~¡²æOK_È°.
YD
G ²ìO^Î¶ªÖh ¬Ow`Ç=ò#ä½ W`Ç#° ã}O =O\÷"_È° (`<£À<£)

,H
G ¬Ow`Ç=ò#° '¬ÀhÑ J<Í Hù`Çë~Q®O Õ _ '`<£Ñ J<Í '¬Þ~¡Hæ# q^¥#=ò#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°. JO^Î°öH W`ÇxH÷ '`<£À<£Ñ
Jx a~¡°^Î° =zóOk.
AM
T
G ²ìO^Î¶ªÖh ~¡OQ®O Õ 'q°Ç¶Ñ J<Í ¬^ÎO`Ë "³ò^Î~ò# ã¬u~Q®O `<£À<£^Í. L^¥: q°Ç¶n¬H±, q°Ç¶=°Þs.
H
M
G ~¡ì, ¬¶~¬ìs, ¬Þ~¡=°O_È , ¬Þ~×$OQê~, J<Í "~ò^¥¼#° "~òOKÇ_È"Í°QêH "~ò^¥¼Ìá 'Q® Ñ#° ä_¨
AM
IG
"~òOKÇ_ÈO ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
KH
zã`Ç èY#=ò :
R
G zã`Ç èY#=ò Ìá HêÞ*ì J|°í ¬=°^£, g°~ ¬Ç°¼^£ Jb° ''^Î¬ë¹ - W - Jg°~ JO*ìÑÑ J<Í ãQ®O^Î=ò#° ã"ª~¡°.
G JHÄ~ PªÖ# zã`ÇHê~¡°° - |¬=<£, ^Î×=O`°.
G zã`Ç èY# q^¥#=ò Õ ¬iHù`Çë ¬^Îí`Ç°#° ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# zã`ÇHê~¡°_È° - HêÞ*ì J|°í ¬=°^£.
G ã¬H$u ^Î$§¼°, =°#°+¬¼, [O`Ç°=ô zã`°, "ÍÇ°_¨xß JHÄ~ ãé`Ç²ìOKÍ"_È°.
G JHÄ~ PªÖ# ¬ð¬¼Qê_È° - ~*ìc~¡Ä (J¬°À~¡° - =°Àì+¹^¥¹)
G JHÄ~ HêO Õ ã^¥HÆ, "³ò ì¹ J<Í q^Íj¬O_ÈÁ#°, zQ®_È^Î°O¬, |OQê×^Î°O¬ J<Í q^Íj ^Î°O¬#° ¬O_OK~¡°.
G ÚQêä½ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê JHÄ~ HêO Õ é~¡°ów¬° "~¡° ã¬"Í×Ì\÷<~¡°.
G JHÄ~#° Ze[ÿ` ~}÷ HêOè~A Jx ²eKÍ"~¡°.
G 1600 _×O|~¡° 31#° "³ò^Î\ ÷ Ze[ÿ` J#°=°u`Ë D¹ WO_Ç¶HOÌh U~¡æ_Ok.
G JHÄ~ ¬=°Hêb# WOQêÁO_£ ~}÷ - "³ò^Î\ ÷ Ze[ÿ`.

G JHÄ~ ¬=°Hêb# q[Ç°#Q®~¡~A - 2= "³OH@¬u ~Çò° (J~¡g\÷ =O×O)
G JHÄ~ Ìæ~ò<£ ~[~ò# 2= ¦²e¹ =^Îíä½ 1582 Õ ^ñ`Ç¼ =~¡¾=ò#° ¬O_È°.
G JHÄ~#° WOQêÁO_È° Õx Ze[ÿ``Ë, ã¦<£ Õx 4= Ììãh`Ë, ¬iÂÇ¶ ~A JìÄ¹`Ë KÇiã`ÇHê~¡°° é°ó`~¡°.
G 1605 JHË|~¡° 17# JHÄ~ PãQê Õ =°~¡}÷OK_È°. W`Çx ¬=¶k _bÁ Õ ¬g°¬O Õx ²H÷O^Î~ Õ LOk.
G JHÄ~ ¬=¶k º^Îí q¬ð~¡HÆ}ì`Ë LO^Îx KÇiã`ÇHê~¡° ì=#.
[¬ìOw~ (1605-27)
G J¬°À~¡° - ¬b"£°.
G [##=ò : 1560 PQ®+¬µ30 (Jrà~ Õx À+H± ¬b"£° z+Ô» ^Î~¾ Õ)
G zã`Ç èY#=ò Õ Qù¬æ"_È°.(q°hÍ°KÇ~ ¬¶HÆ àzã`ÇH×- nx ¬$+²H~¡ë - g°~¬ìÔO)
Y
G 1599, 1601, 1603 Õ 3ª~¡°Á `ÇOã_H÷ =¼uö~HOQê ^ÎO_³uë F_éÇ¶_È°.
G JHÄ~, [¬ìOw~ =°^Î¼ ¬O|O^¥#° ¬ô#~¡°^ÎíiOKÇ_¨xH÷ ã¬Ç°ußOz# J|° ¦¬[ #°
M
|°O^Í YO_£ Õ 'c~²OQ·^Í"£Ñ KÍ`Ç [¬ìOw~ KÇO²OK_È°.
95 E
G [¬ìOw~, J<~¡øb J<Í <@¼H`³ë#° ãÀq°OK_È°. nxx =¼uö~dOz JHÄ~ ''J<~¡øbxÑ
9
59
¬r=¬=¶k KÍ§_È°.
D
[¬ìOw~
G JHÄ~, ¬b"£° =°^Î¼ ª=°~¡¬¼=ò#° ä½kió# "~¡° - =°iÇ°O =°Hêx (¬bO <Ç°#=°à)
G
CA
1605 #=O|~¡°3# '#¶~Ëní<£ =°¬ìà^£ [¬ìOw~Ñ '^Î¶ ¦¬¶rÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î°`Ë ¬\ìaÀ+HO KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
50
G [¬ìOQê~ ~*ì¼xH÷ ~Qê<Í 12 ¬O¬ø~¡}° KÍ§_È°.
98
nx Õ Qù¬æk PãQêHË@ Õ Ç°=ò<#k X_È°Û# xe²# |OQê~¡° ^Î~¡àQ®O@ (3HÆ°)
A
G
:8
G [¬ìOw~ä½ 4 Q®°~¡° ä½=¶~¡°° Q®~¡°. 1) Ì+ã²ìÇ°~ 2) Y°ã¬¶ 3) iÞ* 4) Y°ã~¡"°£ ([¬ð<£)
h
A E
.P
v Y°ã¬¶ :
AB C
D
G `ÇeÁ - =°<£K~ò ([¬ìOw~ "³ò^Î\ ÷ ì~¡¼, ~*ìQ®=<£^¥¹ ä½=¶ï~ë, ~*ì=¶<£²OQ· ªé^Îi.)

ER I
G 1606 Õ JHÄ~ ¬=¶kx ¬O^ÎiÅOKÍ <³¬O`Ë `ÇOã_x ZkiOz ¬O*ì Õx `Ç~¡°} ã¬^Í×O =^Îí 5= ²ä½ø=°`Ç Q®°~¡°"³á#
O
J~¡°û<£²OQ· P"³¶^ÎO`Ë ì¬ìÙ~#° =ò@_OK_È°. Hêh [¬ìOw~ Y°ã¬¶#° F_Oz ì¬ìÙ~ Õ |OkOKÇQê 1616 Õ
CH
Y°ã~¡"£° KÍ`Ç q+¬ã¬³¶Q®O KÍÇ°|_ |°~Ý<£¬î~ Õ KÇO¬|_¨Û_È°.

YD
G J~¡°û<£²OQ· Y°ã¬¶ä½ ¬¬ðÇ°O KÍ§_È° J<Í HË¬O`Ë [¬ìOw~ J~¡°û<£²OQ·#° "³O@<Í 5 HÆ ~¡¶Ç°° K³eÁOKx
,H
H|°~¡°¬O² u~¡¬øiOKÇ_ÈO`Ë Lif§_È°(1606).

AM
T
v #¶~¡û¬ð<£`Ë q"¬ì=ò (1611) :

H
M
G #¶~¡û¬ð<£ J¬°À~¡° - "³°¬ì~¡°hßª èQ®O (¢Ôë *ìu Õ =¶}÷H¼O =O\÷k)

AM
[xàOz# ã¬^Í×O - 1576, HêO^Î¬ð~ Õ

IG
G
KH
G `ÇOã_ - yÇ¶* èQ·, `ÇeÁ - J¬à` èQ®O, J#ß - J¬¦¹Mì<£

G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ~¡ëÀ~¡° - À+~ J¦¬É<£ (¬iÂÇ¶ *ìfÇò_È°)
R
G gi ä½@°O|O ì~¡`ä½ ~=_¨xH÷ ¬¬ìHiOz# "_È° '=¶eH± =°¬¶^£Ñ J<Í XO>ÿ "¼i.
G yÇ¶* èQ·#ä½ L#ß`Ç L^Ë¼Q®=ò#° Wzó J`ÇxH÷ 'W` =ò^ñí ìÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î°xzó# "³òQ® ~A - JHÄ~ (1605)
G À+~ J¦¬É<£ '|~íÞ<£Ñ Ìá ¦Ï*^¥~Qê xÇ°q°O¬|_¨Û_È°.
G #¶~¡û¬ð<£, À+~ J¦¬É<£ ä½=¶ï~ë - ì_Á èQ®"£°.
G 1607 Õ À+~ P¦¬É<£ =°~¡}÷OKÇQê "³°¬ì~¡°hßª#° ã¬^¥#~}÷ ¬b=¶èQ®Oä½ K³eH`³ëQê xÇ°q°OK_È°.
G 1611 Õ <ñ~Ër ¬O_È°Q® ~ËA# JO`Ç¬ô~¡O Õ [¬ìOw~ "³°¬ì~¡°hßª#° P"³° 35= U@ q"¬ìO KÍ¬°Hùx "³ò^Î@
#¶~=°¬ì (WO\÷H÷ "³°Q®°) Qê `Ç~¡°"`Ç '#¶~¡û¬ì<£Ñ (ã¬¬OKxH÷ "³°Q®°)Qê a~¡°^Î° Wzó ã¬^¥# ~}÷Qê KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
G #¶~¡û¬ð<£ #Q®° KÍÇ°_ÈO Õ, ï~_"Í°_£ ^Î°¬°ë `ÇÇ¶s Õ, Q®° ìc #°O_ J`Çë~¡° KÍÇ°_ÈO D"³°<Í "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê
ã¬"Í×Ì\÷Ok.

v #¶~¡û¬ð<£ AO\ì # (1614-1626) :
G yÇ¶* èQ· - `ÇOã_ (=r~ ¬^Îq), J¬¦¹ Mì<£ - J#ß - k"<£ (PiÖH§Y)
G J¬à` èQ· - `ÇeÁ - JO`Ç~¡OyH ¬¬ð^¥~¡°, Y°ã~¡"£° - ~[ä½=¶~¡°_È° - ã¬^¥#À<¬u.
G W`ÇxH÷ ¬=¶O`Ç~¡OQê =°¬ì|`Mì<£ J<Í "_x À<¬uQê xÇ°q°OzOk.
G `Ç# ä`Ç°~¡° ì_ÁèQ®"£°#° '+¬ãÔìÇ°~Ñ H÷zó q"¬ìO KÍÇ°Qê J¬¦¹Mì<£ `Ç# ä`Ç°~¡° =òO`*èQ®O#° Y°ã~¡Oä½ Wzó
q"¬ìO KÍ§_È°.
G [¬ìOw~ "³ò^Î\ ÷ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç ÿOQê Ìá [iyOk. ì~|Ç¶¼#° (12 =°Ok ªé^Î~¡°#°) F_OK_È°. gi <Ç°ä½_È°
'=üªMì<£Ñ.
v "Í°"_£ Ìá Çò^Î=ò (1605-1615, 3ª~¡°Á) :
G 1597 Õ ~}ìã¬`¹²OQ· =°~¡}÷OK_È°. W`Çx ä½=¶~¡°_È° J=°~²OQ· ~AQê L#ß¬C_È° 1613 Õ Y°ã~¡"£° "Í°"_£Ìá
Y
[i²# 3= ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç Õ J=°~²OQ·#° F_Oz "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê z`Ëë_£Ìá ¬îië q[Ç°=ò#° ªkOz "Í°"_£ ¬Ok
M
KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
G [¬ìOw~ 1606 Õ HêO^Î¬ð~#° [~òOz uiy HË ÕæÇ¶_È°.
95 E
v ^ÎHø<£ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç° (1608-1627) :
9
59
D
G KO^£cc `Ç~¡°"`Ç J¬ìà^£#Q®~ ä½_Qê =zó#"_È° - =¶eH± JO|~ (JaÔxÇ¶ *ìfÇò_È°)
CA
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê =°¬ð~¢+¬µ#° Ìá#¼O ÕH÷ f¬°ä½#ß J¬ìà^£#Q®~ ä½_È° - =¶eH± JO|~.
50
G Y°ã~¡"£° 1616 Õ =¶eH± JO|~#° [~òOz 'J¬ìà^£#Q®~ ¬OkÑ KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
98
G D q[Ç°O =# Y°ã~¡"£°#° =°<£¬^¥s ¬ìÙ^¥#° ÌOz ^ÎHø<£ Q®=~¡ß~Qê xÇ°q°OKÇ_È"Í° QêH [¬ìOw~ Y°ã~¡"£°ä½
A
:8
''[¬ð<£ÑÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î°#° WKó_È°.
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê c*ì¬î~¡°, QË çøO_È, ¬° ìë<£#° F_Oz "i #°O_ H¬æ=ò#° ÚOk# "³ò^Î\ ÷ KÇãH=ië - [¬ìOw~.
h
A E
.P
G J¬ìà^£#Q®~, c*ì¬î~, QË çøO_È#° He² [¬ìOw~ '^ÎH÷Æ}¬OkQêÑ U~¡æió Q®=~¡ß~Qê [¬ð<£#° xe_È°.
AB C
D
G [¬ð<£ 1622 Õ J¬¦¹Mì<£ ¬¬ðÌá #¶~¡û¬ð<£Ìá ^ÎO_³uë ''¦¬`Í¬î~²ãH©ÑÑ =^Îí F_ ì~¡¼²Á#° #¶~¡û¬ð<£ =^Îí ¬ðq°Qê
ER I
LOz ì ì¦¬¶\Ìá Q®=~¡ß~¡°Qê xÇ°q°O¬|_¨Û_È°.

O
G 1626 Õ =°¬ì|`Mì<£ iÞ*#° "~¡¬°xQê ã¬H\ ÷Oz [¬ìOw~#° rO #k X_È°Û# |OkOz '×`Çk# #Ñ KÍ²
~Aä½ çOyéÇ¶_È°.
CH
YD
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ POöQÁÇò "³ò^Î\ ÷ =~¡ëH ªÖ=~¡O - ¬¶~¡`. (J#°=°ux [¬ìOw~ Õ WKó_È°)

G ì~¡`^Ç
Í O× Õ POöQ
Á ò
Ç ° =~¡Hë O ZHø_³á< U~æ@° KÍ°¬ HË=_¨xH÷ D¹W O_¶Ç HOÌhH÷ 1615 Õ J#°=°ux Wzó#
,H
"³ò¦°¬ ~A - [¬ìOw~.

AM
T
G J#°=°u ÚOk# POöQÁÇ° =~¡ëä½_È° - ¬~^¥=°¹~Ë. G D HêO<\÷ WOQêÁO_£ ~A - "³ò^Î\ ÷ *è"£°.
H
M
G [¬ìOw~ ¬O*ì #°O_ _bÁH÷ =¬¶ë ì¬ìÙ~, Hêjà~ =°^Î¼ Õ L#ß '[s~Ñ J<Í ã¬^Í×O =^Îí 1627 JHË|~¡° 28#
AM
=°~¡}÷OK_È°. G [¬ìOw~ KÇiã`Ç#° ã"²#"_È° - èh ã¬ª^£.

IG
G `Ç°*H÷-W-[¬ìOw~, [¬ìOw~ ÔÞÇ°KÇiã`Ç. G W`Çx PªÖ# zã`ÇHê~¡°_È° - HêÞ*ì =°<£¬¶~.

KH
G [¬ìOw~ '"³°¬ì~Ñ J<Í |OQê~¡° <}ÿ=ò#° q_È°^Î KÍ²#@°Á `³°¬°ëOk.

R
G W`Çx <HêO Õ ¬O*ì Õ 1616 Õ ç|ÄÀÁQ®° "¼k =zóOk.

G =¼¬<ä½, #¶~¡û¬ð<£Ìá "³¶Aä½ Q®°iHêä½O_¨ L#ß@Á~ò`Í [¬ìOw~ Qù¬æ KÇãH=ië JÍ°¼"_È° J#ßk - *ì¦¬~.
[¬ð<£ (1628-1658) [¬ð<£
G W`Çx <Hê=ò#° ¬Þ~¡âÇòQ®=òQê À~ùøO\ì~¡°.

G J¬°À~¡° - Y°ã~¡"£° `ÇOã_ : [¬ìOw~, [#à¬ÖO - 1592 [#=i 5# ì¬ìÙ~ Õ
G `ÇeÁ : [H` QËÌá<£ (=°#àu) (~[¬ôã`Ç~}÷ : L^Î°²OQ· ä½=¶ï~ë)
G [¬ð<£ J¬¦¹Mì<£ P¬ðÞ#O "Í°~¡ä½ ^ÎHø<£ #°O_ _bÁH÷ =zó +¬ãÔìÇ°~#° JO^Î°x QêqOz
^Î<¼ ~[ä½=¶~¡°x, ^Î"~HÆ±#° ¬ì`Ç=¶ió (Y°ã¬¶ ä½=¶~¡°°) ~[¼=ò#ä½ =Kó_È° (1628 ¦²ã|=i 14)

G [¬ð<£ J¬¦¹Mì<£#° =r~¡°Qê xÇ°q°OK_È°. <}ÿ=òÌá XH "³á¬ô# #°Q®°~¡° "³ò^Î\ ÷ Yb¦#° =òãkOK_È°.
G #¶~¡û¬ð<£ =°~¡}÷OKÍ =~¡ä½ (1645) P"³°ä½ ª°ä½ ' HÆÑ ~¡¶Ç°° =°<Ë=iëx WKó_È°.
G L^Î°¬î~ ~*ÿá# ~*ìH~¡}ä½ [¬ð<£ QÒ~¡= ^Î°¬°ë#°, ~¡`ÇßY_È¾O#° ~¡¶II 30,000/- Ys^Î°KÍÀ '|^ÎH÷ÆpÑ J<Í
À~¡°Q® ~¡¶cx "³O_ JOKÇs Q® U#°Q®°#°, |OQê~¡°r#° Q® Q®°ã~¡=ò#° |¬HiOK_È°.
G ~¡¶cx "³O_ JOìs Q® U#°Q®°#°, |OQê~¡°r#° Q® Q®°ã~¡=ò#° |¬HiOK_È°.
v ^ÎHø#° ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç° (1629) :

G "~¡` ¬ ÞÇ Çò^Î=
ò Õ #¶~¡
û ð¬ <£ä½ =°^Î`
°Ç ¬eH÷# 'Mì<£[¬ð<£Ñ Ìá ^ÎO_³`QëÇ ê J`Ç_°È J¬ìà^£#Q®~ ~A Pã×°Ç O ÚO^¥_È°.
G "³ò¦¬° KÇiã`Ç Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê =°¬ð~R#° Ìá#¼O ÕH÷ f¬°ä½#ß "³ò^Î\ ÷~A - [¬ð<£.
G 1631 Õ J¬ìà^£#Q®~ "iH÷ =°^Î`Ç°Qê =zó# '~¡}^Î° ìÁMì<£Ñ <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õx c*ì¬î~ À##° '¬~¡O_¨Ñ Çò^ÎO Õ
F_OK_È°.
Y
G 1631 Õ =òO`*èQ®"£° =°~¡}÷OKÇQê ^ÎHø<£ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç =°^Î¼ Õ<Í Pyé~òOk.
M
G ^ÎHø<£Ìá [¬ð<£ '"³ò¬ì|`Mì<£Ñ#° ^ÎHø<£ Q®=~¡ß~Qê xÇ°q°OK_È°.
G 1633 Õ J¬ìà^£#Q®~ x*ìOÔì ~*ÿá# ¬À<£#° F_Oz QêÞeÇ°~ HË@ Õ |OnQê KÍ§_È°.
95 E
G D Çò^ÎO Õ J¬ìà^£#Q®~ "i"³á¬ô# é~_# =òY¼<Ç°ä½_È° - rÕOÀÁ.
9
59
D
G 1636 '=°¬ìÙeÑ Çò^ÎO Õ rÕOÀÁ ¬îiëQê F_é=_ÈO`Ë x*ìO²ì =O×O JO`ÇiOz J¬ìà^£#Q®~ "³ò¦¬°°
=O×O J~ò#k.
G 1636 Õ c*ì¬î~#° ¬îiëQê [¬ð<£ PãHq°OK_È°.
CA
50
G QË çøO_È #"|° J|°í ìÁ ä½`Ç°#° 1636 Õ [¬ð<£ F_Oz 2 HÆ H¬æ=ò#° (¬ìH±#°) f¬°ä½<ß_È°.
98
A
G D§#¼ ¬i¬ì^Î°í Õ L#ß |eøªÖ<£ (z#ß \÷ÿ\) ÌáH÷ *ì¦¬~Mì<£#° ¬O¬Qê ^¥xx =×¬~¡°KÇ°ä½<ß_È°.
:8
v =# x~à}=ò° :
h
A E
.P
G PãQê x"¬³¶Q®¼=òQê è^Îx 1639 - 1648 =~¡ä½ [¬ð<ì^£ J<Í À~¡°`Ë _bÁ ¬g°¬O Õ #Q®~¡=ò#° xiàOK_È°.
AB C
D
G ~[^¥x PãQê #°O_ [¬ð<ì^£ä½ =¶~ó_È°.

ER I
G P~=o ¬~¡Þ`Çãõ}°ä½ Ç°=ò<#kH÷ =°^Î¼ Õ Zã~¡HË@#° nxx P#°ä½x [¬ð<ì^£#° xiàOK_È°.

O
G [¬ð<ì^£ Õ ~¡OQ·=°¬ì =òO`*=°¬ì , k"<£-W-P"£° (KÇãH=ië Hù°=ô nö~ ¬)

CH
G k"<£-W-Mì¹ - JO`Ç~¡OyH ¬=¶"Í§ Q®k. nxx ¶`Ç ¬Þ~¡¾OQê ²°ªë~¡°.

YD
G <ñ|` Mì< - ¬Ow`Ç q^¥ÞO¬°° LO_Í =#=ò. nxx HË@ä½ Q®°O_³HêÇ°Qê À~ùøO\ì~¡°.
,H
G Hê¹=°¬ì - KÇãH=ië x"¬=#=ò G [¬ð<£ PãQêHË@ Õ =ò¬ ìà<£ [~û, "³¶f=°Ô^£#° xiàOK_È°.
AM
T
G "³¶f=°Ô^Î°#° JHÄ~ xiàOKÇQê [¬ð<£ fiók^¥í_È°.

G W`ÇxH÷ ¬¶~Ë¼^ÎÇ°¬ô Zã~¡^Î#O, KÇOã^Ë^ÎÇ°¬ô `³Á^Î#O JO>è K ì W+¬O.
H
M
AM
G Z~¡°¬ô ~¡OQ®° Õ Zã~¡HË@#°, `³Á~¡OQ®° Õ `*=°¬ì #° xiàOK_È°.

IG
G Zã~¡HË@ä½ ^ÎH÷Æ}k×Qê L#ß ^¥Þ~¡=ò#° ''_bÁ ^Î~Þ*ìÑÑ Jh, ¬_È=°~¡ k×Qê L#ß ^¥Þ~¡=ò#° ì¬ìÙ~ ^¥Þ~¡O JO^Î°~¡°.
KH
G ì¬ìÙ~ ^¥Þ~¡"Í° ã¬^¥# =òY^¥Þ~¡=ò.

R
G =°#^Í×O ÕïH ìÁ Ì^Îí^³á# [¬ì<£<=° =°Ô^Î° (*ì=¶ =°Ô^Î°)#° _bÁ Õ 6 ¬OII HêO Õ 10 HÆ ~¡¶Ç° Y~¡°ó`Ë
[¬ð<£ xiàOK_È°.
v `*=°¬ì :
G [¬ð<£ `Ç# ãÀ=°ä½ z¬ìßOQê PãQê Õ Ç°=ò<#k ä½_"³á¬ô# (X_È°Û#)
`Ç# ì~¡¼À~¡°`Ë `*=°¬ì #° xiàOK_È°.
G =òO`*èQ®O J¬°À~¡° - J~¡°û=°O^Î ì#°èQ®O. giH÷ ¬O`#O - 14.
G 1631 Õ =òO`*èQ®O Q®~¡ÄHË×"¼k`Ë =°~¡}÷OKÇQê 1632 Õ `*=°¬ì
x~à}=ò#° ã~¡OaOz 22 ¬OII @° 2 HË@Á =¼Ç°O`Ë D H@_È=ò#°
xiàOK_È°.

G nx =òY¼ "¬°ë teæ - Lªë^£-J¬ìà^£¬ìi-W.
G `*=°¬ì Õ ¬iÂÇ¶, @sø, J~¡aH±, "¬°ëÜá°° q°o`Ç"³°Ø L<ß~ò.
G ºuH ªÏO^Î~¡¼=ò`Ë ì=n²H#° Úky¬@°ä½x "³°iÀ ¬r=tQê `*=°¬ì Q®¶ió - Z_Þ<£ P~ß Û À~ùø<ß_È°.
G W`Ç_È° xiàOz# x~à}ì Õ Zä½ø= Y~¡°ó`Ë ä_È°ä½#ßk - <³=°e ²O¬ð¬#O. 19 HË@Á =¼Ç°O`Ë 7 ¬OII Õ
xiàOK_È°. nx Õ HË²ì#¶~ =ã[=ò#° ÚkQê~¡°. (nx Hù~¡ä½ HÆ "Í°eq° `Ç° ì |OQê~¡O 86 HÆ° q°=KÍÀ
#=~¡`ß#° L¬³¶yOK~¡°. 3 "³°@Á`Ë <³=°e PHê~¡O Õ `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍ§~¡°.
v ª²ì`Ç¼=ò :
G L¬x+¬`Ç°ë°, ~=°Ç°}=ò, Q®=n¾`Ç#° ~¡jH=ò ÕH÷ J#°=kOz# "_È° - ^¥~+²HË.
G ^¥~+²HË '=°*à-L -|¬ìï~á<£Ñ J<Í ãQ®O^Î=ò#° ~§_È°.
G [¬ð<£ PªÖ# Hq - [Q®<ß^Î ¬O_`Ç°_È° W`Ç_È° '~¡¬Q®OQê^Î~¡=òÑ 'Q®OQê¬ìiÑ J<Í ãQ®O^Î=ò#° ~²<_È°.
Y
G [¬ð<£ PªÖ# zã`ÇHê~¡°_È° - J|°í ¬ìg°^£ ¬ìs. W`Ç_È° '^Î°<=°Ñ J<Í ãQ®O^Î=ò#° ~§_È°.
M
G [¬ð<£ *ìw~i ¬^Îux, ¶q° t¬°ë"ÍO "ÍÀ ¬^Îux, #[~¬^Îíu (|¬=°`Ç°eKÍó ¬^Îux) ã¬"Í×Ì\÷<_È°.
G KÇãH=ië Hìa=¶#O ¦¬e`ÇOQê ã¬[Ìá ¬#°ß ì~¡O Zä½ø= J~ò#k. ï~á`Ç°°, Hêiàä½°, xiÞ~=°OQê ¬xKÍ²<
95 E
ä_¨ "iH÷ x`¼=¬~¡ =¬°ë=ô° ¬²ì`ÇO H~¡°"³á<~ò. Jx "Mì¼xOzOk - ãÌ¦Oz Ç¶ãuä½_È° ÿißÇ°~.
9
59
D
G [¬ð<£ `Ç# Ì^Îíä½=¶ï~ë '[¬ì<~¡Ñ =^Îí 1666 [#=i 31# =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
G [¬ð<£ ¬=¶k PãQê Õ LOk.
B~¡OQ® *è|° (1658-1707) CA

50
98
A
:8
G a~¡°^Î°° : lO^¥Ô~, JOw~, Qêr.
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×=ò#° ¬O¬î~¡â "³òQ®° ª~¡Þº=¶kHê~¡O H÷OkH÷ `³zó#"~¡° - B~¡OQ®*è|°.
h
A E
.P
G B~¡OQ®*è|° KÇiã`Ç#° ~²#"~¡° - *ì^Î¶<^£ ¬~ø~.

AB C
D
G 1618 #=O|~¡° 3# ^Ë¬ð^£ (L[û~òx) Õ [xàOK_È°.

ER I
G 1634 Õ ¬¶~¡`, ¬°O^Î~, ¬°^¥H~ J<Í U#°Q®° é\© Õ ïQ°ÚOk '|¬ì^Î¶~Ñ

O
J<Í a~¡°^Î°#° ÚOk<_È°.

CH
G =òO`* èQ®O 14 =°Ok ¬O`#O Õ rqOz L#ß"~¡° - 7Q®°~¡°.

B~¡OQ®*è|°
YD
G 4Q®°~¡° ä½=¶~¡°° :
,H
1) ^¥~+²HË - Hê|° , HêO^Î¬ð~Ìá Q®=~¡ß~Qê L#ß¬æ\÷H© `ÇOã_ K³O`Ç<Í LO_Í"_È°.

AM
T
2) ¬°*ì - ÿOQê ä½_È°

3) B~¡OQ·*è|° - ^ÎHø#° ä½_È°
H
M
4) =ò~^£HÆ± - Q®°[~` ä½_È°.

AM
IG
G =òQ®°¾~¡° ä½=¶ï~ë° :
KH
1) [¬ì<~ - Ì^Îí ä½=¶ï~ë

R
2) ~Ë+¹<~ - B~¡OQ®*è|° ~AHê=_¨xH÷ ¬¬ìHiOz# =òY¼=¼H÷ë.

3) QÒ~~ - z#ß ä½=¶ï~ë.
G B~¡OQ®*è|° HêO Õ [iy# "~¡¬`ÇÞÇò^ÎíO Q®°iOz `³°¬°HË=_¨xH÷ ã¬^¥# P^¥~¡ãQ®O^ÎO - ÿißÇ°~ ~²#
Travels in Mougal Empire.
G B~¡OQ®*è|° ''^¥~+²HËÑÑ ²ìO^Î¶=°à=¶x Jx, ²O¬ð¬#=ò#ä½ J#~¡°Ý_Èx, `Ç#ä½ ~[¼O ¬@Á HêOHÆ è^Îx W~¡°=ôi
ªé^Î~¡°ä½ (¬¶*, =ò~^£H±Æ) èY#° ~§_È°.
G 1658 Uã² Õ [iy# ^Î~à`Çò^ÎO Õ ^¥~+²HË ¬O²# [×ÞO`²OQ· <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õx À##° B~¡OQ®*è|° F_Oz
D q[Ç¶xH÷ ¬¶KÇ#Qê ''¦¬`Íì^£ÑÑ J<Í #Q®~¡=ò#° xiàOK_È°.
G 1659 Õ ¬=üQ®~ =^Îí ^¥~+²HË F_é~ò P¦¬Éxªë<£ä½ iéQê ^¥~+²HËä½ '=¶eH±r=<£Ñ Pã×Ç°O Wzó W`Çxx
B~¡OQ®*è|°ä½ ¬\ ÷OK_È°.

G ^¥~+²HË ä½=¶~¡°_È° ¬° è=¶<£+²HËä½ '¬°ëÑ J<Í Q®¬Q®ª ~¡¬O#° Wzó KÇO_È°.
G ¬°*ì |~àä½ ié~ò J~¡Qê"£° =^Îí =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
G B~¡OQ®*è|° =ò~^£H±Æä½ =°^Î°~¡ Õ q¬ð~¡=ò#° Ì\÷ `Ç#iH÷ KÇO_È°.
G 1659 "Í° 15# <³=°e ²O¬ð¬#OÌá ä~¡°óx ¬\ìa+²ä½ë_È~ò<_È°.
v =°`Ç ¬O¬ø~¡}° :
G ^¥~¡° L ¬ì~Ä (=ò²Á"Í°`Ç~¡°° x=²OKÍ^Í×O)#°, ^¥~¡° WªÁOQê =¶~¡ó_¨xH÷ ã¬Ç°ußOK_È°.
G ^Î~Ä~¡° Õ ¬iÂÇ¶ ¬O=`Ç~kx, <ñ~Ë* ¬O_È°Q®#°, ²ìO^Î¶ ¬O_È°Q®° [~¡°¬ôHË=_ÈO xÀ+kOK_È°.
G *ÿ~ËHê-W-^Î~¡Å<£#° xe²"Í² ^Î~Ä~¡° Õ YQË×§GAý#°, ¬Ow`Ç q^¥ÞO¬°#°, <@¼Q®`³ë#° |²ì+¬øiOK_È°. (JHÄ~
ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°)
G öH=O ²ìO^Î°=ôÌá =¶ã`Ç"Í° kQ®°=°u ¬°OH=ò#° qkOK_È°.
Y
G B~¡OQ®*è|° JHÄ~ xÀ+kOz# llÇ¶¬#°ß#° 1679 Õ uiy qkOK_È°.
G Q®=~¡ß~Ìá '"³ò¬ì`Ç²Ñ° J<Í =°`kHê~¡°#° xÇ°q°OK_È°.
M
G ~[ì+¬Qê JHÄ~ ¬iÂÇ¶ì+¬#° ã¬"Í×Ì@Qê ^¥xß `ùyOz B~¡OQ®*è|° J~¡aH±ì+¬#° ~[ì+¬Qê KÍ§_È°.
G "~¡¬°° èx ²ìO^Î¶KÇãH=~¡°ë ~*ì¼#° PãHq°OKÇ_¨xH÷ 'Mÿá`Ç° =° Ñ J<Í ã¬`Í¼H§Y#° U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
95 E
9
G W`Çx =°`Ç q^¥<xH÷ =¼uö~YOQê *ì@°Á, ¬`<q°°, ²ä½ø°, ~[¬ôã`Ç° u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ§~¡°.
59
D
G HêjqõÞ×Þ~Ç°O, Q®°[~` Õ ªé=°<^£ ^Í"Ç°O, =°^Î°~¡ Õ öH×"Ç°O#° ^ÎÞO¬O KÍ§_È°.
CA
G 9= ²ä½ø=°`Ç Q®°~¡°"³á# 'Q®°~¡°`Í* |¬ì^Î¶~²OQ·Ñ #° WªÁO =°`xß ÔÞHiOKÇ=°x =uë_ KÍÇ°Qê, x~HiOKÇ_ÈO`Ë
50
1675 _ÌO|~¡° Õ Lif§_È°.
98
G B~¡OQ®*è|° 1686 Õ c*ì¬î~#°, 1687 Õ QË çøO_È#° PãHq°OK_È°.
A
:8
G B~¡OQ®*è|° QË çøO_È À<x J~ò# J|° hH÷ OKÇO Wzó `Ç¶~¡°æ ^¥Þ~¡ `Ç°¬ô#° `³i²OK_È°.
h
G 1707 ¦²ã|=i Õ B~¡OQ®*è|° J¬ìà^£#Q®~ Õ =°~¡}÷OK_È°. W`Çx ¬=¶k B~¡OQêì^£ Õ H^Î°.

A E
.P
H_È¬\÷ "³ò¦¬°°° (1707 - 1857)

AB C
D
ER I
O
G B~¡OQ®*è|° `Ç~Þ`Ç # ÕH÷ =zó#"_È° - "³ò^Î\ ÷ |¬ì^Î¶~ (1707-12)

G J¬°À~¡° - =°¿["£° (B~¡OQ®*è|° 2= ä½=¶~¡°_È°)
CH
YD
G W`Çx =r~¡° - =òh"£°Mì<£, g°~H÷Æ - AeæH~Mì<£, W`Çx ¬¬ðÌá "³ò^Î\ ÷ |¬ì^Î¶~ ×O|¶r ì~¡¼ U¬°ì~ò,
ä½=¶~¡°_È° ª¬#° q_È°^Î KÍ§_È°.
,H
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ |¬ì^Î¶~ 10= ²ä½ø=°`ÇQ®°~¡°=ô Q®°~¡°QËqO^Î²OQ·`Ë ã¬^Î=°O Õ Àß¬ìOQê LO_ ²ä½ø H©H ªÖ=~¡=°~ò#
AM
T
Õ¬ìQ®_£#° PãHq°OK_È°.
H
M
G Õ¬ìQ®_£ HË@ x~à`Ç - |O^¥ |¬ì^Î¶~.

AM
] [¬ìO^Î~ (1712-1713) : W`Ç_È° `Ç# LO¬ô_È° Q®`³ë ' ì~ä½=¶ixÑ ¬@¬ô~}÷Qê KÍ§_È°. W`ÇxH÷ Jã×^Î =°#°+¬µ¼_È°
IG
KH
JxÀ~¡°.
R
] ¦¬~¡¶H± +²Ç°~ (1713-15) : W`Ç_È° ¬ì¬<£Jb ¬À<£ Jb J<Í ¬Ç°¼^£ ªé^Î~¡° ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë [¬ìO^Î~#° =kOz
~*ì¼xH÷ =Kó_È°.
G ¦¬~¡¶H±+²Ç°~ 1717 ¦¬~à<#° *ìsKÍ§_È°. (kQ®°=°u ¬°OHO ~¡^Î°í)
] =°¬ìà^£ (1719-1748) : W`Çx<Í ''~¡OöQe ~*ìÑÑ JO\ì~¡°. W`Çx HêO Õ<Í ¬Ç°¼^£ªé^Î~¡° ¬`Ç#O [iyOk.
1739 Õ '<k~ÂÑ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç [iyOk.
] <k~Â (1738-39) :
G W`Çxx ''W~<£ ^Í×¬ô <³éeÇ°<£ÑÑ JO\ì~¡°.
G ¬iÂÇ¶ Õ P¦¬Éh ##° JO`ÇOKÍ² ''¬¦¬b =O×ªÖ¬##°ÑÑ U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
G W`Çx J¬°À~¡° - <^Î~ Hêb.

G 1739 Õ ì~¡` Ìá ^ÎO_³uë ''Hê~ß Çò^ÎO ÕÑÑ "³ò¦¬° #° F_Oz _bÁ ã¬"ÍtOz k"<£-W-Hê¹ Õ q_kKÍÇ°Qê
<k~Â =°~¡}O÷ K_È<Í =^ÎOu Õ ~¡jHÌá#¼OÌá "³ò¦°¬ Ìá#¼=ò ^ÎO_³uë ~Qê <k~Â _b ¡ ò#° ¬îiëQê ^ËKÇ°ä½<ß_È°.
Á #Q®~=
G ¬O*ì Q®=~¡ß~ =òh"£°Hê<£ ì~¡¼ ''"³ò¦¬° ìhèQ®OÑÑ _bÁ Õx ^Î#=O`Ç° W×¤#° KÇ¶¬Qê "\÷ "³ò`Çë=ò#° ^ËKÇ°ä½<ß_È°.
G W`Ç_È° ì~¡`Ç^Í×=ò #°O_ 15 HË@Á ~¡¶Ç°°, HË²ì#¶~ =ã[=ò#° <³=°e ²O¬ð¬#=ò#°, 300 U#°Q®°°, 10,000
Q®°ã~°, 10,000 XO>ÿ°, 130 =°Ok H=ô#°, 200 =°Ok `Ô "Í°ãÔë#°, 100 =°Ok Hù*ìû#° f¬°ïHì¤~¡°.
nO`Ë "³ò¦¬° ~[¼O PiÖHOQê |Ôì#¬_Ok.
] J¬ìà^£ (1748-54) : "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê =°¬ð~¢+¬µä½ ''×~}ìQ®`Ç°_³á#ÑÑ "³ò¦¬° ~A.
] 2= ¦O (1759-1806) : H_È¬\ ÷ "³ò¦¬° Õ Zä½ø= ¬OII° (47 ¬OII°) eOz#~A.
G W`Çx HêO Õ<Í 3= x¬@° Çò^ÎO [iyOk (1761 [#=i 14)
G J¬ìà^£ Jìíb, =°¬ð~¢+¬µH÷ =°^Î¼ [iyOk.
Y
] J¬ìà^£ Jìíb (1748-69) :
M
G W`Ç_È° <k~Â À<¬`Ç° Õ XH_È°.
G 1747 Õ <k~Â ¬ì`Ç¼KÍ°Ç |_ÈQê <Ç°ä½_Qê ZxßH~ò, P¦<
É¬
£ O^Îih ¬O¦°¬ \÷`
Ç i¬ z 'P¦x
É¬ ªÖ<Ñ£ J<Í À~¡°#° Ì\ì_°È .
95 E
9
G 1761 [#=i 14# 5= ¬~¼Ç°O ì~¡`Ìá ^ÎO_³uë =ü_È= x¬\ Çò^ÎO Õ ¬^¥t=~"£ì"Í <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õx
59
D
=°¬ð~¢+¬µ#° F_OK_È°. nO`Ë ì~¡`Ç^Í×=ò#° ¬ieOKÍ J=Hê×=ò#° =°¬ð~¢+¬µ° HË ÕæÇ¶~¡°.
G 2= PO HêO Õ<Í ÿOQê Õ 1764 JHË|~ 22 # ìHê~ Çò^ÎO [iyOk.
CA
50
G ãa\÷+¹ "iH÷ ÿOQê Õ k"h JkHê~¡O#° Wzó# "³ò¦¬° ~A - 2= PO.
98
G "³ò¦¬° Õ z=i"_È° - 2= |¬ì^Î¶~.
A
:8
G W`Ç_È° 1862 Õ |~à Õx ~¡OQ®¶<£ *ÿá° Õ =°~¡}÷OKÇ_ÈO`Ë "³ò¦¬° =O×O JO`Ç=°~ò¼Ok.
h
A E

.P
AB C
D
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
ER I
1. ì|~ z#ß <\÷ À~¡°? 6. ì~¡`Ç^Í§xß eOz# "³ò¦¬°°° "¬ë=OQê Z=~¡°?

O
(Group-I - 2012)
1) [Ôì~ Lní<£ =°¬ì=°à^£ 2) J|°í ~¡Ôì"£° (Group-I - 2002)

CH
3) L=°~ À+H± 4) ^ñ`Mì<£ 1) `Ç°~¡°+¬µø° 2) =°OQË°°

YD
2. À+~Â qkOz# ¶q° t¬°ë ö~@°? (Group-I - 2012) 3) J¦¬É#°° 4) J~¡|°Ä°

,H
1) ¬O@ Õ 1/2 =O`Ç° 2) ¬O@ Õ 1/4 =O`Ç° 7. ¦¬`Í¬î~ ²ãH© JHÄ~ ~[^¥xQê D ¬O=`Ç~¡O ^¥Hê
AM
T
3) ¬O@ Õ 1/3 =O`Ç° 4) ¬O@ Õ 1/5 =O`Ç° Hù#ªyOk? (Group-I - 1995)
3. D ãH÷Ok "x Õ U ¬OãQê=°O ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ "³òQ® 1) 1571 2) 1585 3) 1590 4) 1605

H
M
8. KÇ i ã`Ç H ê~¡ ° #° =°iÇ ò ¬ O w`Ç q^¥ÞO¬ ° #°

AM
ªã=¶[¼O ªÖ²Oz `Ç~Þ`Ç ^¥x "¼²ëH÷ P~¡OOQê

IG
Q®°iëO¬|_#k? (Group-I - 2010) PªÖ#O Õ é+²Oz# "³òQ® KÇãH=ië? (Gr-II - 2012)

KH
1) "³ò^Î\ ÷ x¬@° ¬OãQê=°=ò 1) ì|~ 2) [¬ìOw~

3) [¬ð<£ 4) B~¡OQ®*è|°
R
2) ï~O_È= x¬@° ¬OãQê=°=ò

3) H<Þ ¬OãQê=°=ò 4) H<Ë* ¬OãQê=°=ò 9. ãH÷Ok "i Õ x~¡HÆ~¬°¼° Z=~¡°?(Group-II - 2011)
4. [¬ìOw~¡° ~[ªÖ<xß ¬O^ÎiÅOz# POöQÁÇ° =~¡ëä½x 1) B~¡OQ®*è|° 2) [¬ìOw~ 3) JHÄ~ 4) ì|~
À~¡°? (Group-II - 2008)
10. `<£¬<£ ³òHø J¬° À~¡°? (Group-II - 2011)
1) _¨xÇ° 2) ãH÷ªé¦¬~ 1) =°H~¡O^Î O_Í 2) |* |¬ì^Î¶~

3) ¬~ qeÇ°O *Õ<£ 4) ¬~ ^¥=°¹ ~Ë 3) ì ä½ÞO` 4) ~=°`#° O_Í
5. z=i "³òQ® KÇãH=ië |¬ì^Î¶~ [¦¬~ ãa\÷+¹ "~¡°
K³~¡ Õ LO_ÈQê<Í ZHø_È =°~¡}÷OK_È°? (Gr-I - 2010)
["|°°
1) _bÁ Õ 2) ~¡OQ®¶<£ Õ 1) 1 2) 3 3) 1 4) 4 5) 2
6) 2 7) 2 8) 4 9) 3 10) 4
3) JO_È=¶<£ n=ô Õ 4) ì¬ìÙ~ Õ

G t"r 1627-80 G =°~~ ~[¼ªÖ¬ä½_È° - t"r
t"r
G t"r 1627 rçOÀÁ, llÇ¶ì~òä½ t=<Í~ ^Î°~¡¾O Õ [xàOK_È°.
G t"r `ÇOã_ rçOÀÁ c*ì¬î~ ¬° ìë<£ ^ÎQ®¾~¡ ¬î}è *ìy~~Qê ¬xKÍ§_È°.
Y
G t"r `ùeQ®°~¡°=ô `ÇeÁ - llÇ¶ì~ò.
M
G ¬O~¡HÆä½_È°/ Çò^Î Q®°~¡°=ô - ^¥^¥r HùO_È^Í"£
G =°`Ç/ P^¥¼uàH Q®°~¡°=ô - ¬=°~¡~=°^¥¬°, W`Çx ãQ®O^ÎO - ^Î¬Õ^Î
95 E
G Hë`Ç°Hê~O t"rH÷ ¬=°Hêbä½_È°
9
59
D
G a~¡°^Î°° : KÇã`Ç¬u, ÌáìO^Î=^Î~Ëà^¥~¡H G t"r Q®°ã~¡O : ¬OKÇHì¼}÷
G t"r ì~¡¼° : 5 Q®°~¡°
CA
50
1) ª~òì~ò (xOìø~), 2) ªéÇ°~ì~ò, 3) ¬ô`Ç ìì~ò, 4) ¬¦¬~ì~ò, 5) Hêjì~ò
98
G t"r PªÖ#O Õ ''J+¬ ã¬^¥#°°ÑÑ J<Í =°Oã`Ç =°O_Èe H^Îx ~¡¦¬ò<^Î ¬O_`Ç°_È° - ~[¼=¼=¬ð~HË×O J<Í
A
:8
ãQ®O^ÎO Õ À~ùø<ß_È°.
h
G J+¬ã¬^¥#°° - 8
A E
.P
1) ÔÞ-ã¬^¥x 5) ¬z"£/¬°~¡ßq+¹ - L`Çë~¡ ã¬`Ç°¼`Çë~°

AB C
D
2) J=¶`Ç¼/=°AO^¥~- PiÖH §Y=°Oãu 6) À<k¬u/ ªi<Ë|`- Ìá<¼k¬u

ER I
3) =°Oãu/"H÷Ç¶<q¹-x¦¬¶, ¬Þ^Íj=¼=¬ð~° (¬ìË=°Oãu) 7) ¬O_`~=ô/¬^Î~- =°`k¬u

O
4) ¬°=°O`/^¥c~ - q^Í§OQ®=°Oãu 8) <¼Ç¶n×Ã_È°- ã¬^¥# <¼Ç°=üië

CH
G D =°Oãu=°O_ÈeH÷ ã¬uxk/ "³áã§° J<Í ¬^Îqx ~*ì~"£° ¬$+²OK_È°. nx`Ë g~¡° #=ã¬^¥#°° JÇ¶¼~¡°.
YD
G `ùeã¬uxk - ã¬¬ðÁ^£x~¡¶*.
,H
G t"r ~[¼O#° 4 ¬°ì° (~ã°Qê) qlOz "\÷H÷ ¬°è^¥~ J<Í Jk¬`Ç°#° xÇ°q°OK_È°.
AM
T
G ~*ì¼xß ãH÷Ok ìQê°Qê qlOz eOK_È°.

¬°ì - ¬°è^¥~
H
G t"r ãQê=¶ Õ ì~|°°`^¥~ (12 JÇ°¼Qê~¡°Á) q^¥#O ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.

M
↓
AM
G r`ä½ |^Î°° ¶q°¬#°ß =¬¶° ¬ìä½ø HeæOKÇ_ÈO - ¬~¡O*ìq° ¬~¡Q®}ì - Ï*^¥~

IG
G ¶q°t¬°ë - 2/5 =O`Ç° qkOK_È°. ↓

KH
G Ú~¡°Q®° ~*ì¼#°O_ - Kñ` 1/4, ¬ö~=òd 1/10 =O`Ç° =¬¶° KÍ§_È°. `Ç~¡¦¹ - `Ç~æ^¥~
M.G. ~¡}_Í D q^¥#O - ¦iàOQ·B\#° ãa\©+¹ "i Ìá#¼¬¬ìHê~¡ q^¥#O`Ë é ìó_È°.
R
G ↓
G t"r 200 Çò^Î<ñH#°, 80 ¦²~¡OQ®°° He¾ L<ß_È°. =°¿*ì/ãQê=°O/ãQê=°}÷ /
G Hù ìì =^Îí <ñHê^Î×O H^Î°. G `Ë¦¹Mì<£ - t"r ¦²~¡Oy^Î× À~¡°. ¬ > è / =òY¼ä ½ H i â
G =°^Î¼ÇòQ®O Õ <ñHê^Î× P=×¼H`Ç#° Q®°iëOz# "³ò^Î\ ÷ ì~¡fÇ° ä½_È° t"r - Jx A.L.N"`Ç= À~ùø<ß_È°.
v t"r ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç° :
G 1646 - t"r `ùeªiQê `Ë~¡}^Î°~¡¾O#° PãHq°OK_È°.
G 1656 - KÇOã^¥~=ô "³¶ö~ #°O_ ''*ì=m ^Î°~¡¾OÑÑ#° PãHq°OK_È°. (Wk t"r "³ò^Î\ ÷ Qù¬æPãH=°})
G 1659 - t"rx =kOKÇ°@ä½ c*ì¬î~ ¬° ìë<£ P¦û¬ Mì<£#° ¬O_È°. Hêh W`Ç_x
ã¬`¹°¬¦ _£ HË@ =^Î<
í Í t"r KÇO_È°.
G Wk KÇiã`Ç Õ J¦¬û Mì<£ =^ÎQê À~¡°QêOz#k.

G 1960-63 : B~¡OQ®*è `Ç# "Í°#=¶=° J~ò# ~ò¬ëMì<£#° t"r ÌáH÷ ¬O¬Qê J`Çxß t"r F_OK_È°.
G B~¡OQ®*è|° t"rx =°¿O>ÿ<£~¼\Qê À~ùø<ß_È°.
G 1664 t"r ¬¶~¡`Ìá ^¥_KÍ² 1 HË\÷ ~¡¶Ç°° ¶\© KÍ§_È°.
G 1665 - t"rx ¬@°Hù#°@ä½ B~¡OQ®*è|° ~*ì[Ç°²O¬ð/*ÿá²OQ·#° ¬O_È°.
G 1665 Õ ~*ì*ÿá²OQ· t"rx F_Oz ¬ô~¡O^Î~ ¬Okx KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
v ¬ô~¡O^Î~ ¬Ok =òMì¼O§° :

1. t"r 35 HË@ Õ 23 HË@#° B~¡OQ®*èä½ WKó_È°.
2. Hï~h (¬ð<£) #+¬ ¬i¬ð~¡O K³eÁOKÇ°@ä½ JOwHiOK_È°.
3. B~¡OQ®*èä½ ÌáxH ¬¬ðÇ°O KÍÇò@ä½ JOwHiOK_È°.
G 1666 - t"r `Ç# Ì^Îí ä½=¶~¡°_³á# ×Oìr° B~¡OQ® *è#° H°¬°Hù#°@ä½ PãQê "³ì¤~¡°.
Y
G B~¡OQ®*è t"rH÷ `Çä½ø= ~¼OH± =ò#^¥~ ¬ìË^¥xzó J==¶xOK_È°.
M
G nO`Ë B~¡OQ®*è#° ^Î¶+²Oz |OkOKÇ|_¨Û_È°.
G ~Ë+¹<~ ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë XH aKÇóQê_ "Í×O Õ HË@ Õ #°O_ `Ç²æOKÇ°ä½<ß_È°. `Ç~Þ`Ç `Ç# HË@#° uiy PãHq°OKÇ°HË=_ÈO
95 E
9
ã~¡OaOK_È°.
59
D
G 1672 Õ ¬¶~¡`#° 2= ªi HùÁQù\ì_È°.
G 1674 E<£ 16# =°¬ð~R Õx ~Ç°¦¬°_£ HË@ Õ (~[^¥x) QêQê@ ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë ¬\ìaÀ+HO KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
CA
50
G t"r KÇã`Ç¬u J<Í a~¡°^Î° ÚO^¥_È°. G t"r ¬\ìaÀ+HêxH÷ ¬ð[ï~á# POöQÁÇò_È° - PH÷<£_Í<£
98
G 1676 Õ t"r, ¬ì¬<£`h (QË çøO_È~A) =°^Î¼ 'QË çøO_È X¬æO^ÎOÑ [iyOk.
A
:8
G 1677 QË çøO_È#° t"r ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°. G 1974-80 =°^Î¼HêO t"r #Ìá ^Î$+² ªiOK_È°.
G 1680 Uã²Ç° 14# t"r =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
h
A E
.P

AB C
D
ER I
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
O
1. t"r [##O ? 6. ¬ô~¡O^Î~ ¬Ok t"r Z=i`Ë KÍ¬°Hù<ß_È° ?

CH
YD
1) 1625 2) 1626 1) P¬û Mì<£ 2) ª~ò¬ÖMì<£

3) 1627 4) 1628 3) ~*ì*ÿá²OQ· 4) ×O¶l
,H
2. t"r ¬O~¡HÆä½_È° ? 7. J+¬ã¬^¥#° ÕÁ ã¬=òY°_È° ?

AM
T
1) ^¥^¥l HùO_È^Í"£ 2) ~=°^¥¬° 1) ÔÞ 2) J=¶`Ç¼

H
M
3) `Ç°Hê~O 4) JO^Î~¡¶ 3) =°Oãu 4) ¬z=

AM
IG
3. t"r `ùe PãH=°} Uk ? 8. t"rÌá u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ²# ä½=¶~¡°_È° ?

KH
1) ã¬`¹¦¬°_£ 2) ~°¦¬°_£ 1) ì ìr q×Þ<^£ 2) ×O|¶l

R
3) `Ë~¡} 4) ¬¶~¡` 3) Çüä½` 4) ª¬

4. t"r KÍu Õ ¬ì`Ç°_³á# c*ì¬î~ Ìá<¼k¬u ? 9. Kñ`, ¬ö~í=òM J#Qê ?
1) J¬û Mì<£ 2) +¬~ò¬ëMì<£ 1) ¬#°ß 2) ¶q°
3) ~*ì*ÿá²OQ· 4) Z=~¡¶Hê^Î° 3) ãQê=°O 4) PÇò^¥°
5. ¬¶~¡` Ìá ^¥_ t"r KÍ²# ¬OII ? ["|°°
1) 1664 2) 1665
1) 3 2) 1 3) 3 4) 1 5) 1
3) 1666 4) 1667 6) 3 7) 1 8) 2 9) 1

§¬<° - q=~¡}
§¬#O "Í~òOz# ~A q+¬Ç°O
=°²ø §¬#O JÕä½_È° ^Í"<Oã²°Ç JÕH Jx ¬OÕkOz# UïHHá §¬#O.
*ÕQ®_È §¬#O JÕä½_È° JÕä½_ HoOQ® Çò^ÎO Q®°iOz À~ùøO@°Ok.
Zã~¡Q®°_/~A =°O^Îyi JÕä½_È° POã^Î Õ ¼"³°Ø# JÕä½x §¬<° q^¥¼~¡°Ö Õ
§¬#O (H~¡¶ß° l ìÁ) ^Î~à¬H÷ëx HeyOKx `³°¬ô`Ç°Ok.
<<¦¬¶\ §¬#O "³ò^Î\ ÷ §`ÇHiâ §`ÇHiâ ì~¡¼ <Q®xH "Í~òOzOk.
¬ðkQ®°O¦ §¬#O ì~¡"Í°_È° ×ÃOQ®°°, §`Ç"¬ì#°Ìá Mì~¡"Í°x q[Ç¶°.
Q®°O@°¬eÁ §¬#O Mì~¡"Í°_È° POã^Î Õ aOz# Mì~¡"Í°x §¬#O
<²H± §¬#O w`Çg°¬ôã`Ç §`ÇHiâ W`Çx `ÇeÁ QÒ`Çg° ìN "Í~òOK³#°
J=°~=u §¬#O ï~O_È= ¬ô=¶q POã^Î Õ a¬°ë#ß `ùe §`Ç"¬ì# §¬#O
Y
=¶¼H^Ëx §¬#O =ü_È= ¬ô°=¶q |ì¤i ãO`ÇO Õ aOzOk
M
ï~O@zO`Ç, ^¥KÍ¬eÁ §¬<° "²+¬¬ôã`Ç N §O`Ç=ü°_È° -
WOã^Î#Q®~¡ §¬#O (# ç¾O_È) WOã^Î=~¡à (q+¬µâä½O_#¬ô~¡O) -
95 E
9
HùO_È=òk `ã=° §¬#O [Ç°=~¡à |$¬ì`Çæ ìÇ°#° KÇiã`Ç `³eÀ UïHáH §¬#O
59
D
Z^Î"Íy §¬#O (¬.QË^¥=i) q[Ç°#Ok=~¡à (§OHêÇ°#) -
KÍ*ÿ~¡Á §¬#O "³ò^Î\ ÷ HO^¥~¡~A PO#O^ÎQËãuA =O×O Q®°iOz `³°¬ô`Ç°Ok.
CA
50
QË~¡O@Á `ã=° §¬#O Juë=~¡à P#O^ÎQËãuA =O×O Q®°iOz `³°¬ô`Ç°Ok.
98
=°OzH°Á §¬#O ²O¬ì=~¡à `ùe ¬Á=ô §¬#O
A
:8
"³°Ø^Î"Ë° §¬#O t=¬øO^Î=~¡à 'POã^ÎÑ J<Í ¬^ÎO L¬³¶yOz# `ùe §¬#O.
A<¦¬°_£ / y~ß~ §¬#O ~¡°ã^Î^¥=ò_È° (×ä½ ~A) ¬O¬ø $`ÇO Õ "ÍÇ°|_# `ùe §¬#O
h
A E
.P
J¬ðì^£ §¬#O / ã¬×²ë ¬=òã^ÎQ®°¬ôë_È° À<x ¬ìiÀ#°_È° "Í~òOK³#°.

AB C
S¬ìÙ° §¬#O ï~O_È= ¬ôöHt À<x ~¡qH©ië "Í~òOK³#°.

D
"³°¬ìö~e Lä½ø ¬ëO §¬#O ï~O_È= KÇOã^ÎQ®°¬ë qãH=¶k`Ç°¼_È° À<x J=°~¡H^Í=ô_È° "Í~òOK³#°.
ER I
O
=°^Î°|<£, |xMè~ §¬<° ¬ì~¡Â=~¡#°_È° -

L`Çë~¡ "Í°~¡¶~¡° §¬#=ò "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬~O`Çä½_È° KË×Ã ãQê=° ¬i##° `³eÇ°*è¬°ëOk.
CH
p¬ô~¡°¬eÁ, u=¶à¬ô~¡ §¬<° ä½|û q+¬µâ=~¡#°_È° -

YD
q¬æ~¡Á §¬#O [Ç°²O¬ì=Á°_È° ("ÍOw K×Ãä½¼°) `ùe `³°Q®° §¬#O.

,H
J^ÎíOH÷ §¬#O Q®°}Q® q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼_È° W`Çx À<x ¬O_È~¡OQ®_È° "Í~òOK³#°. `ùe `³°Q®°
AM
T
¬^Î¼ §¬#O. (`Ç~¡°"Ë[ =$`ÇëO)

H
HO^Î°ä~¡° §¬#O Q®°}Q® q[Ç¶k`Ç°¼_È° O_È°~¡OQ®_È° "Í~òOz# §¬#O (Ô¬¬^Î¼O Õ

M
AM
=ôOk)
IG
ÿ["_È §¬#O ï~O_È= Çò^Î=°°Á_È° =°^¥¼Hø~¡ Õ ã"Ç°|_Ok.

KH
=¶Q®°Á §¬#O ^¥<~¡â=ô_È° HêHfÇò =O§=ox q=iOKÍ `ùe §¬#O.

R
|Ç¶¼~¡O K³~¡°=ô §¬#O "³°Ø ìO| (Q®}¬u^Í=ôx ªé^Îi) HêHfÇò =O§=ox q=iOKÍ =°~ùH §¬#O.
¬ì#°=°HùO_È §¬#O ~¡°ã^Î^Í=ô_È° (~¡KÇ#: Jz`ÍOã^Î°_È°) 2= ãé~A, ~¡ ° ã^Î ^ Í = ô_ q[Ç ¶ #°
`³°¬ô`Ç°Ok.
"³¶@°¬eÁ JÇ° §¬#O Q®}¬u^Í=ô_È° q^Íj =~¡ëä½ä½ ~~òf° W¬°ë#ß@°Á À~ùø#|_Ok.
c^Î~ §¬#O ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íqx '~Ç°Q®[öH¬iÑ Jx ¬OÕk¬°ëOk.
=° ìø¬ô~¡O §¬#O ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq ã¬¬¶u "³á^Î¼ öHOã^¥ Q®°iOz `³eÇ°*è¬°ëOk.
KÇO^Î°¬@Á §¬#O HêÇ°¬Ö JO|^Í=ô_È° ª=°O`Ç°_³á# HêÇ°¬Ö JO|^Í=ôx u~¡°Q®°ì@° Õ
~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq =°~¡}÷OzO^Îx `³°¬ô`Ç°Ok.
q ì¬ `ã=° §¬#O =ò¬°#¶i Hê¬Ç° <Ç°ä½_È° =ò²ÁO Ìáxä½ ^Î°~Q®`#° À~ùøO@°Ok.
¬ìO² §¬#O NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç° ¬\ìaÀ+Hêxß `³eÇ°*è¬°ëOk.

G ã¬¬OKÇ KÇiã`Ç Õ 'P^Î°xH ÇòQ®OÑ 15= ×`|O Õ ã~¡OO J~ò¼Ok.
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ 'P^Î°xH ÇòQ®OÑ 18= ×à kÞuÇ¶~¡ÖO Õ PqiÇ°Oã`ÇO#° ã¬"Í×Ì@_ÈO`Ë ã~¡O"³°ØOk.
Y
G ãH©.×. 1= ×`|O #°O_ 3= ×`|O =~¡ä½ ì~¡fÇò ÿá#, §`Ç"¬ì#°°, WHÆêÞä½° ~Ë"£°`Ë =~¡ëHO KÍÀ"~¡°.
M
ì~¡`Ç^Í×O`Ë 7= ×`|O Õ ¬=òã^Î=¶~¡¾O Q®°O_¨ =~¡ëHO KÍ²# q^ÍjÇò° - J~¡|°Ä°.
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×Oä½ `ùeªiQê ¬=òã^Î=¶~¡¾O#° H#°Qùx =~¡ëHO KÍ²# S~Ë"¬°° - é~¡°ów¹.
95 E
G
9
J~¡|°Ä° ãH©.¬î.712 Õ =°¬ìà^£c<£MìÔO <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ ²O^Î°(ä½_È°-^¥²ì~)Ìá ^¥_KÍ§~¡°.
59
G
D
=°¬ìà^£c<£MìÔO =°iÇò ^¥Ôì~ =°^Î¼ ö~"~ Çò^ÎÎO [iyOk.
G J~¡|°Ä° ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ aOKÍ ¬°Q®O^Îã^Î"¼#°, ² ø#° UïHáH ¶=¶~¡¾O J~ò# Hê<£ªO\ <Ë¬ô (x~à`Ç -
CA
50
Hê<£ªO>ÿØ<£) Q®°O_¨ S~Ë ^Í§`Ë =~¡ëHO KÍÀ"~¡°.
98
S~Ë"~¡° ä_¨ D =¶~¡¾O Q®°O_¨<Í ì~¡`Ç^Í×O`Ë =~¡ëHO KÍÀ"~¡°.
A
G J~¡|°Ä° ì~¡fÇò ¬O¬ø $u. ªOã¬^¥Ç¶#° ä_¨ S~Ë^Í§ä½
:8 KÍ~¡"Í§~¡°. JO^Î°öH J~¡|°Ä#° ''ì~¡fÇ°
ªO¬ø $uH ~Ç°ì~¡°°ÑÑ JO\ì~¡°.

h
A E
@sø #°O_ Q®`ÇO Õ =zó# ã¬×ß° :

.P
G
AB C
D
Hê<£ªO\ <Ë¬ô #° WªëO|° Qê =¶ió#"~¡° - ''=ò¬ë¦ ïH=¶ ÑÑ

ER I
Wk @sø Õ H^Î°.
O
ïH=¶ J#Qê Q®}÷`Ç§GO Õ ¬O¬î~¡°â_È° / ¬i¬î~¡°â_È° Jx J~¡ÖO.

CH
@sø ~[^¥x - JOHê~

YD
P^Î°xH @sø / #=@sø x~à`Ç - ïH=¶

,H
Turky x "The sick man of Europe" / S~Ë [|°Ä =°x+² Jx ~¡¼ *ì~ "³ò^Î\ ÷ xHË¹ À~ùø<ß_È°.
Dr. M.A. J<i.

AM
@søH÷ "³o¤# "³á^Î¼|$O^¥xH÷ <Ç°H`ÇÞO =²ìOzOk -

T
G
H
ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ =~¡°¬Qê =zó# S~Ë"¬°° -

M
AM
1) é~¡ ° ów¹ 2) _ÈK (POã^Îä½ `ùeªi =zó#"~¡°) 3) ãa\ ÷+¹ 4) _Í<£/_³<à~ø 5) ãÌ¦OK
IG
G S~Ë "¬°° ã¬=òYOQê ¬°Q®O^Î ã^Î"¼°, ² ø J<Í ï~O_È° =¬°ë=ô Hù~¡ä½ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O`Ë =~¡ëHO KÍ§~¡°.
KH
] ¬°Q®O^Îã^Î"¼ ~~A - #Áx q°iÇ¶°

R
] ¬°Q®O^Îã^Î"¼ ~}÷ - Ç¶ä½°

] ¬°Q®O^Î ã^Î"¼ ~RO - öH~¡×
] ¬°Q®O^Î ^Í=ô ^Í×O - WO_Ë<Í+²Ç¶
] ¬°Q®O^Î ¬i=°ì° `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍÀ"~¡° - Q®OkH (§`Ç"¬ì#° HêO)
] Q®° ìcö~ä½ #°O_ `ùeªiQê J`Çë~#° `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍ²#"~¡° - #¶~¡û¬ð<£.
G ² ø ~¡¶\ K³á< - ~Ë"£°. ² ø ~¡¶\ Õ ì~¡` Õx ã¬^¥# öHOã^ÎO - =°^Î°~¡.
G S~Ë "~¡° =~¡ëHO Hù~¡ä½ 3 =¶~¾#° L¬³¶yOKÍ"~¡°.
1) Çü~¡¹ - Hê<£ªO\ <Ë¬ô - =°^Î¼ P²Ç¶ - ì~¡`Ç^Í×O
''=°#O =¶\ìÁ_È°ä½O@¶ LO_ÈQê<Í F~¡Þ èx HêO H^Îeé`Ç°Ok, D~ËA =°#k ö~¬#ßk èHé=KÇ°óÑÑ.

2) Çü~¡¹ - =°^Î¼^Î~¬=òã^ÎO - ¬tó=° P²Ç¶ - =°^Î¼ P²Ç¶ - ì~¡`Ç^Í×O
3) Çü~¡¹ - =°^Î¼^Î~ ¬=òã^ÎO - Pã¦²Hê - Zã~¡¬=òã^ÎO - ¬tó=° P²Ç¶ - =°^Î¼ P²Ç¶ - ì~¡`Ç^Í×O.
G Ìá =ü_O\ ÷ Õ UïHáH Ê Ju ã¬^¥#"³°Ø# ¶=¶~¡¾O - Hê<£ªO\ <Ë|° .
(Z_¨~¡°° èx YO_ÈO - S~Ë.)
G =°^Î¼^Î~, Zã~¡¬=òã^¥#° HeÀk - ¬¶Ç°* Hê°=.
G 1453 Õ @sø ~*ÿá# ï~O_È= =°¬ì=°à^£ Hê<£ªO\<Ë¬ô #° PãHq°OK_È°. (1543 Õ éO_£ä½ K³Ok# HË¬ißH¹
¬¶~¡¼öHOã^Î ²^¥O`xß ã¬ukOK_È°.)
G S~Ë "¬° ÿ=~¡¶ Hê<£ªO\<Ë¬ô Q®°O_¨ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Ê `Ç¶~¡°æ P²Ç¶^Í§ Õ =~¡ëHO KÍÇ°~^Îx P*ìý²OK_È°.
G nO`Ë Çü~Ë²Ç°#°Á ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ ¬=òã^Î=¶~¾xß H#°Qù#°@ä½ ¬OHeæOK~¡°.
G S~Ë Õ <ñHê / ¬=òã^ÎÇ¶#O#° ãé`Ç²ìOz# `ùe=¼H÷ë - "³ò^Î\ ÷ Ììãh.
Y
Ìæ~ò<£ - é~¡°óQ® ~*ÿá# Ììãh - I Pã¦²Hê ¬tó=°f~¡O KÍ~¡°ä½x JHø_#°O_ rãì~ [¬Okx ^¥\ ÷ L`Çë~¡
Pã¦²Hê Õx "³ò~HË(~[^¥x - ~¡ì`) KÍ~¡°Hùx uiy J^Í=¶~¡¾O Q®°O_¨ ¬°~¡H÷Æ`ÇOQê Ìæ~ò<£ä½ KÍ~¡°ä½<ß_È°. (rãì~
M
[¬Ok - J\ìÁO\ ÷H± { =°^Î¼^Î~ ¬=òã^¥#°, Pã¦²Hê { S~Ë#° H°¬ô`Ç°Ok).
G I "The Great Navigator" /
95 E
nO`Ë Ììãh - k ãöQ\ <qöQ@~ J<Í a~¡°^Î° ÚO^¥_È°.
9
G I
59
`Ç~Þ`Ç Ììãh - <qHê tHÆ}ì öHOã^ÎO#° U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
D
G ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ `ùeªiQê ¬=òã^Î=¶~¾xß H#°Qù#°@ä½ ì~¡ë Õ=ü¼_ÈÇ¶* Ìæ~ò<£ #°O_ 1485 Õ |Ç°°^Í~_È°.
CA
W`Ç_È° J\ìÁO\ ÷H± ^ÎH÷Æ} JãQ®O KÍ~¡°ä½<ß~¡°. JHø_È "`=~¡}O J#°äeOKÇH é=_ÈO`Ë =òO^Î°ä½ ªQ® èH Çü~¡¹ä½
50
uiy ã¬Ç¶}÷¬¶ë PãO`ÇO#ä½ ''`Ç°¦#° JQê^ÎOÑÑ / Cape of Storm Jx <=°H~¡}O KÍ§~¡°.
98
G D ãO`ÇO ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ ¬=òã^Î=¶~¡¾O#° H#°Qù#°@ä½ ãé`¬ìH~¡OQê LO_¨x ìqOz# ï~O_È=*ì<£ nxH÷
A
:8
"Cape of Goodhope / ×Ã¬¶KÇH JãQ®OÑÑ Jx À~¡° Ì\ì_È°.
h
<Ë\ : (ã¬¬OKÇO Õ JuÌ^Îí ï~O_È= / S PHê~¡O ÕQ® / JÁH ÕÁ`Ç / ÌìãiOQ·O_£ =°¬ð¬=òã^ÎO - J\ìÁO\÷H±
A E
.P
U.N.O U~æ@°ä½ Hê~¡}"³°Ø# J\ìÁO\÷H± K~¡~Ìá 1941 Õ (U.N.O. ~¡¶¬teæ) - F.D. ~¡¶*"³ Û { q<£¬<£
AB C
D
KÇió ° ¬O`ÇHO KÍ§~¡°.)

ER I
O
G ï~O_È=ªi ì~¡`Ç^Í×O#ä½ ¬=òã^Î=¶~¡¾O#° H#°Qù#°@ä½ |Ç°°^Íi#"_È° - ãH÷é¦¬~ HùO|¹.
G
CH
J\ìÁO\ ÷H± =°¬ð¬=òã^ÎO Õ `Ç# k× =¶i Hö~aÇ°<£ n=ô Õx ì~¡Ä_Ë¹ nqH÷ KÍ~¡°ä½<ß_È°. g\ ÷öH '"³²O_¹Ñ Jx
YD
<=°H~¡}O KÍ§_È°. J"³°iHê#° ä_¨ H#°Qù<ß_È°.
G V.A.Smith
,H
HùO|¹ J"³°iHê#° H#°Qù#°@ ''ã¬¬OKÇ PiÖH KÇiã`ÇÑÑ Õ =°¬ìÙ#ß`Ç ¬O¦¬°@# Jx =iâOK_È°.
G é~¡°óQ® (e¬Ä<£) ~*ÿá# ï~O_È= W=¶à#°¼= ì~¡`ä½ ¬=òã^Î=¶~¾xß H#°Qù#_¨xH÷ ''"ªéø_Qê=¶ÑÑ #° ãé`Ç²ìOK_È°.
AM
T
G "ªéø-_-Qê=¶ e¬Ä<£ #°O_ |Ç°°^Íi Cape of Goodhope ä½ KÍ~¡°ä½<ß_È°.

H
M
G JHø_È J|°í =°l^£ / <l J<Í =~¡ëä½_È° ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë 1498 "Í° 17# öH~¡× Õx HêeH\ä½ KÍ~¡°ä½<ß~¡°. D =¶~¾xß
AM
Cape Rout
IG
JO\ì~¡°.
G
KH
HêeH\ ä½_È° - *ì"Í°i<£ =O§xH÷ K³Ok# - *ì"Í°i<£ ~*ì =°#°qãH=°=~¡à.
G HêeH\ ã¬¬°ë`Ç À~¡° - HËlHË_£.

R
G "ªéø - _ - Qê=¶ 3 <ñH Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ KÍ~¡°ä½<ß_È°. Jq 3
1) Sao Gabriel - "ªéø-_-Qê=¶
2) Sao Rafael - Ï Õ-_È-Qê=¶ - "ªéø-_-Qê=¶ ªé^Î~¡°_È°.
3) Caravel Berrio - xHù"£ Hù~ò ìÝ
(ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ q^ÍjÇò_È° - "ªéø-_-Qê=¶ À~¡°`Ë #_È°¬°ë#ß UïHáH WO@~<Í+¬# Z~ò~ é~ QË" Õ H^Î°).
G "ªéø-_-Qê=¶ä½ *ì"Í°i<£ ¦¬°#ªÞQ®`ÇO ¬eH÷ J`ÇxH÷ Hê=²# ¬°Q®O^Î ã^Î"¼#° Wzó uiy Çü~¡¹ä½ ¬O_È°.
G "\ ÷x J=°àQê "ªéø-_-Qê=¶ä½ - 60 ï~@°Á ìO =zóOk.
G "ªéø-_-Qê=¶ 2= ªi 1502 JHË|~ 30# ì~¡`ä½ =Kó_È°.
G "ªéø - _ - Qê=¶ 1502 Õ `ùe / ã¬^Î=° =~¡ëH öHOã^ÎO#° Hùzó<£ Õ U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
G é~¡°ów¹ "i ã¬=òY =òY¼"³°Ø# =~¡ëH öHOã^ÎO - QË".

G "ªéø - _ - Qê=¶ =° èiÇ¶ "¼k`Ë 1524 _ÜO|~¡° 24# Hùzó Õ =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
G "ªéø - _ - Qê=¶ `Ç~Þ`Ç ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ =zó# é~¡°ów¬° =~¡ëä½_È° - Ì¦ã_Ë J ìÞï~* Hêãÿ . Hêã| ãÿl #°
H#°Qù<ß_È°. (ã¬¬OKÇO Õ Hê¦Ôx Zä½ø=Qê ¬O_OKÍ ^Í×O - ãÿl . nx ~[^¥x - ãÿ²eÇ¶ - Hï~h - iÇ¶ )
G ì~¡` Õ ã~¡OaOz# S~Ë =~¡ëH ªÖ=~#° - ¦¼Hs° JO\ì~¡°.
G ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ `ùeªiQê =zó z=iªiQê "³o¤é~ò# S~Ë"~¡° - é~¡°ów¬°. (1961 _ÌO|~¡° 18)
=òY¼"³°Ø# é~¡°ów¹ Q®=~¡ß~°

v ã¦x¹ - _ - Jeà_¨ :
G `ùe é~¡°ów¹ Q®=~¡ß~
Y
Blue water policy / he h\ ÷ q^¥#O#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
G D q^¥#O ^¥Þ~¡ g~¡° ì~¡`³òHø JO`Ç~¡¾`Ç q+¬Ç¶ Õ *ÕH¼O KÍ¬°HËä½O_¨ Jö~aÇ¶ ¬=òã^ÎOÌá Q®°`k¬`Ç¼O
M
ªkOKÇ°@ä½ ã¬Ç°ußOK~¡°.
G G
95 E
Jeà_¨ [_Ë" =^Îí =~¡ëH öHOã^ÎO#° ªÖ²OK_È°. Q®°[~`, J~¡|°Ä =~¡ëä½`Ë x~¡O`Ç~¡O Çò^¥° KÍÀ"_È°.
9
G
59
`Ç~Þu Q®=~¡ß~ - P°ÄHÞ~ø.
D
v Pæ<Ë - _ - P°ÄHÞ~ø :
G
CA
50
P°ÄHÞ~ø he h\ ÷ q^¥#O#° ~¡^Î°í KÍ§_È°.
98
1510 Õ NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° ¬¬ìHê~¡O`Ë c*ì¬î~ ¬° ìë#°#°O_ ''QË"ÑÑ#° PãHq°OK_È°.
A
G → →
P°ÄHÞ~ø NH$+¬â^Í=~Ç°° ì|~° ¬=°Hêeä½°.
:8
G ì~¡fÇ° =°²ì×#° q"¬ì=¶_È=°x P°ÄHÞ~ø é~¡°ów¹"ix ãé`Ç²ìOK_È°. ì~¡fÇòä½ L^Ë¼Q® J=Hê§°
h
A E
.P
HeæOK_È°.
G
AB C
D
ì~¡` Õ é~¡°ów¬° ''=~¡ëH ªã=¶*ì¼xH÷ÑÑ ¬ô<^Î°° "Í§_È°.

ER I
v q<Ë^¥ - ä½<Ý :
O
G ~[^¥xx 1530 Õ Hùzó #°O_ QË"ä½ =¶ió#k q<Ë^¥ - ä½<Ý.

CH
G
YD
1534 Õ Q®°[~` #°O_ è²<£ |Ìå<£#° PãHq°OK_È°.
G _ÈÇü¼ Hù~¡ä½ Q®°[~` ä½_È° J~ò# |¬^Î¶~`Ë Çò^ÎO KÍ² |¬ì^Î¶~#° Jö~aÇ¶ ¬=òã^ÎO Õ =òOz
,H
=òOz KÇO_È°.
AM
T
v =¶i<£ - Pæ<Ë - _ªÏ*ì :

H
M
G
AM
_ªÏ*ì `Ë @° ã¬=òY *ÿ¬¶\ ¢ïHá¬ë= =°`K~¡°¼_³á# ''Ì~òO\ - ã¦xªÚø - öQûqÇ°~ÑÑ ì~¡`ä½ =Kó_È°.
IG
G öQûqÇ°~ - <Q®¬@}O Õx =°`Ç¼Hê~¡°#° ¢ïHá¬Ö==°`ÇO ÕH÷ =¶~¡ó_È°.

KH
G öQûqÇ°~ ¬=¶k - QË" Õ H^Î°.
G
R
z=i é~¡°ów¹ Q®=~¡ß~ - ''_¨<£ *ì"Ë Hêãªé =¶<£"³ PO\ìx³¶ D²ÞÑÑ
G é~¡°ów¹ "i `ùe =~¡ëH ªÖ=~¡O - Hùzó, ã¬=òY =~¡ëH öHOã^ÎO - QË" HêQê `Ç¶~¡°æf~¡O Õ / POã^Î Õ é~¡°ów¹
"i =~¡ëH öHOã^ÎO - =°zb¬@ßO (1670)
G gi "}÷[¼ q^¥#O - UHª=°¼ q^¥#O.
G `ùeªiQê ¬=òã^Î "¼~¡O Õ ÿáÌ<£ / Cartaz q^¥#O#° é~¡°ów¬° "~¡° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì~¡°.
G é~¡°ów¹ "~¡° - ÚQêä½, q°~¡¬, |OQê×^Î°O¬, @=¶@ ¬O@#° ì~¡`ä½ ¬iKÇÇ°O KÍ§~¡°. =sûxÇ¶ ÚQêä½#°
JHÄ~ HêO Õ ã¬"Í×Ì\ì~¡°. [¬ìOw~ ~¡^Î°í KÍ§_È°.
G JKÇ°óÇ°Oã`ÇO#° ä_¨ é~¡°ów¹ "ö~ ã¬"Í×Ì\ì~¡°.
G 1661 Õ é~¡°ów¹ Çò=~}÷ ''"Í°i Hê¼`Çi<£ P¦¹ ãaQêO*ìÑÑ ãa\ ©+¹ Çò=~A ï~O_È= Kï~Á¹#° q"¬ìO KÍ¬°Hùx
H@ßOQê ìOè ö~=ô ¬@}O / Ì~òO\ _Íq_£ HË@#° H@ßOQê WzóOk. ìOè ¬@} ~¡¶¬teæ - ïQ~ JOr~.

G 1961 Dec 18 - 19 "Operation Vijay" ^¥Þ~ é~¡°ów¹ "i#°O_ QË", _Èü
Ç ¼, _¨=°<£#° ì~¡` Õ qb#O KÍ§~¡°.
G <\ ÷ Home minister - L.B. §¢²ë - ''*ÿá ["<£, *ÿá H÷ª<£ÑÑ
G <\ ÷ Supreme Commonder in Chief - K.P. Khadeath.
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O #°O_ z=iQê "³o¤é~ò# S~Ë"¬°° - é~¡°ów¬°"~¡°.
v III WOQêÁO_£ / ãa\©+¹ / POöQÁÇò° :

G 18= ×`|íO Õ iã§q°H q¬Á=O ã~¡O"³°Ø# ãO`ÇO - WOQêÁO_£. gi ~[^¥x J~ò# O_È<£ - ^Í"£° #nf~#
H^Î°. g~¡° ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ =zó# 3= S~Ë "¬°°. ã¬¬OKÇO Õ `ùe ~*ì¼OQ®O gi^Í. (`ùe ed`Ç ~*ì¼OQ®O -
J"³°iHê, JuÌ^Îí ~*ì¼OQ®O - ì~¡`Ç~*ì¼OQ®O)
G ãa\ ©+¹ "i `ùe =~¡ëH öHOã^ÎO - ¬¶~¡` (1600) HêQê ã¬=òY ã¬^¥#=~¡ëH öHOã^ÎO -
HH`ë *ìKÇ¶~ßH±.
Y
- nx x~à`Ç
G BEIC x 1599 Õ ''=°~¡óO\ J_ÈÞOKÇ~ ãQ®¶¹ÑÑ J<Í ¬O¬Ö U~æ@°KÍ²Ok.
M
G D HOÌhx ãa\ ÷+¹~}÷ Z[ÿ`-1, 1600 _ÌO|~ 31# P"³¶kOz#k.
G 70,000 Pounds, 24 Directors Bord
95 E
Wk ^¥Þ~ U~æ@° KÍÇ°|_Ok. ãa\ ÷+¹ <ñH
9
59
ÌìHê~ *è"£° OHê¬~ P^ÎÞ~¡¼O Õ ¬¶~¡`ä½ KÍ~¡°`Ç°Ok.
D
G 1608 - ïHÌ<£ qeÇ°O ¬ðH©<£ BEIC ~Ç°ìiQê [¬ìOw~ PªÖ<xß ¬O^ÎiÅOz ¬¶~¡` =^Îí §×Þ`Ç =~¡ëHªÖ=~¡O
CA
U~æ@°ä½ J#°=°u ÚO^Î_ÈO Õ q¦¬=°Ç¶¼_È°.
50
G 1611 - ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ Ê `Ç¶~¡°æf~¡O Õ ãa\ ©+¹ "i "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ =~¡ëHªÖ=~¡O - ïHÌ<£ ²ì¬æ<£ (4= <ñH
98
A
QËÁ) U~æ@° KÍ§_È°. :8
G 1613 - ãa\ ©+¹ ïHÌ<£ ÿ¹ é~¡°ów¬° "ix ªbÞÇò^ÎO Õ F_Oz [¬ìOw~KÍ ¬¶~¡` =^Îí §×Þ`Ç =~¡ëHªÖ=~¡
h
A E
.P
U~æ@°ä½ J#°=°uÚO^¥_È°.
G
AB C
1615 ¬~ ^¥=°¹~Ë#°

D
- ãa\ ©+¹~A "³ò^Î\ ÷ *è"£° - `Ç# ~Ç°ìiQê [¬ìOw~ PªÖ<xH÷ ¬O_È°.

