Telangana Udyama Charitra - c40443b5 42d9 4f3c 8741 B12b8b725f6a

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G ~ã+¬O Õ J_È=ô° 27,292 KÇ.H÷.g° q¬ëiOz L<ß~ò.
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G ä½O, =°`ÇO, |O^ÎO`Ë ¬O|O^ÎO èä½O_¨ ã¬[O^Î~¡¶
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G Wk ã¬^¥#OQê Ìáxä½° LO_Í ãO` Õ Ja=$k
ã¬ª^Î Q®°} i`ÇO.
G ìe`Ç¼O, =¶^Î°~¡¼O J<Íq `³OQê} =¶@ä½ Ì@x CA
K³OkOk.
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G |¬ ì àh, ä ½ `Ç ° ² ì , x*ìO < HêO Õ
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`³OQê}ì Õ L~¡¶í ì+¬ qiqQê L¬³¶yOKÇ|_Ok.
ã¬[ =òKÇó@Á #°O_ =zóOk.
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G P×Ã H^¥ H^Î# su=Á JaóOk. L~¡¶í ª²ìf ã¬ì=O `³°Q®° ì+¬ Õ J<ÍH L~¡¶í ¬^¥° ã¬"ÍtOK~ò.
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ì+¬ Õ ~§_È°. 2
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"³ò^ÎQ®°"~¡° =Á Hù#ªQ®°`Ç¶<Í LOk. G JO`ÍHêH x*ìO ~[¼O Õ =ü_È° H#ß_È l ìÁ°<ß~ò.
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J `³OQê}ì `³°Q®° ì+¬Ìá W`Ç~¡ ì+¬ ã¬ì=O : G J<ÍH H#ß_È ¬^¥° `³OQê}ì ã¬[ "_È°H ì+¬ ÕH÷
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G `³OQê} Õ ãp# ÇòQ®O Õ ãp# ì+¬ ãH$`ÇO. =Kó~ò.

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G Wk §`Ç"¬ì# ÇòQ®O Õ ~[ì+¬, Hê=¼ ì+¬, ã¬[ G L^¥¬ì~¡}ä½ K³O_È°, ¬O\÷ä~¡, ì ÿ ¬O_È°Á, ì_È°Q®.
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G HËªëOã^Î Õx H$â - Q®°O@¶~¡° l ìÁ `³°Q®° ì+¬#°

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G P<\÷ D ì ã¬ì=O <Í\ ÷H÷ `³OQê} Õ LOk.

L^¥ :ãH$`ÇO `³°Q®° ã=¶}÷H ì+¬Qê Q®°ië¬°ë<ß~¡°.
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¬ô_Èq° ¶q° G Hêh gi `³°Q®° Õ ä_¨ ¬O¬ø $`ÇO, é~¡°ów¬°, _ÈK,

JKÇó~¡ J¬~¡¬ ãÌ¦OK, WOwÁ+¹ ì ¬^¥° J<ÍHO L<ß~ò.
~¡Hø¬°_È° ~HÆ¬°_È° G PÇ¶ ì+¬KÍ JKÇó@ `³°Q®° ì+¬ ã¬ìq`Ç"³°ØOk.
Jy¾ Jyß G J ìöQ `³OQê} Õ `³°Q®° ì+¬Ìá ãH$`ÇO, L~¡¶í,
2 =°~s :
¬iÂÇ°<£, =°~s, H#ß_È, J~¡aH± ì+¬° ã¬ì=O

G x*ì=¶ì^£, Pk ìì^£ä½ ¬i¬ì^Î°íQê =°¬ð~ã+¬ LOk. KÇ¶~ò.
G =°¬ð~ã+¬µ ì+¬ =°~s ã¬ì=O LOk. G `³OQê} Õx `³°öQ ãp#"³°Ø# `³°Q®°.
G `³OQê} Õ =¶\ìÁ_Í `³°Q®° ì+¬ Õ =°~s ì+¬ ¬^¥° G U^³á< ì+¬#° ã¬=¶} ì+¬Qê Q®°iëOKÇ°@ä½ ãH÷Ok
: KÇ=H, Õ\ì, é~¡_È°, Q® ìì, Ô~¡, K_°, P¬~,
JO§° ¬ijeªë~¡°.
_Í~, KÇ=H, ¬~ä½, éi

^ ãp# ãQêOkH L^¥¬ì~¡}ä½ `Çq°×<_È° Õ
ì+¬ : J Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ~[¼O Õ =°`Ç ¬i²Ö`Ç°° :
ãp# ãQêOkH `Çq°×O ã=¶}÷H ì+¬Qê Q®°iëOKÇ
G Ìá ì ^Î ~ ì^£ ~[¼O Õ ² ì O^Î ° =ô Õ "³ á k H
|_Ok.
ªOã¬^¥Ç°O Õ x~Hê~^Î#°, ªHê~¡ (qãQ®¬ð°,
^ ãp# ~[^ ¥ x L^¥¬ ì ~¡ } ä ½ "³ ° Ø ¬ ¶ ~
ì +¬ :
ãO`ÇO Õx H#ß_ÈO H~â@Hä½ ã=¶}÷H ì+¬ t°) P~^Î#°<ß~ò.

(H~â@H ãp# ~[^¥x "³°Ø¬¶~) G N "³á+¬â=ô°, eOQêÇ°`° =°^Î°Þ° J<Í =~¾°<ß~ò.
^ P^Î°xH ~[^¥x ¬ t ó=° ÿ O Qê Õx
ì+¬ :
G ² ì O^Î ° =ô° ¬ ¶ ¦ Ô ¬ < ¼¬ ° ^Î ~ ¾ ° ä _¨
HË H` Õx ''ÿOQêbÑÑ ã=¶}÷H ì+¬Qê Q®°iëO¬ô ¬O^ÎiÅOKÍ"~¡°.
ÚOkOk. G ²ìO^Î¶ =°`ÇO Õ ä½=¼=¬Ö LOk. Hê¬ô°, ãì¬ìà}°°,
^ q°ã× "¼~¡ HùOaÇ¶, =¶i+¬¹ Õx
ì+¬° : "³á×Ã¼°, ï~_È°Á, QùÁ°, ª ÿ"×¤ "³=°° "³ò^ÎQ®°
ì+¬. ä½ ì°<ß~ò.
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G ã=¶}÷H ì+¬ HÆ}ì Õ Jxß HÆ}ì#° `³OQê} G ãì¬ ì à}°° Ï~Ë² ì `Ç ¼ O`Ë@°, ¶ Ç ¶ [=¶#¼O,
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`³°Q®° =¶O_ÈeHO Hey LOk. ¬\ìÞs =$`Ç°ë° KÍ¬\ì~¡°.
G J~ò#¬æ\÷H÷ ^¥xß Q®°iëOKÇH U HÆ}O èx ï~O_È°#ß~¡
99
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G "³á+¬â=ô°, ã@¶A°, ¬^Îà§b°, HOªb° L^¥¼Ç°
l ìÁ ì +¬ # ° ã=¶}÷ H ì +¬ Q ê Q® ° ië O KÇ @ O
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=$uëx ã¬°`ÇÞ L^Ë¼Qê#° KÍ¬\ì~ò.
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ÀìÇ°hÇ°"³°Ø#k.
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G ì¼ q"¬ð°, UH ì~¡¼`ÇÞO, |¬ ì~¡¼`ÇÞO (HùkíQê)
. `³OQê}ì ã¬[ =¢¬ë^¥~¡} :
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J=°° Õ L<ß~ò.
98
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LO_È@O =°iÇò Hùxß ×`ìí#°Oz D ãO`ÇOÌá KÍ¬°ä½O>è ~¡ë P²ë Õ ¬ìä½ø LO_È^Î°.
^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç° KÍ² eOKÇ_ÈO, W`Ç~¡ ãO` "~¡° G *Õyx =¼=¬Ö, ^Í=^¥² =¼=¬Ö° J=°° Õ L<ß~ò.
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=zó x"¬O U~¡æ~¡°óHË=_ÈO`Ë WHø_È q°ã×=° =¢¬ë^¥~¡} G *Õyx q^¥#O ¶ªÞ=°¼ =¼=¬Ö ³òHø J=õ+¬OQê
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LOk. `³OQê} Õ Hx²¬°ëOk.

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G `³OQê} ãQêg°} ãO`ÇO Õ ¬ô~¡°+¬µ° "³¶Hê×¤ ÌáH÷ G *Õyx =¼=¬Ö èx l ìÁ Y=°àO, Zä½ø=Qê Q® l ìÁ
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LO_Í ^Ë=u, =°²ì×° p~¡° ^ÎiOKÇ_ÈO ª^¥~¡}OQê HsO#Q®~,

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Hx²ªë~ò.
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G t=¬`Ç°ë° - "Í=ò"_È Õx ~[~*è×Þ~Ç°O Õx

G J ìöQ =¶~¡°`Ç°#ß ^Ë~¡}°°, ²x=¶ - JO`Ç~ûO-
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*Õy#°ä½ Q® À~¡°.

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G - x*ì=¶ì^£ Õ *Õyx Hù~¡ä½ xiàOz#
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Q®$¬ìO.
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. `³OQê}ì Õ =°`ÇO :
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G *Õyx, ^Í=^¥Ô q^¥#O =¼uö~HOQê é~_Ok - =°^Î°

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G `³OQê} Õ ¬~¡Þ=°`Ç ¬¬ì#O H#|_È°`Ç°Ok. H©Æ àï~_Û, =¶ki ìQ®¼ï~_Û =~¡à,

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G ^Í×O Õx Jxß =°`Ç¬°ë° D ãO`ÇO Õ L<ß~¡°. 2 =òO

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\÷OK~¡°. P~kOKÍ"~¡°.
G ~*ì¼xß eOz#"~¡° =ò²ÁO J~ò< Jxß =°`#° G WªÁOä½ x*ìO P^Î~¡} L#ßk. Wk JkHê~¡ =°`ÇO.
QÒ~¡qOK~¡°.
G gi Õ ¬~¡^¥ ¬^Îu LOk. ì¼ q"¬ð° `Çä½ø=.
DãH÷Ok =°`° `³OQê} Õ H=ô.
G |¬ ì~¡¼`ÇÞO J=°° Õ LOk.
1. ²ìO^Î°=ô° 85.09 §`ÇO
2. =ò²ÁO° 12.69 §`ÇO 2 *#
áÿ °° :
3. º^Î°í° 0.092 §`ÇO G Ìá ì ^Î ~ ì^£ #Q® ~ ¡ O Õx =¶~Þ_ °, ¬ ì ~Þ

4. ¢ïHá¬ë=ô° 1.27 §`ÇO ¬=¶[O"~¡° *ÿá<xß P^ÎiOK~¡°.
5. ²ä½ø° 0.086 §`ÇO G giÌá ²ìO^Î¶ =°`Ç ã¬ì=O LOk.
6. *ÿá#°° 0.076 §`ÇO G J<ÍH ²ìO^Î¶ PK~° g~¡° P~kOK~¡°.

2 ä
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2 ¬^Îà§e ¬O¦¬°O :
G J~¡ | °Ä° ~Ë² ì ìÁ #° J}KÇ ° @ä ½ x*ìO k"<£ G 1888 JHË|~ 21# Ìáì^Î~ì^£ Õ [iy# *ìfÇ°
KÇO^Î° ì ²ä½ø ~A ~¡Ol`²OQ· ¬¬ðÇ°O HË~_È°. HêOãïQ¹ ¬ Õ ç¾#ß ¬^Îà§bÇ° <Í`Ç° - z~ËàO_È
G ¬O*ì #°O_ =zó# ²ä½ø Ìáxä½° WKÇó@<Í ²Ö~¡¬_È°@ ~=°KÇOã^ÎÇ°¼, ~¡OQ®Ç°¼
=# ²ä½ø =~¡¾O U~¡æ_Ok. G 1929 Õ Ìáì^Î~ì^£ Õ 'Jd ì~¡`Ç ¬^Îà§b ¬ Ñ
J `³OQê}ì ä½ ì° - `³Q®° : [iyOk.

G `³OQê} Õ Jxß ä½ ì° H=ô. =òY¼OQê G D ¬=¶"ÍO
× Õ ¬^àÎ §bÇò Õ ZO`Ë K³` á #
Ç ¼O HeæOz#
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ì° :
'"³¶`Ç°~æ J<Í ãQ®O^ÎO Pq+¬øiOKÇ|_Ok.
=°Q®¾O ¬#°ßÑ
2. "³ # °H | _ # ä½=°ài, H=°ài, QÒ_È, ~¡[H,

ä ½ ì° :
G nx ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç° - .
''=¶>è\ ÷ ¬Ç°¼ÑÑ
¬^Îà§e, Ç¶^Î=ô°, ÌiH, =òk~A, =°OQ®e, =_³Ûi 2 Ìáì^Î~ì^£ Ç¶^Î= ¬O¦¬°O :
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3. Ì+_È¶¼ =¶kQ®, =¶, ^¥¬i, |~ò¼O<Á
ä½ ì° :
G 1920 <\÷öH U~¡æ_Ok.
G nxx ¬OQ®O Ô`~=°Ç°¼ Ç¶^Î"£ x~¡Þ²ìOK_È°.
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4. Ì+_È¶¼ QËO_È°°, K³OKÇ°°, HËÇ°, Oì_,
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yi[# `³Q®° : Q®OQ®~A ~¡¦¬ò<^Î~=ô.
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2 "³á ¼× Çò=[# ¬O¦°¬ O : 1939 Õ "³á ¼× ¬ð¬ ªÖO² z#k
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QËO_È°° - Pk ìì^£
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HËÇ° - Y=°àO, HsO#Q®~ ¬O¦¬¶xß ªÖ²OK³#°.
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<=°H¬ô_È°° - Pk ìì^£ Õx HùO_È ÕÇ°° G 1945 Õ Jdì~¡`Ç Mìãf =°¬ð¬ [iyOk.
Z~¡°H° - "³°Ø^¥# ãO`° G D ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê Mìãu KÇiã`Ç#° q_È°^Î KÍ²#k -
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G 1922 Õ =òk~* =°¬ð¬ U~¡æ_Ok. 2

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G Wk ~¡§°, ¬ð¬×Ã¤ U~¡æ~¡zOk. G QËO_È°° QËO_ ì+¬ Õ HË°`Ç°~Qê, HË°Qê `Ç=°#°

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2 QÒ_È ¬O¦¬°O : 1925 Õ p~Q®° g~¡#ß QÒ_È ä½¬°ë G Pk ìì^£ Õ ~[QËO_È°° Q®~¡°. ~[QËO_È° Õ ä_¨
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HË¬O ¬ð¬ U~æ@°ä½ H$+² KÍ§_È°. 4 `³Q®° Q®=ô.

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2 ãj "³á+¬â= ¬O¦¬°O : 1925 Õ Jd ì~¡`Ç ãj "³á+¬â=

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kÞfÇ° =°¬ð¬° [iQê~ò. 2) Ìï~Þ<£ ªQê

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2 #Q®~¡ ä½ ¬O¦¬°O : 3) ²"³<£ ªQê

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4) # ÿÞ<£ ªQê
G 1931 Õ D ¬O¦¬°O ¬° ¦¬`Í^Î~Þ*ì Õ [iQê~ò.
G 2011 [<ì ÿHø ã¬Hê~¡O gi [<ì : 3,04,587
G J^Î¼äÆ½_È° - éb¬° =òH^ÎO P=ôÜ\ ÷ =°OQ®Ç°¼
G Pk ìì^£ l ìÁ Õ QËO_È°`Ë H² rqOKÍ `³Q®° :
2 q×Þãì¬ìà} =°¬ð¬ : 1932 Õ Hù ìÁô¬ ~¡O Õ =°¬ð¬
~*QËO_È°° ã¬^¥#"³°Ø# Pk `³Q®
:
x~¡Þ²ìOKÇ°@ä½ ã¬Ç°ußOK~¡°.
`Çä½ø= =~¾xH÷ K³Ok# QËO_È°°
2 =ò#¶ß~¡° Hê¬ô ¬O¦¬°O :
^Î°~^Îö~Þ QËO_È°° :
QËO_È° "~¡¬`ÇÞ HìHê~¡°°. g~¡° H^Îä½°,

ã¬^¥<£° :
G 1935 Õ =ò#¶ß~¡° Hê¬ô =°¬ð¬ [iyOk.