ER I
- ^¥=°¹~Ë ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ÕQ® "³ò¦¬° ªã=¶[¼O Õ ZHø_³á< =~¡ëH öHOã^ÎO#° U~æ@°KÍ¬°Hù#°@ä½ [¬ìOw~
O
#°Oz J#°=°u ÚO^¥_È°.
G 1621 - g~¡° ¬ôeHê\ =^Îí =~¡ëH öHOã^ÎO#° ªÖ²OK~¡°.

CH
G
YD
1633 - ì ìªé~ =^Îí `Ç¶~¡°æì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ãa\ ©+¹"i `ùe =~¡ëH öHOã^ÎO ªÖ²OKÇ|_Ok. W^Í ¬O=`Ç~¡O Õ
,H
¬ìi¬ì~¡¬ô~¡ =^Îí ä_¨ =~¡ëH öHOã^ÎO ªÖ²OK~¡°.
G 1639 - KÇOã^Îyi ä½_È° 3= "ÍOH@¬u~Ç°° =°ã^¥¹ =^Îí =~¡ëH ªÖ=~¡O ªÖ²OKÇ°Hù#°@ä½ 'ã¦x¹ _ÍÑ
AM
T
(=°ã^¥¹ x~à`Ç) ä½ J#°=°ux WKó_È°.

H
M
- nxH÷ =°^Î¼=ië`ÇÞO KÍ²Ok ^¥"³°~¡Á ªé^Î~¡° ÿá# "ÍOH\ìãk<Çò_È°, JÇ°¼¬æ<Çò_È°°.

AM
IG
- ãa\ ©+¹"~¡° ^¥"³°~¡Á ªé^Î~¡° `ÇOã_Qêï~á# K³#ß¬æ À~¡°`Ë - K³#ß¬@}O#° U~æ@° KÍ§~¡°.
KH
- =°ã^¥¹ Õ ãa\ ©+¹ "~¡° Ì~òO\ *ì~û 1639 Aug 22 # ã~¡OaOz 1641 Sep 24 # ¬îiëKÍ§~¡°.
G 1651 - ÿOQê , c¬ð~, ¬wÁ, HêmO|*ì~, \ìß, _¨Hê Õ =~¡ëH öHOã^¥° ªÖ²OK~¡°.
R
G 1657 - BEIC K~¡~ P¦¹ ãHê"£°"³ ã¬Hê~¡O ''*ì~òO\ ªH± HOÌhÑÑQê =¶iOk. BEICH÷ =¼uö~HOQê ''WOwÁ+¹
HOÌh P¦¹ =°~¡óO\, ã>è_OQ· @°k D²O_¹ÑÑ J<Í HOÌh U~¡æ_Ok.
G 1667 - =°ã^¥¹#° ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ `ùe =òxe\ ©Qê ã¬H\ ÷OK~¡°. 1668 #°O_ J=°° ÕH÷ =zóOk.
G 1668 - ï~O_È= Kï~Á¹ Ì~òO\ _Íq_£ / ìOè HË@#° BEIC hH÷ §×Þ`ÇOQê bAä½ WKó_È°.
G 1698 - HbH`Ç { QËqO^¥¬î~ { ¬°`Ç<ñu ° BEICH÷ W=Þ|_¨Û~ò. D =ü_È° ãQê=¶ H~òH<Í HH`ë
JO\ì~¡°. HH`ë Õ ãa\ ©+¹ "~¡° =ü_È= qeÇ°O *ìý¬Hê~¡O ''é~qeÇ°OÑÑ#° xiàOK~¡°.
G 1715 - é~¡° qeÇ°O J^Î¼äÆ½_È° - *ì<£ ¬°~à<£, "³á^Î°¼_È° - qeÇ°O ¬ìÙq°<£ ãa\ ©+¹ JkHêi ²Ì¦ ¬<£°
"³ò¦¬° KÇãH=ië ¦¬~¡¶H±+²Ç°~ PªÖ<xß ¬O^ÎiÅOK~¡°. ¦¬~¡¶H±+²Ç°~ ä½+¬µ»"¼k è^¥ ~KÇ¬ôO_È°`Ë
ì^Î¬_È°`Ç°<ß_È°. qeÇ°O ¬ðq°<£ ¦¬~¡¶H±+²Ç°~ ~KÇ¬ôO_È° / "¼kx `Çä½ø= HêO Õ #Ç°OKÍ§_È°.

G 1717 - K ì ¬O`Ë+¬¬_ÈÛ ¦¬~¡¶H±+²Ç°~ |OQê~¡° ¦¬~¡à<#° / ã¦Ô^Î¬ëH±#° *ìsKÍ§_È°.
- nx ã¬Hê~¡O BEIC ¬OIIxH÷ 3 "Í° K³eÁOz ÿOQê , Q®°[~`, ^ÎHø<£ (Hyd) Õ Z@°=O\ ÷ ¬°OH=ò°
K³eÁOKÇä½O_¨ Ç°^ÍKÇóQê =~¡ëHO KÍ¬°ä½<Í JkHê~¡O. nx<Í "Magna Carta of Company" JO\ì~¡°.
- (Magna Carta J#Qê Ì^Îí / Qù¬æ X¬æO^ÎO Jx J~¡ÖO. Magna Carta of India 1854 - L_£ Z_È°¼öH+¬<£
_ªæK)
- 1636 POã^Î Õ ãa\ ©+¹ "iH÷ ÀÞKÇóQê "¼~¡O Hù~¡ä½ J|°í ìÁ ä½`Ç° J#°=°uxKó_È°.
G WOQêÁO_£ ~¡q J¬ëq°OKÇx ãa\ ©+¹ ªã=¶[¼OQê À~¡°QêOz ã¬¬OKÇO Õ ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼O ÚO^Îx UïHáH ^Í×O - WOQêÁO_È°.
v IV _Í<£ / _³<à~ø / _Íx+¹"~¡° :

G ~[^¥x - HùÌ<£¬ðQ®<£.
Y
''_Í<£ D²O_Ç¶ HOÌhÑÑ 1616 Õ ªÖ²OKÇ|_Ok. ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ¬ÞæHêO =~¡ëHO ªyOz#"~¡°.
M
`Ç=° ï~O_È° ªÖ=~ ÿá# 1) ã\ìOHËì~ (Tamilnadu) (1620) 2) À~¡O¬î~ (West Bengal) 1676 (ã¬^¥#"³°Ø#k)
1845 Õ ãa\ ©+¹ Q®=~¡ß~ [#ß ¬ìiO* -I ä½ 120 HÆ° / 1 HË\ ÷ 20 HÆä½ J"Í°à² ì~¡`#° =ke "³ì¤~¡°.
95 E
g~¡° ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ¢ïHá¬ë= q°+¬#s Hê~¡¼H ì#° Hù#ªy¬¶ë K³á<`Ë =~¡ëHO KÍÀ"~¡°.
9
ãÌ¦Oz "~¡° :
59
v
D
V
CA
~[^¥x s¹ - Ô<£ #k X_È°Û# H^Î°.
50
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ "¼~¡~¡OQ®O Õ z@z=~¡ J_È°Q®°Ì\ ÷# S~Ë"~¡° ãÌ¦Oz.
98
G ãÌ¦Oz "i `ùe =~¡ëH öHOã^ÎO ¬¶~¡` HêQê ã¬=òY / ã¬^¥#"³°Ø#k O_KÍói.
A
G ãÌ¦OK D²O_Ç¶ HOÌhx ã¦<£~*ÿá# 14= ¶~ò ³òHø PiÖH=°Oãu.
:8 HËÄ~ 1664 Õ ªÖ²OK_È°.
G
h
nx J¬°À~¡° Compaignile Des Indies Orientals.
A E
.P
G ã¬°`ÇÞ~¡OQêxH÷ K³Ok# UïHáH D¹ WO_Ç¶ HOÌh.

AB C
D
<Ë\ : ã¦<£ #°O_ Q®`ÇO Õ J_y# ã¬×ß°

ER I
G ã¦<£#° eOz# =O×O ¶~¡Ä<£, ~A#° ¶~ò° JO\ì~¡°.

O
G 14= ¶~ò - 30 ¬OII xiÞ~=° Çò^¥ ^¥Þ~ Y*ì< Mìm J~ò¼Ok.

CH
- =ï~ Õ `ùeªiQê J^¥í =<xß xiàOK_È°.

YD
- "³á"ËÀ`Ç KÇãH=ië, Sunking Jx ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ°ä½<ß_È°.

,H
I am the State / <Í<Í ~[¼O.

AM
T
I am the God / <Í<Í ^Í=ôxß, <Í#° ^Í=ôx h_È#° Jx ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ°ä½<ß~¡°.

H
15= ¶~ò
M
- ã¬^¥x - *Õ =¶[i<£ - ì~¡¼ - "Í°_ÈO _OÌO_È~.

AM
- < `Ç~Þ`Ç ã¬×Ç°O =¬°ëO^Îx À~ùø<ß_È°.

IG
16= ¶~ò - ì~¡¼ - "Í°i JO`Ç°"<Í\

KH
- PiÖH =°Oã`Ç°° - @~Ë¾, <³Hø~, H Õ<£.

R
18= ¶~ò - <³ÚeÇ°<£ Z ìÄnqH÷ |OnQê ¬O¬|_#¬ô_È° ã¦<£ ~A.
- <³éeÇ°<£ ~H`Ë WOQêÁO_È°ä½ iéÇ¶_È°.
i¹ - UNESCO ã¬^¥#Hê~¼Ç°O, D¦² @=~° i¹ Õ H=ô.
- 1919 <<*ìu ¬q°u U~æ@°Hù~¡ä½ Lã_Ëq<£. (<<*ìu ¬q°u ~¡¶¬teæ) <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ
[iy# ¬=¶"Í×O.
; ã¦<£ ã¬¬°ë`Ç J^Î¼äÆ½_È° - ã¦OHË~ò¹ ¬ìÙ ìO_£
; ã¬¬OKÇ q¬Á"ä½ =¶`Ç - ãÌ¦OK q¬Á=O ì² HË@ ¬`Ç#O. 1789 A ÿá 14 ã¦<£ *ìfÇ° k#O.
; ÀÞKÇó, ¬=¶#`ÇÞO, ªÏãì`Ç$`ÇÞO ãÌ¦Oz q¬Á= x<^ÎO.
; ãÌ¦Oz Ìáxä½x À~¡° - ¬î°.
; ~¡¶ªé - "The Social Contract Theory " / ªO¦²°H X_ÈO|_H ²^¥O`ÇO.

; Zq°e (q^¥¼i) J<Í ãQ®O^¥° ~§_È°.
; =¶#=ô_È° ÀÞKÇóQê [xàOKÇ|_#¬æ\ ÷H©, Jxß"Í× ì ¬$OY ì|^Î°í_È° (Man is born Free but everywhere in
his chains) - ~¡¶ªé.
; ã¦<£ J^Î¼äÆ½_ x"¬ =#O - ZeÔ=<£
; Go back to Nature - ~¡¶ªé.
; Go back to the Vedhas - Swami Dayanandha Saraswathi.
G 1668 Õ ãÌ¦Oz "i `ùe=~¡ëH ªÖ=~¡O - ¬¶~¡`=^Îí ªÖ²OK~¡° (ã¦x¹ Hê~¡<£)
G 1669 Õ 2= ªÖ=~xß - =°zb¬@ßO - =°Hê~ ªÖ²OK_È° (`Ç¶~¡°æ f~¡O Õ)
G 1673 Õ P~ø\ ä½_³á# À+~Mì<£ Õ_ "eHùO_¨¬ô~¡O#° ãÌ¦OK JkHê~¡° ÿá# ã¦OHË~ò¹ =¶i<£, ÿ ìÁOl~ - _ -
ÿ²æ<Íä½ WKó_È°.
Y
G ãÌ¦OK `ùe Q®=~¡ß~ J~ò# ã¦OHË~ò¹ =¶i<£ "eHùO_¨¬ô~¡O#° O_KÍóiQê Ja=$kí KÍ§_È°.
M
1721 Õ =¶i+¬#
¹ ° PãHq°OK~¡°. 1725 Õ Ç¶<O, =°Àì, HêeH\ ãO`#° ÚOki. 1739 Õ H~
ï H
á #° ÚO^¥~¡°.
G 1760 Õ =O^Î"² / "O_"+¹ Çò^ÎO Õ ãa\ ©+¹ [#~¡ S~ä\ =°iÇò ãÌ¦OK Q®=~¡ß [#ß HÒO\ - _ - ìb,
95 E
9
|°Ô#° F_OKÇ_ÈO`Ë ãÌ¦Oz"~¡° ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ¬îiëQê `Ç=° Pk¬`Ç¼O#° HË Õæ~ò O_KÍóiH÷ =¶ã`Ç"Í° ¬iq°`Ç"³°Ø<~¡°.
59
G
D
O_KÍói / ¬ô^Î°KÍói J#Qê `Çq°×O Õ Ja=$k K³Ok# ãQê=°O Jx J~¡ÖO.
G O_KÍói Õ 4 ãO`° H=ô.
CA
50
1) O_KÍói (`Çq°×<_È°) 2) Hï~áH (`Çq°×<_È°) 3) Ç¶<O (POã^Îã¬^Í)
98
4) =°Àì (öH~¡×) (ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ Juz#ß l ìÁ - =°Àì.)
A
:8
h
A E
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
.P
AB C
D
1. "ªéø_Qê=¶ ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ U ¬OII Õ ~=_È"³°ØOk ? 7. _ÈK"~¡° J#Qê ?

ER I
1) 1496 2) 1497 1) é ÿO_£ 2) ¬ì ÿO_£

O
3) 1498 4) 1499 3) ²Þ@û~ÁO_£ 4) WOQêÁO_£

CH
2. ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ =zó# `ùe S~Ë"~¡° ? 8. heh@ q^¥#O ã¬"Í×Ì\ ÷Ok ?

YD
1) é~¡°ów¬° 2) _Èzó 1) ãxªéø_¨ Peà_¨

,H
3) ãa\ ©+¹ 4) JO^Î~¡¶ 2) |°²

AM
T
3. ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ `ùe é~¡ów¹ Q®=~¡ß~ ? 3) P°ÄH~ø

H
M
1) ãxªéø_ Pà_¨ 2) P°ÄH~ø 4) "ªéø_Qê=¶

AM
3) "ªéø_Qê=¶ 4) |°² 9. JOì~ò< ¬ì`¼HêO_È [iy# ¬OII ?

IG
KH
4. J°ÄH~ø =°~¡}÷Oz# ãO`ÇO ? 1) 1629 2) 1628
1) Hùzó<£ 2) QË" 3) 1627 4) 1632

R
3) =°KÇb¬@ßO 4) HêeH\ 10. ì~¡` #°Oz z=~¡ "³oÁ# S~Ë"~¡° ?
5. ì~¡` Õ é~¡°ów¬° "i ã¬^¥# ªÖ=~¡O ? 1) é~¡°ów¹ 2) _ÈK
1) Hùzó<£ 2) QË" 3) ãw¹ 4) WOQ®ÁO_£
3) =°zb¬@ßO 4) HêeH\
["|°°
6. ì~¡` Õ _ÈK "i `ùeªÖ=~¡O ?
1) Hùzó<£ 2) QË"
1) 3 2) 1 3) 1 4) 2 5) 2
3) =°zb¬@ßO 4) HêeH\
6) 3 7) 2 8) 3 9) 1 10) 1

G ãa\ ©+¹ "~¡° ì~¡`Ç^Í§xß qq^Î ^Î× Õ PãHq°OK~¡°.
G "³ò^Î\ ÷Qê P~ø\(1763) P`Ç~Þ`Ç =~¡°¬Qê 2) ÿOQê (1764), 3) "³°Ø¬¶~(1799), 4) =°~~ -1818 4) ²O^£(1843)
Y
6) ¬O*ì(1849) 7) J=^£(1856) #° PãHq°OK~¡°.
M
(§×Þ`Ç t¬°ë x~¡âÇ°¬^Îu (1793 Hê~¡<£"b¹ ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°), Ìá#¼ ¬¬ìHê~¡¬^Îu - 1798 "³ÁÔÁ ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
^ÍO
× Õ<Í nxx ÔÞHiOz# `ùe ä½_È° Ìáì^Î~ì^£ x*ìO - x*ìO PbMì<£ (2= x*ìO), ~[¼ ¬OãH=°} ²^¥O`ÇO.
95 E
9
1848 _È ºÝ² ã¬"Í×Ì\ ÷ D q^¥#O ^¥Þ~¡ PãHq°Oz# `ùe ãO`ÇO ¬`~¡ ãu¬kH# JkHê~¡ q¬ë~¡} [iyOk).
59
D
G ãa\ ©+¹, ãÌ¦OK"~¡° ì~¡`Ç^Í× ~A |Ôì#`Ç#°, JO`Ç~¡¾`Ç H¬ð#° J=Hê×OQê KÍ¬°Hùx "i ~[H©Ç¶ Õ
CA
`Ç^Î¶~¡ó_ÈO "³ò^Î°Ì\ì~¡°.
50
^ÎHø<£ Õ ãa\ ©+¹, ãÌ¦OK"~¡° `Ç=° Pk¬`Ç¼OHË¬O KÍ²# Çò^¥í<Í POQËÁ - H~â@H (ãÌ¦OK) Çò^¥° JO\ì~¡°.
98
1744 #°O_ 1763 =~¡ä½ 3 H~â@H Çò^¥° [iQê~ò.
A
G "³òQ® c*ì¬î~, QË çøO_È #°O_ PãHq°Oz# ãO`#° H~â@H
:8
JO\ì~¡°. nx ~[^¥x - P~ø\.
G 1707 Õ B~¡OQ®*è =°~¡}÷OKÇ_ÈO`Ë H~â@H #°O_ ¬Þ`ÇOã`ÇO#° ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ°ä½#ß ~A - ª^Î°`Ç° ìÁ Mì<£.
h
A E
G
.P
ª^Î`Ç° ìÁMì<£ `Ç~Þ`Ç ä½_È° - ^Ë¹ëJb.
G
AB C
D
^Ë¹ëJb J°Á_È° - KÇO^¥ªÀì (J¬° À~¡° ¬À<£ ^Ë¹ëJb)
G
ER I
=°¬ð~¢+¬µ`Ë [iy# Çò^ÎO Õ ^Ë¹ëJb =°~¡}÷OKÇQê =°¬ð~¢+¬µKÍ |OkO¬|_# "_È° - KÇO^¥ªÀì.
G
O
D ¬=°Ç°O Õ Ìáì^Î~ì^£ x*ìO x*ìO-L -=ò ø H~â@H ä½_Qê J#Þ~¡°n<£#° `Ç# ã¬uxkQê xe_È°.
G
CH
J#Þ~¡°n<£ HêO Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷, ï~O_È= H~â@H Çò^¥° [iQê~ò.

YD
1 . "³ò^Î\÷ H~â@H Çò^ÎO : (1746-48)

,H
G ãa\ ©+¹, ãÌ¦OK "i=°^Î¼ "³ò^Î\ ÷ POQËÁ - H~â@H Çò^ÎO ã~¡OìxH÷ Hê~¡}O - P¢²Ç¶ "~¡¬`ÇÞ Çò^ÎO.
AM
T
G |OQêìMì`ÇO Õ Q® ãÌ¦OK <ñHÌá ^¥_KÍ²# ãa\ ©+¹ [~¡ß - ìï~ß\.
G
H
M
ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ãÌ¦OK [#~¡ J~ò# _È¶ÀÁ =¶i+¬+¹ Õ L#ß OÕ~ËÛ<~ò¹`Ë =°ã^¥¬° PãHq°OK~¡°. Hêh OÕ~ËÛ<~ò¹
AM
OKÇO f¬°Hùx =°ã^¥¹#° ãa\ ©+¹ "iH÷ J¬æyOz uiy =¶i+¬¹ä½ "³o¤éÇ¶_È°.
IG
G
KH
_È¶ÀÁ J#Þ~¡°n<£`Ë XH X¬æO^ÎO ä½^Î°~¡°óHùx =°ã^¥¹#° uiy PãHq°OK_È°. nO`Ë =°ã^¥¬°#° J#Þ~¡°n<£ä½ W"Þe
Hêx _È¶ÀÁ =°ã^¥¹#° W=Þ_¨xH÷ x~HiOK_È°.

R
G J#Þ~¡°n<£ 10 "Í Ìá#¼O#° =°ã^¥¹ "³

á ô¬ ä½ ¬O¬Qê, _È¶ÀÁ 500 Ìá#¼O#° ¼~¡_*
á³ <Í`$
Ç `ÇÞO Õ H~ß@H "³
á ô¬ ¬O_È°.
1748 Õ gi^Îíi =°^Î¼ §O^Ë"£° è^¥ J_ÈÇ¶~ Çò^ÎO [~¡°Q®Qê J#Þ~¡°n<£ Ìá#¼O F_OKÇ|_Ok.
G P^Î°xH ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç Õ ¬Þ^Íj, q^Íj Ìá<¼ä½ [iy# `ùeÇò^ÎO. 1748 E<£ Õ WOQêÁO_£ #°O_ ''ö~~ J_à~¡
ì¹Hê"³<£ÑÑ <ñHê^Î×O ãÌ¦OK ªÖ=~¡O J~ò# O_KÍóiÌá ^¥_KÍ²Ok.
G 1748 Õ ã¦<£ Õx ¬@}O J~ò# ZH±- ì-KÌ X¬æO^ÎO ã¬Hê~¡O Pã²Ç¶ "~¡¬`ÇÞ Çò^ÎO JO`ÇO Hê=_ÈO`Ë<Í
ì~¡` Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ H~â@H Çò^ÎO ä_¨ JO`Ç"³°ØOk.
2 . ï~O_È= POQËÁ - H~â@H Çò^ÎO : (1749-54)
G 1724 Õ Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ~*ì¼xß ªÖ²Oz# x*ìO-L -=ò ø 1748 Õ =°~¡}÷OKÇ_ÈO`Ë J`Çx ä½=¶~¡°_³á# <[~[OQ·
Ìáì^Î~ì^£ #" JÇ¶¼_È°.

G <[~[OQ·#° `ùyOz =ò[¦¬~[OQ· Ìáì^Î~ì^£ #" Hê"#°ä½<ß_È° (x*ìO-L -=ò ø =°#=_È°, ÿá~¡°hß¬
ä½=¶~¡°_È°)
G _È¶ÀÁ KÇO^¥ªÌì, =ò[¦¬~[OQ·ä½ =°^Î`Ç°¬eHê_È°.
G _È¶ÀÁ, KÇO^¥ªÀì, =ò[¦¬~[OQ·, H_È¬, H~¡¶ß° #"|°ä½ <Ç°ä½_³á# ²ì=°à`Mì<£° 1749 Õ JO|¶~ Çò^ÎO Õ
J#Þ~¡°n<£#° =kOz KÇO^¥ªÀì#° H~â@Hä½ #"Qê ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°.
G J#Þ~¡°n<£ ä½=¶~¡°_È° =°¬ìà^£Jb u~¡°KÇ°<¬eÁH÷ iéÇ¶_È°.
G _È¶ÀÁ ä@q°KÍ 1750 Õ <[~[OQ· =kO¬|_ =ò[¦¬~[OQ· Ìáì^Î~ì^£ #"Qê ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ|_¨Û_È°.
G =°zb¬@ßO, Ç¶<O, kq ãO`#° _È¶ÀÁä½ WKó_È°.
G 1751 Õ H_È¬ Õx ~Ç°KË\ ÷ ^ÎQ®¾~¡Q® H÷øï~_Û¬eÁ =^Îí =ò[¦¬~[OQ· ²ì=°à`Mì<£#° ¬ì`Ç¼KÍ§_È°.
G Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ãÌ¦OK JkHêi |°Ô ¬ ì¬`[OQ·#° Ìáì^Î~ì^£ #"Qê KÍ§_È°.
Y
¬ ì¬`[OQ· 1752 Õ L`Çë~¡¬~ø~ Õ (HùO_È¬eÁ, U¶~¡°, ~[=°Oã_, NHêä½×O) ãÌ¦Oz "iH÷ WKó_È°.
G 1752 ~|~ïHÁå"£ (u~¡°KÇ°<¬eÁ ÌáxH JkHêi) 500 Ìá#¼O`Ë P~ø\ Ìá ^¥_KÍ² KÇO^¥ ªÀì#° F_Oz PãHq°Oz
M
''P~ø\ g~¡°_È°ÑÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î° ÚO^¥_È°.
95 E
=°¬ìà^£Jbx H~â@H #"Qê ã¬H\ ÷Oz =Á*ì J<Í a~¡°^Î°x=Þ_ÈO Õ =°¬ìà^£Jb =O×O =Á*ì =O×OQê ã¬²kïHH÷øOk.
9
G Q®^¥¬ìÙ/Qê_£¬ú¼#°
59
ãÌ¦Oz"i F@q°`Ë _È¶ÀÁ ªÖ#O Õ ãÌ¦Oz Q®=~¡ß~Qê ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ ¬O²Ok.
D
G 1754 Q®^¥¬ìÙ ãa\ ©+¹ "i`Ë ''O_KÍóiÑÑ X¬æO^ÎO#° ä½^Î°~¡°óHù#_ÈO`Ë 2= H~â@H Çò^ÎO JO`ÇO J~ò¼Ok.
CA
50
3 . =ü_È= H~â@H Çò^ÎO (1756-63) :
98
S~Ë Õ 1756-63 =°^Î¼HêO Õ [iy# ''¬¬ë=~¡Â ¬OãQê=°OÑÑ HêO Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ [iy# Çò^ÎO.
A
G <\ ÷ ãÌ¦OK À<x-HÒO\-_- ìe HêQê ãa\ ©+¹ À<k¬u - ¬~ S=~ä\.
:8
G
h
1757 Õ HÒO\-_- ìe <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ ãÌ¦OK <ñHê^Î×O ì~¡`ä½ =zó 1758 Õ POöQÁÇò =~¡ëH ªÖ=~¡O J~ò#
A E
.P
H_È¶~¡°#° PãHq°OzOk.
AB C
G
D
HÒO\-_- ìe =°ã^¥¹ PãH=°} Õ ìQ®OQê Ìáì^Î~ì^£ Õx |°²x ~¡=°àx P^ÍtOK_È°.
G
ER I
|°Ô Ìáì^Î~ì^£x g_ÈQê<Í POöQÁÇò° L`Çë~¡ ¬~ø~¡°#° PãHq°OK~¡°.

O
G 1760 Õ [iy# =O^Î"²/"O_"+¹ Çò^ÎO Õ ãa\ ÷+¹À<x S~¡ä\, ãÌ¦Oz [#~¡ HÒO\-_- ìe =°iÇò |°Ô#°
CH
F_OK_È°.
YD
G =O^Î"² Çò^ÎO `Ç~Þ`Ç POöQÁÇò° O_KÍói =°Àì, lOr J<Í ãÌ¦OzªÖ=~#° PãHq°OK~¡°.
G
,H
1761 Õ [#=i HÒO\-_- ìe ¬îiëQê çOyéÇ¶_È°. nO`Ë ì~¡` Õ ãÌ¦Oz "i Pk¬`Ç¼O ¬îiëQê JO`Ç"³°Ø#k.
G 1763 Õ ''i¹ÑÑ ¬Ok`Ë S~Ë Õ ¬¬ë=~¡Â ¬OãQê=°O JO`Ç"³°ØOk. nO`Ë ì~¡` Õ 3= H~â@H Çò^ÎO JO`Ç"³°ØOk.
AM
T
G ãÌ¦Oz"~¡° O_KÍóiH÷ =¶ã`Ç"Í° ¬iq°`Ç"³°ØÇ¶¼~¡°. O_KÍói J#Qê - O_KÍói, Hï~áH , Ç¶<O, =°Àì J<Í 4
H
M
ãO`°.
AM
G
IG
H~â@H #" =°¬ìà^£ Jb =°ã^¥¹ Õx 'K³H± =OuÑ Õ qã§Ou ÚO^Î°`Ç¶ <ì^Î¼`Ç#° ãa\ ÷+¹ä½ J¬æyOK_È°.
G
KH
D Çò^ÎHêO Õ POã^Îã¬^Í Õ [iy# =òY¼"³°Ø# Çò^¥°.
G `Ç°=°à ÿO Çò^ÎO (1756) G çaÄe Çò^ÎO (1757 [#=i24)

R
G KÇO^Î¶iëÇò^ÎO (1758 _×O|~¡°7) G HùO_È¶~¡° Çò^ÎO (1759) G =O^Î"² Çò^ÎO (1760)
ÿOQê PãH=°}
G ÿOQê ~[¼ªÖ¬ä½_È° - =òsÂ^£ ä½bMì<£.
G W`Çx `Ç~Þ`Ç ä½° - ¦¬°*ìLní<£, ¬~¡æ~*Mì<£, Jb=sMì<£°.
G Jb=sMì<£ =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O J`ÇxH÷ ä½=¶~¡°° èH é=_ÈO`Ë 3= ä½=¶ï~ë ä½=¶~¡°_È° ²~*L^ñí ì (J¬°¬ô~¡°
g°~û=°¬ìà^£) ~AQê JÇ¶¼_È°.
G ²~*L^ñí ì <Ç°H`ÇÞO#° =¼uö~H÷Oz# (J`Çx Ì^Îí=°à _¨Hê~}÷ - Q®²`èQ®O HêQê P"³° ä½=¶~¡°_È° ÏH`[OQ·
(¬îiâÇ¶ Çò=~A)

G ²~* ÿOQê #" J~ò#¬ô_È° ^ÎHø<£ Õ ã~¡O"³°Ø# Çò^ÎO - 3= H~â@H.
G ÿOQê Õ Q® ãa\ ©+¹"~¡°, ãÌ¦OK"~¡° `Ç=° ªÖ=~ KÇ°@¶ ~¡HÆ} QË_È#° xiàOKÇ_ÈO ã~¡OaOKÇ_ÈO`Ë P x~à}ì#°
P²"ÍÇ°=²OkQê P*ìý²OK_È°.
G KÇOã^Î<QË~ Õ L#ß ãÌ¦Oz"~¡° x~à}ì#° xe²"ÍÇ°Qê ãa\ ÷+¹"~¡° Hù#ªyOK~¡°.
G ÏH`[OQ·, Q®²`èQ®O D"³° ¬¬ð^¥~¡°_È° ~*ì=Á° ãa\ ©+¹ "i`Ë ¬`¬O|O^¥#° Hù#ªyOK~¡°.
G nO`Ë ²~*L^ñí ì ÏH`[OQ·Ìá ^ÎO_³uë 1756 E<£4 HêjO|*ì~, E<£ 16# HH`ëÌá ^ÎO_³`ë_È°.
G 1756 E<£ 20# ''é~¡° qeÇ°OÑÑ (3= qeÇ°O *ìý¬Hê~¡ÖO HH`ë Õ xiàOK~¡°) Õ Qêe "³°`Ç°~¡° èx pH\ ÷
Q®k Õ (8þ10þ14 Hù`Ç°) 146 =°Ok ãa\ ©+¹ JkHê~¡°#° |OkOKÇQê 123 =°Ok =°~¡}÷OK~¡°.
G nx<Í pH\ ÷ Q®k L^ÎO`ÇO(Black Hole Tragedy) Jx '¬ì "³ Ñ =iâOK_È°.
G D L^Î$`ÇO#° "Gigantic Hoax (A big Joke)" Qê =iâOz#k - J.H. e\ ÷ .
Y
²~*L^ñí ì HH`ëä½ 'Pb#Q®~Ñ Jx À~¡° Ì\ ÷ =¶}÷H±KÇO^£#° JkHêiQê xÇ°q°OK_È°.
G pH\ ÷ Q®k q§^ÎO`Ë HOQ®°u#ß POöQÁÇò° 1756 _ÌO|~¡° Õ ~|~ïHÁå"£ (~Ë_È°Û=¶~¡¾O)
M
J_à~¡ "@<£°([=¶~¡¾O) ÿOQê ä½ KÍ~¡°ä½<ß~¡°.
95 E
=¶}÷H±KÇO^£ä½ OKÇO Wzó HH`ë#° PãHq°Oz# POöQÁÇ°À<x - ïHÁå"£.
9
v
59
~|~ïHÁå"£
D
ÁÔ Çò^ÎO (1757 E<£ 23) : (Battle of Plassey)
CA
ÁÔ ã¬¬°ë`Ç À~¡° - ¬ ì².
50
G ãa\ ©+¹ "~¡° ²~*L^ñí ì#° Z ìïQá< JO`ÇO KÍÇ¶<Í L^Íí×O`Ë Jg°<£KÇO^£(=_Û"¼i) ^¥Þ~ =°^Î¼=ië`ÇÞO #_~¡°.
98
G =°^Î¼=ië`ÇÞO #_²#O^Î°ä½Qê#°, ^Ë²_ªÚ=òà Õ 5% Jg°<£KÇO^£ä½ W=Þ_¨xH÷ ïHÁå"£ JOwHiOK_È°. Hêh Jg°<£KÇO^£
A
30 HÆ° _=¶O_£ KÍÇ°_ÈO`Ë ~|~ïHÁå"£ J¬æ\ ÷ Q®=~¡ß~ ã_ÍH± ¬O`ÇHO
:8
¦é~¡ûs KÍ² Jg°<£KÇO^£#° X²æOK_È°.
G
h
²~*L^ñí ì Ìá#¼O Ì^Îí^Î~ò#¬æ\ ÷H© POöQÁÇò ä½ã@ =Á 1757 E<£ 23# ÿOQê Õx <_Ç¶ l ìÁ ÕQ® w~¡n#k
A E
.P
X_È°Û# [iy# Çò^ÎíO Õ ²~*L^ñí ì F_éÇ¶_È°.

AB C
D
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ POQ®Á~[¼ªÖ¬#ä½ ¬ô<k"Í²#Çò^ÎíO - ÁÔ Çò^ÎO HêQê POQ®Á ªã=¶[¼ q¬ë~¡}ä½ Hê~¡}O- |Hê~
ER I
Ç ò ^Î O .
O
G ÁÔ Çò^ÎO Õ ~|~ïHÁå"£ä½ =°^Îíuzó#"~¡° (ä½ã@^¥~¡°°)

CH
G 1) g°~û ¦ ¬ ~ - ²~*L^ñí ìÀ<x

YD
2) g°~<£ - ²~* L^ñí ì ä½=¶~¡°_È°

,H
3) Jg°<£KÇO^£ - =~¡ëä½_È°/=°^Î¼=ië
AM
T
4) =¶}÷ H ± K Ç O ^£ - HH`ë W<£K~û

H
5) [Q®`À~ - ÿOQê ¬O¬#°ß_È°

M
AM
6) ~°^Î°~¡Á, Mìn"£°Mì<£ - ²~* ÌáxH JkHê~¡°°.

IG
G g°~=°^Î<£, "³¶¬ì<£ ì ° ²~* `Ç~¡°¬ô# é~_ g~¡=°~¡}O ÚO^¥~¡°.

KH
G D Çò^ÎO Õ POöQÁÇò° 9 =°Ok =°~¡}÷OKÇQê, ²~*L^ñí ì Ìá#¼O 500 =°Ok =°~¡}÷OK~¡°.

R
G ²~* L^ñí ì `Ç#ì~¡¼ ¹ëLhßª`Ë He² =òiÂ^¥ì^£ä½ ié`Ç°O_ÈQê q°~<£ ¬@°Hùx Lif§_È°.
G 1757 Õ g°~û¦¬~ ¦ÁÔ Çò^Î¶q°#°O_Í ÿOQê #"Qê ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ|_¨Û_È°.
G g°~û¦¬~ POöQÁÇòä½ H$`Ç[ý`ÇQê ÿOQê Õx 24 ¬~¡Q®}ìÌá [g°O^¥s ¬ìä½ø°, ïHÁå"£ä½ HeæOK_È°.
G ~|~ ïHåÁ"£ ¦ÁÔ Çò^ÎO Q®°iOz ''ì~¡fÇòä½ JO`Ç"³°~¡°Q®x q^Î Hê~ãu ^¥¬ôiOzOkÑÑ Jx =iâOK_È°.
G 1757 #°O_ 1760 =~¡ä½ g°~û¦¬~ ÿOQê #"Qê L<ß_È°.
v ÁÔ Çò^Î ¦¬e`° :
G nO`Ë ÿOQê Õ#¶, `Ç~Þ`Ç ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ POöQÁÇò° ¬~ÞkHê~¡O KÇ ì~òOKÇ_¨xH÷ =¶~¡¾O ¬°"³°ØOk.
G g°~û¦¬~ ãa\ ©+¹ "i KÍu Õ H©°ç=°àQê =¶~_È°.
G ÿOQê PiÖH =#~¡°#° `Ç=° ~[H©Ç°, PiÖH ã¬³¶[< HË¬O L¬³¶yOKÇ°Hù<ß~¡°.

G Ì^Îí Ìá<¼xß U~æ@°KÍ¬°Hùx `Ç=° JkHê~¡°ä½ Ì^Îí"³ò`ÇëO Õ rèKó~¡°.
G 1757 Õ HH`ë Õ q°O\#° U~æ@°KÍ§~¡°.
G 1760 <\ ÷H÷ Y*ì< MìmJ=@OKÍ g°~û¦¬~ ãa\ ©÷+¹"iH÷ |¬=¶<° W=Þ_¨xH÷ x~HiOK_È°.
G 1757-60 Hê ìxß ''²Q®°¾×~¡O èx ^Ë²_ ÇòQ®OÑÑ Qê =iâOz#"~¡° - Ìi= ²æÇ°~(WOQêÁO_£)
G g°~û¦¬~#° `ùyOz J`Çx J°Á_³á# g°~MìÔO#° ÿOQê #"Qê KÍ§_È°.
G g°~MìÔO q°_¨ß¬î~, z@QêOQ·, |~Þ<£#° ãa\ ©+¹ä½ WKó_È°.
G g°~MìÔO ~[^¥xx =òiÂ^¥ì^£ #°O_ - "³¶Ow~ä½ =¶~ó_È°.
G g°~MìÔO ¬=°~¡"³°Ø# ä½_È°. ÿOQê =~¡ëä½ ÿ=Þ~¡¶ ¬#°ß° K³eÁOKe# J=¬~¡O è^Îx ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ_ÈO`Ë g°~MìÔOä½
ãa\ ©+¹ "iH÷ q"^¥° ã~¡O"³°Ø<~ò.
G 1760 Õ ~|~ïHÁå"£ WOQêÁO_£ "³×¤Qê '¬ì "³ Ñ HùO`ÇHêO ``øeH Q®=~¡ß~Qê Hù#ªQê_È°.
Y
J#O`Ç~¡O - "<£ ²\ì~(1760-65) Q®=~¡ß~Qê ¬xKÍ§_È°.
M
|Hê~ Çò^ÎO -1764 JHË|~-22 (Battle of Buxar) :
95 E
|Hê~ c¬ð~ Õx ¬@}O, <\ ÷ ÿOQê Q®=~¡ß~ - "<£²\ì~.
9
G
59
g°~MìÔO`Ë q"^¥ Hê~¡}OQê ãa\ ©+¹"~¡° 1763 Õ g°~MìÔO#° `ùyOz g°~û¦¬~#° =°~¡ ÿOQê #"Qê
D
xÇ°q°OK~¡°. g°~MìÔO z#ß z#ß Çò^¥ Õ F@q° ÿá J=^£ä½ iéÇ¶_È°.
CA
J=^£ ä ½ _È ° - +¬ µ *ìL^ñí ì, "³ ò Q® ä ½ _È ° - 2= PO, g°~ M ìÔ O ° H ² XH ä @q° U~¡ æ _¨Û ~ ¡ ° . D
50
ì~¡fÇ° ã`ÇÇ° ä@q°H÷, POöQÁÇòä½ =°^Î¼ 1764 JHË|~ 22# |Hê~ Çò^ÎO [iyOk. nx Õ ì~¡fÇ°ã`ÇÇ°O
98
F_ é~òOk.
A
:8
G <\ ÷ ãa\ ©+¹ ÌáxH [#~¡ - ¬~ ÌìHê~ =¶ã<Ë.
G
h
A E
nO`Ë ÿOQê , c¬ð~, Xiª ¬îiëQê ãa\ ©+¹ Pn#O ÕH÷ =zóOk.
.P
G J=^£ä½_È° - +¬µ*ìL^ñí ì ~Ë²ì YO_£ Õ `Ç^¥KÇ°Hù<ß_È°.

AB C
D
G ï~O_È=PO - ãa\ ©+¹ "i`Ë ¬Ok KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.

ER I
G |Hê~Çò^ÎO q[Ç°O`Ë ì~¡` Õ ãa\ ©+¹"i ªã=¶[¼ ªÖ¬# ²ÖsHiOKÇ|_Ok.

O
G 1765 Õ ÿOQê ä½ ï~O_È=ªi Q®=~¡ß~Qê xÇ°q°OKÇ|_#k - ~|~ïHÁå"£

CH
G 1765 Õ J¬ðì^£ X¬æO^ÎO ã¬Hê~¡O ÿOQê Õ ^ÎÞO^Î ã¬°`ÇÞO ã¬"Í×Ì@|_Ok.

YD
v (Treaty of Allahabad)
,H
J¬ðì^£ X¬æO^ÎO -1765 PQ®+¬µ :
G
AM
T
|Hê~ Çò^ÎO Õ F_é~ò# +¬µ*ìL^ñí ì, PO-2 =°iÇò ~|~ïHÁå"£ =°^Î¼ J¬ðì^£¬Ok ä½kiOk.
G nx ã¬Hê~¡O
H
M
AM
1) J=^£ #"Qê +¬µ*ìL^ñí ì Hù#ªQ®_¨xH÷ 20 HÆ° ãa\ ©+¹ä½ WKó_È°.

IG
2) PO - 2 ÿOQê , c¬ð~, Xiª Õ k"h t¬°ë =¬¶° KÍÀ ¬ìä½ø ãa\ ©+¹"iH÷ WKó_È°.
KH
3) t¬°ë =¬¶° KÍÀ JkHê~¡°°Qê ïHÁå"£ ì~¡fÇò#° xÇ°q°OK_È°.

R
4) x*ì=°`(§Ouã^Î`Ç°) ÿOQê #"ä½ WKó~¡°.
5) L`Çë~¡¬~ø~ l ìÁÌá POöQÁÇò JkHê~¡O Q®°iëOKÇ|_Ok.
v |Hê~ Çò^Î ¦¬e`° :
1) ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ï~O_È° ×H÷ë=O`Ç"³°Ø# ÿOQê , J=^£ ~*ì¼Ìá POöQÁÇò ÌáxH Pk¬`Ç¼O ²Ö~¡¬_Ok.
2) ÿOQê , c¬ð~, Xiª Õ POöQÁÇò° JkHê~¡O ¬°²Ö~¡O KÍ² t¬°ë =¬¶° KÍÀ JkHê~¡O ÚO^¥~¡°.
3) 1765 Õ g°~û¦¬~ KÇxéQê J`Çx 2= Hù_È°ïHá# #r~L^ñí ì #" KÍ² J`Çx`Ë XH X¬æO^ÎO ä½^Î°~¡°óä½<ß~¡°.
4) nx ã¬Hê~¡O `Ç#Ìá#¼O#° `Çy¾OKe. ÿOQê #° HOÌh³òHø ¬°è^¥~ Pn#O Õ LOKe. HOÌh J#°=°u èx^Í
J`Çxx `ùyOKÇ~^Î°.
5) J=^£#" +¬µ*ìL^ñí ì #+¬¬i¬ð~¡O ãH÷O^Î 50 HÆ° K³eÁOK_È°.

6) 1772 Õ "~¡<£Àì²OQ· ïHÁå"£ ³òHø ^ÎÞO^ÎÞ##° ÿOQê Õ ~¡^Î°íKÍ§_È°. #r~L^ñí ìä½ 6 HÆ° ~¡}O Wzó
ÿOQê Õ ãa\ ©+¹ D¹ WO_Ç¶ HOÌh ã¬`Ç¼HÆ ##° <³Hù ìæ_È°.
7) ÿOQê Õ D²O_Ç¶ HOÌh ã¬`Ç¼HÆ# ^Í×O Õ<Í `ùeªiQê U~¡æ_Ok.
Q®=°xH : ~|~ïHÁå"£ U~æ@°KÍ²# ^ÎÞO^ÎÞ ã¬°`ÇÞO (1765-1772)#° ~¡^Î°íKÍ²#k - "~¡<£ Àì²OQ·.
(~¢ Õ ^ÎÞO^ÎÞ ã¬°`ÇÞO#° U~æ@°KÍ²# KÇ@O - 1919 =¶O>èQ· - KÍ"£¦¬~Û ¬O¬ø~¡} KÇ@O.
POQËÁ - "³°Ø¬¶~ Çò^¥°

G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ãa\ ©+¹"i 3= PãH=°} - "³°Ø¬¶~
G "³°Ø¬¶~ ~[¼ªÖ¬ä½_È° - Ç°^Î°~Ç° =_ÈÇ¶~ (1399)
Y
ãH©.×. 18= ×`|íO Õ P^Î°xH ¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç "³°Ø¬¶~ ~[¼ªÖ¬ä½_È° - 4= K=°~A.
G W`Çx ã¬^¥x-"<£¬î~¡âÇ°¼ HêQê =°Oã`Ç°° #O^Î¼~*, ^Í=~*°.
M
G ~A <=°=¶ã`Ç¬ô ä½_Qê LO_ÈQê ã¬^¥x, =°Oã`Ç° è JkHê~° K³ ì~òOKÍ"~¡°.
95 E
1947 Õ [Ç°K=°~A, =_ÈÇ¶~ "³°Ø¬¶~ ì~¡` Õ qb#OKÍ§_È°.
Ìáì^Î~Jb
9
v
59
D
Ìáì^Î~Jb :
CA
a~¡°^Î° : '¦¬`Í[OQ· Ìáì^Î~Ñ
50
P^Î°xH ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç Õ "³°Ø¬¶~ä½ Mì¼ux `³zó# `ùe ä½_È°.
98
"³ò^Î\ÕÁ Ìáì^Î~Jb Ìáxä½_Qê, `Ç~Þ`Ç `Ç# <³á¬ô}¼O`Ë ^Î°O_Q®
A
ãO`ÇO#ä½ ¦Ï*^¥~ (ÌáxH JkHêi)Qê xÇ°q°OKÇ|_¨Û_È°.
:8
G 1755 Õ ^Î°O_Q® Õ ãÌ¦Oz"i ¬¬ìHê~¡O`Ë P^Î°xH PÇò^Î Hê~Qê~¡O U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
h
A E
.P
G Ìáì^Î~Jb a^£#¶~ Õ <}ÿO#° =òãkOK_È°. a^£#¶~#° \ ÷¬C¬° ìë<£

AB C
D
Ìáì^Î~#Q®~Qê =¶~ó_È°.
G
ER I
1759 Õ =°~~ ^¥_x ãu²æHù\ ÷ "³°Ø¬¶~ä½ ¬~¡ÞÀ<xQê xÇ°q°OKÇ|_¨Û_È°.
G
O
1761 Õ #O^Î¼~*#° =kOz "³°Ø¬¶~ ä½_Qê ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ°ä½<ß_È°. `Ç# ~*ì¼xß L`Çë~# KÇOã^Îyi, ^ÎH÷Æ}ì# P~ø\
CH
=~¡ä½ q¬ëiOK_È°.
YD
G Ìáì^Î~bH÷ =¼uö~HOQê ãa\ ©+¹"~¡° Ìáì^Î~ì^£ x*ìO ¬ ì¬`[OQ·`Ë ¬Ok ä½^Î°~¡°óä½<ß_È°. nx`Ë PãQ®²ìOz#
,H
Ìáì^Î~Pb `Ç# ~*ì¼xß Jxß"³á¬ô ì q¬ëiOKÇ°@ä½ POöQÁÇò`Ë "³°Ø¬¶~ Çò^¥#° ã~¡OaOK_È°.
G "³ò`ÇëO <°Q®° POQËÁ "³°Ø¬¶~Çò^¥í° [iy#q. "\ ÷ Õ 1,2 Çò^¥ Õ Ìáì^Î~Jb ç¾<ß_È°.
AM
T
Ç ò ^Î O ¬ O =`Ç ~¡ = ò ¬Ok Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡

H
M
AM
"³ò^Î\ ÷ "³°Ø¬¶~ Çò^ÎO 1767-69 =°ã^¥¹ "³~¡

IG
KH
ï~O_È= "³°Ø¬¶~ Çò^ÎO 1780-84 =°OQ® ° × ´ ~ "~¡<£Àì²OQ·
=ü_È= "³°Ø¬¶~ Çò^ÎO 1790-92 N~¡ O Q® ¬ @ } O Hê~¡<£"b¹

R
<¾= "³°Ø¬¶~ Çò^ÎO 1799 (\ ÷¬C¬° ìë<£=°~¡}O) "³ÁÔÁ
1 . "³ò^Î\÷ POQËÁ-"³°Ø¬¶~ Çò^ÎO (1767-69) :
G ãa\ ©+¹ Q®=~¡ß~ - "³ï~

(Veralst)
G Ìáì^Î~Pb `Ç# JkHê~¡O#° Jxß "³á¬ô ì q¬ëiO¬*èÇò@ä½ Hê~¡}OQê `Ç# q+¬¼`ä½ ã¬=¶^ÎO Jx ìqOz# POöQÁÇò°,
Ìáì^Î~ì^£, =°~¡~° D~¡Â¼ K³O^¥~ò.
G =°¬ìà^£Jb ×ã`Ç°"³á# '=°=î*Mì<£Ñä½ Ìáì^Î~Pb Pã×Ç°O W=Þ_ÈO.
G KÇO^¥ªÀì ä½=¶~¡°_³á# ~*ìªÀìä½ ä_¨ L^Ë¼Q®q°=Þ_ÈO.
G "~¡<£Àì²OQ· ¬ ì¬`[OQ· (Ìáì^Î~ì^£ x*ìO) `Ë ¬Ok ä½^Î°~¡°óHË=_ÈO =Á HË¬yOz# Ìáì^Î~Jb "³ò^Î\ ÷ POQËÁ-
"³°Ø¬¶~ Çò^¥xH÷ `³~¡f§_È°.

G =¶=î*Mì<£ ¬ ì¬`[OQ·`Ë ~¡¬ì¬¼ X¬æO^ÎO#° ä½^Î°~¡°óä½<ß_È°. nO`Ë Ìáì^Î~Pb Çò^ÎO Õ ìQ®OQê P~ø\
PãHq°OK_È°. Hêh ãa\ ©+¹ "iKÍu Õ "³ò^Î\ÕÁ Ìáì^Î~Jb F_éÇ¶_È°.
G Ìá<¼xß ¬ô#¬g°H÷ÆOKÇ°Hùx K³OQ®=°, u~¡°=#ß=° ÿá Çò^¥ Õ ãa\ ©+¹ "~¡° Ìáì^Î~Pb`Ë 1769 Õ =°ã^¥¹ §Ou
X¬æO^ÎO#° ä½^Î°~¡°óä½<ß_È°.nxã¬Hê~¡O Çò^¥xH÷ =òO^Î°Q® Ç°^¥²Öu Hù#ªQêe.
G q+¬¼` Çò^¥ Õ POöQÁÇò° Ìáì^Î~JbH÷ ¬¬ðÇ°¬_ë, Çò^ÎMÿán#° q_È°^ÎKÍ§~¡°.
2 . ï~O_È= POQËÁ-"³°Ø¬¶~ Çò^ÎO (1780-84) :
G ãa\ ©+¹ Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ : "~¡<£Àì²OQ·.
G J"³°iHê *ì~û"+²OQ·@<£ <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç é~@O#° (1770 ^Î×HO) ãa\ ©+¹ä½
=¼uö~HOQê ã~¡OaOKÇQê ãÌ¦OK"~¡° J"³°iHêä½ =°^ÎuKó~¡°. nxHê~¡}OQê ãa\ ©+¹,
ãÌ¦Oz"iH÷ =°^Î¼Çò^ÎO ã~¡O"³°ØOk.
Y
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ "³°Ø¬¶~~[¼O Õ Ìáì^Î~Jb Pn#O Õ Q® =°Àì J<Í ãÌ¦OK ªÖ=~¡OÌá
M
"~¡<À£ ì²O Q·
^¥_KÍÇ°_¨xH÷ ãa\ ©+¹"~¡° x~¡â~òOKÇ°ä½<ß~¡°.
G ^¥xx Ìáì^Î~Pb =¼uö~H÷Oz#¬æ\ ÷H÷ POöQÁÇò° =°ÀìÌá ^¥_KÍÇ°_ÈO`Ë Çò^ÎO ã~¡O"³°ØOk.
95 E
G
9
Ìáì^Î~Jb "³ò^Î\ÕÁ Hê"Ís Çò^ÎO Õ Hß ÿ~òbx |OkOK_È°.
59
D
G "~¡<£Àì²OQ· Ìáì^Î~Jbx F_OKÇ°@ä½ [#~¡ S~ä\#° xÇ°q°OK³#°.
CA
1781 Õ é~¡°<Ë" Çò^ÎO Õ S~ä\ Ìáì^Î~Jbx F_OK_È°. D Çò^Î¶q° Õ q+¬¬îi`Ç"³°Ø# =ò°ÁQ®°KÇ°óHË=_ÈO`Ë
50
1782 _×O|~¡° Õ 7# z`Ç¶ë~¡° l ìÁ ÕQ® g~¡#~¡²OQ®~ÇòxÀ@ =^Îí Hê#~ "¼k`Ë =°~¡}÷OK_È°. (Ìáì^Î~Jb
98
¬=¶k g~¡#~¡²OQ®~Çòx À@ =^Îí<Í H^Î°)
A
G Ìáì^Î~Jb =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O J`Çx ä½=¶~¡°_³á# \ ÷¬C¬° ìë<£ Çò^¥xß
:8
Hù#ªyOK_È°. `ÇOã_, Hù_È°ä½° He² ç¾#
2= "³°Ø¬¶~Çò^ÎO.
h
Çò^ÎO -
A E
.P
G "³ò^Î\ÕÁ \ ÷¬C¬° ìë<£#° ¦¬¶\, HùÇ°O|`Ç¶ë~, u~¡°KÇ°<¬eÁ Çò^¥ Õ ãa\ ÷+¹"~¡° F_OK~¡°.
AB C
G
D
P `Ç~Þ`Ç \ ÷¬C¬° ìë<£ |¬_È@O`Ë z=~¡ä½ Z=~¡¶ ïQ= èx ²Öu Õ LO_È@O`Ë 1784 =°OQ®°×´~ §Ou X¬æO^ÎO`Ë
ER I
\ ÷¬C¬° ìë<£ ïQ°KÇ°ä½#ß P~ø\ ãO`#° POöQÁÇòä½, POöQÁÇò° ïQ°óä½#ß "³°Ø¬¶~ ãO`ÇO#° \ ÷¬C¬° ìë<£ä½
O
Hollow Truce
\÷C¬ ¬° ìë<£
W=Þ_ÈO [iyOk. D =°OQ®°×´~ X¬æO^ÎO#° JO\ì~¡°.
v
CH
\÷¬C¬° ìë<£ :
YD
G J¬° À~¡° - ¦¬`Í JbMì<£ª²ì.

,H
G a~¡°^Î°° : 1) "³°Ø¬¶~¬ôe(À+~-W-"³°Ø¬¶~) 2) Tiger of the East

AM
T
G ì~¡`Ç^Í× "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ *ìfÇ°"k.
G
H
M
P^Î°xH ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç Õ J°¼^ÎÇ°ì"° Hey#"_È°.
G
AM
z¬ìßO - ¬ôe
IG
G Ìáì^Î~Pb `Ç~Þ`Ç 1786 `Ç##°`#° ~AQê ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ°ä½<ß_È°.

KH
G J<ÍH ¬i< ¬O¬ø~¡}#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ ÷ ï~á`Ç°ä½ Zä½ø=Qê ìO KÍä~ó_È°.

R
G W`Çx # ï~O_È°~¡Hê° 1) q°e@s# - ¬~¡¼"ÍH÷ÆOKÍ"~¡° - ¬°g°~ 2) Ï~¡# - ¬~¡¼"ÍH÷ÆOKÍ"~¡° - J¬¦¹
G Hù`ÇëHê¼ ÿO_È~, <}ÿO#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ ÷ ~[¼O JO`Ç\ì ã^Î=¼q^¥#O Õ `Ç¶xH°, Hù`Ç Õ UH~¡¶¬`Ç(Unoformity)
#° J=°°KÍ§_È°.
G "³°Ø¬¶~ ~[^¥x N~¡OQ®¬@}O Õ ãÌ¦Ozq¬Á=O ¬¶æië`Ë ''ÀÞKó=$HÆOÑÑ "Tree of Liberty" x <\ì_È°.
G 1789 Õ [iy# ã¬ ¬ O KÇ q¬ Á " ä ½ =¶`Ç J~ò# ''ãÌ¦ O z q¬ Á = OÑÑ KÍ ` Ç ã¬ ì q`Ç ° _³ á Ju"^Î ¬ O ¦ ¬ ° O J~ò#
*ìHËaÇ°<£ HÁ Õ KÍ~_È°. *ìHËaÇ°<£ HÁ Õ KÍi# `ùe UïHáH ì~¡fÇò_È°.
G ãa\ ©+¹ "ix ì~¡`Ç^Í×O#°O_ `Çiq°"ÍÇò@ä½ <³éeÇ°<£- I #° ì~¡`Ç^Í×OÌá ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç KÍÇ°=°x P¬ðÞxOK_È°.
G `Ç#~Ç°ì~¡°#° ã¦<£ (<³ÚeÇ°<£ -I) , Dl¬ô (J|°í ¬ìg°^£ - I) P¦¬Éxªë<£ ([=¶<£ ^Î°~h) ä½ ¬O_È°.
G N~¡OQ®¬@}O Õx "³°Ø¬¶~ ¼ ÿ¹ ¬g°¬O Õ N~¡OQ®<^ÎªÞq° PÇ°O xiàOz, ¶^¥<° KÍ§_È°.
G ×$OöQi =^Îí '§~¡^¥^ÍqÑ PÇ° x~à}ìxH÷, x^Î°° WKó_È°.

G ×$OöQi Ô~k¬u J~ò# ×OH~K~¡°¼x ¬@Á H÷ë ã×^Î° Hù#ªyOK_È°.
G "³°Ø¬¶~ (N~¡OQ®¬@}O) Õ ^¥^¥¬ô HÆ ãQ®O^¥`Ë ÿáã|sx <³Hù ìæ_È°. ì¼H÷OQ· =¼=¬Ö#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
G t=, ~¡Þu, q+¬µâ ç=°à`Ë ä_# |OQê~¡°, ~y <}ÿ#° q_È°^Î KÍ§~¡°.
G WªÁO =°`ÇO ÕH÷ =°`Ç=¶iæ_#° ãé`Ç²ìOz#¬æ\ ÷H© ¬~¡=°`Ç ¬¬ì#O#° \ ÷OK_È°.
Hê~¡<"
£ b¹
v 3= POQËÁ - "³°Ø¬¶~ Çò^ÎO (1790-92) :
G ãa\ ©+¹ Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ - Hê~¡<£"b¹.
G D Çò^¥xH÷ ã¬^¥#Hê~¡}O - \ ÷¬C¬° ìë<£ - 1790 Õ ã\ì"³<£HË~Ìá ^¥_KÍÇ°_ÈO. nO`Ë
Hê~¡<£"b¹ Çò^¥xß ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°.
G "³°Ø¬¶~#° PãHq°OKÇ_¨xH÷ POöQÁÇò° =î¼¬ð`ÇàHOQê =¼=¬ìiOz Hß "³°_Ë¹ kO_Q® ,
HùÇ°O|`Ç¶ë~#°, ïHÌ<£ s_£ Q®°ã~¡OHùO_È=O\ ÷ z#ß ^Î°~¾#° PãHq°OK~¡°.
Y
G ãa\ +
© ¹ Ìá<¼° N~¡OQ®@
¬ }
O#° =ò@_O
KÇ_O
È `Ë \
÷ C
¬ ¬° ìë<£ Hê~¡<"
£ b¹`Ë ''N~¡OQ®@
¬ }
O
M
¬OkÑÑ X¬æO^ÎO KÍ¬°HË=_ÈO`Ë Çò^ÎO =òy²Ok.
nx Õx =òMì¼O§° :
95 E
G
9
\ ÷¬C¬° ìë<£ N~¡OQ®¬@}O X¬æO^ÎO`Ë ¬QêxH÷ ÌáQê ~*ì¼xß HË ÕæÇ¶_È°.
59
D
G Çò^Î #+¬¬i¬ì~¡OQê ^¥^¥¬ô 3.30 HË@°Á POöQÁÇòä½ K³eÁOK_È°.
CA
H$â, Ì<ß =°^Î¼ ãO`xß x*ìO JbMì<£ä½, `Ç°OQ®ã^Î ¬i¬~¡ ãO`xß =ò~ä½ WKó_È°.
50
=° ì~, kO_Q® , ì~=°¬ì #°, `Ç# W^Îí~¡°ä½=¶~¡°#° ãa\ ©+¹ "iH÷ J¬æyOK_È°.
98
A
4 . <¾= "³°Ø¬¶~ Çò^ÎO (1799) :
:8
G Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ - "³ÁÔÁ.
h
A E
.P
Hê~¡}ì° :
G
AB C
D
"³ÁÔÁ ã¬"Í×Ì\ ÷# ''Ìá#¼¬¬ìHê~¡¬^ÎuÑÑx \ ÷¬C¬° ìë<£ =¼uö~H÷OKÇ_ÈO.
G
ER I
*ìHËaÇ°<£ HÁ Õ ¬°¼_³á <³ÚeÇ°<£#° ÌáxH ¬¬ðÇ¶xß HË~¡_ÈO.
G
O
Jö~aÇ¶, Hê<£ªO\<Ë¬ô , Hê|° #° `Ç# ~Ç°ì~¡°#° ¬O² ÌáxH

"³
Á ÁÔ
¬¬ðÇ¶xß HË~_È°.
CH
G
YD
\ ÷¬C¬° ìë<£ ''rqÒ`ÇO Qùãï~ ì rqOKÇ_ÈO H<ß XH~ËA ²O¬ìO ì rqOKÇ_¨xH÷ W+¬¬_È`#°ÑÑ Jx À~ùø<ß~¡°.
G ãÌ¦Oz Ìá#¼O =¶i+¬¹ #°O_ "³°Ø¬¶~ ÕH÷ ã¬"ÍtOzO^Î<Í <³¬O`Ë "³ÁÔÁ [#~¡ ¬¶=~#° "³°Ø¬¶~ÌáH÷ ¬O_È°.
,H
G 4= "³°Ø¬¶~ Çò^ÎO Õ "³ÁÔÁH÷ ¬¬ìHiOz#k - Ìáì^Î~ì^£ x*ìO.

AM
T
G "³°Ø¬¶~ =ò@_H÷ POöQÁÇ° Ìá<¼xH÷÷ <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO =²ìOz#"~¡° - [#~¡ ¬ìs¹ ¬¶=~. HêQê "³ÁÔÁH÷ ¬¬ìHiOz# J`Çx
H
M
ªé^Î~¡°_È° ¬~P~¡~ "³ÁÔÁ (a~¡°^Î° - _È¶¼H± P¦¹ "³eÁOQ·@<£ - Z^Î°~¡° èx =°x+²)

AM
G POöQÁÇòä½ ¬¬ìHiOz# \ ÷¬C¬° ìë<£ À<#°° - ¬î~¡âÇ°¼, Hã=òn<£. =¶"³eÁ Çò^ÎO Õ \ ÷¬C¬° ìë<£ F_éÇ¶_È°.
IG
G
KH
ãa\ ÷+¹ "i`Ë é~_È°`Ç¶ N~¡OQ®¬@}O =^Îí \ ÷¬C¬° ìë<£ 1799 "Í° 4# g~¡=°~¡}O (¬¶=~ =kOK_È°) ÚO^¥_È°.
G \ ÷¬C Y_È¾O WOQêÁO_£ ^Í§xH÷ f¬°ïHìÁ~¡°.

R
G \ ÷¬C ¬° ìë<£ =°~¡}O `Ç~Þ`Ç ãa\ ©+¹"~¡° =_ÈÇ¶~ =O§xH÷ K³Ok# 5 ¬OII ì°_x
3= H$+¬â~A =_ÈÇ¶~ "³°Ø¬¶~ ~AQê ã¬H\ ÷OK~¡°.
G W`Çx ã¬^¥x ¬î~¡âÇ°¼. <\ ÷ ãa\ ©+¹ ï~²_³O\ JkHêi - ì¼sHËÁ*.
G 1832 Õ qeÇ°O ÿO\ ÷OQ· "³°Ø¬¶~#° ãa\ ©+¹ ~[¼O Õ qb#O KÍÇ°Qê 1882 Õ
i¬æ<£ uiy =_ÈÇ¶~ =O§xH÷ WKó_È°. J¬æ\ ÷ "³°Ø¬¶~ ä½_È° K=°~A -
IX `Ç ~ Þ`Ç ä ½ _È ° H $ +¬ â ~ A - IV W`Ç x ã¬ ^ ¥ #=°OãuÍ ° ''"³ ¶ H Æ Q ® ° O_È O

"³¶HÆQ®°O_ÈO qõÞ×Þ~¡Ç°¼
qõÞ×Þ~¡Ç°¼ÑÑ
G 1947 [Ç°K=°~A =_ÈÇ¶~ "³°Ø¬¶~#° ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ qb#OKÍ§_È°. 2013 Õ =_ÈÇ¶~ =O×O Õ z=i"ï~á#
#~¡²O¬ì~A =_ÈÇ¶~ =°~¡}÷OKÇQê PÇ°# ì~¡¼ ã¬"³¶^¥^Íq Çò^Îg~ H$+¬â^Î`Çë K=°~A =_ÈÇ¶~#° ^Î`Çë ¬ôã`Ç°_Qê
ã¬H\ ÷OzOk.

v =°~~ PãH=°} / POQËÁ=°~~Çò^¥° :
G =°~~ ~[¼ªÖ¬ä½_È° - t"r (1627-80)
G `Ç~Þ`Ç ä½°- ×Oìr - (1680-1689) ä½=¶~¡°_È° ¬ú
↓
~*ì~"£° -(1689-1700) - ì~¡¼ `~ì° (B~¡OQ®*è`Ë é~_# UïHáH =°~~ =°²ì×)
↓
t"r
t"r - 3 (1700-1708) `ÇeÁ `~ì°
↓
¬ú -1708 - 1749 `ÇeÁ U¬°ì~ò
Y
~=°~[ - 1749 - 80
M
G P `Ç~Þ`Ç ï~O_È= ª¬ú, ã¬`¬²<Ý - ï~O_È= r° (z=i t"r =O× ä½_È°).
95 E
9
¬`~#° eOK~¡°.
59
G
D
3 POQËÁ - =°~~ Çò^¥° [iQê~ò.
CA
ãH.¬O. ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò ¬Ok =°~~° Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡
50
1. 1775-82 ª èÄ / ª ì° <<¬_¨ßg¹ "~¡<£Àì²OQ·
98
A
2. 1802-05 ~*¦¬¶\ [¬ÞO`~"£ ¬ìÙø~
:8 "³ÁÔÁ(ÌáxH [#~¡ - =¶ Õø<£)
3. 1817-1818 =¶O_È ª é~ ¬ ì Ùø~ ì~Àì²OQ· / =¶ö~ø Þ¹ "Í°²OQ·.

h
A E
.P
ÌáxH [#~¡ - =¶ Õø<£

AB C
D
v ÔÞ ÇòQ®O (ãH©.×.1713-1818) :

ER I
G
O
ÔÞ ¬i#ä½ ã¬^¥# öHOã^ÎO - ¬î<
G ÔÞ ÇòQ®O#° ã~¡OaOz#k - ì ìr q×Þ<^£.

CH
YD
1 . ì ìr q×Þ<^£ (ãH©.×. 1713 - 20) :

,H
G a~¡°^Î°° : 1) J`Ç° ¬~ãH=°À=H (ª¬ú), 2) À#H~¡ë (KÇOã^ÎÀ<£*ì^Î"£)
G
AM
T
ãH©.×.1713 Õ "~¡¬`ÇÞ¬ô ¬ìä½ø`Ë ÔÞQê xÇ°q°OKÇ|_<_È°.
G
H
z`Çæ=} J<Í ãì¬ìà}=O§xH÷ K³Ok# ì ìr q×Þ<^£ lOr~ (=°¬ð~R) ãO`ÇO#ä½ K³Ok# "_È°.
M
G
AM
ÔÞ ¬^Îqx J`Ç¼O`Ç ×H÷ë=O`Ç"³°Ø#k, =òY¼"³°Ø#kQê ~¡¶ÚOkOK_È°.

IG
G "³ò¦¬° ~ä½=¶ï~ë r#`Lxßª "³°¬C#° ÚO^Î_È"Í° HêH ¬Ç°¼^£ ªé^Î~¡° ã|¼O "³ò¦¬° ì~ò PªÖ#O Õ Ì~¡°Q®°@ä½
KH
Hê~¡ä½_È°.
G
R
1719 Õ ¦¬~¡¶H±+²Ç°~("³ò¦¬° ~A)#° `ùyOKÇ°@ Õ ¬Ç°¼^£ ªé^Î~¡°ä½ ¬¬ðÇ°¬_¨Û_È°.
G iKÇ~Û >ÿO¬ô J#° ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç ì ìr q×Þ<^£#° ã¬×O²¬¶ë ÇòH÷ëQ® ãì¬ìà}°_Èx, §O`Ç¬Þì=ô_Èx, ãä~¡°_³á< ^¥iàH
×H÷ë`Ë [~òOKÇQ® ¬=°~¡°_Èx JaãÇ°¬_<_È°.
2 . "³ò^Î\÷ ìr~=ô (ãH©.×. 1720 - 40) :
G DÇ°# ì ìr q×Þ<^£ ä½=¶~¡°_È°.
G a~¡°^Î°° : 1) ~¡}g~¡°_³á# ÔÞ, 2) =üsëqOz# ²ìO^Î¶×H÷ë.
G t"r `Ç~Þ`Ç ïQi ìÁ Çò^Î=î¼¬ðä½ Qù¬æ<Ç°ä½_È°.
G ÔÞO^Îi ÕïH ìÁ Qù¬æ"_³á# "³ò^Î\ ÷ ìr~=ô, ²ìO^Î¶¬^£¬^£²ì ²^¥O`Ç=ò#° À~ùø<ß_È°.
G W`ÇxHêO Õ x*ìO-L -=ò ø (g°~ Yã=òn<£Mì<£) Ìáì^Î~ì^£ #" 1724 Õ ''J¬¦¹*ìÔì~[¼OÑÑ#° ªÖ²OK_È°.

G 1724 =¶ìÞ#° PãHq°OK_È°. =°¬ð~¢+¬µ JkHê~xß L`Çë~¡ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ªÖ²OK_È°.
G 1728 Õ x*ìO-L -=ò ø#° F_Oz '=òOy+²"£Ñ J<Í X¬æO^ÎO ã¬Hê~¡O KÍ`Ç ¬ö~=òd (1/10) ¬#°ß#° =¬¶°
KÍÀ ¬ìä½ø ÚO^¥_È°.
G 1731 Õ ¬¶~¡`Çò^ÎO ä_¨ ìr~=ô - I, x*ìO-L -=ò ø =°^Î¼ [iyOk. ~Ë¬ì~"Í°×Þ~ ¬Ok ^¥Þ~¡ =òy²Ok.
G 1738 Õ Çò^ÎO - ^ù~¡¬ì¬~° ¬Ok ^¥Þ~¡ =òy²Ok.
G 1739 <k~Â ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç ì~¡`Ç^Í×OÌá ìr~=ô - I HêO Õ<Í [iyOk. J¬æ\ ÷ "³ò¦¬° ä½_È° =°¬ìà^£
~¡ O w ì.
G =°ªëh L^ÎO`ÇO`Ë ¬O|O^ÎO Hey LO_ "³ò¦¬° ~[¼O#° ZO_# =$HÆO`Ë é ìó_È°.
3 . ì ìr ìr~=ô (ãH©.×. 1740 - 61) :
G ìr~=ô - I ä½=¶~¡°_³á# ì ìr ìr~=ô a~¡°^Î° - <<ªÌì.
Y
G 1740 Õ ~¡¦¬òrÕOÀÁ <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ P~ø\ Ìá^¥_KÍ² PãHq°OK~¡°.
M
G 1748 P¦¬É<£ <Ç°ä½_³á# J¬ìà^£ Jìe `ùeªi W`ÇxHêO Õ<Í ì~¡`Ìá ^¥_KÍ§_È°. <\ ÷ "³ò¦¬° _bÁ ä½_È°
- =°¬ìà^£ - - ~¡Ow ì.
95 E
G
9
1757 Õ J¬ìà^£ Jìe ì~¡`Ìá ^¥_KÍ² - ¬O*ì#° PãHq°Oz `Ç# ã¬uxkQê `³á=ü~#° xÇ°q°OKÇQê
59
D
HùkíHê ìxH÷ =°¬ð~R <Ç°ä½_³á# ~¡¦¬ür çOÀÁ `³á=ü~#° F_OK_È°.
CA
1761 [#=i 14# - =ü_È= x¬\ Çò^ÎO J¬ìà^£ Jìe, =°~~ Ìá<¼ä½ ¬^¥t=~=ô (ì ìr ìr~=ô
50
ªé^Î~¡°_È°), q§Þ¬~=ô (ì ìr ìr~=ô ä½=¶~¡°_È°) =°^Î¼ [iyOk.
98
I
A
4 . =¶^Î=~=ô - (ãH©.×. 1761 - 73) :
:8
G Qù¬æ ÔÞ Õ z=i"_È°.
h
A E
G
.P
=¶^Î=~=ô - I ä½ ªé^Î~¡°_È° ~¡¦¬ò<^Î~=ôä½ Pk¬`Ç¼é~¡° |Ç°°^ÍiOk.
G
AB C
D
=¶^Î=~=ô - I ä½ =°^Îuzó# ÌáxH <Ç°ä½_È° - <<¬_¨ßg¹.

ER I
5 . <~Ç°}~=ô - I (ãH©.×. 1773 - 74) :

O
6 . ~¡¦¬°Õì/~¡¦¬ò<^Î~=ô - I (ãH©.×. 1774 - 75) :

CH
7 . =¶^Î=~=ô - II (ãH©.×. 1775 - 95) :

YD
8 . ìr~=ô - II (ãH©.×. 1795 - 1818) :
G
,H
1818 ÔÞ ¬^Îqx ~¡^Î°íKÍ²# Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ - ì~Û=¶ï~ø Þ¹ Àì²OQ·.

AM
T
1 . "³ò^Î\÷ POQË Á- =°~~Çò^ÎO - I (ãH©.×. 1775 - 82) :

H
M
G Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ - "~¡<£Àì²OQ·.

AM
G
IG
=¶^Î~¡~=ô- I =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O <~Ç°}~=ô ÔÞ HêQê J`Çxß ¬ì`Ç¼KÍ² ~¡¦¬ò<^Î~=ô ÔÞQê ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ°ä½<ß_È°.
G
KH
<~Ç°}~=ô =°~¡}÷Oz# HùO`ÇHê ìxH÷ 2= =¶^Î=~=ô (`ÇeÁ Q®OQêì~ò) [xàOKÇQê J`Çxß ÔÞQê ã¬H\ ÷OKx
R
=°~~ "Í°^¥=ô ÿá# <<¬_¨ßg¹, (ì ìr [<~¡<£) =°¬ìkû ²OkÇ¶° À~ùøx Çò^ÎO ã¬H\ ÷OK~¡°.
G nxH÷ Ç°¬_# ~¡¦¬°Õì/~¡¦¬ò<^Î~=ô ìOè ãa\ ©+¹ ã¬°`ÇÞO ¬¬ðÇ°O#° HË~¡°`Ç¶ 1775 Õ ¬¶~¡` X¬æO^ÎOÌá
¬O`ÇHO KÍ§_È°.
G ¬¶~¡` X¬æO^ÎO "~¡<£Àì²OQ·ä½ `³eÇ°ä½O_¨ [~¡Q®_ÈO`Ë nxx u~¡¬øiOz <<¬_ßg¹`Ë 1776 Õ ¬ô~¡O^Î~
X¬æO^ÎO#° KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°. ¬ô~¡O^Î~ X¬æO^ÎO ã¬Hê~¡O ãa\ ©+¹"~¡° ~¡¦¬°Õìä½ ¬¬ðÇ°O KÍÇ°~¡°.
G ãa\ ©+¹ ìOè ã¬°`ÇÞO ¬¶~¡`, ¬ô~¡O^Î~ X¬æO^¥#° O_È<£ä½ ¬O¬Qê ãa@<£ ã¬°`ÇÞO ¬¶~¡` X¬æO^¥xß ¬=°iOzOk.
G 1778 <<¬_¨ßg¹ ãa\ ©÷+¹ ä@q°x `³Qê"£° Çò^ÎO Õ F_Oz ''=_ÈQêOÑÑ X¬æO^ÎO ä½^Î°~¡°óä½<ß_È°.
G "~¡<£Àì²OQ· D X¬æO^ÎO#° u~¡¬øiOz =°~~ÌáH÷ [#~¡ Q®°_¨~#

Û ° ¬O²OK_È°.
G 1782<\ ÷H÷ Z=~¡¶ ïQ= èx ²Öu Õ ª èÄ/ª ìÄ° X¬æO^ÎO Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ POQËÁ =°~~ Çò^ÎO =òy²Ok.
G ª èÄ X_ÈO|_H ã¬Hê~¡O ª Ì\ ÷ ãa\ ©+¹"iH÷ W=Þ|_Ok.

2 . ï~O_È= POQË Á- =°~~Çò^ÎO - I (ãH©.×. 1802 - 05) :
G Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ - "³ÁÔÁ.
G ìr~=ô - I HêO Õ<Í =°~~° J<ÍH ¬~~¡°°Qê q_éÇ¶~¡°.
1) ¬î}ÿ - ÔÞ° 2) <Q®¬î~ - ÕOÀÁ 3) QêÞeÇ°~ - ²OkÇ¶°
4) |~Ë_¨ - ïQáHêÞ_£° 5) WO_Ë~ - ¬ìÙ ìø~.
G 1802 Õ [¬ÞO`Ç~=ô ¬ìÙ ìø~(WO_Ë~ä½_È°) ÔÞ 2= ìr~=ô#° ¬î}è =^Î F_OK_È°.
G nO`Ë 2= ìr~=ô ãa\ ©+¹ ¬¬ðÇ°O HË~¡°`Ç¶ |Ìå<£ X_ÈO|_H KÍ¬°HË=_ÈO`Ë 2= =°~~Çò^ÎO ã~¡O"³°ØOk.
G "³ÁÔÁ `Ç#ªé^Î~¡°_³á# ¬~P~¡~ "³ÁÔÁ, èH± J<Í W^Îí~¡° ÌáxH [#~¡ #° =°~~ÌáH÷ ¬O~¡°.
G 1803 Õ ¬~ P~¡~ "³ÁÔÁ (a~¡°^Î° - _È¶¼H± P¦¹ "³eÁOQ·@<£) <Q®¬î~Ìá ^¥_KÍ² "i`Ë _³¶QêO X¬æO^ÎO
ä½^Î°~¡°óä½x ìªé~, H@H±, "~#k ¬tó=° ¶ìQ®O#° ÚO^¥_È°.
Y
G 1803 [#~¡ èH± QêÞeÇ°~Ìá ^¥_KÍ² "i`Ë ¬°sû J~¡°û<£QêO X¬æO^ÎO ä½^Î°~¡°óHùx *ÿá¬î~ (²OH±²\ ÷), *Õ^£¬î~,
M
QË¬ì^£HË@#°, Q®OQê-Ç°=ò< =°^Î¼ Q® ¶ìQ®O#° ÚO^¥_È°.
G gi^Îí~¡¶ He² [¬ÞO`Ç~=ô ¬ìÙø~Ìá ^¥_KÍÇ°Qê ~¡`Ç¬î~ ~A ¬¬ìHê~¡O`Ë "i ^¥_È°° J}z"Í§_È°.
95 E
G
9
1805 <\ ÷H÷ Z=~¡¶ ïQeKÍ ¬i²Öu èHé=_ÈO`Ë ~*¦¬¶\ X¬æO^ÎO ã¬Hê~¡O 2= =°~~ Çò^ÎO =òy²Ok.
59
D
3 . =ü_È= POQË Á- =°~~Çò^ÎO (ãH©.×. 1817 - 18) :
CA
G Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ - ì~Û =¶~¡ø Þ¹ Àì²OQ· HêQê ÔÞ - 2= ìr~=ô. ÌáxH [#~¡ - =¶ çø<£.
50
G ï~O_È= ìr~=ô |Ìá <£ ¬Okx JuãHq°OK_Èx <Í~~Ë¬} KÍ² 1817 ¬î}è X¬æO^ÎO#° ãa\ ©+¹"~¡° ä½^Î°~¡°óä½<ß~¡°.
98
G
A
nxã¬Hê~¡O 2= ìr~=ô =°~~ ä@q° Õ KÍ~¡ä½O_È°@Í°HêH ãHù`Çë ä@q°
:8 U~æ@°ä½ ä_¨ ã¬Ç°`ÇßO KÍÇ°~^Î°.
J¬ìà^£#Q®~#° ãa\ ©+¹ "iöH §×Þ`ÇOQê W"Þe.

h
G
A E
.P
1817 Õ 2= ìr~=ô ãa\ ©+¹ "i KÍu Õ H©°ç=°àQê =¶~#x ìqOz "iÌá ^¥_KÍ² dsø =^Îí F_éÇ¶_È°.
G
AB C
1817 ¬ìÙ ø~ (ï~O_È= =°Ý~~=ô) =°¬ð^Í"£¬î~ Çò^ÎO Õ F_éÇ¶~¡°.

D
G 1818 Õ ¬ìÙø~ =¶O_Èªé~ X¬æO^ÎO#° ãa\ ©+¹ "i`Ë ä½~¡°óHË=_ÈO`Ë 3= =°~~Çò^ÎO JO`Ç"³°ØOk.
ER I
G ÔÞ ¬^Îqx
O
1818 Õ =¶O_Èªé~ X¬æO^ÎO ã¬Hê~¡O ì~ÛÀì²OQ· ~¡^Î°íKÍ¬¶ë =°~~#° ãa\ ©+¹ ~[¼O Õ He² 2=
ìr~=ôä½ (Hê#¶æ~ ^ÎQ®¾~¡ Q® c`Ç¶~) 8 HÆ Ì#Â<£ WKó_È°.

CH
G Ç |_ t"r ¬O`ÇuH÷ K³Ok# ã¬`¹<

² Ý J¬æyOKÇ|_Ok.
YD
=°~~ ã¬u+¬#
» ° Hê_È°@ïHá ¬`~ J<Í XH z#ß ~[¼O U~æ@° KÍ°
G 1818 Õ _È ºÝ²-~[¼¬OãH=°}²^¥íO`ÇO ã¬Hê~¡O `ùeªiQê PãHq°Oz# ãO`ÇO ¬`Ç~ (J¬æ\ ÷ =°~~ z=iä½_È°)
,H
- ï~O_È= r.
AM
²O^£ PãH=°} 1843

T
H
M
AM
G Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ - Z ÿ<£|~Ë

IG
G
KH
ÿ°zªë<£ä½ K³Ok# `Ç¶æ~¡ J<Í `³Q®"~¡° ²O^£#° J<ÍH ãO`°Qê qlOz XHùøHø ãO`xß XHùøHø yi[#
<Ç°ä½_È° eOKÍ"_È° "ix Jg°~° J<Í"~¡°.

R
G 1839 ²O^£ Jg°~° ãa\ ©+¹ "i`Ë Ìá#¼¬¬ìHê~¡ X¬æO^ÎO#° ä½^Î°~¡°óä½<ß~¡°.
G 1843 ~¡ ¼ ì ~¡ ` Ç ^ Í × O Ìá ² O ^ Î ¶ g°^Î ° Qê ^¥_ K Í À J=Hê× O LO^Î x ì qOz Ze<£ | ~Ë Ìá x H [#~¡ J~ò#
Kï~Á¹ <Í²Ç°~#° ²O^£ PãH=°}ä½ ¬O_È°. ( ìQ®~^Î"£°#° H#°Qù#ßk - *ì<£<Í²Ç°~)
G Kï~Á¹ <Í²Ç°~(I have Sind) J<Í ¬O^Í×O#° Ze<£|~Ëä½ ¬O_È°.
¬O*ì PãH=°} (1849) / POQËÁ - ²ä½ø Çò^¥°

G =°^Î¼ÇòQ®O Õ ¬O*ì #O^Î° =ieÁ# H÷ë L^Î¼=°Hê~¡°_È° - Q®°~¡°<#H±.
G 15= ×`|íO Õ Q®°~¡°<#H± Õ^Î# P^¥~¡OQê ~¡¶¬ôk^Î°íä½#ß #¶`Ç#=°`ÇO - ²ä½ø=°`ÇO.
G ²ä½ø J#Qê ¬O*ìc / Q®°~¡°=òd e² ì+¬ Õ t+¬µ¼_È° Jx J~¡ÖO.