¬Ow`ÇHê~¡°°
G =ò#¶ß~¡° Hê¬ô ä½ ì°¼^ÎÇ°O J<Í Kiã`ÇH ãQ®O^¥xß `Ë\ ã¬^¥ <£ HO>è `Çä½ ø= =~¾xH÷ K³Ok#"~¡°.
© °/^Ëf° :
ã"²#k - Õ[ûO #iO¬°.

G `Ë\©°, ã¬^¥<£° QËO_È°`Ë He² x=t¬°ë#ß"~¡°
G W`Ç#° =ò#¶ß~¡° Hê¬ô ¬ð¬ ä½ H$+² KÍ§_È°. QËO_È°° Hê^Î°. Hêh "~¡° QËO_È° ì+¬ =¶\ìÁ_È`~¡°.

2 HË°
Ç ° :
G ²Á° =°~¡}÷Àë Y##O, Ì^Îí#° ^Î¬ì#O KÍª~¡°.
G `³OQê} ãO`ÇO Õ HxæOKÍ G g~¡° [~¡°¬ôä½<Í ã¬^¥# *ì`Ç~¡° - 1) ¬=°àHø ª~¡Hø
yi[#° Õ g~¡° ä_¨ XH *ì`Ç~¡ 2) =ò`¼=°à *ì`Ç~¡
=~¡¾O, g~¡° QË^¥=i ¬s"¬ìH 2 q"ì
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=~¡OQ® -
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JO\ì~¡°.
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G g~¡° Ì+_È¶¼ Û ä½ ì *ìa` Õ L<ß~¡°.

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G q_¨ä½° f¬°HË=KÇ°ó.
G HËÇ°#° Jx JO\ì~¡°.
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G ã^¥KÇO _q[<£ x*ìO ãa\÷+¹ "iH÷KÇ°ó@ =# G ²#ß Ì^Îí ãQê=° ##¶ x~¡Þ²ìªë_È°.
HËÇ°° JkHOQê Q® ãO`ÇO ãa\÷+¹ "i # ÕH÷ G ²#ß Ì^ÎíÌá ä½ Ì^Îí (¬>è ) LO\ì_È°. ä½ Ì^Îíä½
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P¬ð~¡O Õ ìQ®O.
- Qù_È ° Û =¶O¬ O ° lOKÇ ~ ¡ ° .
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G Z@°=O\÷ "^Î¼¬iH~¡O èä½O_¨ H^ÎQê#O ªQ®°`Ç°Ok. ~¡KÇ# ¬O_`~^Î¼KÇiã`Ç =# `³°ªéëOk.
G ÌiH *ìu ¬ô~}O H^Î#° g~¡° K³|°`~¡°. G g~¡° Üá==°`xH÷ K³Ok#"~¡°.
G ï~_ÈÁ#°, Ç¶^Î=ô#° Ç¶zOz r=#O ªyOKÍ"~¡°.
G ã¬^¥# H^Îä½_È° _È°`Ç¶ H^Î K³¬ô`Ç¶ LO>è =°~Ë W^Îí~¡°
G qÁ <yï~_Û, "Í=¶ï~_Û H^Î#°, =° ìÁï~_Û, ¬¶~¡¼KÇOã^Î
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2 `Ë\÷ HìHê~¡°° : Qê#O KÍªë~¡°.
G yi[# `³Q® ÿá# HËÇ°, QËO_È°, <Ç°Hé_È° ä½ ìä½ G Q®°O@¶~¡° l ìÁ Õ ¬<\÷ g~¡KÇiã`Ç#°, H$âl ìÁ Õ
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2 ^¥¬~°¡ Á : G HËÇ°ä½ g~¡° Pãt`Ç°°.
G ^¥¬~¡°Á "³á+¬â= ªOã¬^¥Ç¶xH÷ K³Ok#"~¡°. G g~¡° HËÇ° ÕÁ =ü_È=Q®@°ä½ K³Ok# =ü¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È°
G q+¬µâ ¬OH©~¡ë#° KÍ¬¶ë WO\÷O\ì aHÆ =°_È°Q®°`~¡°. À~¡O ÕÇ°~A H^Î#° Zä½ø=Qê K³|°`~¡°.
G ^¥¬~¡Á Õ |°Hø ^¥¬i, Q® ^¥¬i, ìQ®=`Ç ^¥¬i, z#ß 2 _¨_ ã¬^Î~¡Å# :
^¥¬i, ^ÎO_³ ^¥¬i, =¶ ^¥¬i, "³ò^Î ÿá# L¬*ì`Ç° G ¬OK~¡ *ì`Ç° ÿá# |O*ì~<Í Oì_x, ¬°Qêbx
°<ß~ò. JO\ì~¡°.
G çaÄe ì<Q®=°à z#ß=°à HêH=°à "³ò^Î ÿá#"i H^Î#° G g~¡° |O*ì~ =ü¬ô~¡°+¬µ rq`Ç KÇiã`Ç#° Qê#O
_È`~¡°. HêãH"Í°}ì D H× H#°=°~¡°Q®=ô`ËOk. KÍ¬¶ë ¬OK~¡O KÍ¬¶ë, Ç¶KÇ# KÍ¬¶ë r=#O ªyªë~¡°.
2 Pª^Î°° : G g~¡° Ò_¨ä½ "³o¤ Ò_¨ ä½Ì^Îí#° He² JHø_È
G `³OQê} ãO`ÇO Õ ZÁ=°à, "³°Ø¬=°à Ì^Îí=°à "³ò^ÎQ®° ã¬^Î~¡Å#eªë~¡°.
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ãQê=°^Í=`Ç ¬î[#° x~¡Þ²ìOKÍ ¬î*ì~¡°#° Pª^Î°° G gik |$O^ÎQê# Hì~¡¶¬O.
JO\ì~¡°. G gix \ Jx @ Jx ²°ªë~¡°.
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G ^Î o `Ç ° ÿ á # =¶, =¶kQ® `Ë@° ä ½ =°à~¡ ° Á ä _¨ G gi ã¬^Î~¡Å#<Í _¨_ JO\ì~¡°.
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G ãQê=°^Í=`Çä½ ¬î[° KÍÀ ãH=°O Õ ^Í=`Ç#° ãi¬¶ë, G `³OQê} ãO`ÇO Õ Hx²OKÍ D ã¬^Î~¡Å# Õ ã¬^¥#
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G *Õ¬¼O K³¬æ_ÈO, `³°`Ç°ë° H@_ÈO J`ÇxH÷ ¬¬ìHê~¡O JOkªë~¡°.
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L#ß"~¡° KÍªë~¡°. G g~¡° HË=°@Á#°, [OQê#° Pã×~òOz Ç¶KÇ# KÍ²
G P ¬ = °Ç ° O Õ KÇ ° @¶ L#ß "~ò^¥¼#° ä _¨ rqªë~¡°.
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g~¡° D L~¡°=ò #$`Ç¼O KÍªë~¡°. gx Õ *ì#¬^Î s`Ç°°, §¢ÔëÇ° Hìs`Ç°° ä_¨
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nxx <Í~¡°óHË"e.
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Wk Hêe`Ë #$`Ç¼O. G D #$`Ç¼O Ìáì^Î~ì^Î° ãO`ÇO Õ<Í Hx²¬°ëOk.