G ²ä½ø =°`ÇO Õ 10=°Ok Q®°~¡°=ô° H~¡°. `ùeQ®°~¡°=ô - Q®°~¡°<#H± HêQê, z=i Q®°~¡°=ô - Q®°~¡°QËqO^£ ²OQ· W`Çx
`Ç~Þ`Ç - PkãQ®O^£ / Q®°~¡°ãQ®O^£ ªÔì J<Í ²ä½ø ¬qã`Ç ãQ®O^ÎO 1708 JHË|~ 7 Q®°~¡°=ôQê Hù#ªyOk.
1 . Q®°~¡°<#H± (1469 - 1538) :
G ²ä½ø =°`ÇªÖ¬ä½_³á# Q®°~¡°<#H± 1469 Õ ¬O*ì (H±) Õx `ÇÞO_ J<Í ãQê=°O Õ
³°¬ì` Hê°(`ÇOã_), =¶` ãuë (`ÇeÁ) J<Í ^ÎO¬`Ç°ä½ [xàOK_È°.
G Q®°~¡°<#H± ã~¡OO
Õ ¬O*ì Q®=~¡ß~ ^ñ`Mì<£ Õ_ PªÖ#O Õ JHÒO>ÿO\Qê ¬xKÍ§_È°.
G 1507 PQ®¬° 20 Q®°~¡°=ôQê =¶~_È°.
G Q®°~¡°<#H± ² Õ<£, K³á<, \ ÷ÿ\, =¶Hêø#° ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°.

Q®°~¡°<#H±
G Q®°~¡°<#H± Õ^Î#ä½ ã¬^¥#öHOã^ÎO - H~ë~¬î~.
G ã¬^¥# t+¬µ¼_È° - =°^Î<£ HêQê ¬Ow`Ç "~ò^Î¼O À~¡° - ~¡ì
Y
G =°`ÇO =¶@ Õ è^Îx, =¶=#=ôO^Îih ¬=¶#OQê KÇ¶²#"_Í =°`Ç¬~¡°_È°, ä½ë_È° Jx Q®°~¡°<#H± À~ùø<ß_È°.
M
G Q®°~¡°<#H± 1538 Õ =°~¡}÷OK_È°. W`Çx ¬=¶k ~q #k X_È°Û# H^Î°
95 E
2 . Q®°~¡°JOQ®^££ (ãH©.×.1538 - 1552) :
9
G
59
D
ï~O_È= Q®°~¡°=ô.
G 1504 Õ ììÌ¦á~¡¶ (`ÇOã_) =¶`~³¶(`ÇeÁ) J<Í ^ÎO¬`Ç°ä½ [xàOK_È°.
G
CA
50
Q®°~¡°<#H± `Ç# "~¡¬°_Qê Q®°~¡°JOQ®^£#° ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°.
G 1539, ÌÌO|~¡° - 7.
98
Q®°~¡°JOQ®^£ Q®°~¡°"³á# ¬OII -
G
A
²ä½ø e² J~ò# Q®°~¡°=òd e² (¬O*ìc ì+¬#°) ~¡¶ÚOkOK_È°.
:8
G ¬O*ì Õ =~¡¾"³á+¬=¶¼#°, ä½=¼=¬Ö#° ~¡¶¬ô=¶¬ô@ä½ 'OQ®~Ñ J<Í =O@§#° U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
h
G
A E
.P
¬=°Çü<£ä½ ¬=°Hêeä½_È°.
G
AB C
²ä½ø° =ò²ÁO ¬qã`Ç ã¬^Í§#° ¬O^ÎiÅOKÇ_ÈO#° xÀ+kOK_È°.

D
ER I
3 . Q®°~¡°J=°~^¥¹ (ãH©.×.1552 - 1574) :

O
G ²ä½ø 3= Q®°~¡°=ô.
G
CH
1479 Õ `Í*ì¼<£ ìÁ(`ÇOã_), HëHÒ~(`ÇeÁ) J<Í ^ÎO¬`Ç°ä½ [xàOK_È°.

YD
G Q®°~¡°J=°~^¥¹ Q®°~¡°"³á# ¬O=`Ç~¡O - 1552 =¶ió 26.
Q®°~¡°J=°~^¥¹
G
,H
"³ò^Î\ÕÁ q+¬µâä½ë_È°. =°Or Ê ²i J<Í ï~O_È° ¬^Î`Ç°#° ¬ô~¡°+¬ =°iÇò ¢ÔëHË¬O ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
G
AM
T
²ä½øä½ P^¥¼uàH¬~¡OQê 22 ¬¶ã`#° ~¡¶ÚOkOz, ¬f¬¬ì¬ìQ®=°#O, ¬~¡^¥ q^¥#O, =°`Ç°ëhÇ¶° ÀqOKÇ_¨xß
YO_OK_È°.
H
M
G ÿáªH÷
AM
²ä½ø° ¬ìÙe, n=o =°iÇò "Í_È°H#° ¦¬°#OQê [~¡°¬ôHù#°@ä½ =¶~¡¾^Î~¡ÅHê#° ~¡¶ÚOkOK_È°.
G
IG
²ä½ø Q®°~¡°=ô [Ç°Ou, =~¡Ou#° "Í_È°HQê [~¡°¬ôä½<Í PK~¡O#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.

KH
4 . Q®°~¡°~=°^¥¹ (ãH©.×.1574 - 1581) :

R
G ²ä½ø 4= Q®°~¡°=ô.
G 1534 Õ ìì¬ìi^¥¹(`ÇOã_), =¶`^ÎÇ¶HÒ~r(`ÇeÁ) J<Í ^ÎO¬`Ç°ä½ ì¬ìÙ~ ¬g°# Q® KÇ¶<=°O_ Õ [xàOK_È°.
G ~=°^¥¹ Q®°~¡°"³á# ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò - 1574 ÌÌO|~¡°1. J=°~^¥¹ J°Á_È° J~ò# ~=°^¥¹ JHÄ~ä½ ¬=°Hêeä½_È°.
G ~=°^¥¹¬ô~¡ (ã¬¬°ë`Ç J=°$`Ç¬~) J<Í ¬@}ìxß xiàOK_È°. ²ä½ø ¬qã`Ç ^Í"Ç° / Q®°~¡°^¥Þ~¡ x~à}O (¬Þ~¡â^Í"Ç°O)
Hù~¡ä½ JHÄ~ #°O_ ¶q°x ^¥#OQê ÚO^¥_È°.
5 . Q®°~¡° J~¡°û<£^Í"£ ²OQ· (ãH©.×.1581 - 1606) :
G ²ä½ø 5= =°iÇò Q®°~¡°=ôO^Îi ÕïH ìÁ Qù¬æ"_È° - Q®°~¡° J~¡°û<£²OQ·.
G 1563 Õ ~=°^¥¹(`ÇOã_), =¶`ìh(`ÇeÁ) J<Í ^ÎO¬`Ç°ä½ QËqO^£" ªÌì J<Í ãO`ÇO Õ [xàOK_È°.
G Q®°~¡°"³á# ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò - 1581 ÌÌO|~1

G "³ò¦¬° ~ä½=¶~¡°_È° Y°ã¬¶ä½ ×Ãìt¬°° `³e_È°.
G J=°$`¬~ Õ ''¬Þ~¡â^Í"Ç°OÑÑ#° xiàOK_È°.
G JHÄ~ä½ ¬=°Hêeä½_È°. ì~¡`Ç ~[H©Ç¶ ÕÁ *ÕH¼O KÍ¬°ä½#ß ²ä½ø=°`ÇQ®°~¡°=ô.
G ²ä½ø ¬qã`ÇãQ®O^Î"³°Ø# Q®°~¡°ãQ®O^£ªÌì è^¥ PkãQ®O^£#° ~¡zOK_È°.
G ã¬u ²ä½ø `Ç# ¬O^Î# Õ 1/10 =O`Ç° Q®°~¡°=ôä½ W"Þx ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°. nx<Í =°#^£ JO\ì~¡°.
G Q®°~¡°J~¡°û<£²OQ·#° [¬ìOw~ (1606) Lif§_È°.
6 . Q®°~¡°¬ì~¡QËqO^£ (ãH©.×.1606 - 1644) :
G ²ä½ø 6= Q®°~¡°=ô.
G 1595 Õ J~¡°û<£^Í"£(`ÇOã_), =¶`Q®OQê(`ÇeÁ) J<Í ^ÎO¬`Ç°ä½ J=°$`¬~ Õx Q®°~H©=_Èb J<Í ãQê=°O Õ [xàOK_È°.
G Q®°~¡°"³á# ¬O=`Ç~¡O - 1606 "Í° 25.
Y
G `Ç#ä½`#° '¬Kó^Î°Ñ (x["³°Ø# KÇãH=ië) Jx ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ°Hù<ß_È°.
M
G [¬ìOw~ 2¬OII *ÿá° Õ LOK_È°. nO`Ë ²ä½ø° "³ò¦¬° ì~òä½ =¼uö~HOQê PÇò^¥° KÍ¬\ì~¡°.
G [¬ìOw~`Ë Q®°~¡°¬ì~¡QËqO^£ ²OQ· KÍ²# Çò^ÎO - ªOãQ®=¶ Çò^ÎO Õ F_é~ò Hêjà~ä½ =¬é~ò Hêjà~ Õ<Í
95 E
9
x=²OK_È°.
59
D
G ²ä½ø ã¬^¥#öHOã^ÎO(~[^¥x)x J=°$`Ç¬~ #°O_ - H~ë~(H÷~`)¬î~ä½ =¶~ó_È°.
CA
7 . Q®°~¡°¬ì~ ~° (ãH©.×.1644 - 61) :
50
G
98
7= ²ä½ø Q®°~¡°=ô.
G
A
1630 Õ ììQ®°~¡°^Î`Çë(`ÇOã_), =¶`x¬ð HÒ~(`ÇeÁ) J<Í ^ÎO¬`Ç°ä½
:8[xàOK_È°.
G Q®°~¡°"³á# ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò - 1644 =¶ió 3.

h
A E
G
.P
"³ò¦¬° "~¡¬`ÇÞ Çò^ÎO Õ [¬ð<£ *è¼+¬» ä½=¶~¡°_³á# ^¥~+¬µHË#° ¬=°iÖOK_È°.
G
AB C
D
B~¡OQ®*è|° PªÖ<xß ¬O^ÎiÅOz# "³ò^Î\ ÷ Q®°~¡°=ô.

ER I
8 . Q®°~¡°¬ì~¡H÷+¬<£ (ãH©.×.1661 - 64) :

O
G ²ä½ø 8= Q®°~¡°=ô.
CH
G 1656 Õ ¬ì~~°(`ÇOã_), =°`H÷+¬<£HÒ~(`ÇeÁ) J<Í ^ÎO¬`Ç°ä½ [xàOK_È°.

YD
G Q®°~¡°"³á# ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò - 1661 JHË|~ 6.

,H
G Ju `Çä½ø= / z#ß =Ç°¬° Õ (5 ¬OII~°) ²ä½ø Q®°~¡°"³á#"~¡°.
G
AM
T
8 ¬OII =Ç°¬° Õ<Í =°¬¶p "¼k`Ë B~¡OQ®*è PªÖ#O Õ =°~¡}÷OK_È°.

H
M
9 . Q®°~¡°`Í* |¬ì^Î¶~ (ãH©.×.1664 - 75) :

AM
G
IG
²ä½ø 9= Q®°~¡°=ô.
G
KH
1621 Õ ¬ìiQËqO^£(`ÇOã_), =¶ ì<hø (`ÇeÁ) J<Í ^ÎO¬`Ç°ä½ [xàOK_È°.
G Q®°~¡°"³á# ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò - 1665 =¶ió 20.

R
G B~¡OQ®*è|°ä½ ¬=°Hêeä½_³á# Q®°~¡°`Í* |¬ì^Î¶~ ã~¡OO Õ HùO`ÇHêO "³ò¦¬° ì~ò PªÖ#O Õ L^Ë¼yQê ¬xKÍ§_È°.
G B~¡OQ®*è ^¥Þ~ 1675 Õ LifÇ°|_# ²ä½ø=°`Ç 9= Q®°~¡°=ô - Q®°~¡°`Í*|¬ì^Î¶~.
1 0 . Q®°~¡°QËqO^£ ²OQ· (ãH©.×.1675 - 1708) :
G 1666 Õ Q®°~¡°`Í* |¬ì^Î¶~(`ÇOã_), =¶`Q®°~¡°r(`ÇeÁ) J<Í ^ÎO¬`Ç°ä½ \ìß Õ [xàOK_È°.
G Q®°~¡°"³á# ¬O=`Ç~¡O - 1675 #=O|~ 11
G `Ç# ã¬^¥#öHOã^¥xß H~ë~¬î~ #°O_ P#O^£¬î~ ªÌì ¬O*ìä½ =¶~ó~¡°.
G 1699 Õ ''Y ìÑÑ (²ä½ø ÌáxH^Î×O)
G Y ì JO>è ªé^Î~¡ì=O, ¬O¦Ô°ì=O#° Hey LOk ''¬OKÇH~à°ÑÑ \ ÷OKx xö~tOK_È°. ²ä½ø#° ÌáxH ×H÷ëQê
=¶~ó_È°.

G ¬OKÇ H~à° :
1) H÷~¡æ} - Y_È¾O 2) öH - A@° 3) HOw - ^Î°"³Þ# 4) H~¡ - H_Ç°O. 5) HKÇó - JO`Ç~`ù_È°Q®°.
G Q®°~¡°QËqO^£ ²OQ· Q®°]O À~¡° - Jìh ì¦¬°ç_¨ HêQê W`Ç#° B~¡OQ®*èä½ ~²# z=i L`Çë~xß - *ì¦¬~ JO\ì~¡°.
G Q®°~¡°QËqO^£²OQ· PkãQ®O^£#° 11= ²ä½ø =°`ÇQ®°~¡°=ôQê À~ùøx ^¥xH÷ Q®°~¡°ãQ®O^£ ª²ì J<Í À~¡° Ì\ì_È°.
G ²ä½ø Õ ''#Hø#° ¬ô°°Qê, ²KÇ°óH#° _ÍQ®°Qê#°ÑÑ =¶~¡óQ® ×H÷ë Q®°~¡°QËqO^£²OQ·ä½ H^Î° J<Í q§Þ¬O H^Î°.
G ²ä½øä½ ÌáxH <Ç°ä½_Qê |O^¥|¬ì^Î¶~#° (J¬°À~¡° - KÇó=°<£^¥¹) xÇ°q°OK_È°.
G 1708 Õ Q®°~¡°QËqO^£²OQ·#° =°¬ð~R Õx QË^¥=i ã¬Hø# Q® <O^Í_£ ^ÎQ®¾~¡ "³òQ®° JkHêi J~ò# =r~Mì<£
P^Í§ "Í°~¡ä½ [O+Ô^£Mì<£ =°iÇò "²<£èQ·° ¬ì`Ç¼KÍ§~¡°.
v |O^¥ |¬ì^Î¶~ / ìK=°<£ ^¥¹ (ãH©.×.1670 - 1716) :
Y
G 1670 Õ ~*ºi ([=üà Ê Hêjà~) Õ [xàOK_È°. W`Çxß Q®°~¡¶HÆ±²OQ· Jx ä_¨ JO\ì~¡°.
M
G Q®°~¡°QËqO^£ ²OQ· `Ç~Þ`Ç ²ä½øä½ <Ç°H`ÇÞO =²ìOK_È°.
G `Ç#ä½ `#° ¬Kóì^Î°Qê ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ°Hùx ã¬u²ä½øx ''²OQ·ÑÑ / ²O¬ìOQê ²"x À~ùøx ¦¬`^Î~¹ (q[Ç°O
95 E
9
H°Q®°QêH) J<Í ¬°HiO¬ô#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
59
D
G ¬~²ìO^£#° ¦Ï*^¥~ =r~Mì<£#° F_Oz PãHq°OK_È°. Õ¬ì~¦¬°_£ (¬O*ì) HË@#° ä_¨ PãHq°Oz `Ç# ~[^¥xQê
CA
ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ°ä½<ß_È°.
50
G 1716 Õ ¦¬~¡¶H±+²Ç°~ À<x J~ò# J|°í¹ ¬Ç°¼^£Mì<£ |O^¥|¬ì^Î¶~#° KÇOÀ§_È°.
v 98
A
H¬î~²OQ· (1716 -80) :
:8
G
h
A E
|O^¥|¬ú^£ `Ç~Þ`Ç ²ä½øä½ <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO =²ìOz#"_È° - H¬î~²OQ·.

.P
G ^Î^Î¹Y ì
AB C
H¬î~²OQ· <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ ~¡¶ÚOk# qìQ®O - - (¬k^Îì°)

D
G 1767 H¬î~²OQ· P¦¬É<£ <Ç°ä½_³á# J¬ìà^£ Jìbx F_Oz J`Çx ~*ì¼xß PãHq°OK_È°.
ER I
G
O
''D u~¡°Q®°ì@° ^¥~¡°° JkHê~xß ¬ì¬ëQ®`ÇO KÍ¬°ä½<Í ~ËA ZO`ËÇ ^Î¶~¡O è^Î°ÑÑ Jx ²ä½ø#° L^ÍítOz ¬eH÷#"_È°
- <k~.
CH
G
YD
¬~¡Þk< Õ ²ä½ø ã¬=òY°O` KÍi x~¡âÇ¶° f¬°ä½<Í ¬ - Q®°~¡°=°~ (²ä½ø §¬#¬)
G
,H
1762 Õ J¬ìà^£ Jìb ì~¡`Ìá ^ÎO_³uë#¬C_È° ¢Ôë#°, ì#°, =$^Î°#° =°^Î¼ Õ LOz ²ä½ø g~¡°° KÍ²#
AM
''=°¬ð=¶~¡}¬ìÙ=°OÑÑ
T
Çò^ÎO (nx Õ ^¥^¥¬ô 10"Í =°Ok =°~¡}÷OK~¡°) JO\ì~¡°.
G H¬î~²OQ· # Õ ²ä½ø ¶ìQê° 12 ~*ì¼°(g°l )Qê qlOKÇ|_#q.

H
M
AM
Jq : 12
IG
g°l À~¡° ªÖ¬ä½° g°l À~¡° ªÖ¬ä½°

KH
1) J¬ Á " eÇ ¶ - ¬~~ [ª²OQ· J¬Á"eÇ¶ 2) |Ow - ¬~~ ¬ì~¡²OQ· |Ow
R
3) ^Î è " eÇ ¶ - Q®° ì ²OQ· ^Î è"eÇ¶ 4) Ì¦ [ ¬ î iÇ ¶ - #" H¬î~²OQ·
5) H<³á¬ð¼ - *ÿá ²OQ· H<³á¬ð¼ 6) H~¡¶~²OyÇ¶ - H~Ë~²OQ· ^ÎeÇ¶"
7) #Mì~ò - ¬ìi²OQ· #Mì~ò 8) x<£ " ì - ^Î ºO^Î ² O Q·
9) ~=°É i Ç ¶ - #O^£²OQ· ¬O¦¬¶xÇ¶ 10) Ô ì ^£ - ììn¹²OQ· r Ôì^£
11) ¦¬ô H÷Ç¶<£ - ìì J ì²OQ· 12) ¬°H~KH÷Ç¶ - <Ë^£²OQ·
G Ìá 12 §Y Õ / g°l Õ =òY¼"³°#

Ø k - ¬°Y~KH÷¶
Ç nxH÷ KÇ~`
¡
O
² Q· (~¡OlÒ
² Q· ``Ç) H=¶O_È~Q
ê =¼=¬ìiOK_È°.
G ¬°Y~ KH÷Ç¶ §Y Õ è^¥ ²ä½ø ä½O^Îi Õ Qù¬æ"_È°, =°¬ð~*ì ~¡Ol` ²OQ·.
G ²ä½ø =°`Ç ªÖ¬ä½_È° Q®°~¡°<#H± HêQê ²ä½ø ~[¼ ªÖ¬ä½_È° - =°¬ð~*ì ~¡Ol` ²OQ·.

v =°¬ð~*ì ~¡Ol`²OQ· (1782 -1839) :
G a~¡°^Î°° : 1) =°¬ð~*ì P¦¹ ¬O*ì 2) ²ä½ø~[¼ x~à`Ç 3) ¬O*ì ²O¬ìO 4) One eyed Gaint
J¬°À~¡° - |°^£²OQ· ì~¡¼À~¡° - ~}÷lO^¥<£
=°Oã`Ç°° - k"<£n<<^£ JAAn<£ k"<£ À~¡° - ä½¬u~°
G ~¡Ol`²OQ· 1780 #=O|~¡° 13# =°¬ð²OQ·(`ÇOã_), ~*HÒ~(`ÇeÁ) J<Í ^ÎO¬`Ç°ä½ ¬O*ì Õx Q®°ã[<£" ì (ã¬¬°ë`Ç
H÷ªÖ<£) Õ [xàOK_È°.
G `ÇOã_ =°¬ð²OQ· J^Í ¬=°Ç°O Õ Ô~=°¬ìà^£#° F_OKÇ_ÈO`Ë |^£²OQ· À~¡°#° q[Ç¶xH÷ ¬¶zHQê ~¡Ol`²OQ· Jx
=¶~ó~¡°. ~¡Ol`²OQ· z#ß`Ç#O Õ<Í =°¬¶z "¼k ªéH_ÈO`Ë XH H#°ß#° HË ÕæÇ¶_È°.
G `ÇOã_ =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O 1799 Õ |Ow`³Q®"ix([=¶<£) F_Oz ì¬ìÙ~#° PãHq°Oz `Ç# ~[H©Ç° ~[^¥xQê
Y
ã¬H\ ÷Oz PÇò^Î H~àQê~xß xiàOK_È°.
G ~¡¼ ^ÎO_³`Ç°ë`Ç°O^Î#ß Ç°O`Ë POöQÁÇò° ~¡OlO`²OQ·ä½ ¬=¶#¬ìÙ^¥ WKó~¡°.
M
G 1802 Õ J=°$`¬~#° PãHq°Oz `Ç# =°`Ç~[^¥xQê ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ°ä½<ß_È°.
G ''J=°$`¬~ X¬æO^ÎOÑÑ
95 E
1809 ãa\ ©+¹ Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ 1= q°O\Õ`Ë KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
9
G D X¬æO^ÎO ã¬Hê~¡O ¬>èÁ* #k ãa\ ©+¹ Ê ¬O*ì =°^Î¼ ¬i¬ì^Î°íQê =¶iOk.
59
D
G 1831 qeÇ°OÿO\ ÷OQ·`Ë ''²O^Î°<qHê X¬æO^ÎOÑÑ#° KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°. nx ã¬Hê~¡O ãa\ ©+¹"~¡° ²O^Î¶#kx =~¡ëHO
CA
HË¬O L¬³¶yOKÇ°HË=KÇ°ó.
50
G 1838 ¢`³áH÷ÆH X¬æO^ÎO ~¡Ol`²OQ·, ãa\ ©+¹, P¦¬É<£ ä½_³á# ï~O_È= ¦¬¶*ì =°^Î¼ [iyOk. nO`Ë ~¡Ol`²OQ·
98
P¦¬É<£ Õ ï~O_È= ¦¬¶*ìä½ =¼uö~HOQê [~¡°Q®°`Ç°#ß u~¡°Q®°ì@Á#° J}z"Í§_È°.
A
:8
G ï~O_È= ¦¬¶*ì ~¡OlO`²OQ·ä½ HË²ì#¶~ =ã[O (Q®°O@¶~¡° l ìÁ Õx Hù¶Á~¡° Õ J|°í ìÁ ä½`Ç° HêO Õ ^ùiH÷Ok)
h
|¬=¶#OQê WKó_È°.
A E
.P
G ~¡Ol`²OQ· ~¢° - 4. 1) ì¬ìÙ~ 2) =ò ìë<£ 3) Hêjà~ 4) Ì=~

AB C
D
G ~¢kHêi - #rO HêQê ¬~¡Q®}ì JkHêi - Hê^Î~.

ER I
G ~¡Ol`²OQ· ~¡¶ÚOkOz# ã¬`Í¼H <¼Ç°ªÖ#O - J^¥`-W-P ì HêQê <¼Ç¶kHê~¡°° - J^¥`°.

O
G Y ì JaãÇ¶#° QÒ~¡qOz ²ä½ø KÇiã`Ç Õ Ìáxä½ä½ `ùeªiQê r`° Wzó# ä½_È°.
G
CH
1839 Õ ~¡Ol`²OQ· =°~¡}÷OKÇQê `Ç~Þ`Ç |Ôì}° ÿá Y~¡H±, À+~ "³ò^ÎQ®°"~¡° eOK~¡°.

YD
G 1843 ~¡Ol` ²OQ· z#ß ä½=¶~¡°_È° kb¹²OQ· ä½_È° JÇ¶¼_È° Hêh `#° z#ß"_È° Hê=_ÈO`Ë `ÇeÁ ~}÷ lO^¥<£
,H
¬ O ~¡ H Æ ä ½ ~eQê Hù#ªyOk. ~}÷ lO^¥<£ ãa\ © + ¹ Pk ¬ ` ¼xß `Ç y ¾ O Kx "iÌá Ìá < ¼xß L² Q ù ÿ æ #°. nO`Ë
AM
T
¬ðiO*-I ²ä½øÌá Çò^¥xß ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°. nxx 1= POQËÁ-²ä½ø Çò^ÎO JO\ì~¡°.
v
H
M
"³ò^Î\÷ POQËÁ - ²ä½ø Çò^ÎO (1845 - 46) :

AM
G
IG
Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ - 1= ¬ìÙiO* ²ä½øÀ<x - ì ²OQ· HêQê ãa\ ©+¹ ÌáxH [#~¡ - ¬~¬ú¼*Qê¦¹.
G
KH
1844 Õ |Ôì#"³°Ø# ¬O*ì#° ãa\ ©+¹ "~¡° PãHq°OK#°Hùx ¬>èÁ* #kx ^¥\ ÷ ¬O*ìÌá ^¥_KÍ§~¡°. nO`Ë
"³ò^Î\ ÷ POQËÁ-²ä½ø Çò^ÎO ã~¡O"³°Ø#k.

R
G D Çò^Î¬=°Ç°O Õ 5 Çò^¥° [iQê~ò.
G 1) =ò_ø - 1845 _ÌO|~¡° 18 2) ¦²~Ë*ì - 1845 _ÌO|~¡° 21 3) |°^Í í "
4) Pb" 1846 [#=i 28 5) ªéãì<£ (`Ç°ä½ Çò^ÎO) - 1846 ¦²ã|=i 10
G ªéãì<£ / `Ç°ä½ Çò^ÎO Õ J<ÍH "Í=°Ok ²ä½ø° =kOKÇ|_È@O`Ë `Ç=° F@q°x JOwHiOz 1846 =¶ió 9#
'' ì¬ìÙ~ X¬æO^ÎOÑÑ KÍ¬°ä½<ß~¡°.
] ì¬ìÙ~ X¬æO^ÎO (1846 =¶ió9) =òMì¼O§° :

1) HË²ì#¶~ =ã[O ãa\©+¹"iH÷ W=Þ|_Ok.
2) Hêjà~ ãO`ÇO ãa\©+¹ "iH÷ W=Þ|_Ok. (Hêjà~#° ãa\©+¹ "~¡° 50 HÆä½ Q®° ì²OQ·ä½ J"Í°à§~¡°).
3) 1.5 HË@Á #+¬¬i¬ð~¡O K³eÁOKÇ°@ä½ ¬O*ì JOwHiOzOk.

4) ¬>èÁ* - aÇ¶¹ #^Î° =°^Î¼Q® AO^Î~ ^ËP ãO`ÇO#° ãa\©+¹ "iH÷ WKó~¡°.
G ì¬ìÙ~ X¬æO^¥xH÷ Hùxß =¶~¡°æ° KÍ¬¶ë 1846 _ÌO|~¡° 26# ''ÿá~¡"Ë ÑÑ J<Í X_ÈO|_H ä½kiOk.
v ÿá~¡"Ë ¬Ok (1846 _ÌO|~¡° 26) :

1) ¬O*ì#° eOKÇ°@ä½ 8 =°Ok`Ë XH 'HÒx P¦¹ s*ÿhÑx U~æ@°KÍ§~¡°.
2) D HÒx ä½ J^Î¼äÆ½_x Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ xÇ°q°ªë_È°. nx `ùe J^Î¼äÆ½_È° - Ììãh ìï~<£.
v 2= POQËÁ - ²ä½ø Çò^ÎO (1848-49) :

G Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ - _È ºÝ².
Ììãh ìï~<£
G ²ä½ø <Ç°ä½° - z`Ç¶ë~²OQ· ( ì¬ìÙ~), =ü ~*(=ò ìë<£) Õ `Ç# ¬î~¡Þã¬u+¬° uiyÚO^Î°@ä½ ãa\©+¹Ìá
u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ§~¡°. nO`Ë _È ºÝ² ¬O*ìÌá Çò^ÎO#° ã¬H\ ÷Oz ÌáxH [#~¡ - §¼"£°POã_È¶¹ ¬O_È°.
Y
G §¼"£°POã_È¶¹ ì¬ìÙ~, =ò ìë<£ Õ u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° J}z"Í² ²ä½ø =°^Î`Ç°^¥~¡°#° ~"£°#Q®~ Çò^ÎO - 1848
#=O|~¡° 22, zÇ°<£" ì Çò^ÎO - 1849 [#=i 13, Q®°[~` Çò^ÎO - 1849 ¦²ã|=i 21# F_OK~¡°.
M
G Ìá Çò^¥ Õ z`Ç¶ë~²OQ·, ì¬ìÙ~ À<¬u À+~²OQ· J`Çës" ì° |OnÇ¶¼~¡°.
95 E
G _È ºÝ² kb¹²OQ·#° `ùyOz ¬O=`Ç~xH÷ 50 HÆ ~¡}O Wzó ¬O*ì#° ¬îiëQê JãHq°OK_È°.
9
59
G 1849 Õ kb¹²OQ· ¢ïHá¬ë==°`ÇO#° ÔÞHiOz O_È<£ "³o¤éÇ¶_È°.
D
G ¬O*ì PãH=°} `Ç~Þ`Ç ãQêO_£ã@OH± ~Ë_£#° Ì=~ =~¡ä½ Ú_yOz#"_È° - _È ºÝ².
CA
G Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ - _È ºÝ². J=^£ ~[¼ªÖ¬ä½_È° - ª^Î`Mì<£ |°~<£ L =ò ø HêQê z=i ä½_È° - =r^£ Jb.
50
v J=^£ PãH=°} :
98
A
:8
#" À~¡° HêO #" À~¡° HêO
h
A E
.P
1. ª^Î`Mì<£ |°~<£ L =ò ø 1722 - 1739 6. ª^Î`Jb 1798 - 1814

AB C
7. Q®rAn<£ Ìáì^Î~ 1814 - 1827

D
2. ¬¬~ [OQ· 1739 - 1754

8. <²~¡°n<£ Ìáì^Î~ 1827 - 1837
ER I
3. ¦¬°*ì L^ñí ì 1754 - 1775

O
4. J¬¬ô^ñ ì 1775 - 1797 9. Jbª 1837 - 1842

10. J=°û^£ Jb 1842 - 1847
CH
5. =r~Jb 1797 - 1798

YD
11. "r^£ Jb 1847 - 1856

,H
G 1856 "r^£ Jb `Ç¬C_È°# (Mal Administration) KÍ¬°ë<ß_È<Í <³¬O`Ë _È ºÝ² J=^£#° PãHq°OK_È°.
G _È ºÝ² ~[¼¬OãH=°} ²^¥O`ÇO ^¥Þ~ z=~¡Qê PãHq°Oz# ãO`ÇO - J=^£.
AM
T
H
M

AM
IG
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
KH
1. ÿOQê Õ <³Hùæ|_# POöQÁÇò `ùe H~àQê~¡=ò 4. ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ãa\÷+¹ ¬i#ä½ ¬ô<k"Í²# Çò^ÎO?
R
ZHø_È LOk? (Group-I - 2012) (Group-I - 1994)
1) `ã=°e²ë 2) ¬wÁ 1) "³ò^Î\ ÷ x¬@° Çò^ÎO

3) z@QêOQ· 4) HH`ë 2) Hê}ÞÇò^ÎO
2. ²O_¨s° D ãH÷Ok "i Õ Z=i Q®°ã~¡¬ô ï~á`Ç°°? 3) `ÇoÁHË@ Çò^ÎO 4) ÁÔ Çò^ÎO
(Group-I - 2010) 5. ¬~^¥=°¹ =°ã<Ë KÇxé~ò# ¬ÖO?(Group-I - 1987)
1) <³á*ìO Ìá#¼O 2) ~[¬ôã`Ç° Ìá#¼O 1) =°ã^¥¹ 2) H_È¬ 3) ¬uëHùO_È 4) O_È<£
3) ãa\÷+¹ Ìá#¼O 4) =°~s Ìá#¼O 6. =ü_È = x¬ @ ° Ç ò ^Î O Õ =°~s #°
3. çaÄeÇò^ÎO [iy# ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò? F_Oz#^³=~¡°? (Group-II - 2008)
(Group-I - 2010) 1) POöQÁÇò° 2) ~¡°Ìì ì°

1) 1755 2) 1756 3) 1757 4) 1758 3) P¦¬É<£° 4) "³òQ®°°

7. ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ WOwÁ+¬µ "~¡° ã¬ã¬^Î=° ªÖ=~xß ZHø_È 20. D¹W
O_¶Ç HOÌh "³ò^Î\ ÷ HÆ ¼O?(A.E.E.'S - 2009)
xiàOKÇ°ä½<ß~¡°? (Group-II - 2003) 1) ªã=¶[¼HêOHÆ 2) "¼~¡O
1) =òOì~ò 2) =°ã^¥¹ 3) ¬wÁ 4) ¬¶~¡` 3) =ò_¬~¡°ä½ ^Ë²_ 4) =¶ï~ø\ Q®°iëOKÇ_ÈO
8. Hù~¡=°O_È f~¡O #°O_ _Èzó"i ã¬^¥# ZQ®°=°u? 21. D ãH÷Ok "x Õ Z=~¡° ãa\÷+¹ "iH÷ =¼uö~HOQê
(Group-II - 2003) z=i =~¡ä½ é~@O KÍ§~¡°? (A.E.E.'S - 2009)
1) <Í`Ç ¬~¡°ä½ 2) he 1) "³òQ®°° 2) =°~s°

3) =°ª k#°¬°° 4) ¬¶ö~Hê~¡O 3) ~[¬ôã`Ç°° 4) ²ä½ø°
9. =ü_È= x¬@° Çò^¥#O`Ç~¡O ì~¡`Ç^Í×O "³òQ® 22. ãa\÷+¹ "~¡° ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ xiàOz# "³ò^Î\ ÷HË@?
ªã=¶\Qê Q®°iëOKÇ|_#k? (Group-II - 2001) (E.O - 2008)
1) =°¬ì=°à^£ -I 2) J¬ì=°à^£ 1) PãQê¦é~ 2) Ì~òO\ *ìsû ¦é~

3) JOQê~ -II 4) O -II 3) Ì~òO\ _Íq_£ ¦é~ 4) ¬yÁ ¦é~
Y
10. ''pH\ ÷ Q®kÑÑ L^ÎO`Ç=ò ZHø_È [iyOk? (Gr-II - 2000) 23. é~¡°ów¹ ã ì¼xH÷ ¬ô<^Î°° "Í²O^³=~¡°?
1) =ò+Ô~ì^£ 2) _¨Hê (E.O - 2008)
M
3) "³¶O¦Ô°~ 4) HH`ë 1) "ªéø_Qê=¶ 2) |~¡ë Õq°³¶ _Ç¶¹
11. ÿOQê Õ Ju=òY¼"³°Ø# ãÌ¦OK ªÖ=~¡=ò? 3) J°ÄH~ø 4) _È¶ÌÁH±
95 E
9
(Group-II - 2000) 24. ãÌ¦OK D¹WO_Ç¶ HOÌh =¼=ªÖ¬ä½_³=~¡°?
59
D
1) ¬yÁ 2) =üiÂ^¥ì^£ 1) _È¶¼=¶¹ 2) _È¶ÌÁH± (E.O - 2008)
3) KÇOã^Î<Q®¶~ 4) ã\ìOH÷Þì~ 3) HËÄ~ 4) _ ì Àì~ü
CA
50
12. ãH÷Ok "\÷ Õ Uk ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ãÌ¦Oz ªÖ=~¡O Hê^Î°? 25. ÿOQê Õ H~¡°=ô ¬OqOz# ¬O=`Ç~¡O?
98
(Group-II - 2000) (E.O - 2008)
A
1) =°Ôì 2) O_KÍói 3) Hï~áH 4) ã\ìOH÷Þì~
:8
1) 1770 2) 1771 3) 1772 4) 1793
13. ï~O_È= POQËÁ ²ä½ø Çò^ÎO Õ ZKÇó@ q[Ç°O ªkOz 26. ÿOQê Õ ãÌ¦Oz "i ªÖ=~¡O ZHø_È =ôOk?
h
A E
.P
¬O*ì#° =×¬~¡°KÇ°ä½<ß~¡°? (Group-II - 2000) (E.O - 2008)

1) Q®°[~` 2) =ò ìë<£
AB C
1) z#¶~ 2) =òiÂ^¥ì^£
D
3) ~O#Q®~ 4) ì¬ìÙ~ 3) KÇOã^Î#Q®~ 4) ¬wÁ

ER I
14. ~¡Ol` ²OQ· HêO Õ ãa\÷+¹ "i`Ë J=°$`¬~ ¬Ok 27. 1605 Õ _Èzó"~¡° `Ç=° "³ò^Î\ ÷ =~¡ëHªÖ=~xß ZHø_È
O
KÍ¬°ä½#ß ¬O=`Ç~¡O? (Group-II - 2000) xiàOKÇ°ä½<ß~¡°? (A.S.O - 2012)

CH
1) 1797 2) 1807 3) 1809 4) 1818 1) ¬¶~¡` 2) HêeH\

YD
15. çaÄe Çò^ÎO Õ ç¾#ß ãÌ¦Oz À<x? (Gr-II - 91) 3) Hï~áH 4) =°zb¬@ßO
,H
1) Hê¼O¹ 2) qeÇ°O ¦é~Û 28. U ¬O=`Ç~¡O Õ B~¡OQ®*è POöQÁÇòä½ "¼~¡

AM
3) "b 4) |°Ô
T
xq°`ÇëO ÿOQê Õ J#°=°uOK_È°? (A.E.C - 2011)

16. "ªéø_Qê=¶H÷ =°_ÈQê¬ø~ #°Oz HêeH\ KÍ~¡_¨xH÷ 1) 1765 2) 1780 3) 1878 4) 1667
H
M
Z=~¡° ^¥i KÇ¶²OK~¡°? 29. §×Þ`Ç t¬°ë x~¡âÇ° ¬^Îu U ¬O=`Ç~¡O Õ ã¬"Í×Ì@
AM
(M.J.A.O - 2012)
IG
1) J|°í =°l 2) P |°H±~¡°H± |_#k? (DY.E.O - 2008)

KH
3) ã¦<£HË - _ - P q°_È 4) Hê²<£ ¬ðH÷OQ· 1) 1729 2) 1790 3) 1842 4) 1858

17. k"x P¦¹ ÿOQê , c¬ð~ =°iÇò X_ª U ¬Ok 30. WO_Ç¶ ã¬°`Þxß `Ç# Pn#O ÕH÷ ãa\÷+¹ KÇãH=ië
R
^¥Þ~ WOwÁ+¹ "iH÷ aOzOk? (M.J.A.O - 2012) Z¬C_È° f¬°HË=_ÈO [iyOk? (D.L - 2007)
1) J¬ðì^£ ¬Ok 2) |~¡ø~ ¬Ok 1) 1856 2) 1857 3) 1842 4) 1858
3) HËß ¬Ok 4) Jb#Q®~ ¬Ok
18. ãH÷Ok "x Õ U ¬OªÖ<xß ãa\÷+¹ "~¡° `Ç=° Õ ["|°°
ä¬ôä½<ß~¡°? (A.E.E.'S - 2009) 1) 4 2) 4 3) 3 4) 4 5) 3
1) QêÞeÇ°~ 2) Ìáì^Î~ì^£ 6) 4 7) 4 8) 4 9) 2 10) 4
3) ²O^Î° 4) |~Ë_È 11) 3 12) 4 13) 4 14) 3 15) 4
19. ì~¡`Ç^Í×O`Ë "}÷[¼ X¬æO^ÎO KÍ¬°ä½#ß "³ò^Î\ ÷ 16) 1 17) 1 18) 3 19) 1 20) 2
^Í×O? (A.E.E.'S - 2009) 21) 2 22) 2 23) 3 24) 3 25) 1
1) é~¡°óQ® 2) ¬ð ÿO_£ 3) ã¦<£ 4) WOQêÁO_£ 26) 3 27) 4 28) 4 29) 3 30) 4

G 1806 Õ "³¶Á~¡° (`Çq°×<_È° Õx QË ÿÛ<£ >ÿO¬ô Q® ãO`ÇO) *ì~ûì~ËÁ Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ Qê, ÿO\÷OQ· =°ã^¥¹
Q®=~¡ß~Qê L#ß HêO Õ `ùeªiQê ²~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@° [iyOk.
Y
G 1824 Õ ï~O_È=ªi u~¡°Q®°ì@° "³ò^Î\ ÷ |~àÇò^ÎHêO Õ [iyOk - ¬=òã^ÎOÌá
M
ã¬Ç¶}O =¼uö~H÷OKÇ_ÈO.
G 1856 Õ ¬=òã^Î ã¬Ç¶}ìxß `Ç¬æx¬i KÍ¬¶ë Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ HêxOQ· ''ª=¶#¼À"
95 E
xÇòHë KÇ@OÑÑ / General Service Enlisment Act ) KÍ§_È°.
9
59
D
G 1857 "Í° 10 g°~¡\ Õ ''²~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@°ÑÑ ã~¡O"³°ØOk.
G 1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° ²~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@° Jx `ùeªiQê =iâOz#"~¡° -
CA
50
ãa\©+¹"~¡° - *ì<£ ìï~<£. ÿO\ O
÷ H±
98
G 1857 ²~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@°ä½ Hê~¡ä½_È° - _È ºÝ² HêQê u~¡°ì@°<\÷ Q®=~¡ß~
A
:8
[#~¡ - ì~ÛHêxOQ·.
G 1857 ²~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° ''ã¬^Î=° ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç ¬OãQê=°OÑÑ Jx =iâOz# "~¡°
h
A E
.P
V.D. ª"~¡ø~ (WO_Ç°<£ "~ P¦¹ WO_ÌO_³<£ ãQ®O^ÎO)

AB C
D
G 1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@° ¬=°Ç°O Õ "³ò¦¬° KÇãH=ië - |¬ì^Î¶~ - II

ER I
G 1857 ²~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@°ä½ Q® `ÇHÆ} Hê~¡}O - 1856 Õ ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# ~Ç°

O
Z<£¦Ô Û `Ç°ä½° - ¬Ok, P=ô Hù=ôÞ¬î²# `Ç¶\ì#° Ìáxä½° "_È=°#_ÈO.

CH
G P^Î°xH ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç Õ HOÌh # Õ [iy# Ju ã¬^¥#"³°Ø# ¬O¦¬°@# - ì~ÛHêxOQ·

YD
1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@°.
,H
G 1857 ²~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@°ä½ Q® Hê~¡}ì° :

AM
1) ~[H©Ç° Hê~¡}ì° 2) ªO¦²°H, =°`ÇHê~¡}ì° 3) PiÖH Hê~¡}ì° 4) ÌáxH Hê~¡}ì°

T
1. ~[H©Ç° Hê~¡}ì° (Political Causes) :

H
M
AM
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ POQ®Á~[¼ªÖ¬ä½_È° - ~|~ïHÁå"£ HêQê ªã=¶*ì¼xH÷ ¬ô<k"Í²#"_È° -

IG
KH
"~¡<£ Àì²OQ·.
G ãa\©+¹"i ªã=¶[¼"^ÎO ~[H©Ç°¬~¡"³°Ø# ã¬^¥#Hê~¡}O.
R
G ì~Û"³ÁÔÁ - Ìá#¼ ¬¬ìHê~¡ ¬^Îu ^¥Þ~ [iy# X¬æO^¥ =# J<ÍH ~*ì¼#°
ªÞn#¬~¡°KÇ°HË=_ÈO.
G 1857ä½ =òO^Î° HOÌh J#°¬iOz# ^Î°~ãH=°} q^¥<°.
G _È ºÝ² ~[¼ ¬OãH=°} ²^¥O`ÇO ^¥Þ~¡ J<ÍH ~*ì¼#° ãa\©+¹~[¼O Õ qb#OKÍÇ°_ÈO. "~¡<£ Àì²OQ·
1) 1848 - ¬`~ (~[¼ ¬OãH=°} ²^¥O`ÇO ^¥Þ~ _È ºÝ² PãHq°Oz# `ùeãO`ÇO).

2) 1849 - *ÿá`¬î~, ¬Oì ¬î~, ¬O*ì 3) 1850 - Q®`, ²H÷øO, ~¡`¬î~
4) 1852 - L^Î°¬î~, ÌQ®¶(|~à) 5) 1853 - ~¡ìh
6) 1854 - <Q·¬î~ 7) 1856 - J³¶^Î¼

2. ªO¦²°H, =°`Ç Hê~¡}ì° (Socio, Religious Causes) :
G ì~¡fÇò ª=¶lH PK~¡, ªOã¬^¥Ç¶ Õ ãa\©+¹ "i *ÕH¼O.
G 1813 K~¡~ KÇ@O ã¬Hê~¡O ¢ïHá¬ë= =°`Ç ã¬K~xH÷ J=Hê×O HeæOKÇ_ÈO.
G q^Î¼, "³á^Î¼O, L^Ë¼Q®O À~¡°`Ë J<ÍH=°Okx ¢ïHá¬ë=ô°Qê =¶~¡ó_ÈO.
G H~¡°=ô ¬=°Ç°O Õ ä_¨ À"Hê~¡¼ãH=¶° J<Í =ò¬°Q®° Õ K ì=°Okx ¢ïHá¬ë=ô°Qê =¶iói.
_È ºÝ²
G 1829 - qeÇ°O ÿO\÷OH± '¬f¬¬ìQ®=°# xÀ+^ÎKÇ@OÑ, '1835 POQ®Áq^Î¼Ñ#° ã¬"Í×Ì@_ÈO.
G 1850 Õ - "Castle Disability Act" #° ã¬"Í×Ì@_ÈO, =°`ÇO =¶~¡°óä½#ß "iH÷ (Converts Inheritance Act)
G 1856 Õ q`ÇO`Ç° ¬ô#~ q"¬ð° KÍ¬°ä½#ß "iH÷ P²Ö¬ìä½ø#° _È ºÝ² HeæOKÇ_ÈO.
3. PiÖH Hê~¡}ì° (Economic Causes) :
G ãa\©+¹ HOÌh PiÖH q^¥#O, ì~¡fÇ° ï~áÒQêxß, KÍu=$`Ç°ë "ix J<ÍH Hä½ Q®°iKÍ²Ok.
Y
G ''ãa\©+¹ "~¡° ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# [q°O^¥s =¼=¬Ö Ss+¹ ¶ªÞ=°¼ =¼=¬Öä½ ã¬fHÑÑ
M
- Hê~Á=¶~ø.
G ''~|~ïHÁå"£, "~¡<£Àì²OQ·° J#°¬iOz# q^¥< =Á ÿOQê Õx 3= =O`Ç° ìQ®O
95 E
9
J~¡}¼OQê =¶iOkÑÑ - Hê~¡<£"b¹.
59
D
G KÍ<Í`Ç Hêiàä½ Z=òH`Ë ì~¡`Ç <Í `³ÁìiOk Jx `Ç# x"ÍkH Õ À~ùø#ß Q®=~¡ß~
CA
Hê~¡<"
£ b¹
[#~¡ - qeÇ°O ÿO\÷OH±·.
50
G ï~á`Ç°#° Ìá#¼O Õ KÍ~¡°óHË=_¨xH÷ HOÌh ä½° ¶q°t¬°ë#° ÌOK~¡° - ãH÷+¹=°<£ (~¡¼)
98
G POöQÁÇòH<ß =ò²ÁO è ìQê ¬ieOzi - ãÌ¦_ÈiH± é~.
A
:8
G ''=°#O qkOz#O`Ç ¶q°t¬°ë U q^Íj~A ä_¨ qkOKÇ è^Î°ÑÑ - a+¬¹Ìì|~.
h
A E
4. ÌáxH Hê~¡}ì° (Military Causes) :

.P
AB C
D
G `ùeªi 1806 Õ "Í¶Á~¡° Õ 1824 Õ 2= ªi - ì~¡H±¬î~ Õ ²~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@°

ER I
qeÇ°O ÿO\ ÷OH±·
[iy#q.
O
G ãa\©+¹ Ìá#¼O Õ ¬xKÍÀ Ìáxä½#° '²~ò°Ñ JO\ì~¡° giH÷ ¬°è^¥~ ¬^ÎqH÷ q°Oz ¬^Ë#ßu aOKÍk Hê^Î° -
CH
HOÌh Ìáxä½#° ªéû~ JO\ì~¡°.

YD
G ì~¡fÇ° Ìáxä½° ãa\©+¹ "i `Ç~¡°¬ô# é~_È°`Ç°#ß¬æ\÷H© r`Ç`¼°, ¬^Ë#ßu Õ =¼`¼¬O LO_Ík.
,H
G qeÇ°O ÿO\÷OH± ì~¡fÇ° ²~òä½ K³eÁOKÇ=²# J^Î#¬ô |`¼#° ~¡^Î°íKÍ§_È°.

AM
T
G 1854 Õ ²~òä½ Q® Lz`Ç `Ç ì ªÏH~¼xß ä_¨ ~¡^Î°íKÍ§_È°.

G POQ®ÁÌá#¼O Õ ²~ò° 7/8= =O`Ç° H~¡° "³ò`ÇëO Ìá#¼O Õ POöQÁÇ°Ìá#¼O 19% =¶ã`Ç"Í°.
H
M
AM
G 1856 Õ HêxOQ· ''ª=¶#¼ À" xÇòHë KÇ@OÑÑ ã¬"Í×Ì\÷ q^Í§ Õ =°iÇò U ãO` Õ<³á< ²~ò° Çò^ÎO
IG
KÍÇ¶x P^ÍtOK_È°.
KH
G HOÌh Õ ì~¡fÇ°, POQ®ÁÌá#¼O x+¬æuë - 6 :1

R
v `ÇHÆ} Hê~¡}O :
G 1856 Õ ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# ''~Ç° Z<£¦Ô ÛÑÑ `Ç°ä½° - `ÇHÆ} Hê~¡}O.
g\÷ Õ P=ô, ¬Ok Hù=ôÞ ¬î²# `Ç¶\ì#° ²~ò#° "_È=°#@O.
G g\÷x L¬³¶yOKÍ tHÆ} xq°`ÇëO _È"£°_È"£°, JOì, ²³¶ HË@#° ÿ~¡ÝO¬î~
(1857 ¦²ã|=i, ì~¡H±¬î~ (1857 =¶ió)
G Z<£¦Ô Û `Ç°ä½ L`Çæuë öHOã^ÎO - =î`ã=K (WOQêÁO_£)
G 1857 =¶ió29# ì~¡H±¬î~(ÿOQê ) Õx 34= ÌáxH ï~l"³°O\ä½ K³Ok#
1446 <³O|~ ²~ò =°OQ®O_Í ÿ¦²<³O\ ìQ·¬Q·¬<£#° Hêeó KÇO_È°.
=°OQ® O_Í

G nO`Ë =°OQ®O_Í#° Jï~¹ K³Ç°¼=°x [O^Îs D×ÞiO_Í#° P^ÍtOKÇQê ^¥xH_È°#° x~HiOKÇ_ÈO`Ë =°OQ®O_Í,
[O^Îs D×ÞiO_Í#° 1857 Uã² 8 Lif§~¡°.
G g~¡° ²~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@° ¬=°Ç°O Õ =°~¡}÷Oz# `ùe"~¡°.
G 1857 Uã² Õ g°~¡\ Õx 3 JtÞH^ÎìxH÷ K³Ok# Hß ²à` Pn#O Õ 90 =°Ok ²~ò° D `Ç¶\ì#°
L¬³¶yOKÇ°@ä½ x~HiOK~¡°. gi Õ 85 =°Ok L¬³¶yOKÇ°@ä½ ¬îiëQê x~HiOz `Ç=° L^Ë¼Qê#° HË Õæ~òi.
giH÷ 10 ¬O=`Ç~° *ÿá°tHÆ qkÀë JOwHiOK~¡°.
G 1857 "Í° 8# g°~¡\ Õ XH ¬O`Ç [~¡°Q®Qê g°~¡\ Õx HùO`Ç=°Ok ²~ò° =°²ì×KÍ ^Î¶+²OKÇ|_¨Û~¡°.
G nO`Ë ã¬ìq`Ç°~ò# g°~¡\ ²~ò° ãa\©+¹ =¼uö~HOQê é~_È@Oä½ x~¡â~òOKÇ°Hùxi.
G 1857 "Í° 10# g°~¡\ Õ |OkOz L#ß `Ç# 85 =°Ok ¬¬ìÙ^Ë¼Q®°#° q_²OK~¡°.
("¬ë"xH÷ u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° x~¡â~òOz# `Ík 1857 "Í° 31)
Y
G ãa\©+¹ä½ =¼uö~HOQê u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° ã¬H\ ÷Oz _bÁ "³á¬ô ¬Ç°xOK~¡°.
G "Í° 11# [#~¡ H±ëMì<£ <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ _bÁ KÍ~¡°Hùx Zã~¡HË@ Õx ãa\©+¹ ï~²_³O\ JkHêi Ìá=°<£ ãÌ¦[~#°, _bÁ JkHêi
M
Ìá=°<£ iÔÁ#° =kOz z=i "³ò¦¬° KÇãH=ië J~ò# 2= |¬ì^Î¶~ *ì¦¬~#° ''+¬¬ì<£-W-²ìO^Î¶ªÖ<£ÑÑ ì~¡`Ç^Í×
95 E
KÇãH=ië / Emperor of India Qê ã¬H\ ÷OK~¡°.
9
59
G 2= |¬ì^Î¶~ (72 ¬OII) ¬¬ðÇ¶xß HË~¡°`Ç¶ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õx ¬OªÖ<ä½ L`Çë~° ã"§_È°.
D
G D u~¡°Q®°ì@° ¬=°Ç°O Õ ²~ò° KÍ²# x<^ÎO ''=¶~Ë¦²~¡OyHËÑÑ.
v 1857 ²~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@° [iy# ã¬=òY ãO`° : CA

50
98
1. _bÁ :
A
:8
G 2= |¬ì^Î¶~ <Ç°ä½_³á#¬æ\÷H÷ "¬ë"kHê~° K³ ì~òOz u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° ã~¡OaOz#"~¡° - [#~¡ H±ëMì<£.
h
A E
.P
G _bÁ Õ u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° J}z"ÍÇ°_¨xïHá [#~¡ xHË<£ ¬O¬|_¨Û_È°. Hêh W`Ç#° ¬ì`Ç¼ä½Q®°ï~á<_È°.

AB C
G nO`Ë ¬ì_È<£ _bÁ Õ u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° J}z"Í² 2= |¬ì^Î¶~ ì~¡¼ r#` =°¬ì #°, ä½=¶~¡°#° (r=<£H±ë#°
D
q°#¬ð~òOz) ¬ì`Ç¼KÍ§_È°.
ER I
O
G 2= |¬ì^Î¶~#° ~¡OQ®¶<£ (|~à) |OnQê ¬O¬Qê 1862 Õ J<~ËQ®¼ Hê~¡}OQê z=i "³ò¦¬° KÇãH=ië J~ò# 2=
|¬ì^Î¶~ ~¡OQ®¶<£ Õx `ÇOQ®¶ *ÿá° Õ =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
CH
YD
2. Hê#¶æ~ :
,H
G u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ²#"~¡° : <<ªÌì HêQê J}z"Í²#"_È° - Hê¼O¹ÿ .

AM
T
G <<ªÀì J¬°À~¡° - QËqO^Î ^ËO_È¶ ¬O_`.

G <<ªÀì - ãÌ¦OK KÇãH=iëH÷ ã"²# Y
è Õ D qÔÎ Qê À~ùø<ß_È°. ''ãa\©+¹ "~¡° KÍ#
² JãH=° KÇ\ì° ¬¶~¡¼H÷~}
¡ ì ìQê
H
M
Jxß "³á¬ô#°O_ =°O_È°`Ç°<ß~òÑÑ

AM
IG
G W`Ç#° `Ç#ä½`<Í ÔÞQê ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ°Hùx (2= ìr~=ô ^Î`Çë¬ôã`Ç°_È°)

KH
G `Ç# W^Îí~¡° J#°KÇ~¡°° J~ò# ÒuÇ¶`ËÀ, Jr=ò ìÁ`Ë He² u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ§_È°.
R
G J¬ðì^£ =Ou Õ Q® 400 =°Ok ãa\©+¹ "ix =kOKÇ°@ Hê~¡}OQê (Zä½ø= =°Ok POöQÁÇò° =°~¡}÷Oz#
ã¬^Í×O - Hê#¶æ~) D u~¡°Q®°ì@° fã=~¡¶¬O ^¥eóOk.
G [#~¡ Hê¼O¹ÿ #° (ãa\©+¹"~¡°) ¬°ãÔOH=¶O_È~ W<£p¦¹Qê ì~¡`ä½ ¬O¬Qê J`Ç_È° QË~ ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë Hê#¶æ~
u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° J}z"ÍÇ°Qê <<ªÀì <Í ä½, ÒuÇ¶`ËÀ (~Ç°KÇOã^Î O_È°~¡OQ®) =°^Î¼ ì~¡`Ç J_È=ôä½
iéÇ¶~¡°.
G ÒuÇ¶`ËÀ qO_£¬ìÙ"£° J<Í ãa\©+¹ JkHêi}÷ Hê#¶æ~ #°O_ `Çiq°"Í§_È°.
G ÒuÇ¶`ËÀ ïQi ìÁ Çò^Î ¬^Îu Õ ãa\©+¹ "ix Z^Î°~ùøO@¶ ~¡ìh H©Æ àì°ä½ ÌáxH ¬¬ðÇ°O KÍ§_È°.
G =¶e<£¬<£ - ÒuÇ¶`ËÀ#° Qù¬æ ïQi ìÁ Çò^Îg~¡°_È° Jx =iâOK_È°.
G =¶<£²OQ· J<Í [q°O^¥s q°ã`Ç°_ #=°àHã^Ë¬ìO ^¥Þ~ ãa\©+¹"iH÷ zH÷ø LifÇ°|_¨Û_È°.

3. J=^£ / HËß : (QË=°u #k X_È°Û# H^Î°)
G u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ²#"~¡° - èQ®O ¬ì[~¡` =°¬ì ("r^£ Jb ì~¡¼) HêQê J}z"Í²#k - Hê¼O¹ÿ .
G èQ®O ¬ì[~¡` =°¬ì `Ç# ä½=¶~¡°_È° abû¹Mìãk / Mìk~#° J=^£ ä½_Qê À~ùøx ãa\©+¹Ìá u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° ã¬H\ ÷Oz#k.
G D u~¡°Q®°ì@°ä½ Jxß =~¾#°O_ =°^Î`Ç° aOz#k.
G [#~¡ Ììãh ìï~<£ J=^£ Õ KÇO¬_¨Û_È° P `Ç~Þ`Ç [#~¡ WOwÁ+¹, Àì"£ ìH±, *èã@O, h ° u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° J}KÇ°@ä½
ã¬Ç°ußOz q¦¬=°Ç¶¼~¡°.
G z=~¡Qê [#~¡ Hê¼O¹ÿ J=^£ / HËß u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° J}z"ÍÇ°Qê èQ®O ¬ì[~¡`=°¬ì <Í ä½ ié~òOk.
4. ~¡ìh :
G u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ²#"~¡° - H©Æ àì~ò / J¬° À~¡° - =°}÷HiâH è^¥
=°¬¶ì~ò. J}÷z"Í²#"~¡° - [#~¡ ¬ú¼ãQË¹.
Y
G ~¡ìh H©Æ àì~ò NQ®OQê^Î~¡~=ô ï~O_È= ì~¡¼.
M
G NQ®OQê^Î~¡ ~=ô =°~¡}÷OKÇQê ^¥"³¶^Î~¡ ~=ô J<Í ì°_x ^Î`Çë`Ç f¬°Hù<³#°.
G _È ºÝ² 1853 Õ ~[¼¬OãH=°} ²^¥O`ÇO J<Í À~¡°`Ë ^Î`Çë`Ç x~HiOz ~¡ìh PãHq°OK_È°.
95 E
G H©Æ àì~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@° Õ ç¾#_¨xH÷ Hê~¡}"³°Ø# ¬O¦¬°@# - 1857 *çH<£ìQ· ¬ì`¼HêO_È nxH÷ Q® =°~ùH À~¡°
9
59
D
_"³á<£ìQ· / E<£ ¬ì`¼HêO_È.
G H©Æ àì~ò ''<~¡ìhx W=Þ#°QêH W=Þ#° =¶ ¬Þ¬ìªë`Ë =¶ ªÞ`ÇOã`xß ¬=¶kKÍÇ°x=ÞOÑÑ J<Í x<^¥`Ë
é~_#k.
CA
50
G H©Æ àì~òH÷ ¬¬ìHiOz# "~¡° - ÒuÇ¶`ËÀ, ~=ôªÀì, (<<ªÀì) ªé^Î~¡°_È°, |Oã^¥#".
98
A
G ''ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼ ##° "Í°O =¶KÍ`Ç°°ßOz *ìiéx=ÞOÑÑ Jx H©Æ àì~ò `Ç# Ìá#¼O`Ë ã¬u[ý KÍ~òOzOk.
:8
G H©Æ àì~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° J}z"Í²# ¬~¬ú¼ãQË* D ¢Ôëx u~¡°Q®°ì@° ^¥~¡° Õ UïHáH ¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È° Ê WO_Ç°<£ *Õ<£
h
A E
.P
P¦¹ P~ø Jx =iâOK_È°.

AB C
(100 ¬OII Çò^ÎO Õ WOQêÁO_£ Ìá#¼O #°O_ L`Çë~¡ ã¦<£ Hê_# Çò=u *Õ<£ P¦¹ P~ø)
D
G H©Æ àì~ò 1858 E<£ 17# QêÞeÇ°~ Çò^Î¶q° Õ g~¡=°~¡}O ÚOkOk.

ER I
O
5. Jã~ / [Q®n+¹ ¬î~ / c¬ð~ :

CH
G u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ²#"~¡° - ä½#Þ~²OQ· (80 ¬OII) HêQê J}z"Í²#k. qeÇ°O >è~, qÌO\ S~°.
YD
G a~¡°^Î°° : c¬ð~ öH¬i / ²O¬ìO, cà K~¡°¼_È°.

,H
G Jã~ [q°O^¥s ¬^Îq#°Oz `Ç##° `ùyOK~¡#ß Hê~¡}O`Ë ãa\÷+¹ä½ =¼uö~HOQê u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ§_È°.
G POöQÁÇò° W`Ç_x J}z"Í² W`Çx ªé^Î~¡°_È° J=°~²OQ· [q°O^¥~¡°Qê ã¬H\ ÷OK~¡°.
AM
T
6. Ì¦á*ìì^£ (L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í) :
H
M
AM
G u~¡°Q®°ì@°^¥~¡°_È° - =°¿bÞ J¬ìà^Î° ìÁ (=°ã^¥¬°ä½ K³Ok#"_È°) HêQê J}z"Í²#"_È° - ([Qê<ß^£²OQ· ¬ô ìÞ<£
IG
~A ì~¡fÇò_È°) 50 "Í i"~Û#° ÚO^¥_È°.

KH
] W`Ç~¡ u~¡°Q®°ì@°Á :
R
1) H^ÎO²OQ· - g°~¡\ 2) Jr=ò ìÁMì<£/¦¬`Í¬î~ 3) ^Íq²OQ·-=°^Î°~¡

4) =°¬ìà^£Mì<£ - a*<ñ~ 5) J|°í PbMì<£ - =ò~Â^¥ì^£ 6) eÇ¶Y` Jb - J¬ðì^£ Ê ÿ<~¡¹
7) #Ô~¡°n<£ - "Í°=`ï~á`Ç° 8) ~¡OQêì¬ôrQ®°ë - =°¬ð~R 9) ~¡OQê~=ô w Ê kb¹²OQ· - <O^Í_£.
v POã^ÎÌá 1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@° ã¬ì=O :

G H_È¬ ^Î~¾ Õ r¬ð^£#° ã¬H\ ÷Oz"~¡° - +¬¯~Ô~ ªÀì.
G ¬~ÁH÷q°_ Õx ¬=~¡*ìu `Ç~¡°¬ô# u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ²#k - ~^¥H$+¬â ^ÎO_ÈÀ#°_È°.
G QË^¥=i Z[h ãO`ÇO Õ u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ²# HË~¡@¶~¡° ãQê=°Ì^Îí - HË~¡°HùO_È ¬°ìÄï~_Û HêQê W`ÇxH÷ ¬¬ìiOz#
HË¬ ÿÁ [q°O^¥~ - HË~¡Á"³OH@ ¬°ìÄï~_Û.
G q§Y¬@ßO À~¡°#° =°¬ìà^£¬@ßOQê =¶~óx x~¡â~òOz# ~ËA - "³ò¬ì~¡O ¬O_È°Q®.

v Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ~RO Õ 1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@° ã¬ì=O :
G 1857 ²~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@° ã~¡O"³°Ø# 7= ~ËA# =°~¡}÷Oz# x*ìO - <²~¡°^ñí ì HêQê ãa\©+¹ä½ =°^Îuzó
"Star of India" Qê À~¡°QêOz# x*ìO - P¦¬û L^ñí ì.
G ¦¬H©~ =°¿bÞ Wã|ÔìO ã¬[ Õ P`ÇàÌåÖ~¡¼O xO¬_¨xH÷ ã¬Ç°ußOz x*ìO =°O^ÎeO¬ô`Ë J*ìý`ÇO ÕH÷ "³ì¤_È°.
G =°¿bÞ J|° ìÁ POöQÁÇòÌá =°Hêø=°Ô^Î° Õ r¬ð^£#° ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°.
G Hyd Õx ["Í°^¥~-Jg°~Mì<£ 1, ["Í°^¥~ - g°~ ¦²^¥ Jb 2= HO\÷O*ÿO\ ¦é~ä½ K³Ok# JtÞH ^Îì° x*ìO
~[¼ ¬i¬ì^Î°í° ^¥@=ò Jx ¬¬ì=°`Ç¬°Ö`Ë é~@O KÍÇ°=°x u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ§~¡°.
G 1= ^Î×O ["Í°^¥~ - Jg°~Mì<£ `Ç²æOKÇ°HËQê 2= ^Î×O ["Í°^¥~ g°~ ¦²^¥ JbÌá LifÇ°|_¨Û_È°.
G 1857 A ÿá 17# Ìáì_³<£ u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ²#k. g°~ `Ç°ö~ì*Mì<£ W`Ç_È° Ìáì^Î~ì^Î° ãa\÷+¹ ï~²_³O\ Õ |OnQê L#ß
z^¥Mì<£#° q_²OKÇ°@ïHá ï~²_³O\Ìá ^¥_KÍÇ°Qê _Íq_£¬<£ J}z"Í§_È°.
Y
G `Ç°ö~ì*Mì<£#° `Ç°ã¦<£ ("³°^ÎH±) =^Îí Z<£HÒO@~ KÍ² J`Çx ×"xß Qù°¬°`Ë H\ ÷ HË@ Õ |²ì~¡OQ® ã¬^Í×O Õ
M
ã"Í ì_Èn§~¡°.
G ÿOQ®×´~¡° ié`Ç°#ß - =°¿bÞ J ìÁLní<£#° =°OQ®×O¬eÁ =^Îí |OkOz JO_È=¶<£ *ÿá°ä½ ¬O¬Qê JHø_Í 1884 Õ
95 E
9
=°~¡}÷OK_È°.
59
D
G _Íq_£¬<£Ìá ¬ì`¼Ç°`ÇßO KÍ²#"~¡° - [¬ìOw~Mì<£
CA
G ïHÌ<£ JÿÄ\#° Hêeó KÇO¬_¨xH÷ ã¬Ç°ußOz# "~¡° - _ÈÀ¦^¥~ g°~ ¦²^¥ JbÌá u~¡°Q®°ì>èÁHêH ãa\©+¹ "iH÷
50
=¼uö~HOQê 1860 Õ J<ÍH ãO` Õ u~¡°Q®°ì@°Á [iQê~ò.
98
G ~¬î~ - ~*ì "³OH@¬æÇ°¼ <Ç°H±, ^Î§=~ l ìÁ Õx =°O^Îi¾ - [q°O^¥~ cO~"£#O^ÎQÒ_£, Pk ìì^£ Õx
A
:8
x~¡à - ~OrQËO_È°. J[O` - ìQËÔ <Ç°H± (a°Á°) x*ì=¶ì^£ - n¹²OQ·, HË=Þ ~A - ¬¦¬ë~L^ñí ì
h
"³ò~ëO_£ [g°O^¥~ - ~¡°Hêàï~_Û "³ò^ÎQ®° "ix POöQÁÇò°, "³ò^Î\ ÷ ª ì~[OQ·° J}z"Í§~¡°.

A E
.P
] u~¡°Q®°ì@° q¦¬O Hê~¡}ì° :

AB C
D
G <Ç°H`ÇÞ ¬=°#ÞÇ° Õ¬O ã¬^¥# Hê~¡}O. G "Í°^¥q =~¡¾O, Jxß =~¾ "~¡° He² ç¾#Hé=_ÈO.
ER I
O
G ãèH± "@~ - HùO^Î~¡° ì~¡fÇò° ãa\©+¹ "iH÷ =°^Î`Ç° ¬H_ÈO. nx`Ë HêxOQ· ''1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@° J<Í =~¡^Îä½
ì~¡`Ç~A° P#H\QêÑÑ ¬xKÍ§~¡° Jx =iâOK_È°.
CH
YD
G ²~ò ¬Oã¬^¥Ç° PÇò^¥#° L¬³¶yOKÇQê, ªéû~ P^Î°xH PÇò^¥#° L¬³¶yOK~¡°.

G ¬=¶K~¡ =¼=¬Ö Õ¬O u~¡°Q®°ì@°^¥~¡° Õ *ìfÇ°ì=O Õ²OKÇ_ÈO.
,H
G Q®°~°, ²ä½ø° ãa\©+¹ "iH÷ =°^Î`Ç° W=Þ_ÈO. G ãH=°tHÆ} Hey# ãa\©+¹ Ìá#¼O.
AM
T
Note : W<³ß¹ ''²OkÇ¶ ¬¬ðÇ°O ãa\©+¹"iH÷ ì~¡`Ç^Í§xß ^ÎH÷øOzOkÑÑ Jx À~ùø<ß_È°.

H
M
] u~¡°Q®°ì@° ¦¬e`° :
AM
IG
G ãa\÷+¹ D²O_Ç¶ HOÌh # ~¡^Î°í KÍÇ°|_Ok. nxªÖ#O Õ 1858 qHËiÇ¶ =°¬ð~}÷ KÇ@O ã¬Hê~¡O ãa\©+¹
KH
ã¬°`ÇÞ ã¬`Ç¼HÆ# ã~¡O"³°ØOk.

R
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ãa\©+¹ ~[¼O Õ XH ìQ®O Jx HêxOQ· J¬ðì^£ ^Î~Ä~ #°O_ ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°.
G 1858 KÇ@O ã¬Hê~¡O Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ Ê "³áã§°, ì~¡`Ç~[¼ Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅQê xÇ°q°OKÇ|_¨Û~¡°.
G ì~¡`Ç^Í× `ùe "³áã§° - HêxOQ· HêQê `ùe ~[¼Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅ - Kï~Á¹ L_£.
G ãa\©+¹ Ìá#¼O ¬ô#=¼=ÔÖHiOKÇ|_ =î¼¬ð`ÇàH ãO` Õ POöQÁÇòä½ ã^¥#¼`Ç WKó~¡°.
G He²H@°Qê é~@O KÍÇ¶x "Í°^¥q =~¡¾O ìqOKÇ_ÈO`Ë `Ç~¡°"`Ç HêO Õ ''1885 _ÌO|~¡° 28 WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬#
HêOãïQ¹ÑÑ U~æ@°ä½ ¬ô<k¬_Ok.
G 1859 Õ ~[¼ ¬OãH=°} ²^¥O`ÇO#° ~¡^Î°íKÍ§~¡°.
G ì~¡fÇò ªO¦²°H, ªO¬ø $uH, =°`Ç q+¬Ç¶ Õ POöQÁÇò *ÕHê¼xß x"iOKÇ_ÈO.
G qlOKÇ° - eOKÇ° J<Í #¶`Ç# q^¥#O ã¬"Í×Ì@_ÈO.

v 1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@°Ìá ã¬=òY° À\"³°O\ / JaãÇ¶° :
1. ''ì~¡`Ç^Í× ã¬^Î=° ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼ ¬OãQê=°OÑÑ V.D. ª"~¡ø~, Hê~¡ =¶~ø.
2. R.C. =°AO^¥~ - ã¬^= Î ° ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼ ¬OãQê=°O Hê^Îx =iâOK_È°.
3. ''²~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@°ÑÑ Jx `ùeªiQê *ì<£Ììãh ìï~<£, =¶~Â=°<£° =iâOK~¡°. ¬~¬Ç°¼^£ J¬ìà^£Mì<£ Dq^ÎOQê
=iâOz# ì~¡fÇò_È°.
4. ''*ìfÇ° u~¡°Q®°ì@°ÑÑ - <³ã¬ú Ê ÿOl=°<£ _ãªÏe (A National Rising)
5. ''=ò²ÁO u~¡°Q®°ì@°ÑÑ - ~|~ , äÁO_£.
6. ''²ìO^Î¶ - =ò²ÁO u~¡°Q®°ì@°ÑÑ - HêÍ°, =¶b¬<£, >è~
7. ''Wk öH=O ¶ªÞ=ò u~¡°Q®°ì@°ÑÑ - The Discovery of India - 1946 - <³ã¬ú
8. ''J<Q®iä½° - <Q®iä½ä½ =¼uö~HOQê KÍ²# Çò^ÎOÑÑ - T.R.Homes
Y
9. ''#Á*ìu "~¡° - `³Á*ìu"iH÷ =¼uö~HOQê KÍ²# Çò^ÎOÑÑ - HêÍ°, q°_Á.
10. ''Wk ÌáxH, Ï~¡ u~¡°Q®°ì@Á H~òHÑÑ - S.B. Kñ^Îi.
M
11. ''ªOã¬^¥Ç° ×ä½ë°, ãH÷+²Ç¶x\©H÷ =¼uö~HOQê KÍ²# Çò^ÎOÑÑ - s¹.
95 E
12. "A Sepoy mutiny nothing more" - *ì<£ ìï~<£ Ê Ôb
9
59
13. ''JO^Îi u~¡°Q®°ì@°ÑÑ - Kï~Á¹ ì
D
14. ''Jxß =~¾ u~¡°Q®°ì@°ÑÑ - ¦é<£q èÁ
15. "Legitimate war" - Ze<£|~Ë
CA
50
16. "Rebellion by Brahmins on Religious Pretences" - HêxOQ·.
v u~¡°Q®°ì@° - ãQ®O^¥° : 98
A
:8
h
¬~ ¬Ç°¼^£ J¬ìà^£Mì<£.

A E
1. The Causes of Indian Mutiny -

.P
2. The Indian war of Independence 1857 - V.D. ª"~¡ø~.

AB C
D
3. The History of Sepoy war in India - HêÍ°

ER I
4. History of Indian Mutiny - T.R. Holmes.

O
5. Indian Mutiny of 1857 - =¶b¬<£

CH
6. 1857 The Great Rebellion - JÕH± =°¬ì` (ï~O_ÈOK³ ¬OKÇ°f =¼=¬Ö)

YD
7. *ì¦¬~ - |¬ì^Î¶~*ì¦¬~.
,H
8. The First Indian war of Independence 1857- 59 - Hê~¡ =¶~ø.

9. The Sepoy mutiny & The Rebellion (or) Revolt of 1857 - R.C. =°AO^¥~.
AM
T
10. Rebellion, 1857 : A Symposium - P.C. Joshi

H
M
11. Civil Rebellion in Indian mutinies - S.B.Chowdhury

AM
12. 1857 - S.N.Sen

IG
KH
13. The Sepoy Revolt, its causes and its consequences - H. Mead.
14. British paramountancy and Indian Renaissance - R.C. =°AO^¥~.
R
ã¬^Í×O <Ç°ä½_È° J}z"Í²# [#~¡
1) _bÁ 2= |¬ì^Î¶~, [#~¡ HëMì<£, g°~û xHË<£ ¬ì_È<£

2) Hê#¶æ~ <<ªÌì, ÒuÇ¶`ËÀ, JrÇò ìÁMì<£ Àì"£ ìH±, Hê¼O¹ÿ
3) J³¶^Î¼/HËß èQ®O ¬ì[~¡`=°¬ì Hê¼O¹ÿ
4) ~Ç°|ö~e Mì<£ |¬ì^Î¶~Mì<£ Hê¼O¹ÿ
5) QêÞeÇ°~ ÒuÇ¶`ËÀ qO_£¬ì"£°
6) ~¡ìh H©;ì°, ÒuÇ¶`ËÀ ¬~¬ú¼ãQË*
7) Jã~/[Q®n+¹¬î~ /c¬ð~ ä½#Þ~²OQ· qeÇ°O>è~, q<³O\"³~

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1. 1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@° ¬=°Ç°O Õ ç ìÁ~¡O ï~²_³hÌá 11. 1857 ²~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@° ã¬ã¬^Î=°OQê ZHø_È
^¥_H÷ ì^Î°¼_È°? (Group-I - 2012) ã~¡O"³°Ø#k? (MPDO - 1999)
1) Mì²O~¡rÞ 2) `Ç°ö~ì* Mì<£ 1) HËß 2) g°~¡\ 3) \ìß 4) ~¡ìh

3) À+H±Ô~ ªÌì 4) z^¥í Mì<£ 12. 1857 q¬Á=O Õ ç¾#x "~¡°? (A.E.E - 2009)
2. `Ç°~ì*Mì<£ä½ WHø_È [iy# 1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@°`Ë 1) ~}© H©Æ àì~ò 2) ÒuÇ¶ `ËÌ
¬O|O^Î=ò#ßk? (Group-I - 1995) 3) Q®`²OQ· 4) << ªÌì
1) _bÁ 2) g°~¡\ 3) Hê#¶æ~ 4) Ìáì^Î~ì^£ 13. ãH÷Ok "x Õ Z=iH÷ 1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@°`Ë ¬O|O^ÎO
3. POöQÁÇòä½ =¼uö~HOQê u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ²# H~¡¶ß° è^Î°?
Y
(A.E.E - 2004)
ÿQê_È°? (Group-II - 2012) 1) \÷¬C¬° ìë<£ 2) ÒuÇ¶ `ËÀ
M
1) z#ß¬æ ï~_Û 2) #~¡²O¬ìï~_Û 3) ~¡ìh ~}÷ 4) <<ªÌì
3) ïH.¬°ìÄï~_Û 4) ^ÎO_ÈÀ# 14. "³ ò ^Î \ ÷ ì ~¡ ` Ç ªÞ`Ç O ã`Ç ¼ Ç ò ^Î í O Pq~¡ Ä q Oz#
95 E
¬O=`Ç~¡=ò?
9
4. HËß Õ [iy# 1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@°ä½ <Ç°H`ÇÞO (A.E.E- 2009)
59
D
=²ìOz#k Z=~¡°? (Group-II - 2012) 1) 1857 2) 1864 3) 1764 4) 1757
1) aiû¹ Yã^£ 2) èQ®O ¬ì[~¡` =°¬ì 15. 1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@° Ìá<¼xH÷ <Ç°H`ÇÞO =²ìOz#
CA
¬ ~ ¬ ¼Q· ~Ë* Z=i Q® ° iOz W ì J<ß_È ° :
50
3) ÒuÇ¶ `ËÌ 4) ~}÷ lO_È<£
5. 1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@° ¬=°Ç°O Õ ã¬ì=O KÇ¶¬|_# 'u~¡°Q®°ì@°^¥~¡Á Õ L^¥`Çë"³°Ø# J`Ç¼O`Ç ª¬ìªéÀ`Ç°_È°
98
/ ~°?
A
ãO`° ãH÷Ok "x Õ Uq? (Group-II - 2011) (E.O - 2008)
:8
1) ~¡ìh 2) z`Ç¶ë~¡° 3) [Q®n+¹¬î~ 4) HËß 1) ~¡lÇ¶ ¬° ìë< 2) ~¡°ã^Î=°^Íq
h
3) ~¡ìh H©Æ àì° 4) èQ®O ¬ìã[`=°¬ì

A E
6. 1875H÷ ¬î~¡Þ, Xi¬ Õ [iy# 'Ç°H± u~¡°Q®°ì@°Ñ

.P
D ¬O=`Ç~¡O Õ [iyOk? 16. _È ºÝÔ KÍ¬\ ÷# U KÇ~¡¼ 1857 <\÷ u~¡°Q®°ì@° "¼²ëH÷
AB C
(Group-II - 2003)
D
1) 1763 2) 1800 Zä½ø=Qê ^Ë¬ì^Î¬_Ok? (E.O - 2008)

ER I
3) 1804-05 4) 1817-18 1) ï~á èÞ, `ÇOu, `Ç ì#° ã¬"Í×Ì@_ÈO

O
7. ãH÷Ok "i Õ Z=iH÷ 1857 <\÷ u~¡°Q®°ì@°`Ë 2) ~[¼ ¬ O ãH = °} ² ^ ¥ O `xß qKÇ H Æ } ~¡ ² ì `Ç O Qê
J=°°KÍÇ°@O
CH
¬O|O^ÎO è^Î°? (Group-II - 2003)

YD
1) H©Æ àì~ò 2) ÒuÇ¶ `ËÌ 3) Q®`Ç ì~¡fÇ° ä½H÷KÍó Ì#Â<£#° `Çy¾OKÇ@O

è^¥ P²"ÍÇ°@O
,H
3) <<ªÌì 4) "³ò^Î\ ÷ |¬ì^Î¶~

8. ãH÷Ok "x Õ Uk ¬iHê^Î°? 4) ^Î°+¬æi< <³¬O`Ë ¬Þ^Íj ¬OªÖ<#°
AM
T
(Group-II - 2003)
1) << ªÌì Hê#¶æ~ Õ u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ§_È° PãHq°OKÇ@O.

H
M
2) [#~¡ Àì"£ ìH± <<ªÌì#° F_Oz, KÇO_È° 17. 1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@° ¬=°Ç°O Õ ãÌ¦Oz KÇãH=ië =ü_Ë
AM
<³éeÇ°<£H÷ =ü_È° èY° ã"² ¬O²# u~¡°Q®°ì@°

3) <<ªÌì <Í ä½ "³ìÁ_È°
IG
<Ç°ä½_È°?
KH
(E.O - 2008)
4) <<ªÌì `Ç#ä½ KÍlH÷ø# WOwÁ+¹ "ix J¬ðì^£
1) |¬ì^Î¶~ KÇãH=ië 2) <<ªÌì
"³×¤_¨xH÷ J#°=°uOK_È°.
R
3) ~}© H©Æ àì~ò 4) ÒuÇ¶`ËÀ

9. ãH÷Ok "i Õ Z=~¡° 1857 <\÷ u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° 'ì~¡`Ç
18. 1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@° ¬=°Ç°O Õ |¬ì^Î¶~ KÇãH=iëH÷
ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼¬OãQê=°=òÑQê =iâOK~¡°? (Gr-II - 2003)
#=°àH¬°ë_³á# ¬¬ð^¥~¡° Z=~¡°? (E.O - 2008)
1) P~.².=°A"£°^¥~ 2) ¬°g°` ¬~ø~
1) ~}÷ r#` =°¬ì 2) ¬ìH©"£° ¬ì¬#° ìÁ
3) W~æ<£ ¬ìc 4) q._.ª=~¡ø~
3) ã²<£ *ì=<£ |H±ë 4) ã²<£ |H±ëMì<£
10. ì~¡`^
Ç Í × ªO¦°² H, =°`Ç~
¬ "
¡ °³ #
Ø q+¬¶ Ç Õ ãa\÷+"¹ ~¡°
*ÕH¼O KÍ°¬ HËä_È^# Î ß q+¬¶ Ç xß Wk ¬¶z¬°O
ë k? ["|°°
1) =°¬ð~}÷ ã¬H@#, 1858 (Group-II - 2003)
1) 2 2) 4 3) 2 4) 2 5) 1
2) K~¡~ KÇ@O, 1813 6) 3 7) 4 8) 2 9) 4 10) 1
3) K~¡~ KÇ@O, 1833 11) 2 12) 3 13) 1 14) 1 15) 3
4) K~¡~ KÇ@O, 1853 16) 2 17) 2 18) 4

G 19= ×`|O P~¡OO Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ J<ÍH =ü_È q§Þª° LO_Íq.
G ^Î°~K~° :
Y
1) ¬f PK~¡O 2) ä½=¼=¬Ö [\÷`ÇÞO 3) ì¼ q"¬ð°
M
4) =~¡H@ß ^Î°²Öu 5) ìx¬ =¼=¬Ö 6) ^Í=^¥Ô
7) ¬~¡^¥¬^Îu 8) ~[¬ôã`Ç°° P_È²Áeß ¬ô@Qê<Í KÇO¬_ÈO (ã|¶}¬ì`Ç¼°).
95 E
9
G =°`Ç¬~¡"³°Ø# JO§° :
59
D
1) |¬^Í=`~^Î# 2) qãQ®¬ì¬î[ 3) =O×~¡O¬~¡¼ Ï~Ë²ì`Ç¼O 4) H~¡àHêO_È°, |°°
CA
G =ü_Èq§Þªä½, ^Î°~K~ä½ =¼uö~HOQê ã¬[ Õ K³á`Ç#¼O f¬°ä½~=_¨xH÷ KÍ²# L^Î¼=¶#° ''ªO¦²°H, ªO¬ø $uH
50
¬ô#~¡°rû=# L^Î¼=¶°ÑÑ JO\ì~¡°.
98
A
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê ªO¦²°H, ªO¬ø $uH L^Î¼=¶° ÿOQê Õ ã~¡OaOz# "~¡° - ~*ì ~"³¶à¬ì<£~°.
:8
v ~*ì ~"³¶à¬ì<£~° (1772-1833) :
h
A E
.P
G 1772, "Í° 22 ~^¥#Q®~¡O Õ ~¡=¶HêO`Ç~°, `Ç~¡°}©^Íq J<Í ^ÎO¬`Ç°ä½ [xàOK_È°.