2 Qù~¡=Ç°¼ #$`Ç¼O : G ^ÎO_ï #$`Ç¼O ¬~Hê+¬ä» ½ KÍi# ¬=°Ç°O Õ Q®°ªkQ®°O¬ô
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G =~¡OQ® l ìÁ J~ò#"Ë° Õx S Õx =°Á#ß HsO#Q®~ #$`Ç¼O Õ L¬³¶yªë~¡°.
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G D ¼ ÿ¹ `Í° PHê~¡O Õ xiàOKÇ|_Ok. H~¡" ì° ¬O^Î~¡Åä½#° PHiÂªë~ò.

G J`Ç¼O`Ç J~¡°^³á# "¬°ëÜáe q°ã×=°O (W\ìeÇ°<£ Ê
13. =°Hêø =°Ô^Î° :
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G nx x~à}O#° 1617 Õ =°¬ìà^£ ä½`Ç° ã~¡OaOK_È°.
À~¡° POã_Ç¶ ¬ ìÁ_³¶ .
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G ¼ ÿ ¹ # ° #" ¬~ qHê~ L Lã=¶ 1884 Õ
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ã~¡OaOz 1893 Õ ¬îiëKÍ§~¡°.
G 1692-93 Õ
G D ¼ ÿ¹ Õ "³òQ® , ~[ªÖh, [¬h¹ L^¥¼# =<#°
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G ã¬¬°ë`ÇO nxx Ììi>è* ¬ìÙ@ Qê =¶~ó~¡°.
KÍ§_È°.
G ¬O^Î~¡Å#ä½ `* ãQ®¶¹ ¬ìÙ@ ä½ ^Î~¡Mì¬°ë KÍ¬°HË"e.

G À+~Þh J<Í KÇiã`ÇHê~¡°_È° ã¬Hê~¡O =°Hêø #°O_ HùO`Ç 18. ÿlÀÁ\÷"£ JÌOcÁ
=°\÷ `³²æOz ªÖxH =°\÷`Ë He² =°Ô^Î°#° xiàOKÇ°@ G xiàOz#k - g°~ =°¬ì|¶ JbMì<£ (6= x*ìO)
=# =°Hêø =°Ô^Î° J<Í À~¡° =zóOk. G xiàOz# HêO - 1905-13
G XöHªi 10,000 =°Ok ã~¡Ö#° KÍ¬°HË=KÇ°ó. Ú_È=ô G x~à} Üáe-~[ªÖx =°iÇò ¬iÂÇ°<£ Üáe
225 J_È°Q®°°, 180 J_È°Q®° "³_È°æ, 75 J_È°Q®° G nxx "³á\ *ÿ"£° P¦¹ Ìáìã^¥ì^£ Jx ä_¨ =¼=¬ìiªë~¡°.
Z`Ç°ë LOk. 19. EcÁð¬
14. ãa\÷+¹ ï~²_³h : G ã¬^Í×O - ¬aÁH± Qêï~Û<£ Õ
G Ìá ì ^Î ~ ì^£ Õ ãa\÷ + ¹ ï ~ ² _ ³ O \ x"¬ = òO_È ° @ä ½ G xiàOz#k - g°~ Lªà<£ JbMì<£ (7= x*ìO)
1803 Õ x*ìO Pb ãa\÷+¹ ï~²_³h =# x~à}O#° G xiàOz# HêO - 1937
ã~¡OaOK³#°. G x~à} Üáe - WO_Ë ¬iÂÇ°<£
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G 1806 Õ x~à}O ¬îië KÍÇ°|_Ok. G x*ìO `Ç# ²Þ~ EcÁ "Í_È°H ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê nxx
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G nx ã¬^¥# Piø>ÿH± - §=ü¼ ~¡Ì . xiàOK_È°. Hê=ô# nxH÷ EcÁ¬ð Jx À~¡° =zóOk.
G nxx Çü~Ë²Ç°<£ "¬°ë Üáe Õ xiàOK~¡°. G nx Õ x*ìO ^Î~Ä~ x~¡Þq°OKÍ"~¡°.
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xiàOK~¡°.
g°~ Lªà<£ Jb Mì<£ 1917 Õ Çüx=i\© ªÖ¬#ä½
9
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15. ÌáQê ¬=¶^Î°° (Ìáì^Î~ì^£) :
G 1786 Õ xiàOKÇ|_¨Û~ò. CA
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G "³ò¦¬° ~[ªÖh "¬°ë Hìs`Ç° Õ xiàOKÇ|_¨Û~ò. :8
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G D ¬=¶^Î° ã¬`Í¼H`Ç ¬=¶^Î° QË_ÈÌá Hù=°à° =O\÷
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ZH~ ¬Ö ìxß Q®°iëOK~¡°.

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K³Hø_¨° Hxæªë~ò.
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G ¬îië U~æ@° - 7 PQ®+¬µ 1919

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G ÌáQê° x*ìO ~[¼O Õ J`Ç°¼#ß`Ç =OjÇò°.

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G q×Þq^¥¼Ç° =< ~¡¶¬Hæ#ä½ H$+² KÍ²# "~¡°

16. ^¥~¡°+¹+²¦ (1595)
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- #" Ç¶~[OQ·, ¬Ç°¼^£ Jb ~*ì.

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G L~¡¶í Õ ^¥~¡°+¹ J#Qê xÇ°O =°iÇò +²¦ J#Qê P~ Hê è* ×Oä½ªÖ¬# 5 E ÿá 1934, ã~¡OO 5
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G xiàOz#k - "³ò¬ìà^£ ä½bä½`Ç° G ~¡¶¬teæ : *ì¬æ~ (ÿeÇ°O Piø>ÿHó~)

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G L^Íí×¼O - Çò<x "³á^Î¼§

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G ã¬^Í×O - ¬ô~x ¬ì"Íe =ü²#k X_È°Û#

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qÔë~¡âO-6000 KÇIIQ®*ì° (ï~O_È¬°ë°) G D "³á^Î¼§#° 1866 Õ =üÔ#k X_È°Û# J¦¬û Q®O*

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G ^Í × O Õx "³ ò ^Î \ ÷ W<£ - ÀÌ+O\ "³ á ^ Î ¼ §Qê nxx ^Î"Mì# À~¡°`Ë ï~O_È¬°ë Õ xiàOKÇ|_Ok.
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17. x*ìO Hì§

G ã¬^Í×O : ì |¬ì^Î¶~ À_Ç°O Z^Î°~¡°Qê
G ªÖ²`ÇO - 1887
G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ã²x¬ - J¦¬°Õ~¡<^£ KÇ\Õ^¥¼Çò°
G ¬iHÆä½ ¬ð[ï~á# "³ò^Î\ ÷ q^¥¼iÖ : ~=°H$+¬âã¬ª^£ G 1908 Õ ¬O|OkOz# =üÔ#k =~¡^Î Õ D P¬°¬ãu
G 1887 Õ Ìáìã^¥ì^£ Hì§#° =°iÇò =°^Î~ -Z- =#O ^³|Äu#ßk.
PeÇ¶#° He² x*ìO Hì§#° U~æ@° KÍ§~¡°. G 1920 Õ 7= x*ìO #¶`Ç# =<xß xiàOz LªàxÇ¶
G ã¬°¬ `ë OÇ x*ìO Hê *
è L#ß ãO`xß J¬^ £ ìQ· JO\ì~¡°. P¬°¬ãu À~¡°`Ë ã¬[ä½ JO^Î°ì@° ÕH÷ `³Kó_È°.
Wk #" ¦¬ãM-L -=ò ø ³òHø x"¬OQê LO_Ík. G Wk 27 ZH~ qÔë~¡âO Õ xiàOKÇ|_Ok.

22. ÌáìHË~¡° 26. ¬ô~}ì¬î
G ~¡¶¬teæ - ×OH~ ì G x~à}O - 1578
(*ÿá¬î~"²) G xiàOz#k -
G WO[h~- =°¬ì~ Jb Wã|ÔìO ä½eä½`Ç°
¦¬l (7= x*ìO PªÖ# WO[h~) G D =O`³##° 608

G ×Oä½ªÖ¬# - 15 Uã² 1915 J_È°Q®° Ú_È=ô, 36 J_È°Q®° "³_È°æ Hey, 42 J_È°Q®°
G x~à}O ¬îië - 31 =¶ió 1919 Z`Ç°ë Õ 22 H=¶#ÁÌá xiàOKÇ|_Ok.
G ã~¡OaOz#k - 20 Uã² (7= x*ìO)
1920 G 1676 Õ Ìá ì ã^¥ì^£ # ° xiàOz# ã\ì"³ i ßÇ ° ~ D
G D = #O Z~¡ ° ¬ ô =°iÇ ò `³ °¬ ô ~¡ O Q® ° ~u`Ë =O`³##° ¼i¹ Õx ¦O\ #¶¼ ãa_£û Qê é ìó_È°.
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1956
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Wk x*ìO ã¬^¥# =°Oãu JkHêiH x"¬O Hù~¡ä½
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G Hì§ ÌáìHË~¡° "<xH÷ L`Çë~¡OQê =üÔ#k X_È°Û# G
CA
WO^Î° Õ 1936 Õ ^Î~Ä~ =°¬ì xiàOKÇ|_Ok.
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1929 Õ 7= x*ìOKÍ xiàOKÇ|_Ok. ã¬ ¬ ° ë ` Ç O Wk ~ã+¬ Q® = ~¡ ß ~ Jk H êiH x"¬ O Qê
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29. Ì~òO\ *ì~û KÇió
25. À\ ÌOã@ ÿáã|s
G x~à}O - 1813 ("³ò@"³ò^Î@Qê xiàOKÇ_# KÇióQê
G 1891 Õ =°¿bÞ ¬Ç°¼^£ ¬À<£ a ãQêg° Ja_£ Õx
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G ã¬^Í×O - D¹ =¶ö~_£¬eÁ Ì~òO\ P<£ ¬¶ø ^ÎQ®¾~¡
G 1986 Õ ã¬ ¬ ° ë ` Ç J¦ ¬ û Q ® O * ì s = #O ÕH÷
G k"<£ |¬ ì ^Î ¶ ~ À^ £ ~OQË nx x~à}ìxH÷
=¶~¡ó|_Ok.
q~ì° WKó_È°.
G "³ò^Î\ÕÁ nxx J¬¦²Ç¶ ãQ®O^¥Ç°OQê ²°=Qê
G ãa\© + ¹ Ìá x ä ½ ° q°e@s ì¼O_£ ` Ë =zó KÇ i óx
ªÞ`ÇOã`¼#O`Ç~¡O nx À~¡°#° À\ ÌOã@ ÿáã|sQê
¬O^ÎiÅOKÍ"~¡x k³¶O_È~ HO¦¬~ `³eÇ°*è§~¡°.
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J =~¡OQ® Õ "~¡¬`ÇÞ x~à}ì° : 4) ¦¬°<£¬î~ ^Í"Ç¶ ¬"Í°à×#O
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G D 22 PÇ ¶ ¬ " Í ° à× # O Õ ã¬ ^ ¥ # ^Í " Ç ° O
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G nxx 1163 Õ HêHfÇ° qãQ®¬ìO LOk.
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G K×ÃH¼ "¬°ëÜáe Õ
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G ã¬`Í¼H`Ç : G =ò¶Á~¡° Õ (¢>ÿH÷øOQ· ìO\÷ ª¬ì¬ ãH©_Èä½ =¬`Ç°°,
1) *ÿO_¨ ¬ëOO Ú_È°=ô 291 J_È°Q®°°, ãu=~¡â ¬`HO WHø_ ¬ô~`Ç# Àì=¶KÇ H©Æ à#~¡²O¬ìªÞq° PÇ°
Ú_È°=ô 108 J_È°Q®°°, "³_È°æ 72 J_È°Q®°°. qt+¬`Ç#° `³eÀ U~æ@Á KÍªë~¡°.
2) *ÿO_¨¬~¡OQê ^Í×O Õ JuÌ^Îí *ÿO_¨ G "Í°_¨~¡O =^Îí ã¬`Í¼H yi[# =ü¼lÇ¶xß U~æ@° KÍ²,
3) *ÿO_¨ ¬ëOO Ú_È°=¬~¡OQê ^Í×O Õ - ï~O_È=k. ª^¥~¡} ~ËA Õ ¬~¼@ä½ä½ J=¬~¡"³°Ø# =¬`Ç°°
<Ë\: *ì~¡O_£ ~ã+¬O Õx ~Op Õ ^Í×O Õ<Í Ú_È"³á# Heæªë~¡°.
*ÿO_¨ (293 J_È°Q®°°) LOk. Source: 1) Telangan Tourism Board
J yi[# ¬~¼@H =Ç° ãO`ÇO (>ÿØ| ¬~¡¶ø¼\ 2) Incridible India
@¶i¬°) 3) Statistical Survey -2016
G öHOã^Î ã¬°`ÇÞ ¬Þ^Íj ^Î~¡Å<£ ¬^ÎHO Õ ìQ®OQê D J `³OQê} ã¬°`ÇÞO #¶`Ç# ã¬Ç°`ß° :
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ã¬°`ÇÞO U~æ@° KÍ²Ok.
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G [xàOz# ã¬^Í×O : c*ì¬î~ ^ "³°^ÎH± `¶Hê^¥~¡°Qê
G HêO : 1829 - 83. ^ ï~"³#¶¼ §Y Õ L#ß`kHêiQê ¬xKÍ§_È°.
G k"<£Qê xÇ¶=°HO : 1858 "Í° 31 G W`Ç # ° ã¬ ^ ¥ xQê =zó# ¬ = °Ç ° O Õ ^Í = òM °,
G k"<£Qê L#ß HêO : 1853 -83 ¶ªÞ=ò°, ~Ë²ì ìÁ°, `°H±^¥~¡°Á "³ò^ÎQ®° "~¡°
G =°~¡}O : 1888, ¦²ã|=i 3 ï~á`Ç°#° ^Ë²_°, ¶\©° KÍÀ"~¡°.
G a~¡°^Î° : ª ì~¡ûOQ· (<²~¡°^ñí ì WKó_È°)
G x*ìO J¬`ÇÞO Hê~¡}OQê PiÖH J²Ö~¡`Ç U~¡æ_È_È"Í° HêH
G ã¬^¥ xQê L#ß `Ç# =¶=° ²~*-L -=ò ø =°~¡}ìO`Ç~O¡
x*ìO J¬C° KÍÇ°_ÈO c~~ ãO`#° ãa\©+¹ "iH÷
x*ìO <² ~ ¡ ° ^ñí ä ½ ã¬ ^ ¥ xQê 1853 Õ x*ìO
xÇ°q°OKÇ°ä½<ß_È°. W=Þ_ÈO =O\÷ ¬i}ì=¶° KË@°KÍ¬°ä½<ß~ò.