AB C
D
G ~=°"³¶¬ì<£~° _wÄ J<Í l ìÁ "³°l¢À\ =^Îí k"<£Qê ¬xKÍ² 1814 Õ L^Ë¼Q®O#° =¶#°ä½<ß~¡°.
ER I
G W`Ç_È° Hêj Õ "Í^¥#°, \ìß Õ Y°~<£#°, \÷ÿ\ Õ º^¥xß, ²ìã|¶ì+¬#° <Í~¡°óHùx A_¨~ò[O, ÿáa #° J^Î¼Ç°#O
O
KÍÌ#°.
CH
YD
G a~¡°^Î°° :
,H
1. ~*ì - ï~O_È= JHÄ~ WKó_È°. 2. ~"£°~° - =O×~¡O¬~¡¼OQê =zóOk.

3. ì~¡`Ç^Í× ªO¬ø $uH ¬ô#~¡°rû=# ²`=°¬_È° / Father of Indian Renaissance
AM
T
4. P^Î°xH ì~¡`Ç^Í× ²`=°¬_È° / Father of Modern India

H
M
5. ¬³¶h~ P¦¹ #¶¼ WO_Ç¶. 6. Father of Bengal & Indian Renaissance

AM
IG
7. Maker of New India. 8. #=ÇòQ® "³áòä½_È° (Herald of New Age)

KH
9. ã¬=Hë 10. ÇòQ®H~¡ë.

R
G ¬ãuH° :
1. ¬O"^Î HÒ=òk (ÿOQê "~¡¬ãuH) - 1821 - ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ì~¡fÇò_È° ªÖ²Oz# `ùe ¬ãuH.
Wk '¬uÑH÷ =¼uö~HOQê U~æ@°KÍ§~¡°.
qãQ®¬ð~^Î#ä½ ¬O|OkOz ¬°ã|¬ìà}¼ §¢²ëx F_Oz#k.
ì~¡` Õ `ùe¬ãuH - 1780 ÿOQê ïQl\ - *è"£°²ìH÷ø - POQ®ÁO.
2. q°~`-L -JHÄ~-(¬iÂÇ¶) - 1822 - ì~¡` Õ `ùe ¬iÂÇ°<£ ¬ãuH.
3. |OQ®^Î¶`Ç - ÿOQê , ¬iÂÇ¶, ²ìOn, WOwÁ+¹.
4. ãì¬ìà} À=k - ÿOQê - ¢ïHá¬ë= =°`ÇO Õx Õ° ZuëKÇ¶¬ô@.

G ¬ô¬ëHê° :
1) Gift to monotheist / `Ç°¬ìæ`Ç° - =ò¬ð²ìní<£ (¬iÂÇ¶) - 1803.
2) Precepts of Jesus (English) -1820
3) Guide to Peace and Happiness (English) -1820.
4) UöH×Þ~Ë¬ä½ä½ XH Hê#°H (¬iÂÇ¶) - 1809.
G ¬O¬Ö° :
G PfàÇ°¬ (Friendly Association) - 1815 - HH`ë
G ã|¬ìà¬=¶[O (J~¡ÖO - Society of God) - 1828 PQ®¬° 20 - HH`ë
G PfàÇ° ¬<Í HêãH=°O Õ 1828 ã~¡OO Õ ã|¬ìà¬Qê P `Ç~Þ`Ç ã|¬ìà¬=¶[OQê =¶iOk. |¬ì~¼`Ç`ÇÞO
Y
YO_OK_È°.
G ã|¬ìà¬=¶[O ã¬^¥# ²^¥O`° :
M
1) UöH×Þ~Ë¬# 2) qãQ®¬ð~^Î##° YO_OKÇ_ÈO 3) |¬ì~¼`Ç`ÇÞO YO_OK_È°
95 E
4) ì¼q"¬ð x~H~¡} 5) P²Ö¬ìä½ø#° ¢Ôëä½ HeæOKÇ_ÈO.
9
59
G nx `ùeHê~¡¼^ÎiÅ - `~KÇO^Î KÇãH=ië.
D
G ã¬u ×x"~¡O ¬=¶"Í×=°Í°¼k.
G D ¬=¶"Í§#° x~¡Þ²ìOz#k - ~=°KÇOã^Îq^¥¼"w+¹.
CA
50
G `Ç# q^Íj Àß²ì`Ç° ÿá# - J ÿQêûO_È~ _È¦¹ (ªø\÷+¹ q°+²#s ¬°¼_È° / _Íq_£ ¬ú¼ö~ (_ÈK "p `ÇÇ¶s^¥~¡°_È°) #°
98
A
ãé`Ç²ìOz ÿOQê Õ J<ÍH ~¡§#° ªÖ²OK_È°.
:8
G 1817 - ²ìO^Î¶Hì§ G 1825 - "Í^¥O`Ç Hì§
h
A E
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ã§ó`Ç¼ ì"#° ÌOÚOkOK_È°.

.P
G "Í^¥°, L¬x+¬`Ç°ë° ''UöH×Þ~Ë¬#ÑÑ#° Q®°iOz =¶ã`Ç"Í° À~ùøO@°<ßÇ°x Hùxß ÕÁHê#° ÿOQêm ÕH÷ J#°=kOz
AB C
D
`Ç# ''¬O"^ÎHÒ=òkÑÑ ¬ãuH Õ ã¬KÇ°iOK_È°.

ER I
G 1829 _ÌO|~¡° 4 qeÇ°O ÿO\÷OH± ¬¬ìHê~¡O`Ë ''¬f¬¬ìQ®=°#OÑÑ / Regulation of XVIII ~¡^Î° KÍ~òOK_È°.
O
G 1829 Õ ~^¥HêO`Ç^Í"Ë - ^Î~¡à¬#° ã|¬ìà ¬=¶*ìxH÷ =¼uö~HOQê ªÖ²OK_È°.

CH
G 12 HO>è Zä½ø= ì+¬ Õ ãg}¼O H"_È°.

YD
G 1830 Õ ã|¬ìà ¬=¶[ ¬°¼ P~^Î# Hù~¡ä½ ''ã|¬ìà=°Ok~¡OÑÑ xiàOKÇ|_Ok.

,H
v ~° KÍ¬\÷# KÇ~¡¼° :

AM
T
G §×Þ`Ç t¬°ëq^¥#O ï~á`Ç°#° À^Î"iQê KÍ¬°ëO^Îx ìqOz# "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¶ªÞq° - ~°.

H
M
AM
G L#ß`Ç ¬^Î=ô Õ ì~¡fÇòä½ ªÖ#O HeæOKx _=¶O_£ KÍ§_È°.

IG
G ì~¡fÇòä½, Çò~Ë²Ç°#Áä½ KÇ@O =òO^Î° ¬=¶#`Þxß HeæOK<ß_È°.

KH
G ì~¡fÇ° ¬iã×=° <³á¬ô}ì¼xß ÌOÚOkOKe, P^Î°xH ªOöHuH ¬^Î`Ç°#° J#°¬iOK<ß_È°.

R
G ~*ì~"£°"³¶¬ì<£~° `Ç~Þ`Ç q^¥¼"¦Ô°+¹ HùO`ÇHêO ã|¬ìà¬=¶[Oä½ <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO =²ìOK~¡°.

G P `Ç~Þ`Ç ^Í"ÍOã^Î<^£ \ìQ®¶~ Qê~¡° (~*ì~"£°"³¶¬ì<£~° ã²Ç° t+¬µ¼_È°) ã|¬ìà¬=¶[O#ä½ <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO =²ìOK~¡°.
v ^Í"ÍOã^Î<^£ ~Q®¶~ :
G a~¡°^Î° - ã|¬ìàiÂ (^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í× ã|¬ìàiÂ - ~¡¦¬ò¬u "³OH@~¡`ÇßO <Çò_È°)
G ¬ãuH - `Ç`ÇÞÕkx (=¶¬¬ãuH) ~¡§ - `Ç`ÇÞÕkx
G ãQ®O^ÎO - ã|¬ìà^Î~¡àO G ¬O¬Ö - `Ç`ÇÞÕkx ¬ (1839)
G `Ç`ÇÞÕkx J<Í =¶¬¬ãuH Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê '[#Q®}=°#Ñ *ìfÇ° w`ÇO ã¬KÇ°iOKÇ|_Ok.
G W`Çx t+¬µ¼_È° - öH×= KÇOã^ÎÀ<£ (~[<~Ç°}Õ¹ ã"²# ã|¬ìà~¡HÆ} J<Í ãQ®O^ÎO KÇkq)

v öH×= KÇOã^ÎÀ<£ :
G "~ë ¬ãuH° :
1) WO_Ç°<£ q°ã~¡~ (1861) 2) New Dispensation
G ¬O¬Ö° :
; Indian Reform Association (1870) ä½ ìO`Ç~¡ q"¬ð#° ãé`Ç²ìOK_È°.
; New Dispensation / #=q^¥# ¬
; Belivers Association ¬O¦¬°` ¬
G 1866 ã|¬ìà¬=¶[O Õx ^Í"ÍOã^Î<^£ ~Q®¶~, öH×= KÇOã^ÎÀ<£ =°^Î¼ q"^¥° ~=_ÈO`Ë Wk ï~O_È°Qê peé~òOk.
1) ã|¬ìà¬=¶[O - ^Í"ÍOã^Î<^£ ~Q®¶~
Y
2) ã|¬ìà ¬=¶* P¦¹ WO_Ç¶ - öH×= KÇOã^ÎÀ<£
G öH×=KÇOã^Î À<£ H$+² ¦¬e`ÇOQê 1872 Õ '¬Þ^Í×¬°Ö q"¬ìKÇ@OÑ KÍÇ°|_Ok.
M
G nx ã¬Hê~¡O J=¶à~ò Hh¬ =Ç°¬° 14 ¬OII HêQê, JìÄ~ò Hh¬ =Ç°¬° 16 ¬OII
95 E
G =~âO`Ç~¡ q"¬ð#° ãé`Ç²ìOKÇ_ÈO.
9
59
G öH×=KÇOã^Î À<£ q`ÇO`Ç° q"¬ð#° ãé`Ç²ì¬¶ë, ì¼q"¬ð#°, "Í^¥ ã|¬ìà}°#° Pk¬`¼xß YO_OK_È°.
D
G Hêx K.C À<£ `Ç# "³°Ø#~ ä`Ç°~¡° (10 ¬OII =Ç°¬° Õ<Í) c¬ð~ä½ K³Ok# äK a¬ðs ~AH÷zó q"¬ìO KÍ§_È°.
nxß J`Ç_ J#°KÇ~¡°° YO_OK~¡°.
CA
50
G ã|¬ìà¬=¶[O =°m¤ ï~O_È°Qê q_é~òOk. (1) #=ã|¬ìà¬=¶[O, K.C À<£ (2) ª^¥~¡} ã|¬ìà¬=¶[O (t=<^Î§¢²ë)
98
A
G ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ã|¬ìà¬=¶[O#° "¼²ë KÍ²#"~¡°. öH×=KÇOã^ÎÀ<£.
:8
G öH×=KÇOã^ÎÀ<£ Õ^Î# =# ~*ìr, ¬°|Ä~Ç°Ü\ ÷° H² 1864 Õ =°ã^¥¹ Õ "Í^Î¬=¶[O#° <³Hù ìæ~¡°.
h
A E
.P
G N^Î~¡<Çò_È° J<Í =¼H÷ë ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç ã|¬ìà¬=¶[O#° U~æ@° KÍ§_È°. nx ã¬ì==ò =Á<Í `³°Q®°"~¡° ã|¬ìà¬=¶[O Õ
AB C
KÍ~~¡°.
D
G POã^Î^Í×O Õ ã|¬ìà¬=¶[O Õ KÍi# "³ò^Î\ ÷=¼H÷ë - =°#ß= |°KÇóÇ°¼¬O`Ç°° (1878 - ~[=°Oã_)

ER I
O
G |°KÇóÇ°¼¬O`Ç°° t+¬µ¼_È° - ~¡¦¬ò¬u "³OH@~¡`ÇßO <Çò_È°.

G ~¡¦¬ò¬u "³OH@~¡`ÇßO <Çò_È° POã^Î Õ ã|¬ìà¬=¶[O#° ìQê "¼²ëKÍ² ã|¬ìàã¬K~¡Hxk, ã|¬ìà=°Ok~¡O,
CH
YD
J<^Î×~¡}ìÇ°O#° U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.

G 'ªO¦²°H ×Ãk ¬=¶[OÑ (Social Purity Society) x U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
,H
G W`Çx J#°KÇ~¡°_È° - HO^Î°äi gö~×eOQ®O ¬O`Ç°°Qê~¡°.

AM
T
v HO^Î°äi gö~×eOQ®O ¬O`Ç°° : 1848 - 1919

H
M
AM
G a~¡°^Î°° : POã^Î¬O¦¬°¬O¬ø~¡}Ë^Î¼=° ²`=°¬_È°. POã^Î¬ô#iÞHê¬ ²`=°¬_È°, POã^Î "³áòä½_È°,

IG
KH
Q®^Î¼uHø#, Q®^Î¼"VàÇ° ã|¬ìà, ÇòQ®H~¡ë, ~=ô|¬ì^Î¶~, ^ÎH÷Æ}ì~¡`Ç^Í× q^¥¼ªQ®~¡°_È°. (Z"£°.l.~¡}_Í)

R
G HO^Î°äi ¬O¦¬° ¬O¬ø~¡}ïHá ã|¬ìà¬=¶[O#° L¬³¶yOK_È°.

G ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ q`ÇO`Ç° ¬ô#~ q"¬ð#°, ¢Ôë q^Î¼#° `Ç# q"ÍH=iÖx (1874) J<Í
=¶¬¬ãuH ^¥Þ~ ã¬K~¡O KÍ§_È°.
G HO^Î°äi ¬ð¬¼¬Orqx (1876), ¬f²ì`ÇÕkx (1883)
G ¬`Ç¼¬O=ix (1891), `³°Q®°[## (1904), ¬`Ç¼"kx (1905) J#° ¬ãuH#° ªÖ²OK_È°.
G 1881 _ÜO|~ 11# ~[=°Oã_ Õ QËä½\÷ N~=ò_È°, Ô`Ç=°à(QÒi)ä½, POã^Î Õ
`ùeªiQê q`ÇO`Ç° ¬ô#~ q"¬ð#° [i²OK_È°.
G 1881 _ Ü O |~ 15 ~KÇ ~ ¡ Á ~=°KÇ O ã^Î Ç ° ¼, ~¡ ` Ç ß =°àä ½ 2= q`Ç O `Ç °
HO^Î°äi gö~×eOQ®O ¬O`Ç°°
¬ô#~q"¬ð#° [i²OK_È°.
G 1874 Õ ^Î=õ×Þ~¡O =^Îí ìeH ~¡§#°, 1881 Õ Whß¹ À@ (~[=°Oã_) Õ ìeHË#ß`Ç ~¡§#° ªÖ²OK_È°.

G 1883 Õ ¬f²ì`Ç Õkx J<Í =¶¬¬ãuH#° ¢Ôë Ja=$kïHá ªÖ²OK_È°.
G 1893 Õ ãa\÷+¹"~¡° ''~"£|¬ì^Î¶~ÑÑ J<Í a~¡°^Î°xKó~¡°.
G HO^Î°äix ''^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í× q^¥¼ªQ®~¡°_È°ÑÑ Jx =iâOz# "~¡° - M.G ~¡}_Í.
~¡KÇ#° : ~[õY~¡KÇiã`Ç (`³°Q®° Õ "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬=°ãQ®#=), ¬`Ç¼=u KÇiã`Ç, U¬°ãH©¬°ë KÇiã`Ç, qHËiÇ¶ =°¬ð~}÷
KÇiã`Ç, ÔÞÇ°KÇiã`Ç - gö~×eOQ®O, ã|¬ìàq"¬ìO, ¬`Ç¼~A ¬î~¡Þ^Í× Ç¶ã`Ç° (nxx *Õ<^Î<£ ²Þ¹ Q®bÁ=~ ã\ì"³
P^¥~¡OQê ~¡zOK_È°.)
HO^Î°äi Ja*ìý#§ä½O`ÇO (Hêo^¥¬°), =¶qQêyßq°ã`Ç (Hêo^¥¬°), ~¡`ß=o (¬ì~¡°Â_°È ), ¬OKÇÒÇ ã`ÇO (q+¬µ
â ~× à¡ <£)#°
`³°Q®° ÕxH÷ J#°=kOK_È°.
G HO^Î°äi 1919 Õ =°ã^¥¬° Õ Hù=°ã~A H;}~=ô x"¬"³°Ø# "Í^Îx"¬O Õ =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
v Ììãh V.V.N _~l³¶ :
Y
M
G a~¡°^Î° - ì~¡`Ç^Í× "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ *ìfÇ°Hq
G ¬ãuH° - D¹ WO_Ç°<£, ÌìÌæ~¡¹°
95 E
G W`Ç#° ì~¡`Ç^Í×OÌá J<ÍH Hq`Ç#° ~¡zOz# Qù¬æ Hq.
9
59
D
G ÿOQê Õ 'Çò=ÿOQê L^Î¼=¶xß ã~¡OaOKÇQê nxH÷ S.N. ÿ#sû =°^Îí`Ç° ¬eHê_È°.
G nx Õ J<ÍH=°Ok ¬°¼ ÿá ÿOQê ¬O¬ø $ux "¼²ë KÍ§~¡°.
CA
50
G 1831 Õ Àì`Ç°|^Î`Ç Hê~¡}OQê 'ÿOQê ²ìO^Î¶Hì§ #°O_ ã²x Qê `ùyOKÇ|_ H~ "¼k`Ë =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
98
G W`Çx ã²Ç°t+¬µ¼_È° - MìÔ ã¬ª^£ ¦¬°Õ+¹
A
:8
G _~l³¶ ãÌ¦Ozq¬Á=O, WOQêÁO_£ ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç° J~ò# J.S. Mill *ì<£ ìH± "³ò^ÎQ®° ~¡KÇ#`Ë ã¬ìq`Ç°_³á<_È°.
v D×Þ~¡ KÇOã^Î q^¥¼ªQ®~ : (1820 - 1891)

h
A E
.P
AB C
G a~¡°^Î°° : ¬O_\, Champion of woman reformer in India, q^¥¼ªQ®~

D
¬ãuH : ªé"£°ã¬Hê+¹ (ÿOQêb)

ER I
O
¬ô¬ëHO : |¬q"¹ì (W¬æ\÷H© ÿOQê ~¡§ ÕÁ ã^Îq°H "KÇHOQê Õk¬°ë<ß~¡°).

G ¬O¬Ö - ÿ^Î¶<£ ~¡§ (1849) HH`ë Õ ²e¹ ã_OH±"@~ ¬¬ìHê~¡O`Ë ìeH q^Î¼Hù~¡ä½ ªÖ²OK_È°.
CH
YD
G Zä½ø=Qê q`ÇO`Ç° ¬ô#~ q"¬ìO HË¬O é~@O KÍ² _È ºÝ² ^¥Þ~ 1856 Õ 'q`ÇO`Ç° ¬ô#~ q"¬ì KÇ@OÑ#°
,H
ã¬"Í×Ì>è q^ÎOQê H$+² KÍ§_È°.

G D KÇ@ a°Á#° ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# "~¡° J.P. ãQêO\
AM
T
G 1856 _ÌO|~ 7# q^¥¼ªQ®~ ^Í×O Õ<Í `ùeªiQê JkHêiHOQê q`ÇO`Ç° ¬ô#~ q"¬ìO#° HH`ë Õ NKÇO^£
H
M
q^¥¼~¡`Çß, N=°u Hêm=°u^Íqä½ [i²OK_È°.

AM
IG
G ì¼ q"¬ð#°, |¬ì~¼`Ç`ÇÞO#° MO_¬¶ë =°²ìì q^Î¼#° ãé`Ç²ìOK_È°.

KH
G 35 ~¡§ä½ W<£ã¬H~Qê ¬xKÍ¬¶ë 12 ~¡§#° `Ç# ªÚO`Ç Y~¡°ó`Ë #_À"_È°.

R
G ÿOQê ¬O¬ø $`Ç H§§ä½ ã²x Qê xÇ°q°OKÇ|_ "³#°H|_# "iH÷, =°²ì×#° D Hì§ä½ P¬ðÞxOK_È°.
v ^ÎÇ¶#O^Î ¬~¡¬Þu : (1824 - 1883)

G J¬°À~¡° =ü ì×OH~ / =übû
[xàOz# ã¬^Í×O (1824) - @OHê~¡ (Q®°[~`)
a~¡°^Î° - ªÞq°, Q®°[~` ¬ô#~¡°rû=# ²`=°¬_È°, ²Ok=°~¡°
¬ô¬ëHê° - ¬`¼~¡Öã¬Hê "Í^¥Ìá ^ÎÇ¶#O^Î°_È° ã"²# ì+¬¼O,
"Í^Î¶q°H, "Í^Î ~¡¬ì¬¼, "Í^Î ì+¬¼.
¬O¬Ö - P~¡¼¬=¶[O (1875) - çOì~ò
- QË~¡HÆ} ¬O¦¬°O (1882) ^Î¶
Ç #O^Î ¬~
¡ Þ
¬ u

G Q®°~¡°=ô° -
1) ªÞq° q~¡*ì#O^Î : (=°^Î°~¡) - W`Çx ¬¬ð "Í°~¡ä½ =ü ì×OH~¡°_È° `Ç# À~¡°#° 'ªÞq° ^ÎÇ¶#O^Î ¬~¡¬ÞuQê
=¶~¡°óä½<ß_È°.
2) ¬~¡=¶#O^Î ¬~¡¬Þu : W`Ç#° =^Îí ¬<¼¬O#° ÔÞHiOz "Í^¥#°(¬O¬ø $`ÇO)#° <Í~¡°óä½<ß_È°.
G ^ÎÇ¶#O^Î°x x<^ÎO - 'Go Back to the Vedhas'

G P~¡¼¬=¶[O 1887 Õ çOì~ò Õ ªÖ²OK_È°. ^¥x §Y° ì¬ìÙ~, ¬O*ì J<ÍH ãO` Õ "³e§~ò.
G U Hê~¡}O`Ë<³á< W`Ç~¡ =°` Õ KÍi#"~¡° uiy ²ìO^Î¶ =°`ÇO Õ KÍ~¡ó_¨xH÷ - ×Ãk/¬O¦¬¶° L^Î¼=¶#°
ã~¡OaOK_È°.
G ×Ãk L^Î¼=¶#°, =°^Î<£"³¶¬ì<£=¶=¼ U.P Õ, ì ì[¬u~°° ¬O*ì, ì¬ìÙ~ Õ "¼²ëKÍ§~¡°.
G ^ÎÇ¶#O^Î°_ =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O - P~¡¼¬=¶[O ^ÎÇ¶#O^Î POQËÁ "ÍkH± (DAV) ~¡§#° ªÖ²OzOk.
Y
G Wq q"^¥`Ë ï~O_È°Qê peéÇ¶~ò.
M
1) Q®°~¡°ä½ ~¡§° - Q®°~¡°^Î`Çë ¬ìi^¥Þ~ Õ ªÖ²OK_È°. nxx Ja=$k KÍ²#k ì ì=òx~"£° ( è^¥) ªÞq°
ã×^¥#O^Î.
95 E
9
2) P^Î°xH ~¡§° - ì ì¬ì<£~* ì¬ìÙ~ Õ ªÖ²OK_È° - ì ì[¬u~° ¬¬ìHê~¡O`Ë
59
D
G ^ÎÇ¶#O^Î°_È° - ''P~¡°¼ [#àªÖ#O \÷ÿ\ÑÑ Jx À~ùø<ß~¡°.
G ²ìOnx *ìfÇ° ì+¬Qê ã¬H\ ÷OKx À~ùø#ß "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ =¼H÷ë
CA
50
G ¬i#ä½ ¬O|OkOz '¬Þ~[¼Ñ J<Í ¬^¥xß `ùeªiQê L¬³¶yOK_È°.
98
G ''P~¡¼¬=¶[O <`ÇeÁ, "³ákH ^Î~¡àO <`ÇOã_ÑÑ Jx ì[¬u~° À~ùø<ß_È°.
A
:8
G ''POöQÁÇò =°Oz# H#ß, ì~¡fÇò ¬Þ¬i# q°#ßÑÑ Jx ^ÎÇ¶#O^Î°_È° =iâOK_È°.
v ~=°H$+¬â ¬~¡=°¬ìO¬ : (1836 - 86)

h
A E
.P
AB C
D
G J¬° À~¡° - Q®^¥^Î~ KÇ\Õ^¥¼Ç° Q®°~¡°=ô - D×Þ~¡¬îi

ER I
`ÇOã_ - F_~"£° KÇ\Õ^¥¼Ç° ã²Ç°t+¬µ¼_È° - ªÞq° q"ÍHê#O^Î°_È°

O
`ÇeÁ - KÇOã^¥Ç°x^Íq W+¬^³á=O - §~¡^¥^Íq

CH
ì~¡¼ - §~¡^¥=°}÷
YD
G 1836 Õ HH`ë ^ÎQ®¾~¡ Q® ^ÎH÷Æ}è×Þ~ =^Îí À^Î ãì¬ìà} ä½@°O|O Õ [xàOK_È°.
,H
W`Ç_È° Hêm=¶`Ç ä½ë_È°. ~=°H$+¬â ¬~¡=°¬ìO¬

AM
T
G ã¬¬OKÇO Õ J<ÍH =°`° H=x "\÷ JOu=°HÆ ¼O - "³¶HÆO JxÀ~ùø<ß_È°.

H
M
G "³¶HÆO ªkOKÇ°@ä½ XHùøHø =°`ÇO XHËø ¬^Îux J=Oa¬°ëOk J<ß_È°.

AM
G '=¶#=À=Í°, =¶^Î=À=Ñ Jx À~ùø<ß_È°.

IG
v ªÞq° q"ÍHê#O^Î (1863 - 1902) : (~=°H$+¬â q°+¬<£ - 1897)

KH
R
G J¬° À~¡° - #ö~Oã^Î<^£ ^Î`ë

1863 [#=i 12# ¬°ö~Oã^Î<^£ ^Î`ë, °=<Í×Þi^Íqä½ [xàOK_È°.
G a~¡°^Î°° - ªÞq°, H~¡à³¶y, ²ìO^Î¶=°`Ç P^¥¼uàH ¬¶~¡°¼_È°, ²ìO^Î¶=°`Ç P^¥¼uàH
~Ç°ìi, P^Î°xH ì~¡`Ç *ìfÇ°`Ç ²`=°¬_È°.
G x<^ÎO° : ^¥iã^Î¼ ^Í"Ë=, India is for Indians (ì~¡`Ç^Í×O, ì~¡fÇò HË¬"Í°)
G ¬ô¬ëHê° : Devine Life, ~[³¶Q®, H~¡à³¶Q®, H÷ë³¶Q®, *ìý#³¶Q®, <Q®°~¡°=ô,
Lectures from columbo to Almora, =~¡ë=¶<£ ì~¡`, ãKÇ¼ §ó`Ç¼ ªÞq° q"ÍHê#O^Î
G ¬O¬Ö - ~=°H$+¬âq°+¬<£, 1897 Õ è×´~¡° (ÿOQê ) ^ÎQ®¾~¡ ªÖ²OKÇ|_Ok.

G ~=°H$+¬â q°+¬<£ ï~O_È° "~ë¬ãuH#° ã¬KÇ°iOzOk. 1) ã¬|°^Î ì~¡` (POQ®ÁO) 2) L^ËÄ^Î# - ÿOQêb

G 1886 Õ Mèãu~A 'Jl`²OQ·Ñ ¬¬ð"Í°~¡ä½ `Ç#À~¡° q"ÍHê#O^Î°_Qê =¶~¡°óä½<ß_È°.
G 1888 Õ ¬<¼²Qê =¶~_È°.
G 1893 ÌÌO|~ 11 J"³°iHê Õx zHêQË Õ [iy# ã¬¬OKÇ `ùe ¬~¡Þ=°`Ç ¬"Í°à×#O Õ ²ìO^Î¶=°`ÇO ³òHø Qù¬æ`Ç<xß
ã¬¬OKxH÷ `³eÇ°*è§_È°.
G 1895 - #¶¼Ç¶~ø Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ "Í^¥O`Ç ªÚÌá\ ©x ªÖ²OK_È°.
G q"ÍHê#O^Î°_ =òY¼"³°Ø# t+¬µ¼~° - =¶~¡¾ï~\ <Ë|° / ²¬Ö~ x"Ík`Ç
G 1898 Õ x"Ík`Ç S~ÁO_£ #°O_ ì~¡`ä½ =zóOk. `Ç# õ+¬rq`xß ~=°H$+¬âq°+¬<£ä½ JOH÷`ÇO KÍ²Ok.
G =¶~¡¾ö~\ <Ë|° ~¡KÇ#° : 1) The mother 2) Kali 3) The mastera I saw him.
G ãp# ì~¡`Ç^Í× B#ß`¼xß ã¬¬OKÇ^Í§ä½ K\÷ K³æ_È°.
G ²iH÷`Ç#O#° YO_OKÇ_ÈO`Ë ªÞ`ÇOã`Ë¼^Î¼=° HêO Õ K ì=°Ok <Ç°ä½ä½ P^Î~¡ÅOQê xeK_È°.
Y
G ~=°H$+¬âq°+¬<£ Lz`Ç ~¡§°, "³á^Î¼§°, ãQ®O^¥Ç¶°, P^¥¼uàH öHOã^¥° U~æ@° KÍ²Ok.
v q"ÍHê#O^Î°x Ìá "¼Y¼° :
M
G ''q"ÍHê#O^Î°_È° ¬$+²öH "Í°^¥qÑÑ Jx =iâOz#k - ~¡gOã^Î<^£ ~Q®¶~
95 E
9
G q"ÍHê#O^Î°_È° ì~¡`^
Ç Í §xß P^¥¼uàH``
Ç Ë "Í° çøeæ# "_È° - ¬°ì+¹ KÇOã^ÎÕ¹. ''P^°Î xH ì~¡`Ç x~à`ÇQêÑÑ - J~¡aO^Ë.
59
D
G Vivekananda Saved Hinduism - ~*ìr
v k=¼*ìý# ¬=¶[O :
CA
(1875 - #¶¼Ç¶~ø)
50
(Theosophical society)
98
G k³¶¹ - ^³á=O, ªé¦²³¶ - *ìý# J<Í ¬^¥#°O_ k=¼*ìý# ¬=¶[O ¬ô\÷Ok.
A
:8
G 1875 Õ H.P. ìÁ=\Ôø (~¡¼=x`Ç) H.S. P ìø\°, qeÇ°O HêÞ<£ [_£û° #¶¼Ç¶~ø (¬ì_È<£ #kf~¡O) (Newyark
J#Qê The big Apple Jx J~¡ÖO)
h
A E
.P
G nxx ã¬^¥#OQê 3 L^Íí§`Ë ªÖ²OK~¡°.

AB C
D
1) q×Þ=¶#= ªÏãì`Ç$`ÇÞO
ER I
2) Jxß =°` JOu=°HÆ ¼O "³¶HÆO, D =°` `Ç`ÇÞO#° `³°¬°Hù#°@ä½ "\÷x J^Î¼Ç°#O KÍÇ¶e.
O
3) ã¬H$u Õ =¶#=ôx Õ LO_Í JO`Ç~¡¾`Ç ×ä½ë#° ¬iÕkOKe.

CH
G k=¼*ìý# ¬=¶[O ã¬^¥# HÆ ¼=ò - '=¶#=À=Ñ

YD
G 1879 Õ nx ã¬^¥#öHOã^ÎO#° çOì~òH÷ P `Ç~Þ`Ç 1882 Õ =°ã^¥¹ä½ ¬g°# Q® J_ÈÇ¶~ä½ =¶~ó~¡°.
,H
G H.P. ìÁ=\Ôø =°~¡}ìO`Ç~¡O H.S. J ìø\ k=¼*ìý# ¬=¶*ìxH÷ J^Î¼äÆ½_³á<_È°.

AM
T
G H.P. ìÁ=\Ôø ³òHø =¶¼Q®*ÿá<£ The theosophist (1879)
v JxaÌO\ : (1847 - 1933)

H
M
AM
IG
G JxaÌO\ J¬° À~¡° - JxL_£

KH
G S~ÁO_£ =°²ì×
JxaÌO\
¬ãuH° - #¶¼ WO_Ç¶ (Daily), Hê=°<£g (Weekly)
R
G a~¡°^Î°° : Iron lady of Irland, Diamond south, WO_Ç°<£ \ìO@°, Grand old lady of India.
G x<^ÎO : England's difficulty is Indians opportunity
G H.P ìÁ=\Ôø - '~¡¬ì¬¼ ²^¥O`ÇOÑ ^¥Þ~ ã¬ìq`Ç"³°Ø# JxaÌO\ 1889 O_È<£ Õ k=¼*ìý# ¬=¶[O Õ KÍiOk.
G 1893 Õ India ä½ =zóOk.
G H.P. ìÁ=\Ôø =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O H.S. J ìø\ k=¼*ìý# ¬=¶*ìxH÷ J^Î¼äÆ½_È° HêQê P `Ç~Þ`Ç JxaÌO\ 1907 Õ
k=¼*ìý# ¬=¶*ìxH÷ J^Î¼äÆ½~ ÿáOk.
G 1898 Õ "~¡}ìt Õ ÿ<~¡¹ öHOã^Î ²ìO^Î¶ Hì§#° U~æ@° KÍÇ°Qê Wk 1916 Õ =°^Î<£"³¶¬ì<£=¶=¼ H$+²
¦¬e`ÇOQê Çüx=iÅ\÷Qê =¶iOk.

G 1916 "Í° Õ =°^Î#¬ ÿÁ (z`Ç¶ë~¡°) Õ "Beasent Theosophical college' (*ìfÇ° Hì§#° POã^Î ¬~¡¼@# Õ
ìQ®OQê ªÖ²OzOk.
G nx "³ò^Î\ ÷ ã²x - H.G. Hl<£
G P~ø\ Õ ¬OKÇ=° ~¡§#° ªÖ²Oz#k.
G Q®=n¾`Ç#° (Q®"<£^¥¹ ¬¬ìHê~¡O`Ë) POQ®ÁO ÕH÷ J#°=kOz#k.
G 1914 Õ INC Õ KÍiOk.
G 'Wake up India' À~¡°`Ë [#O ÕH÷ "³oÁ#k.
G 1916 Õ S~ÁO_£ `Ç~¡¬ð Õ ¬ìÙO~¡¶ L^Î¼=°O#° ã~¡OaOKÇQê T\© Õ Pï~¹ KÍ§~¡°.
G ì~¡` Õ `ùeªiQê 1916 ¬î<Í Õ ã~¡OaOz#"~¡° - uH± (`Ç~Þ`Ç Wk All India Home Rule league' Õ
qb#O J~ò#k)
Y
G All India Home Rule league ³òHø `ùe Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅ - *ì~û J~¡°O_Í
G 1916 HËß Õ U.².=°AO^¥~ <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ [iy# INC ¬=¶"Í×O Õ q°`Ç"^Î°°, Ju"^Î°°, =ò²ÁObQ· qb#O
M
J=_ÈO Õ uH±, l<ß`Ë @° JxaÌO\ ä_¨ H©Hã`Ç é+²OzOk.
95 E
G 1917 Õ HH`ë Õ [iy# INC ¬=¶"Í§xH÷ `ùe =°²ì×Qê J^Î¼HÆ`Ç =²ìOzOk.
9
59
D
G ¶²À¦~ / e*ìÀ¦~ [~¡ß ä½ Z_@~Qê ¬xKÍ²Ok.
G 1918 Õ ''WO_Ç°<£ ì° Ê ªÏø\ Jªé²Í°+¬<£ÑÑ#° ªÖ²OzOk.
CA
50
G 1921 Õ Hêjq×Þq^¥¼Ç°O #°O_ _¨H~ P¦¹ ÿ@~ a~¡°^Î° ÚOkOk.
98
G 1932 Õ ªÏø\ Õ<Í L#ß`Ç"³°Ø# 'Silvor wolf' "³°_È #° ì_³<£ é"³ #°O_ ÚOkOk.
A
:8
G L"³°<£ WO_Ç¶ Jªé²Í°+¬<£ä½ =°^Îuzó `ùe J^Î¼äÆ½~ ÿáOk.
G JxaÌO\ ³òHø =òY¼ J#°KÇ~¡°° (1) B.P. "_Ç¶ (2) *ì~û J~¡°O_Í
h
A E
.P
G D"³° 1933 September 20# =°ã^¥¹ Õ J_ÈÇ¶~ Õ =°~¡}÷OzOk.

AB C
D
G JxaÌO\ `Ç~Þ`Ç k=¼*ìý# ¬=¶[Oä½ - *ì~ûJ~¡°O_Í (1933 - 45) P `Ç~Þ`Ç - C. ²#~[^¥¬ (1945 - 1953)
ER I
J^Î¼äÆ½ ÿáÇ¶¼~¡°.
O
G k"¼*ìý# ¬=¶*ìxH÷ J^Î¼äÆ½_³á# "³ò^Î\ ÷ ì~¡fÇò_È° - ²#~[^¥¬

CH
v l_È°Û H$+¬â=üië :
YD
G JxaÌO\ ^Î`Çë¬ôã`Ç°_È° - l_È°Û H$+¬â=üië

,H
G W`Çx ¬ô¬ëHO - 'At the feet of the master'

AM
T
G ²^¥O`ÇO - Q®°~¡°=ô èä½O_¨ ¬`¼xß ªkOKÇ_ÈO - (Endeavour Alone in search of Truth)

H
M
G b_£c@~ W`Çxß - "³¶¬¹, ã¬=Hë "Vehicle for the expected world teacher" Jx =iâOK_È°.
AM
IG
G G.K.=üië 1921 Õ =°^Î#¬ ÿÁ Õ |°°+Ô"¼b ~¡§#° ªÖ²OK_È°.

KH
G W`Çx ã¬^¥# öHOã^¥° - 1. =¬O`Ç q¬ð~, 2. =°*ì²ì (Hêe¦éißÇ¶)

l_È°Û H$+¬â=üië
R
v ~¡Ö< ¬=¶[O - çOì~ò (1867) :

G nxx çOì~ò Õ P`à~O O_È°~¡OQ® ªÖ²OK_È°.
G nx ¬ãuH - ¬°Õ^Î - nxx ã¬KÇ°iOz#k ã¬`¹KÇO^Î~ =°AO^¥~
G ã|¬ìà¬=¶* L`Íë[O =Á 1867 P`à~O O_È°~¡OQ® 'ã~¡Ö<¬=¶[O#°Ñ çOì~ò Õ ªÖ²OK_È°.
G nx =òY¼ HÆê¼° : ªO¦²°H ¬O¬ø~¡}°, Q®=O`Ç°xß ¬îlOKÇ_ÈO
G nx Õ ã¬=òY ¬° ¼° M.G ~¡}_Í, ¬O_`Ç ~¡=¶ì~ò ¬~ ¡ Þ¬ u, q~¡ ~Or +²O_Í, N.G. KÇOã^Î"~ø~, ìH$+¬â "³ò^ÎQ®°
G 1906 Õ ìH$+¬â - 'ì~¡`Ç |_È°Q®° *ì`Ç° ¬=°uÑ Depressed classes mission of India #° ªÖ²OK_È°.
G HO^Î°äi Qê~¡° ã~¡Ö< ¬=¶[O#° ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ "¼²ë KÍ§~¡° (1878 ~[=°Oã_)
G nx Õx ¬°¼O` P²ëH"^Î°°. ^Í=ô_È° XHø_Í Jx À~ùøOk.

v M.G. ~¡}_Í (1842 - 1901)
G a~¡°^Î° - =°¬ð~¢+¬ ªéãH\ ©¹ G =°¬ð~¢+¬ Õ ã~¡Ö< ¬=¶[ ªÖ¬ä½_È°
G Q®}è+¹ "¬°^Í= ªÖ²Oz# ª~¡Þ[xH ¬ Hê~¡¼ãH=¶ ÕÁ ç¾<ß_È°.
G ²ìO^Î¶ ã¬Hê+¹ J<Í POQ®Á =°~~ ¬ãuHä½ ¬O^Îä½_Qê ¬xKÍ§_È°.
G 1887 Õ ì~¡`Ç*ìfÇ° ª=¶lH ¬=¶"Í§xß =°ã^¥¹ Õ ã~¡OaOK_È°.
G ~¡}_Í ¬i×Ãk L^Î¼=°O#° ã~¡OaOK_È°.
v D.K. Hêö~Þ (1858 - 1961) :

G 1893 Õ q`ÇO`Ç°=ô#° q"¬ìO KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
G 1896 Õ ²ìO^Î¶ q`ÇO`Ç =#O (Hindu Wido Home) #° ã~¡OaOK_È°.
G 1916 Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ<Í `ùeªiQê =°²ì× HË¬O ì~¡fÇ° =°²ìì q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O#° ¬î}è Õ ªÖ²OK_È°.
Y
G W`Ç#° 1955 Õ ¬^Îàq¶+¬}#°, 1958 ì~¡`Ç~¡`Çß a~¡°^Î°#° ÚO^¥_È°.
v ¬O_`Ç ~¡=¶ì~ò ¬~¡¬Þu (1858 - 1922)
M
G ~¡=¶ì~ò ¢Ôë q^Î¼#° ãé`Ç²ìOKÇ_¨xH÷ ì¼ q"¬ð#° =¼uö~H÷OKÇ_¨xH÷ ¬î<Í Õ ''=°²ìì P~¡¼¬=¶[OÑÑ#° ªÖ²OzOk.
95 E
9
G 1880 Õ ÿOQê ä½ K³Ok# a¬ðs ^¥¹ "³°_£ ¬ìex q"¬ì=¶_Ok.
59
D
G ¬O¬Ö° : =°²ìì P~¡¼¬=¶[O (=°²ì× Hù~¡ä½), §~¡^¥¬^Î<£ (q`ÇO`Ç°=ô Hù~¡ä½),
=òH÷ë¬^Î<£ (H~¡°=ô ìk`Ç° Hù~¡ä½)
CA
50
G D"³° ²ìO^Î¶=°`ÇOÌá q§Þ¬O HË Õæ~ò ¢ïHá¬ë= =°`ÇO#° ÔÞHiOzOk.
G a~¡°^Î°° : 1) ¬O_`Ç, 2) ¬~¡¬Þu, 3) ïHá[~-W-²ìO^£
98
A
G 1887 ^Í=¬=¶*ìxß - ì¬ìÙ~ Õ t=<~Ç°} Jyß¬ìÙãuQê U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
:8
v ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ¬ãuH "¼²ë :
h
A E
.P
~¡=¶ì~ò ¬~¡¬Þu
G ÿOQê ïQl\ (1780) : nx ã¬KÇ°~¡}H~¡ë *è"£° JQ®¬<£ ²ìH©ø. WOyÁ+¹ ì+¬ Õ "³°=_# D ¬ãuH ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ
AB C
D
ã¬KÇ°iOz# "³ò^Î\ ÷ ~[H©Ç° "}÷[¼ ¬ãuH.

ER I
G WO_Ç¶ ïQl\ (1780) : nx ã¬KÇ°~¡}H~¡ë° Ô@~ s_£, ÿ~ß~Û "³°²OH±. "³°=_# ì+¬- WOyÁ+¹. g~¡° `Ç=° ã¬uH
O
^¥Þ~ "¼~xß ÌOKÇ°HË=_¨xH÷ ã¬Ç°ußOK~¡°.

CH
G HH`ë Q ï l\ (1784) : ã¬K°Ç ~¡}H~- ë¡ D²O _¶ Ç HOÌh. ÿOQêb, ¬iÂ°Ç <£, WOyÁ+¹ `Çk`Ç~¡ ì+¬ ÕÁ <Ë\©°¬ =òã^Î}.
YD
G =°ã^¥¹ HùiÇ°~ (1785): ã¬KÇ°~¡}H~¡ë°- iKÇ~Û *ì#<£, ¬ú¼Q· ì°Û. "³°=_# ì+¬- WOyÁ+¹. ã¬°`ÇÞ JkHê~¡°°
,H
ã¬°`ÇÞ ã¬H@# HË¬O ã¬KÇ°iOz# ¬ãuH.

G ìOè ¬ì~ø~ (1795): ã¬KÇ°iOzOk- qeÇ°O ¬ìO@~. "³°=_# ì+¬- WOyÁ+¹. D ¬ãuH ^¥Þ~¡Hê<^£ ~Q®¶~
AM
T
<Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ ã|¬ìà ¬=¶*ìxH÷ =°^Îí`Ç°Qê ¬xKÍ²Ok.

H
M
G =°ã^¥¹ Qï l\ (1795): ã¬K°Ç ~¡}H~-ë¡ qeÇ°O. "³°=_# ì+¬- WOyÁ+.¹ ã¬° `ÇÞO `Ç~ ¡ ô¬¦ # =°ã^¥¹, ìOè #°Oz "³°=_# ¬ãuH.
AM
G HH`ë =¶ißOQ· é¹ (1798): ã¬KÇ°~¡}H~¡ë- PiÄ ì Û. "³°=_# ì+¬- WOyÁ+¹. 1799 Õ *ìsKÍ²# ¬ãuHê
IG
KH
x|O^Î##° \÷Oz# "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬ãuH.

G ÿOQêb ì+¬ Õ `ùe¬ãuH - ¬=¶K~¡ ^Î~¡æ} (1818) (nx ªÖ¬ä½_È° - qeÇ°OÀìs)
R
G 'Times of India' - 1861 - Q®`ÇO Õ nx À~¡° ìOè >ÿØ"£° (1838 Õ)

G ªé"£°ã¬Hê+¹ (1858): ã¬K°Ç ~¡}H~-ë¡ ^¥Þ~¡Hê<^£ q^¥¼¶ +¬}. "³°=_# ì+¬- ÿOQêb. HH`ë #°Oz ã¬K°Ç iOz# ~[H©°Ç ¬ãuH.
G ¬°Ç h~ (1865): ã¬K°Ç ~¡}H~-ë ¡ Z¹Z¹ ¦°¬ Õ+¹. "³°=_# ì+¬- WOyÁ+.¹ ¬=¶Hêb# ¬O¦°¬ @#Ìá "~¡ ë °, "¼ª° ã¬K°Ç iOKÍ k#¬ãuH.
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ `ùe ªÇ°OHê ¬ãuH - =°ã^¥¹ "³°~ò 1868 - =°ã^¥¹
G The Hindu 1881 =°ã^¥¹ (G. ¬°ã|=°}¼ JÇ°¼~, g~¡~¦¬°"Ki)
G POã^^ Î
Í O
× Õx `ùe `³°Q®° ¬ãuH - ¬`¼Ç ^Î¶`Ç 1833 - |ì¤i ¢ïH á =
ë¬ q°+¬#s ªÚÌá\,© POã^ãÎ ¬HêtH - 1885 (`ùe ~[H©°Ç "~¡ã¬ uH)
G k WO_Ç°<£ i=î¼ (1900): ã¬KÇ°~¡}H~¡ë U #>è×<£. "³°=_# ì+¬- WOyÁ+¹. ã¬Mì¼`Ç ì~¡fÇò ~[H©Ç° KÇiã`ÇÌá
"¼ª° ã¬KÇ°iOKÍ =¶¬¬ãuH.
G H$+¬â ¬ãuH (`ùe ~[H©Ç° k#¬ãuH) - ªÖ¬ä½_È° - HùO_¨ "³OH@¬æÇ°¼, `Ç~Þ`Ç <~Ç°}^¥¬°, `Ç~Þ`Ç =ò@¶ßi
H$â~=ô° <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO =²ìOK~¡°.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1. ²ìO^Î¶=°`ÇO Õ qãQ®¬ð~^Î##° ¬=°iOz# ¬O¦¬° 11. D ãH÷Ok "x Õ ^Íx`Ë JhaÌO\ä½ ¬O|O^Î=ò
¬O¬ø~¡ë? (Group-II - 2012) è^Î°? (Group-II - 1989)
1) ^ÎÇ¶#O^Î ¬~¡¬Þu 2) ªÞq° q"ÍHê#O^Î 1) ¬ìÙO~¡¶ L^Î¼=°=ò 2) k=¼*ìý# ¬=¶[=ò

3) ~*ì~"£°"³¶¬ì<£~°4) "Í°[~ ïH.~¡#_Í 3) Hê=°<£ g ä½ ¬O^ÎH`ÇÞ=ò
2. ã~¡Ö< ¬=¶*#° Z=~¡° ªÖ²Oz<~¡°? (Gr-II - 2000) 4) q`ÇO`Ç° ¬ô#iÞ"¬ì=ò
1) P`à~"£° O_È°~¡OQ® 12. JxaÌO\ U ªO¦²°H, =°`Ç¬O¬Ö`Ë ¬O|O^ÎO Hey
2) ~*ì ~"£°"³¶¬ì<£ ~° LO_Ík? (MPDO - 1999)
3) ^Í"ÍOã^Î<^£ ~QË~ 1) P~¡¼¬=¶[O 2) ã~¡< ¬=¶[O
Y
4) öH×= KÇOã^Î À<£ 3) ã|¬ìà ¬=¶[O 4) k³¶ªé¦²H ªÚÌá\ ÷
M
13. ~*ì~"£° "³¶¬ì<£~° ³òHø ²ìO^Î°`ÇÞ¬O¬ø~¡}
3. Pb¦¬°~ L^Î¼=¶xß ã~¡OaOz#k Z=~¡°?
su? (A.E.E'S - 2012)
1) ¬~ ¬Ç°¼^£ J¬ìà^£ Mì<£
95 E
(Group-II - 2000)
Z) ì=*ì ì#° YO_OKÇ_ÈO
9
2) _¨.J<s
59
a) ãì¬ìà} =°`k¬`¼xH÷ J#°Q®}¼`Ç èHé=_ÈO
D
3) J ìë¦¹ ¬À<£ Je 4) ì ì ¬ì<£~*
²) Q®=O`Ç°_È° XHø_Í J<Í ã¬K~¡O
4. ''Hê=°<£g ÑÑ J<Í "~¡ ¬ãuH#° Ê '#¶¼ WO_Ç¶ÑÑ
CA
_) §¢ÔëÇ° ¬`¼ä½ =ü ì^¥~¡O "Í^¥x
50
J<Í k#¬ãuHä½ ã~¡Oä½°? (Group-II - 2000)
KÇ¶²OKÇ_ÈO Ìá# K³²æ# H~¡ë"¼ Õ Uk ¬ï~á#k?
98
1) uH± 2) QêOnr 1) Z =°iÇò _ 2) Z, ², _
A
:8
3) JhcÌO\ 4) ~[QË ìKi 3) Z, a, ² 4) Ìá# À~ùø#ß=xßÇò
5. ''WO_Ç¶ q<£ ã¦Ô_È"£°ÑÑ J<Í ¬ô¬ëHO ã"²#^³=~¡°? 14. ~*ì~"£°"³¶¬ì<£~°ä½ ¬O|O^ÎO èxk?
h
A E
.P
(Group-II - 2000) (A.E.E'S - 2009)

AB C
1) uH± 2) =°¿ ì< J|° H ìO J*ì^£

D
1) ¬u ¬^Îu ~¡^Î°í 2) q^¥# q"¬ð°

3) QêOn 4) =°¿ ì< =°¬ì=°à^£ Jb
ER I
3) POQ®Á q^¥¼"¼²ë 4) ¬O¬ø $`Ç q^Î¼

O
6. ~¡ g Oã^Î < ^ £ ~ Q® ¶ ~ # ° 'Q® ° ~¡ ° ^Í " £ Ñ Jx Z=~¡ ° 15. ''"Í^¥ä½ =°ieÚ=òàÑÑ J<Í x<^¥xßzó#^³=~¡°?
¬OÕkOK~¡°? (Group-II - 2000)
CH
(A.A.M - 2012)
1) ¬°ì+¹ KÇOã^ÎÕ¹ 2) ÕH=¶#¼ uH± 1) ~¡#_Í 2) JxcÌO\

YD
3) QêOnr 4) ×~¡`ì|° 3) D×Þ~¡KÇOã^ÎÀ<£ 4) ^ÎÇ¶#O^Î ¬~¡¬Þu

,H
7. ì~¡`Ç^Í× ã|¬ìà ¬=¶[O ªÖ¬ä½_È°? (Gr-II - 2000) 16. D H÷Ok "i Õ 16= ×`|í=ò Õ L^Î¼=°=ò#ä½
AM
T
1) ~*ì~"£°"³¶¬ì<£~° 2) öH×"£ KÇOã^ÎÀ<£ <Ç°H`ÇÞ=ò =²ìOz#k? (A.E.E'S - 2007)
1) ^ÎÇ¶#O^Î ¬~¡¬Þu 2) JxcÌO\

H
3) #g<£ KÇOã^ÎÀ<£ 4) ^Í"ÍOã^Î<^£ ~Q®¶~

M
3) ×OH~K~¡¼ 4) Q®°~¡°<#H±
AM
8. ¬Ç°¼^£ J¬ìà^£ Mì<£ä½ ìQê W+¬"³°Ø# Hê~¡¼ãH=°O

IG
Uq°\÷? (Group-II - 2000)

17. '' ì ~¡ ` Ç ^ Í × ¬ ô #~¡ ° rû q `xH÷ ² ` =°¬ _È ° ÑÑ Jx
KH
1) =°`Ç¬~¡"³°Ø# q=~¡} 2) ªO¦²°H ¬O¬ø~¡}° "²ïHH÷ø#^³=~¡°? (E.O - 2008)
1) ¦¬°*ì L^ñ ì 2) QËY è

R
3) P^Î°xH q^Î¼#° ãé`²ìOKÇ°@

4) ¢Ôë[<Ë^Î~¡} 3) [¬u~° 4) ~*ì~"£°"³¶¬ì#~°
18. ''k³¶ªé²¬° Z_È°¼öH+¬x¹ =°iÇò ì~¡`Ç *ìfÇ°
9. ''|²ì+¬ø $` ì~¡`ÑÑ J<Í ¬ãuH#° ã~¡OaOz#^³=~¡°?
b_È~ÑÑ ãH÷Ok "x Õ Z=iH÷ D =~¡â# KÇHøQê ¬i
(Group-II - 2000)
é`Ç°Ok? (E.O - 2008)
1) a.P~.JOè^Îø~ 2) QêOnr
1) §¼"£°ã¬ª^£ =òYsû 2) ~¡gOã^Î<^£ ~Q®¶~
3) a.l.uH± 4) *Õuì ¬î è
3) JxcÌO\ 4) Nx"¬ §¢²ë
10. ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ POQ®Á ì+¬#° ã¬"Í×Ì@°@ä½ H$+² KÍ²#
19. ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ =°²ìì q×Þq^¥¼Ç¶xß
ì~¡fÇò_È°? (Group-II - 1991)
ªÖ²Oz#k? (E.O - 2008)
1) ~¡}_Í 2) <ñ~Ër - I 1) QêOnr 2) ^ùO_ËöH×<£ Mìö~Þ
3) ~*ì~"£° "³¶¬ì#~° 4) QËY è 3) ~}© J¬ì ì¼^Íq 4) ~}© QêÇ°ãf ^Íq

20. ''^Í"£ ¬=¶*ÑÑ =¼=ªÖ¬ä½_È°? (E.O - 2008) 29. ''QË ì¼H± @° "Í^¥¹ÑÑ J#°#k Z=i ²°¬ô?
1) ¬>è 2) <ñ~Ël (A.S.O - 2011)
3) t=<~Ç°} Jyß¬úãu 1) ªÞq° q"ÍHê#O^Î 2) ~[~"£°"³¶¬ì#~°

4) ~=°H$+¬â ¬~¡=°¬ìO¬ 3) ªÞq° ^ÎÇ¶#O^Î ¬~¡¬Þu
21. ²ìO^Î¶Í°`Ç~¡°eß ²ìO^Î°=ô°Qê =¶~¡°ó@ä½ L^ÍítOKÇ 4) Ç°O.l.~¡#_Í
|_# ×Ãk L^Î¼=¶xß ã~¡OaOz#k? (E.O - 2008) 30. ãH÷Ok "x Õ J`Ç¼O`Ç ãp# ì~¡fÇ° POQ®Á "~ë
1) ªÞq° ^ÎÇ¶#O^Î ¬~¡¬Þu ¬ãuH? (A.S.O - 2011)
2) J~¡aO^Ë 3) ªÞq° q"ÍHê#O^Î 1) ÿOQê Q®*ÿ\ 2) WO_Ç¶ Q®*ÿ\

4) ~*ì~"£° "³¶¬ì#~° 3) Àã\÷Ç¶\ 4) À\=°<£
22. '' ÕH²ì`"kÑÑ l.ÌìK.^Í=òM D ãH÷Ok "x Õ 31. ^Î¶Ç #O^Î ¬~¡ Þ¬ uH÷ "³ò^Î\ ÷ À~¡° Uk? (A.E.C - 2014)
^Íx`Ë ¬xß²ì`Ç ¬O|O^ÎO Hey è^Î°? (E.O - 2008) 1) ¬Oä½^Î~ 2) =ü×OH~
1) ~=°H$+¬â q°+¬<£ 2) ã~¡Ö< ¬=¶[O 3) ^ÎÇ¶#O^Î 4) #ö~Oã^Î
Y
3) P~¡¼¬=¶[O 32. ~*ì~"£°"³¶¬ì<£~° U ¬@}O Õ =°~¡}÷OK³#°?
M
4) ¬tó=° ì~¡`ÇO Õx k=¼*ìý# ¬=¶[ L^Î¼=°O (A.E.C - 2014)
23. =°¬ð~R Õ ã~¡Ö< ¬=¶[ =òY¼ x~à`Ç? (E.O - 08) 1) ãa¬ 2) ¬î}ÿ 3) <Q®¬î~ 4) _bÁ
95 E
1) P~.l.O_¨~¡ø~ 2) QË Q®}è JQ®~¡ø~
9
33. P^Î°xH ÿOQêb ^Í× H÷ë ÿáa Jx U ãQ®O^ÎO
59
D
3) Z"£°.l.~¡#_Í 4) ¬O_\ ~¡=¶ì~ò ²°=|_Ok? (A.E.C - 2014)
24. ~=°H$+¬µâx =°`Ç ²^¥O`ÇO ³òHø =òY¼ HÆ}O Uk? 1) k ¦¬¹ WO_Ç°<£ "~ P¦¹ WO_ÌO_³<£
CA
50
(E.O - 2008)
2) _¬ø=s P¦¹ WO_Ç¶
1) =¶iàHê#°¶u 2) UöH×Þ~Ë¬# 3) P#O^Î =°~ 4) UnHê^Î°
98
3) ¬~¡Þ=°` ÕÁx ¬`Ç¼OÌá q§Þ¬O
A
34. 1886 Õ ªÖ ² O KÇ | _ # _ . Z.q.H ì§ U TÕÁ
:8
4) ^³á=xk ã~¡O"³°Ø#k? (A.E.C - 2014)
h
25. D H÷Ok ¬O¬Ö ÕÁ ^Íxx =°^Î<£ "³¶¬ì#=¶"¼ `Ç~°¡ "u

A E
1) <Q®¬î~ 2) ì¬ìÙ~ 3) PãQê 4) ¬î}ÿ

.P
HêO Õ ÿ<~¡¹ ²ìO^Î¶ Çüx=i\©Qê fiók^¥í_È°? 35. '¬i¬ì^Î°í QêOkQêÑ Z=~¡° ã¬Mì¼u ÚOk<~¡°?
AB C
D
(E.O - 2008)
(Group-II - 2008)
ER I
1) 1848 Õ _._È|°Á ¼ ÿ^Î¶<£ <³Hùeæ# ÿ^Î¶<£ Hê è* 1) =°¬ð`àQêOn 2) Mì<£ J|°í Q®¦¬~ Mì<£
O
¦¬~ q"³°<£ 3) ì Q®OQê^Î~¡ uH± 4) J|°í H ì"£° P*ì^£

2) N=°u JxcÌO\ ªÖ²Oz# ÌOã@ ²ìO^Î¶¬¶ø
CH
36. `Ç`ÇÞÕkx ¬#° <³Hùeæ#k? (Dy.E.O - 2014)

YD
3) 1871 Õ _Íq_£¬ìï~ <³Hùeæ# ²ìO^Î¶ Hì§

1) ~*ì~"£° "³¶¬ì<£~° 2) öH×= KÇOã^ÎÀ<£
4) 1825 Õ ~"³¶à¬ì#~° <³Hùeæ# "Í^¥O`Ç
,H
3) ^Í"ÍOã^Î<^£ ~Q®¶~ 4) ^ÎÇ¶#O^Î ¬~¡¬Þu

Hì§
37. *ìfÇ°"kQê ''ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ì~¡fÇò^ÍÑÑ #x
AM
T
26. JbQ®~ L^Î¼=¶xH÷ =ü Hê~¡}O Uk? (E.O - 2008)

x#kOz#k? (D.L - 2011)
1) ²ìO^Î¶ - =ò²ÁO SH¼`Ç
H
M
1) JxaÌO\ 2) ^ÎÇ¶#O^Î¬~¡¬Þu
2) =ò²ÁO° ²ìO^Î°=ô°, ¢ïHá¬ë=ô =°^Î¼ <³Hù#ß
AM
3) P`à~O O_È°~¡OQ® 4) q"ÍHê#O^Î°_È°

IG
ª=¶lH J=Qê¬ì#, ¬=°#ÞÇ° j`Ç

38. q"ÍHê#O^Î°_È° ~=°H$+¬â =°~xß ªÖO
² z# ¬O=`Ç~¡O?
KH
3) =ò²ÁO ¬=¶*O Õ KË@°KÍ¬°ä½#ß ª=¶lH =°`Ç

(D.L - 2011)
¬O¬ø~¡}°
R
1) 1880 2) 1887 3) 1897 4) 1898

4) =ò²ÁOä½ ã^Î`Ç, |O KÍäió# POQËÁ =ò²ÁO
"³°Øãf|O^ÎO ["|°°
27. ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ =°²ìì L^Î¼=¶° Zä½ø=Qê Z=i 1) 2 2) 2 3) 1 4) 3 5) 2
¬¶æië`Ë ã~¡O=°Ç¶¼~ò? (E.O - 2008) 6) 3 7) 1 8) 3 9) 1 10) 3
1) ~¡=¶ì~ò ~¡#_Í 2) N=°u JxcÌO\ 11) 4 12) 4 13) 3 14) 4 15) 4
3) Àì~ì~ò \ì\ì 4) ¬~Ëlx <Çò_È° 16) 4 17) 4 18) 3 19) 2 20) 3
28. ¬OQ®` ¬#
° =°iÇò ã~¡<
Ö ¬=¶*#° ã~¡OaOz#k 21) 1 22) 3 23) 3 24) 3 25) 2
Z=~¡°? (A.S.O - 2012)
26) 3 27) 2 28) 3 29) 3 30) 1
1) Z"£°.l.~¡#_Í 2) P#O^£ "³¶¬ì<£ Õ¹ 31) 2 32) 1 33) 3 34) 2 35) 2
36) 3 37) 2 38) 3
3) öH×= KÇOã^ÎÀ<£ 4) q"ÍHê#O^Î

(=°`Ç, yi[#, ï~á`Ç°, ä½, <¼Ç° / P`ÇàQÒ~¡= L^Î¼=¶°)
G 19= ×`|O P~¡OO Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ PãQ®Q®° ì°, x=°ß ä½ ì "i =°^Î¼ =¼`¼¬O JkHOQê LO_Ík.
G JãQ® ä½ ì Pk¬`Ç¼O#ä½ =¼uö~HOQê ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ J<ÍH L^Î¼=¶° [iQê~ò. Wq ã¬^¥#OQê
Y
1) Q®°[~` 2) =°¬ð~R 3) öH~¡× Õ [iQê~ò.
M
1) Q®°[~` :
G Q®°[~` Õ JãQ®ä½ ì "ix 'L*ìb ¬^¥°Ñ J<Í"~¡° x=°ßä½ ì "iH÷ Hêb¬~° J<Í"~¡°.
95 E
9
G Q®°[~` Õ ¬ðb q^¥#O LO_Ík (=O×~¡O ¬~¡¼OQê ìx¬`ÇÞO Õ LO_È°@.)
59
D
G Q®°[~` Õ JãQ®ä½ ì Pk¬`Ç¼O#° =¼uö~HOQê é~@O KÍ²# "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ =¼H÷ë - H~¡O^¥¹ =òbû.
G W`Ç_È° ¬`Ç¼ã¬Hê+¹ J<Í ¬ãuH ^¥Þ~ JãQ®ä½ ì Pk¬`Ç¼O#° =¼uö~H÷OK_È°.
CA
50
2) =°¬ð~R :
98
G =°¬ð~R Õ JãQ®ä½ ìä½ =¼uö~HOQê é~@O KÍ²# "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ =¼H÷ë - ì§¢Ôë [OèH~.
A
:8
G ì§¢²ë [OèH~ '^Î~¡æ}Ñ J<Í [~¡ß #° #__È°.
h
G =°¬ð~R Õ HùO`Ç=°Ok q^¥¼~¡°Ö° x=°ßä½ ì#° KÍÇò@ïHá ¬¶_³O\ e@~¡s ªÚÌá\ ©x

A E
.P
U~æ@° KÍª~¡°. nx Õ
AB C
D
1) =°~~ *ìý# ã¬Hê× =°O_Èe 2) Q®°[~` *ìý#ã¬Hê× =°O_Èe L<ß~ò.

ER I
G O_È°~¡OQ®`Ç~¡ø_£ ¬~¡=°¬ìO¬ =°O_Èex U~æ@°KÍ² JãQ®ä½ ì Pk¬`Ç¼O#° YO_OK_È°.

O
G ¬~¡=°¬ìO¬ =°O_Èe Õ Ju =òY¼"³°Ø# ¬°¼° QË¬ìi^Î=òM ( ÕH²ì`Ç"k)

CH
G =°¬ð~R Õ x=°ßä½ ì "i Ja=$k HË¬O J`Ç¼kHOQê é~@O

YD
KÍ²# =¼H÷ë - *Õ¼uì¬î è

,H
G *Õ¼uì¬î è - ¬î° J=òàä½<Í =¶e J<Í `³Q®ä½ K³Ok#"_È°.

AM
*Õ¼uì¬î è
T
G *Õ¼uì¬î è a~¡°^Î° - =°¬ð`Çà. W`Çx #= - Q®° ìOyi 1872

G 1873 Õ ¬`Ç¼Õ^ÎH± ¬=¶*#° U~æ@° KÍ² "³#°H|_ÈÛ `Ç~¡Q®`Ç° "~¡° Z^Î°~ùøO@°#ß ¬=°¬¼#° ã¬[ä½ `³eÇ°*è§_È°.
H
M
G W~ (Ishara) J<Í ¬ô¬ëHO Õ x=°ßä½ ì "i ¬ìä½ø#° `³eÇ°*è² JãQ®ä½ ì Pk¬`Ç¼O#° YO_OK_È°.
AM
IG
G *Õ¼u ì¬î è `Ç# ì~¡¼ ªqãu ì~ò¬î è`Ë ¬î<Í =^Îí "³#°H|_ÈÛ =~¾ "i HË¬O XH ~¡§#° U~æ@° KÍ§~¡°.
KH
G D ~¡§ x~¡Þ¬ì}ä½ _È|°Ä° ¬=°äió#"~¡° [Q®<ß^£×OH~ À~, ^¥"£^¥l

R
G =°¬ì~ L^Î¼=¶xß ìì "öQÁH~ ã~¡OaOK~¡°. `Ç~Þ`Ç D L^Î¼=¶xß _ÏI a.P~.JOè^Îø~ #_²OK_È°.
G JOè^Îø~ The Evils of Caste J<Í ¬ô¬ëHêxß ~¡zOK_È°.
G JOè^Îø~ "³#°H|_ÈÛ `Ç~¡Q®°`Ç° "i Ja=$k HË¬O '|²ì+¬ø $` ²ì`ÇHêi}÷ ¬Ñ U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
G JOè^Îø~ WO_ÌO_O\ WO_Ç°<£ è|~ sx U~æ@° KÍ² "³#°H|_ÈÛ =~¾ "i ~[H©Ç° ¬ìä½ø HË¬O é~@O
KÍ§_È°.
G =°¬ð`àQêOn "³#°H|_ÈÛ =~¾ "iHË¬O "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ ªiQê '¬ìi[<£Ñ (^Í=ôx a_ÈÛ°) J<Í ¬^¥xß L¬³¶yOK_È°.
G QêOn 1933 Õ "³#°H|_ÈÛ =~¾ "i Ja=$k HË¬O ¬ìi[<£ ¬#° U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
G QêOn '¬ìi[<£Ñ J<Í "~ë ¬ãuH ^¥Þ~ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ L#ß JO@~x`Ç#O#° ^Î¶~¡O KÍÇò@ä½ ã¬Ç°ußOK_È°.
G 1932 ¬î< X_ÈO|_H ^¥Þ~ "³#°H|_ÈÛ =~¾ "iH÷ Zä½ø= x³¶[H =~¾° öH\ì~òOKÇ|_Í@@°Á KÍ§_È°.
G QêOn-"³#°H|_ÈÛ "i HË¬O All India Depressed Class Association #° U~æ@° KÍª_È°.

3) öH~¡× :
G öH~¡× Õ JãQ®ä½ ì "ix ¬"~â° Jx, x=°ß ä½ ì "ix J"~â° Jx ²eKÍ"~¡°.
G öH~¡× Õ x=°ßä½ ì Ja=$k HË¬O é~@O KÍ²# "³ò@ "³ò^Î\ ÷ =¼H÷ë N<~Ç°}Q®°~¡°.
G W`Ç#° Z[" `³Q®ä½ K³Ok#"_È°.
G JãQ®ä½ ì "i Pk¬`Ç¼O#° YO_¬¶ë '*ìu g°=¶O¬ "¼¬OÑ #° ~§_È°.
G SNDP N<~Ç°}Q®°~¡° ^Î~¡à¬i# ³¶Q®O#° U~æ@° KÍ§_È°. nx ^¥Þ~ öH~¡× Õ "³#°H|_ÈÛ "i HË¬O J<ÍH
^Í"Ç¶#° xiàOK_È°.
G W`Ç#° D q^ÎOQê À~ùø<Í"_È° - '=¶#"oH÷ XöH ^Í=ô_È°, XöH =°`ÇO, XöH ä½OÑ LO@°Ok.
G N<~Ç°}Q®°~¡° t+¬µ¼_È° ¬¬ì^Î~¡<£JÇ°¼¬æ<£ D ãH÷Ok q^ÎOQê À~ùø<ß_È° ''=¶#"oH÷ ^Í=ô_È° =°`ÇO, ä½OÑÑ
LO_È^Î°.
Y
G N<~Ç°} Q®°~¡° ³òHø J#°KÇ~¡°#° x³¶|°k¬°° JO\ì~¡°.
v "³áHË"£° ¬`¼ãQ®¬ì=ò :
M
G nxx 1924 Õ öH~¡× ã¬^Í HêOãïQ¹ Hq°\÷ J^Î¼äÆ½_È° K.P. öH×=g°#<£, T.K. =¶^Î=<£ "³áHË"£° Õx N ~¡Þu ¬~¡"Í°×Þ~¡
95 E
9
^Í"Ç°O Õ ã~¡OaOK~¡°.
59
D
G D PÇ° ã¬"Í× L^Î¼=¶xH÷ ì~¡`Ç^Í×=°O`Ç\ ÷ #°Oz =°^Î`Ç° ¼"³°Ø#k.
ì~¡`Ç^Í× #°=ü #°Oz J<ÍH *ì`Ç°° =Kó~ò.
CA
50
G g\÷ Õ Ju =òY¼"³°Ø# Mì` ''P`ÇàQÒ~¡= L^Î¼=° *ì`ÑÑ nxx ÌiÇ¶~
98
E.V. ~=°ªÞq°<Ç°H~ =°^Î°ï~á #°Oz "³áHË"£° =~¡ä½ KÍ¬\ì~¡°.
A
:8
G E.V. ~=°ªÞq° <Ç°H~ `Çq°×<_È° Õ è^¥ =°ã^¥¹ ãÌ²_³h Õ JãQ®ä½ ì
Pk¬`Ç¼O#° YO_OK_È°.
h
A E
E.V. ~=°ªÞq°<Ç°H~
.P
G E.V. ~=°ªÞq° <Ç°H~ 'ä½_J~¡¬°Ñ, q^Î°`Ç° ÿá J<Í ¬ãuH#° ã~¡OaOK_È°.

AB C
D
G ². `¼Q®~Ç° Ü\ ÷ <Ç°~, =ò^ÎiÇ¶~ [²¹sx ªÖ²OK~¡°. (ã|¬ìà}°ä½ =¼uö~HOQê ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ªÖ²Oz
ER I
"³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ ~[H©Ç° s)

O
G [Ô¹s - South Indian Liberal Federation J<Í ¬O¬Ö #°Oz ¬ô\÷Ok.

CH
G D ¬O¬Ö#° ªÖ²Oz#"~¡° (SILF) `¼Q®~[<£, T.M. <Ç°~, =ò^ÎeÇ¶~

YD
v NQ®°~¡°<Çü~ L^Î¼=°O :
,H
G nxx 1931 Õ ïH. öH¬æ<£ (öH~¡×~[H©Ç° Y_È¾O) N Q®°~¡°<Çü~ Õ NH$+¬µâx ^Í"Ç°O Õ ã~¡OaOK~¡°.
AM
T
G nxH÷ =°^Î`Ç°Qê =zó# =òY¼"³°Ø# *ì`Ç ¬°ã|¬ìà}¼ uO|°O|°*ì`Ç. nxx HêeH\ #°Oz NQ®°~¡°<Çü~ =~¡ä½
H
M
uO|°O|° KÍ¬\ì_È°.
AM
] QË<£ :
IG
A.K.
KH
G W`Ç#° öH~¡× Õ 500 HO>è Zä½ø= ¬=¶"Í×O Õ x=°ßä½ ì "i ¬ìä½ø#° `³eÇ°*è¬¶ë ã¬¬OyOK_È°. ã¬u ¬=¶"Í×O Õ
W`ÇxÌá ìsKiû [iyOk.
R
=ò²ÁO Õ ¬O¬ø~¡}°
v ¬~¬Ç°¼^£ J¬ìà^£Mì<£ :
G =ò²ÁO ¬O¬ø~¡}HË¬O é~@O KÍ²# "³ò^Î\ ÷ =¼H÷ë - ¬~¬Ç°¼^£ J¬ìà^£Mì<£.
G =ò²ÁO Ja=$kH÷ ãa\©+¹"i =°^Î`Ç° J=¬~¡O Jx ìqOz ãa\©+¹ =°^Î`Ç°Qê D ãH÷Ok "¼ªxß ã¬KÇ°iOK_È°.
G '' ìÇ° =°¬ìànÇ°<£ P¦¹ WO_Ç¶ÑÑ (J¬Ä-W-Qê=`-W-²ìO^£)
W`Çx "~ë ¬ãuH - `Ç¬ìiH± - W- JYÁH±

G 1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@°ä½ ¬O|OkOz ''^ÎHê[¹ P¦¹ J<Í ¬ô¬ëHêxß ~¡zOK_È°.
WO_Ç°<£ =ü¼\ ÷xÑÑ
G D ¬ô¬ëHO Õ 1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° '²~ò Jx À~ùø<ß_È°.

u~¡°Q®°ì@°Ñ
G =ò²ÁO Ja=$kH÷ q^Î¼ Ju =òY¼"³°Ø#k Jx ìqOz 1875 Õ Õ =°¬ìànÇ°<£ POQËÁ FiÇ°O@ ~¡§#°
Pb¦¬°_£
U~æ@° KÍª~¡°.
G 1877 Õ Wk Hì§Qê =¶iOk.
G 1916 `Ç~Þ`Ç Wk Pb¦¬°_£ q×Þq^¥¼Ç°OQê =¶iOk.
G Jb¦¬°~ Õ W`Ç#° ã~¡OaOz# D ~¡§ q^Î¼ Jx À~ùøO\ì~¡°.
Jb¦¬°~ L^Î¼=°O
v =°¬ìà^£ WHêÄ :
G q^¥¼a=$k ^¥Þ~ =ò²ÁO Õ ¬O¬ø~¡}° f¬°Hùx ~=KÇ°ó Jx ìqOKÍ"~¡°.
G 'ªö~ *¬ðÌ J<Í w`xß ~¡zOK_È°. nxx ¬Þ~¡ Hæ# KÍ²#k. q+¬µâkQ®O|~¡ ¬°ø~ (§ã²ë)
JKóÑ
Y
G ¬O*ì, Hêjà~, ²O^Î° ÿ¶zªë<£#° He² XH =ò²ÁO ^Í×O U~æ@° KÍÇ¶x ^¥xx H÷ªë<£ Jx À~¡°Ì\ìx
M
"³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê À~ùø<ß_È°.
G H÷ªë<£ J<Í ¬^¥xß JkHêiHOQê '~¡¬ì=°Ò_È<£ #°Oz ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°.
JbÑ
95 E
G (q¬Á=O =iÖ ìÁe) J<Í ¬^Î=ò#° =°¬ìà^£ WHêÄ "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê L¬³¶yOK_È°.
9
WOH÷Þ ì lO^¥ì^£
59
G D ¬^¥xß "¼²ë KÍ²# "~¡° - HRA (Hindustan Republican Association). Q®`²OQ·, B.K. ^Î`
D
L^¥ :
] iÅH ¬O¬ø~¡}° :
CA
50
G iÅ Õ |¬ì~¼`Ç`ÇÞO, ¬~¡^¥ q^¥#O LO_Íq.
98
G =°²ì×ä½ P²ë ¬ìä½ø LO_Ík Hê^Î°.
A
:8
G "×¤ ¬O¬ø~¡} Hù~¡ä½ '<ñ~Ër Ì¦~¡°íOrÑ =°[^¥Ç°¬# ¬#° U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
'ï~¬ðß=¶~òÑ
G ^¥^¥ì°<ñ~Ël ~¡°¬°ëOl, Hê=°, D ¬ Õ KÍi sÅ ¬O¬ø~¡} Hù~¡ä½ é~@O KÍ§~¡°.
h
A E
.P
G _Ç¶, \ì\ì "³ò^ÎQ®°"~¡° '^Î J<Í ¬ãuH ^¥Þ~ ¬O¬ø~¡} Hù~¡ä½ ã¬Ç°ußOK~¡°.
sÅÑ
AB C
D
yi[# L^Î¼=¶°
ER I
O
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ãa\÷+¬~¡Á HêO Õ qq^Î Hê~¡}ì`Ë ã~¡O"³°Ø# yi[<Ë^Î¼=¶° ªÞ`ÇOã`¼#O`Ç~¡O ä_¨ Hù#ªQê~ò.
CH
YD
ãa\÷+¬~¡Á # Õ [iy# u~¡°Q®°ì@Á#° 3 ^Î×°Qê qlOKÇ=KÇ°ó.

G 1795-1860 =°^Î¼ HêO: ãa\÷+¹ ªã=¶[¼ ªÖ¬#, q¬ë~¡} [~¡°Q®°`Ç°#ß HêO Õ K³ö~y# u~¡°Q®°ì@°Á.
,H
G 1861-1920 =°^Î¼ HêO: =¬ #, PiÖH =ü^Î#O yi[#° PiÖH =¼=¬ÖÌá ã¬ì=O KÇ¶¬_ÈO =Á [iy#
AM
T
u~¡°Q®°ì@°Á.
H
M
G 1921-1947 =°^Î¼ HêO: ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼ é~@O Hù#ªQ®°`Ç°#ß HêO Õ [iy# u~¡°Q®°ì@°Á.

AM
IG
v H@ ç=°à# u~¡°Q®°ì@° (1792-99)

KH
G [iy# ãO`ÇO: `Çq°×<_È° Õx u~¡°# èÞe.

R
G u~¡°Q®°ì@° <Ç°ä½°: g~¡ O_È¼ H@ ç=°à# (OK× ä½~¡°pó ãO`Ç <Ç°ä½_È°)
G Hê~¡}O: ãa\÷+¹ ª~¡Þº=¶kHê~¡O JOwHiOKÇHé=_ÈO
G ¦¬e`ÇO: H@ ç=°à##° Lif², PÇ°# ~*ì¼xß ãa\÷+¹ "~¡° PãHq°OK~¡°.
v ~¡O u~¡°Q®°ì@° (POã^¥)

G 1766 Õ x*ìO ~A ~¡O ãO`xß `Ç¶~¡°æ WO_Ç¶ HOÌhH÷ WKó_È°.
G HOÌh JkHê~¡° q°ug°i# *ÕHê¼xH÷ =¼uö~HOQê 1802-03 Õ ~=°¶¬u <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ HËÇ°°,
G HùO_Èï~_È°Á `Çk`Ç~¡ yi[# `³Q®° é~@O ªyOK~ò.
G 1813 Õ ãa\÷+¬~¡°Á ~=°¶¬ux D ãO`xH÷ Jk¬uQê JOwHiOKÇ_ÈO`Ë é~\ìxß xeÀ§~¡°.

G P `Ç~Þ`Ç ~=°¶¬u ä½=¶~¡°_È° ãa\÷+¹ JkHê~¡° ãé^ÎÄO`Ë yi[#°Ìá J<ÍH ~¡Hê ¬#°ß° qkOKÇ_ÈO`Ë "~¡°
`Ç=°à#ß^ù~¡ <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ 1879 Õ =°mÁ u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ§~¡°.
G Wk q§Y, ã^¥KÇO, ö~H¬eÁ, KË_È=~¡O "³ò^Î ÿá# ãO`ä½ q¬ëiOzOk.
G 1880 Õ ÌáxH |O`Ë D u~¡°Q®°ì@° |=O`ÇOQê J}z"Í§~¡°.
v MÕO_È° u~¡°Q®°ì@° (X_§)

G MÕO_È°° "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê 1817 Õ u~¡°Q®°ì@° è=n§~¡°.
G 1830 Õ z<Ë~ò ^ù~¡, 1850 Õ KÇãHÕ~ò ^ù~¡, 1857 Õ ¬°ö~Oã^Îª~ò <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ HOÌh JkHê~¡°ä½ =¼uö~HOQê
é~@O ªyOK~¡°.
G 1894 Õ HùO_È¬=~¡° q^Íj #ä½ =¼uö~HOQê u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ§~¡°.
G D u~¡°Q®°ì@ÁxßO\÷h ÌáxH|O`Ë J}z"Í§~¡°.
Y
v HË u~¡°Q®°ì@°
M
G KË\ì <Q®¬î~ ãO`ÇO Õ HË yi[# `³Q®ä½ K³Ok#"~¡° x=²OKÍ"~¡°.
95 E
9
G ãa\÷+¹ ä½° yi[<Í`Ç~¡ ï~á`Ç°#° yi[# ãO` ÕÁ ²Ö~¡¬_Í ì ãé`Ç²ìOKÇ_ÈO`Ë ¶ Ç°[=¶#°`Ë HÒ° ¬O|O^¥°
59
D
"³ò^ÎÇ¶¼~ò.
G nO`Ë ã^Î=¼ q^¥#O ä_¨ ã~¡O"³°ØOk. =_Û "¼~¡° PQ®_¨°, ^Ë²_° "³ò^ÎÇ¶¼~ò.
CA
50
G HË yi[# ã¬=òY°° ²ìO^Î°=ô°Qê =¶~¡_ÈO`Ë yi[#° ÕÁ J§Ou JkH"³°ØOk.
98
G yi[#°° "i ¶=ò ÕÁ "ö~ H@° ìx¬°Qê =¶~~¡°. ã¬°`ÇÞ, Q®$¬ì J=¬~ ÕÁ#¶ ã×=° ^Ë²_ Zä½ø"³áOk. g
A
:8
G g\÷÷H÷ x~¡¬#Qê HË ° 1831-32 Õ u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ§~¡°.
h
v =òO_¨ u~¡°Q®°ì@° (a¬ð~)

A E
.P
AB C
D
G KË\ì <Q®¬î~ ãO`ÇO Õ x=²OKÍ =°~Ë yi[# `³Q® =òO_¨°.

ER I
G `³Q® Õ JO`Ç~¡°¼^¥ Hê~¡}OQê gi ¶q° Õ HùO`Ç ìQ®O ¬g°¬ ²ìO^Î¶ ~A # ÕH÷ "³oÁOk.
O
G nO`Ë J<ÍH =°Ok yi[# <Ç°ä½° ²ìO^Î¶ =°`ÇO ÔÞHiOK~¡°.

G ãH=°OQê JkH ¬OY¼ Õ yi[<Í`Ç~¡°° ²Ö~¡¬_È@O`Ë g×Á ¬i²Öu kQ®*ìiOk.
CH
YD
G ãïHá¬ë= q°+¬#s ã¬K~¡O`Ë P =°`xß ÔÞHiÀë `Ç=° ¬i²Öu "³°~¡°Q®=ô`Ç°O^Îx ìqOz =òO_¨° JkH ¬OY¼ Õ
,H
=°`Ç=¶iæ_ KÍ¬°ä½<ß~¡°. J~ò< Z ìO\÷ =¶~¡°æ ~ è^Î°.