G KÇO^Î° ì J<Í L#ß`kHêi ãa\©+¹ "iH÷ `ù`Ç°ëQê <¼Ç¶kHê~° :
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=zóOk. G <Í~¡¬°ëxH÷ ~¡¶.4 "Í =~¡ä½ [i=¶< qkOKÍ JkHê~¡O
G P ¬=°Ç°O Õ ã¬^¥xQê =zó# 23 ¬OII ª ì~[OQ· H^Î°.
J<ÍH ¬O¬ø~¡}#° KÍ¬\ ÷ =°m¤ ~*ì¼xß L#ß`ÇOQê l ìÁ :
xÿ@Q®eQê_È°. G l ìÁ Õ ã¬^¥# JkHêi `¶Hê^¥~
G `Ç#° ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# ¬O¬ø~¡}ä½ _³á@<£ J<Í ãa\©+¬µ JkHêi G W`Ç#° l ìÁ Õ L#ß `¶Hê JkHê~¡°Ìá ¬~¡¼"ÍHÆ},
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G 1865 Õ `Ç¬ìj ìí~¡° q^Î°#° ¬~¡¼"ÍH÷ÆOKÍO^Î°ä½ =°rÁ¹-
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G 1853 ä½ ¬î~¡ÞO ï~"³#¶¼ =¼=¬Ö Õ ¶q° t¬°ë =¬¶° W-=° -Q®°*ìs J<Í =¼=¬Ö#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°.
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Hù~¡ä½ L#ß "ÍO @ è^¥ Hg°+¬<£ ¬^Îux ~¡^Î°í KÍ§_È°. ~ï "³#¶¼ Õ~¡°Û
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G 1865 Õ #¶`Ç# l ìÁ|Ok =¼=¬Ö#° ã¬"Í×Ì\÷ ã¬°`ÇÞ G Wk 1864 Õ U~æ@~òOk.

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r`ÇO`Ë ¬xKÍÀ JkHê~¡Á#° xÇ°q°OK_È°. G 1867 Õ ~¡^³åí nx ªÖ#O Õ ¬^Î~ =°¬ìöH-W-=°

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G l ìÁ|On q^¥#O ã¬"Í×Ì\÷#¬ô_È° <\÷ x*ìO - (öHOã^Î ï~"³#¶¼§Y) U~æ@~òOk.

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J¬û°^ñí ì G nx Hù~¡ä½ =°¬ì`Çq°°, ~¡°äß J<Í W^Îí~¡° JkHê~¡°#°

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¬°ì/qìQê° : ã¬°`ÞxH÷ t¬°ë K³eÁªë_È°.
G nxH÷ ¬°è^¥~ <Ç°ä½_È°Qê LO_Í"_È°. G ã¬u 30 ¬OII HùHªi t¬°ë x~¡
â °Ç ¬ûíÎ x ã¬"Í Ì× \ì_°È .
q^Î°° : ¶q°t¬°ë :
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HË~ P¦¹ JÔæ Qê LO_Í"_È°. 1) |\ì~ò q^¥#O :
G l ìÁ Õ LO_Í `¶Hê ^¥~¡°#° ¬~¡¼"ÍH÷ÆOKÇ_ÈO. ^ WO^Î° Õ t¬°ë#° ^¥#¼~¡¶¬O Õ =¬¶° KÍªë~¡°.
G ~¡¶Ç°° 100 ä½ q°OKÇx Pìøi, ï~q#¶¼ ªO¹ ^ ¶ q° t¬°ë =¬¶° KÍÀ JkHê~#° a =°öHë ^¥~¡°°
q"^¥#° ¬i+¬øiOKÇ_ÈO. JO\ì~¡°.

^ g~¡° "ÍO@ ^¥Þ~ JkHê~xß ÚOk ï~á`Ç° #°O_ G `Ç# PiÖH ¬O¬ø~¡} ÕÁ ìQ®OQê =òO^Î°Qê `Ç# ¬OII
t¬°ë Zä½ø=Qê =¬¶°KÍ² ã¬°`ÞxH÷ `Çä½ø=Qê r`xß 25000 #°O_ 15000 ä ½ `Ç y ¾ O K_È ° .
K³eÁOKÍ"~¡°. Zä½ø=Qê L#ß 1000 =°Ok L^Ë¼Q®° r` Õ HË`Ç
^ nx=Á ã¬°`ÞxH÷ K ì P^¥Ç°O `Çy¾éÍ°k. qkOK_È°.
Hê=ô# ª ì~[OQ· nxx ~¡^Î°íKÍ§_È°. G 1857 ²~ò u~¡°Q®°ì@° ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê ãa\©+¬µ "iH÷
2) ï~á`Þs q^¥#O : =°^Îí`Ç° `³¬_ÈO ^¥Þ~
^ ¶q°t¬°ë ^Î#~¡¶¬O Õ K³eÁOKe. ^ 50 HÆ |Hê~ò#° ~¡^Î°íKÍ~òOKÇ°HËQ®eQê_È°
^ nxx ª ì~ [ OQ· Ìá ì ^Î ~ ì^£ Õ J¬ û °^ñí ì ^ 37 HÆ #Q®^Î°#° ÚO^¥_È°
^ ~Ç°KÇ¶~, # ^Î°~¾ uiy ÚO^¥_È°.
HêO Õ ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°. WO^Î° Õ ï~á`Ç° ¬ÞÇ°OQê
ã¬°`ÞxH÷ t¬°ë K³eÁOKe. G 1857 Õ Ìì¯e²Hêà#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°. (ãa\©+¹ ~¡¶~ò
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G x*ì=°` J<Í éb¹ ^Îìxß U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.

^ 1863 Õ ã¬^¥ x Pn#O Õ <¼Ç°§Y ÌãH>i ÿ Ç°\
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^ `°Hêä½ - Jg°<£ (W<£ÌæH~)

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=°¬ì=òÁ (§Mì=°Oã`Ç°°) 1868 Õ xÇ°q°OK_È°.

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^ ~Ë_È°Á, ~¡¬ì^¥~¡°, Hê~Qê~ä½ ~¡HÆ}
<¼Ç°§Y =°Oãu - #" |+Ô~ L^ñí
^ ã¬°`ÇÞ Y*ì<ä½ ¬i~¡H÷ÆOKÇ@O.
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éb¹ =°Oãu - #" +¬OÀ+~[OQ· P <¼Ç°¬O¬ø~¡}° :
P PiÖH ¬O¬ø~¡}° : G 1862 Õ <¼Ç°§Y#° U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
G "³ ò ^Î \ ÷ <¼Ç ° §Mì=°Oãu #" |+Ô ~ L^ñí ì#°
G ª ì~[OQ· ã¬^¥xQê =KÍó <\÷öH x*ìO J¬C Ta Õ
xÇ°q°OK_È°.
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G <¼Ç°#ä½ ¬O|OkOz# =òY¼ q+¬Ç¶#° <¼Ç°
G =òY¼OQê KÇO^Î¶ ì PiÖH q^¥<° k" ì fÇ°_¨xH÷
§Y =°Oãu k"<£ J#°=°ux `Ç¬æx¬iQê f¬°HË"e.
Hê~¡}=°Ç¶¼~ò.
2 l ìÁªÖ~ò : G1873- =°^Î~-W-PeÇ¶ (ã¬°=ô ²Á Hù~¡ä½)
G ²q öH¬° Hù~¡ä½ - =òx¦¹, ãH÷q°# öH¬°ä½ g°~ G1878 - =°^Î~-W-S*ì (~[ ä½\©O|°ä½ ²Á Hù~¡ä½ )
J^¥`ÇÁ#° xÇ°q°OK_È°. G1881 - QËÁiÇ¶ Q®~ Ìáì¬¶ø ("³ò^Î\ ÷ ìeH ~¡ §)
G l ìÁ JkHê~¡°Ìá ¬~¡¼"ÍHÆ}ä½ (ÌáìHË~¡°) =°¬ðHê~ò- G¢Ìá"Í\ =¼ä½ëKÍ ªÖ²OKÇ|_#q (WOwÁ+¬µ g°_Ç°O
W-ª^Î~ LO_Ík. WO^Î° Õ ã¬^¥# <¼Ç°=üië (<lO), Ìáì¬¶ø )
5 Q®°~¡° <¼Ç°=ü~¡°ë°O_Í"~¡°. ^ ^Î~¡àO=O` Ìáì¬¶ø (1880)
G ²q , ãH÷q°# q#ß qK~¡}ïHá HË~ P¦¹ JÔæ #° ^ =ò¦Ô^Î° P#O (1882)
U~æ@° KÍ§_È°. G 1884 Õ =°¬ì=üaÇ¶ Hê èl ªÖ²OKÇ|_Ok.
G 1872 Õ =°¬ðHêà-W-=°~¡¦-W-P*ìÁ J<Í À~¡°`Ë HË~ 2 x*ìO Hê è*
P¦¹ JÔæ #° U~æ@°KÍ§~¡°. G K^Î ~ ¦ ¬ ¶ \ POQËÁ "³ ~ ßä ½ ¼~ ¬ ¶ ø =°ã^¥¹
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G <¼Ç°=¼=¬ð~° ¬ãH=°OQê #_È=_¨xH÷ <¼Ç°ªÖ< Çüx=i\©`Ë ÌHO_£ ãöQ_£ Hê èlQê Q®°iëO¬ô ÚOkOk.
G 1884 Õ nxx Ìáì^Î~ì^£ Hê èlQê À~¡° =¶~ó~¡°.
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x|O^Î##° HË~ P¦¹ JÔæ ~¡¶ÚOkOKÍk.
G ã¬^¥x `Ç~¡°"`Ç L#ß`Ç <¼Ç¶kHêi - HË~ P¦¹ JÔæ G 1887 Õ D Hê èr x*ìO Hê èlQê =¶~¡ó|_Ok.
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G k"h ãO`ÇO Õx <¼Ç°=¼=¬ð~ ¬~¡¼"ÍHÆ}ïHá ¬^Î~- G 1885 Õ Ì~òO\ "Í°s¹ Ìáì¬¶ø ã~¡OO.
L -q°¬ìO-J^¥`Ë U~¡æ~¡KÇ|_Ok.
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G 1888 Õ <O¬eÁ ï~á èÞÀ+¬<£ U~æ@° KÍÇ°|_Ok.
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G nxx KÇ~ó P¦¹ WOQêÁO_£ J<Í ¢Hï á =ë¬ =°`Ç ¬O¬Ö ªÖO² zOk.
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G 1868 Ìáì^Î~ì^£ #°O_ é ì¬î~ =~¡ä½ ãQêO_£ @OH±

G ª ì~[OQ· 1854 Õ ^¥~¡° -L à J<Í FiÇ°O@ ~Ë_£#° xiàOK_È°.
ã¬°`ÇÞ q^¥¼¬O¬Ö#° ªÖ²OK_È°.
G 1856 Õ Ì~òO\ P<£ Hê<³ÞO\ ªÖ²OKÇ|_Ok. P iã§q°H ¬O¬ø~¡}° :
G 1860 Õ ²q WO[hiOQ· Hê è* ªÖ²OKÇ|_Ok. G 1856 Õ ãa\© + ¹ ï ~ ² _ ³ h Jk H êi _ÏI² à ` K Í =¬ ° ë
G 1861 Õ Ì~òO\ P<£ Ìáì¬¶ø ªÖ¬#. ã¬^Î~¡Å##° U~æ@° KÍ§_È°.
G 1869 Õ q^¥¼§Y Hê~¡ ¼ ^Î i Å J~ò# q H ÷ < £ ¬ < £ G 1869 Õ ²q WO[hiOQ· Hê è* ªÖ²OKÇ|_Ok.
~¡§ Õ #¶`Ç# Õ^Î<O§#° ã¬"Í×Ì\ì_È°. G 1873 Õ Ìáì^Î~ì^£ Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ ²æxßOQ· Ê gqOQ·
G 1870 ²\ © Ìáì¬¶ø =°iÇò WO[hiOQ· Hê è* |@ q°°Á ªÖ²OKÇ|_#k.
G 1872 - K^Î~¦¬¶\ ¬¶ø G 1876 Õ ¦²~x ¦¼Hs ªÖ²OKÇ|_#k.

G ª ì~[OQ· ãOfÇ°`Ç, =°`ÇO, ì`Ë ¬O|O^ÎO 2 ïQl>ÿ_£ P¦Ô¹ :
èä½O_¨ HùO`Ç=°Okx ZO²H KÍ¬°Hùx L#ß`Ë^Ë¼Qê° G ï ~ "³ # ¶¼ =°Oãu Pn # O Õ LO_ 1878 Õ U~æ@°
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P W`Ç~¡ ¬O¬ø~¡}° : ãH=°¬^Îíu Õ iHê~¡°Û KÍÇ°_¨xH÷ U~æ@° KÍÇ°|_Ok.
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ç¾<ß~¡°. ã¬°`ÇÞ HË×O #°O_ K³eÁOKÇ_¨xH÷ 1864 Õ U~æ@°
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G è~~ q+¬Ç°O HË¬O WOQêÁO_È°ä½ "³o¤ qHËiÇ¶
=°¬ð~}÷`Ë KÇ~¡ó° [i_È°. G nx ¬~¡¼"ÍHÆ}ä½ ^Î¬ë~-W-`Ç<Mì J<Í JkHêi LO\ì_È°.
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G 1871 Õ Q®#°°, HêÞs#° ä_¨ J@g §Y ÕH÷ G 1875 Õ nxß ª^¥~¡} y_ÈÛOy §YQê =¶~ó~¡°.
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G 1875 Õ "³ò^Î@ ¬~<£ K³~¡°=ô `¶Hê Õ ã~¡O"³°Ø ^¥xß 1864 Õ ï~"³#¶¼ Õ~Û P^ÎÞ~¡¼O ÕxH÷ KÍ¬°Hùx
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2 ÌáxH §Y :
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G "³ò^Î\ ÷ ª ì~[OQ· 1864 Õ ÌáxH§Y U~æ@° KÍ² gi À=#° ï~"³#¶¼ §Y Õ qx³¶yOKÇ°ä½Ok.
1876 Õ ÌáxH Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅx xÇ°q°OK_È°.
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G ã¬° `ÇÞ P[ý ã¬K°Ç ~¡}ä½, Q
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nxx ªÖ²OK~¡°.
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5) q<Ç°H±~=ô q^¥¼OHê~ Kù~¡|_¨Û~¡°.
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G 1958 Õ POã^Î ~¢+¬O U~¡æ_#¬C_È° HêOãïQ¹ s K³Ok# POã^¥"i`Ë `=ò é\©¬_È è=°x, Zä½ø=
~Ç°Ô=°"ix ¬O`Ç$²ë ¬~¡KÇ\ìxH÷ öHOã^Î ªÖ#"³°Ø# J~¡Ý`Ç°#ß "iöH L^Ë¼Qê° ^Îä½ø`Ç°x, POã^Î° =#
q[Ç°"_È |^Î°° H~¡¶ß°#° ~[^¥xQê KÍ²Ok. =°iO`Ç Zä½ø= J=ô`Ç°O^Îx Ç°¬_¨Û~¡°.
POã^Î~R U~æ@° G 1928 Õ Jxß s P^ÎÞ~¡¼O Õ xÇ°q°Oz# "³¶f ì
<³ã¬ú Hq°\© ì ã¬ÇòHë ~ã U~æ@°ä½ P"³¶^ÎO
G 1911 ÌÌO|~ Õ Q®°O@¶~¡° ¬@}O Õ ¬[_ûQê=ô#ß `³e²Ok (k _=¶O_£ ¦¬~ _ùq°xÇ°<£ À@¹: 1928
XH J~¡= ãOfÇò_È° HË~¡° Õ MìmQê=ô#ß ^ÎÀ¦^¥~ "³¶f ì <³¬ú ié~).
é¬°ä½ `Ç# ãQê=°"³°Ø# 'ä½OHË}OÑ #°O_ XH J~¡= G ì~¡`Ç ~*ì¼OQ® ¬O¬ø~¡}#° J^Î¼Ç°#O KÍÇ°_ÈO HË¬O
=¼H÷ëx ²e²Oz P L^Ë¼Q®=ò Wzó<~¡°. ãa\÷+¹ ã¬°`ÇÞO xÇ°q°Oz# ''WO_Ç°<£ ª@¶¼@s
G `³°Q®°"~¡° ^Î~¡Mì¬°ë KÍ¬°ä½<ß "iH÷=Þ è^Î° (Jqhu Hg°+¬<£ÑÑ (Ìá=°<£ Hg°+¬<£) =òO^Î° POã^Î ~ã+¬ _=¶O_£
[iy#¬C_È° ^¥xß 'ä½OHË}OÑ J#_ÈO D ¬O¦¬°@# #° Ì@_¨xH÷ |^Î°° POã^Î <Í`ÇO` Ìá=°<£ QËì¼H±
`Ç~Þ`Ç<Í ¬i\÷ J~ò=ôO_È=KÇ°ó). nx`Ë ª=¶lH JO@¶ =¼uö~H÷OK~¡°. ¦¬e`ÇOQê Hg°+¬<£ Xiª ã¬`Í¼H
Hê~¡¼H~¡ë° PO^Ë×# KÍ²<~¡°. ~ã+¬ _=¶O_£#° JOwHiOz, POã^Î ~ã+¬ _=¶O_£ #°
G Q®°O@¶~¡° Çò=[# ª²ìf ¬q°u J~¡= "i Pk` ¬ ¼xß ã¬Hø# Ì\÷Ok.
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POã^Î~R f~à#O : G 30-3-1938# =°^Î~¬° §¬#¬ Õ ì ã¬ÇòHë
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=°¬ð¬ `ùeªiQê POã^~Î ã+¬ U~æ@° HË~¡°`Ç¶ f~à<xß
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G 22-1-1918# ã¬`Í¼H POã^Î~ã+¬ Hq°\© U~¡æ_Ok.
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G 13-12-1948# ^¥~ Hg°+¬<£ x"ÍkH#° ¬=°iæOzOk.