G z=~¡ä½ <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ `Ç=° ãO` ÕÁ ²Ö~¡¬_ÈÛ yi[<Í`Ç~¡°O^Îih `Çiq°"ÍÇ¶x u~¡°Q®°ì@°
AM
T
1895 Õ a~ =òO_¨
ã~¡OaOK~¡°.
H
M
G a~ =òO_¨#° 1895 Õ x~¡ÄOkOKÇQê `³Q® ã¬[° q_²OKÇ°ä½<ß~¡°. 1899 <\÷H÷ u~¡°Q®°ì@° fã= ªÖ~òH÷
AM
IG
KÍiOk.
KH
G 1900 Õ a~ ¨#° =°mÁ x~¡ÄOkOK~¡°. Hê~Qê~¡O Õ ²ìO²OKÇ_ÈO`Ë W`Ç_È° =°~¡}÷OK_È°. nO`Ë ãH=°OQê D
=òO_
R
L^Î¼=°O |Ôì#"³°ØOk.
v QËO_È° u~¡°Q®°ì@° (`³OQê})

G `³OQê} Õx Pk ìì^£ l ìÁ Õ <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ D u~¡°Q®°ì@° [iyOk.
'Hù=°~¡O cOÑ
G 1901 JHË|~ # Pk ìì^£ l ìÁ Õ

22 ãO`ÇO Õ [xàOK~¡°.
'*Õ_³¦¬¶\Ñ
G x~¡HÆ~¬°¼_³á#¬æ\÷H© P ãO`ÇO Õ QËO_È°, Hù ìO "³ò^Î ÿá# yi[# `³Q®#° UHO KÍ² x*ìO #ä½ =¼uö~HOQê
ªÇò^Î é~@O [i~¡°.
G *Õ_³¦¬¶\Ìá ^¥_H÷ ã¬Ç°ußOz# x*ìO Ìá<¼xß ¬Oã¬^¥Ç° PÇò^¥`Ë<Í Z^Î°~ùø<ß~¡°.
G '[ , [OQ® , [g°<£ (h~¡°, J@g, J<Í x<^ÎO`Ë yi[#°#° K³á`Ç#¼¬iK~¡°.
¶q°) =°#"ÍÑ
G Q®`²OQ·, J¶Ái Ô`~=°~A ã¬ì=O`Ë D L^Î¼=¶xß #_²OK~¡°.

G x*ìO ã¬°`ÇÞO DÇ°}÷ß |OkOKÇ_¨xH÷ ªÖxH `°H±^¥~ 'J|°í #° xÇ°q°OzOk.
¬`ë~Ñ
G PÇ°# q¦¬O K³O^Î_ÈO`Ë x*ìO Ìá#¼"Í° ã¬`Ç¼HÆ ^¥_H÷ kyOk.

G 1940 JHË|~ # [iy# ^¥_ Õ 'Hù=°~¡O cOÑ g~¡ =°~¡}O ÚO^¥~¡°.
8
G DÇ°}÷ß Ìá<¼xH÷ ä½~¡ÖO ¬>è KÇ¶²OK_È°.

G 'Hù=°~¡O cOÑ#° x*ìO ä½ #°Oz `³OQê} ã¬[ ªÞ`ÇOã`¼xH÷ ã¬Ç°ußOz# "³ò^Î\ ÷ =¼H÷ëQê Ja=iâªë~¡°.
G H=ü¼x¹ <Ç°ä½° '¬ôKÇó¬eÁ DÇ°# rq`Ç KÇiã`Ç#° ~¡zOK~¡°.
¬°O^Î~¡Ç°¼Ñ
G QËO_È°° DÇ°}÷ß ^Í=ô_Qê P~kªë~¡°.
v Ìáä½ u~¡°Q®°ì@° (1804-06)

G [iy# ãO`ÇO: Xiª
G u~¡°Q®°ì@° <Ç°ä½°: ä½~í~A, [Q·|O^Î°
Y
G Hê~¡}O: ãa\÷+¹ ï~"³#¶¼ q^¥<xH÷ =¼uö~HOQê
M
G ¦¬e`ÇO: u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° J}z"Í§~¡°.
v "Í°`ÇOa u~¡°Q®°ì@° (1808 - 09)
95 E
9
59
G [iy# ãO`ÇO: öH~¡× Õx ã\ì"³<£HË~
D
G u~¡°Q®°ì@° <Ç°ä½°: "Í°`ÇOa (ã\ì"³<£HË~ ¬OªÖ# k"<£)
G
CA
Hê~¡}O: ãa\÷+¹ Ìá#¼ ¬¬ìHê~¡ q^¥#O J=°° Õx Õ#° X¬ôæHËHé=_ÈO
50
G ¦¬e`ÇO: "Í°`ÇOax Lif², u~¡°Q®°ì@°x J}z"Í§~¡°.
98
A
:8
v ì~=¶~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@° (1816-19)
h
G [iy# ãO`ÇO: HkÇ°"~.

A E
.P
G u~¡°Q®°ì@° <Ç°ä½°: ~=î ì~=¶~ò (HK ä½_È°)

AB C
D
G Hê~¡}O: ãa\÷+¹ "i q¬ë~¡}#° JOwHiOKÇHé=_ÈO

ER I
G ¦¬e`ÇO: F_é~ò Ìá#¼ ¬¬ìHê~¡ ¬^ÎuH÷ JOwHiOKÇ_ÈO

O
v ~"³¶Ô u~¡°Q®°ì@° (1822-29)

CH
YD
G [iy# ãO`ÇO: ¬î<

,H
G <Ç°ä½°: z`Ç¶ë~²OQ·, L=¶r

AM
G Hê~¡}O: ÔÞ ~*ì¼xß ãa\÷+¹ "~¡° PãHq°OKÇ_ÈO`Ë x~¡°^Ë¼Q®° ÿá# éb¬° è D ~"³¶Ô°.
T
G ¦¬e`ÇO: u~¡°Q®°ì@° J}z"Í² "iH÷ ¶=ò°, éb¬° L^Ë¼Qê° WKó~¡°.

H
M
AM
v H÷@¶~ u~¡°Q®°ì@° (1824-29)

IG
KH
G [iy# ãO`ÇO: H~â@H Õx ^¥~Þ~ ãO`ÇO

G <Ç°ä½°: ~}÷ K³#ß=°à, ~Ç°¬æ
R
G Hê~¡}O: H÷@¶~¡° Jk¬u t=eOQ® ~¡°ã^Î^Í§~ò =°$uK³O^¥H, ^Î`Çë ä½=¶~¡°_x ãa\÷+¹ "~¡° JOwHiOKÇä½O_¨ ¬i#
KÍ¬@_ÈO.
G ¦¬e`ÇO: ~A ì~¡¼ K³#ß=°à#° ãa\÷+¹ "~¡° *ÿá° Õ |OkOz, P"³°#° |¬iz# ~Ç°¬æ#° KÇO²"Í§~¡°.
v ¬Oì ¬î~ u~¡°Q®°ì@°Á (1827-1910)

G [iy# ãO`ÇO: ¬Oì ¬î~ (Xiª)
G <Ç°ä½°: ¬°ö~Oã^Îª~ò
G Hê~¡}O: "~¡¬`ÇÞ ZxßH q+¬Ç°O Õ (H÷@¶i =¶^Î°i) ãa\÷+¹ "~¡° *ÕH¼O KÍ¬°HË=_ÈO
G ¦¬e`ÇO: u~¡°Q®°ì@°x J}z"Í², ¬°ö~Oã^Î ª~òx rq`ÇHêO *ÿá° Õ |OkOK~¡°.

v ×`Ç=Ok u~¡°Q®°ì@° (1839-45)
G [iy# ãO`ÇO: =°¬ð~ã+¬ Õx ×`Ç=Ok
G <Ç°ä½°: O_È¶ ª=O`
G Hê~¡}O: ãa\÷+¹ "~¡° ×`Ç=Ok ãO`xß PãHq°OKÇ_ÈO
G ¦¬e`ÇO: =¶~¡Â ì ã¬H\ ÷Oz J}z"Í§~¡°.
v ¬`~¡ u~¡°Q®°ì@° (1840-41)

G [iy# ãO`ÇO: =°¬ð~ã+¬ Õx ¬`~¡
G <Ç°ä½°: ^¥~~"£ ¬"~
G Hê~¡}O: ¬`~¡ ~A ã¬`¹²OQ·#° ãa\÷+¹ "~¡° ¬^Îq #°Oz `ùeyOKÇ_ÈO
G ¦¬e`ÇO: ^¥~~"£ <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ ã¬[° KÍ²# u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° ãa\÷+¹ "~¡° J}z"Í§~¡°.
Y
v |°O^Í u~¡°Q®°ì@° (1842)
M
G [iy# ãO`ÇO: =°^Î¼ã¬^Í Õx ªQ®~ ãO`ÇO
95 E
G <Ç°ä½°: =°^Î°H~, [=¬ì~²OQ·
9
59
D
G Hê~¡}O: ãa\÷+¹ "i ï~"³#¶¼ q^¥<xH÷ =¼uö~HO
G ¦¬e`ÇO: u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° J}z"Í², <Ç°ä½#° Lif§~¡°
CA
50
v Q®_ÈHêi u~¡°Q®°ì@° (1840-45)
98
G [iy# ãO`ÇO: =°¬ð~ã+¬ Õx Hù ìÝ¬î~
A
:8
G Hê~¡}O: Q®_ÈHês° Hù ì¬î~ ~A =^Îí L#ß ¶=ò#° f¬°ä½x ~Aä½ À=KÍÀ L^Ë¼Q®°°. J~ò`Í, ãa\÷+¹ "~¡°
h
A E
Hù ì¬î~#° PãHq°Oz ¬#°ß° qkOKÇ_ÈO`Ë =¼uö~H÷OK~¡°.

.P
G ¦¬e`ÇO: u~¡°Q®°ì@°x J}z"Í§~¡°

AB C
D
v ~Ò* u~¡°Q®°ì@° (1827- 37)

ER I
O
G [iy# ãO`ÇO: q§Y¬@ßO

CH
G <Ç°ä½°: g~¡ã^Î~Ò*
YD
G Hê~¡}O: J`Çx [g°O^¥s ãO`xß PãHq°Oz ²OKÇ#° W=Þ_ÈO.

,H
G ¦¬e`ÇO: J}z "Í§~¡°

AM
T
v HùO_È u~¡°Q®°ì@° (1831- 32)

H
M
G [iy# ãO`ÇO: `Ç¶~¡°æQË^¥=i yi[# ãO`ÇO

AM
G <Ç°ä½°: HùO_È [g°O^¥~¡°

IG
KH
G Hê~¡}O: ¬#°ß K³eÁOKÇ è^Îx [g°O^¥sx PãHq°OKÇ_ÈO

G ¦¬e`ÇO: J}z "Í§~¡°
R
v Q®°O¬¶~ u~¡°Q®°ì@° (1835- 37)

G [iy# ãO`ÇO: Q®O*ìO ãO`ÇO (Xiª)
G <Ç°ä½°: ^Î#°O[Ç° ìO[
G Hê~¡}O: ¬#°ß |Hê~ò° K³eÁOKÇ è^Îx ãa\÷+¹ "~¡° [g°O^¥sx PãHq°OKÇ_ÈO
G ¦¬e`ÇO: u~¡°Q®°ì@° J}z"Í`Ç
v ¬~ÁH÷q°_ u~¡°Q®°ì@° (1829-35)

G [iy# ãO`ÇO: ¬~ÁH÷q°_ (Xiª)
G <Ç°ä½°: [Q®<ß^£, Q®}¬u <~Ç°} ~"£

G Hê~¡}O: ¬#°ß |Hê~ò° K³eÁOKÇ è^Îx [g°O^¥sx PãHq°OKÇ_ÈO
G ¦¬e`ÇO: u~¡°Q®°ì@° J}z"Í`Ç
v =¬ða L^Î¼=°O (1820-70)

G [iy# ãO`ÇO: L`Çë~¡ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O, ^ÎHø<£
G <Ç°ä½°: ¬Ç°¼^£ J¬ìà^£
G Hê~¡}O: ãa\÷+¹ "ix `Ç=° ×ã`Ç°=ô°Qê ã¬H\ ÷Oz, =ò²ÁO ~*ì¼xß ªÖ²OKÇ_ÈO
G ¦¬e`ÇO: 50 UO_ÈÁ@° ¬°n~¡É é~@O KÍ§~¡°. JuH+¬O g°^Î ãa\÷+¹"~¡° L^Î¼=¶xß J}z"Í§~¡°.
v Q® ¬Ou L^Î¼=°O (1823 -35)

G [iy# ãO`ÇO: À+~¬î~ (`Ç¶~¡°æÿOQê )
Y
G <Ç°ä½°: H~¡O, \÷¬ôæ
M
G Hê~¡}O: ãa\÷+¹ "i J}z"Í`Çä½ =¼uö~HOQê
G ¦¬e`ÇO: J}z"Í§~¡°
95 E
9
v ä½Hê L^Î¼=°O (1845- 72)
59
D
G [iy# ãO`ÇO: ¬O*ì
G <Ç°ä½°: Q®` [=¬ì~=°
CA
50
G Hê~¡}O: ²ä½ø =°`xß, ¬O¦¬¶#° |¬~¡°KÇ°HË=_ÈO, ãa\÷+¹ "i ¬O*ì PãH=°}#° =¼uö~H÷OKÇ_ÈO
98
A
G ¦¬e`ÇO: L^Î¼=¶xß J}z"Í§~¡°
:8
v =òY¼"³°Ø# yi[# u~¡°Q®°ì@°Á
h
A E
.P
] ¬O`°° (1855-56)
AB C
D
G ã¬¬°ë`Ç *ì~¡O_£ ãO`ÇO.

ER I
O
G ²^Ë, H<ËÝ nxH÷ <Ç°ä½°.

G 1846 - 48 Õ QËO_È°° KÇãHa~ò <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ ãa\÷+¹ "iH÷ =¼uö~HOQê u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ§~¡°.
CH
YD
G 1831-32 Õ ¬ìÙ×Ã° |°^ËQ®` <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ§~¡°.

G 1913 Õ QËqO^£Q®°~¡° <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ a°Á°, 1914-16 Õ *ìã`ÇQ®` <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ X~<£°, 1920 Õ ~¡O
,H
ãO`ÇO Õ J¶Ái Ô`~=°~A <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ HËÇ°° ãa\÷+¹ "iH÷ =¼uö~HOQê u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ§~¡°.
AM
T
G 1899-1900 Õ =zó# =òO_È u~¡°Q®°ì@° ãKÇ°~¡¼O ÚOkOk. nxH÷ a~ =òO_¨ <Ç°H`ÇÞO =²ìOK_È°. nxH÷
H
M
=°`Ç ~¡OQ®° ä_¨ He²Ok. "³á+¬â= ä½ë_È° J~ò# a~ `Ç##° `#° =°`Ç ã¬=HëQê ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ°ä½x ãïHá¬ë= q°+¬#sÌá
AM
^¥_È°° KÍ§_È°. D u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° L°¾ ì<£ u~¡°Q®°ì@° JO\ì~¡°.

IG
KH
] 20= ×`|íO Õx ï~á`Ç° L^Î¼=¶°

R
G he=°O^Î° q¬Á=O: ÿOQê Õ ã~¡O"³°ØOk. ãa\÷+¹ Ì@°|_^¥~¡°° ÿOQê Õx ï~á`Ç°ä½ HùO`Ç J_¨Þ#°° Wzó
he=°O^Î° ¬O@#° ¬O_OKÇ=°x HËö~"~¡°.
G "i ìì HË¬O =°iO`Ç ãO`ÇO Õ he=°O^Î° ¬O_OKx Xuë_ KÍÇ°_ÈO, "iH÷ W+¬"³òzó# ^Î~¡ä½ ^¥xx
Hù#_ÈO, `Ç=° =¶@ q#x ï~á`Ç°Ìá ^ñ~¡û<¼° KÍ§~¡°.
G nxH÷ =¼uö~HOQê ÿOQê Õx <kÇ¶ l ìÁ Õx QËqO^£¬î~ ãQê=°O #°Oz kQ®O|~ a§Þ¹, a+¬µâ aªÞ¹ <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ
ï~á`Ç°° u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ§~¡°.
G ²ìO^Î¶ Àã\÷Ç°\ ¬ãuH Z_@~ ¬ìs KÇOã^Î =òYsû D q¬Á"xH÷ =°^Îí`Ç° ¬eHê_È°.
G n#|O^Î°q°ã`ÇQê ã¬Mì¼uQêOz# ÔZ¦¹ POã_È¶¹ `Ç# h ^Î~¡æ<£ J<Í ¬ô¬ëHO Õ P ï~á`Ç° Hhß×Á#°, "i ì^Î#°
=iâOK_È°.

] ¬ìß L^Î¼=°O
G [g°O^¥~¡°° ¬#°ß° ÌOKÇ_ÈO, "³¶¬¬îi`Ç q^¥<ä½ =¼uö~HOQê ÿOQê Õx ¬ìß l ìÁ Õx Çü¬°¦¹ *ì²ì
`¶Hê Õ 1873 Õ D u~¡°Q®°ì@° ã~¡O"³°ØOk.
G W<£ KÇOã^Î~°, ×O¶ =O\÷ "~¡° nxH÷ <Ç°H`ÇÞO =²ìOK~¡°.
G z=~¡ä½ 1885 Õ ÿOQê HÒ° KÇ@O ^¥Þ~ D ¬=°¬¼ ¬iø~¡"³°ØOk.
G ^ÎHø<£ u~¡°Q®°ì@°: 1874 Õ =°¬ð~ã+¬ Õx ²~¡¶~ `¶Hê Õx Hê~í ãQê=°O Õ =_Û "¼i Hê¶~"£°ä½ =¼uö~HOQê
D L^Î¼=°O ã~¡O"³°ØOk.
G ï~á`Ç°O` He² =_Û "¼~¡°#° ªO¦²°H |²ì+¬ø~¡} KÍ§~¡°. ãQê=°À=ä½° ä_¨ "iH÷ ¬#°° KÍÇ°ä½O_¨, "i
¶=ò#° ^Î°#ßä½O_¨ Jxß~¡Hê°Qê ¬¬ðÇ° x~H~¡} KÍ§~¡°.
G D ªO¦²°H |²ì+¬ø~¡} ¬î<, J¬ìà^£#Q®~, é ì¬î~, ¬`~ l ìÁä½ "¼²OzOk.
Y
G J#O`Ç~¡O D ªO¦²°H |²ì+¬ø~¡} J<ÍHKË@Á =¼=ªÇ°^¥_È°°Qê =¶iOk. =_Û "¼~¡° WO\÷Ìá ^¥_ KÍÇ°_ÈO,
M
"i WO_ÈÁ#°, J¬ôæ ¬ã`#° `ÇQ®°ÿ@_ÈO =O\÷ ²ìOª`ÇàH KÇ~¡¼ä½ æ_¨Û~¡°.
G D <Í¬^Î¼O Õ ã¬°`ÇÞO 1879 Õ ^ÎHø<£ JãyHó~¡ ib¦¹ Ç¶H± KÍ² =_Û ö~@°#° xÇ°OãuOzOk.
95 E
G D L^Î¼=°O Õ ¬î< ª~¡Þ[hH ¬ ªÖ¬Oz# [²¹ ~¡#_Í ã¬[#° K³á`Ç#¼O KÍÇ°_ÈO Õ =òY¼ã`Ç é+²OK_È°.
9
59
D
G B^£ (J=^£) H÷ª<£ L^Î¼=°O: Wk ã¬°`ÞxH÷ =¼uö~HOQê L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í Õ [iyOk.
G 1918 Õ WOã^Î<~Ç°} kÞ"Ík, QÒs×OH~ q°ã§° He² L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í H÷ª<£¬ U~æ@° KÍ² D L^Î¼=¶xß KÍ¬\ì~¡°.
CA
50
G D ¬=°Ç°O Õ<Í ìì ~=°KÇOã^Î ï~á`Ç°#° K³á`Ç#¼¬~¡z ä½sàHÆãuÇ° ¬#° U~æ@° KÍ², [=¬ì~ ì <³ã¬ú#°
98
J¬ðì^£ Õ He² L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í "³ò`ÇëO D L^Î¼=°O KÍ¬@_¨xH÷ Hê~¡}=°Ç¶¼~¡°.
A
G <³ã¬ú, QÒs×OH~ q°ã§, ìì ~=°KÇOã^Î 1920 Õ B^£ H÷ª<£¬#° U~æ@° KÍ², D L^Î¼=¶xß | ÕÀ`ÇO KÍ§~¡°.
:8
G 1921 B^£ ï~O\ KÇ@O ^¥Þ~ ã¬°`ÇÞO L¬×=°# KÇ~¡¼° KÍ¬\ ÷Ok
h
A E
.P
v yi[# u~¡°Q®°ì@°Á :
AB C
D
] Hê~¡}ì° :
ER I
1. _ä° ("³°Ø^¥# ãO`ÇO #°Oz J@g ãO`ÇO ÕH÷ ã¬"ÍtOz yi[# ¶=ò#° PãHq°OKÍ"~¡°)
O
2. =ò@^¥i, ä½O`ÇH\ ÷ q^¥<° ~¡^Î°í J=ô@ (L=°à_ ä½@°O| q^¥#O ~¡^Î°í J=_ÈO)
CH
YD
3. ¬ôÁi, =òÁx ¬#°ß° yi[#°Ìá qkOKÇ°@.

4. ãH÷²Ç°<£ q°+¬#s Hê~¡¼H ì°.
,H
AM
T
<³O. u~¡ ° Q® ° ì@° ¬=¶K~¡O ãO`ÇO <Ç°H`ÇÞO

H
1. ¬O` 1855-56 ~[=°¬ì HùO_È Õ ²_Ë, ²^Î°í, H#°Ý

M
(WB, *ì~¡O_£, c¬ð~)

AM
IG
2. =òO_¨ 1899-1900 KË\ì<Q®¬î~ Ô~¡¶q° (*ì~¡O_£) c~¡=òO_¨

KH
3. J¬ð"£° 1828-33 JªéO QËO^¥~ HË<æ~

R
4. Mì²¹ 1829-32 "Í°¦¬¶Ç° Õ f~¡`²OQ·, ì~=¶}÷H±

5. HKÇó<Qê¹ 1882 JªO ×O°^¥¹
6. äH÷ 1917-18 =°}÷¬î~ *ì^Ë<OQ·, ~xïQá_°
7. F~<£ 1914-15 *ì~¡O_£ *ìãQ®Q®`
8. ¶Qê<£ 1867-93 Xiª <Ç°~, ~¡`ß<Ç°~
9. <Ç°H±^¥¹ 1858-68 Q®°[~` ~¡¶¹²OQ·, *ÕÇ¶Q®`
10. a°Á 1818-38 =°^Î¼ã¬^Í, =°¬ð~R À<~O
11. ~¡O¬ 1822-24 `Ç¶~¡°æQË^¥=i, q§Y¬@ßO J¶Ái Ô`~=°~A
12. QùO_È°° 1857-60 Pk ìì^£ ~OrQËO_È°

v Ï~¡ u~¡°Q®°ì@°Á : ¬ = ¶K~¡ O ãO`Ç O <Ç°H`ÇÞO
<³O. u~¡ ° Q® ° ì@° ¬ = ¶K~¡ O ãO`Ç O <Ç°H`ÇÞO
1. ¦¬ï~ál 1804-60(56) ÿOQê ¬ì[+¬~~ò`Ç° ìÁ, ^¥^Î¶q°Ç¶

2. Q® ¬On 1825-35(10) ÿOQê H~¡"Í°, \÷¬C
3. ~"³¶²¹ 1821-22 =°¬ð~R z`Ç¶ë~²OQ·, L=¶àl
4. ~"³¶²¹ 1879 =°¬ð~R "¬°^Í= | ìÞO`Ç_³ø
5. ªé`Ç~<_£ 1839 =°¬ð~R ¦é<£ª=O`
6. ¬`~ 1840 =°¬ð~R ^¥~~"£, #iOQ· ^Î`ëã`ÍÇ°
7. H÷@¶~ 1824 H~ß@H K³#ß=°à, ~=°¬æ
Y
8. H@ç=°à<£ 1792-98 `Çq°×<_È° g~¡O_È¼
9. ä½Hê/<"£°^¥i 1920 ¬O*ì ì°~"£°²OQ·
M
10. x~¡OHês¹ 1783-1855 ¬O*ì ìì^ÎÇ¶ ^¥¹
95 E
ï~á`Ç° L^Î¼=¶°
9
59
D
v Hê~¡}ì° :
CA
50
1. u<£HkÇ¶ : nx ã¬Hê~¡=ò ï~á`Ç° `Ç# =^Îí L#ß ¶q° Õ 3/20 =O`Ç° he =°O^Î°#° ¬O_OKe. D he =°O^Î°#°
98
A
ãa\©+¬µ "~¡° x~¡â~òOz# ^Î~¡ä½ (=¶ï~ø\) Õ =¶ã`Ç"Í° J=¶àe.
=ò¦[
:8
2. 1793 §×Þ`Ç t¬°ë =¬¶° KÇ@O : §×Þ`Ç t¬°ë ¬iø~¡ KÇ@O ( è^¥) [q°O^¥s KÇ@O. nx ã¬Hê~¡=ò ï~á`Ç° ¶q°
h
A E
.P
³òHø Ç¶[=¶#¼¬ô ¬ìä½ø#° HË ÕæÇ¶_È°. öH=O HÒ°^¥~¡°_È°Qê q°y ì_È°. t¬°ë =¬¶° KÍÀ "iH÷ Ç¶[=¶#¼
AB C
D
¬ìä½ø° W=Þ|_¨Û~ò. J`Çxx [q°O^¥~¡° JO\ì~¡°.

ER I
G [q°O^¥~¡° `Ç#° ÀHiOz# t¬°ë Õ 1/11 =O`Ç° `Ç# =^Îí LOKÇ°Hùx q°Q®` 10/11 =O`Ç° t¬°ë#° ãa\©+¬µ "iH÷
O
¬O²OKÍ"_È°.
CH
3. q^¥<° :
YD
A) #[~< ¬ô#~¡°^Î~¡}ì ~¡°¬°=ò Renuval Fee

:
B) (Bedakhli) t¬°ë K³eÁOKÇHé`Í |=O`ÇOQê ¶q° #°Oz `ùyOKÇ_ÈO.

,H
ÿ^¥aÁ :
C) Lz`ÇOQê ¬#°° KÍÇ°_ÈO.

AM
T
"³\ ÷ :
4. *Õ`Í^¥~ (Jotedar) J<Í JkHê~¡°° J<ÍH ~¡Hê ÿá# W`Ç~¡ ¬#°ß#° KÇ@ =¼uö~HOQê ï~á`Ç° #°Oz =¬¶° KÍÀ"~¡°.
H
M
AM
v `Ç¶~¡°æ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ï~á`Ç° L^Î¼=¶° :

IG
KH
1. QËqO^¥¬î~ (1859-60) - q+¬µâa§Þ¹, kQ®O|~ a§Þ¹

R
2. ìß (Pabna) 1874 - ä½_=°Á W<£KÇOã^Î~°

G ¬ìs+¹ KÇOã^Î=òYsû ²ìO^Î¶Àã\÷Ç¶\ J<Í ¬ãuH ^¥Þ~ ï~á`Ç° ¬=°¬¼#° `³eÇ°*èÀ<_È°.
G n#|O^Î° q°ã`Ç - J<Í <@HO#° ~¡zOz ãa\©+¹ "i ³òHø J}÷z"Í`Ç q^¥<#° ï~á`Ç° ¬=°¬¼#°
h ^Î~¡æ}
`³eÇ°*è§_È°.
] L`Ç~ë ¡ ì~¡`^
Ç
Í O× :
1. L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í H÷ª<£ ¬ 1918 - QÒs×OH~ q°ã§, WOã^Î <~Ç°} ãu"Ík. =°^Î<£"³¶¬ì<£ =¶=¼ WO^Î° Õ ¬°¼_Qê
KÍi nx³òHø 500 §Y#° L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í Õ U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
2. All India 1936 - ªÞq° ¬¬ì*ì#O^Î, N.G. ~¡OQê nx ³òHø "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬=¶"Í×O HËß Õ [iyOk.
H÷ª<£ ¬ :
N.G. ~¡OQê POã^Îã¬^Í Õ ï~á`Ç° tHÆ}Hù~¡ä½ (Q®°O@¶~¡°) =^Îí XH tHÆ}ì öHOã^¥xß U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
x_È°ãÕ°

3. ìì ~=°KÇOã^Î 20= ×`| P~¡OO Õ L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í Õ ï~á`Ç° L^Î¼=¶#° KÍ¬\ì_È°. W`Ç#° P=^£ H÷ª<£¬#° U~æ@°
KÍ§_È°.
4. =°^Î~sÅ L`Çë~¡ ã¬^Í Õ EKA (ZHê) L^Î¼=¶xß KÍ¬\ì_È°.
5. ¬O*ì #=["<£ ì~¡`¬. nxß 1926 Õ Q®`²OQ·, Ç° , KÇa ^¥¹ ªÖ²OK~¡°.
G ¬O*ì ï~á`Ç° L^Î¼=° HêO Õ |OHê^ÎÇ¶ ~¡zOz# J<Í @ J`Ç¼O`Ç P^Î~¡} ÚOk#k.
''¬Q®_ ¬Oì F [\ìÑÑ
] ¬tó=° ì~¡`^
Ç
Í O× :
1. Q®°[~` : 1917-18 "³¶¬ì<£ ì O_¨¼ `Ç~Þ`Ç QêOnr
Mè^¥ :
2. Õ~^£ 1924 =Áì°¬>è <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO.

:
3. ì~Ëíe 1928 =òO^Î°Qê ¬\ ©^¥~Çò=H±=°O_Èe ¬°¼° ä½#Þ~r"³°¬ì`, H ì¼}r"³°¬ì`, (¬O@ä½ ¬ï~á# =°^Î`Ç°
:
HË¬O) `Ç~Þ`Ç =Áì°¬>è .
Y
] =°¬ð~R :
M
1. ¬î< ª~¡Þ[xH± ¬ -1876-=°¬ð^Í= QËqO^Î~¡}_Í (MG ~¡}_Í - QËY è Q®°~¡°=ô)
2. ~"³¶²¹ - 1879 - "¬°^Í= |ÞO`Ç _Íø (uH± Q®°~¡°=ô - "¬°^Í=)
95 E
9
W`Çxx ì~¡`Ç^Í× fã="^Î ²`=°¬_È° Father of Indian Millitant nationalism)
59
D
G "¬°^Í= |ÞO`_Íø t+¬µ¼° - uH±, KÀH~ ªé^Î~¡°° (ìH$+¬â ^¥"³¶^Î~)
] ^ÎH}
Æ÷ ì~¡`^
Ç
Í O× :
CA
50
G (Mophla) 1921-22 =° ì~ ãO`ÇO (öH~¡×) Hêh =°`Ç¬~¡"³°Ø# Hê~¡}ì° À~ùøO@¶
98
"³¶¦Á : ä½<£J¬ìà^£¬ì*
A
ãa\©+¬µ"~¡° nxx J}z"Í§~¡°.
:8
<¼Ç°, P`Çà QÒ~¡= L^Î¼=¶°
h
A E
.P
AB C
D
G P~¡°¼ ¬O¬ø $ux `Ç¶~¡°æ ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ "¼²ëKÍ²#"_È° -

ER I
"³á^Í¬_È°
G P~¡°¼ ¬O¬ø $ux ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ "¼²ë KÍ²#"_È° -

O
JQ®¬°ë¼_È°
G =°ã^¥¹ ~RO è^¥ ã^Îq_È ãO`ÇO Õ LO_Ík.

CH
ãì¬ìà}° Pk¬`Ç¼O JkHOQê
G 20= ×`|O ã~¡OO Õ =°ã^¥¹ Õ [iy# XH ¬ö~Þ ã¬Hê~¡O =°ã^¥¹ ~RO Õ ãì¬ìà}°° öH=O LO_Í"~¡°.
YD
3%
Hêh ã¬°`ÇÞ L^Ë¼Qê Õ ãì¬ìà}°° LO_Í"~¡°.

,H
90%
G nx Õ ãì¬ìà}è`Ç~¡° Ja=$kHù~¡ä½ 1916 #=O|~ Õ =°ã^¥¹ Õ XH ¬ x~¡Þ²ìOKÇ|_Ok. D ¬ Õ<Í 1916
AM
T
#=O|~ 20# ãì¬ìà}è`Ç~¡° Ja=$kHù~¡ä½ '^ÎH÷Æ} J<Í ¬O¬Ö U~æ@° KÍÇ°|_Ok.

ì~¡`Ç ã¬[ ¬O¦¬°OÑ
H
M
G nx ªÖ¬# Õ H©Hã`Ç é+²Oz#"~¡° - ². `¼Q®~Ç°Ü\ ÷, =ò^ÎeÇ¶~, \ ÷.Ç°O.<Ç°~.

AM
G 1917 ¦²ã|=i Õ D ¬O¬Ö J<Í À~¡°`Ë ¬ãuH#° ã¬KÇ°iOzOk.

IG
'[²¹Ñ
G 1917 A ÿá Õ ãì¬ìà}è`Ç~¡° Ja=$kHù~¡ä½ U~æ@° KÍÇ°|_Ok.

KH
'[²¹ sÑ
G [²¹ s ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ãì¬ìà}°ä½ =¼uö~HOQê ªÖ²OKÇ|_# .

R
"³ò^Î\ ÷ ~[H©Ç° s
G [²¹ s "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬=¶"Í×O [iy#k - HËÇ°O|`Ç¶ë~¡°.
G POã^Î Õ [²¹ s "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬=¶"Í×O - (`Ç¶~¡°æQË^¥=i l ìÁ)

aHø"Ë°
G [²¹ s ãì¬ìà}è`Ç~¡° ¬=°¬¼#° ãa\÷+¹ ã¬°`ÞxH÷ `³eÇ°*èÇò@ïHá ïH.q.ï~_Û<Çò_È° #Q®°Á ~A "³ò^ÎQ®°"i
<Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ XH Ì ÿH± Hq°\ ©x ¬O²Ok.
U~æ@°KÍ² O_È<£ä½
G D Ì ÿH± Hq°\© ãì¬ìà}è`Ç~¡° ¬=°¬¼#° q=iOz "\÷H÷ ¬iø~¡ =¶~¾#° KÇ¶¬=²OkQê q[ý²ëKÍ²Ok.
G `ÇHÆ}"Í° ãa\÷+¹ ã¬°`ÇÞO KÇ~¡¼° f¬°ä½O\ì=°x ¬ðg° WzóOk. J¬æ\÷ #°O_ [²¹ s ãa\÷+¹ "i Jxß KÇ\ì#°
ªÞQ®uOzOk.
G 1919 KÇ@O ã¬Hê~¡O 1920 Õ [iQê~ò.
ZxßH°
G D ZxßH ÕÁ [²¹ s 63 Ô@°Á ïQ°KÇ°Hùx =°ã^¥¬° ~RO Õ ã¬°`ÇÞO U~æ@°KÍ²Ok.

G ¬°|Ä~Ç°° [²¹ s `Ç~¡¬ô# =°ã^¥¹ =òY¼=°Oãu JÇ¶¼_È°.
ï~_ÛÇ¶~
G W`Ç#° ãì¬ìà}è`Ç~¡° Ja=$kHù~¡ä½ J<ÍH KÇ~¡¼° f¬°ä½<ß_È°.

L^¥ : 1) ãì¬ìà}è`Ç~¡°ä½ q^¥¼, Lk Õ i[ö~Þ+¬#°Á HeæOKÇ°@
2) ãì¬ìà}è`Ç~¡° q^¥¼~¡°ä½, ªø~+²¹°, |°°}ì° WKÇ°ó@ "³ò^ÎQ®°#q.
G 1921 Õ ¬°|Ä~Ç°° ï~_ÛÇ¶~ P~ËQ®¼O H©Æ}÷OKÇ_ÈO`Ë ~r<=¶ KÍ§_È°.
G nx`Ë ².~=°~Ç°xOQê~ / ~*ì =°ã^¥¹ =òY¼=°Oãu JÇ¶¼_È°.
~¡=°}©Ç°O
G W`Ç#° ä_¨ ãì¬ìà}è`Ç~¡° Ja=$kíH÷ KÇ~¡¼° f¬°ä½<ß_È°. Hêh Wq q¦¬O JÇ¶¼~ò.

G ¦¬e`ÇOQê 1923 ZxßH Õ [²¹ sH÷ 44 Ô@°Á =¶ã`Ç"Í° =Kó~ò.
G ~=°~Ç°xOQê =°~¡ ì =òY¼=°Oãu JÇ¶¼_È°.

G ².P~.^¥¹ =°iÇò "³¶f ì <³ã¬ú° ªÖ²Oz# ¬Þ~* s Hê~¡¼H ì° 1923 Õ =°ã^¥¹ ~RO Õ
Y
ã~¡O=°Ç¶¼~ò. 1926 Õ [iy# ZxßH Õ [²¹ s öH=O 21 Ô@°Á =¶ã`Ç"Í° ïQ°KÇ°ä½Ok.
M
G ¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç J¼i J~ò# ².¬°|Ä~Ç°<£ =°^Î`Ç°`Ë =òY¼=°Oãu JÇ¶¼_È°.
[²¹ s
G D ¬=°Ç°O Õ W.q.~=°ªÞq° <Ç°H~ / W.q.J~ (ÌiÇ¶~) =°ã^¥¹ ~RO Õ ã¬=òY ãì¬ìà}è`Ç~¡ <Ç°ä½_È°.
95 E
G W.q.~=°ªÞq° <Ç°H~ ¬ãuH° -
9
ä½_ J~¡¬°, q^Î°`Ç° ÿá.
59
D
G W.q.P~ 1929 P`ÇàQÒ~¡= L^Î¼=¶xß ã~¡OaOz ²ìO^Î¶ ^Í=ô×ÃÁ J~ò# ~=ò_È°, H$+¬µâ_È° `Ç=° ^Í=ô×ÃÁ Hê^Îx
Õ
a#ß"³°Ø# KÇiã`Ç, ¬O¬ø $u, ì+¬ Hey# ã^Îq_È ãO`ÇO Õ P~¡°¼ Pk¬`Ç¼O K³Á^Îx ãì¬ìà}°#° ÌìKÇóiOK_È°.
CA
50
G 1937 Õ [iy# ZxßH Õ S.Ç°¹.² q[Ç°O ªkOzOk. =°ã^¥¹ =òY¼=°Oãu JÇ¶¼_È°.
~*ìr
98
G 1938 ÕW.q.P~ '²ìOn - ²ìO^Î¶ J<Í L^Î¼=¶xß KÍ¬\ì~¡°.
=^Íí =^Î°íÑ
A
:8
G 1938 ÀO ¬ Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O #°O_ q_é~ò ã^Îq_È ^Í×O U~¡æ_¨x _=¶O_£ KÍ§_È°. W.q.P~
h
G 1940 - HêOp¬ô~¡O ¬ Õ J#° À~¡° Ì\÷ XH ã^Îq_È ¬@O#° ä_¨ q_È°^Î KÍ§_È°.
A E
ã^Îq_È ^Í×O#ä½ ã^Îq_È<_È°

.P
G "³ò`ÇëO ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O (Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ¬OªÖ#O q°#¬ð~òOz), ÿOQê Õx Hùxß f~¡ãO`° ã^¥q_È<_È° H÷OkH÷
AB C
D
=ªëÇ°x À~ùø<ß_È°.
ER I
G D~Ë_£ ¬ Õ l<ß ³òHø H÷ªë<£ _=¶O_£ä½ =°^Î`Ç° ¬eHê_È°.

O
1940
G 1941 Õl<ß ã^¥q_È<_È°H÷ =°^Î`Ç° ¬eH÷ ^¥xH÷ Jx À~¡° Ì\ì_È°.

ã^¥q_ªë<£
CH
G ï~O_È= ã¬¬OKÇ Çò^ÎO, J<ÍH W`Ç~¡ Hê~¡}ì =Á xe²"Í§_È°.

YD
W.q.P~ 1941 Õ ã^Îq_È<_È° L^Î¼=¶xß
G ã¬`Ç¼HÆ PO^Ë×##° xe²"Í²# W.q.P~ _bÁ Õ ~[H©Ç° s°, JãQ® <Ç°ä½ =°^Î`Ç°#° ä_ÈQ®@°@ä½ ã¬Ç°ußOz
,H
q¦¬=°Ç¶¼_È°.
AM
T
G [²¹ sx ¬ô#~¡°^ÎiOKÇ_ÈO Jª^Î¼O Jx ìqOz# W.q.P~ 1944 Õ [²¹ sx ~¡^Î°íKÍ² ^¥x ªÖ#O Õ 'ã^Îq_È
H
M
H[Q®OÑ J<Í sx ªÖ²OK_È°.

AM
G ã `Çq°× *ìfÇ°"^¥xß "¼²ëKÍ²Ok.

IG
^Îq_È H[Q®O
KH
G 1947 PQ®¬° 15# ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç^Í×O J~ò# `Ç~¡°"`Ç ä_¨ `Çq°× ã¬[° ã^Îq_È<_È° ^Í× _=¶O_£ KÍ§~¡°.
G W.q.P~ =°}÷Ç°=°à<£ J<Í =°²ì×#° q"¬ì=¶_¨_È°. nx`Ë ã^Îq_È H[Q®O s Õ peH U~¡æ_#k.
R
G 1949 J<ß^Î°ï~á ã^Îq_È H[Q®O s #°O_ |Ç°@ä½ =zó _.Ç°O.ïH (ã^Îq_È =ò<Íßã@ H[Q®O) J<Í sx ªÖ²OK_È°.
Õ
G _.Ç°O.ïH ä_¨ ã^Îq_È<_È°#° _=¶O_£ KÍ²Ok.

G 1962 K³á< ^¥_ `Ç~¡°"`Ç `Çq°× ã¬[° `Ç=° ã^Îq_È<_È° _=¶O_£#° q~¡q°OKÇ°ä½<ß~¡°.
Õ
G J<ß^Î°ï~áä½ ã¬^¥# J#°KÇ~¡°° - (Ç°O.l.~=°KÇOã^Î<£)

H~¡°}ìxk, Ç°O.l.P~
G J<ß^ùï~á =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O H~¡°}ìxk =²ìOK~¡°.

_.Ç°O.ïHä½ <Ç°H`ÇÞO
G nx`Ë 1972 Ç°O.l.~=°KÇOã^Î<£ _.Ç°O.ïH. #°O_ |Ç°@ä½ =zó

Õ ªÖ²OK~¡°.
P WO_Ç¶ J<ß _.Ç°O.ïH#°
G `Çq°×<_È° Õx _.Ç°O.ïH, Z.S.Z._.Ç°O.ïH ä_¨ ãì¬ìà} Pk¬`¼xß YO_OKÍq.

ï~O_È° ~[H©Ç° s°

G 1885 _ÌO|~ 28# çOì~ò Õx QËä½ ^¥¹ `Í* ¬O¬ø $`Ç Hì§ Õ ''WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# HêOãïQ¹ÑÑ #°
Z.F.¬ú¼"£° U~æ@° KÍÇ°@O`Ë *ìf³¶^Î¼=°O (q°`Ç"^Î ÇòQ®O) ã~¡O"³°ØOk.
G WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# ÇüxÇ°<£ä½ J<Í ¬^¥xß ¬¶zO#"_È° -
HêOãïQ¹ . ^¥^¥ì~ò<ñ~Ël
1. q°`Ç"^Î°° (Moderates) : 1885 - 1905
Y
2. Ju"^Î°° (Extremist) : 1905 - 1919/20
M
3. q¬Á"`ÇàH fã="^Î°° (Revolutinary Terrorists) : 1897 - 1931
4. "=°¬HÆê° (Leftists) : 1936 - 1939
95 E
9
5. QêOnÇòQ®O (Gandhian Exa) : 1919/20 - 1947
59
D
v INC H÷ =òO^Î° L#ß ¬O¬Ö° :
CA
50
=. ¬O. ¬O¬Ö À~¡° ¬=¶K~¡O ã¬^Í×O ªÖ¬ä½°
98
1. ìO_£¬ìÙ~ ªÚÌá\ © 1838 HH`ë ^¥Þ~¡Hê<^£ ~Q®¶~
A
:8
2. ãa\©+¹ WO_Ç¶ ªÚÌá\ © 1839 O_È<£ qeÇ°O P_È"£°
h
3. ÿOQê ãa\©+¹ WO_Ç¶ ªÚÌá\ © 1843 HH`ë ^Í"ÍOã^Î<^£ ~Q®¶~

A E
.P
4. ãa\©+¹ WO_Ç¶ Jªé²Í°+¬<£ 1851 HH`ë ^Í"ÍOã^Î<^£ ~Q®¶~

AB C
D
5. =°ã^¥¹ <Í\ ÷"£ Jªé²Í°+¬<£ 1852 =°ã^¥¹ QêA H©;#~¡¬°Ü\ ÷

ER I
6. çOì~ò Jªé+²Í°+¬<£ 1852 çOì~ò [Q®<ß^£ ×OH~õ~

O
7. D¹ WO_Ç¶ Jªé²Í°+¬<£ 1866 O_È<£ ^¥^¥ì° <ñ~Ël

CH
8. <Í+¬# WO_Ç°<£ Jªé²Í°+¬<£ 1867 O_È<£ "Í°s Hêï~æO@~

YD
9. WO_Ç°<£ ªÚÌá\ © 1872 O_È<£ P#O^£"³¶¬ì<£Õ¹

,H
10. WO_Ç°<£ Jªé²Í°+¬<£ 1876 HH`ë Ç°¹.Z<£.ÿ#sû, P#O^£"³¶¬ì<£^¥¹

AM
11. =°ã^¥¹ =°¬ð[#¬ 1884 =°ã^¥¹ g~¡~¦¬°"Ki, ¬°ã|¬ìà}¼ JÇ°¼~

T
².P#O^¥K~¡°¼°, ~¡OQ®Ç°¼<Çò_È°
H
M
12. ^ÎHø<£ Z_È¶¼öH+¬# ªÚÌá\ © 1884 ¬î<³ l.l.JQê~¡ø~

AM
IG
13. ìOè ãÌ²_³h Jªé²Í°+¬<£ 1885 çOì~ò ¦²~Ë* "³°¬ì`, |ã^Î°ní<£

KH
`¼aû \÷.ïH.`³ ìOQ·

R
] INC Pq~¡ÄqOz# `Ç~¡°"`Ç U~¡æ_# ¬O¬Ö° :
G 1) 1887 <Í+¬# ªé+¬ Hê#æï~<£ - Z"£°.l.~¡}_Í
2) 1888 Çò<³á>ÿ_£ WO_Ç¶ ã\÷Ç°\÷H± Jªé²Í°+¬<£ - ¬~¬Ç°¼^£ J¬ìà^£Mì<£ (Jb¦¬°_£)
3) 1889 ãa\©+¹ Hq°\© P¦¹ S.Z<£.². - U.F.¬ú¼"£° ^¥^¥ì°<ñ~Ël, "³_<£|~ß - O_È<£.
Wk 1890 Õ J<Í [~¡ß #° kyÄ ¬O^ÎH©Ç°O Õ ã¬KÇ°iOzOk.

''WO_Ç¶ÑÑ
4) 1911 ªé+¬ Ìá<£ bQ· - Z<£.l.KÇOã^Î"~¡ø~ - ì¬ìÙ~
5) 1925 ².².S. ¬`Ç¼Hë - Hê#¶æ~
6) 1927 PeO_Ç¶ L"³°<£ Hê#æï~<£ - ¬^¥t=JÇ°¼OQê~ (=°ã^¥¹)
7) 1939 WO_Ç¶ s ÕeÂqH± - Z<£._.=°AO^¥~. (HH`ë)
8) 1940 ~_H _³"³¶ãH\ ÷H± s - Z"£°.Z<£.~°.

q°`Ç"^Î ÇòQ®O (1885 - 1905)
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ *ìfÇ° L^Î¼=°O è^¥ q°`Ç"^Î L^Î¼=°O 1885 Õ INC U~æ@° ã~¡O"³°Ø#k.
] HÆê¼° :
1. ì^Î¼`Çò`Ç"³°Ø# ã¬°`ÇÞO.
2. =³¶[# F@° ¬ìä½ø.
3. Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ Zyûä¼\÷"£ HÒx Õ Zä½ø=Qê ì~¡fÇò° LO_È°@.
4. ì~¡fÇò° ²q ¬sÞÌ¹ Õ Zä½ø=Qê LO_È°@.
5. ì~¡`^Ç
Í O× Õx J<ÍH ãO` Õ L#ß "³#°Hì@°`Ç<xH÷ Q® Hê~¡}ì° `³°¬°Hùx "\÷ Ja=$kHù~¡ä½ KÇ~¼¡ ° f¬°Hù#°@.
6. ^ÎH÷Æ}ìã¦²Hê Õ ì~¡fÇò ²ÖuQ®`Ç°#° "³°~¡°Q®°¬~¡Ke, q°@sÌá Y~¡°ó `Çy¾OKe.
Y
] ¬^Î`Ç°° :
M
1. P.P.P (Pray, petition, protest) ã~¡Ö# q*ìý¬# x~¡¬#.
2. "~ë¬ãuH° ã¬KÇ°iOKÇ°@.
95 E
9
3. ¬ô¬ëHê° ~¡zOKÇ°@.
59
D
4. ¬@}ì ÕÁ ¬=¶"Í§° U~æ@° KÍ² ã¬¬OQê ^¥Þ~ ã¬[ä½ J=Qê¬ì# HeæOKÇ°@.
1. QËH$+¬â QËY è :
CA
50
98
- =°¬ð~R ªéãH\ ©¹, =°¬ð~R ~¡`ÇßO, ì~¡fÇ°=ã[O, P^Î°xH ì~¡`Ç^Í× `ùe ~[huAý_È° (ïH.Ç°"£°.¦¬}÷Hø~)
A
a~¡°^Î°° :8
ì~¡`Ç *ìf³¶^Î¼=° ²`=°¬_È°.
h
- (Sudharak)
A E
.P
"~ë ¬ãuH ¬°^¥~¡M
ä_¨ ¬°^¥~¡H± ¬ãuH#° =°¬ð~R Õ ã¬KÇ°iOK_È°.

AB C
l.l.JQê~¡ø~
D
- "The principles of political science".

ER I
¬ô¬ëH=ò
"The Servents of India society" (1905 Õ çOì~ò Õ)

O
¬O¬Ö :
G QËY è Q®°~¡°=ô -
CH
=°¬ð^Í= QËqO^Î ~¡#_Í.

YD
G QêOnr ³òHø ~[H©Ç° Q®°~¡°=ô - QËY è.
G x~¡ÄO^Î ã^Îq°Hq^Î¼#° _=¶O_£ KÍ²# "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ =¼H÷ë - QËH$+¬â QËY è

,H
QËY è.
(ì~¡`Ç^Í× ¬OªÖ#=ò Õ |~Ë_¨ "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê x~¡ÄO^Î ã^Îq°Hq^Î¼#° ã¬"Í×Ì\÷Ok.)

AM
T
2. ^¥^¥ì° <ñ~Ël :
H
M
AM
G INC ä½ HêOãïQ¹ J<Í ¬^¥xß `ùeªiQê ¬¶zOK_È°. (JO`ÇH=òO^Î° Indian National Union )
IG
KH
^¥¼<£ã¬Hê =°O_Èex ªÖ²OK_È°.

R
a~¡°^Î°° : 1) ì~¡`Ç^Í× ä½~¡°=$^Î°°

2) First Economist of India / "³ò^Î\ ÷ PiÖH"Í`Çë
3) Father drain theory
4) First Indian British Parliamentarian.
"~ë¬ãuH° : 1) Voice of India (O_È<£ Õ-WOwÁ+¬µ Õ)
2) ~¹QË¦¬ë~ (=°¬ð~R Õ-sÅ ì+¬ Õ)
¬ô¬ëH=ò° : Poverty and Unbritish Rule in India - 1901, Debt to India ^¥^¥ì° <ñ~Ël
¬O¬Ö° : 1) D¹ WO_Ç¶ Jªé²Í°+¬<£-O_È<£ Õ
2) sÅ s¦~à Jªé²Í°+¬<£ (=°¬ð~R Õ- sÅ ¬O¬ø~¡} Hù~¡ä½)

G INCH÷ 3 ª~¡°Á J^Î¼äÆ½_³á# "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷"_È°- ^¥^¥ì° <ñ~Ël.
(1886- HH`ë, 1893- ì¬ð~, 1906-HH`ë)

G 1906 HH`ë INC ¬=¶"Í×=ò Õ <ñ~Ël J^Î¼äÆ`Ç# 4 f~à<° P"³¶kOKÇ|_¨Û~ò.
Jq : 1) ¬Þ~[¼ f~à#O, 2) ¬Þ^Íj f~à#O, 3) |²ì+¬ø~¡} f~à#O, 4) *ìfÇ° q^Î¼ f~à#O
G <ñ~Ër O_È<£ Õ ã²<£ÿs x³¶[H =~¡¾O #°Oz e|~¡ s `Ç~¡¬ô# (1892) é\©KÍ² ãa\©+¹ ~¡Á"³°O@° (House of
commons - kQ®°=¬) ä½ ZxßHÇ¶¼_È°. (ZQ®°= ¬ - House of Lords)
3. ¬°ö~Oã^Î<^£ ÿ#sû :
a~¡°^Î°° : WO_Ç°<£|~ø , *ìuQ®°~¡°, WO_Ç¶²²~Ë, WO_Ç¶ _³=°¬Öh¹, ^Í×HË`Çë=°, Silver tongue orator.
¬ô¬ëH=ò : A Nation in the making. (P`ÇàH^Î)
1876 WO_Ç°<£ Jªé²Í°+¬<£ P#O^Î "³¶¬ì<£Õ¹`Ë He² U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
Y
¬O¬Ö :
G SN XH ICS (Indian civil service) (1869) JkHêi.
M
ÿ#sû
G *ìfÇ° L^Î¼=°O Õ H©HOQê ç¾O@°<ß_È° J<Í <³¬O`Ë ãa\©+¹ SN ÿ#sûx ICS #°O_ `ùyOz#k.
95 E
G WO_Ç°<£ Jªé²Í°+¬<£ ^¥Þ~ ì~¡fÇò° ICS ¬sHÆ° ~Àq^ÎOQê ãé`¬ðxß HeæOK_È°. HH`ë Õ
9
'i¬æ<£
59
D
Hê x ªÖ²OK_È°.
èlÑ
G WO_Ç°<£ Jªé²Í°+¬<£ ³òHø §Y J~ò# Indian national conferrence ãa\©+¹ =^Îí #°O_ ¬i< ¬O¬ø~¡}#°
_=¶O_£ KÍ²Ok.
CA
50
G 1905 ÿOQê q[# =¼uö~HOQê q[# L^Î¼=¶#° "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷Qê SN ÿ#sû H$+¬âä½=¶~ q°ã`° ã~¡OaOK~¡°.
98
A
(KK q°ã` ³òHø ¬Or=x "~ë ¬ãuH Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê Boycutt / |²ì+¬ø~¡} J<Í ¬^ÎO À~ùø#|_#k)
:8
G 1917 PQ®¬° _HÁö~+¬<£ (1919 KÇ\ìxH÷ ¬O|OkOz#k) #° ¬=°iÖ¬¶ë 1918 Õ U~æ@°
h
'<Í+¬# e|~¡ sxÑ
A E
.P
KÍªë_È°.
AB C
D
4. P#O^Î"³¶¬ì<£ Õ¹ : W`Ç#° ä_¨ XH I.C.S JkHêi.

ER I
G 1905 ÿOQê q[#ä½ =¼uö~HOQê HH`ë ¬=¶"Í×=ò#ä½ J^Î¼HÆ`Ç =²ìOK_È°.

O
G D ¬=¶"Í×O `Ç~Þ`Ç HH`ë Õx =^Îí ×OY°ªÖ¬# KÍ² ÿOQê q[# =¼uö~Y L^Î¼=¶#°, =O^Í=¶`Ç~¡O,
CH
\º<£¬ð
YD
¬Þ^Íj L^Î¼=¶#° ÿOQê JO`Ç\ì "¼²ëKÍÇò@ä½ x~¡â~òOK_È°.

,H
5. =°¿ ì< J|° H ì"£° P*ì^£ (1888-1958) : 11-11-1888 Õ ªÏn Jö~aÇ¶ Õ [xàOK_È°.
AM
T
"~ë¬ãuH° : 1) J ²ì ì , 2) a ²ì ì , 3) Q®|Ä~-W-Mìk~, 4) P |Q·

Indian wins freedom
H
M
¬ô¬ëH=ò :
AM
G 1945 Õ Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ "Í"³ U~æ@° KÍ²# ¬=¶"Í×=ò#ä½ INC ã¬uxkQê =°¿ ì< ç¾<ß_È°.
IG
²=¶Á
¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç ì~¡`Ç^Í×=ò#ä½ "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ q^¥¼§Mì=°Oãu -

KH
G =°¿ ì< J|° H ìO P*ì^£.
G P*ì^£ [#àk#"³°Ø# #=O|~ - 11#° *ìfÇ° q^¥¼ k<Ë`Ç=OQê ì~¡`Ç ã¬°`ÇÞO ã¬H\ ÷OzOk.
R
G ¦²~Ë* "³°¬ì` ªÖ²Oz# ¬ãuH - ÕOè (=°ä½@O èx =òOì~ò =°¬ð~A).

ãHêxH
G 1893 Õ [iy# ¬O¦¬°@#°.

1) uH± =°¬ð~R Õ Q®}è+¹ L`Ç"#° ã~¡OaOKÇ°@.
2) QêOnl ^ÎH÷Æ}ìã¦²Hêä½ "³×Ã¤@.
3) q"ÍHê#O^Î zHêQË ¬~¡Þ=°`Ç ¬"Í°à×#O Õ ã¬¬OyOKÇ°@.
4) KÀH~ ªé^Î~¡°° ²ìO^Î¶ ^Î~¡à¬O~¡H÷Æ}÷ ¬#° ªÖ²OK~¡°.
5) =°¬ì|¶ JbMì<£ ' ÿlÀÁ\ ÷"£ JÌOcÁxÑ U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
4) JxcÌO\ S~ÁO_£#°Oz ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ =KÇ°ó@.
5) J~¡aO^Ë¦¬°Õ+¹ 14 ¬O`Ç~¡=ò `Ç~Þ`Ç O_È<£ #°O_ ì~¡`ä½ =KÇ°ó@. =°¿ ì< J|° H ì"£° P*ì^£

Ju"^Î ÇòQ®O (1905-1919)
G 1905 #°Oz INC Õ Ju"^Î° Pk¬`Ç¼O Hù#ªyOk. =O^Í=¶`Ç~¡ L^Î¼=°O 1905 #°Oz 1911 =~¡ä½ Hù#ªyOk.
G Ju"^Î° _=¶O_£"Í°~¡ 1905 Õ INC QËY è <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ "~¡}ì² ¬=¶"Í×O Õ ÿOQê ä½ =iëOKÍ q^ÎOQê ¬Þ~[¼
f~à#=òP"³¶kOKÇ|_#k.
G 1906 Õ Ju"^Î° _=¶O_£ "Í°~¡ä½ ^¥^¥ì° <ñ~Ër <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ HH`ë INC ¬=¶"Í×O Õ "³ò`ÇëO ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷
=iëOKÍ q^ÎOQê P"³¶kOKÇ|_Ok.
¬Þ~[¼ f~à#O
G 1907 ~+¹a¬ðsÕ¹ J^Î¼HÆ`Ç# ¬¶~¡` INC ¬=¶"Í×O Õ INC JkHêiHOQê ï~O_È°Qê peé~òOk. (q°`Ç"^Î°°-
Ju"^Î°°Qê)
G : 1) q°`Ç"^Î° Jxß HÆê¼°
HÆê¼° 2) ¬Þ~[¼=ò
3) ãa@<£ ¬iã×=° #°Oz ì~¡fÇ° KÍ<Í`Ç Hêiàä½#° ~¡H÷ÆOKÇ°@.
Y
1) Tö~yO¬ô° 2) ¬Þ^Íj =°iÇò |²ì+¬ø~¡}
¬^Î`Ç°° : 3) q^Íj =¢ªë#° ^Î¬ì#O KÍÇ°_ÈO.
M
4) Q®}è+¹, t"r L`Ç"#° [i²OKÇ_ÈO. 5) "~ë¬ãuH°
6) ¬O¬Ö° 7) ¬ô¬ëHê° 8) ¬@}ì ÕÁ ¬=¶"Í§° x~¡Þ²ìOKÇ°@.
95 E
9
1. ìQ®OQê^Î~¡ uH± (1856-1920) :
59
D
CA
[##O : 23-7-1856
50
a~¡°^Î°° : 1) ÕH=¶#¼ 2) ì~¡`Ç J§Ou [#ä½_È° / ²`=°¬ì (" ÿáO>ÿØ<£ z~Ë D a~¡°^Î°#° WKó_È°)
3) Uncrowned Prince of India
98
A
:8
"~ë¬ãuH° 1) öH¬i (=°~s ì+¬ Õ)
: 2) =°~~ (POQ®Á ì+¬ Õ)
1) w`~¡¬ì¬¼O 2) Piø\÷H± ¬ð"£° P¦¹ "Í^¥¹/P~¡¼<£
h
¬ô¬ëH=ò° :
A E
.P
¬O¬Ö° : ìsHÁ, JY~¹, QË¬ì`Ç¼ xÀ+^Î ¬O¦¬°O.

AB C
D
STATEMENTS :
ER I
1) ''¬Þ~[¼O <[#à ¬ìä½ø, ^¥xx <Í#° ªkOz f~¡°`#°ÑÑ.

O
ì ìQ®OQê^Î~uH±
2) ¬Þ~[¼O XH =üO. ¬Þ^Íj =°iÇò |²ì+¬ø~¡} ^¥x ³òHø §Y°.
CH
3) ''ì~¡fÇòä½ Hê=²#k ¬Þ¬i<kHê~¡O, è^¥ ¬Þ~[¼O Hêh, ¬O¬ø~¡}° Hê^Î°ÑÑ-

YD
ì ìQ®OQê^Î~uH±
4) ''¬Þ~[¼O J<Í K³@° "³ò^Îä½ |²ì+¬ø~¡}°, ¬Þ^Íj L^Î¼=°O Hù=°à°ÑÑ - ì ìQ®OQê^Î~uH±

,H
5) ''^Í=ô_È° JO@~x`Ç#O#° ¬²ìOz#@Á~ò`Í, <Í#° PÇ°##° ^Í=ô_È°Qê JOwHiOKÇ#°ÑÑ - ì ìQ®OQê^Î~uH±

AM
T
6) WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# HêOãïQ¹ ¬OIIxH÷ XHªi H¬æ ìQ® ÿHÿH=°x JiÀë q[Ç°O ªkOKÇ è=°x q=°iÅOK_È°.
WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# HêOãïQ¹ ¬=¶"Í§#° Holiday Recreations Jx À~ùø<ß_È°.
H
7)
M
AM
G uH± J<ÍH ìs HÁ° U~æ@°KÍ² QË=^Î xÀ+^Î=ò#° J=°°¬iK_È°. nx<Í Jx ä_¨ JO\ì~¡°.
IG
JY~¹
KH
G P~¡°¼° Piø\÷H± ãO`ÇO #°Oz =Kó~¡x À~ùø<ß_È°. |°°öQÞ^ÎO Hê ìxH÷ K³Ok#^Îx YQË×§G
ãH©.¬î.5000 ¬OII
P^¥~¡OQê À~ùø<ß_È°.
R
G 1893 Õ Q®}è+¹ ã~¡OaOK_È°, 1895 Õ t"r L`Ç"#° ã~¡OaOK_È°.

L`Ç"#°
G 1896 "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê q^Íj =ãªë#°

Õ =^Îí ^Î¬ì#O KÍ§_È°.
¬î<Í
1897 Õ ÀÁQ®° Hg°+¬<£ K³á~¡à<£ ~O_£ (RAND) #° =¼uö~HOQê `Ç# "~ë¬ãuH Õ J<ÍH "¼ª#° ã¬KÇ°iOK_È°.
G nxH÷ ã¬ìq`Ç° ÿá# KÀH~ ªé^Î~¡°° (ìH$+¬â, ^¥"³¶^Î~) ~O_£ =°iÇò ¬ì`Ç¼ KÍ§~¡°.
JÇ°¼ï~¹#°
G nxÌá qK~¡} [iy uH±ä½ 18 <³ *ÿá°tHÆ qkOKÇ|_#k.

1908 :Õ ã¬¦¬ô ìÁKH©, ä½_~"£°Õ¹ =ò*ì¦¬~¬î~ [_û J~ò# ¬ì`Ç¼ KÍÇò@ä½ ã¬Ç°ußOK~¡°. Hêh
H÷Oy¦é~Û#°
q¦¬° ÿá<~¡°.
G giH÷ =°^Î`Ç°Qê uH± `Ç# ¬ãuH Õ J<ÍH "¼ª#° ã¬KÇ°iOK_È°. nx`Ë uH±Ìá ^Í×ã^Ë¬ìO öH¬° #"³¶^³á qK~¡}
[iy (1897`Ë He²) 6 ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò *ÿá°tHÆ qkOKÇ|_#k (<²H± [_û).

G 1908 #°Oz 1914 =~¡ä½ =°Ç°<à~ Õx =¶O_È è *ÿá° Õ x~¡ÄOkOKÇ|_¨Û_È°.
1916 : Õ uH± =°¬ð~R Õ Homerule L^Î¼=¶xß ã~¡OaOK_È°.
G =°¬ìà^£ Pbl<ß uH± ³òHø Homerule L^Î¼=¶xß J¬ðì^£, HËß "³ò^Î ÿá# ãO` ÕÁ "¼²ë KÍª_È°.
G uH± ³òHø HR L^Î¼=°O JxaÌO\ ³òHø All India Home Rule league L^Î¼=°O Õ qb#"³°Ø#k.
1916 Õ HËß INC ¬=¶"Í×O Õ uH±, l<ß, JxaÌO\ ã¬Ç°`ß ¦¬e`ÇOQê q°`Ç"^Î°°, Ju"^Î°° =°iÇò
=ò²ÁObQ· UH"³°Ø<~¡°. D ¬=¶"Í§xH÷ J^Î¼äÆ½_È° - AC =°AO^¥~ (POaHêKÇ~¡} =°AO^¥~)
1920 Õ PQ®¬° 1# uH± =°~¡}÷OK_È°. nx`Ë Ju"^Î L^Î¼=°O ä_¨ JO`Ç"³°Ø#k.
G uH± ãa\©+¹ "iKÍ ~¡¶ÚOkOKÇ|_# ì¼q"¬ð xÀ+^Î KÇ\ì#° =¼uö~H÷OK_È°. (|²ì~¡OQ®OQê<Í) öH×=KÇOã^ÎÀ<£,
uH± - "i ä`Ç°~¡Áä½ ì¼q"¬ìO KÍ§_È°.)
2. ì ì[¬u~° (1865-1928) :
Y
¬O*ìöH¬i (À+~-W-¬O*ì)
M
[##O : 28-1-1865 a~¡°^Î°° :
"~ë¬ãuH° 1) ¬O*ìc 2) The pupil (POQ®Áì+¬ Õ)

: Unhappy India.
¬ô¬ëH=ò :
95 E
Hindu orphan Relief Organisation (²ìO^Î¶=ô J<^Î ×~¡}ìÇ°=ò)
9
¬O¬Ö° :
59
D
G AITUC (All India Trade Union congress) ³òHø "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ J^Î¼äÆ½_È° [¬u~°.
(AITUC x ªÖ²Oz#"_È° - NM *Õ+²-1920 Õ) ì ì[¬u~°
CA
50
G P~¡¼ ¬=¶* ³òHø ×Ãk ¬O¦¬°O L^Î¼=¶#° ¬O*ì, ì¬ð Õ "¼²ë KÍ§_È°.
98
G Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ 2=¬ìiO* #° J`Ç¼O`Ç JÇ°H~¡"³°Ø# ä½ã@^¥~¡°_È° / (The most dangerous con-
A
[¬u~° :8
spirator) Jx À~ùø<ß_È°.
G 1928 Õ Ìá=°<£ Hg°+¬<£ä½ =¼uö~HOQê ì¬ìÙ~ Õ Ìá=°<£ QËì¼H± L^Î¼=¶xß KÍ¬\ì_È°. D ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê ì¬ìÙ~ ACP
h
A E
.P
ªO_È~ [¬u~°Ìá ìsKsû [i²OK_È°.

AB C
D
G nx`Ë QêÇ¶ä½ Q®°ï~á# [¬u~° =°~¡}÷OK_È°.

ER I
G nxH÷ ã¬fHê~¡OQê HRA - Hindustan Republican Association ¬°¼° Q®`²OQ·, ~*Q®°~¡°, KÇOã^ÎõY~ P*ì^£
O
ªO_È~#° ¬ì`Ç¼ KÍ§~¡°. nx<Í JO\ì~¡°. =°~¡}O 17-11-1928.

ì¬ìÙ~ ä½ã@
CH
3. a²<£ KÇOã^Î :
YD
,H
G W`Ç#° XH Qù¬æ =Hë. t=<^Î§¢²ë HùiH "Í°~¡ä½ 1876 Õ ã|¬ìà¬=¶[O ³òHø
=òY¼ =HëQê Çü~¡¹, J"³°iHê#° ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°.
AM
T
G J<Í ¬ãuH#° ã¬KÇ°iOK_È°. `Ç~¡°"`Ç D ¬ãuH#° J~¡aO^Ë¦¬°Õ+¹ä½ J¬æyOK_È°.

H
'=O^Í=¶`Ç~¡OÑ
M
G =O^Í=¶`Ç~¡O L^Î¼=¶#° B.C. ÿOQê , POã^¥ Õ "¼²ë KÍ§_È°. a²<£ KÇOã^Î

AM
IG
G POã^Î ¬~¡¼@##° x~¡Þ²ìOz#k - =ò@¶ßi . H$â~=ô

KH
G POã^¥ Õ ~[=°Oã_ ¬ Õ ã¬¬OQê#° `³°Q®° Õ J#°=kOz# "_È° . (W`Çxx *ì<£

zH=°ië H©;#~¡²O¬ìO
q°<£`Ë é°ªë~¡°)
R
G ã\÷@¶¼<£, ~¡^Î~¡ÅH±, ÿOQêm ¬aÁH± XÔxÇ°<£ ¬ãuHä½ ¬¬ì ¬O^Îä½_Qê ¬xKÍ§_È°.

ÔÞÇ°KÇiã`Ç : ''< rq`ÇHêO <\÷ *ìý¬Hê° / Momories of my life and time" -
4. J~¡aO^Ë ¦¬°Õ+¹ (1872-1950) :
a~¡°^Î° : ªÞq° =O^Í=¶`Ç~¡O, ÇòQêO`Ç~ (ÿOQêm)
"~ë¬ãuH :
¬ô¬ëHê° New lamps for the old (q°`Ç"^Î°#° Target KÍ¬°Hùx),

:
"h =°Ok~, ªqãu, T~¡Þt - Life Devine (P~=o Pã×=°O Õ rq`ÇOÌá)

¬O¬Ö P~=o Pã×=°=ò (O_KÍói)
:
G J~¡aO^Ë¦¬°Õ+¹ |~Ë_¨ Õ XH L^¥¼Çò_È°Qê ¬x KÍ§_È°. J~¡aO^Ë ¦¬°Õ+¹

G O_È<£ Õ 14 ¬OII° Q®_²# `Ç~Þ`Ç 1893 Õ ì~¡`Ç ^Í§xH÷ =Kó_È°.
G ÿOQê Õx *ìfÇ° L^Î¼=°O Õ H©HOQê ç¾<ß_È°.
G W`Ç#° ¬tó=° ÿOQê ä½ã@ Õ WiH÷OKÇ|_¨Û_È°. D ä½ã@ `Ç~Þ`Ç J~¡aO^Ë¦¬°Õ+¹ ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ
Pb¬î~ O_KÍós Õ
²Ö~¡¬_¨Û_È°.
G ~¡¼³òHø Passive Resistance J`Ç¼kH ã¬u¦¬°@# J<Í ²^¥O`#° `Ç# =O^Í=¶`Ç~¡O ¬ãuH Õ ã¬KÇ°iOK_È°.
(7 ª~¡°Á)
=O^Í=¶`Ç~¡ L^Î¼=°O (1905-1911)

v ÿOQê q[# 1905 JHË|~ 16 :
(1898-1905). W`Çx ²^¥íO`ÇO - Devide and Rule
Y
G ÿOQê q[#ä½ Hê~¡ä½_È° - ì~ÛH~¡û<£
G ¬i<ªÏ¼O J<Í <³¬O`Ë ÿOQê #° `Ç¶~¡°æ (=òÔÁO° JkHOQê) `Ç¶~¡°æ, ¬tó=° (²ìO^Î°=ô° Jkä½°)
M
ìQê°Qê qlOK~¡°.
G Home dept Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅ
95 E
iÀÁ ã¬Hê~¡O ''JqHë ÿOQê nxx qlÀë Jk |Ôì#¬_È°`Ç°Ok. =°# ¬i##°
XH ×H÷ë.ÑÑ
9
59
ã¬u¦¬°\÷OKÍ |"³°Ø ã¬`Ç¼~¡°Ö#° |Ôì#¬~¡KÇ@"Í° =°# =òY¼ HÆ ¼O. (1904 _ÌO|~ 16) Jx À~ùø<ß_È°. Wk
D
ãa\÷+¹ "i ªã=¶[¼ q^¥<xß ¬¶z¬°ëOk. J~ò#¬æ\÷H© ì~¡` Õ ÿOQê JuÌ^Îí ~RO.
CA
G 1905 <\÷H÷ [<ì 8,54,00,000. D ~RO Õ JªO Õ, c¬ð~, KË\ì<Q®¬î~, Xiª° HeÀ L<ß~ò.
50
G 1874 Õ ÿOQê #°O_ JªO#° qlOz#¬æ\÷H÷ ÿOQê [<ì `ÇQ®¾ è^Î°.
98
A
G ÿOQê q[# `Ç~Þ`Ç 5,44,00,000 (¬tó=°ÿOQê ) 3,10,00,000 (`Ç¶~¡°æÿOQê ) [<ìQê L<ß~¡°.
:8
G qÔë~¡â¬~¡OQê KÇ¶Àë ¬tó=°ÿOQê - 1,41,580 `Ç¶~¡°æÿOQê -
KÇ.H÷.g°., .1,06,540 KÇ.H÷.g°
h
A E
G ÿOQê q[#ä½ =òO^Í D q+¬Ç¶xß ¬²Q®\ ÷ ã¬K~¡O KÍ²# ¬ãuH - (¬°j ä½=¶~ ¦¬°Õ+¹)
.P
J=°$`Ç|*ì~ ¬ãuH
AB C
G ÿOQê q[# "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê (E ÿá 6, 1905) ¬ãuH ã¬KÇ°iOz D ¬ãuöH J<Í ¬^¥xß
D
'¬Or=xÑ '|²ì+¬ø~¡}Ñ
¬¶zOzOk.
ER I
G D ¬ãuH ªÖ¬ä½_È°- K.K.

O
q°ã`Ç.
G ì~ÛH~¡û<£ ÿOQê q[#ïHá ì~¡`Ç~[¼ Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅ #°O_ P"³¶^ÎO ÚOk# ~ËA -

CH
A ÿá 9, 1905.
YD
G ì~ÛH~¡û<£ JkHêiHOQê ÿOQê q[# ã¬H\ ÷Oz# ~ËA - A ÿá 9, 1905. 1905 JHË|~ 16# J=°° ÕH÷ =zóOk.
G 1905 PQ®+¬µ 07# HH`ë \º<£¬ð Õ [iy# x~¡¬# ã¬^Î~¡Å# Õ ÿOQê q[# =¼uö~Y L^Î¼=°O ã~¡OO.
,H
G ÿOQê q[#ä½ =¼uö~HOQê =zó# L^Î¼=°O- =O^Í=¶`Ç~¡ L^Î¼=°O.

AM
T
G =O^Í=¶`Ç~¡O öQÇ°~¡KÇ~ò`Ç- |OH÷OKÇOã^Î KÇ@sû (1882-P#O^£=°~)

H
M
G Wk P#O^Î=°~¡O J<Í #= Õxk ( =O^Í=¶`Ç~¡O « ì~¡`Ç=¶`Ç) hä½ =O^Î#O

AM
G ãa\©+¹ Q®=~¡ß"³°O\ä½ =¼uö~HOQê ªy# ¬<¼¬° u~¡°Q®°ì@° Õ D ¬^ÎO "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê L¬³¶yOK~¡°.
IG
KH
G KÇ@sû ì~¡`#° Hêm=¶`ÇQê, ^Î°~¾=¶`ÇQê À~ùøx, ^Í§xH÷ ^Í=`Ç ×ä½ë#° Pk¬¶ë ã¬[ Õ *ìfÇ¶ "^¥xß
f¬°ä½=zó# "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬^ÎOQê K³¬æ=KÇ°ó.
R
G ÌÌO|~ 5, 1905 ^Î°~¾¬î[ k<Ë`Ç=O ~ËA# ÿOQêbO` Q®OQê#k Õ ¬qã`Ç ªß<° KÍ² ²ìO^Î¶, =ò²ÁO,
ì~òì~ò Jx q=i¬¶ë W~¡°=~¾° ~v#° ^ÎiOK~¡°.
G D ¬O^Î~¡ÄO Õ<Í ~¡gOã^Î<^£~Q®¶~ *ìfÇ°ì= w`#° _ ã¬[ Õ *ìfÇ° ì"#° ãÀö~²OK_È°. JO^Î°öH
~Q®¶~#° Father of the mass AgitationQê À~ùøO\ì~¡°.
G =O^Í=¶`Ç~¡O "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê P²Oz# INC ¬=¶"Í×O - 1896 HH`ë ¬=¶"Í×O J^Î¼äÆ½_È° - ¬Ç¶x.
G =O^Í=¶`Ç~¡ L^Î¼=°O Õ ìQ®OQê 2 q+¬Ç¶#° ì~¡`Ç *ìfÇ°<Ç°ä½° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì~¡°.

1) |²ì+¬ø~¡} 2) x~à}ì`ÇàH Hê~¡¼ãH=°O
1. |²ì+¬ø~¡} q^Íj=G |²ì+¬ø~¡} (ã¬`Í¼HOQê =¶OK³¬~ #°O_ kQ®°=°u JÍ°¼ =¢ªë°) Hì§ |²ì+¬ø~¡},
:
q^Íj ª²ì`Ç¼ |²ì+¬ø~¡}.

2. ¬Þ^Íj Mìn =ãªë `ÇÇ¶s, (POã^Îã¬^Í NHêä½×O Õ ã^¥#¼`Ç ¬O`ÇiOKÇ°ä½Ok.) *ìfÇ°
ÚO^Î¶~ Y^Îí~¡°
Hì§ U~æ@° *ìfÇ° Hq`Ç =KÇ#O Q®^Î¼Oä½ ãé`¬ìO W=Þ@O.

G =O^Í=¶`Ç~¡ L^Î¼=°O Õ =òY¼OQê ¬Þ~*, ¬Þ^Íj PiÖH |²ì+¬ø~¡}, *ìfÇ° q^¥¼q^¥#O J<Íq Pq~¡ÄqOK~ò.
G ì~¡` Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê PC ö~ - Bengal Chemical Factory.
z^ÎO|~¡O ²Üá¤-TN- Steam Navigation Company
~Q®¶~ - ¬Þ^Íj ªé~.
J~¡qO^Î¦¬°Õ+¹ - 1906 Õ *ìfÇ°Hì§ (HH`ë)

HùOÌ ìÁ ¬ì#°=°O`Ç~=ô (`ùe ã²x¬ Qê) -1910 Õ *ìfÇ° Hì§ (|O^Î~)#° ªÖ²OK~¡°.
G *ìfÇ°Hq`Ç, =KÇ#O Õ ìQ®OQê ~Q®¶~ - . |OH÷OKÇOã^Î KÇ@sû -
wÒ[e #=#° ~§~¡°. P#O^Î=°~¡O
G =O^Í=¶`Ç~¡ L^Î¼=°O ìQê ã¬K~¡O KÍ²# k#¬ãuH°

1. J~¡qO^Î¦¬°Õ+¹ -
Y
=O^Í=¶`Ç~¡O
2. sOã^Îä½=¶~ ¦¬°Õ+¹, ¶ÀOã^Î<^£ ^Î`ë 'ÇòQêO`Ç~Ñ.
M
3. ã|¬ìà|O^Ë^¥¼Ç°- "³ò^ÎQ®°#q.
'¬O^Î¼Ñ
G ÿOQê q[#ä½ =¼uö~YOQê =zó# =O^Í=¶`Ç~¡, ¬Þ^Íj L^Î¼=¶#° ã¬K~¡O KÍÇ°_¨xH÷
95 E
ì¬ìË~, ¬O*ì Õ -
9
ì ì[¬u~°,
59
D
=°¬ð~R, ¬tó=°ì~¡` Õ- uH±
^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡` Õ- H$+²KÍ²
CA
a²<£ KÇOã^Î °
50
G POã^Î^Í§xH÷ a²<£KÇOã^Î #° P¬ðÞxOz# "~¡° - (H$â¬ãuH ¬O^Îä½_È°)
=ò@¶ßi H$â~=ô
98
v POã^Î Õ a²<£ KÇOã^Î ¬~¡¼@# :
A
:8
G 1907 Uã² 7# a²<£ KÇOã^Î q[Ç°#Q®~¡O, "³á*ìQ· Õ `ùeªi ¬~¡¼@##° x~¡Þ²ìOK_È°. ¶¬u~A
h
A E
G 1907 Uã² 17# HêH÷<_È Õ ¬~¡¼@##° x~¡Þ²ìOK_È°. Wk H÷ÆHOQê q[Ç°=O`ÇO J~ò#k.

.P
q.¬î~¡âÇ°¼
G 1907 Uã² 19, 20# a²<£ KÇOã^Î ~[=°Oã_ ¬=¶"Í×O Õ ç¾<ß_È°. a²<£ KÇOã^Î L¬<¼ª#° `³°Q®° ÕH÷
AB C
D
J#°=kOz#"~¡° - nxx q[Ç°=O`ÇO KÍ²#"~¡° Qê_KÇ~¡Á ¬ìi¬~ËÞ`Çë=°~=ô, ìì~¡u

ER I
zH=°ië H©;#~¡²O¬ìO.
¬°¼°.
O
G ª~¡Ç°¼ WO\ÕÁ |¬ KÍ§_È°, |O^Î~#° 1907 Uã² 26-28 Õ ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°. WO\ÕÁ |¬ N~O^¥¹<Çò_È°
CH
KÍ§_È°.
YD
G ~[=°Oã_ ¬=¶"Í×O Õ zH=°ië H©;#~¡²O¬ìO L¬<¼ª#° J#°=k¬¶ë

,H
''~¡`ÇYO_ÈO|° KÇHø\÷ _Ç¶=ô.

AM
T
²ìO^Î°=ô° èQ®^Î¶_È ÿá Í°_È°óKÇ°O_È

`³Á"~¡<³_ Q®_È°¬i QùÁ"~¡°
H
M
AM
²`Ç°ä½KÇ°<ß~¡° =ü`Ç°° ayÇ°Q®\ ÷ÑÑ J<Í Hq`ÇÞO K³²æ JO^Îix *ìfÇ°"^ÎO "³á¬ô ¬ôiQù ìæ_È°.
IG
G D ¬^¥¼xß ~Q®ÇòHëOQê _È@O Õ k@ - (zH=°ië "Í°#HË_È°)

KH
^Í×ìO^Îq ^Î°=îÞi ¬°|Ä=°à
G POã^Î Õ *ìux *ìQ®$`ÇO KÍ²# "³ò^Î\ ÷ *ìfÇ°w`ÇO - '²ìO^Î°=ô ì~ Z<ßmQ®u - =°O^Î=°`Ç° ÿá =¶@ä½ K³_È°^Î°~¡Ñ
R
J*ìý`Ç `³°Q®°Hq ~Ç°Qê 1901 Õ H$â ¬ãuH Õ JKÇó~òOk.
v Qê_KÇ~¡Á ¬ìi¬~ËÞ`Çë=°~=ô
G ~[=°Oã_ Õ L¬<¼ªä½ ãÀ~¡} K³Ok `Ç# L^¥¼Ç° tHÆ}ì ¬O¬Ö #°O_ |²ì+¬øiOKÇ|_Ok- Qê_KÇ~¡Á
¬ ì i¬ ~ ËÞ`Ç ë = °~=ô
G ì~¡` Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê Jï~¬° KÍÇ°|_ *ÿá°ïHo¤# q^¥¼i - Qê_KÇ~¡Á.
G POã^Î Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ *ìfÇ°Hì§#° U~æ@° KÍ²#"~¡° - (1910-=°zb¬@ßO) =O^Í=¶`Ç~¡

HùOÌeÁ ¬ì#°=°O`Ç~=ô
L^Î¼=°OÌá ã¬ì=O KÇ¶²# JO`Ç~ûfÇ° ¬O¦¬°@#° :

1. Wk³¶²Ç¶, W@bx F_OKÇ@O (1896),
2. [<£, ~¡¼#° F_OKÇ_ÈO (1904) POã^Î^Í×OÌá [<£ *ìfÇ°`Ç ã¬ì=O Zä½ø=Qê LOk.

G Pk¬î_ ªé=°<^Î~=ô ~²# - ''[<£ J<Í ãQ®O^ÎO ã¬[ Õ ãÀ~¡} HeyOzOk. N~O g~¡ã|¬ìàO-
KÇiã`ÇÑÑ
'[hÇ°OÑ <@HO ~¡zOK_È°.

G ~[=°Oã_ Õ H~¡}O Q®°<Íß×Þ~¡~=ô - ¬Þ^Íj ªé~#° ã~¡OaOK_È°, ~[=°Oã_ Hì§ä½ PiÖH ¬¬ðÇ°O KÍ§_È°.
G ¬O*ì, ì¬ìË~ Õ D L^Î¼=¶xß ã¬K~¡O KÍ¬°ë#ß 1907 Õ Jï~¬° KÍÇ°Qê uH± H$+² "Í°~¡ä½
ì ì[¬u~°
#=O|~ Õ q_È°^ÎKÍ§~¡°.
G 1908 Õ uH± öH¬i ¬ãuH Õ HH`ë ä½ã@öH¬° Õ LitHÆ#° ÚOk# ä½k~OÕ¹#° ã¬×O²Oz#O^Î°ä½Qê#°, ^Í×O Õ<Í
"³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê ~[ã^Ë¬ì x~Ë^ÎH KÇ@O ãH÷O^Î uH±#° Jï~¹ KÍ² =¶O_È è *ÿá°ä½ ¬O~¡°. (6 ¬OII tHÆ)
G 1909 q°O\Õ=¶ö~Á ¬O¬ø~¡} Õ ìQ®OQê öHOã^Î ~R Hê~¡¼x~Þ¬ìH =°O_È°Á Õ ì~¡fÇò ã^¥#¼`Ç ÌiyOk.
G öHOã^ÎHê~¡¼x~Þ¬ìH =°O_ÈeH÷ ZxßH~ò# "³ò^Î\ ÷ "_È° - S.P. ²<Ý
G q°O\Õ =¶ö~Á ¬O¬ø~¡}° '=ò²ÁOä½ ã¬`Í¼H öH\ì~òOKÇ_¨xß =¼uö~d¬¶ë HêOãïQ¹ <Ç°ä½°

x³¶[H =~¾#°Ñ
1909 ì¬ìË~ Õ =°^Î<£"³¶¬ì<£ =¶=¼ <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ f~àxOK~¡°.
Y
G ì~¡`Ç~[¼ Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅ =¶ö~Á `Ç~¡°"`Ç J`Çx ªÖ#O Õ Lord =Kó_È°. öHq
M
G 1911 _ÌO|~ Õ ãa\©+¹ ~A ì~¡`Ç ¬~¡¼@##° ¬ô~¡¬øiOKÇ°Hùx _ÌO|~ 11# _bÁ ^Î~Ä~¡° Õ ÿOQê q[##°
~¡^Î°í KÍ§~¡°.
95 E
G 5= *ìiû ì~¡`#° ¬O^ÎiÅOz# ¬=°Ç°O Õ çOì~ò Õ "Gateway of India" #° xiàOK~¡°.
9
59
D
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ã¬¬OKÇÇò^ÎO Õ ì~¡fÇ° Ìáxä½° =°~¡}÷OKÇ_¨xß ¬ô~¡¬øiOKÇ°ä½x "i *ìý¬Hê~¡ÖO _bÁ Õ "India gate" #°
xiàOK~¡°.
CA
50
G 5= *ì~ûä½ P¬ðÞ#O ¬°ä½`Ç¶ ~¡gOã^Î<^£~Q®¶~ w`xß ~§_È°.
'[#Q®}=°#Ñ
98
G ÿOQê q[#ä½ Hê~¡ä½_È~ò# "³áãª° - ì~ÛH~¡û<£
A
:8
G =O^Í=¶`Ç~¡ L^Î¼=°HêO <\÷ "³áãª° - q°O\Õ
G ÿOQê q[# ~¡^Î°í HêO<\÷ "³áãª° -

h
A E
2= ¬ðiÛO*
.P
G ÿOQê q[# HêO <\÷ ì~¡`Ç~[¼ Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅ - =¶ö~Á.

AB C
D
G ì~¡`Ç^Í× ~[^¥xx HH`ë #°O_ _bÁH÷ =¶ió# ì~¡`Ç ~[¼Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅ - (1912 =¶ió 22) ì~Û ãöHq
ER I
G 1911 _ÌO|~¡° 11 _bÁ ã¬H@# ^¥Þ~ ÿOQê #°O_ JªO, Xiª, c¬ð~, KË\ì<Q®¬î~#° "Í~¡°"Í~¡° ~ã°Qê
O
U~æ@°KÍ§~¡°.
CH
G 1935 ì~¡`Ç ã¬°`ÇÞKÇ@O ã¬Hê~¡O 1936 Õ Xiª ã¬`Í¼H~ROQê U~¡æ_Ok. a²<£KÇOã^Î ¬~¡¼@##° ¬ô~¡¬øiOKÇ°ä½x
YD
POã^¥ Õ [iy# 4 ã¬^¥# ¬O¦¬°@#°.

,H
1. ~[=°Oã_ Hì§ ¬O¦¬°@# (1907 Uã² 24) 2. HêH÷<_È ^ùg°à öH¬° (1907 "Í° 31)
3. HË@¬æHùO_È ¬O¦¬°@# (1909 ¦²ã|=i 18) 4. `³<e ìO|°öH¬° (1909 Uã² 16)
AM
T
v ~[=°Oã_ Hì§ ¬O¦¬°@# :

H
M
AM
G ã¬^¥# Hê~¡ä½_È° - (1883- 1960 H~¡¶ß°)

IG
Qê_KÇ~¡Á ¬ìi¬~ËÞ`Çë=°~=ô
KH
G W`Çx a~¡°^Î° - POã^ÎuH±.
G 1928 Õ #O^¥¼ Õ ¬ö~Þ¬eÁ ~^¥H$+¬â <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ [iy# POã^Î=°¬ð¬ ¬=¶"Í×O Õ

R
16= ^Î`Çë=°O_È ìä½ ~Ç°Ô=°
J<Í À~¡° Ì\÷#"~¡° - Qê_KÇ~¡Á.
G 1934 Õ Qê_KÇ~¡Á ''POã^ÎãQ®O^¥Ç° J^Î¼äÆ½_ÈÇ¶¼_È°.

¬O¬Öä½ÑÑ
G POã^Î^Í× ãQ®O^¥³¶^Î¼=° ²`=°¬_È° - HêQê D L^Î¼=¶xß =òO^Î°ä½ f¬°ä½"³o¤#k

''JÇ°¼OH÷ "³OH@~¡=°}Ç°¼ÑÑ
- Qê_KÇ~¡Á.
G POã^Î^Í×O Õ ²ìOn Q®°iOz Zä½ø=Qê ã¬K~¡O KÍ²#k -

ì+¬ Qê_KÇ~¡Á
G ~[=°Oã_ L^¥¼Ç° Hì§ ã²x¬ ¬ìO@~ 1907 Uã² 24# [~¡Q®ÕÍ° ¬sHÆ x~¡Þ¬ì}ïHá ã²x¬ =¶~ø¬ìO@~
Hùxß xÀ+^¥[ý#° qkOK_È°. D Hì§ ¬sHÆ Õ xÀ+^¥[ý LÁO¦¬°#ä½Qê#° Qê_KÇ~¡Á#°, ~=°KÇOã^Î~=ô#° Jï~¹
KÍ² *ÿá° Õ "Í§~¡°.
G POã^Î^Í×O Õ (ì~¡` Õ) "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê *ÿá°ïHo¤# q^¥¼iÖ - Qê_KÇ~¡Á.

v HêH÷<_È ^ùq°àöH¬° (1907 "Í° 31) :
G POã^Îã¬^Í ~[H©Ç¶ Õ "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ ãH÷q°# öH¬°.
G D ¬O¦¬°@#ä½ ã¬^¥# Hê~¡ä½_È° HêH÷<_È l ìÁ ã¬^¥# "³á^¥¼kHêi - _ÏI ïHO¹.
G _ÏI ïHO¹#° L^ÍítOz 'HùOÌeÁJ<Í "³°Ø#~ ì°_È°

H$â~=ôÑ J<Í ¬^¥xß ¬^Í¬^Í LKÇóiOKÇQê ïHO¬ô
'=O^Í=¶`Ç~¡OÑ
ì°_x z`ÇHìk éb¹À+¬<£ä½ f¬°ä½"³õë, ã¬[° ï~zóé~ò ïHO¬ô P¦Ô¹Ìá ^¥_KÍ² ^ÎÞO¬O KÍª~¡°.
G nx Õ ã¬^¥# xOk`Ç°_È° - Je²~ H©;#~¡²O¬ì~=ô, ì~¡°"³OH@<~Ç°}, Ì^ÎíÀ~¡Ç°¼, z#ßÀ~¡Ç°¼°. giÌá
<¼Ç° qK~¡} [iy ~¡¶.2,000/- [i=¶<#°, ïHO¬ôä½ ~¡¶.300/- [i=¶<#° qkOK~¡°.
G gi `Ç~¡¬ô# "kOz#k - <¼¬u ¬°ìÄ~=ô.
v HË@¬æHùO_È ¬O¦¬°@# (1909 ¦²ã|=i 18) :
Y
G Q®°O@¶~¡° l ìÁ #~¡ª~=ôÀ@ ¬g°¬O Õx ãO`ÇO - HË@¬æHùO_È - ã¬=òY Üá=öHÆã`ÇO.
G =°¬ðt=~ãu ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê [iöQ L`Ç"#° ¬ô~¡¬øiOKÇ°Hùx WKÇó@ä½ =zó# z#ß¬ï~_Û J<Í ï~á`Ç° Z^Î°íä½ ìsKsû
M
¬O^Î~¡ÄO Õ QêÇ°O HêQê ^¥xH÷ Hê~¡ä½_³á# éb¬°#° ^ÎO_OK_È°. nO`Ë Qù_È= "³ò^Î~ò¼Ok.
z#ß¬ï~_Û
G xÇ°OãuOKÇ_¨xH÷ =zó# SP ¬°ìÄ~=ôÌá ~×Ã¤ q²~~¡°. nx Õ W^Îí~¡° éb¬°°, W^Îí~¡° ²Á° =°~¡}÷OK~¡°.
95 E
9
59
G nxH÷ Hê~¡ä½_È° z#ß¬ï~_ÛQê ìqOz J`Ç_H÷ LitHÆ qkOK~¡°.
D
G `³<e ìO|° öH¬° ¬O¦¬°@#ä½ Hê~¡ä½_È° - K³#°ßQê_È°.
v `³<e ìO|° öH¬° (1909 Uã² 16) : CA

50
98
G nxH÷ ã¬^¥# Hê~¡ä½_È° K³#°ßQê_È° J<Í ¬ìi[# ì°_È°.
A
:8
G #Ok "³°Q®° ãQê=¶xH÷ K³Ok# D Çò=ä½_È° `³<e "³°`Ç¶ =^Îí ìO|°ÀQê =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
HOKÇ~¡Á ÿO
h
G nxH÷ Hê~¡ä½_È° KÇ°Hø¬eÁ ~=°Ç°¼, Hø~A |¬=Ç°¼, Hê@=°~A "³OH@~=ò_È°#° Jï~¹ KÍ§~¡°.
A E
.P
G gi `Ç~¡¬ô <¼Ç°"k - .
AB C
@OQ®°@¶i
D
v q¬Á"`ÇàH fã="^Î°° (1897-1931)

ER I
O
G HÆ ¼O : q¬Á"`ÇàH fã="^Î° ³òHø UïHáH HÆ ¼O POöQÁÇò#° ì~¡`Ç^Í×O #°Oz `Çiq°"ÍÇò@.
CH
¬^Î`Ç°° :
YD
1. q^Í§ ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë POöQÁÇò#° `Çiq°"ÍÇò@ä½ ã¬Ç°ußOKÇ°@.

,H
2. `Ç¬CKÍ²# POöQÁÇò#° ^ÎO_OKÇ°@.

3. ~¡¼ ³òHø x²ìe¹ (ÌáxH^Î×O) S~ÁO_£ ³òHø Ô<£Ì¦<£ (ÌáxH^Î×O) Ìáxä½ ìÁ ãa\©+¹ "iH÷ =¼uö~HOQê é~@O
AM
T
KÍÇò@.
H
M
4. ~¡HÆê|O^Î<£ è^¥ ~v L`Ç"#° x~¡Þ²ìOKÇ°@.

AM
IG
5. ~¡¬ì¬¼ ¬O¬Ö#° U~æ@° KÍÇò@.

KH
6. ¬ãuH° ªÖ²OKÇ°@ ("h =°Ok~, =~¡ë=¶# ~¡}hu, HË , ÇòQêO`Ç~

7. ¬ô¬ëHê° 8. Hêm=¶`Ç Z^Î°@ ×¬^ÎO KÍÇò@.
R
G q¬Á"`ÇàH fã="^¥xß ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ 2 ^Î×°Qê =s¾HiOKÇ=KÇ°ó. Jq

1) 1897-1919 2) 1919-1931
] "³ò^Î\ ÷ ^Î× : 1897-1919
1897 : KÀH~ ªé^Î~¡°° ÀÁQ· Hg°+¬<£ K³á~¡à<£ ~O_£, J`Çx JOQ®~¡HÆä½_È° ÿ¦²<³O\ JÇ°¼ï~¹#° ¬ì`Ç¼ KÍ§~¡°.
(KÀH~ ªé^Î~¡°° 1893 Õ ²ìO^Î¶ '^Î~¡à #° U~æ@° KÍ§~¡°).
¬O~¡H÷Æ}÷ ¬Ñ
1907 : HùO`Ç =°Ok q¬Á"`ÇàH fã="^Î°° ÿOQê Q®=~¡ß~#° ¬ì`Ç¼ KÍÇò@ä½ ã¬Ç°ußOK~¡°. Hêh q¦¬° ÿá<~¡°.
1908 : ã¬¬ô ìÁKH©, ä½_~"£° Õ¹ (15 ¬OII =Ç°¬°) =ò*ì¦¬~¬î~ [_û (<¼Ç°=üië) ¬ì`Ç¼
H÷OQ·¦é~Û#°
KÍÇò@ä½ ã¬Ç°ußOK~¡°. Hêh W^Îí~¡° =°²ì×° =°~¡}÷OK~¡°. nx`Ë `Ç##°`#° Hê°óHùx

ã¬¦¬ô ìÁKH©
P`Çà¬ì`Ç¼ KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°. ä½_~"£°Õ¹#° Lif§~¡°.

1909 Ja#"£ ì~¡` ªÚÌá\ ©H÷ K³Ok#
: <²H± [_û J~ò#
J#O`ÇHÆ à}Hê~øö~ (²Ì¦<£¬<£)#° B~¡OQêì^£
*ìH<£
=^Îí ¬ì`Ç¼KÍ§~¡°. nxx <²H±ä½ã@ *ìH<£ uH±#° 6 ¬OII *ÿá° tHÆ qkOK_È°.
1911 ^ÎH÷Æ} ì~¡`Ç ^Í×O Õ UïHáH fã="^Î ¬O¬Ö J~ò#
: #° hHO~¡ ã|¬ìàKs, =Op
ì~¡`Ç=¶`Ç Jªé²Í°+¬<£
JÇ°¼~ ªÖ²OK~¡°. =Op JÇ°¼~ u~¡°#`ÍÞe (`Çq°×<_È°) <¼Ç°=üië (Ç¶+¹)#° ¬ì`Ç¼ KÍ§_È°.
1912 ~*a¬ðs Õ¹, ¬z<£ ¬<¼ Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ 2= ¬ðiO*#° _bÁ Õx KOkhKñH± =^Îí ¬ì`Ç¼ KÍÇò@#°
:
ã¬Ç°ußOK~¡°. Hêh q¦¬° ÿá<~¡°. ~*a¬ðs Õ¹ [<£ä½ iéÇ¶_È°. `Ç~Þ`Ç HêO Õ ¬z<£¬<¼
HRA (Hindustan Republi Association) #° U~æ@° KÍ§_È°. (D ¬ì`Ç¼ ã¬Ç°`ÇßO - 1911 Õ ~[^¥x
HH`ë #°O_ _bÁH÷ =¶ió# ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê [iöQ L`Ç" Õ)
G 20= ×`| P~¡OO Õ q¬Á"`ÇàH fã="^¥xß J<ÍH "~ë ¬ãuH° |²ì~¡OQ®OQê ãé`Ç²ìOK~ò.
À~¡ ° ªÖ¬ä½_È°
Y
1) HË ¬~¡Or` (=°¬ð~R Õ =¶ã`Ç"Í°)
M
2) ¬O^Î¼ ã|¬ìà|O^Ë^¥¼Ç° (ÿOQê Õ)
3) ÇòQêO`Ç~ ¶ÀOã^Î<^£^Î`Çë (ÿOQê )
95 E
9
4) J=°$`Ç|*ì~ ¬ãuH ¬°j ä½=¶~ ¦¬°Õ+¹ (ÿOQê )
59
D
5) "h =°Ok~ ö~Oã^Îä½=¶~ ¦¬°Õ+¹ (ÿOQê )
CA
6) =~¡ë=¶# ~¡}hu sOã^Îä½=¶~ ¦¬°Õ+¹ (ÿOQê )
50
7) ¬~¡°ø ¼~-W-J*ìn ~=°<^Î ¬îs (ÿOQê )
98
8) _¨<£ ªÚÌá\ © ¬f+¹ =òYsû
A
:8
9) [Q®` q°ã`Ç, [Q®` ãÀ=° Z¹.Z¹.Q®OQ®¶e
h
10) [g°O^¥~ *ì¦¬~ JbMì<£

A E
.P
11) ¬~¡°¼~-W-J*ìn ~=°<^Î¬îi

AB C
D
v W`Ç~¡ fã="^Î ¬O¬Ö° :

ER I
O
1) HH`ë J#°j<¬q°u - nxx ªÖ²Oz#k - sOã^Îä½=¶~ ¦¬°Õ+¹, ã¬"³¶^£q°ã`. nx Õ J`Ç¼kHOQê =°²ì×°

CH
ç¾<ß~¡° (HH`ë)
YD
2) - nxx ªÖ²Oz#k ¬ôex c¬ðs^¥¹ (_¨Hê).

,H
_¨Hê J#°j<¬q°u
] ï~O_È= ^Î× 1919 [eÇ°<£" ììQ· ¬O¦¬°@# `Ç~Þ`Ç ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ q¬Á"`ÇàH fã="^ÎO.
AM
(1919-1931) :
T
fã=~¡¶¬=ò#° ^¥eóOk.
H
M
1924 ¬z<£¬<¼ , *ÕöQ+¹ KÇ@sû, ~Oã¬ª^£ a¬à , ¬pOã^¥<^£ H÷Æ°

: HRA #° ªÖ²OK~¡°.
Hê#¶æ~ =^Îí
AM
HRA ¬°¼° J~ò# ~"£°ã¬ª^£ a²à , ~*èOã^Î#¬ìi, ~Ë+¬<£²OQ·, J+¬æä½ ìÁ W`Çx

IG
1925 PQ®¬° 9 : HêHËiä½ã@ :

KH
(HO - ¬ìã¬¹, "i - W`Ç_È° LiHOìxß `Ç# ì~¡¼Qê ÔÞHiOK_È°.) ãa\©+¹ ï~á èÞ ªÚ=òà#° HêHËi
ãO`ÇO =^Îí ^ËKÇ°ä½<ß~¡°. `Ç~Þ`Ç #°Q®°~¡¶ Jï~¹ KÍÇ°|_ LifÇ°|_¨Û~¡°.
R
G ~*ã¬ª^£ a²à` "How Did America Win the Freedom" J<Í ¬ô¬ëHêxß ~¡zOK~¡°.
1927 _ÌO|~ 19 ~"£°ã¬ª^£ a¬à J¬æä½ ìÁMì<£° XöH~ËA XöH ¬=°Ç°O Õ "Í~¡°"Í~¡° *ÿá Õ Li fÇ°|_¨Û~¡°.
:
1928 ì¬ìÙ~ä½ã@ : Q®`²OQ·, ~*Q®°~¡°, KÇOã^ÎõY~ P*ì^£, ì¬ìÙ~ §O_È~#° ¬ì`Ç¼ KÍ§~¡°.
:
1929 Uã² _bÁ Õx ÌOã@ ÿlÀÁ\ ÷"£ JÌOcÁÌá Q®`²OQ·, ì`Ç°öH×Þ~^Î` (B.K. ^Î`) ^¥_KÍ§~¡°. (D
8 :
¬=°Ç°O Õ ÌOã@ ÿlÀÁ\ ÷"£ JÌOcÁ Õ ï~O_È° a°Á° P"³¶^ÎO ÚO^¥~ò.

1) Trade dispute Bill 2) Public Safety Bill
G H=ü¼x¬°ä½ J}÷z"ÍÇò@ä½, ãªæ\ ãa\©+¹ H=ü¼x¬° #° ì~¡`Ç^Í×O #°Oz WOQêÁO_È°ä½ ¬O¬ô@ Hù~¡ä½ D a°Á
ã¬"Í×Ì@|_¨Û~ò.
1929 [u<£^¥¹ ì¬ìÙ~ *ÿá° ¬O¬ø~¡} Hù~¡ä½ 63 ~ËA° x~¬ð~¡nHÆ KÍ² =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
:

1930 : ¬¶~¼À<£ z@QêOQ· éb¹ À+¬<£ Ìá ^¥_KÍ² PÇò^¥#° ^ùOyeOK_È°. nx<Í z@QêOQ· ä½ã@ JO\ì~¡°.
1931 ¦²ã|=i 27 : J¬ðì^£ Õx P¢ ÿæ_£ ~ø =^Îí POöQÁÇò° KÇOã^ÎõY~ P*ì^£#° =ò@_OKÇ°@ Hê~¡}=òQê
P*ì^£ P`Çà¬ì`Ç¼ KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
1931 : =¶ió 23= `Ín# Q®`²OQ· ~*Q®°~¡°, ¬°M^Í"£ ( ì¬ìÙ~ä½ã@ P^¥~¡OQê ¬¶~¡¼À<£ ªHÆ ¼O`Ë)#° Lif§~¡°.
Q®`²OQ· ~²# XH ¬ô¬ëHO WHY AM I AN ATHIEST, Q®=f KÇ~¡}"Ëã¬ì - ¦² ì¬Ô P¦¹ ìO|°,
².².ö~. - ²ì¬s P¦¹ ²ìO^Î¶ ïHq°¢Ô.
q^Í§ Õ q¬Á"`ÇàH fã="^ÎO

] §¼"£°r H$+¬â=~¡à :
Y
G W`Ç#° öHOãa_£û q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O Õ KÇ^Î°=ôä½<ß_È°.
G 1905 Õ Home Rule Society #° O_È<£ Õ ªÖ²OK_È°. nxx India House Jx ä_¨ JO\ì~¡°. nx ³òHø [~¡ß
M
Indian Socialogist.
95 E
G nx Õx =òY¼"³°Ø# ¬°¼° V.D.ª=~¡ø~, Jl`²OQ·, ì ì¬ì~^ÎÇ¶ "³ò^Î ÿá#"~¡°.
9
59
G ãa\©+¬µ "i J}÷z"Í`Ç Hê~¡}OQê §¼"£°r H$+¬â=~¡à India House ã¬^¥# öHOã^¥xß O_È<£ #°Oz i¹ä½ =¶~ó_È°.
D
] =°^Î<£ ì kOãQê :
CA
50
G W`Ç#° Mechanical Engineering KÇ^Î°=ô@ä½ O_È<£ä½ =Kó_È°.
98
G V.D. ª=~¡ø~ ã¬ì=O`Ë 1909 Õ H~¡û<£ qbÁ / Curzou willyx (WO_Ç¶ HÒx ¬¬ð^¥~¡°_È°) ¬ì`Ç¼KÍ§_È°.
A
:8
] q._.ª=~¡ø~ :
h
A E
.P
AB C
D
Q® ° ~¡ ° =ô : uH±
q<Ç°H ^¥"³¶^Î~ ª=~¡ø~

ER I
q._.ª=~¡ø~ :
O
a~¡ ° ^Î ° ° : g~, ÇòQ®¬ô~¡°+¹

ì~¡`Ç ã¬^Î=° ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼ ¬OãQê=°=ò
CH
¬ô¬ëHO :
YD
¬O¬Ö° : 1899 q°ã`Ç"Í°ì è^¥ Ja#"£ ì~¡` ªÚÌá\ © - 1904, #¶¼ WO_Ç¶ Jªé²Í°+¬<£ (O_È<£ Õ)
,H
G V.D. ª=~¡ø~ Ì¦~¡¶¾¬<£ Hì§ Õ KÇ^Î°=ôä½<ß_È°. u H± Q®°~¡°=ô - "¬°^Í=|ÞO` ø/_³ø.

AM
T
G O_È<£ Õ WO_Ç¶ House Õ ¬°¼_Qê KÍi q¬Á"`ÇàH fã="^ÎO "¼²ë KÍÇ°_ÈO Õ H©H ã`Ç é+²OK_È°.
H
M
G Grave working (¬=¶k ÌìKÇóiH) J<Í À~¡°`Ë H~¡¬ã`#° O_È<£ Õ ¬O²}© KÍ§_È°.
AM
G 1907 "Í° 10= `Ín# 1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@° "Í°-10 ³òHø ¬Þ~Ëâ`Ç"#° [~¡x x~¡â~òOK_È°. D ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê
IG
KH
=°~s ì+¬ Õ ''ì~¡`Ç^Í× ã¬^Î=° ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼ ¬OãQê=°OÑÑ J<Í ¬ô¬ëHêxß ~¡zOK_È°.

R
G 1909 <²H± ä½ã@ Õ V.D.ª=~¡ø~ ã¬^¥# xOk`Ç°_Qê À~ùø#|_ O_È<£ Õ Jï~¹ KÍÇ°|_¨Û~ò. (XHªi `Ç²æOKÇ°ä½#ß
`Ç~Þ`Ç ã¦<£ éb¬°° ãa\©+¹ä½ J¬æyOK~¡°.)
G nxÌá qK~¡} [iy V.D.ª=~¡ø~ä½ Ç¶#rû= tHÆ qkOKÇ|_#k.
G 1911 #°Oz 1924 =°^Î¼HêO Õ V.D. ª=~¡ø~ JO_È=¶<£ *ÿá° Õ x~¡ÄOkOKÇ|_<_È°.
G 1924 Õ HÆ=¶aHÆ HË~¡°@KÍ ("³°i ²\ ©+¬<£) V.D. ª=~¡ø~ q_È°^Î KÍÇ°|_¨Û_È°.
G =°¬ð~R Õ ²Ö~¡¬_ All India Hindu =°¬ð¬ Õ ¬°¼_Qê KÍ~_È°.
G 1938 Õ V.D. ª=~¡ø~ All India Hindu Mahababha ³òHø J^Î¼äÆ½_³á<_È°.
G QêOnr ¬ì`Ç¼öH¬° Õ 20= =ò^¥í~òQê À~ùø#|_¨Û_È°.

] "Í°_ÈO aHêrHê=¶ :
G D"³° sÅ =°²ì×.
G D"³° ^¥^¥ì° <ñ~Ël =^Îí Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅQê ¬xKÍ²#k.
G i¹ WO_Ç¶ ªÚÌá\ ©x ªÖ²Oz#k.
G `Ç ìÞ~, J<Í ¬ãuH#° ã¬KÇ°iOz#k.
=O^Í=¶`Ç~¡O
G 1907 Õ [~¡àh Õx ã¦OH±¦¬~Û Õx ¬\Qê~Û =^Îí ì~¡`Ç^Í× ãu=~¡â ¬`H=ò#° ZQ®°~¡"Í²#k. nx Õx ~¡OQ®°° Pä½¬KÇó,
¬¬°¬ô, Z~¡°¬ô.
G gö~Oã^Î<^£ KÇ\Õ^¥¼Ç° `Ç ìÞ~ J<Í ¬ãuHä½ ¬O^ÎH©Ç°O =²ìOK_È°.
v Q®^Î~ s u~¡°Q®°ì@° :

G Q®^Î~ J#Qê q¬Á=O.
Y
G nxx 1913 Õ #=O|~ 1 ì ì¬ì~ ^ÎÇ¶, ªé¬ì<£ ²OQ· |Hêß J"³°iHê Õx §<£ã¦xªéø Õ ªÖ²OK~¡°. L`Çë~¡
M
J"³°iHêYO_ÈO
G nx "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ J^Î¼äÆ½_È° - HêQê Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅ - HË§kHêi. nx öHOã^ÎO -
95 E
ªé¬ì<£²OQ·|Hêß ì ì¬ìi^ÎÇ¶ J"³°iHê.
9
G nx J¬° À~¡° Hindu Association of America
59
D
G nx ³òHø ¬ãuH Q®^Î~, nx x<^ÎO- JOãöQr~*Hê ^Î°+¹=°<£.
CA
G "³ò^Î\ÕÁ Q®°~¡°=òd, L~¡¶í ì+¬O Õ ã¬KÇ°~¡} JÍ°¼k `Ç~Þ`Ç J<ÍH ì+¬ Õ ã¬KÇ°~¡} J~òOk.
50
G 1914 Õ HùO`Ç =°Ok ì~¡fÇò#° Q®^Î~ s Õ KÍiæOKÇ°@ïHá
ìì¬~¡í` ²OQ· J<Í <ñH#° PöQßÇ°
HË=°Q®@=¶~¡°
98
P²Ç¶ #°Oz bAä½ ÚO^¥_È°.
A
:8
G HË=°Q®@=¶~¡° <ñH Õx L^Î¼=°Hê~¡°O^ÎiH© ïH#_¨ éb¬°°. "OHË=~ =^Îí (L`Çë~¡ J"³°iHê Jï~¬°KÍ² uiy ì~¡`ä½
h
¬O~¡°.)
A E
.P
G J<Í ãO`Ç=ò#ä½ D <ñH KÍ~¡°ä½Ok. 2= <ñH À~¡°

AB C
HH`ë ^ÎQ®¾~¡ |_£û |_£û `Ë¬=°~.

D
G J"³°iHê "³ò^Î\ ÷ ã¬¬OKÇ Çò^ÎO Õ ç¾#ß `Ç~Þ`Ç Q®^Îí~ s Hê~¡¼H ì#° 1918 Õ J}÷z"Í²#k. (²ìO^Î¶ä½ã@
ER I
^¥Þ~) P Hê~¡¼H ì#°

O
G Q®^Î~ s Õ KÍi# UïHáH `³°Q®°"_È° - ^ÎiÅK³OKÇÇ°¼.

CH
v Hê|¶ ä½ã@- 1915 :

YD
,H
G ~¡ø`Ç° ìÁMì<£, ^³á`Ç° ìÁMì<£, =°ÀìOã^Îã¬`¹ Hê|¶ ì~¡`Ç^Í× ``øeH ã¬°`ÇÞ=ò#° U~æ@° KÍ§~¡°.
Õ
G ~¡ø`Ç° ìÁMì<£ q+¬¼`Ç°ë ì~¡`Ç ã¬^¥xQê ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ|_¨Û_È°.

AM
T
"=°¬HÆê° (LEFTISTS)
H
M
AM
IG
G gi ã¬^¥# HÆ ¼=ò. PiÖH ªO¦Ô°H ¬=¶#`ÇÞ=ò#° f¬°Hùx ~=_ÈO.

KH
G INC Õx [=¬ì~ ì <³ã¬ú, ¬°ì+¹ KÇOã^ÎÕ¹, HêOãïQ¹ ªé+¬e¬° s "=°¬HÆê ì" Hù~¡ä½ ã¬Ç°ußOK~ò.
R
G INC "³°¬ CPI, SA _ÖöQ, =ò*ì¦¬~ J¬ìà^£, P²¦¹ ¬À<£ ¬ì²Þ "³ò^ÎQ®°"~¡° "=°¬HÆê ì"Hù~¡ä½
é~@O KÍ§~¡°.
] [=¬ì~ ì <³ã¬ú (1889-1964) :
[##O : 14-11-1889
a~¡ ° ^Î ° ° : ¬O_`, KK, #=ì~¡`Ç x~à`Ç
¬ô¬ëHê° : DISCOVERY OF INDIA
GLIMPSES OF WORLD HISTORY
SOVIAT ASIA
WITHER INDIA (U k× Õ ¬~òx¬°ëOk.)

G 3 ª~¡°Á INC H÷ J^Î¼äÆ½_³á# ï~O_È= =¼H÷ë J.L.<³ã¬ú (J.L.<³ã¬ú) ªÞ`ÇOã`¼xH÷ =òO^Î° 3 ª~¡°Á, ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼O `Ç~Þ`Ç 3
ª~¡°Á "³ò`ÇëO 6 ª~¡°Á INC J^Î¼äÆ½_È°)
G 1929 INC ¬=¶"Í×O Õ J.L. <³ã¬ú J^Î¼HÆ`Ç# 3 ã¬^¥# f~à<° P"³¶kOKÇ|_¨Û~ò. Jq :
ì¬ìË~
2) §¬<ËÁO¦¬°# L^Î¼=¶xß ã~¡OaOKÇ°@, 3) ã¬u ¬OII [#=i 26# ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼ k#OQê [~¡°¬ô@.
1) ¬î~¡â¬Þ~*,
G 1930 [#=i 26#° "³ò^Î\ ÷ ªiQê ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼ k#OQê [i~¡°.

G 1936 HËß INC ¬=¶"Í×=ò#ä½ <³ã¬ú J^Î¼äÆ½_È° D ¬=¶"Í×O Õ ª=°¼"^ÎO (ªé+¬e[O) J<Í ¬^ÎO "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê
x~¡ÞzOKÇ|_#k.
G 1937 Ì¦á*ì¬î~ (=°¬ð~R) INC ¬=¶"Í×=ò#ä½ J^Î¼äÆ½_È°.
<³ã¬ú
G INC ¬=¶"Í§° [iy# UïHáH -

ãQê=°O q°Q®`=hß ¬@}ì Õ [iQê~ò.
Ì¦á*¬î~
G 1937 ZxßH Õ "³ò`ÇëO 11 ~¢ Õx 8 ~ã Õ <³ã¬ú J^Î¼HÆ`Ç# INC q[Ç°O ªkOzOk.
G 1938 Õ U~æ@° KÍÇ°|_# Planning committee H÷ <³ã¬ú J^Î¼äÆ½_È°.
Y
G 1946 _ÌO|~¡° 13= `Ín# ''HÆê¼° f~à#OÑÑ <³ã¬ú ~*ì¼OQ® ¬i+¬` Õ ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
M
G P^Í×¬¶ã`° ~*ì¼OQ®O Õ LO_¨x <³ã¬ú À~ùø<ß_È°.
G 1919 KÇ@O#° - Old wine in the new bottle, 1935 KÇ@O#° - A charter of slavery, We are provided by
95 E
a car, All breaks & no engine.
9
59
D
v ¬°ì+¹ KÇOã^ÎÕ¹ (1897-1945) :
23-1-1897 (H@H±) Zq°eÌ+OH÷ (1937 Õ q"¬ìO)
CA
50
[##O : ì ~¡ ¼ :
18-8-1945 The Indian Freedom Struggle

98
=°~¡ } O : ¬ô¬ëH=ò :
A
<Í`r (1928 =°ã^¥¹ ¬=¶"Í×O Õ W=Þ|_Ok)
a~¡°^Î° :
:8
*ì#H©<^£ Õ¹ Young India.
h
`ÇOã_ : "~ë ¬ãuH :
A E
.P
`Ç e Á : ã¬ì=f^Íq ~[H©Ç° ².P~.^¥¹

Q®°~¡°=ô :
AB C
D
G ¬°ì+¹ KÇOã^ÎÕ¹ XH ICS JkHêi. ICS ä½ ~r<=¶ KÍ² *ìfÇ° L^Î¼=°O Õ JuH©HOQê ç¾<ß_È°.
ER I
G 1938 INC ¬=¶"Í×=ò#° ¬°ì+¹ KÇOã^ÎÕ¹ J^Î¼äÆ½_Qê Z#°ßHË|_¨Û_È°. D ¬=¶"Í×O Õ ì~¡`Ç ^Í§xH÷ XH
O
¬ìi¬ô~¡
ã¬}ìoHê LO_¨x "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê _=¶O_£ KÍ§_È°. D ¬=¶"Í×O Õ<Í "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê
¬O¦¬°O ''ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼OÑÑ
CH
J<Í ¬^ÎO x~¡Þ²ìOKÇ|_#k. (¬OªÖ<° ä_¨ KÍ~¡ó|_¨Û~ò.)

YD
G 1939 INC ¬=¶"Í×O Õ ¬°ì+¹ KÇOã^ÎÕ¹ QêOn J¼iÖ J~ò# _ÏI ¬\ìa Ô`~=°Ç°¼#° F_Oz J^Î¼äÆ½_È°
ãu¬ôi
,H
JÇ¶¼_È°. `Ç~Þ`Ç Hùxß Hê~¡}ìKÍ ¬°ì+¹ KÇOã^ÎÕ¹ INC J^Î¼HÆ ¬^ÎqH÷ ~r<=¶ KÍ² J<Í sx
'¦~¡Þ~Û ìÁH±Ñ
AM
T
ªÖ²OK_È°. Hêh ãa\©+¹ "iKÍ Q®$¬ì x~¡ÄOkOKÇ|_¨Û_È°.

G nx Õ KÍi# UïHáH POã^Î°_È° - (POã^Î<Í`l)
H
M
=°^Î¶íi J#ß¬î~¡âÇ°¼.
G Hê|¶b "Í+¬O Õ Q®$¬ì x~¡ÄO^ÎO #°Oz |Ç°@¬_ =òO^Î°Qê Hê|¶ KÍ~¡°ä½<ß_È°. `Ç~Þ`Ç ~¡¼, [~¡àh KÍ~¡°ä½<ß_È°.
AM
IG
G [~¡àh Õ ²ì@Á~ ¦¬°#ªÞQ®`ÇO ¬eHê_È°. ([~¡àh Õ "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ ªiQê ¬°ì+¹ KÇOã^ÎÕ¹ <Í`r Jx ²°=|_¨Û_È°)
Õ¹ä½
KH
G ²ì@Á~ ¬¬ð"Í°~¡ä½ ¬°ì+¹ KÇOã^ÎÕ¹ [~¡à<£ ¬"³°ï~á<£ Õ [<£ KÍ~¡°ä½<ß_È°.

R
G [<£ Õ ~+¹ a¬ðsÕ¹ INA #° (Indian National Army) ¬°ì+¹ KÇOã^ÎÕ¹ä½ J¬æyOK_È°. (INA #° ªÖ²Oz#k
- "³¶¬ì<£ ²OQ·, )
x~¡O[<£y
G ¬°ì+¹ KÇOã^ÎÕ¹ INA #° ¬ô#~=Þ=ÔÖHiOz ''J*ì^£ Qê À~ùø<ß_È°.

²ìO^£ ¦Ï*ÑÑ
G ~¡ìh J<Í XH =°²ìì ~ ï l"³°O@°#° U~æ@° KÍ§_È°. D il"³°O@° ³òHø "³ò@"ò³ ^Î\ ÷ =°²ìì Hï Ì<£ - H©;Ì¬ìQ® .
G 1930 *ÿá° Õ LO_ÈQê<Í HH`ë JÇ¶¼_È°.

"Í°Ç°~
G 1931 Õ <Í`r AITUC H÷ J^Î¼äÆ½_ÈÇ¶¼_È°.

G S.C. Õ¹ D ãH÷Ok x<^¥#° WKó_È°.
1) *ÿá²ìO^£ 2) KÇ Õ _bÁ
3) <ä½ XH ~¡Hë¬ô ç@° W=ÞO_. <Í#° g°ä½ ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼O Wªë#°. (1943 ²OQ®¬î~ Õ)
4) Unity, Agreement, Sacrifice.

G JO_È=¶<£ xHËì~ n=ô#° PãHq°OKÇ°Hùx "@x +¬Ôì^£, ¬Þ~*°Qê À~ùø<ß_È°. ÕH<^Î<£ g\÷H÷ Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ Qê
xÇ°q°OKÇ|_¨Û_È°.
G ì~¡`Ç^Í× ``øeH ã¬°`ÇÞ=ò#° ²OQ®¬î~, ~¡OQ®¶<£ Õ U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
G 1942 "Í° 27# ²ì@Á~#° He§_È°.
G <Í`r ÌáQê<£ Z~ò~é~¡° =^Îí PQ®¬° 17# ZH÷ø# q=¶#O - q°@°a+²-21
G <Í`r ²OQ®¬î~ #°O_ \ÕHË¼ "³°`Ç¶ ¦~ùà*ì Õx =^Îí 1945 PQ®¬° 18# [iy# q=¶# ã¬=¶^ÎO Õ
`³á"<£
=°~¡}÷OK_È°.
G PQ®¬° 22# ö~_³¶ \ÕHË¼ <Í`r =°~¡}"~¡ë#° ã¬H\ ÷OzOk.
G <Í*ìr =°~¡}OÌá qK~¡} [i²# Hq°\©°-3
1. <Ç°* Hq°\© 2. YsªÁ Hq°\© 3. [Ô¹ =òYsû Hq°\÷
G D§#¼ ~ã PãH=°}ïHá [<£ |Ç°°^Íi#¬C_È° INA Ìáxä½° "i`Ë KÍ~~¡°. Hêh =¶~¡¾=°^Î¼O Õ [<£ Ìáxä½_È°
Y
INA Ìáxä½#° J==¶xOKÇ°@KÍ "~¡° L`¬ðxß HË ÕæÇ¶~¡°. D§#¼ ~ã PãH=°} q¦¬"³°Ø#k. INA Ìáxä½°
M
¬@°|_¨Û~¡°.
G giÌá 1945 Õ INA qK~¡} è^¥ Zã~¡HË@ qK~¡} [iy#k.
95 E
9
59
G 1945 Õ ¬°ì+¹ KÇOã^ÎÕ¹ `³á"<£ q=¶# ã¬=¶^ÎO Õ =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
D
v HêOãïQ¹ ªé+¬e¬° s :
CA
50
G nxx 1934 Õ çOì~ò Õ PK~¡¼ #ö~Oã^Î^Í"£, ("³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅ) ~"£°=°<Ë¬ì<£ Õ²ìÇ¶, [Ç°ã¬Hê+¹ <~Ç°},
98
q°#¶ß=°ªx ªÖ²OK~¡°.
A
:8
G g~¡° INC `Ë LO@¶<Í "=°¬HÆ ì" "¼²ë Hù~¡ä½ ã¬Ç°ußOK~¡°.
h
G g~¡° 1942 H÷Þ\ WO_Ç¶ L^Î¼=° HêO Õ H©H"³°Ø# ã`Ç é+²OK~¡°.

A E
.P
v
AB C
D
C.P.I (Communist party of India ) :

ER I
G 1920 Õ M.N. ~° ("³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ ~_He¹) W`Çx J¬°À~¡° #ö~Oã^Î<^£ \ìK~¡¼. C.P.I #° LÿûH÷ªë<£ ~[^¥x
O
J~ò# `Ì+øO\ =^Îí ªÖ²OK_È°.

G W`Ç#° Vanguard J<Í ¬ãuH#° ã¬KÇ°iOK_È°.
CH
G Wk ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ ä=ü¼x¬° ¬ãuH

YD
G W`Ç#° India in Transition J<Í ¬ô¬ëHêxß ~¡zOK_È°.

,H
G 1925 Õ J<ÍH =°Ok H=ü¼x¬°° Hê#¶æ~ Õ CPI #° =°~¡ ì ªÖ²OK~¡°. nx Õ H©Hã`Ç é+²Oz#k. ¬`Ç¼Hë.
AM
T
v S.A. _ÖöQ :
H
M
QêOn ÿx<£ k ªé+¬e¬°

AM
¬ô¬ëH=ò : "~ë ¬ãuH :

IG
"~ë¬ãuH° : HêOãïQ¹, WOH÷Þ ì

P²¦¹ ¬À<£ ¬ì²Þ :
KH
=ò*ì¦¬~ ¬ãuH° : #=ÇòQ·, ìOQ®~

J¬ìà^£ :
|Onr=<£ J<Í ¬ô¬ëHêxß ~¡zOK_È°.

R
¬z<£¬<¼ :
G 1934 A ÿá 23# ².².S.Ìá xÀ+^ÎO qkOK~¡°.

G 1942 A ÿá 23# ².².S.Ìá xÀ+^ÎO Zuë"ÍÇ°|_Ok.
QêOnÇòQ®O (1919-47)
G ¬îië À~¡° "³¶¬ì<£^¥¹ H~¡"£°KÇO^£ QêOn.
G 1869 JHË|~¡° 2 H~¡"£° KÇO^£QêOn, ¬ôubì~òä½ Q®°[~` Õx é~¡°|O^Î~ Õ [xàOK_È°.
G 1883 Õ `Ç# 13= Í°@ 14 ¬OII H¬¶ë~Ä q"¬ì=¶_¨_È°.
=°MìOrx
G QêOnrx WOQêÁO_£ "³o¤ ìi¬~ KÇ^Î==°x ¬¶zOz#k - =°Or^Î"Í.

] a~¡°^Î°° :
1) *ìu²`Ç - ¬°ì+¹KÇOã^ÎÕ¹ WKó_È°.
2) =°¬ð`à - ~¡gOã^Î<^£ ~Q®¶~ WKó_È°. QêOnr ~¡gOã^Î<^£~Q®¶~#° 'Q®°~¡°^Í"£Ñ Jx ã¬ÕkOK_È°.
3) ì¬îr - [=¬ì~ ì <³ã¬ú WKó_È°.
4) Hï [á ~-W-²ìO^£ (1915) ãa\©+" ¹ ~¡° (²ìO^Î°ªÖ<£ KÇãH=ië) nxx ¬ð¬ Ç° x~H~}
¡ L^Î¼=°HêO Õ (1921) `Ç¼lOK~¡°.
5) J~¡#Q®ß ¦¬H©~- q<£¬<£ KÇió
6) ì~¡`Ç^Í× ²O¬ìO - ãa\©+¹"~¡° 7) ì° - ªÏ`ã¦²Hê ã¬[°
] "~ë¬ãuH° :
1) Indian opinon (^ÎH÷Æ}ìã¦²Hê Õ) 2) ¬ìi[<£ - (Q®°[~f)
3) Young India (WOwÁ+¹) 4) #=r=<£ - Q®°[~f, ²ìOn =¶¬¬ãuH
] ¬ô¬ëHê° :
Y
1) The story of my experiments with truth 2) Indian Struggle
M
3) Conquest of self rule 4) Hind Swaraj 5) Satyagraha
95 E
] ¬O¬Ö° :
9
59
1) ¬|~¡àu(Q®°[~`-1915), "~, x"Ík`Ç Pã×=¶° (=°¬ð~R)
D
2) All India Spinners Association
3) All India Depressed Class Association
CA
50
4) ¦Ô<³H±Hêh, \ì ª°¦~à (ªÏ`ã¦²Hê)
98
A
] QêOn t+¬µ¼~×Ã¤ :
:8
1) g°~ÿ¬ì<£ (=°_Íe<£ÀÁ_Í) 2) ¬~¡×ÿ¬ì<£ (Hê¼i<£ "Í°i²ì ) 3) J#¬¶Ç° ÿ¬ì<£
h
A E
.P
v ^ÎH÷Æ}ìã¦²Hê Õ QêOnr L^Î¼=°O :

AB C
D
G QêOnr ^¥_Í J|° ìÁ ³òHø "¼~¡ KÇ@¬~¡"³°Ø# ¬=°¬¼#° ¬i+¬øiOKÇ°@ïHá XH ¬O=`Ç~¡O HêOã\ìä½ Ìá# 1893 Õ
ER I
^ÎH÷Æ}ìã¦²Hêä½ KÍ~¡°ä½<ß_È° -
O
QêOnr.
G ^ÎH÷Æ}ìã¦²Hê L#ß *ìu q=HÆ`Ç#° KÇ¶²# QêOnr 1 ¬OII xH÷ |^Î°° 22 ¬OII ^ÎH÷Æ}ìã¦²Hê Õ LO_éÇ¶_È°.
CH
YD
G ^ÎH÷Æ}ìã¦²Hê Õ QêOnr L^Î¼=¶xß 2 ^Î×°Qê qlOKÇ=KÇ°ó#°. Jq

1. 1893-1906 - "³ò^Î\ ÷^Î× 2. 1906-1915 - ï~O_È=^Î×
,H
] "³ò^Î\ ÷ ^Î× :
AM
T
G q°`Ç"^Î ^Î× D ^Î× Õ QêOnr ãa\©+¬µ "iH÷ ²\ ©+¬#°Á ¬OÀ"_È°.

:
H
M
G D ^Î× Õ<Í 1894 Õ Indian opinion J<Í ¬ãuH#°, <@ WO_Ç°<£ HêOãïQ¹#° NATAL ªÖ²OK_È°.
AM
] ï~O_È= ^Î× :
IG
KH
G ã¬u¦¬°@# ^Î× 1906 Õ ãa\©+¹ ^ÎH÷Æ}ìã¦²Hê ã¬°`ÇÞ=ò ilãÀ+¬<£ KÇ>=ò#° ã¬"Í×Ì\÷Ok. nx ã¬Hê~¡O ^ÎH÷Æ}ìã¦²
:
Hê Õx ã¬u P²Ç¶"² `Ç# "Íe =òã^Î`Ë XH ¬i¦²ïH\#° ÚO^¥e.

R
G D ¬i¦²ïH\ Õ =¼H÷ëQ®`Ç ¬=¶K~¡O LO@°Ok.

G nxH÷ =¼uö~HOQê QêOnr "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê 1906 Õ ¬`¼ãQ®¬ðxß ã~¡OaOK_È°.
G `Ç~Þ`Ç D il¢À+¬<£ KÇ@O "³#°Hä½ f¬°HË|_#k.
G 1913 Õ ãa\©+¹ ^ÎH÷Æ}ìã¦²Hê ã¬°`ÇÞO ï~O_È° KÇ\ì#° ã¬"Í×Ì\÷Ok. Jq
1. ãH©²Ç°<Í`Ç~¡ `Ç~¡¬ð Õ [iy# q"¬ì=ò° ~¡^Î°í J=ô`~ò.
2. ¬ï~á# ¬ã`° èä½O_¨ ^ÎH÷Æ}ìã¦²Hê Õ ã¬"ÍtOz# P²Ç¶ "¬°Ìá 3 ¦ÏO_ÈÁ ¬#°ß qkOKÇ°@.
G D KÇ\ìä½ =¼uö~HOQê 1913 Õ QêOnr 2=ªi ¬`¼ãQ®¬ðxß KÍ¬\ì_È°.
G J¬æ\÷ ãa\©+¹ ^ÎHÆ}ìã¦²Hê Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ ¬à\QêOnr Jï~¹ KÍÇ°|_¨Û_È°. (WHø_È 2= ¬ðiÛO*)
G 1915 Õ ¬à\ QêOnrx q_È°^Î KÍ§_È°.

G 1915 [#=i 9= `Ín# QêOnr ì~¡`ä½ KÍ~¡°ä½<ß_È°. (7# |Ç°°^Íi) (QËY è J¼~¡Ö#Ìá)
G QêOnr ^ÎH÷Æ}ìã¦²Hê Õ ¬`¼ãQ®Ôì ä½@°Oì Hù~¡ä½ ¦²xH±Hêh#° ã\ì<£" Õ U~æ@° KÍ§_È°. (nx Õ QêOnrH÷
¬¬ìHiOz#k [~¡à<£ ^Í×¬°Ö_È° J~ò# ) J ÿ<£ÿH±
G ^ÎH÷Æ}ìã¦²Hê Õ QêOnrx ì° Jx ²eKÍ"~¡°.
v ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ QêOnr L^Î¼=¶° :

1915 : QËY è ²°¬ô "Í°~¡ä½ QêOnr [#=i 9= `Ín# ì~¡`Ç ^Í§xH÷ uiy =Kó_È°. JO^Î°=Á<Í [#=i 9#°
ã¬"¬ ì~¡fÇ° k"¹Qê ã¬H\ ÷OK~¡°. J¬æ\÷ ì~¡` Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ - 2015 [#=i 92= ¬ðï~ÛO*.
<\÷H÷ QêOnr ì~¡`ä½ =zó 100 ¬OII~ J~ò# Hê~¡}OQê NRI. Day #° QêOn#Q®~ Õ x~¡Þ²ìOK~¡°.
nxH÷ J^Î¼HÆ`Ç =²ìOz#k _Ë< Û s=¶~¡~ (Q®Ç¶<).
¬|~¡àf Pã×=¶xß Q®°[~` Õx J¬ìà^¥ì^£ =^Îí ªÖ²OK_È°.
Y
1916 :
G 1917 KÇO~¡<£ ¬`¼ãQ®¬ìO :
M
1917 : KÇO~¡<£ ¬`¼ãQ®¬ì c¬ð~ Õx KÇO~¡<£ ãO`ÇO Õ u<£HkÇ¶ (3/20) q^¥#O LO_Ík. nx Hê~¡}OQê
95 E
KÇO~¡<£ ï~á`Ç°° J<ÍH ¬=°¬¼#° Z^Î°~ùø<Í"~¡°.
9
59
G ~*ä½=¶~ ×ÃHêÁ HËß #°Oz QêOnrx KÇO~¡<£ ãO`xß ¬O^ÎiÅOKÇ =²#kQê ²°¬ôxKó_È°.
D
G ~*èOã^Îã¬ª^£, =°¬ð^Í"£^Í§°, PK~¡¼ H$¬ ìh "³ò^ÎQ®° "i`Ë |Ç°°^Íi QêOnr KÇO~¡<£ KÍ~¡°ä½<ß_È°.
G
CA
Hêh KÇO~¡<£ l ìÁ Ç°OãÒQ®O QêOnrÌá xÀ+^Î P[ý#° qkOzOk. "³O@<Í QêOnr ¬`¼ãQ®¬ðxß ã~¡OaOK_È°.
50
G KÇO~¡<£ ã¬[° QêOnr ³òHø ¬`¼ãQ®¬ìO Õ KÍ~~¡°. nxH÷ Ç°¬_# KÇO~¡<£ l ìÁ Ç°OãÒQ®O. QêOnrÌá L#ß
98
A
xÀ+^Î P[ý#° Zuë"Í², QêOnrx XH ¬°¼xQê KÍ¬¶ë ãu¬¼ Hq°\©x U~æ@° KÍ²#k.
:8
G D Hq°\© x"ÍkH P^¥~¡OQê KÇO~¡<£ Õ f<£HkÇ¶ q^¥#O ~¡^Î°í KÍÇ°|_#k.
h
A E
.P
G [q°O^¥~¡°° KÇ@=¼uö~HOQê =¬¶° KÍ²# ¬#°ß Õ 25% ¬#°ß#° ï~á`Ç°ä½ uiy WKÇ°ó@ä½ JOwHiOK~¡°. Wk
AB C
ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ QêOnr ³òHø "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ q[Ç°O.

D
ER I
1918 Mè^¥ L^Î¼=°O (Q®°[~`) 1917 Õ Q®°[~` Õx Mè^¥ Õ ¬O@ kQ®°|_ èHé=ô@KÍ P ¬O=`Ç~¡O t¬°ë
:
O
=¬¶° KÍÇ°ä_È^Îx Mè^¥ L^Î¼=¶xß KÍ¬\ì_È°.

"³¶¬ì<£ ì O_¨¼
CH
1918 Õ QêOnr D L^Î¼=¶xH÷ <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO =²ìOK_È°. (1918 "³ò^Î\ÕÁ) nx`Ë Mè^¥ Õ ¬#°ß =¬¶°#° ~¡^Î°í
YD
KÍÇò@ä½ ãa\©+¹ JOwHiOzOk.

,H
] 1918 : J¬ìà^¥ì^£ q°°Á q°°Á Hêiàä½° "Í`Ç< ÌO¬ô^ÎHË¬O ¬"³°à KÍ¬\ì~¡°.

Hêiàä½ ¬"³°à :
AM
T
G JHø_È ÀÁQ®° "¼k ¬OqOz#¬C_È° ãa\©+¹ ã¬°`ÇÞO Hêiàä½ r`#° 75% ÌOzOk P `Ç~Þ`Ç =¶=ü° r`°
H
M
Wªë=°<ß~¡°.
AM
G QêOnr D ¬"³°àä½ ¬^Îu ã¬H\ ÷¬¶ë J<Í J²ìOª PÇò^¥xß L¬³¶yOK_È°.

IG
"³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê P=°~¡} x~¬ð~¡nHÆ
G nx`Ë q°°Á Ç¶[=¶#¼O 35% "Í`Ç<#° ÌOz#k.

KH
] 1919 Õ [iy# =òY¼"³°Ø# ¬O¦¬°@#° :

R
1) 1919 ~Ò` KÇ@O : nx J¬°À~¡° The anarchial & Revolutionary crime Act.
JO§° 1) "³ò^Î\ ÷ ã¬¬OKÇ Çò^ÎHêO Õ J=° ÕÁ L#ß J`Ç¼=¬~¡ KÇ\ì° JxßÇü Hù#ªyOKÇ|_ë.
:
2) J#°=¶x`Ç°#° Jï~¬°KÍ² ï~O_È° ¬O=`Ç~@° x~¡ÄOkOKÇ=KÇ°ó.

3) qK~¡} Hù~¡ä½ ã¬`Í¼H"³°Ø# HË~¡°#° U~æ@° KÍÇ°=KÇ°ó.
G ~Ò` Hq°\©H÷ =°~ùH À~¡°- Sedition committee.
G 1917 ãa\©+¹ ã¬°`ÇÞO ¬~²_ß~Ò` J^Î¼äÆ½_È° 4Q®°~¡° ¬°¼`Ë Hq°\©x U~æ@° KÍ²Ok.
G D KÇ@O 1919 =¶ió 21# J=°° ÕH÷ =zóOk.
G D ~Ò` KÇ\ìxß JO\ì~¡°.
''ìÁH±Ç¶H±ÑÑ
G ~Ò` KÇ\ìxß =¼uö~HOQê 1919 Uã² 6 ^Í×=°O` [~¡Qêx QêOn ²°¬ôxKó_È°.

'¬ð~ë Ñ

2) 1919, Uã²Ç° 13 : [eÇ°<£ " ììQ· ¬O¦¬°@# :
G ~Ò` KÇ\ìxH÷ =¼uö~HOQê ì~¡`Ç^Í×O JO`Ç\ì L^Î¼=¶° KÍ¬@|_¨Û~ò.
G J=°$`¬~ Õ D L^Î¼=¶xH÷ <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO =²ìOz#k gi^Îíih ãa\©+¬µ"~¡° Jï~¬° KÍ§~¡°.
Ìá¦¬ôní<£ H÷KÇ¶Á, ¬`Ç¼
G ¬O*ì Q®=~¡ß~ J~ò# "³°ØMèJ=°$`¬~ ãO`xß [#~¡ _ÈÇ¶¼~ä½ J¬æyOK_È°.

X._ÈÇ°¼~
G J=°$`¬~ Õ ¬=¶"Í×=ò° U~æ@° KÍÇ°ä_È^Îx [#~¡ _ÈÇ°¼~ xÀ+^Î P[ý#° *ìs KÍ§_È°.
G Uã² 13# `Ín ("³á§Y)# `Ç=° <Ç°ä½ Jï~¬°#° YO_OKÇ°@ïHá J=°$`¬~ Õx
ÿá§v Õ ''[eÇ°<£ " ììQ·ÑÑ
¬=¶"Í×O JQ®°@ä½ ã¬[° x~¡â~òOK~¡°.

G Uã² 13# ã¬[° [eÇ°<£ " ììQ· Õ 20,000 =°Ok ¬=¶"Í×=°Ç¶¼~¡°. [#~¡ _ÈÇ°¼~ [eÇ°<£ " ììQ·ä½
KÍ~¡°Hùx Z@°=O\÷ ÌìKÇóiH *ìs KÍÇ°ä½O_¨ 10 xII@° Hê°æ° [i²OK_È°. Hùxß =O^Î =°Ok KÇO¬|_¨Û~¡°.
(D Hê°æ° [~¡°¬ô`Ç°#ß¬C_È° ã¬¬Oy¬°ë#ß =¼H÷ë - ¬ì<£~*) S.Z<£.². =°~¡}÷Oz#@°ÁQê ã¬H\ ÷OzOk.
1000 =°Ok
Y
G [eÇ°<£ " ììQ· ¬O¦¬°@#ä½ x~¡¬#Qê `Ç#
~¡gOã^Î<^£~Q®¶~ J<Í a~¡°^Î°#° ãa\©+¹ uiy Wzó"Í§_È°.
'¬~Ñ, <³á\¬_£
G [eÇ°<£" ììQ· ¬O¦¬°@# `Ç~Þ`Ç [#~¡ _ÈÇ°¼~ J=°$`Ç¬~ Õ ã¬H\ ÷Oz, Ju ãä~`ÇàHOQê
M
=¶~¡Â KÇ\ìxß
J=°$`Ç¬~ ã¬[#° J}÷z"Í§_È°.
95 E
G 1919 Õ D ¬O¦¬°@#Ìá ãa\©+¹ ã¬°`ÇÞO xÇ°q°Oz#k.
¬ìO@~ Hg°+¬<£
9
59
G ¬ìO@~ Hg°+¬<£ [#~¡ #° x~Ë+²Qê À~ùø#ßk.
D
_ÈÇ°¼~
G =°¬ðà`àQêOn ¬ìO@~ Hg°+¬<£#° White wash Jx À~ùø<ß_È°.

G _ÈÇ°¼~, [#~¡ _ÈÇ°¼~#° ¬ì`Ç¼ KÍÇò@ä½
CA
J<Í =¼H÷ë O_È<£#° KÍ~¡°ä½<ß_È°. [#~¡ _ÈÇ°¼~ J¬æ\÷öH
50
L^ÎO²OQ·
=°~¡}÷OKÇ_ÈO`Ë 1940 Õ "³°ØMè X._ÈÇ°¼~#° L^ÎO²OQ· ¬ì`Ç¼ KÍ§_È°.
98
[#~¡ _ÈÇ°¼~ [eÇ°<£" ììQ· ¬O¦¬°@# `Ç~Þ`Ç Depender of British Empire in India J<Í a~¡°^Î°#° ÚO^¥_È°.
A
G
:8
G 1919-d ì¦¬` L^Î¼=°O "³ò^Î\ ÷ ã¬¬OKÇ Çò^ÎO `Ç~Þ`Ç @sø Õ L#ß Yb¦ ¬^Îqx ãa\©+¹"~¡° ~¡^Î°íKÍ²Ok. "³O@<Í
h
A E
Yb¦ä½ =°^Î`Ç°Qê ã¬¬OKÇO Õx J<ÍH ^Í§ Õ L^Î¼=¶° [iQê~ò.

.P
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ D L^Î¼=¶xß d ì¦¬` L^Î¼=°O JO\ì~¡°. ì~¡` Õ nxß ã~¡OaOz# "~¡° - Pb ªé^Î~¡°° J~ò#
AB C
D
ER I
ÏH`Jb, =°¬ìà^£Pb.
O
G `Ç~Þ`Ç ¬ìã¬` "³¶¬ðh, =°¿ ì< J*ì^£ "³ò^Î ÿá# "~¡° nx Õ ç¾<ß~¡°.
¬ìH©OJ[à Mì<£
G =°¬ì`àQêOn d ì¦¬` L^Î¼=¶xH÷ <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO =²ìOK_È°.

CH
YD
G =òªë ¦ ï H =¶ @sø Õ P^Î°hH~¡}#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°. nx Õ ìQ®OQê

¬^Îqx `<Í ¬ÞÇ°OQê ~¡^Î°í Yb¦
KÍ¬°ë<ß#x ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ°@ Hê~¡}OQê Yb¦ä½ =°^Î`Ç°Qê [~¡°Q®°`Ç°#ß L^Î¼=¶° JO`Ç"³°Ø<~ò.

,H
v ¬¬ðÇ° x~H~¡} L^Î¼=°O (1920-22)

AM
T
H
M
G ¬¬ðÇ° x~H~¡} L^Î¼=°O 1920 (uH± =°~¡}÷Oz# ~ËA) `Ín# QêOnr ¬¬ðÇ° x~H~¡} L^Î¼=°O
PQ®+¬µ 1=
AM
(Non co-operation movement) #° ã~¡OaOK_È°.

IG
G POã^Îã¬^Í Õ <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ QË^¥=i U*ÿh Õ [iyOk.

KH
1922 #°Oz 24 =~¡ä½ J¶Ái Ô`~=°~A
G D ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê `Ç# ïHá[~-W-²ìO^£ a~¡°^Î°#° ãa\©+¹ä½ uiy Wzó "Í§_È°.

R
G 1920 WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# HêOãïQ¹ ¬=¶"Í×O QêOnr ³òHø ¬¬ðÇ° x~H}Ë^Î¼=°O#° P"³¶kOzOk.
<Q·¬î~
(1920 ÌÌO|~¡° Õ HH`ë ã¬`Í¼H ¬=¶"Í×O Õ QêOnr ³òHø WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# HêOãïQ¹ä½ =°^Î`Ç°xzóOk.)
G QêOnr ³òHø ¬¬ðÇ° x~H}Ë^Î¼=°O Õ 4 ^Î×° H=ô.
] "³ò^Î\ ÷ ^Î× :
G 1921 [#=i-=¶ió : D ^Î× Õ ~¡§°, Hì§°, q×Þq^¥¼Ç¶°, <¼Ç°ªÖ<°, ã¬°`ÇÞ Hê~¼Ç¶°
|²ì+¬øiOKÇ|_¨Û~ò.
G C.R.^¥¹, "³°f ì <³ã¬ú, H÷KÇ¶Á, ~*ìr, @OQ®°@¶~¡° ã¬Hê×O "³ò^Î ÿá#"~¡° `Ç# <¼Ç°"^Î =$uëx |²ì+¬øiOK~¡°.
G D ¬=°Ç°O Õ POã^Îä½ K³Ok# -
Q®i"³°Á ¬`Ç¼<~Ç°} J<Í öQÇ¶xß ~¡zOz 6 <³°
''=¶Hùní `³Á^ù~¡`Ç#OÑÑ
*ÿá°tHÆ J#°qOK_È°.

] ï~O_È= ^Î× :
G 1921 Uã² D ^Î× Õ
-E<£ :
1) HË\÷ ~¡¶Ç° uH± xkx ÀHiOKÇ°@.

2) HË\÷ =°Okx ¬¬ðÇ° x~H}Ë^Î¼=°O Õ KÍiæOKÇ°@.
3) 20 HÆ KÇ~ó#° U~æ@° KÍÇò@ =O\÷ x~¡âÇ¶#° q[Ç°"_È Õ f¬°ä½<ß~¡°.
G 1921 QêOnr J^Î¼äÆ`Ç# q[Ç°"_È Õ [iy# Jd`Çì~¡`Ç HêOãïQ¹ Hq°\© ¬=¶"Í×O Õ f¬°ä½<ß~¡°.
Uã² 1 :
G ^Î°y¾~ (POã^Î~¡`Çß) ~=°^ÎO_È°(500)#° U~æ@°KÍ² D ¬=¶"Í×=ò#ä½ ¬~¡¼"ÍHÆä½°Qê LOK_È°.

QËH$+¬âÇ°¼
G nxH÷ P¬ðÞ#¬OQ®O J^Î¼äÆ½_È° . QêOnr L¬<¼¬O#° `³°Q®° ÕxH÷ J#°=kOz#"~¡°

J^Í¬u Ô`~=°Ç°¼ JÇ°¼^Í=~¡
Hêõ×Þ~¡~=ô.
G POã^Î Õ J<Í "Í×¼ `Ç# Ç¶=^¥²Öx QêOnH÷ q~×OQê WzóOk.

'Ç¶q°x¬î~¡âuHOÑ
G ª~ =¼uö~H L^Î¼=°O#° ã~¡OaOKÇ°@ä½ ä_¨ x~¡â~òOK~¡°.
Y
G =¶Q®O\ ÷ `Ç# "³ò`ÇëO #Q®#° QêOnH÷ q~×OQê WzóOk.
J#ß¬î~¡â=°à
M
G q[Ç°"_È ¬=¶"Í×O Õ<Í ²OQ®o ~¡¶ÚOkOz QêOnrH÷
"³OHÇ°¼ ãu=~¡â¬`HO#°
WKó_È°. D ^Î× Õ QêOnr \ÕÔ#° ^ÎiOK~¡°.
95 E
9
] =ü_È= ^Î× :
59
D
G 1921 A ÿá-#=O|~¡° : D ^Î× Õ q^Íj =¢ªë#° |²ì+¬øiOKÇ°@ "Í Çò=~A ¬~¡¼@# |²ì+¬øiOKÇ_ÈO [iyOk.
] <¾= ^Î× :
CA
50
G Q®°[~` Õx ì~ËÛb Õ ¬#°ß =¬¶° =¼uö~H L^Î¼=¶xß KÍ¬\ì~¡°.
98
1921 _×O|~¡°-1922 ¦²ã|=i 11 :
A
G = `Ín# L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í Õ éb¬° À+¬<£ =^Îí §OuÇò`Ç"³°Ø# ¬`¼ãQ®¬ðÌá éb¬°° ìs
1922 ¦²ã|=i 5 KñsKñ~
:8
Kiû KÍ§~¡°. WO^Î° Õ JOaHê~° Kñ^Îi (JªOöH¬i) Q®"<£ JÔì~ (Qù¬æHq)° Zä½ø=Qê QêÇ°¬_¨Û~¡°.
h
A E
.P
G nx`Ë ï~zóé~ò# ¬`¼ãQ®¬ð° éb¹ À+¬<£Ìá ^¥_KÍ² ^¥xx ^Î¬ì#O KÍ§~¡°. À+¬<£ Õ L#ß ¬r=^Î¬ì#O 22 =°Ok
AB C
JÇ¶¼~¡°. (JO^Î~¡¶ ì~¡fÇò è)

D
G D "~¡ë q#ß QêOnr (ì~ËÛb Õ L<ß_È°) `Ín# ¬¬ðÇ° x~H~¡}Ë^Î¼=°O#° P²"Í¬°ë#ß@°Á #°Oz
ER I
¦²ã|=i 11= ì~ËÛb
ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°. nxx JO\ì~¡°.

O
ì~ËÛb f~à#O
G D x~¡ Ç xß HùO`Ç=°Ok ¬=°iÖOKÇQê =°iHùO`Ç=°Ok YO_OK~¡°. "~¡° MN ~° - Wk QêOnr |Ôì# <Ç°H`ÞxH÷
â ¶
CH
YD
L^¥¬ì~¡}.
G - ''Wk ì~¡fÇò P×Ìá KÇÁx h~¡°#° KÇ°Á@.ÑÑ
,H
¬°ì+¹ KÇOã^ÎÕ¹
G 1924 QêOnr J^Î¼HÆ`Ç =²ìOz# UïHáH WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# HêOãïQ¹ ¬=¶"Í×O - ÿ ì¾O
AM
T
] QêOnr ³òHø ¬¬ðÇ° x~H}Ë^Î¼=°Oä½ =°^Î`Ç°Qê [iy# L^Î¼=¶° :

H
M
1)^Î°y¾~ QËH$+¬âÇ°¼ p~ - KÍ¬\ì_È°.

AM
À~ L^Î¼=¶xß POã^¥ Õ

IG
G W`Çx a~¡°^Î° - POã^Î~¡`ÇßHêQê W`Ç_È° U~æ@°KÍ²# ^Î×O - ~=°^ÎO_È°

KH
2)¬ ìß_È° ¬`¼ãQ®¬ìO- H<³ßQ®O\÷ ¬ì#°=°O`Ç~=ô.

3)Ì^Î#Ok_È° L^Î¼=°O - ¬~¡Þ`Ç<Íx g~¡Ç°¼ Kñ^Îi (POã^Ît"r) - W`Ç#° U~æ@° KÍ²# ^Î×O - §OuÀ#
R
4)ä½<£ J¬ìà^£¬ì* - öH~¡× Õx L^Î¼=¶xß KÍ¬\ì_È°.

=°ì~ Õ "³¶¦Á
5)¬O*ìc° è^¥ ²ä½ø° Q®°~¡°^¥Þ~¡ ¬O¬ø~¡} Hù~¡ä½ =°¬ìO`Ç°ä½ =¼uö~HOQê JHêb L^Î¼=¶xß KÍ¬\ì~¡°.
G =°¬ìO`Ç°#° q[Ç°=O`ÇOQê Q®°~¡°^¥Þ~ #°Oz `ùyOz Q®°~¡°^¥Þ~ ¬i# HË¬O SGPC (t~Ë=°}÷ Q®°~¡°^¥Þ~¡
ã¬|O^ÎO Hq°\©) x U~æ@° KÍÇ°|_#k.
G Q®°[~` q^¥¼Ô~¡, Hêj q^¥¼Ô~¡, *ìq°Ç¶ g°eÇ¶ WªÁq°Ç¶ ªÖ²OKÇ|_¨Û~ò. (1921)
v ¬Þ~* s (1923) :

G C.R. ^¥¹, "³¶f ì <³ã¬ú '¬Þ~* sxÑ ªÖ²OK~¡°. D s ³òHø =òY¼ ²^¥O`ÇO Wreck within (KÇ@
¬ ÕH÷ ã¬"ÍtOKÇ°@)

G 1923 ZxßH ÕÁ ¬Þ~* s ZxßH ÕÁ ç¾x ¬°=¶~¡° 40% Ô@°Á ïQ°óHùx, HùO`Ç =°Ok WO_ÌO_³O@Á ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë
ã¬°`Þxß U~æ@° KÍ²Ok.
G KÇ@¬ä½ J^Î¼äÆ½_Qê
'q~¡ ì° Z#°ßHË|_¨Û_È°.
¬>è Ñ
G ¬Þ~* s 1919 KÇ\ìxß ¬ô#¬g°H÷ÆOKx _=¶O_£ KÍÇò@ ã~¡OaOzOk. nx Hê~¡}OQê ãa@<£ Õx è|~
ã¬°`ÇÞO '=°kí=¶<£Ñ Hq°\©x U~æ@° KÍ²Ok. (UH¬¼)
G D Hq°\© ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ =zó 1919 KÇ\ìxß ¬ô#¬g°H÷ÆOKÇ_ÈO ã~¡OaOzOk. Hêh ãa@<£ Õ è|~ ã¬°`ÇÞO äe
H#ö~Þ\÷"£ s JkHê~¡O ÕH÷ =zóOk.
G H#ö~Þ\÷"£ ã¬°`ÇÞO =òkí=¶<£ Hq°\©x "³#°Hä½ ²e²Oz 7 Q®°i`Ë (6{1) #° U~æ@° KÍ²Ok.
'Ìá=°<£ Hg°+¬<£Ñ
v Ìá=°<£ Hg°+¬<£ (1927 #=O|~ 27) :

G D Hg°+¬<£ Õ ì~¡fÇò° Z=Þ~¡¶ èHé=ô@KÍ nxx u~¡¬øiOKÇ°@ä½ M.A. <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ =°ã^¥¹ Õ
Y
1927 J<s
[iy# ¬=¶"Í×O Õ f~àxOK~¡°.
M
G 1928 ¦²ã|=i 3 Õ Ìá=°<£ Hg°+¬<£ ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ =zóOk. ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ 'Ìá=°<£ QËì¼H±Ñ L^Î¼=¶° [iQê~ò.
ã¬^¥# ãO`°
95 E
9
G Ìá=°<£ QËì¼H± Jx `ùeªiQê çOì~ò Õ J#ß"~¡° -
59
[=¬ì~ ì <³ã¬ú.
D
G =°ã^¥¬° - @OQ®°@¶~¡° ã¬Hê×O ¬O`Ç°°. (~¡Öª~¡k =°~¡}÷OK_È°)
CA
HËß - [=¬ì~ ì <³ã¬ú, QËqO^£ =Á¬O` (¬O`)
50
ì¬ìÙ~ - ì ì[¬u~°.
v POã^¥ Õ : 98
A
:8
G Q®°O@¶~¡° - #_O¬eÁ #~¡²O¬ì~=ô
h
A E
Q®°O@¶~¡° öH¬i.
.P
G Ìá=°<£ Hg°+¬<£-q[Ç°"_È#° ¬O^ÎiÅOz#¬C_È° Ìá=°<£ QËì¼H± Jx ã"² Ìá=°<£ä½

AB C
D
Wzó# <\÷ q[Ç°"_È =òx¬ K³á~¡à<£ - JÇ°¼^Í=~¡ Hêõ×Þ~¡~=ô.

ER I
G Ìá=°<£ Hg°+¬<£#° |²ì+¬øiOKeOkQê ²°¬ôxzó# =°²ì× - ~¡°H÷à}© H©;¬u.

O
JÇ°¼^Í=~¡ Hêõ×Þ~¡~=ô
G Ìá=°<£ Hg°+¬<£ uiy O_È<£ä½ KÍ~¡°ä½#ßk. Õ `Ç# x"ÍkH#° ¬=°iæOzOk.
1930
CH
G `"Í° ¬ÞÇ°OQê XH ~*ì¼OQ®=ò#° ~¡¶ÚOkOKÇ°HË=°x, ^¥xx ã¬f XHø ì~¡fÇò_È° JOwHiOKx
YD
WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# HêOãïQ¹H÷ Ìá=°<£ =°iÇò (British secretary of statement) ¬"° q²~~¡°.
aï~ø<£Ìì_£
,H
G WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# HêOãïQ¹ "³¶f ì <³ã¬ú <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO XH Hq°\©x U~æ@°KÍ²Ok. (W`Ç~¡ ¬°¼°- `Í*
Õ 8 =°Ok`Ë
AM
T
|¬ì^Î¶~ ¬ã¦¬î, ¬°ì+¹KÇOã^ÎÕ¹ "³ò^Î ÿá#"~¡°)

G "³¶f ì <³ã¬ú `Ç# x"ÍkH#° 1928 Õ<Í WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# HêOãïQ¹H÷ ¬=°iæOK_È°. nx<Í JO\ì~¡°.
H
M
''<³ã¬ú ié~ÑÑ
G 1928 HH`ë WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# HêOãïQ¹ ¬=¶"Í×O Õ <³ã¬ú ié~ KÇióOKÇ|_#k. nx Õx =òY¼ JO§°:
AM
IG
1) ¬ÞÇ°O ¬i# 2) öHOãnH$`Ç ã¬°`ÇÞO 3) *ì~òO\ Z¢HËö~\ 4) [<ì ãu¬kH# i[ö~Þ+¬#°Á

KH
5) =³¶[# F@°¬ìä½ø.
R
G <³ã¬ú ié~¡°#° =¼uö~H÷Oz =°¬ìà^£ Pbl<ß 14 (Fourteen print formula) #° _bÁ #°Oz 1929 Õ
¬¶ã`°
ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°. nx Õ =òMì¼O§° :

1) ¬=¶Y¼ ã¬°`ÇÞO
2) ã¬`Í¼H ZHËö~\ (seperate electoral)
3) q+¬¼`Ç°ë Õ U~¡æ_Í ã¬°`Þ Õ 1/3 =O`Ç° =ò²ÁO° LO_ë.
4) ²q ¬sÞÌ¹ Õ 1/3 =O`Ç° =ò²ÁO° LO_ë.
5) ìOè ãÌ²_³h #°Oz ²O^£#° "Í~¡°KÍ² XH ~ROQê ã¬H\ ÷OKe.
G ''=òO^Î° =°#O ì~¡fÇòO P `Ç~Þ`Ç =ò²Á=òOÑÑ - =°¬ìà^£ Pbl<ß.
G l<ß ³òHø 14 ¬¶ã`#° WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# HêOãïQ¹ u~¡¬øiOzOk.

1927 : "All India States People Conferrence" #° 1927 Õ |ÞO`Ç~° "³°¬ì`, G.R. Jì¼OH~, =¶}÷H± ì
Hù~s ªÖ²OK~¡°.
G ¬OªÖ< Õ ä½ä½ =¼uö~HOQê [~¡°Q®°`Ç°#ß L^Î¼=¶#° UHOKÍ² He²H@°Qê é~@O KÍÇ°_ÈO gi ³òHø
=òY¼ L^Íí×O.
G 1939 Õ [=¬ì~ ì <³ã¬ú nxH÷ J^Î¼äÆ½_Qê Z#°ßHË|_¨Û~¡°.
v ì~ËÛb L^Î¼=°O (1928) :

G Q®°[~` Õx ì~ËÛb ãO`ÇO Õ 1928 Õ ¬O@ä½ ¬ï~á# y@°ì@° ^Î~¡ ¼O Hê è^Î°. J^Í ¬=°Ç°O Õ ãa\©+¬µ"~¡°
22% ¬#°ß#° ÌOK~¡°.
G nx Hê~¡}OQê ¬°¼° H ì¼}r "³°¬ì`, ä½#Þ~r "³°¬ì` ãa\©+¹ä½ =¼uö~HOQê L^Î¼=¶xß
''¬\ ©^¥~ Çò=H± =°O_ÈeÑÑ
KÍ¬\ì~¡°.
Y
G `Ç~Þ`Ç =Áì°¬>è D L^Î¼=¶xH÷ <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO =²ìOK_È°.
M
G J"³°iHê ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼ é~@O Õ x<^ÎO J~ò# No Taxation without Representation J<Í x<^Î=ò#° "¼²ë
KÍ§_È°.
95 E
9
G nxH÷ Ç°¬_# ãa\©+¬µ"~¡° Hq°\©x U~æ@° KÍ§~¡°.
59
''=¶H±"Í Û ã|¶"£°¦Ô ÛÑÑ
D
G D Hq°\© x"ÍkH P^¥~¡OQê ãa\©+¬µ ã¬°`ÇÞO 22% ¬#°ß#° ~¡^Î°íKÍÇ°_¨xH÷ t¬°ë =¬¶°#° P²"ÍÇ°_¨xH÷ x~¡â~òOzOk.
CA
G D ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê QêOnr =Áì°¬>è ä½ J<Í a~¡°^Î°#° WKó_È°.
¬~~
50
n=o _HÁö~+¬<£#° Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ WiÞ<£ ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°. nx ã¬Hê~¡=òQê ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ ¬ÞÇ°O¬i#
98
1929 :
<³=°àkQê ¬¬ì[²^ÎOQê ¼=°¿`Ç°Ok. 1929 ì¬ìÙ~ Õ <³ã¬ú J^Î¼HÆ`Ç# [iy# WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬#
A
:8
HêOãïQ¹ ì¬=¶"Í×O Õ ¬O¬î~¡â KÍÇ°|_Ok.
¬Þ~[¼ f~à#O
h
A E
L¬C ¬`¼ãQ®¬ìO §¬<ËÁO¦¬°# L^Î¼=°O / ^ÎO_ =¶~ó / ²q _¹ Xa_Ç°<£ =ü"£"³°O\ (1930) :
.P
]
AB C
D
G [#=i 31= `Ín# QêOnr 11 _=¶O_ÈÁ#° Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ WiÞ<£ä½ ¬O_È°. Hêh WiÞ<£ g\÷x u~¡¬øiOK_È°.
ER I
G 1930 =¶ió `Ín# QêOnr L¬C ¬`¼ãQ®¬ðxß è^¥ ^ÎO_ L^Î¼=¶xß Q®°[~` Õx
12= #°O_ ¬|~¡àu Pã×=°O 78
O
=°Ok`Ë ã~¡OaOK~¡°. ¬°=¶~¡° 200 "³°Ø×¤ Hêe#_ÈH ¬Ç°xOz (Q®°[~`) KÍ~¡°Hùx L¬C
Uã² 6= `Ínl ^ÎO_
CH
KÇ\ì#° LÁO¦²°OK_È°.
YD
G D ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê QêOnr #° "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬`¼ãQ®ÔìQê,

JìÄ¹ `¼cû 2= ¬`¼ãQ®ÔìQê ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°.
¬~Ëlh<Çò_È°#°
,H
G J"³°iHê [~¡ße¹ "³"³°Á~ ^Î~¡Å<£ (Q®°[~`)#° WiÞ<£ä½ q=iOK_È°.

¬O¦¬°@#
G Uã² 6= `Ín# QêOnr L¬C KÇ\ì#° LÁO¦²°OKÇ_ÈO`Ë ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ §¬<ËÁO¦¬°# L^Î¼=°O ã~¡O"³°Ø#k.
AM
T
(Civil Disobidience movement -CDM)

H
M
G QêOnr ³òHø CDM ä½ =°^Î`Ç°Qê ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ J<ÍH L^Î¼=¶° [iQê~ò. POã^Îã¬^Í Õ ²._.Z"£°.#°
AM
^Í×Hë
IG
HùO_¨ "³OH@¬æÇ°¼ =°zb¬@ßO Õ ã~¡OaOK_È°. W`Ç_È° POã^¥ Õ `ùe _öH@~. D HêO Õ 6 <³ ¬²a_ÈÛ`Ë
KH
*ÿá°ïHoÁ# g~¡=x`Ç HO|O\ ÷ =¶}÷Hê¼O|.
G POã^¥ Õ ²._.Z"£°. HêO Õ

R
''g~¡Q®O^ÎO `³zó<=ò g~¡° ÿ=Þ~Ë `³°¬ô_ÑÑ - ãu¬ô~¡<Íx ~=°ªÞq° Kñ^Îi.
G H°Á =¶#O_Ë° QùÁ¬î_ Ô`~=°§¢²ë.
1) `Çq°×<_È° - ~[QËKi - L¬C KÇ\ì#° "Í^¥~¡}¼O =^Îí LÁO¦²°OK_È°.

2) öH~¡×- ïH¬æ<£ - ¬Ç°¼#¶~¡° =^Îí
3) "Çò=¼ ¬i¬ì^Î°í ãO`ÇO- Mì<£ J|°í Q®¦~Mì<£ (¬i¬ì^Î°í QêOn) ãa\©+¹ KÇ\ì° JxßO\÷h LÁO¦²°OK_È°.
; W`Ç#° (
Y°^¥~ò d^Îà`Qê~ ) Jx L^Î¼=¶xß KÍ¬\ì_È°. D L^Î¼=°Hê~¡°°
^Í=ôx À=ä½° ^ÎiOKÇ°@KÍ Zã~¡ KùHêø°
nxx Zã~¡ KùHêø L^Î¼=°O Jxä_¨ JO\ì~¡°. Wk ã¬^¥#OQê Ì=~ Õ [iy#k.

4) L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í - No Tax, No Rent L^Î¼=°O No Tax J<Í ²°¬ô#° [q°O^¥~¡°ä½ No rent J<Í ²°¬ô ï~á`Ç°ä½
W=Þ|_#k.
5) =°}÷¬î~ - 13 ¬OII ìeH - ãa\©+¬µ §¬<#° LÁO¦²°OzOk.
~}© ïQá_°

v ~ÒO_£ >è|° ¬=¶"Í§° : (R.T.C.) Round Table Conference (1930-1932)
G Ìá=°<£ ¬¬ð"Í°~¡ä½ O_È<£ Õx '*è"£° ¼ ÿ¹Ñ Õ ì~¡fÇ° s`Ë 3 ~ÒO_£ >è|° ¬=¶"Í§° x~¡Þ²ìOKÇ|_¨Û~ò.
] "³ò^Î\ ÷ R.T.C (1930-Nov-Dec) ç¾<ß~¡°.
1. =ò²ÁObQ· - =°¬ìà^£Jb, =°¬ìà^£+¬¦Ô, PQêMì<£, ¦¬[ L<£¬ìH± =°¬ìà^£Pb l<ß
2. Jdì~¡`Ç ²ìO^Î¶ =°¬ð¬ - =üO*è (Moonje), [Ç¶H~
3. e|~¡ s - zO`=°}÷ Nx"¬§¢²ë, `Í*|¬^Î¶~ ¬ã¦¬î
4. ¬OªÖ<° - JHÄ~ Ìáì^Îs (Ìáì^Î~ì^£), g°~û Wªà~ò ("³°Ø¬¶~)
5. "³#°H|_# =~¡¾O #°O_ - _ÏI a.P~.JOè^Îø~
G WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# HêOãïQ¹ "³ò^Î\ ÷ RTC #° |²ì+¬øiOKÇ°@ Hê~¡}O Wk q¦¬"³°Ø#k.
] R.T.C (1931-Nov-Dec)
Y
ï~O_È=
G 1931 =¶ió 5# QêOn WiÞ<£ X_ÈO|_H è^¥ _bÁ X_ÈO|_H ã¬Hê~¡O QêOnr 2= RTC H÷ INC ³òHø UïHáH ã¬uxkQê
M
¬ð[~¡Ç¶¼_È° (M.A. J<s ä_¨ ¬ð[~¡Ç¶¼_È°)
G "³#°H|_#=~¾ i[ö~Þ+¬<£ä½ ¬O|OkOz q"^ÎO U~¡æ_È°@KÍ 2= RTC q¦¬"³°Ø#k.
95 E
] =ü_È= R.T.C (1932
9
-Nov)
59
D
G öH=O 46 =°Ok nx Õ ç¾<ß~¡°. Ìá=°<£ Hg°+¬<£ x"ÍkHÌá KÇ~¡ó[iy 1935 KÇ@O ³òHø `Ç°k ¬¶ã`#°
~¡¶ÚOkOK~¡°. (WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# HêOãïQ¹ |²ì+¬ø~¡})
G
CA
50
JOè^Îø~ 3 RTC ä½ ¬ð[ï~á<_È°.
98
1931 : =¶ió 5 QêOn WiÞ<£ X_ÈO|_H è^¥ _bÁ X_ÈO|_H nx ã¬Hê~¡O CDM #° P²"ÍÇò@ä½ 2= RTC ä½
A
:8
¬ð[~¡=ô@ä½ QêOnr JOwHiOK_È°.
;
h
nxH÷ Qê#° ~[H©Ç° Mÿán#° q_È°^Î KÍÇò@ä½Qê#¶ [¬ôëKÍ²# P¬°ë#° uiy Wzó"ÍÇò@ä½ WiÞ<£ JOwHiOK_È°.
A E
.P
1932 : PQ®+¬µ Õ ãa\©+¹ ã¬^¥x '~"Í°"³°H±_Ë< ÛÑ H=ü¼# J"~¡°Û#° ã¬H\ ÷Oz<_È°. nx ã¬Hê~¡=ò ì~¡fÇò°
AB C
D
J<ÍH =~¾°Qê qlOKÇ|_¨Û~¡°. ã¬f XH =~¾xH÷ ã¬`Í¼H Z¢HËö~\ HeæOKÇ|_#k.

ER I
; "³#°H|_ÈÛ"~¡° XH ã¬`Í¼H"³°Ø# =~¡¾OQê ¬iQ®}÷OKÇ|_¨Û~¡°.

O
1932 : ÌÌO|~¡° Õ ¬î< X_ÈO|_H QêOn-JOè^Îø~ X_ÈO|_H "³#°H|_ÈÛ "ix XH ã¬`Í¼H"³°Ø# =~¡¾OQê À~ùø#°@KÍ
CH
QêOnr H=ü¼# J"~¡°Û#° u~¡¬øiOz ¬î<Í Õx Z~¡"_È *ÿá° Õ x~¬ð~¡nHÆ ã~¡OaOK_È°.

YD
G JOè^Îø~ H=ü¼# J"~¡°Û#° ¬=°iÖOK_È°.

,H
G 1932 ÌÌO|~ 20# =°^Î<£"³¶¬ì<£ =¶=¼ =°^Î¼=ië`ÇÞO KÍ² QêOn- JOè^Îø~ =°^Î¼ ¬î< X_ÈO|_H ä½kiOk.
AM
T
nx ã¬Hê~¡O ã¬`Í¼H Z¢HËö~\ |^Î°° ã¬`Í¼H Z¢Hê~ q^¥#O ã¬"Í×Ì@|_#k. "³ò^Î@ #°Q®°~¡°, #°Q®°i Õ XH~¡°.
G
H
nx ã¬Hê~¡O Q®`ÇO Õ "³#°H|_ÈÛ "iH÷ öH\ì~òOKÇ|_# 74 Ô@°Á 148H÷ ÌOKÇ|_¨Û~ò. (ï~\÷O¬ô JÇ¶¼~ò)
M
AM
1934 : HêOãïQ¹ ªé+¬e¬° s çOì~ò Õ ªÖO

² KÇ|_#k. PK~¡¼ #ö~Oã^Î^"
Í £ (`ùe Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅ) [Ç°ã¬Hê <~Ç°},
IG
~=°=°<Ë¬ì~ Õ²ìÇ¶, q°#¶ß=°ªx, POã^ãÎ ¬^

Í Õ q[Ç°"_È Õ (1934) Z<£.l.~¡OQê (`ùe J^¼Î ä½Æ _È°)
KH
ªÖO
² K~¡°. `ùe Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅ `³<ßÍ \÷ q×Þ<^"
Î °£ . g~¡° H÷ÞO\ WO_¶
Ç L^Î¼=°HêO Õ H©Hã`Ç é+²OK~¡°.
R
1935 : ì~¡`Ç ã¬°`ÇÞ KÇ@O ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ãa\©+¹"~¡° ã¬"Í× Ì\÷# KÇ\ìxßO\÷ ÕïH ìÁ JuÌ^Îí KÇ@O.
; ì~¡`Ç ~*ì¼OQ®O Õx Zä½ø= JO§#° D KÇ@O #°O_Í ÔÞHiOK~¡°.
1937 : 1935 KÇ@O ã¬Hê~¡O ZxßH° [iQê~ò. D ZxßH Õ "³ò`ÇëO 11 ~ã Õx 8 ~ã Õ WO_Ç°<£
<Í+¬# HêOãïQ¹ ¬îië "³°*ìi\©`Ë q[Ç°O ªkOz ã¬°`Þ#° U~æ@° KÍ²Ok.
G XH ~RO Õ ¬OH©~¡â ã¬°`ÇÞO, ï~O_È° ~ã Õ HêOãöQÀ`Ç~¡ ã¬°`Þ° U~¡æ_¨Û~ò.
] WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# HêOãïQ¹ ã¬°`Þ° :

1. Çò<³á>ÿ_£ ã¦x<£ - J.L. <³ã¬ú 2. ÌOã@ ã¦x<£ - N.V. Yö~ 3. ÕOè ãÌ²_³h - B.G Mè~
4. c¬ð~ - ²<Ý 5. =°ã^¥¹ ãÌx_³h - ~[QË ìKi
6. Xiª 7. "Çò=¼ ¬i¬ì^Î°í ãO`ÇO 8. JªO

¬OH©~¡â ã¬°`ÇÞO : ²O^£ - J ìÁHÆ± (¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç J¼iÖ)
HêOãïöQÀ`Ç~¡ ã¬°`Þ° :
1) ¬O*ì - ¬ìÇ¶`Mì<£ (ÇüxÇ°x¹ s)
2) ÿOQê - ¦¬[ L ¬ìH± (ã¬*ìãH÷+¬H± s) W`Çx ¬ÞO`Ç ~RO
1939 : ÌÌO|~ 1# ²ì@Á~ é ÿO_£Ìá KÍ²# "³°~¡°¬ô^¥_ (ÿÁ\ûãH÷Q·) KÍÇ°_ÈO`Ë ã~¡O"³°Ø#k.
; JHË|~ ï~O_È= ã¬¬OKÇ Çò^ÎO Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ç¾O@°O^Îx WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# HêOãïQ¹#° ¬Oã¬kOKÇä½O_¨
e<£e`QË ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ_ÈO`Ë WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# HêOãïQ¹ `Ç=° ã¬°`Þä½ ~*ì<=¶ KÍ²Ok.
; nxx =°¬ìà^£Pb l<ß q=òH÷ë è^¥ _³e=ï~<£Qê 1939 _ÌO|~¡° 22# çOì~ò Õ ¬=¶"Í×O x~¡Þ²ìOK_È°.
1940 : PQ®¬° P¦¬~#° Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ e<£e`QË ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°. nx ã¬Hê~¡=ò ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ ¬ÞÇ°O ¬i#
HeæOKÇ|_È°`Ç°Ok. JHË|~ 17# QêOnr "~ Õx ¬Á<~ #°O_ =¼H÷ëQ®`Ç ¬`¼ãQ®¬ðxß ã~¡OaOK_È°.
¬`¼ãQ®²ì q<Ëìì"Í. ¬`¼ãQ®²ì [=¬ì~ ì <³ã¬ú.
Y
nx Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ ï~O_È=
; =ò² Á O bQ· `Ç # ì¬ ì Ë~ "iÂH ¬ = ¶"Í × O Õ H÷ ª ë < £ f~à<xß "³ ò @ " ³ ò ^Î \ ÷ ª iQê Jk H êiH O Qê
M
P"³ ¶ kOzOk.
1942 :
95 E
Z¦¹._. ~¡¶*"³ , KOïQá (K³á< ã¬^¥x) q<£¬<£ KÇió Ìá `³zó# Xuë_ Hê~¡}OQê KÇió ãH÷¹ ~Ç°ì~xß
9
59
ì~¡`ä½ ¬O_È°.
D
1. [<£ ^¥_x P¬ô@ Hù~¡ä½ XH Çò^Î HÒx #° U~æ@° KÍÇò@.
2.
CA
ï~O_È= ã¬¬OKÇ Çò^ÎO `Ç~Þ`Ç ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ ¬ÞÇ°O ¬i# HeæOKÇ|_È°`Ç°Ok.
50
~*ì¼OQ®O#° ~¡¶ÚOkOKÇ°@ä½ ì~¡fÇòä½ J=Hê×O HeæOKÇ|_È°`Ç°Ok.
98
G QêOnr ãH÷¹ q°+¬<£#° '=òO^Î¬°ë `Ín "Í²# K³ä½øÑ (A post date cheque) Jx À~ùø<ß_È°.
A
:8
G k" ì f²# ì¼Oä½ Õ (on a crassing bank) J<Í ¬^¥#° [=¬ì~ ì <³ã¬ú KÍ~ó_È°.
h
G ''ãH÷¹ ~Ç°ì~xß k" ì f²# ì¼OH± Õ =òO^Î¬°ë `Ín "Í²# K³ä½øÑÑ Jx =iâOK~¡°.
A E
.P
v H÷Þ\ WO_Ç¶ L^Î¼=°O (1942 PQ®¬° 8) :

AB C
D
ER I
G 1942 PQ®°¬ 8= `Ín# H÷Þ\ WO_¶

Ç L^Î¼=°O ã~¡OaOKÇ|_#k. nxx "~ f~à#O ^
è ¥ PQ®°¬ f~à#O JO\ì~¡°.
O
G H÷Þ\ WO_Ç¶ L^Î¼=°O ã~¡OaOKÇ°@ä½ ã¬^¥# Hê~¡}ì°.

CH
1. ãH÷¹q°+¬<£ q¦¬O J=ô@ 2. ì~¡`Ìá [<£ ^¥_KÍÀ J=Hê×O LO_È°@.

YD
G D L^Î¼=° HêO Õ QêOnr "Do or Die" J<Í x<^Î=ò#° WKó_È°. QêOnrx PQêMì<£ ¼
ÿ ¹ Õ Q®$¬ìx~¡ÄO
Ô
Î KÍ§~¡°.
,H
G WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# HêOãïQ¹ JãQ®<Ç°ä½° Jï~¬° Hê|_È°@KÍ HêOãïQ¹ ªé+¬e¬° sH÷ K³Ok# ~"£°=°<Ë¬ì~ Õ²ìÇ¶,
AM
T
[Ç°ã¬Hê+¹ <~Ç°}, #ö~Oã^Î^Í"£ H÷Þ\ WO_Ç¶ L^Î¼=° HêO Õ H©Hã`Ç é+²OK~¡°.
G J~¡°}ì J¬¦¹ Jb, ^Î°~¾ì° ^Í=òM =O\÷ =°²ì×° ~¡¬ì¬¼ Hê~¡¼H ì#° KÍ¬\ì~¡°.
H
M
G L"³°¬ì` çOì~ò Õ XH ö~_³¶ ¬sÞ¹ ^¥Þ~ H÷Þ\ WO_Ç¶ L^Î¼=¶xß "¼²ë KÍ²Ok.
AM
IG
~*ìr ã¬}ìoH (1944) - C.R.FORMULA (KÇãH=~¡°ë ~[QË ìKi) :

KH
1. ``øeH ã¬°`ÇÞ=ò#° U~æ@° KÍÇ°_ÈO Õ INC ä½ =òÔÁObQ· =°^Î`Ç° W"Þe.

R
2. ï~O_È= ã¬¬OKÇ Çò^ÎO `Ç~Þ`Ç ÿOQê , ¬O*ì Õ =ò²ÁO "³°*ìi\© L#ß ãO` Õ ã¬*ìaãÇ° ÀH~¡}
x~¡Þ²ìOKÇ|_È°`Ç°Ok. XH "Í× JHø_ ã¬[° "Í~¡°Qê LO\ì=°x x~¡â~òÀë P ãO`ä½ ¬ÞÇ°O ã¬u¬uë ¬ìË^¥
HeæOKÇ|_È°`Ç°Ok.
G Hêh D ã¬}ìoH u~¡¬øiOKÇ|_#k (öH=O QêOnr =¶ã`Ç"Í° nxx ¬=°iÖOK_È°)
1945 : "Í"³ ã¬}ìoH ( è^¥) ²=¶Á ¬=¶"Í×O :

G ``øeH ã¬°`ÇÞ=ò#° U~æ@° KÍÇò@ïHá Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ "Í"³ ì~¡`Ç ~[H©Ç° s`Ë ²=¶Á =^Îí XH ¬=¶"Í§xß
U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
G ²ìO^Î°=ô°, =ò²Á=òä½ ¬=¶# ãux^Î¼O HeæOKÇ|_È°`Ç°Ok. D ¬=¶"Í×=ò Õ INC `Ç~¡¬ô# =°¿ ì< P*ì^£,
=ò²ÁObQ· `Ç~¡¬ô# l<ß ç¾<ß~¡°.
G =ò²ÁO° öH=O =òÔÁObQ· s #°Oz =¶ã`Ç"Í° Z#°ßHË|_¨x l<ß ¬@°|@°@KÍ D ¬=¶"Í×O q¦¬O J~ò#k.

1945 : INA qK~¡} ( è^¥) Zã~¡HË@ qK~¡} :
G INA Ìáxä½ Õ =òQ®°¾ix (ãÀ"£°ä½=¶~ Ì¬ìQ® , #"* Mì<£, k ìÁ<£²OQ·(2005 Õ =°~¡}O) ã¬^¥# xOk`Ç°#°
KÍ¬¶ë Zã~¡HË@ =^Îí qK~¡} [iy#k.
G INA Ìáxä½#° ~¡H÷ÆOKÇ°@ïHá "i `Ç~¡¬ô# "kOz# ã¬^¥# ìÇ°~ ¬î ìì° ^Í§°.
G W`Ç~¡ <¼Ç°"^Î°°- [=¬ì~ ì <³ã¬ú, `Í*|¬ì^Î¶~ ¬ã¬î, K.N.Katju
G D qK~¡} #=O|~¡° 5 #°Oz #=O|~ 11 =°^Î¼ [iy#k. nx<Í INA "~¡=ò JO\ì~¡°. #=O|~ 12# `Ínx INA
~ËA (INA-DAY) JO\ì~¡°.
G RIN u~¡°Q®°ì@° (Royal Indian Navy) (1946) : çOì~ò Õx HMIS `Ç ìÞ~ <ñH#° ~¡+Ô^£ Jb ì~¡`Ç^Í× u~¡OQ®
¬`HO Õ Hæ_È°. nxxQê#° Jï~¹ KÍÇ°|_¨Û_È°.
B.C. ^Î` HMIS `Ç ìÞ~Ìá 'H÷Þ\ WO_Ç¶Ñ Jx ~Çò@KÍ W`Ç#° ä_¨ Jï~¹ KÍÇ°|_¨Û_È°.
Y
G nx`Ë HMIS `Ç ìÞ~ L^Ë¼Q®°° ãa\©+¹ä½ =¼uö~HOQê u~¡°Q®°ì@° KÍ§~¡°.
M
D u~¡°Q®°ì@° H~p Õx HMIS ²ìO^Î°ªÖ<£ ä_¨ KÍiOk.
G ¬~~ =Áì° ¬>è ²°¬ô "Í°~¡ä½ D u~¡°Q®°ì@° P²"ÍÇ°|_#k.
95 E
v Hê¼a<³\ q°+¬<£ Á<£ (1946) :
9
59
D
J^Î¼äÆ½_È° : ÌkH± ìï~<£ W^Îí~¡° ¬°¼° : 1) ª¦¬~Û ãH÷¹ 2) J ÿQêûO_È~
CA
JO§° :
50
1) ~*ì¼OQ®¬i+¬`#° U~æ@° KÍÇò@ä½ ZxßH° [~¡Qêe (~ã Õ ¬~ËHÆ ZxßH°, ¬OªÖ<° `Ç=° ã¬ux^Î°#°
98
¬O¬ô@ ^¥Þ~)
A
:8
2) ``øeH ã¬°`ÇÞ=°x U~æ@° KÍÇò@ä½ ZxßH° (ã¬`Ç¼HÆ ZxßH°)
h
A E
3) ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õx ~ã#° 3 ãQ®¶¬ô°Qê qlOz#k. (A, B, C) D ãQ®¶¬ô`Ë XH ¬=¶Y¼ U~¡æ_¨x À~ùø#ßk.
.P
Wk J=°° ÕxH÷ ~ è^Î°.

AB C
D
D Hê~¡¼H ì#° ¬îiëKÍÇò@ä½ ì~=°¿O\ì@<£#° ì~¡`ä½ ¬O_È°.

ER I
v
O
ã¬`Ç¼HÆ KÇ~¼k#O 1946 PQ®¬° 16 :
1946 : ; PQ®+¬µ-16 : =°¬ðà^£Pb l<ß#° ã¬H\ ÷Oz D ãH÷Ok x<^¥#° WKó_È°.

CH
YD
; ÌÌO|~¡°-2 : INA ``øeH ã¬°`ÇÞ=ò#° U~æ@° KÍ²Ok.

,H
; JHË|~¡° : =ò²ÁObQ· ``øeH ã¬°`ÇÞO Õ KÍi#k. (eÇ¶Y` PbMì<£-PiÖH§Mì=°Oãu)

; _ÌO|~¡°-9 : ~*ì¼OQ® ¬i+¬` ³òHø "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬=¶"Í×O. ``øeH J^Î¼äÆ½_È° - Z¹.Z<£. ²<Ý
AM
T
; _ÌO|~¡°-11 : ~*ì¼OQ® ¬i+¬` ³òHø ï~O_È= ¬=¶"Í×O. J^Î¼äÆ½_È° - _ÏI ì|¶~*èOã^Î ã¬ª^£.
H
M
v
AM
IG
=°¿O\ì@<£ ã¬}ìoH (1947 E<£ 3) :
1947 : ; J\©Á
KH
¦²ã|=i 1948 E<£ 30 Õ¬ô ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼O W=Þ|_È°`Ç°O^Îx ãa\©+¹ ã¬^¥#=°Oãu
ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°.
R
; D Hê~¡¼H ì#° ¬îiëKÍÇò@ä½ ì~=°¿O\ì@<£#° =¶ió Õ ì~¡`ä½ ¬O_È°.
G =°¿O\ì@<£ V.P. g°#<£ ¬¬ìHê~¡O`Ë ã¬}ìoH#° ~¡¶ÚOkOK_È°. nx<Í =°¿O\ì@<£ ã¬}ìoH/E<£-3 ã¬}ìoH/
_H©ø|~Û (Dicky Bird) ã¬}ìoH JO\ì~¡°.
=òMì¼O§° :
1) PQ®¬° 15# ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼ k#O.
2) ì~¡`, H÷ªë<£ J<Í 2 ^Í§° U~¡æ_È`~ò.
3) ¬i¬ì^Î°í#° x~¡â~òOKÇ°@ä½ ~_£H÷Á¦¹ J<Í Hq°\© U~æ@° KÍÇ°|_È°`Ç°Ok.
4) ¬O*ì, ÿOQê Õ =ò²Á=ò°, ²ìO^Î°=ô° L#ß ãO` Õ "Í~¡° "Í~¡°Qê ã¬*ìaãÇ° ÀH~¡} x~¡Þ²ìOKÇ|_
"~¡° HË~¡°ä½#ßk [~¡°Q®°`Ç°Ok. (`Ç¶~¡°æ ÿOQê , ¬tó=° ¬O*ì H÷ªë<£ Õ qb#=°Ç¶¼~ò.

5) ²O^£ JÌOcÁ U ^Í×O Õ qb#O J"Þ Õ J^Í x~¡â~ò¬°ëOk. (H÷ªë<£ Õ qb#"³°Ø#k)
6) ÿ¶zªë<£ Õ ã¬*ìaãÇ° ÀH~¡} (H÷ªë<£ Õ qb#O)
7) ¬OªÖ<° `Ç¬æx¬iQê ì~¡` ÕQêh, H÷ªë<£ ÕQêh qb#O J"Þe. (`Ç~Þ`Ç Indian Independence Act
¬OªÖ<° ¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç°°Qê LO_Í J=Hê×O ä_¨ HeæOKÇ|_#k.
1947 : ; A ÿá-4 : ãa@<£ ~¡Á"³°O@° =°¿O\ì@<£ ã¬}ìoH#° Indian Independence Act Qê P"³¶^Î=ò#°
`³eÇ°*è²#k.
; A ÿá-18 : `Ín# Indian Independence Act ~*ì P"³¶^Î =òã^Î / ~Ç° JÌO\ aOz#k. nx
ã¬Hê~¡O PQ®¬° -14 # H÷ªë<£, PQ®¬° 15= `Ín# ì~¡` ¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç ^Í§° JÇ¶¼~ò.
; ¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ `ùe Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ ì~Û =°¿O\ì@<£ HêQê `ùe, z=i, UïHáH ì~¡fÇ° Q®=~¡ß~
[#~¡ ~*ìQË ìKi. (~*ìr) 1947 PQ®¬° 15 #°O_ 1950 [#=i 26 =~¡ä½ 6= *ì~û ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ
Y
King of UK and India J<Í ¬ìÙ^¥ Õ Hù#ªQê_È°.
King of UK and Pak J<Í ¬ìÙ^¥
M
; 1947 PQ®¬° 14 #°O_ 1952 ¦²ã|=i =~¡ä½ 6= *ì~û H÷ªÖ<£ä½ Õ
Hù#ªQê_È°.
95 E
; Queen of UK
9
1952 ¦²ã|=i Õ 6= *ì~û =°~¡}ìO`Ç~¡O PÇ°# Ì^Îí ä½=¶ï~ë ï~O_È= Ze[ÿ` H± Õ
59
and Pak J<Í
D
¬ìÙ^¥ Õ Hù#ªyOk.
; ì~¡` `ùe ã¬^¥x - [=¬ì~ ì <³ã¬ú
CA
50
; H± "³ò^Î\ ÷ ã¬^¥x - eÇ¶Y` JbMì<£
98
; H± "³ò^Î\ ÷ Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ - =°¬ìà^£ Pbl<ß
A
; H± "³ò^Î\ ÷ ~[^¥x - H~p, ã¬¬°ë`Ç ~[^¥x -
:8
WªÁ=¶ì^£
1948 : ; [#=i-30 :
h
_bÁ Õx a~Á ¬ìº¹=^Îí QêOnrx (<`Ç¶~"£° Qê_Í, <~Ç°}P"Í°°) ¬ì`Ç¼ KÍ§~¡°.
A E
.P
ì~¡`Ç^Í× UH©H~¡}
AB C
D
(Integration of India)
ER I
O
G ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼O =zó#¬C_È° 562 ¬OªÖ<° LO_Íq. g\÷ Õ 4 q°#¬ð~òOz q°ye# ¬OªÖ<hß ì~¡`
CH
è^¥ H÷ªë<£ Õ qb#O JÇ¶¼~ò.

YD
1. ã\ì"³<£HË~ (öH~¡×) - ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ qb#O J~ò# "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ ¬OªÖ<£. ä½õY~¡ =O×¬°Ö_³á# |~O=~¡à nx
,H
ä½_È°. W`Çx ã¬^¥x ².².~=°ªÞq° JÇ°¼~.

AM
T
2. A<Q®_£ (Q®°[~`) - ã¬*ìaãÇ°ÀH~¡} ^¥Þ~ ì~¡` Õ qb#O J~ò#k. nx ä½_È° =°¬ìà^£ =°¬ì|`
H
M
Mì<£r. W`Çx ã¬^¥x <"* °\Õ (ÿ#r~ °\Õ ``Ç)

AM
3. [=òà Ê Hêjà~ - ¬ì~²OQ· Treaty of occessation (nx ã¬Hê~¡O PiH 370 ~¡¶ÚOkOKÇ|_ ã¬`Í¼H
IG
KH
~*ì¼OQ®O#° Hey =ôOk)Ìá ¬O`ÇHO KÍÇ°_ÈO Õ [=üàHêjà~ ì~¡` Õ qb#O J~ò#k.
4. Ìáì^Î~ì^£ : [#~¡ Kñ^Îi <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ 'P¬ö~+¬<£ é ÕÑ J<Í éb¬°KÇ~¡¼ ^¥Þ~ 1948 ÌÌO|~¡° 17# Ìáì^Î~ì^£
R
ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ qb#O J~ò#k. J¬æ\÷ Ìáì^Î~ì^£ #"|° Lªà<£ JbMì<£. W`Çx ã¬^¥x ìÇ°H±Jb.
G 1954 Õ ãÌ¦Oz ã¬°`ÇÞO O_KÍóix ì~¡`ä½ J¬æyOz "³o¤ é~òOk.
G 1961 _ÌO|~¡° 18# P¬ö~+¬<£ q[° J<Í ÌáxH KÇ~¡¼ ^¥Þ~ QË", _¨=°<£ Ê _ÈÇü¼ ãO`° é~¡°ów¬° #°Oz
ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼O ÚO^¥~ò.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1. 1891 Õ U HêOãïQ¹ ¬=¶"Í×O Õ P#O^¥K~¡°¼° 2) [eÇ°<£" ììQ· ¬ì`¼HêO_È
J^Î¼HÆ`Ç =²ìOK~¡°? (Group-I - 2004) 3) ÿOQê q[# 4) ï~á èÞ ã¬"Í×O
1) <Q®¬î~ 2) HêH÷<_È 3) g°~¡\ 4) HËß 12. ''w` ~¡¬ì¬¼OÑÑ Z=~¡° ~¡zOK~¡°?(Group-I - 1991)
2. =O^Í = ¶`Ç ~ ¡ L^Î ¼ =°O ¬ O ^Î ~ ¡ Ä O Qê H ì§#°O_ 1) ¬ö~Þ¬eÁ ~^¥H$+¬â 2) ìQ®OQê^Î~ uH±
|² ì +¬ ø iOKÇ | _ # L^ ¥ ¼Ç ° tH Æ } ÚO^Î ° `Ç ° #ß 3) =°¬ð`àQêOn 4) =°^Î<£ "³¶¬ì<£ =¶=¼
q^¥¼i? (Group-I - 1984) 13. ì~¡`Ç*ìfÇ° HêOãïQ¹ ªÖ¬ä½_È°? (Group-I - 1991)
1) ¬\ ÷a Ô`~=°Ç°¼ 1) ìQ®OQê^Î~ uH± 2) Z.F.¬ú¼"£°
Y
2) Qê_KÇ~¡Á ¬ìi¬~ËÞ`Çë=°~=ô 3) ^¥^¥ì~ò<ñ~Ël 4) QËY è
3) <¼¬u ¬°ìÄ~=ô 4) Pk<~Ç°}ï~_Û 14. ¬ìÙO~¡¶ L^Î¼=° H~¡ë Z=~¡°? (Group-I - 1991)
M
3. ì~¡`Ç *ìfÇ° HêOãïQ¹ "³ò^Î\ ÷ =°²ìì J^Î¼äÆ½~°? 1) JxcÌO\ 2) QËH$+¬â QËY è
(Group-I - 1984) 3) ^¥^¥ì~ò <ñ~Ël 4) ìQ®OQê^Î~ uH±
95 E
9
1) ¬°zã`Ç H$¬ ìx 2) ¬~Ëlx<Çò_È° 15. WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# HêOãïQ¹ ã¬^Î=° J^Î¼äÆ½_È°?
59
D
3) JxcÌO\ 4) ~[ä½=¶i J=°$`HÒ~ (Group-I - 1987)
4. ã¬ã¬^Î=°OQê 1906 Õ ì~¡`Ç*ìfÇ° HêOãïQ¹ ^Í¼Ç°O
CA
1) Z.F.¬ú¼"£° 2) _È|°Á.².ÿ#sû
50
¬Þ~[¼O Jx J#ßk? (Group-II - 2005) 3) ¬°ö~Oã^Î<^£ ÿ#sû 4) ¦²~Ë* "³°¬ì`
98
1) QËH$+¬â QËY è 2) ìQ®OQê^Î~¡ uH± 16. WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# HêOãQ®¹ HË¬O ãu=~¡â ¬`H=ò#°
A
~¡¶ÚOkOz#^³=~¡°?
3) ¬~.¦²~Ë* "³ò¬ì`Ç 4) ^¥^¥ì~ò <ñ~Ël
:8 (Group-I - 1987)
5. ÿOQê q[# ~¡^Î°í KÍ²# ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò? (Gr-II - 05) 1) ^Î°y¾~ QËH$+¬âÇ°¼

h
A E
.P
1) 1919 2) 1917 3) 1914 4) 1911 2) ÕQ®~A ¬\ìaÔ`~=°Ç°¼

AB C
6. Jd ì~¡`Ç *ìfÇ° HêOãïQ¹ ¬=¶"Í×O "³ò^Î@Qê

D
3) ²OQ®o "³OHÇ°¼ 4) =°¬ð`à QêOn
ZHø_È [iyOk? 17. ãa\©+¹ "~¡° ¬ìO@~ Hg°+¬<£ä½ ^Íxx ¬iÕ^Î#

ER I
(Group-II - 2003)
KÍÇò@ä½ U~æ@° KÍ²<~¡°?

O
1) =°ã^¥¹ 2) _bÁ 3) çOì~ò 4) HH`ë (Group-II - 2008)
7. ì~¡`Ç*ìfÇ° HêOãïQ¹ Õx q°`Ç"^Î°°, Ju"^Î°° 1) Kñi - Kñ~¡ ¬O¦¬°@# 2) |~ËÛe ¬`¼ãQ®¬ìO

CH
ã¬^¥#OQê U JO×O g°^Î qèkOK~¡°? (Gr-II - 03)

YD
3) [eÇ°<£ " ììQ· ^Î°~¡É@#
1) ¬Þ~[¼O 2) ¬Þ^Ít 4) d ì¦¬` PO^Ë×#

,H
3) |²ì+¬ø~¡} 4) *ìfÇ° q^Î¼ 18. ãH÷Ok "x Õ Q®^Î~ L^Î¼=¶xß ã~¡OaOK~¡°?

AM
T
8. U L^Î¼=° HêO #°O_ uH± ÕH=¶#¼Qê ã¬²k (Group-II - 2008)
K³O^¥_È°?
H
M
(Group-I - 2012) 1) ì ì [¬u~° 2) ì ì ¬ì~^ÎÇ¶

AM
1) =O^Í=¶`Ç~¡ L^Î¼=°O 2) d ì¦¬` L^Î¼=°O 3) =°^Î<£ ì kOãQê 4) q._. ¬~ø~

IG
3) ¬ìÙO~¡¶ L^Î¼=°O 19. ''ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼O < [#à ¬ìä½øÑÑ ^¥xx <Í#° ÚOk
KH
4) ¬¬ðÇ°x~H~¡}Ë^Î¼=°O f~¡`#° Jx J#ß^³=~¡°? (Group-II - 2003)

R
9. `³<e ìO|° Ja³¶QêxH÷ ^Íx`Ë ¬O|O^ÎO LOk? 1) QËY è 2) QêOnr 3) uH± 4) <ñ~Ël
(Group-I - 2012) 20. ãa\÷+¹ ~¡"

Á °³ O\ ZxßïH#
á ã¬ã¬^=
Î ° ì~¡fÇò_È° Z=~¡°?
1) =O^Í=¶`Ç~¡ L^Î¼=°O 2) ¬ìÙO~¡¶ L^Î¼=°O (Group-II - 2003)
3) L¬C ¬`¼ãQ®¬ìO 1) ¬°ö~Oã^Î<^£ ÿ#iû 2) ^¥^¥ì~ò <ñ~Ël
4) ¬¬ðÇ°x~H~¡} L^Î¼=°O 3) ¦²~Ë* "³°¬ì`Ç 4) |ã^Î°ní<£ `¼cû
10. D ãH÷Ok "i Õ q°`Ç"^Î° <Ç°ä½_È° Z=~¡°? 21. ãH÷ O k "i Õ Z=~¡ ° ''"<£ Q ê~ Û P¦ ¹ WO_ Ç ° <£
(Group-I - 2010) WO_ÌO_³<£ÑÑ J#ß ¬ãuH#° ã~¡OaOK_È°?
1) QËY è 2) uH± 3) <Í`l 4) Jxc ÌO\ (Group-II - 2003)
11. 1905 ¬OII ³òHø ã=òY¼`Ç Uq°\÷? (Gr-I - 1994) 1) J~¡aO^Ë ¦¬°Õ+¹ 2) Z.=òYiû
1) ì~¡`Ç*ìfÇ° HêOãïQ¹ ªÖ¬# 3) Z"£°.Z<£.~° 4) J¬ìà^£ ¬ì¬<£

22. ì~¡`Ç *ìfÇ° HêOãïQ¹ x~à`Ç Z.F.¬ú¼"£° Z¬æ\÷ 34. ''¬O*ì ²O¬ìOÑÑ Z=iH÷ =¶~¡° À~¡°?(A.E.E'S - 06)
=~¡ä½ ã¬^¥# Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅQê ¬xKÍ§_È°? (Gr-II - 2003) 1) ì ì [¬u~° 2) ².P~.^¥¹
1) 1889 2) 1907 3) 1912 4) 1916 3) uH± 4) ~*èOã^Î²OQ·
23. ''¬ï~ÞO\ P¦¹ WO_Ç¶ ªÚÌá\ ©ÑÑ ªÖ²Oz#^³=~¡°? 35. gi Õ q°`Ç"^Î *ìfÇ°"k Hêxk Z=~¡°?
(Group-II - 2003) (A.E.E'S - 2007)
1) *Õ¼uì¬ô è 2) QËH$+¬âQËY è 1) QËH$+¬â QËY è 2) ¬°ö~Oã^Î<^£ ÿ#sû
3) ZO.l.~#_Í 4) `Ç°Ô^¥¹ 3) ¦²~Ë* "³°¬ì` 4) a²<£ KÇOã^Î
24. 1918 Õ <Í+¬# e|~¡ Ì¦_Èö~+¬<£ P¦¹ WO_Ç¶#° 36. WOH÷Þ ì lO^¥ì^£ J<Í x<^¥xß JOkOz#^³=~¡°?
ªÖ²Oz#^³=~¡°? (Group-II - 2000) (A.E.E'S - 2008))
1) ¬°ö~Oã^Î<^£ ÿ#sû <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ HùO^Î~¡° 1) uH± 2) WHêÄ 3) Q®`²OQ· 4) l<ß
q°`Ç " ^Î ° ° 37. 1893 Õ ìQ®OQê^Î~ uH± Q®}¬u L`Ç"#°

ã¬ " Í × Ì \ì _ È ° . J~ò`Í t"r L`Ç "xß Z¬ C _È °
Y
2) HùO`Ç=°Ok Ju"^Î°°
3) ~*ìl <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ HùO^Î~¡° `Çq°×Ã° ã~¡OaOK_È°? (E.O - 2008)
M
4) QêOnl 1) 1894 2) 1895 3) 1896 4) 1897
25. O_È<£ Õ D¹WO_Ç¶ P~¡¾<³á*è+¬<£#° ªÖ²Oz#k 38. ÿOQê q[# k<xß ~¡gOã^Î°x ¬¬ð`Ë D q^ÎOQê
95 E
Z=~¡°? [~¡°¬ôä½<ß~¡°?
9
(Group-II - 2000) (E.O - 2008)
59
D
1) ^¥^¥ì~ò <ñ~Ël 2) ¬°ö~Oã^Î<^£ ÿ#iû 1) SH¼=°`Ç¼ k#O 2) ~v|O^Î<£ k#O
3) =°¬ð`àQêOn 4) [=¬ì~ ì <³ã¬ú 3) ìÁH± _Í 4) ªÏãì`Ç$`ÇÞO
26. ì~¡`Ç*ìfÇ° HêOãïQ¹ Õ ¬¶~¡` peH U ¬OII Õ

CA
39. Z=i ã} |e^¥#O`Ë ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ Ç°OH~¡
50
[iyOk? q¬Á="^ÎO ^¥^¥¬ô JO`ÇiOzOk? (E.O - 2008)
98
(Group-II - 2000)
A
1) 1905 2) 1906 3) 1907 4) 1908 1) Q®`²OQ·
:8 2) KÇOã^ÎõY~¡ P*ì^£
27. J#°j<£ ¬q°u J<Í ~¡¬ì¬¼ ¬O¦¬¶xß ªÖ²Oz#k 3) ¬¶~¡¼õ<£ 4) L^Îí=°²OQ·

h
Z=~¡°? 40. U HêOãï Q ¹ ¬ = ¶"Í × O Õ Z¬ C _È ° "³ ò @ " ³ ò ^Î @ Qê

A E
(Group-II - 2000)
.P
1) ìQ®OQê^Î~¡ uH± =O^Í=¶`Ç~¡O w`xß P²OK~¡°? (D.L - 2008)

AB C
D
2) |sOã^Îä½=¶~ ¦¬°Õ+¹ =°iÇò J`Çx ¬¬ìKÇ~¡°° 1) 1886 HH`ë HêOãïQ¹ ¬=¶"Í×O Õ

ER I
3) q<Ç°H± ^¥"³¶^Î~ 4) Jl`²OQ· 2) 1888 J¬ðì^£ HêOãïQ¹ ¬=¶"Í×O Õ

O
28. ''WO_Ç¶ q<£ ã¦Ô_È"£°ÑÑ J<Í ¬ô¬ëH=ò ~²#^³=~¡°? 3) 1892 J¬ðì^£ HêOãïQ¹ ¬=¶"Í×O Õ
CH
(Group-II - 2000) 4) 1896 HH`ë HêOãïQ¹ ¬=¶"Í×O Õ

YD
1) uH± 2) =°¿ ì< J|° H ìO P*ì^£ 41. J*ì^£ ²ìO^£ ¦Ï* ã~¡O"³°ØOk?(Group-I - 2012)
1) ì¼OQ·HêH± 2) \ÕHË¼
,H
3) QêOn 4) =°¿ ì< =°¬ìà^£ Jb
29. ì~¡`Ç *ìfÇ° HêOãïQ¹ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼ k<xß 3) ÿiÁ¹ 4) ²OQ®¬î~
AM
T
[#=i 26# \÷OzOk Z ¬OII Õ? (A.E.E'S - 2012) 42. _bÁ KÇ Õ Jx ²°¬ôxzó#k?(Group-I - 2012)
H
M
1) 1920 2) 1925 3) 1930 4) 1947 1) QêOn 2) <³ã¬ú 3) Õ¹ 4) uH±
43. ªÞ`Ç O ã`Ç ¼ ¬ = °~¡ H êO Õ QêOn KÍ <Ç ° H ` Ç Þ O

AM
30. ~Ò`KÇ@O J=°° ÕH÷ =zó# ¬OII? (A.E.E'S - 2009)

IG
1) 1919 2) 1914 3) 1944 4) 1999 =²ìOKÇ|_Èx ª=ü²ìH L^Î¼=°O?(Group-I - 2007)

KH
31. ì~¡`Ç*ìfÇ° HêOãïQ¹ 1917 ¬OII¬ô ¬=¶"Í×O ZHø_È 1) ¬¬ðÇ°x~H~¡}Ë^Î¼=°O

R
[iyOk? (A.E.E'S - 2009) 2) ¬Þ¬i<Ë^Î¼=°O 3) H÷Þ\ WO_Ç¶L^Î¼=°O
1) çOì~ò 2) HH`ë 4) Ï~¡ §¬<ËÁO¦¬°# L^Î¼=°O
3) ¬î}ÿ 4) "~¡Ö 44. ì~¡`Çã¬°`ÇÞ KÇ@O 1935 ã¬Hê~¡O Hê~¡¼x~¡Þ¬ì}

32. JxcÌO\ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ã~¡OaOz# "~ë¬ãuH JkHê~¡O Hey LO_#k?(Group-I - 2007)
Uk? (A.E.E'S - 2008) 1) ãa\÷+¹ ~A / ~}÷ 2) WOQêÁO_£ ~¡Á"³°O\
1) Ç°OQ· WO_Ç¶ 2) ²ìO^Î¶ 3) ¬=¶Y¼§¬# ¬
3) Hê=°<£g 4) ^Î Àã\÷Ç¶\ 4) HÒx #O^Îe Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡
33. ì ~¡ ` Ç * ìfÇ ° `Ç ä ½ PiÖ H ¬ ô <^Î ° #° ¬ = °ä ió# 45. H÷Þ\ WO_Ç¶ f~à}O 8 PQ®+¬µ 1942# ZHø_È
²^¥O`Ç H~¡ë Z=~¡°? (A.E.E'S - 2008)) KÍÇ°|_Ok? (Group-I - 2003)
1) Z¹.Z<£.ÿ#sû 2) _È|°Á ¼.².ÿ#sû 1) çOì~ò Õ 2) HËß Õ
3) ^¥^¥ì~ò <ñ~Ël 4) a.l.uH± 3) ì¬ìÙ~ Õ 4) H~p Õ

46. D ãH÷Ok "xx Kiã`ÇH HêãH=°O Õ À~ùø#O_? 56. ~¢ ¬ÞÇ°O ã¬u¬uë D KÇ@O Õ ÚO^Î°¬~¡KÇ
1) ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç (Group-I - 2003) |_Ok? (Group-II - 2003)
2) [eÇ°<£ " ììQ· ^Î°~¡O`Ç=ò 1) 1909 2) 1919 3) 1935 4) UnHê^Î°
3) H÷Þ\WO_Ç¶ L^Î¼=°=ò 4) ¬Þ^Ít L^Î¼=°O 57. ~¢ Õ ^ÎÞO^ÎÞ# nx ã¬^¥<O×O?(Gr-II - 03)

47. S²°Ç ¹ Õ ãa\÷+¹ ¬° ¼ä½, ì~¡fÇ° ¬° ¼ä½ ¬=¶# 1) ì~¡`Ç HÒx×¤ KÇ@O, 1892
ãu¬kH#° ãa\÷+¹ WO_¶ Ç Õ ã¬ukOz#^Ík? 2) q°O\Õ - =¶ö~Á ¬O¬ø~¡}°, 1909
(Group-I - 2004) 3) ì~¡`Çã¬°`ÇÞ KÇ@O, 1919

1) b Hg°+¬<£ 2) Ìá=°<£ Hg°+¬<£ 4) ì~¡`Çã¬°`ÇÞ KÇ@O, 1935
3) Hê¼a<Í\ Hq°+¬<£ Á<£ 4) ~}÷ ã¬H@# 58. 1942 ¬O=`Ç~¡O Õ J*ì^£²ìO^£ ¦Ï* (WO_Ç°<£
48. ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼O ÚOk#¬C_È° WOQêÁO_È° Õ <Í+¬# Psà)x ªÖ²Oz#k Z=~¡°?(Group-II - 2001)
ã¬^¥xQê L#ß =¼H÷ë? (Group-I - 1999)
1) Ja^£ ¬ì¬<£ 2) ïHÌ<£ "³¶¬ì<£²OQ·
Y
1) KÇió 2) J\©Á
3) <Í`l ¬°ì+¹ KÇOã^ÎÕ¹
3) KO|~ è<q 4) q<£
M
4) "Í°[~ ïH.ì¬ø~¡<£
49. ãH÷O^Î K³æ¬ |_# U ã¬^Í O
× Õ =°¬ð`àQêOn "³ò@"ò
³ ^Î\ ÷ 59. '< P× L#ßk ã~¡Ö# Õ - ã~¡í<Í nxH÷ ["|°Ñ Jx
¬`¼ãQ®ð¬ xß ì~¡`^
Ç
Í O
× Õ ã~¡OaOK_È°?(Gr-II - 11)
95 E
Z=~¡<ß~¡°? (Group-II - 2000)
9
1) J¬ìà^¥ì^£ 2) ì~Ëíe
59
D
1) ~=°H$+¬â ¬~¡=°¬ìO¬ 2) J~¡aO^Ë
3) KÇO~¡<£ 4) Mè_¨
3) QêOnr 4) ~=¶#°[
50. ãa\÷+¹ "~¡° ¬ìO@~ Hg°+¬#~ä½ ^Íxx ¬iÕ^Î#
CA
60. 1928 Õ <³ã¬ú "ÍkH#° Z=~¡° ¬=°iæOzi?
50
KÍÇò@ä½ U~æ@°KÍ²<~¡°? (Group-II - 2008)
(Group-II - 2000)
98
1) Kñi - Kñ~¡ ¬O¦¬°@# 2) ì~ËÛe ¬`¼ãQ®¬ìO
A
1) [=¬ì~ ì <³ã¬ú
:8 2) QêOn
3) [eÇ°<£" ììQ· ^Î°~¡É@#
3) "³¶f ì <³ã¬ú, Jb W=¶"£°, `Í* |¬ì^Î¶~ ¬ã¬î
4) d ì¦¬` PO^Ë×#
h
A E
=°iÇò ¬°ì+¹ KÇOã^ÎÕ¹

.P
51. ãH÷Ok "x Õ ^ÍxH÷ =¼uö~HOQê ÌÌO|~ 20, 1932 Õ

4) =°¿ ì< J|° H ìO J*ì^£
=°¬ð`àQêOn Z~¡"_È *ÿá°#O^Î° P=°~¡} x~¬ð~¡
AB C
D
61. ãH÷O^Î À~ùø#|_# "i Õ 1919 KÇ\ìxß Q®°iOz Z=~¡°

nHÆ KÍ¬>ÿ#°?
ER I
(Group-II - 2008)
J¬O`Ç$²ë K³Ok ^¥xx u~¡¬øiOK~¡°? (Gr-II - 2000)
O
1) ~"£° À "³°H±_Ë< Û H=ü¼# J"~Û =#

1) z`Çë~¡O[<£^¥¹ =°iÇò a²<£ KÇOã^ÎÕ¹
2) ¬`¼ãQ®²ì#° ãa\÷+¹"~¡° J}÷z"ÍÇò@ =#
CH
2) uH± 3) QêOn 4) ¬°ì+¹KÇOã^ÎÕ¹

YD
3) QêOn WiÞ<£ H± / X_ÈO|_H J}÷z"ÍÇò@ =#
4) HH`ë Õ H=ü¼# H¬ì=ò =#

62. ïHá[~ - W - ²ìO^Î¶ J<Í a~¡°^Î° Z=iH÷zó<~¡°?
,H
52. ãH÷Ok "i Õ ''QêOnr ³òHø HêxÂÇ°<£ - H©¬~ÑÑ (Group-II - 2000)

AM
Jx Z=ix ²eKÍ"~¡°?
T
1) QêOnr 2) ¬°ì+¹ KÇOã^ÎÕ¹

(Group-II - 2008)
1) ².~[QË ìKi 2) l.ïH.QËä½° 3) uH± 4) QËY è

H
M
63. 1942¬O=`Ç~¡O PQ®+¬µ <³ Õ H÷Þ\WO_Ç¶ f~à#=ò

AM
3) ì ì[¬u~° 4) =°^Î<£ "³¶¬ì<£ =¶=¼

ZHø_È P"³¶kOz ã¬H\ ÷OK~¡°? (Group-II - 2000)
IG
53. ¬Þ~* s _ÌO|~ 31, 1922 Õ ªÖ²OKÇ|_Ok.

KH
nx ªÖ¬H J^Î¼äÆ½_È° Z=~¡°? (Group-II - 2005) 1) çOì~ò 2) =°ã^¥¬° 3) HH`ë 4) _bÁ
64. ¬~ËÞ^ÎÇ° J<Í ¬ô¬ëHêxß ~²#k Z=~¡°? (Gr-II - 2000)

R
1) "³¶f ì <³ã¬ú 2) ².~[QË ìKi
3) z`Çë~¡O[<£ ^¥¹ 4) [Ç°ã¬Hê+¹ <~Ç°} 1) QêOnr 2) [Ç°ã¬Hê+¹ <~Ç°}
54. E<£ 1942 Õ ~* c¬ði Õ¹ WO_Ç°<£ WO_ÌO_³<£ 3) <³ã¬ú 4) ~[QË Ki
bQ· J^Î¼äÆ½xQê Z#°ßHË|_Ok ZHø_È? (Gr-II - 2005) 65. ^Î O _ Ç ¶ ã`Ç # ° ''~=°KÇ O ã^Î ° _È ° OH ä ½ KÍ ² #
1) ì¼OHêH± Õ 2) ²OQ®¬î~ Õ Kiã`ÇHÇ¶ã`ÇÑÑ Jx Z=~¡° =iâOzi? (Gr-II - 2000)
3) ~¡OQ®¶<£ Õ 4) \ÕHË¼ Õ 1) "³¶u ì <³ã¬ú 2) ^¥^¥ì~ò<ñ~Ël
55. 1919 <\÷ ì~¡`Çã¬°`ÇÞ KÇ@O Õ F@° "ÍÀ ¬ìä½ø#°? 3) =°^Î<£"³¶¬ì<£=¶=¼ 4) JìÄ¹ `ÇÇ¶aû
(Group-II - 2003) 66. ¬¬ðÇ°x~H~¡} L^Î¼=° HêO Õ `Ç=° <¼Ç°"^Î

1) ÌOK~¡° 2) ä½kOK~¡° =$uëx =ke"Í²# W^Îí~¡° =°¬ðhÇò° Z=~¡°?
3) JO^ÎiH÷ WKó~¡° (Group-II - 2000)
4) P q+¬Ç°O ¬iQ®}# ÕH÷ ~ è^Î° 1) [=¬ð~ ì <³ã¬ú =°iÇò `Í* |¬ì^Î¶~ ¬ã¬î

2) ¬O_`Ç "³¶u ì <³ã¬ú =°iÇò ².P~.^¥¹ 77. ^ÎH÷Æ}ìã¦²Hê Õ =°¬ð`àQêOn ¬`¼ãQ®¬ìO KÍ¬\ ÷# ~ËA?
3) ïHá ì¬<^Î H@¶ =°iÇò a.². (A.E.E'S - 2006)
4) ².P~.^¥¹ =°iÇò a.². 1) ÌÌO|~ 11, 1906 2) ÌÌO|~ 11, 1907
67. ''WOH÷Þ ì lO^¥ì^£ÑÑ J<Í x<^ÎO Z=~¡° ¬$+²O

K~¡°? 3) JHË|~ 11, 1908 4) [#=i 11, 1909
(Group-II - 2000)
78. QêOn r À~¡ ° ä ½ =òO^Î ° =°¬ ð `Ç à J#ß a~¡ ° ^Î °
1) a.l.uH± 2) =°¬ì=°à^£ Jb l<ß
KÍ~¡ó|_Ok. U ¬O¦¬°@# ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê? (E.O - 2008)
1) KÇO~¡<£ ¬`¼ãQ®¬ìO Õ
3) Q®`²OQ· 4) ¬~Ëlx<Çò_È°
2) ~Ò` ¬`¼ãQ®¬ìO Õ
68. H÷ªë<£ J<Í T¬ìä½ `ÇOã_ Z=~¡°? (Gr-II - 2000)
3) ì~¡`Ç *ìfÇ° HêOãïQ¹ ³òHø J=°$`¬~
1) Z"£°.Z.l<ß 2) ¬~.¬Ç°¼^£ J¬ìà^£ Mì<£
¬=¶"Í×O Õ
3) =°¬ì=°à^£ WHêÄ 4) [¦¹~¡° ¬ì¬<£
4) d ì¦¬` L^Î¼=°O Õ
69. =°¿O\ ì@<£ @|¶ ì~¡`Ç "³áã§~òQê Z¬ô_È° ¬^Îq
79. ì~¡`Ç^Í§xß Ì¦_È~¡ ÇüxÇ°<£Qê ã¬ukOz#k?
Y
ÔÞHê~¡O KÍ²<_È°? (Group-II - 2000)
(E.O - 2008)
M
1) 24 =¶ió 1947 2) 24 ¦²ã|=i 1947
1) "Í"³ ã¬}ìoH 2) ãH÷¹ ~Ç°ì~¡O
3) 24 [#=i 1947 4) 15 [#=i 1947
3) 1935 KÇ@O 4) =°Oãu`ÇÞ ~Ç°ì~¡O
95 E
70. ãa\÷+¹ ã¬^¥#=°Oãu J\©Á ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ãa\÷+¹ ##°
9
80. U ~ËA# Q®`²OQ· ¬°Y^Í"£ =°iÇò ~*Q®°~¡°=ô
59
D
E<£ 1948 <\÷H÷ JO`ÇO KÍªë#<Í Kiã`ÇH ã¬H@# LifÇ°|_¨Û~¡°? (A.S.O - 2012)
KÍ²# `Ík Uk? (Group-II - 2000)
CA
1) 23-03-1931 2) 23-03-1982
50
1) PQ®+¬µ 16, 1946 2) _ÌO|~ 6, 1946 3) 23-03-1930 4) 23-03-1929
81. ~Ç ° WO_ Ç ° <£ <q Õ u~¡ ° Q® ° ì@° [iy#
98
3) ¦²ã|=i 20, 1947 4) =¶ió 24, 1947
A
71. ì~¡`Ç *ìfÇ° HêOãïQ¹ KÇiã`Ç#° ~¡zOz#k? ¬O=`Ç~¡O?
:8 (A.S.O - 2011)
(Group-II - 1991) 1) 1947 2) 1944 3) 1942 4) 1946

h
A E
82. ì~ËÛe ¬`¼ãQ®¬ì=ò#° ã~¡OaOz#k Z=~¡°?

.P
1) a.l.uH± 2) QêOn
AB C
3) ÕQ®~A ¬\ìa Ô`~=°Ç°¼ (A.E.O - 2011)

D
4) PK~¡¼ Z<£.l.~¡OQê 1) =Áì° ¬>è 2) <³ã¬ú

ER I
72. ^ÎO_Ç¶ã`Ç [iy# ~ËA? 3) ².P~.^¥¹ 4) ¬ã¬î

O
(Group-II - 1991)
1) 12 =¶ió 1930 2) 9 =¶ió 1942

83. ²ìO^Î¶ ¬Þ~*#° U ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò Õ ~²<~¡°?
CH
(A.E.O - 2011)
YD
3) 15 =¶ió 1930 4) 12 =¶ió 1920

1) 1920 2) 1919 3) 1908 4) 1930
73. ¬Þ~[¼s ã¬^¥# Hê~¡¼ãH=°O Uk? (Gr-II - 1991)
,H
1) HÒx ã¬"Í×O 2) ~*ì¼OQ® =¼uö~H`Ç ["|°°

AM
T
3) ãQêg°} ¬ô#iß~à} Hê~¡¼ãH=°O

1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 5) 4
H
M
4) Ìá"Íq Hê=ô 6) 3 7) 1 8) 3 9) 1 10) 1

74. H÷Þ\ WO_Ç¶ L^Î¼=¶xH÷ <¼Ç°H`ÇÞO =²ìOz#"~¡°?
AM
11) 3 12) 2 13) 2 14) 1 15) 2

IG
(A.E.E'S - 2009) 16) 3 17) 3 18) 2 19) 3 20) 2

KH
1) =°¬ð`àQêOn 2) [=¬ð~ ì <³ã¬ú

21) 3 22) 2 23) 2 24) 1 25) 1
26) 3 27) 2 28) 2 29) 3 30) 1
R
3) ¬~Ëlx<Çò_È° 4) g~¡° Z=~¡° Hê^Î°

31) 2 32) 3 33) 3 34) 1 35) 4
75. ãa\÷+¹ ã¬°`ÇÞO O_È<£ #O^Î° "³ò^Î\ ÷ ~ÒO_£ >è|° 36) 3 37) 2 38) 2 39) 2 40) 4
¬=¶"Í×O#° U~æ@°KÍ²#k? (A.E.E'S - 2007) 41) 4 42) 3 43) 2 44) 4 45) 1
1) ^Í× q[#Ìá `Ç°k x~¡âÇ°O KÍÇò@ä½ 46) 2 47) 1 48) 2 49) 3 50) 3
2) QêOn`Ë X_ÈO|_HÌá ¬O`ÇHO KÍÇò@ä½ 51) 1 52) 1 53) 3 54) 4 55) 1
3) <³ã¬ú Hq°+¬<£ x"ÍkH#° KÇióOKÇ°@ä½
56) 3 57) 3 58) 3 59) 3 60) 3
61) 1 62) 1 63) 1 64) 2 65) 1
4) Ìá=°<£ Hq°+¬<£ x"ÍkH#° KÇióOKÇ°@ä½
66) 2 67) 3 68) 3 69) 1 70) 3
76. ''Q®°~¡°^Í"£ Z=iH÷ =¶~¡° À~¡°? (A.E.E'S - 2006)
71) 3 72) 1 73) 1 74) 4 75) 4
1) ~Q®¶~ 2) ².P~.^¥¹ 76) 1 77) 1 78) 2 79) 4 80) 1
3) ì ì[¬u~° 4) uH± 81) 4 82) 1 83) 2

G 1885 _ÌO|~¡° 28# çOì~ò Õx QËä½ ^¥¹ `Í* ¬O¬ø $`Ç Hì§ Õ Rtd Civil Servent J~ò# A.O.¬ú¼"£°
INCx Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ _Èã¦²<£ HêO Õ U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
Y
G INC "³ò^Î\ÕÁ Indian national unionQê ²°=|_Ok. ^¥^¥ì~ò <ñ~Ël Union ä½ |^Î°° Congress J<Í
M
¬^¥xß KÍ~ó~¡°.
G INC ^¥Þ~ ãa\©+¹ "i #°Oz ¬i< q^¥#O ì~¡fÇòä½ `³eÇ°*èÇò@ä½ ãa\©+¹"~¡° x~¡â~òOK~¡°. nxx
Safety volve ²^¥O`ÇO JO\ì~¡°.
95 E
9
59
G
D
ì~¡fÇ° q^¥¼=O`Ç°° ãa\ ©+¹ "i x[¬Þ~¡¶xß INC ^¥Þ~ ã¬[ä½ `³eÇ°*èÇò@ä½ x~¡â~òOK~¡°. nxx
Lightening ²^¥O`ÇO JO\ì~¡°.

INC POQ®Á J^Î¼äÆ½° : 1) *ìiûÇò 2) "³_³<£ÿ~ß
CA
50
3) Pã èæ_£"³ 4) ÌìãhHê@<£
INC =°²ìì J^Î¼äÆ½° - 1) JxaÌO\ (1917 - HH`ë)

98
A
:8
2) ¬~Ëlx <Çò_È° (1925 - Hê#¶æ~ - D"³° `ùe ì~¡fÇ° =°²ìì J^Î¼äÆ½~°)
h
3) #oxÀ<£ Q®°ë (1933 - HH`ë - D"³° ï~O_È= ì~¡fÇ° =°²ìì J^Î¼äÆ½~°. D ¬=¶"Í×O [~¡Q® è^Î°).
A E
.P
¬O=`Ç~¡O ¬ÖO J^Î¼äÆ½° ã^¥#¼`Ç

AB C
D
1885 çOì~ò ÿ#iû 72 =°Ok ç¾<ß~¡°. _Èã¦²<£ INC x

ER I
W.C.
O
_ÌO|~¡° 28 (l.\÷ Hê èl) Micro scopic minority Jx À~ùø<ß~¡°. POã^¥ #°Oz
6Q®°~¡° ç¾<ß~¡°. 1) ².P#O^¥K~¡°¼°, 2) ~¡OQ®Ç°¼

CH
YD
<Çò_È°, 3) #~¡O
² ¬ì<Çò_È°, 4) "³OH@¬°|Ä~Çò_È°,
5) Q®°uëöH×= ²Üá¤, 6) <¼¬u ¬°ìÄ~=ô.

,H
1886 HH`ë ^¥^¥ì~ò <ñ~Ël "³ò^Î\ ÷ sÅ J^Î¼äÆ½_È° SN ÿ#sû ³òHø Indian
AM
T
National conferrence INC Õ qb#O J~òOk.

H
M
1887 =°ã^¥¬° |ã^Î°ní<£`¼aû "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ =ò²ÁO INC J^Î¼äÆ½_È°

AM
1888 J¬ðì^£ *ì~ûÇü "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ ãa\©+¹ INC J^Î¼äÆ½_È°

IG
1889 ìOè "³@<£ÿ~¾ ï~O_È= POQ®Á J^Î¼äÆ½_È°

KH
1890 HH`ë ¦²~Ë* "³°¬ì` -
INC H÷
R
1891 (7=k) <Q·¬î~ ².P#O^¥K~¡°¼° J^Î¼äÆ½_È° J~ò# `ùe POã^Î°_È°

1892 J¬ðì^£ W.C. ÿ#iû -
1893 ì¬ìÙ~ ^¥^¥ì~ò <ñ~Ël -
1894 =°ã^¥¬° Pã ÿæ_£"³ =ü_È= POöQÁÇ° J^Î¼äÆ½_È°
1895 ¬î<Í S.N.ÿ#iû -
1896 HH`ë ¬Ç¶h "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ ªiQê ''=O^Í=¶`Ç~¡OÑÑ P²OKÇ|_Ok.
1897 J=°~=u (=°¬ð~R) ×OH~¡<£ -
1898 =°ã^¥¹ P#O^Î"³¶¬ì<£Õ¹ -
1899 HËß R.C.^Î` W`Ç#° Economic History of Indian ¬ô¬H

ë êxß ~¡zOK_È°.
1900 ì¬ìÙ~ KÇOã^Î"~¡ø~ National Science league #° ì¬ìË~ Õ ªÖ²OK_È°.

¬O=`Ç~¡O ¬ÖO J^Î¼äÆ½° ã^¥#¼`Ç
1901 HH`ë DE "K -
1902 J¬ìà^¥ì^£ S.N.ÿ#iû -
1903 =°ã^¥¹ ì "³¶¬ì<£Õ¹
1904 çOì~ò ÌìãhHê@<£
1905 "~¡}ì² QËY è ÿOQê ä½ =iëOKÍ q^ÎOQê ¬Þ~* f~à#O P"³¶kOKÇ
|_Ok.
1906 HH`ë ^¥^¥ì~ò <ñ~Ël ì~¡`ä½ =iëOKÍ q^ÎOQê ¬Þ~* f~à#O P"³¶kOKÇ
|_Ok. nx Õx 4 f~à<° 1) ¬Þ~*, 2) ¬Þ^Íj,
3) |²ì+¬ø~¡}, 4) *ìfÇ°q^Î¼ f~à#O
Y
1907 ¬¶~¡` ~¹a¬ðs Õ¹ INC q°`Ç"^Î°° Ju"^Î°°Qê peé~òOk.
1908 =°ã^¥¹ ~¹a¬ðs Õ¹ -
M
1909 ì¬ìÙ~ =°^Î<£ "³¶¬ì<£=¶=¼ -
95 E
1910 J¬ðì^£ "³_È<£ÿ~ß -
9
1911 HH`ë a+¬<£ <~Ç°}^¥~ "³ò^Î\ ÷ ªiQê [#Q®}=°# P²OKÇ|_Ok.
59
D
1912 |OH©¬î~ (W.B) =°^£H~ nx Õ XH =ò²ÁO ä_¨ ç¾# è^Î°. Ju`Çä½ø= HêO
CA
[iy# INC ¬=¶"Í×O
50
1913 H~p #"=°¬ìà^£ Pb =ò²ÁO° JkH ¬OY¼ Õ ç¾<ß~¡°.
98
1914 =°ã^¥¹ ¶ÀOã^Î<^£ Õ¹ -
A
:8
1915 çOì~ò S.P. ²<Ý -
(¬`Í¼Oã^Îã¬ª^£ ²<Ý)
h
A E
.P
1916 HËß JOaHêKÇ~¡} =°AO^¥~ q°`Ç " ^Î ° °, Ju"^Î ° °, =ò² Á O bQ· ¬ ð [~¡ Ç ¶ ¼~¡ ° .
AB C
D
(uH±, JhaÌO\, l<ß H$+²=Á)

ER I
1917 HH`ë JhaÌO\ "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ =°²ìì INC J^Î¼äÆ½~°

O
1918 çOì~ò (ã¬`Í¼H ¬ì¬<£W=¶"£° 1917 PQ®+¬µ _HÁö~+¬<£#° KÇióOK~¡°.
¬=¶"Í×O)
CH
YD
1918 _bÁ ("iÂH ¬=¶"Í×O) =°^Î<£"³¶¬ì<£=¶=¼ SN ÿ#iû National Liberal Party x ªÖ²OK~¡°.
1919 J=°$`¬~ "³¶f ì <³ã¬ú [eÇ°<£" ììQ· ¬O¦¬°@# [iyOk Jx INC ¬=¶"Í×O
,H
J=°$`¬~ Õ
AM
T
1920 HH`ë ì ì[¬ u ~ ° QêOnr ¬¬ðÇ°x~H~¡} L^Î¼=°O ã~¡OaOKÇ°@ä½

H
M
(ã¬`Í¼H ¬=¶"Í×O) J#°=°u WKó~¡°.

AM
1920 <Q·¬î~ ("iÂH) q[Ç°~¦¬°"Ki - QêOnl ¬¬ðÇ° x~H~¡} L^Î¼=°O P"³¶^ÎO

IG
2= POã^Î°_È° - INC ¬¼`ÇÞ ~¡°¬°O 4 ~¡Hê°

KH
- 15 =°Ok ¬°¼`Ë CWC U~æ@°

R
- ì ãu¬kH# PCC U~æ@°
- ãQê=°, `¶Hê, l ìÁ HêOãïQ¹ Hq°\©° U~¡æ_¨Û~ò.
1921 J¬ìà^¥ì^£ C.R.^¥¹ C.R.^¥¹ *ÿá ÕÁ LO_È°@KÍ ¬ìH©O P[à d<£ J^Î¼äÆ½°Qê
ì^Î¼`Ç° ÔÞHiOK~¡°.
1922 Q®Ç° (c¬ð~) C.R.^¥¹ KÇ@¬ ã¬"Í×a°Á (Council entry) ã¬"Í×Ì@|_#k.
Hêh u~¡ø¬ iOKÇ|_Ok. Wk ¬Þ~*s ªÖ#

¬ ä½ Hê~¡}"³°#
Ø k.
1923 _bÁ (ã¬`Í¼H) =°¿ ì< J|° H ìO Ju z#ß =Ç°¬° Õ INC J^Î¼äÆ½_È°
P*ì^£ P WO_¶
Ç Mìn Õ~¡°#
Û ° U~æ@° KÍò
Ç @ä½ x~¡~
â òOK~¡°.
1923 HêH÷<_È =°¬ì=°à^£ Pb PÇ° ã¬"Í× L^Î¼=°O Õ INC Hê~¡¼H~¡ë° ç¾#=KÇ°ó
J<Í f~à#O P"³¶^ÎO

¬O=`Ç~¡O ¬ÖO J^Î¼äÆ½° ã^¥#¼`Ç
1924 ÿ ì¾ O QêOn r 1) HÒx ZOã\© P"³¶^ÎO
2) INC ¬°¼xQê KÍ~¡°@ä½ Hh¬ J~¡Ý`Ç <Í`Ç¬x `³eÇò@.
1925 Hê#¶æ~ ¬~Ëlx <Çò_È° "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ ì~¡`Ç =°²ìì INC J^Î¼äÆ½~°
1926 QÒ¬ ì u Nx"¬ JÇ°¼OQê~ INC Hê~¡¼H~¡ë° è^¥ <Ç°ä½° Y^Îí~¡°#° ^ÎiOz
INC ¬=¶"Í§ä½ ¬ð[~¡° J=ô@#° `Ç¬æx¬i KÍ§~¡°.
1927 =°ã^¥¹ (P=_) M.A.J<s - Ìá=°<£ Hg°+¬<£ |²ì+¬ø~¡} x~¡âÇ°O
- q+¬¼` _=¶O_ÈÁ Õ ã^Îq°H ¬ìä½ø#° KÍ~óe.
- ¬î~¡â ¬Þ~*Ìá KÇ~¡ó [iyOk.
1928 HH`ë "³¶f ì <³ã¬ú - <³ã¬ú f~à#O KÇióOKÇ|_Ok.
Y
- 1929 _ÌO|~ 31 Õ¬ô ¬ÞÇ°O ¬i# ì~¡`ä½
HeæOKx ãa\©+¹ "iH÷ Je"Í°@O *ìs
M
1929 ì¬ìË~ [=¬ì~ ì <³ã¬ú 1) ¬î~¡â ¬Þ~*
95 E
(=Áì° ¬>è #° 2) §¬<ËÁO¦¬°# ã~¡OaOKÇ°@ä½ x~¡âÇ°O.
9
J^Î¼äÆ½xQê KÍÇò@ä½ 3) ã¬u ¬OII [#=i 26#° ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼ k#OQê [~¡°¬ô@ä½
59
D
K ì=°Ok x~¡âÇ°O
CA
ã¬Ç°ußOK~¡°. 4) J.L. <³ã¬ú ì~¡`Ç^Í× ãu=~¡â ¬`Hêxß ì¬ìË~ Õ
50
~q #k X_È°Û# "³ò^Î@Qê ZQ®°~¡ "Í§_È°. (²OQ®o
98
"³ O H Ç ° ¼ nxß 1921 Õ ~¡ ¶ ÚOkOz q[Ç ° "_È Õ
A
:8
QêOnH÷ ¬=°iæOK_È°.)
1930 - <³ã¬ú ¬=¶"Í×O [~¡Q® è^Î°. §¬<ËÁO¦¬°# L^Î¼=°O Hê~¡}OQê

h
J.L.
A E
.P
1931 H~p =Áì° ¬>è ã^Îq°H ¬ìä½ø° _=¶O_£ KÍÇ°|_¨Û~ò.

AB C
D
1932 _bÁ ~¡<£KÇ^Ëí¹À~ ¬=¶"Í×O xÀ+kOKÇ|_Ok.

ER I
1933 HH`ë #ohÀ<£ Q®°ë ¬=¶"Í×O xÀ+kOKÇ|_Ok. (3= =°²ìì J^Î¼äÆ½~°)

O
1934 çOè ~*èOã^Îã¬ª^£ ¬=¶"Í×O xÀ+kOKÇ|_Ok.
1935 - - xÀ+^ÎO Hê~¡}OQê ¬=¶"Í×O [~¡Q® è^Î°. ~*èOã^Îã¬ª^£

CH
YD
J^Î¼äÆ½°Qê Hù#ªQê~¡°.
1936 HËß J.L. <³ã¬ú ª=°¼"^ÎO J<Í ¬^ÎO "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê x~¡ÞzOKÇ|_Ok.
,H
1937 ZxßH ÕÁ ç¾#°@ä½ x~¡âÇ°O.

AM
T
1937 Ì¦á*¬î~ (=°¬ð~R) J.L. <³ã¬ú ãQê=°O Õ [iy# INC

H
M
1938 ¬ìi¬î~ (=°¬ð~R) ¬°ì+¹KÇOã^ÎÕ¹ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê Õ¹ ã¬}ìoHê ¬O¦¬°O#° _=¶O_£ KÍ§_È°.
AM
'ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼OÑ J<Í ¬^ÎO "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê x~¡ÞzOKÇ|_Ok.

IG
(¬OªÖ<#° D x~¡ÞKÇ#O Õ KÍ~ó~¡°.)

KH
1939 ãu¬ôs S.C.Õ¹ 1) Õ¹ QêOn J ¼ iÖ ¬ \ ì a Ô ` ~=°Ç ° ¼ *Õ_ O z

R
J^Î¼äÆ½xQê Z#°ßHË|_<_È°.
2) ¬OªÖ< Õ ~¡ä½ä½ =¼uö~HOQê L^Î¼=¶ Õ
INC Hê~¡¼H~¡ë° ç¾#=KÇ°ó.
1940 ~"£°¦¬°~ =°¿<P*ì^£ =¼H÷ëQ®`Ç ¬`¼ãQ®¬ìO ã~¡OaOKÇ°@ä½ P"³¶^ÎO ¼"³°Ø#k.
1941-46 =°¿ ì< J|° H ìO INC ¬=¶"Í×O [~¡Q® è^Î°. (Jï~¹ Hê~¡}OQê)
P*ì^£ J`Ç¼kH HêO
INC J^Î¼äÆ½°Qê
1946 =°¿O\ (UP) J.B.H$¬ ìh ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼O =zó#¬C_È° J.B. H$¬ ìh
J^Î¼äÆ½_Qê L<ß~¡°.
1948 *ÿá¬î~ ¬\ìaÔ`~=°Ç°¼ ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼O =zó# `Ç~Þ`Ç [iy# INC ¬=¶"ÍO

× J^¼Î ä½Æ _È°.

G `ùe ÿOQê (é~ qeÇ°O) Q®=~¡ß~- ã_ÍH± (1756-58)
G ÿOQê ³òHø "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ (1773 KÇ@O ã¬Hê~¡O) - "~¡¹Àì²OQ· (1772-86)
Y
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ³òHø "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ - (1833 KÇ@O ã¬Hê~¡O) - qeÇ°O ÿO\÷H± (1828-35)
M
ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ³òHø "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ "³áãª~ò (1858 KÇ@O) ì~Û HêxOQ· (1856-62)
G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ z@z=i ãa\©+¹ Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ =°¿O\ ì@<£ (1947-48)
95 E
¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç ì~¡`Ç^Í×=ò#ä½ "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ =°¿O\ì@<£ (1947-48)
9
G
59
D
¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç ì~¡`^
Ç
Í =
× ò#ä½ "³ò@"ò
³ ^Î\ /÷ UïHH
á / z=i ì~¡fÇ° Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ - ~*ìl (~[QË ìKi) (1948-50)
v ÿOQê ³òHø Q®=~¡ß~° : (¦é~ qeÇ°"£° ³òHø Q®=~¡ß~°)
CA
50
1. ã_ÍH± (Drake) - (1756-58) : 1) HH`ë pH\ ÷ Q®k L^ÎO`ÇO (1756), 2) 1757 ÁÔ Çò^ÎO
98
2. ~|~ ïHÁå"£ (1758-60) : 1759 K³#°~ è^¥ è^Î~ Çò^ÎO. _ÈK "ix F_OK_È°.
A
:8
3. "<£²\ì~ (1760-65) : 1) 1760 =O^Î"² Çò^ÎO, 2) 1761 =ü_È= x¬\ Çò^ÎO
h
A E
nx Õ P¦¬É<£ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ãuä½° J¬ìà^£ Jìíb =°~~ [#~¡ J~ò# ¬^¥t=~=ô, q§Þ¬~=ôì"Í#° F_OK_È°.
.P
3) 1764 JHË|~ 22 - ìH~ Çò^ÎO.

AB C
D
4) ~|~ïHÁå"£ (1765-67) : 1765 Õ J¬ðì^£ X¬æO^ÎO`Ë ÿOQê Õ ^ÎÞO^ÎÞ ã¬°`Þxß ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.

ER I
G t¬°ë =¬¶° Hù~¡ïHá iMìMì<£ J<Í =¼H÷ë (ÿOQê JO`Ç\ì) xÇ°q°OKÇ|_È`~¡°.

O
G ~|~ ïHÁå"£ QùO`Ç° Õ Ú_È°¬°Hùx KÇxé=_ÈO [iyOk. nxx ¬¬îH÷ JO\ì~¡°.

CH
] a~¡°^Î°° :
YD
G P~ø\ g~¡°_È° (1752 P~ø\ PãH=°}). ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ POQ®Á~[¼ ªÖ¬ä½_È°.

,H
G kq #°O_ °qH÷ ky=zó# À<x - ~|~ïHÁå"£ Jx qeÇ°O Ô\ =iâOK_È°.

AM
T
G ïHÁå"£ - õÞ`Ç q¬Á=O white mutiny x 1766 J}z"Í§_È°.
G
H
M
Wk ãa\©+¹ Ìáxä½ J"³#°#° `Çy¾OKÇ_ÈO [iyOk.

AM
G ïHÁå"£- 1765 Õ "³ò¦¬° KÇãH=ië 2= PO, J=^£ #"|°- +¬µ*ìL^ñí ì Õ J¬ðì^£ X¬æO^ÎO KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È°.
IG
5) VERELST ("³ï~ ) (1767-69) : "³ò^Î\ ÷ POQËÁ "³°Ø¬¶~ Çò^ÎO.

KH
6) HêiÇ°~ (Cartier) (1769-72) : 1770 Õ =°^Î¼ì~¡` Õ XH Qù¬æH~¡°=ô ¬OqOz#k.

R
7) "ï~<£Àì²OQ· (1772-74) :
1) ^ÎÞO^ÎÞ ã¬°`Þxß ~¡^Î°íKÍ§_È°. 2) t¬°ë =¬¶° Hù~¡ïHá Board of Revenue #° U~æ@° KÍª_È°.
3) H ÿH~ ¬^Îqx ¬$+²OK_È° (1772) 4) 1773 ï~Q®°¼ è\ ÷OQ· KÇ@O.
v ÿOQê ³òHø Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ ° :

1. "ï~<£ Àì²OQ· (1774-85) :
1774 #°O_ ÿOQê `ùe Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ Qê ¬xKÍ§_È°.
1774 - ~Ë²ì ìÁ Çò^ÎO (UP Õ LO\ì~¡° ~Ë²ì ìÁ°), HH`ë Õ ¬°ãÔO HË~¡° U~æ@°.
1775 - #O^Îä½=¶~ LifÇ°|_È°@ (qK~¡} ^¥Þ~ ãa\©+¹ "iKÍ LifÇ°|_ÈÛ
"³ò^Î\ ÷ =¼H÷ë, ¬wÁ Õ x*ì~òf JkHêi)

1778 - K³á`²OQ· (ÿ<~¡¹) ¬O¦¬°@# (2 "Í Q®°ã~° ¬O¬=°x)
1781 - HH`ë =°^Î~¡ª U~æ@° (Y°~<£ ¬iOKÇ@O HË¬O =ò²ÁO° HË¬O)
1782 - J=^£ èQ®O ¬O¦¬°@# ("i #Q®#° ^ùOyeOK_È°)
1780 - HêO Õ<Í ²ìH©ø ì~¡` Õ `ùe ¬ãuH ÿOQê ïQl\#° ªÖ²OK_È°.
1784 - qeÇ°O*Õ<£ ÿOQê U+²Ç¶\÷H± ªÚÌá\ ©x ªÖ²OKÇ°@.
(nx =òY¼ L^Íí×O ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç#° xiàOKÇ°@. D ¬O¬Ö U~æ@° Õ W`ÇxH÷ ¬¬ìHiOz#"~¡° "~¡<£ Àì²OQ·,
¬ð ÿ_£, qeø<£)
Çò^¥° : 1. ~Ë²ì ìÁ`Ë Çò^ÎO - 1772, 2. ï~O_È= POQËÁ "³°Ø¬¶~ Çò^ÎO - 1780-84
3. "³ò^Î\ ÷ POQËÁ =°~~ Çò^ÎO - 1775-82
KÇ\ì° : 1. ï~Q®°¼ è\ ÷OQ· KÇ@O - 1773 2. ²\ WO_Ç¶ KÇ@O - 1784
Y
G l ìÁ ªÖ~ò Civil, Criminal HË~¡° U~æ@°.
M
2. Hê~¡<£ "b¹ (1785- 1793) :
95 E
G 1793 - [q°O^¥s KÇ@O è^¥ §×Þ`Ç t¬°ë ¬iø~¡ KÇ@=ò.
9
59
D
G W`Çxx ²q ¬sÞ¹ ²`=°¬_È° JO\ì~¡°. G éb¹, <¼Ç° ¬O¬ø~¡}° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
G DSP ¬^Îqx ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°. G <¼Ç°§Y#°, Hê~¡¼x~¡Þ¬ì} §Y #°O_ < §Y#° "Í~°¡ KÍ§_È°.
CA
50
G 3= POQËÁ "³°Ø¬¶~¡° Çò^ÎO (1790-92) [iyOk. G N~¡OQ® ¬@}O ¬OkH~¡ë.
98
G <°Q®° ¬~¡¶ø ¼\ <¼Ç°ªÖ<#° U~æ@° KÍ§_È°. (HH`ë, _¨Hê, \ìß, =òiÂ^¥ì^£ Õ U~æ@° KÍ§_È°)
A
G L^Ë¼Q®°ä½ ¬ï~á# r`° K³eÁOKÇ@O ^¥Þ~ x*ì~òfx ÌOÚOkOKÇ=KÇóx #q°à# =¼H÷ë.
:8
3. ¬~*ì<£ é~ (1793- 1798) :
h
A E
.P
G "~¡<£ Àì²OQ· U~æ@° KÍ²# BOARD OF REVENUEä½ J^Î¼äÆ½°Qê ¬xKÍ§_È°. (1793)

AB C
D
G 1795 Õ ÿOQê Õ POöQÁÇ° JkHê~¡° u~¡°Q®°ì@°

ER I
G <<£- WO@~"³<£+¬<£ q^¥#O#° Yzó`ÇOQê \÷OKÇ°@. G [q°O^¥s q^¥#O#° ~¡¶ÚOkOK_È°.

O
4. ì~Û "³ÁÔÁ (1798 - 1805) :

CH
a~¡°^Î°° :
YD
1. ÿOQê ¬ôe Jx JO\ì~¡°. 2. HOÌh JHÄ~
G
,H
1798 Õ Ìá#¼ ¬¬ìHê~¡ ¬^Îux ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
G 1798 Õ Ìá#¼ ¬¬ìHê~¡ ¬^Îu Õ KÍi# "³ò^Î\ ÷ ~[¼O - Ìáì^Î~ì^£ (x*ìOPb)

AM
T
G ï~O_È= X¬æO^ÎO ä_¨ Ìáì^Î~ì^£ x*ìO - x*ìO JbMì<£ - 1800 L`Çë~¡ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ
H
M
Ìá#¼¬¬ìHê~¡ ¬^Îu Õ KÍi# "³ò^Î\ ÷ ~*¼O - J=^£ (ª^Î Jb)

AM
Çò^¥° :
IG
1) 4= POQËÁ "³°Ø¬¶~ Çò^ÎO - 1799 2) 2= POQËÁ =°~s Çò^ÎO - 1802-1805

KH
G =°ã^¥¹ ãÌ²_³h#° U~æ@° KÍ§_È°. (H~ß@H ãO`xß He_È°). ã¬*ìÀ=ä½ä½ tHÆ} WKÇ°ó@ä½ HH`ë Õ qeÇ°"£°
Hì§#° U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.

R
5. *ì~ûì~ËÁ (1805-1807) :
G 1806 Õ <³¶Á~¡° Ìáxä½ u~¡°Q®°ì@°.
G WOQêÁO_£ Õ Ìáìe|s Hì§ ªÖ¬#. nxH÷ ¬î~¡ÞO D¹ WO_Ç¶ HOÌh Hê è* (1806) LO_Ík. (~¡KÇ~ò`Çä½ tHÆ}
W=Þ_¨xH÷)
6. 1= q°O\Õ (1807-1813) :
G J=°$`¬~ X¬æO^ÎO (~¡Ol ²OQ·`Ë) -1809
G ãa\©+¹"iH÷, ¬O*ì "iH÷ =°^Î¼ ¬>ÿÁ*#k ¬i ¬ì^Î°íQê Q®°iëO¬ô.
G 1813 K~¡~ KÇ@O. Wk ì~¡` Õ q^¥¼a=$kH÷ 1 HÆ ~¡¶II öH\ì~òOzOk.

7. =¶ö~øÞ¹ Àì²OQ· (1813-23) :
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ãOfÇ° ì ¬ãuH J~ò# ¬=¶K~¡ ^Î~¡æ} ã~¡O"³°ØOk. G ã¬u ~< Õ#° =ò# HË~¡° U~æ@°.
G <Í Çò^ÎO (1814-16) : D Q®°~Çò^ÎO =<Í W`Ç_H÷ =¶ï~ø Þ¹ J<Í À~¡° =zóOk.
G ¬QÒe ¬Ok`Ë =òy²Ok.
G 3= =°~~ Çò^ÎO 1818 Õ =°~~#° PãHq°OK_È°. ÔÞ ¬^Îqx ~¡^Î°íKÍ§_È°.
G ~[¬ôã`Ç°#° ¬¬ì[q°ã`Ç°°Qê, =°~~#° ¬¬ì[ ×ã`Ç°=ô°Qê ìqOK_È°.
G ²O_¨s#° J}÷z"Í§_È°. (ÔÞ° U~æ@° KÍ²# |Ok é@° ^ùOQ®°)
G ²O_¨s° =°~~ Ìá#¼O Õ Q®°ã~¡¬ô ~Ò`Ç°°. G ÕOè ãÌ²_³h#° U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
G Pn# x~Ë^Î ¬O|O^Î x~Ë^Î q^¥#O ¬$+²H~¡ë.
G =°ã^¥¬° ãÌ²_³h Õ ï~á`Þs ¬^Îux ¬~^¥=°¹ =°ã<Ë ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
Y
G "Çò=¼ ì~¡` Õ =° ìÞs ¬^Îux Hß |~ ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
M
8. AMHEREST (1823-1828) :
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ |~àÇò^ÎO (1824-26) 'Ç¶O_£-|¶ ¬OkÑ
95 E
9
G ì~¡H±¬î~ Õ ²~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@° - 1824.
59
D
9. qeÇ°O ÿO\÷OH± (1828-1833) :
G G
CA
50
¬f¬¬ìQ®=°# xÀ+^Î KÇ@O - 1829 ¢Ôë t×Ã¬ì`Ç¼ xÀ+^Î KÇ@O.
G G
98
ªÖxH <¼Ç°ªÖ#O Õ ãOfÇ° ì+¬#° L¬³¶yOKÇ°HË=KÇ°ó. ^ÎQ®°¾#° J}÷z"Í§_È° (^¥i^Ë²_ ^ùOQ®°)
"Thuggee and Decoity Dept" U~æ@°

A
G ¬~ qeÇ°OÌìãh ÔÁ=°<£KÍ
:8
KÍ§_È°.
G HK~, ä~¡°¾, "³°Ø¬¶~ qb#O. G ¬~¡¶ø ¼\ <¼Ç°ªÖ<#° ~¡^Î°í KÍ§_È°. (Hê~¡<£"b¹ U~æ@° KÍ²#k)
h
A E
.P
] 1833 KÇ@O ~=_ÈO : ''<Í`Ç Hêiàä½ Z=òH`Ë ì~¡`Ç "³°Ø^¥<° eé`Ç°<ß=°xÑÑ Jx À~ùøx ì~¡fÇò
AB C
D
¬ì$^ÎÇ¶ ÕÁ xezéÇ¶_È°.
ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ³òHø Q®~¡=ß~ [#~¡ °

ER I
O
CH
1. qeÇ°O ÿO\÷OH± (1833-1835) :

YD
G Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ Executive council Õ XH <¼Ç° ¬°¼_È° xÇ°q°OKÇ|_¨Û_È°. ("³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷"_È°- ì~Û "³°Hê è)
,H
G "³°Mì è q°x\ Zeæ<£ªé<£ Hì§ (çOì~ò) ¬ô<k U~¡æ_Ok.

AM
T
G HH`ë Õ "³á^Î¼ Hì§ U~æ@°, ~¡§ ÕÁ POQ®Á=¶O^Î¼O#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.

H
M
2. ¬~ Kï~Á¹ "³°\Hê¦¹ (1835-36) :

AM
IG
G W`Ç#° "~ë¬ãuHÌá xÀ+^Î=ò#° ~¡^Î°KÍ² "\÷H÷ ÀÞKÇó#° HeæOK_È°.

KH
(1835) JO^Î°=Á W`Çxx Liberator of press JO\ì~¡°.

3. Auckland / PH± ìO_£ (1836-42) :
R
G W`Ç#° f~¡ÖÇ¶ã`ÇÌá ¬#°ß ~¡^Î°í KÍ§_È°.
G =¶O_Èq~[¼O POQ®Á ~[¼O Õ qb#O "³ò^Î\ ÷ POQËÁP¦¬É<£ Çò^ÎO ã~¡O"³°Ø#k (1839).
4. Z ÿ<£|~Ë (1842-44) :
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ POQËÁ P¦É<£ Çò^ÎO =òy²Ok (1842). G 1843 Õ ²O^Î° PãHq°Oz ãa\©+¹ ~[¼O Õ qb#O KÍ§_È°.
G 1843 Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ìx¬`ÇÞO#° ~¡^Î°íKÍ§_È°. G (1813 Õ WOQêÁO_£ Õ ìx¬`ÇÞO#° ~¡^Î°íKÍªë~¡°)
5. 1= ¬ðiÛO* (1844-48) :
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ POQËÁ tä½øÇò^ÎO (1844-46) G ì¬ìÙ~ ãQ®O^ÎH~¡ë (1846)
G QËO_È°#° J}÷z"Í§_È° (ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ L#ß `³Q® QËO_È°°)

G ×qH KÇ~¡¼ J~ò# #~¡|ex xÀ+kOK_È°.
G 1845 Õ _Í<£ ªÖ=~#° (À~¡"£°¬î~) ã\ì"³<£HË~#° 120 HÆä½ Hù#°QË° KÍ§_È°.
6. _È ºÝ² (1848-1856) :
G Ju z#ß =Ç°¬°ø_³á# Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡
G ì~¡`Ç ï~á èÞ, P^Î°xH ì~¡`Ç ²`=°¬_È°.
G 1848 Õ ~[¼¬OãH=°} ²^¥O`ÇO#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
G ~[¼¬OãH=°} ²^¥O`ÇO ã¬Hê~¡O ãH÷Ok ãO`#° P"³¶kOK_È°.
1. ¬`~ S 2. *ÿá ¬î~ J 3. ¬O| S 4. Q®`B
5. L^ÎÇ°¬î~ U 6. ~¡ìh J 7. <Q®¬î~ N 8. J=^£ A
G 1850 Õ ~*ì~¡}ì°, ~[a~¡°^Î°° ~¡^Î°íKÍ§_È°.
G 1951 Õ HH`ë _³á=°O_£ ¬ð~¡Ä~ =^Îí >ÿeãQê¦¹ ÿá#°#° xiàOK_È°.
Y
G 1852 Õ Hê~p Õ `Ç ìa°Á#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
M
G 1853 Õ ìOè- ~}è =°^Î¼ ï~á èÞ ÿá<£#° xiàOK_È°. (34 H÷.g°.) (21 "³°Ø×ÃÁ)
G 1854 Õ - L_£ q^¥¼¬^ÎHO- ''ì~¡`Ç ã§ó`Ç¼ q^¥¼ q^¥xH÷ =¶QêßHê~ÑÑ
95 E
9
G 1856 Õ q`ÇO`Ç° ¬ô#iÞ"¬ì KÇ@O#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°. (D×Þ~KÇOã^Î q^¥¼ªQ®~ H$+²)
59
D
G Public Works Dept. #° U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
G Grand Trunk Roads x~à}O.
CA
50
G PÇò^ÎQê~xß HH`ë #°O_ g°~¡\#° `Ç~¡eOK_È°.
98
G ¬O*ì ã¬`Í¼H ~ROQê U~æ@°.
A
:8
G 2= POQËÁ ²äø Çò^ÎO (1848-49).
G 2= |~à Çò^ÎO 1850-1852 kQ®°= |~à#° PãHq°OK_È°.
h
A E
.P
G Ìáxä½, Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ =òY¼ Hê~¼Ç¶#° '²=¶ÁÑä½ `Ç~¡eOK_È°.

AB C
G 1849 Õ ²H÷øO#° PãHq°OK_È°.

D
G ÿOQê Õ he =°O^Î° q¬Á=O. G 1853 K~¡~ KÇ@O.

ER I
O
7. ì~Û HêxOQ· (1856- 1858) :

CH
G W`ÇxHêO Õ 1857 ²~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@° [iyOk.

YD
G ãa\÷+¹ WO_Ç¶ z=i Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ .

,H
G 1857 Õ 3 q×Þq^¥¼Ç¶ ªÖ¬# (HH`ë, ÕOè, =°ã^¥¹)

G
AM
1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@°
T
G 1858 ì~¡`Ç ã¬°`ÇÞ KÇ@O U~æ@° qHËiÇ¶ =°¬ð~}÷ KÇ@O W`Çxß Clemency Canning JO\ì~¡°.
H
M
ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ³òHø Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ =°iÇò "³áãª°

AM
IG
KH
1. ì~Û HêxOQ· (1858-64) :

R
G 1858 ì~¡`Ç ã¬°`ÇÞ KÇ@O ^¥Þ~ Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ ¬^Îq "³áãª°Qê =¶iOk.
G ì~¡`Ç^Í× "³ò^Î\ ÷ "³áãª°.
G D KÇ@O ^¥Þ~ ì~¡`Ç^Í§xß ¬ieOKÍ JkHê~¡O D²O_Ç¶ HOÌh #°Oz
ãa\÷+¹ ã¬°`ÇÞO f¬°ä½Ok.
G _È ºÝÔ ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# ~[¼¬OãH=°} ²^¥O`xß 1859 Õ ~¡^Î°í KÍ§~¡°.
G HH`ë, çOì~ò, =°ã^¥¹ Çüx=i\©° 1857 Õ ªÖ²OK~¡°.
G W`Ç_È° ì~¡`Ç ã¬°`ÇÞO Õ é~¦ée³¶ ¬^Îux ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È° (Hê~¡¼x~Þ¬ìH =°O_Èe Õx XHËø ¬°¼_H÷ XHËø ¬i<
§Y#° öH\ì~òOKÇ_ÈO).
G Çü~Ë²Ç°<£ Ìáxä½° KÍ¬\ ÷# `³Á u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° J}z"Í§_È°.
G 1859 Õ HË_£ P¦¹ ãH÷q°# ãÚÔ[~ *ìs KÍ§~¡°. SÔÔ (WO_Ç°<£ Ô# HË_£) J=°° ÕH÷ =zóOk.

G ì~¡`Ç ÌáìHË~¡° KÇ@O 1861 Õ *ìs KÍ§~¡°.
G ì~¡fÇ° tHÆê ¬à $u Indian penal code-1860
G |_³û\ q^¥#O ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
G P^¥Ç°¬#°ß ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°. (1860) nxx ã¬"Í×Ì\÷#k *è"£° q<£.
G õÞ`Ç u~¡°Q®°ì@° ("³á\ =¶¼@h) (ì~¡` Õx POöQÁÇò° ãa\©+¹ "iÌá)
G 3 ÌáìHË~¡° ªÖ¬#- 1) HH`ë (1862 A ÿá 2), 2) çOì~ò (1862 PQ®+¬µ 14), 3) =°ã^¥¹ (1862-PQ®+¬µ 15)
2. Zeû<£-1 (1862- 63) :

G =¬ðcKÍ qkOKÇ|_¨Û_È°.
G ²ì=¶KÇ ã¬^Í Õx ^Î~¡à§ Õ =°~¡}÷OK_È°. (``øeHOQê - <Í²Ç°~ =Kó_È°)
3. _¨x¬<£ (1863-64) : W`Ç#° =¬ðc#° P}÷z"Í§_È°.
Y
4. ¬~*ì<£ ìï~<£ (1864-69) :
M
G W`Ç_È° h\÷~¡°^Î ¬^ÎHê#° ã~¡OaOK_È°.
G Çü~¡¹`Ë >ÿeãQê¦²H± H=ü¼xöH+¬<£, ¬=òã^Î >ÿeãQê¦¹ q^¥#O ã~¡O=°Ç¶¼~ò.
95 E
G
9
HH`ë, çOì~ò, =°ã^¥¹ ÌáìHË~¡°° 1865 Õ ã~¡O=°Ç¶¼~ò.
59
D
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ J_È=ô ¬O~¡HÆ} KÇ\ìxß 1865 Õ *ìs KÍ§_È°.
G ²q ¬sÞ¹ ¬sHÆ ÕÁ ç¾#_¨xH÷ Q®i+¬» =Ç°¬°#° 23 UO_ÈÁ #°Oz 21 UO_ÈÁä½ 1866 Õ ä½kOK_È°.
G
CA
50
¶\ì<£`Ë Çò^ÎO (1865).
G
98
ªø~+²¹ q^¥#O#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
A
G H~¡°=ô Hg°+¬<£ U~æ@°.
:8
G ¬O*ì, J=^£ Õ ¶xÇ°Oã`Ç} KÇ@O (1868)
h
A E
.P
5. ì~Û "Í°³¶ (1869-72) :

AB C
D
G W`Ç_È° ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ PiÖH~¡OQêxß qöHOãnHiOK_È°.

ER I
G HkÇ°"~ Õ ~*HË\ Hì§#°, Jrà~ Õ "Í°³¶ Hì§#° ªÖ²OK_È°.

O
G W`Çx HêO Õ<Í _È¶¼H± P¦¹ Z_<£|~¾ ì~¡`Ç^Í§xß ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°.

G
CH
ì~¡`Ç Q®}ìOH ¬ö~Þ#°, ã¬`Í¼H =¼=ªÇ°, "}÷[¼§Y#° ªÖ²OK_È°.

YD
G ì~¡` Õ ¬ì`Ç¼ä½ Q®°ï~á# "³ò^Î\ ÷ "³áãª° ì~Û "Í°³¶.

G
,H
1871 "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê [<ì ÿHø° KÍÇ°|_¨Û~ò. (Wq §¢ÔëÇ° ¬^Îu Õ [~¡Q® è^Î°)
G 1870 Õ Zã~¡ ¬=òã^ÎO öH|° eOä½ O_È<£ ÕO =°^Î¼ xiàOKÇ|_Ok.
AM
T
G 1871 Õ [## =°~¡}ì il¢À+¬<£ KÇ@O ã¬"Í×Ì@|_Ok.

H
M
G PiÖH qöHOãnH~¡}#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì~¡°. (`Ç~Þ`Ç HêO Õ Wk ªÖxH ¬Þ¬i#ä½ ^¥if²Ok.)

AM
G 1872 Õ JO_È=¶<£ *ÿá° Õ XH P¦¬Éxªë<£ ¬~<£KÍ ¬ì`Ç¼KÍÇ°|_¨Û_È°. (JkHê~¡O Õ LO_ÈQê KÇO¬|_# UïHáH "³áã§°).
IG
6. ì~Û <~ë ã|¶H± (1872-76) :

KH
G
R
¬O*ì Õ ä½Hê L^Î¼=°O W`ÇxHêO Õ u~¡°Q®°ì@°Qê =¶iOk.

G ÿOQê , c¬ð~ Õ H~¡°=ô.
G "Í Çò=~A ì~¡`Ç^Í§xß ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°.
G 1872 Õ ì¼ q"¬ìO xÀ+^Î KÇ@=ò#° KÍ§_È°.
G P^¥Ç° ¬#°ß#° ~¡^Î°í KÍª_È°. ( ì~ÛHêxOQ· ã¬"Í×Ì\÷#k)
G P¦¬É<£ ¬=°¬¼ g°^Î W`Ç#° ~r<=¶ KÍ§_È°.
7. ì~Û e@<£ (1876-1880) :

G 1877 Õ ^Í×O Õ q¬s`Ç"³°Ø# H~¡°=ô L#ß¬C_È° W`Ç#° _bÁ Õ ãQêO_£ ^Î~Ä~#° U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
G ~Ç° >ÿØ\ ÷ KÇ\ìxß P"³¶kOz, qHËiÇ¶ =°¬ð~}÷x ïHá[~-W-²ìO^£Qê ã¬H\ ÷OK_È°.
G 1876 Õ ²q ¬sÞ¬° Q®i+¬» =Ç°¬° ¬iq°ux 21 #°Oz 19H÷ `Çy¾OK_È°.

G ì~¡`Ç PÇò^¥ KÇ\ìxß (1878) *ìs KÍ§_È°.
G ì~¡`Ç ¬ãuH KÇ@O ("³~ßä½¼~ ãÌ¹Ç¶H± - 1878)x *ìsKÍ², ^ÍjÇ° ¬ãuHÌá J<ÍH POHÆ° qkOK_È°.
G W`Çx ¬i< HêO Õ 29 =¬°ë=ôÌá kQ®°=°u ¬°OHê#° ~¡^Î°í KÍ§_È°.
G ì~¡`Ç^Í× "³áãª° ÕÁ W`Ç#° ã¬=òY #= ìHê~¡°_È°, HqQê ª²ìf ã¬¬OKxH÷ ¬°ã¬²^Î°_È°. W`Çxx ª²ì`Ç¼ ã¬¬OKÇO Õ
Owen Meredith Jx JO\ì~¡°.
8. ì~Û i¬æ<£ (1880-84) :
G W`Ç#° ~ã ÕÁ ªÖxH ¬Þ¬i#ä½ ¬ô<k "Í² ªÖxH ¬Þ¬i# ²`ÇQê Mì¼uQêOK_È°.
G 1881 Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ H~àQê~ KÇ\ìxß *ìsKÍ§_È°.
G e@<£ ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# "³~ßä½¼~ ãÌ¹ Ç¶ä½#° 1882 Õ ¬_ÈeOz ì~¡fÇ° ¬ãuHÌá#
L#ß POHÆ#° `ùeyOK_È°.
G qÇ°O ¬ìO@~ J^Î¼HÆ`Ç# XH q^¥¼ Hq°+¬<£ 1882 Õ U~æ@° KÍ§~¡°.
Y
G i¬æ<£ HêO Õ<Í =°# ^Í×O Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê 1881 Õ [<ì ÿHø° ÀHiOK~¡°.
M
G W`Ç#° W |~ a°Á#° 1883 Õ *ìs KÍ§_È°. `Ç^¥Þ~ POöQÁÇ° <Í~¡¬°Ö#° qKiOKÍ JkHê~¡O ì~¡fÇ° <¼Ç°=ü~¡°ëä½ HeyOk.
G POöQÁÇò° Ì^Îí Z`Ç°ë# PO^Ë×# [~¡°¬Qê D a°Á#° ¬=iOz, S^Î°Q®°~¡° [_û° Q® ÿOpx U~æ@° KÍ², JO^Î° Õ
95 E
9
=òQ®°¾~¡° POöQÁÇò° LO_¨x x~¡â~òOKÇ_È"³°ØOk.
59
D
G ã¬^¥# <¼Ç°=üië ¬~ iKÇ~Û Qê~ë Ì°=ô Õ "³oÁ#¬ôæ_È° P ªÖ#O Õ ì~¡fÇò_³á# ¬~ ~¡"Í°+¹ q°`Çë~#° xÇ°q°OKÇ_ÈO
i¬æ<£ B^¥~¡¼ Q®°}ìxH÷ x^Î~¡Å#O.
G
CA
50
W`Ç#° ²q ¬sÞ¬° Q®i+¬» =³¶¬iq°ux 18 UO_ÈÁ #°Oz 21 UO_ÈÁä½ ÌOK_È°.
G
98
qeÇ°O ÿO\÷H± ¬i# HêO Õ ^Î°+¬æi# <³¬O`Ë f¬°ä½#ß "³°Ø¬¶~¡°#° W`Ç#° "³#H÷øKó_È°.
A
G i¬æ<£ _È¶¼\© P¦¹ k U* J<Í À~¡° Q® H~¡¬ã`ÇO ~¡zOK_È°.ê 50 ¬OII `Ç~Þ`Ç uiy |_ÈÇ¶~ =O§xH÷ J¬æyOK_È°.
:8
9. ì~Û _Èã¦²<£ (1884-1888) :
h
A E
.P
G W`Çx HêO Õ ì~¡f *ìfÇ° HêOãïQ¹ 1885 Õ ªÖ²OKÇ|_Ok.

AB C
D
G INC x ''"³°ØãHËªéø²H± "³°Ø<iÑÑ Jx =iâOK_È°.

ER I
G =ü_Ë |~à Çò^ÎO [iy L`Çë~¡ |~à ãa\©+¹ ªã=¶[¼O Õ qb#"³°ØOk.

O
G W`Çx HêO Õ qHËiÇ¶ ~}÷ # Hê ìxH÷ K³Ok# ¬Þ~Ëâ`Ç=O (1887) Õ [iyOk.
CH
10. ì~Û ì_£ _ñ<£ (1888-1894) :

YD
G W`Çx HêO Õ ì~¡`Ç §¬#¬ KÇ@O - 1892 KÍÇ°|_Ok.

,H
G =°}÷¬î~ u~¡°Q®°ì@° [iyOk.

AM
T
G "~¡O "~¡O Ì°=ô#° =°OE~¡° KÍ¬¶ë ï~O_Ë ¦¼Hs KÇ@O 1891 Õ KÍÇ°|_Ok.
H
M
G ì~¡`, P¦¬ÉxªÖ<£ =°^Î¼ ¬i¬ì^Î°í#° x~¡â~òOKÇ_¨xH÷ _È¶¼~O_£ Hq°+¬<£#° U~æ@° KÍ§~¡°.

AM
G ì~¡` P¦¬Éxªë<£#° "Í~¡°KÍ¬¶ë _È¶¼~O_£ J<Í ö~Y wÇ°|_Ok.

IG
G ²q ¬sÞÌ¹#° 3Qê =s¾HiOK_È°. 1) WOÔiÇ° 2) ã¦qxÂÇ° 3) Sub-ordinate

KH
11. Zeû<£-II (1894-1899) :

R
G ¬tó=° =°^Î¼ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ XH Ì^Îí H~¡°=ô ¬OqOzOk.
G 1897 Õ KÀH~ ªé^Î~¡°_È° ~¼O_£, JÇ°¼ï~¹#° ¬ì`Ç¼ KÍª~¡°.
12. ì~ÛH~¡û<£¹ (1899-1905) :

G W`Çxx ãa\©+¹ WO_Ç¶ B~¡OQ®*è Jx JO\ì~¡°.
G 1899 Õ HH`ë Hê~ùæö~+¬<£ KÇ@O KÍ§_È°.
G W`ÇxHêO Õ WOQ®ÁO_£ ~}÷ qHËiÇ¶ =°~¡}÷Oz, U_Ë Z_ÈÞ~Û WOQ®ÁO_£ KÇãH=ië JÇ¶¼~¡°.
G 1901 Õ ¬ô~=¬°ë ¬iÕ^#
Î §Y#°, 1901 Õ<Í ¬~ Hù<£ ªø\=°<£ J^¼Î H`
Æ #
Ç h\÷~¡°^Î Hq°+¬<#
£ ° U~æ@ KÍ§_È°.
G 1902 Õ ¬~ POã_È¶¹ ãÌ¦[~ <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ éb¹ Hq°+¬<£#° xÇ°q°OK_È°.
G 1904 Õ ãp# ªà~¡H x~à}ì ¬i~¡HÆ} KÇ\ìxß P"³¶kOz *ìs KÍ§_È°.

G 1904 Õ ì~¡fÇ° q×Þq^¥¼Ç¶ KÇ\ìxß KÍ§_È°. ¬¬ìHê~¡ ¬O¦¬¶ KÇ\ìxß KÍ§_È°.
G 1905 Õ ÿOQê #° qlOK_È°. ^¥x ¦¬e`ÇOQê ¬Þ^Íj L^Î¼=°O ã~¡O"³°ØOk.
G H~¡û<£ 1905 PQ®¬° Õ H÷K³#~`Ë q"^ÎO Hê~¡}OQê ¬^ÎqH÷ ~r<=¶ KÍ§_È°.
G H~¡û<£ - The problems of the east J<Í ãQ®O^ÎO ~§_È°.
G =¼=ªÇ° ¬iÕ^Î# öHOã^¥xß _bÁ ^ÎQ®¾~¡ '¬îªÑ =^Îí U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
G ï~á èÞ Õ~¡°Û#° U~æ@° KÍ², =°ö~ Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ HêO Õ "ÍÇ°#xß ï~á èÞ ÿá#°Á "Í², ï~á èÞ Ja=$kH÷ @°¬_¨Û_È°.
13. ì~Û q°O\Õ-II (1905-1910) :

G a~¡°^Î°° : 1) "³°r+²Ç°<£ "³áã§° Policy of devide and rule
2)
3) Policy of kicks and kisses 4) Father of communal constituencics.
G 1905 Õ ÿOQê q[#ä½ =¼uö~HOQê ¬Þ^Íj L^Î¼=°O [iyOk.
G
Y
1906 Õ =ò²ÁObQ·#° _¨Hê Õ "³¶²<£-L -¬ìH± ¬b=ò ìÁ ã_¨Hê#"_È° PQêMì<£#° ªÖ²OK~¡°.
G =òO^Î° =°#O ²ìO^Î°=ôO `Ç~Þ`Ç ì~¡fÇòO.
M
G 1909 Õ q°O\Õ=¶ö~Á ¬O¬ø~¡}°Qê À~¡°QêOz# ì~¡`Ç §¬#¬ KÇ\ìxß *ìsKÍ§~¡°.
G 1909 Õ ¬O*ì ²ìO^Î¶ =°¬ð¬ ªÖ²OKÇ|_Ok. nx Õ XH ¬°¼_³á# ì KÇO^£ D ãH÷Ok q^ÎOQê À~ùø<Í"_È°.
95 E
9
G Y°n~"£° Õ¹#° Lif§~¡°.
59
D
14. ì~Û ¬ðiÛO*-II (1910-1916) :
G ~¡KÇ# : My Indian years G 1911 _bÁ ^Î~Ä~ G
CA 1911 ÿOQê q[# ~¡^Î°í.
50
G S^Ë *ìiû ~A ì~¡`Ç^Í§xß ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°. W`Çx QÒ~¡"~¡ÖO 1911 Õ _bÁ Õ ¬\ìaÀ+H ^Î~Ä~#° U~æ@° KÍ§~¡°.
98
G W`Ç#° ÿOQê q[##° ~¡^Î°í KÍ§_È°.
A
:8
G ~[^¥xx HH`ë #°Oz _bÁH÷ =¶~óx 1911 Õ ã¬H\ ÷Oz, 1912 Õ =¶~ó~¡°.
G
h
1911 Õ ã¬`Í¼HOQê c¬ð~, Fiª ~ã U~æ@°.

A E
.P
G 1912 _ÌO|~¡° 23 Õ _bÁ Õx KOkh KñH± =^Îí 2= ¬ðiÛO*Ìá ^¥_.

AB C
D
G 1912 |²ÁOQ®<£ Hq°\© U~æ@°.

ER I
G 1913 Q®^Î~ s ªÖ¬#.

O
G ~¡gOã^Î<^£ ~Q®¶~ä½ ª²ì`Ç¼O Õ <Ëÿ (1913) |¬=°u =zóOk.

G 1914 Õ HË=°Q®@Ç¶~¡° <ñH L^ÎO`ÇO.
CH
YD
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ã¬¬OKÇ Çò^ÎO (1914) ã~¡O"³°ØOk.

G 1915 Õ HêjO|*ì~¡° (UP) ~A J^Î¼HÆ`Ç# Jdì~¡`Ç ²ìO^Î¶ =°¬ð¬ U~¡æ_Ok. WO^Î° Õ JuH©H"³°Ø# =¼H÷ë -
,H
=°^Î<£"³¶¬ì<£ =¶=¼ `Ç~¡°"`Ç VD ª=~ø~

AM
T
G 1915 QËH$+¬â QËY è =°$u.

G
H
M
1915 Õ ²ìO^Î¶ =°¬ð¬ U~¡æ_Ok.

AM
G 1916 ÿ<~¡¹ ²ìO^Î¶ q×Þq^¥¼Ç° ªÖ¬# (=°^Î<£ "³¶¬ì<£ =¶=¼).

IG
15. ì~Û KÍ"£°¦¬~Û(1916-21) :

KH
G uH± (¬î}ÿ), JxcÌO\ (=°ã^¥¹)° ¬ìÙO~¡¶ bQ·#° (1916) ªÖ²OK~¡°.

R
G HêOãïQ¹ Õx Ju"^Î°°, q°`Ç"^Î°° 1916 Õ HËß ¬=¶"ÍO

× Õ XH@Ç¶¼~¡° (1907 ¬¶~¡` ¬=¶"ÍO
× Õ q_éÇ¶~¡°).
G 1916 Õ =°²ìì q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O (¬î}ÿ Õ) (SNDT) N=°u <nì° ^¥"³¶^Î~ ^¥Hö~ =°²ìì q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O.
G 1917 PQ®¬° _HÁö~+¬<£ - (1919 KÇ\ìxH÷ ¬O|OkOz#k).
G ¬î< Õ =°²ìì q×Þq^¥¼Ç¶xß U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
G 1917 Õ q^¥¼a=$k HË¬O ª_ÈÁ~ Hq°+¬<£#° U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
G 1917 Õ KÇO~¡<£ ¬`¼ãQ®¬ìO
G 1919 Uã² 23 [eÇ°<£ " ììQ· =¶~¡}HêO_È.
G 1919 Õ ì~¡fÇò° #ÁKÇ@OQê Ja=iâOz# ~Ò` KÇ\ìxß *ìs KÍ§_È°.
G 1919 Õ d ì¦¬` L^Î¼=°O, 1919, Uã² 13# [eÇ°<£ " ììQ· =¶~¡}HêO_È° [iQê~ò.

G 3= POQËÁ-P¦¬É<£ Çò^Î ã~¡OO.
G ã¬²k K³Ok# ¬¬ðÇ° x~H~¡}Ë^Î¼=°O 1920 Õ ã~¡O"³°ØOk.
G =¶O>èQ·-KÍ"£°¦¬~Û ¬O¬ø~¡}°Qê ã¬²kQêOz# 1919 ì~¡`Ç §¬#¬ KÇ@O KÍ§~¡°.
G 1920 Jb¦¬°~ =ò²ÁO Çüx=sÅ\© ªÖ¬#.
G 1921 "Í Çò=~A Z_ÈÞ~Û ì~¡`Ç^Í§xß ¬O^ÎiÅOK_È°.
G 1921 PQ®¬° X¬æO^ÎO KÍ"£°¦¬~Û P¦¬Éxªë<£`Ë KÍ¬°ä½<ß_È° nx ã¬Hê~¡O P¦¬Éxªë<£ q^Íj q^¥<#° ~¡¶ÚOkOKÇ°HË=KÇ°ó.
16. ì~Û s_OQ· (1921-26) :

G W`Çx HêO Õ KñsKñ~ Õ JÁ~¡°Á [~¡Q®_ÈO`Ë ¬¬ðÇ° x~H~¡} L^Î¼=°O xezé~òOk.
G 1920-21 Õ öH~¡× Õ "³¶Á u~¡°Q®°ì@° =zóOk.
G 1921 Õ ì~¡`Ç H=ü¼x¬° P¦¹ WO_Ç¶#° ¬`Ç¼Hë, Qê èÛ Hê#¶æ~ Õ ªÖ²OK~¡°.
Y
G 1921 q×Þì~¡u Çüx=iÅ\© ~¡gOã^Î<^£ ~Q®¶~ ªÖ¬#.
M
G 1921 ª^¥~¡} |_³û\ #°O_ ï~á èÞ |_³û\#° "Í~¡°¬~¡°KÇ°@
G 1925 Õ ~ã+ÔÇ° ¬ÞÇ°O À=H± ¬O¦¹° (R.S.S)#° ÌìöQÛ"~ <Q·¬î~ Õ ªÖ²OK_È°.
95 E
G
9
1925 Õ HêHËi ^Ë²_ öH¬° [iyOk.
59
D
G 1923 #°Oz ì~¡`Ç^Í×O, WOQ®ÁO_£ Õ#° XöHªi SÔZ¹ ¬sHÆ° x~¡Þ²ìOKÍ q^¥#O U~æ@° KÍ§~¡°.
CA
1923 Õ ¬Þ~* s ªÖ¬#.
50
G "³áãª° Õ DÇ°# XHø_Í Çü^Î° *ìuH÷ K³Ok#"_È°.
98
G 1924 ã¬*ìÀ=ä½ ¬O|OkOz Hg°+¬<£ U~æ@°.
A
RSS ²^¥O` We
:8
G 1925 <Q®¬î~ Õ J<Í ¬ô¬ëHêxß QË <ø~ ~¡zOK_È°.
17. ì~Û WiÞ<£ (1926-1931) :

h
A E
.P
G W`Çx HêO Õ Ìá=°<£ Hq°+¬<£ ì~¡`Ç^Í§xß 1927 Õ ¬O^ÎiÅOzOk.

AB C
D
G 1928 Õ P WO_Ç¶ Çü` HêOãïQ¹ U~æ>ÿØOk.

ER I
G 1928 Õ "³¶f ì <³ã¬ú ~*ì¼OQ® x"ÍkH#° `ÇÇ¶~¡° KÍ§_È°

O
G 1927 Õ ¬Þ^Íj ¬OªÖ<nÃ× ä½, ãa\÷+¹ "iH÷ =°^¼Î ¬O|O^¥#° ÌOÚOkOKÇ_¨xH÷ |@Á~ Hq°+¬<#
£ ° U~æ@° KÍ§~¡°..
CH
G 1929 Õ ì¬ìÙ~ Õ <³ã¬ú J^Î¼HÆ`Ç# [iy# ì~¡`Ç *ìfÇ° HêOãïQ¹ ¬=¶"Í×O Õ ¬î~¡â ¬Þ~* ã¬u^Î##°
YD
JOwHiOK~¡°.
,H
G ã¬²kQêOz# §¬<ËÁO¦¬°# L^Î¼=°O 1930 Õ ã~¡O"³°ØOk.

AM
T
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ~ÒO_£ >è|° ¬=¶"Í×O 1930 Õ [iyOk. D ¬=¶"Í§xH÷ HêOãïQ¹ #°Oz Z=~¡¶ ¬ð[~¡° Hê è^Î°.
H
G
M
1931 =¶ió 5 _bÁ X_ÈO|_H (QêOn WiÞ<£ X_ÈO|_H)

AM
G 1931 - =¶ió 23 Q®`²OQ·, ~*Q®°~¡°, ¬°M^Í"£ä½ LitHÆ.

IG
G
KH
W`Ç_x ¢ïHá¬ë= "³áãª° Jx JO\ì~¡°.
18. ì~Û "³eÁOQ·@<£ (1931-36) :

R
G W`Çx HêO Õ ï~O_Ë, =ü_Ë ~ÒO_£ >è|° ¬=¶"Í§° [iQê~ò.
G ï~O_Ë ~ÒO_£ >è|° ¬=¶"Í§xH÷ =¶ã`Ç"Í° QêOn ¬ð[~¡Ç¶¼~¡°.
G =ü_È° ~ÒO_£ >è|° ¬=¶"Í§ä½ ¬ð[ï~áOk - _¨H~ cP~ JOè^Îø~
G W`Çx HêO Õ<Í ãa\÷+¹ ã¬^¥x ~"£°À "³°H± _ù< Û H=ü¼# J"~¡°Û#° ã¬H\ ÷OK~¡°. nx ã¬Hê~¡O Ì+_È¶¼ Û `³Q®°,
`Ç~¡Q®`Ç°ä½ ã¬`Í¼H x³¶[H=~¾° U~¡æ_¨Û~ò.
G ã¬`Í¼H x³¶[H=~¾#° =¼uö~H÷Oz# QêOn, JOè^Îø~ä½ =°^Î¼ ¬î< Õx Z~¡"_È *ÿá° Õ ¬î< X¬æO^ÎO [iyOk.
G D X¬æO^ÎO ã¬Hê~¡O ZÔ, ZÔä½ ã¬`Í¼H x³¶[H=~¾° Hêä½O_¨ i[~¡°Þ x³¶[H=~¾° LOK<Í JO§xß
x~¡â~òOKÇ°ä½<ß~¡°.
G 1936 Õ HêOãïQ¹ ªé+¬e¬° s, P WO_Ç¶ H÷ª<£ ¬ HËß Õ U~¡æ_Ok.

G _³ã¬ð_È¶<£ Õ ì~¡`Ç ÌáxH JHê_Èg°x ªÖ²OK~¡°.
G 1935 ì~¡`Ç ã¬°`ÇÞ KÇ@O ~¡¶ÚOkOk.
G 1937 ì~¡` #°O_ |~à "Í~¡°¬_È°@.
19. ì~Û e<£ e`QË (1936-43)

G W`Çx HêO Õ 1935 KÇ@O ã¬Hê~¡O ZxßH° [iQê~ò. HêOãïQ¹ S^Î° ~ã ÕÁ ¬îië "³°*ìi\© ªkOzOk.
G Hêh, ï~O_Ë ã¬¬OKÇ Çò^Î ¬=°Ç°O Õ *ìfÇ° HêOãïQ¹ <Ç°ä½#° ¬Oã¬kOKÇä½O_¨<Í ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ [~¡àh ×ã`Ç°=ôQê
ãa@<£ ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ_ÈO`Ë ~ã ÕÁx =°Oãu=~¾° ~r<=¶ KÍ§~ò.
G nxß =ò²ÁO bQ· q"³¶KÇ# k#OQê \÷OzOk.
G W`Çx HêO Õ<Í P~Ë *ìiû WOQ®ÁO_£ä½ KÇãH=ië JÇ¶¼_È°.
G 1939 Õ ¬°ì+¹ KÇOã^ÎÕ¹ ¦~¡Þ~Û ìÁH±#° U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
Y
G ãH÷¹ ~Ç°ì~¡O (1942) [iyOk. ^Í×"¼¬ëOQê H÷Þ\ WO_Ç¶ L^Î¼=°O (1942) ã~¡O"³°ØOk.
M
G 1943 =¶ió 23= `Ín# =ò²ÁObQ· H÷ªë<£ è^¥ H÷ªë<£ k#OQê ã¬H\ ÷OK~¡°.
20. ì~Û "Í"³ (1943-1947) :
95 E
9
59
G W`Çx HêO Õ 1944 Õ ÔP~ ¦~¡°à ì (KÇãH=~¡°ë ~[QËKi ¦~¡°à ì) =zóOk.
D
G 1945 Õ "Í"³ ã¬}ìoH, ²=¶Á ¬=¶"Í×O [iyOk.
G 1946 Õ Hê¼a<³\ q°+¬<£ (=°Oãu=~¡¾ ã`ÇÇ°O) ì~¡`#° ¬O^ÎiÅOzOk.
CA
50
G =ò²ÁObQ· ã¬`Ç¼HÆ KÇ~¼k<xß \÷OzOk (1946, PQ®¬° 16).
98
G
A
W`Çx HêO Õ<Í ~*ì¼OQ® ¬i+¬` ã¬^Î=° ¬=¶"Í×O [iyOk.
:8
G P*ì^£ ²ìO^£ ¦Ï*, [<£ ^Îì° ì`Ç~¡^Í× ¶ìQ®O #°Oz L¬¬O¬ìiOKÇ|_¨Û~ò.
h
A E
G
.P
WO_Ç°<£ <Í+¬# Psà (SZ<£U) Ìáxä½Ìá qK~¡} [iyOk.

AB C
G
D
1948 E<£ 30 Õ¬ô ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼O W¬°ë#ß@°Á J\©Á ã¬H@# 1947 - ¦²ã|=i 20.
21. =°¿O\ ì@<£ (1947-1978)

ER I
O
G ãa\÷+¹ WO_Ç¶ z=i "³áãª°, ¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç ì~¡`Ç `ùe Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ .

CH
G ^Í× q[# ¬^ÎHêxß (1947) ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°. ¦¬e`ÇOQê ^Í×O WO_Ç¶, H÷ªÖ<£°Qê q_é~òOk.
YD
G 1947, PQ®¬° 15# ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼O ÚOkOk.

,H
3. ¬i¬ì^Î°í#° x~¡â~òOKÇ°@ä½ ~_£H÷Á¦¹ <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ XH Hq°\© U~æ@°.

AM
T
4. ÿOQê ¬O*ì Õ ã¬*ìaãÇ° ÀH~¡} `Ç¶~¡°æÿOQê , ¬tó=°¬O*ì, H÷ªë<£, ¬tó=°ÿOQê , `Ç¶~¡°æ¬O*ì

H
M
ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ qb#O J~ò<~ò.

AM
5. ²O^Î° JÌOcÁ U ^Í×=ò`Ë LO_È Õ x~¡â~ò¬°ëOk. (H÷ªë<£`Ë qb#O J~òOk.)

IG
KH
6. ÿ¶zªë<£ Õ ã¬*ìaãÇ° ÀH~¡} (H÷ªë<£ Õ KÍiOk)
7. ¬OªÖ<° J~ò`Í ì~¡` è^¥ H÷ªë<£ Õ qb#O Hê"e. Hêx Indian Independent Act ã¬Hê~¡=ò ¬OªÖ<°
R
J~ò`Í ì~¡` Õ è^¥ H÷ªë<£ Õ KÍ~¡=KÇ°ó è^¥ ¬Þ`ÇOã`ÇOQê LO_È=KÇ°ó.
G 1948 [#=i 30# QêOnr ¬ì`Ç¼ä½ Q®°iHê=_ÈO.
G 1947-48 =°^Î¼ ì~¡`, H÷ªë<£ =°^Î¼ "³ò^Î\ ÷ Çò^ÎO.
22. ~[QË ìKi (1948 PQ®¬° - 1950 [#=i 26)

G ¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç ì~¡`Ç^Í× z=i Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ . Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ ¬^Îq KÍ¬\ ÷# "³ò^Î\ ÷ ì~¡fÇò_È°.
G 1948, E<£ 21 #°Oz 1950, [#=i 25 =~¡ä½ Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ Qê L<ß_È°.
G ~*ìr HêO Õ ~*ì¼OQ®O ~¡zOKÇ|_Ok.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1. ¬ô~=¬°ë§Y#° <³Hùeæ# "³áã§°? (Gr-I - 2012) 12. D ãH÷O^ÎxÇ°|_# Z=~¡° ãOfÇ° ì ¬ãuH
1) "Í°³¶ 2) i¬æ<£ 3) HêxOQ· 4) H~¡û<£ KÇ@O Õ *ìsKÍ§~¡°? (Group-II - 2003)
2. D ãH÷Ok "x Õ U Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ ''_¨ãH÷<£ P¦¹ ì¼¹ÑÑ 1) H~¡û<£ 2) e@<£ 3) i¬æ<£ 4) ìï~<£
`Ë ¬O|O^ÎO Hey =ô<ß_È°? (Group-I - 2010) 13. W |~a
1883 ^ÍxH÷ ¬O|OkOz#k? (Gr-II - 2003)
1) Hê~¡<£ "b¹ 2) i¬æ<£ 1) ¶q°t¬°ë ¬i# 2) <¼Ç° =¼=¬Ö
3) H~¡û<£ 4) _È ºÝÔ 3) q^Î¼ 4) H~¡°=ô
3. =¶`Ç$ì+¬ Õ ¬ãuH ~¡OQ® / ¬=¶K~¡ KÇ@O ãH÷Ok 14. ãH÷Ok "i Õ Z=~¡° Ìá#¼ ¬ì¬ Hê~¡ ¬û
Î x ã¬"
Í Ì× \ì~°¡ ?
Y
"i Õ Z=i HêO Õ P"³¶kOK~¡°? (Gr-I - 2007) 1) "³ÁÔÁ 2) "Í°³¶ (Gr-II - 03)
1) "ï~<£ Àì²OQ· 2) ÿO\÷H± 3) Hê~¡<£=¶b¹ 4) HêxOQ·
M
3) e@<£ 4) H~¡û<£ 15. =ü_È= "³°Ø¬¶~ Ç°^ÎO (1790-92) HêO Õ W`Ç_È°
4. ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ §ó`Ç¼ q^¥¼q^¥#=ò#° =¶QêßHê~ Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ Qê =ô<ß_È°? (Group-II - 2000)
95 E
9
=O\÷k Jx K³¬CHË^ÎQ®¾k? (Group-I - 2012) 1) "~¡<£ Àì²OQ· 2) Hê~¡<£ "b¹
59
D
1) ié~¡° P¦¹ k Hq°\÷ P¦¹ ¬aÁH± W<£¢¬HÆ<£ 1823 3) ¬~*ì<£ é~ 4) "³ÁÔÁ
2) K~¡~Ç¶H± P¦¹ 1833 16. ì~Û qeÇ°O ÿO\÷OQ· HêO Õ D ¦¬°@# [iyOk?
CA
50
3) _ªæK P¦¹ Kï~Á¹ =ô_£ 1854 (Group-II - 2000)
98
4) ~¡é~ P¦¹ ¬ìO@~ Hq°\© 1) K³á`²OQ· L^ÎO`ÇO 2) èQ®"£° P¦¹ B^£L^ÎO`ÇO
A
5. ãa\÷+¹ WO_Ç¶ q^¥¼q+¬Ç¶xH÷ ¬O|OkOz# Ju
:8
3) 4= "³°Ø¬¶~ Çò^ÎO 4) ^ÎQ®°¾#° J}÷z"ÍÇò@
=òY¼"³°Ø# q=~¡} ¬ã`ÇO D ãH÷Ok "x Õ Uk? 17. HH`ë, =°ã^¥¹, çOì~ò Õ =ü_È° q×Þq^¥¼Ç¶°
h
A E
.P
1) ¬ìO@~ Hq°+¬<£ ié~¡° (Group-I - 2002) U Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ HêO Õ ªÖ²OKÇ|_<~ò?

2) "³°Hê è q°x\
AB C
(Group-II - 2000)
D
3) Kï~_£ =ô_£ _ªæK 4) ªï~ûO\ ã¬}ìoH 1) _È ºÝ² 2) qeÇ°O ÿO\÷OH±

ER I
6. Q ® = n¾ ` Ç # ° "³ ò ^Î \ ÷ ª i POQ® Á O ÕH÷ J#°=kOz# 3) "³ÁÔÁ 4) ì~Û HêxOQ·

O
"ï~=~¡°? (Group-I - 2002) 18. "Í"³ ã¬°=ô `Ç~Þ`Ç "³áã§° Z=~¡°? (Gr-II - 2000)
CH
1) qeÇ°O *Õ<£ 2) Kö~Á¹ qeø<£ 1) =°¿O\ ì>ÿ<£ 2) e<£e`QË

YD
3) =¶H±=òÁ~ 4) ÌìK.\÷.HË ã|¶H± 3) "³eÁOQ·@<£ 4) WiÞ<£

,H
7. U Q®=~¡ß~ ¬^ÎgHêO Õ q^Î¼Hù~¡ä½ ¬ìO@~ Hq°+¬<£ 19. 1835 =¶ió Õ KÍ²# XH x~¡âÇ°O ã¬Hê~¡O qeÇ°O
AM
U~æ@° KÍ§~¡°?
T
(Group-II - 2012) ÿO\÷H± Uq° KÇ~¡¼ f¬°Hù<³#°? (Group-II - 2000)

1) ÿO\÷H± 2) H~¡û<£ 3) i¬æ<£ 4) ¬ìiÛO* 1) ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ POQ®Á Õ^Î#
H
M
8. U²Ç¶\÷H± ªÚÌá\ ÷ P¦¹ ÿOQê #° <³Hùeæ#"~¡°? 2) ÿOQê Õ *ìs ¬^Îu

AM
IG
(Group-II - 2008) 3) HË~¡° Õ =¶`Ç$ì+¬ "_Í ¬^Îu

KH
1) qeÇ°OÿO\÷H± 2) ì~ÛH~¡û<£ 4) ¶q°t¬°ë ¬ô#~=¼=ÔÖH~¡}

3) "~¡<£Àì²OQ· 4) ¬~ qeÇ°O *Õ<£ 20. ï~O_È= |~à Çò^ÎHêO Õ Z=~¡° Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ Qê
R
9. "³°Ø WO_Ç°<£ WÇ°~ ¬ô¬ëH ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç? (Gr-II - 2012) =ô<ß~¡°? (Group-II - 2000)
1) ì~Û ¬ìÙiÛOQ· 2) "³°ØMè F ^ÎÇ°¼~ 1) "³ÁÔÁ 2) Àì²OQ· 3) _È ºÝÔ 4) HêxOQ·
3) ì~Û H~¡û<£ 4) ì~Û ""³ 21. Z=~¡° "³áã§°Qê L#ß¬ô_È° 1881 Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ ¦¼Hs
10. ì~¡`^
Ç
Í O
× Õ POQ®Á q^¥¼q^¥<xß Z=~¡° ã¬"
Í Ì× \ì~°¡ ? KÇ@O *ìs KÍÇ°|_Ok? (Group-II - 2000)
(Group-II - 2003)
1) ì~Û ìï~<£ 2) ì~Û i¬æ<£
1) ì~Û H~¡û<£ 2) <³ã¬ú 3) ì~Û H~¡û<£ 4) ì~Û _Èã¦²<£
3) ì~Û qeÇ°OÿO\÷OQ· 4) ì~Û _È ºÝ² 22. ~[^¥xx HH`ë #°O_ _bÁH÷ =¶ö~ó ã¬u^Î##°
11. WO_Ç¶ PYi Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ Z=~¡°? (Gr-II - 03) KÍ²# Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ Z=~¡°? (M.P.D.O - 1999)
1) ~*ìl 2) ì~Û =°¿O\ ì@<£ 1) ¬ìiÛOQ· - II 2) _Èã¦²<£
3) ~*èOã^Îã¬ª^£ 4) =°¿ ìOH~
3) ì¼O_£ _ñ<£ 4) H~¡û<£ ã¬°=ô

23. ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ ã¬^Î=° ãa\©+¹ "³áã§° (M.P.D.O - 1999) 35. ÿOQê "³ò^Î\ ÷ Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ ? (D.L - 2011)
1) ì~Û HêxOQ· 2) ì~Û ÿO\÷OQ· 1) "~¡<£ Àì²OQ· 2) é~Û qeÇ°O

3) ì~Û Hê~¡<£ "e¹ 4) ì~Û "³ÁÔÁ 3) ~|~ ïHÁå"£ 4) Hê~¡<£ "e¹
24. ì~¡`Ç ²q ¬sÞ¹ Z=i HêO Õ ã~¡OaOKÇ|_Ok? 36. S.².Ç°¹ ¬sHÆ J¼~¡° =³¶¬iq°ux 18 ¬OII
(A.E.E.'S - 2009) #°O_ 21¬OII =~¡ä½ ÌOz# "³áã§°? (D.L - 2011)
1) ì~Û H~¡û<£ 2) ì~Û _È ºÝÔ 1) ì~Û "Í°³¶ 2) ì~Û i¬æ<£
3) ì~Û HêxOQ· 4) ì~Û Hê~¡<£"e¹ 3) ì~Û e@<£ 4) _È ºÝÔ
25. ì~¡`^
Ç
Í O
× Õ ªÖxH ã¬° `ÇÞ ²`=°¬_Qê ²°=|_# 37. ì~¡fÇ° q×Þ q^¥¼Ç°O KÇ\ìxß ì~Û H~¡û<£ U
"_È°? (A.E.E.'S - 2009) ¬O=`Ç~¡O Õ *ìs KÍ§~¡°? (D.L - 2011)
1) ì~Û "Í°³¶ 2) ì~Û qeÇ°O ÿO\÷H± 1) 1901 2) 1902 3) 1903 4) 1904
3) ì~Û _Èã¦²<£ 4) ì~Û i¬æ<£ 38. D¹ WO_¶
Ç HOÌh "³ò^Î\ ÷ Q®=~¡ß~? (Jr.A.O - 2012)
Y
26. ãa\÷+¹ WO_Ç¶ Õ ï~á èÞ x~¡Þ¬ì} Hù~¡ä½ =òQ®°¾~¡° 1) ã¦x¹ ã_¨H± 2) ^¥=°¹ ²à`
¬°¼`Ë ä_# ï~á èÞ Õ~¡°Û#° ªÖ²Oz# "~¡° D
M
3) *ì~ûöHÁ"³°ØO_£ 4) Jã|¬ìO ¬ì~Û"³
ãH÷Ok "i Õ Z=~¡°? (A.E.E.'S - 2008)
39. Z=i HêO Õ ^ÎO_Ç¶ã`Ç [iyOk? (I.O.F - 2012)
1) ì~Û i¬æ<£ 2) ì~Û H~¡û<£
95 E
1) ì~Û H~¡û<£ 2) ì~Û q°O\Õ
9
3) ì~Û q°O\Õ 4) ì~Û e@<£
59
3) ì~Û s_OQ· 4) ì~Û WiÞ<£
D
27. ÿOQê #O^Î° ^ÎÞO^ÎÞ ã¬° `ÇÞ q^¥#=ò#° ~¡^°Î í KÍ#
² k?
40. ãa\÷+¹ WO_Ç¶H÷ PYi "³áã§° =°iÇò ¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç
1) ïHÁå"£ 2) Hê~ß"e¹
CA
(A.E.E.'S - 2009)
WO_Ç¶H÷ "³ò^Î\ ÷ Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ ? (I.O.F - 2012)
50
3) "ï~<£ Àì²OQ· 4) qeÇ°"£° ÿO\÷H±
1) ì~Û "Í"³ 2) ì~Û qeÁOQ·_È<£
98
28. ¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç ì~¡` ³òHø "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡
3) ì~Û =°¿O\ì@<£ 4) ì~Û e<£e`QË
A
Z=~¡°? (A.E.E.'S - 2004)
:8
41. ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ï~á èÞ° ã¬"Í×Ì\÷#¬ô_È° Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ ?
1) "ï~<£ Àì²OQ· 2) ².~[QËKi
h
(F.R.O - 2009)
A E
.P
3) ì~Û=°¿O\ì@<£ 4) ~*èOã^Î ã¬ª^£

1) _È ºÝÔ 2) H~¡û<£ 3) HêxOQ· 4) i¬æ<£
29. ¬f¬¬ìQ®=°# ^Î°~K~¡O KÇ@ q~¡°^Îí=°x §¬#O
AB C
D
42. ì~¡`ÇQ®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ Hê~¼Ç¶xH÷ "³áã§° a~¡°^Î°#°

KÍ²#k? (E.O - 2008)
ER I
HeæOz# ¬O=`Ç~¡=ò? (F.R.O - 2012)

1) ~*ì ~"£°"³¶¬ì<£~°2) ì~Û i¬æ<£
O
1) 1862 2) 1858 3) 1856 4) 1848

3) qeÇ°O ÿO\÷H± 4) ì~Û Hê~ß"b¹
43. ì ~¡ ` Ç ^ Í × O Õ ìx¬ =¼=¬ Ö x~¡ ¶ à# U KÇ @ O Õ
CH
30. '¬uÑ PK~¡=ò#° KÇ@ =¼uö~H"³°Ø#k ã¬H\ ÷OzOk?

YD
x~¡¶àeOKÇ|_#k? (J.L - 2011)

(A.C.E - 2008)
1) 1829 2) 1833 3) 1843 4) 1858
,H
1) i¬æ<£ 2) H~¡û<£ 3) ÿO\÷OH± 4) Hê~ß"e¹

44. ÿOQê ^ÎÞO^ÎÞ ##° ~¡^Î°íKÍ²#"~¡°?(J.L - 2007)
AM
31. L^Ë¼Q® |$O^¥xß (² q ¬ s Þ¹ x ) J=°° ÕH÷

T
1) ~|~ïHÁå"£ 2) "~¡<£ Àì²OQ·

f¬°ä½=zóOk? (A.S.O - 2012)
H
M
3) qeÇ°O ÿO\÷H± 4) "³ÁÔÁ

1) ì~Û *ì<£ é~ 2) ì~Û q°O\Õ
AM
45. ì~¡`Ç^Í×¬ô `ùe Q®=~¡ß~ [#~¡ ? (J.L - 2007)

3) ì~Û "³ÁÔÁ 4) ì~Û Hê~¡<£ "e¹
IG
1) Àì²OQ· ã¬°=ô 2) ~|~ ïHÁå"£

KH
32. P^Î°xH `Ç ì q^¥<xß WO_Ç¶ Õ U~¡æ~¡z#k?

3) "~¡<£ Àì²OQ· 4) Hê~¡<£ "b¹
(A.S.O - 2012)
R
1) ì~Û ¬ìiÛO* 2) ì~Û _È ºÝÔ

["|°°
3) ì~Û JHêÁO_£ 4) ì~Û Z"£°Ìì~¹
1) 4 2) 4 3) 3 4) 3 5) 3
33. WO_ Ç ¶ Õ Z=i HêO Õ ¬ Þ ~* s =°iÇ ò
6) 2 7) 3 8) 4 9) 1 10) 3
H=ü¼x¬° s° U~¡æ_¨Û~ò? (A.S.O - 2012)
11) 1 12) 2 13) 2 14) 1 15) 2
1) ì~Û WiÞ<£ 2) ì~Û q°O\Õ
16) 4 17) 4 18) 1 19) 1 20) 4
3) ì~Û s_OQ· 4) ì~Û ¬ìiÛO*
21) 2 22) 1 23) 1 24) 4 25) 4
34. ï~O_È= =°iÇò =ü_È= ~ÒO_£ >è|° Hê#æï~<£°
26) 2 27) 3 28) 3 29) 3 30) 3
O_È<£ Õ Z=i HêO Õ [iQê~ò? (A.S.O - 2012)
31) 4 32) 2 33) 3 34) 4 35) 1
1) ì~Û WiÞ<£ 2) ì~Û "Í"³ 36) 2 37) 4 38) 1 39) 4 40) 3
3) ì~Û e<£e`QË 4) ì~Û "³eÁOQ®<£ 41) 1 42) 2 43) 3 44) 2 45) 3

G q^Î¼Ìá : Kï~Á¹ L_£ Hq°\©-1854, ¬ìO@~ Hq°\© (i+¬<£) -1882,
Y
ö~eQ·/~ÒeOQ· Hq°\© (H~¡û<£) -1902, §_ÈÁ~ Hq°\© -1917,
M
¬ð~ëQ· Hq°\© -1929, ªï~û<£ Hq°\© - 1944.
G H~¡°=ôÌá Hq°\© : Hê¼O¹ÿ Hq°\© -1866, ¢ªpó Hq°\© - 1880,
95 E
9
*è"£° ì Hq°\© -1896, "³°H±_ùh Hq°\© -1900
59
D
G Civil Services Ìá Hq°\÷ : 1) "³°Hê è Hq°\© - 1830 2) Sz#<£ Hq°\© - 1886
CA
3) SeOQ®<£ Hq°\© (~Ç° Hq°\©) -1912
50
QËY è nx Õ ¬°¼°
98
A
; D Hq°\© x"ÍkH P^¥~¡OQê O_È<£, HH`ë Õ XöHªi ¬sHÆ°
:8
x~¡Þ²ìOKÇ_ÈO ã~¡OaOK~¡°. 1922 Õ HH`ë ÌO@~ W=Þ|_Ok)
h
A E
.P
4) b ¦ï~<£ ¬ð¼"£° Hq°\© - 1923

AB C
Currency Ìá Hq°\©

D
G : 1) =¶<£¦Ô Û Hq°\© - 1886 2) ¬ì~¡Â Hq°\© - 1893

ER I
3) ¦Ï~ Hq°\© - 1898 4) ìaOQ®<£ ²à` Hq°\© - 1919,

O
5) ²ì<£ Ç°OQ· Hq°\© - 1939

CH
G
YD
Ìá#¼O Ìá Hq°\© : W+¬~ Hq°\© - 1920, Ôø"£° Hq°\© -1925,
Qêï~<£ Hq°\© -1932, K\¦Ô Û Hq°\© -1939

,H
G ï~á èÞÌá Hq°\© : JH±"Ë~ë Hq°\© - 1921, ~|~ Hq°\© (H~¡û<£) - 1901
AM
T
G éb¹ Hq°\© : ãÌ¦[~ Hq°\© (H~¡û<£) - 1902

H
M
G
AM
h\÷ ~¡°^ÎÌá Hq°\© : =¶<£ãH©¹ Hq°\© - 1902

IG
G =¼=ªÇ°OÌá Hq°\© : e<£e`QË Hq°\© - 1928

KH
G Hêiàä½Ìá Hq°\© : g\©Á Hq°\© - 1929

R
G x~¡°^Ë¼Q®OÌá Hq°\© : `Í*|¬ì^Î¶~ ¬ã¬î Hq°\© - 1935
G ¬iã×=°Ìá Hq°\© : 1) ¬ð ÿO_£ Hq°\©
2) ¬iã×=° =°iÇò Hêiàä½ =°^Î¼ q"^¥
¬iø~¡ Hq°\© - J^Î¼äÆ½° - FAWCEFF

G JO`Ç~R ¬O|O^¥Ìá Hq°\© : |@Á~ Hq°\© - 1927
G ì~¡fÇ° Y~¡°óÌá Hq°\© : "³eÄ Hq°\© - 1895
G ÿOQê t¬°ë =¬¶° q^¥# Hq°\© : ¦Á_£ Hq°\© - 1940

POöQÁÇò° KÍ²# Çò^¥° - ¦¬e`°
Çò^ÎO À~¡° Z=ï~=i =°^Î¼ ¬Ok ã^¥#¼`Ç
1. "³ò^Î\ ÷ H~ß@H Çò^ÎO

R --- JH±- ì-KÌ ãÌ¦Oz "i q[Ç°O, POöQÁÇò F@q°
(1746-48)
2. ï~O_È= H~ß@H Çò^ÎO ãÌ¦Oz Q®=~¡ß~ _È¶ÀÁ O_KÍói H~ß@H Õ POöQÁÇò Pk¬`Ç¼O, Ìáì^Î~ì^£ Õ ãÌ¦OK ã|¼O
IG
Vs. =°ã^¥¹
(1749-54) Q®=~¡ß~ ªO_È~
KH H U~¡æ_Ok.
3. =ü_È= H~ß@H Çò^ÎO ãÌ¦OK Ìá<¼kHêi HÒO\ _ ìb i¹ ¬Ok (1763) =ü_È= H~ß@H Çò^ÎO Õ ìQ®OQê 1758 Õ KÇO^Î°ië Çò^ÎO
(1756-63)
AM T
Vs.POQ®Á À<x ¬~ S=~ ä\
M ^¥Þ~ POã^Îã¬^Í Õ ãÌ¦OK ã|¼O JO`ÇiOKÇQê, 1760 Õ
[iy# =Ok"+¹ Çò^ÎO ^¥Þ~ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ<Í ãÌ¦OK ã|¼O
JO`ÇiOz, POöQÁÇò Pk¬`Ç¼O ²Ö~¡¬_Ok.
AM CH
4. ÁÔ Çò^ÎO (1757) ²~A^ñí ì Vs. ~|~ ïHÁå"£ --- ²~A^ñí ì =°~¡}÷OKÇQê, g°~û¦¬~ ÿOQê #" J³°¼#°.
,H
5. ìHê~ Çò^ÎO (1764) "³òQ® KÇãH=ië PO, J³¶^Î¼ J¬ðì^£ ¬Ok (1765) POöQÁÇò° q[Ç°O ªkOzi. Çò^ÎHêO <\÷ ÿOQê Q®=~¡ß~
YD O
#" +¬µ*ìL^ñí ì, ÿOQê #"|° ER I "<£²\ì~. J¬ðì^£ ¬Ok KÍ¬°ä½#ß Q®=~¡ß~ ~|~ïHÁå"£.
g°~ HêjO Vs. "Í°[~ =°ã<Ë
<Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ POöQÁÇò°
AB C
6. "³ò^Î\ ÷ POQËÁ - "³°Ø¬¶~¡° =°ã^¥¹ Q®=~¡ß~ Vs. Ìáì^Î~ Pb
A E
=°ã^¥¹ ¬Ok (1769)
D Ìáì^Î~ Pb q[Ç°O ªkOz WOQêÁO_£ KÇãH=ië 3= *ìiû`Ë ¬Ok
Çò^ÎO (1767-69) .P A KÍ¬°Hù<³#°.
7. "³ò^Î\ ÷ POQËÁ - =°~~ << ¦¬_Èßg¹ <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õx ª èÄ ¬Ok (1782)h ª Ì\÷, è²<£ ö~=ô¬@}ì° POöQÁÇòä½ aOKÇQê, ï~O_È=
Çò^ÎO (1778-82) =°¬ð~¢+¬µä½ Vs. Q®=~¡ß~ =¶^Î=~=ô#° ÔÞQê POöQÁÇò° JOwHiOzi.
:8
CA
[#~¡ "~¡<£Àì²OQ·ä½
ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

98
8. ï~O_Ë POQ®Á - "³°Ø¬¶~¡° Ìáì^Î~b Vs. "~¡<£Àì²OQ·ä½ =°OQ®°×´~¡° ¬Ok (1784)
D
Z=iH© q[Ç°O aOKÇ è^Î°.
94
50
Çò^ÎO (1780-84) Hêh Ìáì^Î~b 1882 Õ Hê#~`Ë 95 E
=°~¡}÷OKÇQê \÷¬C¬° ìë<£ Çò^ÎO 59 M
Hù#ªyOK³#°. 9
9. =ü_Ë POQ®Á - "³°Ø¬¶~¡° \÷¬C¬° ìë<£ Vs. Hê~¡<£"b¹ N~¡OQ®¬@}O ¬Ok (1792) Hê~¡<£"b¹, Ìáì^Î~ì^£, =°~~ ¢`³áH÷ÆH ä@q° q[Ç°O
Y
Çò^ÎO (1790-92) ªkOzOk. \÷¬C ¬° ìë<£ ¬Q®O ~[¼O HË Õæ³°#°.
10. <°QË POQ®Á - "³°Ø¬¶~¡° \÷¬C¬° ìë<£ Vs. "³ÁÔÁ --- \÷¬C Çò^ÎO Õ F_, =°~¡}÷OKÇQê, "³°Ø¬¶~ ì^Î¼`Ç#° "³ÁÔÁ

¬_ "³°\©iÇ° 94
Çò^ÎO (1799) =_ÈÇ¶~ =O×¬°Öä½ J¬æyOK³#°.
Çò^ÎO À~¡° Z=ï~=i =°^Î¼ ¬Ok ã^¥#¼`Ç
11. ï~O_Ë POQ®Á - =°~~ =°~~ä½ Vs. "³ÁÔÁ ï~O_È= ìr~=ô`Ë |Ìá <£ ¬ìÙø~#° q°#¬ð POöQÁÇò° =°~~ ~[=O§#° F_Ozi.
Çò^ÎO (1803-05) ¬Ok ÕOÀÁ`Ë _³¶Q®O ¬Ok
R ²OkÇ¶`Ë J~¡°û<£Qê"£° ¬Ok
¬ìÙø~`Ë ~*¦¬¶\ ¬Ok
12. POQËÁ - <Í Çò^ÎO / Q®°~ä½ Vs. =¶~ø P¦¹ Àì²OQ· ¬QÒb ¬Ok POöQÁÇò° q[Ç°O ªkOzi.
IG
Q®¶~ Çò^ÎO (1814-16)
13. =ü_Ë POQ®Á - =°~~ =°~~ä½ =¶~ø --- =°~~ JkHê~¡O ¬îiëQê JO`ÇiOzOk. ÔÞ ¬^Îq ~¡^Îí~òOk.
KH Vs. H
Çò^ÎO (1817-19) P¦¹ Àì²OQ·
AM T
14. "³ò^Î\ ÷ |~à Çò^ÎO ~A y^Ë
Vs. J=°Ýï~¹, Ç°O_ÈO|¶ ¬Ok POöQÁÇò° q[Ç°O ªkOz ÀÞKó "¼~¡ ¬ìä½ø° ÚOki.
(1824-26)
M
|~à À<x =°¬ì|O^Î° ì
15. "³ò^Î\ ÷ POQËÁ - P¦¬É<£ ^Ë¹ë =°¬ì=°à^£ JHêÁO_£ --- POöQÁÇò° fã=OQê #+¬é~òi.
AM
Vs.
CH
Çò^ÎO (1838-42)
,H
16. ²O^£ PãH=°} (1843) ²O^£ Jg°~¡°Á Vs.Ze<£|~Ë (q[Ç°O
YD O --- ²O^Î¶ ãO`ÇO POQ®Á ªã=¶[¼O Õ qb#=°³°¼#°.
ªkOz# Ìá<¼kHêi <Í²Ç°~)
17. "³ò^Î\ ÷ POQËÁ - ²ä½ø ²ä½øä½ Vs. ¬ðiÛO*ä½ ì¬ìÙ~ ¬Ok POöQÁÇò° Ju H+¬OQê q[Ç°O ªkOzi.
ER I
Çò^ÎO (1745-46)
AB C
18. ï~O_Ë POQ®Á - ²ä½ø ²ä½ø° Vs. _È ºÝÔ ---A E POöQÁÇò° q[Ç°O ªkOz ¬O*ì#° PãHq°Ozi. HË²ì#¶~
Çò^ÎO (1849)
D A =ã[O ä_¨ POöQÁÇò° ÚOki.
19. ²H÷øO Çò^ÎO (1850) ²H÷øO ºÝÔ --- ²H÷øO Õx J<ÍH ãO`#° POöQÁÇò° ÚOki.
.P
Vs.Q® h
20. ï~O_Ë |~à Çò^ÎO (1852) |~à ~A ^³~=_Û Vs. _È ºÝÔ --- :8 kQ®°= |~à#° PãHq°Oz ÌQ®¶ J<Í À~¡°`Ë ãa\©+¹-WO_Ç¶ Õ
CA
qb#O KÍ²i.
ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

98
21. J³¶^Î¼ PãH=°} (1856) =r^£ Pb Vs. _È ºÝÔ --- Çò^ÎO [~¡Q® è^Î°. ^Î°+¬æi# J<Í <³¬O`Ë _È ºÝ² J³¶^Î¼#°
D
95
qb#O KÍ¬°Hù<³#°.
50
22. ¶\ì<£ Çò^ÎO (1865) ¶\ì<£ Vs. ¬~ *ì<£ ìï~<£ ²OKÇ° ì ¬Ok POöQÁÇò° q[Ç°O ªkOzi.
95 E
23. ï~O_Ë POQËÁ-P¦¬É<£ Çò^ÎO P¦¬É<£° Vs. e@<£ Q®O_È=°H± ¬Ok
M
POöQÁÇòä½ P¦¬É<£ Õ =°i³òHªi ¬~="Í° q°yeOk.
59
9
(1878-79)
24. =ü_È = |~à Ç ò ^Î O (1885) |~à Vs. _Èã¦²<£ ---

Y
|~à#O`Ç\ ÷x ãa\©+¹ WO_Ç¶ Õ qb#O KÍ²i.
25. \÷ÿ\ Çò^ÎO (1904) 13= ^Î ÿá ì=¶ Vs. H~¡û<£ ìª ¬Ok POöQÁÇò° q[Ç°O ªkOzi.

26. =ü_È= POQËÁ - P¦¬É<£ P¦¬É<£° Vs. KÍ"£°¦¬~Û --- POöQÁÇò° q[Ç°O ªkOz<, P¦¬É<£Ìá Pk¬`Ç¼O ÚO^Î\ìxH÷
¬_ "³°\©iÇ° 95
Çò^ÎO (1919) Ç°¬_ =ke"Í²i.
~RO Õ J`Ç°¼#ß`Ç ¦¼HbKÍ
~¡¶ÚOkOKÇ|_#
''ï~á\K~ò¹ ¬_"³°\©iÇ° ÑÑ
Hê=e#"~¡° ¬Oã¬OkOKÇQ®~¡°.
RIGHT CHOICE ACADEMY
Khammam, Hyderabad.
Ph : 89850 95599

90988532-1c1e-44d2-a46d-7fd419d537ed

Cargado por

Información del documento

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

90988532-1c1e-44d2-a46d-7fd419d537ed

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

R

ãp# ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç

1. ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç - P^¥~° 3-14

13. ~[¬ôã`ÇÇòQ®O (ãH©.×.647-1206) 87-92

14. ~Rä@°° 93-94

15. KË×Ã° 95-98

16. J~¡|°Ä (=ò²ÁO) ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç° 99-101

17. _bÁ ¬° ìë#°° (ãH©.×. 1206 - 1526) 102-116

18. ^ÎH÷Æ}ìk ~[=O§° 117-122

19. H÷ë, ¬¶¦Ô L^Î¼=¶° 123-127

20. q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ªã=¶[¼O, |¬ìàh ªã=¶[¼O - ä½`Ç°Ôì° 128-141

21. "³òQ®  ÇòQ®O (ãH©.×. 1526 Ð 1857) 142-157

22. =°~~ q[$O# / t"r 158-160

P^Î°xH ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç

1. ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ S~Ë"¬°° ~H 1-6

2. POöQÁÇò° - JkHê~¡ªÖ¬# 7-22

G ì~¡`Ç^Í× ãH± KÇiã`Ç ²`=°¬_È° - H.D (KÇiã`Ç ¬OkÇòQ® ¬$+²H~¡ë)

~*ì¼OQ®O J<Í ì=##° `ùeªiQê À~ùø#ß"~¡°.

ÀÁ\Õ t+¬µ¼_È°, J ÿQêûO_È~ Q®°~¡°=ô.

G ¶q° Q®°Oã_ÈOQê LO^Îx `ùeªiQê À~ùø#ß"~¡°.

G WO_Ç°<£ Jiª\ ÷ kQêßQ®°_È° - `Ç~¡ø§G²`Ç - ã¬=¶}¬=òKÇóÇ°O ãQ®O^ÎH~¡ë.

G ï~O_È= Jiª\ ÷  - - II (|¬ì=°h).

G J~¡Ö§G ²`=°¬_È° - P_ÈO²à`.

G ²ì¬s P¦¹ ^Î~¡à§G - A.S.

G ¶q°g°^Î "³ò@"³ò^Î@ Pq~¡ÄqOz# rq - ì~Þ

G ì~Þ J#O`Ç~¡O - Ál èÁ\ì (h\÷ Õ) J#O`Ç~¡O - `Ç~Þ`Ç `Ç~Þ`Ç Pq~¡ÄqOK~¡°.

=$HÆ*ì`Ç°° [O`Ç°*ì`Ç°° =¶#=ô°

¶q°g°^Î Pq~¡ÄqOz# ãp# =¶#=*ì`Ç°° :

G ''e² ¬ô@°HÍ° <Q®iH`Ç Pq~Ä"xH÷ z¬ìßOÑÑ Jx À~ùø#ß"~¡° - Qêï~Û<£ K³á Û.

G =¶#= ¬i}ì=°ãH=¶xß q=iOKÍ §GO - ''POã`ËrÑÑ.

''h=ô =$^¥KÍÀ ã¬u xq°+¬O, q+¬¼`Ç°ë Õ h J^Î$xß `~¡°=¶~¡° KÍ¬°ëOkÑÑ.

ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 3 ¬_ "³°\©iÇ°  3

Ex : ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ²O^Î¶ <Q®iH`Ç H<ß =òO^Î°#ß HêO.

e² LO_ J~¡ÖO ¬æ+¬OQê `³eÇ°x HêO.

Ex : ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ²O^Î¶ <Q®iH`Ç HêO.

; Kiã`ÇH ¬î~¡ÞÇòQ®O - Kiã`ÇH ÇòQ®Oä½ =°^Î¼Q® HêO.

; D ÇòQêxß ¬$+²Oz# "_È° ¬OHêeÇ°.

3) Kiã`ÇH ÇòQ®O (Historical Age) - e²LO_ J~¡ÖO ¬æ+¬OQê `³°¬°ë#ß HêO.

Ex : ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ²O^Î¶ <Q®iH`Ç `Ç~Þ`ÇHêO.

II. ¬ô~=¬°ë P^¥~#° |\÷ 3 ~¡Hê° :

1) ãp# t ìÇòQ®O (Palio - Lithic Age) Palio J#Qê - J#Qê Jx J~¡ÖO.

G D ÇòQ®O ãH©.¬î. 1,50,000 - 8,500 =~¡ä½

G D ÇòQ®O Õ =¶#=ô_È° LO_Í"_È°.

J<Q®iä½_È°, ¬OK~¡rq`ÇO#° Q®_È°¬ô`Ç¶ =°$Q®ãÇò_³á

G DÇòQ®O Õ =¶#=ô_È° L¬³¶yOz# t(PÇò^¥°) ¬i=¶}O Ì^Îíq.

G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ãp# t ìÇòQ®O <\÷ ã¬^Í§°.

2) =°^Î¼ - t ìÇòQ®O (Mesolithic - Age) (ãH©.¬î.8,500-4000) :

G ¬¶HÆ à~u ¬x=ò@Á#° L¬³¶yOK_È°. H#°Qù<ß_È°.

G "`=~¡}O "Í_³H÷ø #n¬i"¬ì ãO`° q¬ëiOK~ò.

ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 4 ¬_ "³°\©iÇ°  4

QË^¥=i ÕÇ° - POã^Îã¬^Í

3) #g# t ìÇòQ®O (Neolithic - Age) (ãH©.¬î.4000-1000) :

G #g# t ìÇòQ®O Õx =¶#=ô_È° #° ã~¡OaOK_È°.

G ãp# =¶#=ô_È° dOz# e² Hx²OKÍ ã¬^Í×O -

G =¶#=ô_È° `ùeªiQê L¬³¶yOz# Õ¬ìO -

G ã¬¬OKÇO Õ =¶#=ô_È° `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍ²# "³ò^Î\ ÷ q°ã×=° Õ¬ìO - HOKÇ°.

ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç x~à}O

G <\÷ ÿOQê  Q®=~¡ß~ [~¡ß  - "~¡<£ Àì²OQ·

G qeÇ°O*Õ<£ - Ja*ìý# §ä½O`ÇO, =°#°^Î~¡àO, J<Í ãQ®O^¥#° POQ®ÁO ÕH÷ J#°=kOK_È°.

G A.S of Bengal J<Í ¬O¬Ö ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õx Kiã`ÇH JO§#° POQ®ÁO Õ ã¬KÇ°iOKÍk.

G 1861 Õ A.S.I.(Archaeological Survey of India) J<Í ¬O¬Ö Õ ªÖ²OKÇ|_Ok._bÁ

G W`Çxß "The Father of Indian Archaeology" Jx ²°ªë~¡°.

G 1902 Õì~ÛH~¡û<£ / ¬ô~=¬°ë §Y#° ¬ô# ã~¡OaOK_È°.

G ¬ô#ã~¡OaOz# `Ç~Þ`Ç `ùe

ãp# ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç

1. ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç - P^¥~° 3-14

13. ~[¬ôã`ÇÇòQ®O (ãH©.×.647-1206) 87-92

14. ~Rä@°° 93-94

15. KË×Ã° 95-98

16. J~¡|°Ä (=ò²ÁO) ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç° 99-101

17. _bÁ ¬° ìë#°° (ãH©.×. 1206 - 1526) 102-116

18. ^ÎH÷Æ}ìk ~[=O§° 117-122

19. H÷ë, ¬¶¦Ô L^Î¼=¶° 123-127

20. q[Ç°#Q®~¡ ªã=¶[¼O, |¬ìàh ªã=¶[¼O - ä½`Ç°Ôì° 128-141

21. "³òQ® ÇòQ®O (ãH©.×. 1526 Ð 1857) 142-157

22. =°~~ q[$O# / t"r 158-160

P^Î°xH ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç

1. ì~¡`Ç^Í§xH÷ S~Ë"¬°° ~H 1-6

2. POöQÁÇò° - JkHê~¡ªÖ¬# 7-22

G ì~¡`Ç^Í× ãH± KÇiã`Ç ²`=°¬_È° - H.D (KÇiã`Ç ¬OkÇòQ® ¬$+²H~¡ë)

~*ì¼OQ®O J<Í ì=##° `ùeªiQê À~ùø#ß"~¡°.

ÀÁ\Õ t+¬µ¼_È°, J ÿQêûO_È~ Q®°~¡°=ô.

G ¶q° Q®°Oã_ÈOQê LO^Îx `ùeªiQê À~ùø#ß"~¡°.

G WO_Ç°<£ Jiª\ ÷ kQêßQ®°_È° - `Ç~¡ø§G²`Ç - ã¬=¶}¬=òKÇóÇ°O ãQ®O^ÎH~¡ë.

G ï~O_È= Jiª\ ÷ - - II (|¬ì=°h).

G J~¡Ö§G ²`=°¬_È° - P_ÈO²à`.

G ²ì¬s P¦¹ ^Î~¡à§G - A.S.

G ¶q°g°^Î "³ò@"³ò^Î@ Pq~¡ÄqOz# rq - ì~Þ

G ì~Þ J#O`Ç~¡O - Ál èÁ\ì (h\÷ Õ) J#O`Ç~¡O - `Ç~Þ`Ç `Ç~Þ`Ç Pq~¡ÄqOK~¡°.

=$HÆì`Ç°° [O`Ç°ì`Ç°° =¶#=ô°

¶q°g°^Î Pq~¡ÄqOz# ãp# =¶#=*ì`Ç°° :

G ''e² ¬ô@°HÍ° <Q®iH`Ç Pq~Ä"xH÷ z¬ìßOÑÑ Jx À~ùø#ß"~¡° - Qêï~Û<£ K³á Û.

G =¶#= ¬i}ì=°ãH=¶xß q=iOKÍ §GO - ''POã`ËrÑÑ.

''h=ô =$^¥KÍÀ ã¬u xq°+¬O, q+¬¼`Ç°ë Õ h J^Î$xß `~¡°=¶~¡° KÍ¬°ëOkÑÑ.

ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 3 ¬_ "³°\©iÇ° 3

Ex : ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ²O^Î¶ <Q®iH`Ç H<ß =òO^Î°#ß HêO.

e² LO_ J~¡ÖO ¬æ+¬OQê `³eÇ°x HêO.

Ex : ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ²O^Î¶ <Q®iH`Ç HêO.

; Kiã`ÇH ¬î~¡ÞÇòQ®O - Kiã`ÇH ÇòQ®Oä½ =°^Î¼Q® HêO.

; D ÇòQêxß ¬$+²Oz# "_È° ¬OHêeÇ°.

3) Kiã`ÇH ÇòQ®O (Historical Age) - e²LO_ J~¡ÖO ¬æ+¬OQê `³°¬°ë#ß HêO.

Ex : ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ²O^Î¶ <Q®iH`Ç `Ç~Þ`ÇHêO.

II. ¬ô~=¬°ë P^¥~#° |\÷ 3 ~¡Hê° :

1) ãp# t ìÇòQ®O (Palio - Lithic Age) Palio J#Qê - J#Qê Jx J~¡ÖO.

G D ÇòQ®O ãH©.¬î. 1,50,000 - 8,500 =~¡ä½

G D ÇòQ®O Õ =¶#=ô_È° LO_Í"_È°.

J<Q®iä½_È°, ¬OK~¡rq`ÇO#° Q®_È°¬ô`Ç¶ =°$Q®ãÇò_³á

G DÇòQ®O Õ =¶#=ô_È° L¬³¶yOz# t(PÇò^¥°) ¬i=¶}O Ì^Îíq.

G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ãp# t ìÇòQ®O <\÷ ã¬^Í§°.

2) =°^Î¼ - t ìÇòQ®O (Mesolithic - Age) (ãH©.¬î.8,500-4000) :

G ¬¶HÆ à~u ¬x=ò@Á#° L¬³¶yOK_È°. H#°Qù<ß_È°.

G "`=~¡}O "Í_³H÷ø #n¬i"¬ì ãO`° q¬ëiOK~ò.

ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 4 ¬_ "³°\©iÇ° 4

QË^¥=i ÕÇ° - POã^Îã¬^Í

3) #g# t ìÇòQ®O (Neolithic - Age) (ãH©.¬î.4000-1000) :

G #g# t ìÇòQ®O Õx =¶#=ô_È° #° ã~¡OaOK_È°.

G ãp# =¶#=ô_È° dOz# e² Hx²OKÍ ã¬^Í×O -

G =¶#=ô_È° `ùeªiQê L¬³¶yOz# Õ¬ìO -

G ã¬¬OKÇO Õ =¶#=ô_È° `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍ²# "³ò^Î\ ÷ q°ã×=° Õ¬ìO - HOKÇ°.

ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç x~à}O

G <\÷ ÿOQê Q®=~¡ß~ [~¡ß - "~¡<£ Àì²OQ·

G qeÇ°OÕ<£ - Jaìý# §ä½O`ÇO, =°#°^Î~¡àO, J<Í ãQ®O^¥#° POQ®ÁO ÕH÷ J#°=kOK_È°.

G A.S of Bengal J<Í ¬O¬Ö ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õx Kiã`ÇH JO§#° POQ®ÁO Õ ã¬KÇ°iOKÍk.

G 1861 Õ A.S.I.(Archaeological Survey of India) J<Í ¬O¬Ö Õ ªÖ²OKÇ|_Ok._bÁ

G W`Çxß "The Father of Indian Archaeology" Jx ²°ªë~¡°.

G 1902 Õì~ÛH~¡û<£ / ¬ô~=¬°ë §Y#° ¬ô# ã~¡OaOK_È°.

G ¬ô#ã~¡OaOz# `Ç~Þ`Ç `ùe

G ¬~*ì<£ =¶~¡Â <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ ²O^Î¶<Q®iH`Ç ã`Ç=ÞHê° ã~¡O"³°Ø#q.

G ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ x=tOz# 6 ì`Ç° ã¬° :

G `ã=° t ìÇòQêxH÷ K³Ok# ì~¡fÇ° <Q®iH`Ç - ²O^Î¶/¬ì~¡æ <Q®iH`Ç.

G Õ¬ìÇòQ®O (W#°=ò#° L¬³¶yOz# <Q®iH`Ç -

ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç P^¥~° ï~O_È° ~¡Hê°. 1) "VàÇ° 2) ¬ô~=¬°ë P^¥~°.

G "[àÇ°O J#Qê ed`Ç¬î~¡ÞH / ãQ®O^Î~¡¶¬O Õ LO_Í P^¥~°.

G ¬Þ^Íj P^¥~#° =°~¡ ì ï ~¡Hê°Qê qlOK~¡°. 1) =°`Ç¬~¡"³°Ø# 2) ºH÷H ¬~¡"³°Ø# P^¥~°.

ì~¡`Ç^Í× KÇiã`Ç XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 5 ¬_ "³°\©iÇ° 5

G "Í^ÎO J<Í ¬^ÎO J<Í ¬O¬ø $`Ç¬^ÎO #°O_ ¬ô\÷Ok.

G q^£ J#Qê - ìý#O/qìý#O/¬qã`Ç*ìý#O . Jx J~¡ÖO

G *ìý#O J#Qê `³eÇ°x ^¥xx - `³°¬°HË=_ÈO . Jx J~¡ÖO

G "Í^¥#° U XHø~¡¶ ~¡zOKÇ è^Îx Not made by the manJx À~ùøO\ì~¡°.

G POã^Î°#° Q®¶ió `ùeªiQê ã¬ªë=# ¬OMì¼=°#°_È° ã"²# H^Î°.

G |°°öQÞ^ÎO Õx "³ò`ÇëO ìQê°/ =°O_È ì° -

G |°°öQÞ^ÎO Õ 1028 H=ô.

G =°Oã`° =°¿dHOQê `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍÇ°|_#q.

G 6= =°O_ÈO ¬ì~¡æ#° - WOã^Î°_x -