G 6-2-1918# WOÔiÇ° ÿlÀ\ ÷"£ HÒx Õ a.Z<£.
G ã¬¬°ë`Ç ¬i²Ö`Ç° Õ ì ã¬ÇòHë ~ã x~à}O ZO`Ç
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×~à¡ POã^~Î ã+¬ f~à#O ã¬"Í Ì× _`Í l<ß =¼uö~H÷OK~¡°.ÑÑ

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=¶ã`ÇO `ÇQ®^Îx ^¥~ Hg°+¬<£ ¬æ+¬O KÍ²Ok.

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(POã^Ë^Î¼=° KÇiã`Ç - Ç°O.q. ~=ô, Àl-47) G hO ¬Or=ï~_Û 'POã^Î ~ã+¬ U~æ@°#° "~ò^¥
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U~æ@° ã¬u^Î##° ¬=°iOzOk.

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7= POã^Î =°¬ð¬, 1918 Õ [iy# 6= POã^Î *ÿ.q.². Hq°\© (1949) :

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POã^Î ~ã+¬O U~æ@° KÍÇ¶ÑÑ x f~àxOzOk. 3. ¬\ìa Ô`~=°Ç°¼
. =°ã^¥¬° §¬#¬ POã^Î~R f~à#O:
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¬ô#~=¼=ÔÖH~¡}Ìá `Çy# ¬¶KÇ#° KÍÇò@ä½ D Hq°\©
G 14-8-1927# =°^Î~¬° §¬# ¬ Õ ²Á =°ãi U~æ@° KÍÇ°_ÈO [iyOk.
PO[<ÍòÇ ° ã¬`¼Í H POã^Î ~ã+¬ f~à#=ò#° ã¬"Í Ì× @Qê G D H q °\ © ö H =O ì ãu¬ k H < Í ~¢
JÇ°¼^Í=~¡ Hêõ×Þ~¡~=ô ^¥xß |¬~ó~¡°. §¬#¬ ¬ô#~=¼=ÔÖH~¡}Ìá `Çy# ¬¶KÇ#° KÍÇò@ä½ U~æ@°
7 F@Á f~à<xß P"³¶kOzOk. ''^Î`Çë=°O_È=ò#° KÍÇ°_ÈO [iy#k.
(~Ç°Ô=° l ìÁ°) POã^Î~+¬O #°O_ q_ÈnÇ¶ÑÑ G D Hq°\© öH=O ì ãu¬kH<Í ~¢ U~æ@°#°
<Í ã¬u^Î# 41:36 `Í_¨`Ë gyé~òOk. u~¡¬øiOz#k.
G *ìfÇ° ¬"³°ØH¼`Ç, ¬i# ªÏ¼O "³ò^Î ÿá# JO§ G 1951 [#=i 13, 14 `Ín ÕÁ Q®°O@¶~¡° Õ [iy#
P^¥~¡OQê ¬ô#~=¼=ÔÖH~¡} [~¡Qêe. POã^Î =°¬ð¬ 25= "iÂH ¬ ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê ¬\ìa
G ã¬`¼Í H POã^~
Î R U~æ@°#° ª#°¶ u`Ë ¬ijeOKx Ô`~=°Ç°¼ (HêOãïQ¹ J^Î¼äÆ½°) ¬O²# ¬O^Í×O Õ
¬¶zOz#k. K³#ß¬ôi q+¬Ç°O Õ =°#ä½ `Ç°k ¬~[Ç°O HeyO^Îx
G 1948 Õ q§Y¬\ìßxß ¬O^ÎiÅOz# [=¬ì~ ì HùO^Îi JaãÇ°O.
<³ã¬ú ã¬`Í¼H ~R U~æ@°#° Q®¶ió À~ùø#ß¬æ\÷H© G =°#O xiàOKÇ°ä½O@°#ß ªÏ^¥xß ¬_ÈQù@_¨xH÷ =°#"Í°
Z ìO\÷ x~¡âÇ°O f¬°HË è^Î°. L¬ H ~ ¡ } ¶ `Ç ° =°Ç ¶ ¼O. ¬ î ~¡ Þ O #°Oz L#ß
G 1949, #=O|~ 26 # JÇ°¼^Í=~¡ Hêõ×Þ~¡~=ô ~Q®^ÍÞ#° HùO^Î~¡° ìQê L¬³¶yOKÇ°Hù<ß~¡°.
J^Î¼HÆ`Ç# q[Ç°"_È Õ [iy# q§ ìOã^Î =°¬ð¬ ¬~¡Þ`ãQ®O =~¡ä½ ZH÷øOz# t#° z=~¡ä½ ãH÷O^Îä½
Õ Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ~[^¥xQê q§ ìOã^Î U~æ@° Jx *ì~¡q_K~¡°.
f~à#O K³Ç°¼_ÈO [iyOk.
G ''1950 [#=i 26= `Ín# =°#ä½ ~ã+¬O ²kO KÇ=²O^Í.
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G 1949, _ÌO|~ 31 =~¡ä Ìáì^Î~ì^£ Õ q°@s
Hêh ~ÕÍ° ~ãxH÷ Z=~¡° =òY¼=°Oãu Hê"<Í
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q+¬Ç°"³°Ø "^Ë¬"^¥° [iy<~ò. z=~¡ä½ nx
31, 1952 =~¡ä Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ãO`ÇO Õ M. K.
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Vellodi P^ÎÞ~¡¼O Õ `ùe ²q ã¬°`ÇÞO Hù#ªyOk.
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P"³¶kOz=ôO>è W¬æ\÷öH POã^Î~+¬O J=`ÇiOz LO_Ík.
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G POã^ Î ~ R U~æ@°ä ½ P=°~¡ } x~¬ ð ~¡ n H Æ KÍ ²

q[# ¬O¦¬¶xß xÇ°q°OzOk.
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JO^Ë×# ^Î$ ¼ _ÌO|~ 19# [=¬ì~ ì <³ã¬ú
WKó~¡°. x"ÍkH Õx JO§`Ë qèkOK~¡°.
~¡Á"³°O\ Õ ã¬`Í¼H POã^Î~R U~æ@° ã¬H@# KÍ§~¡°.
G D x"ÍkH#° 4-1-1950 # =°^Î~¬° =°Oãu=~¡¾O
G 1952, JHË|~ 19 # =°ã^¥¬° Õx |°°¬° ªO|=üië
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G POã^Îä½ K³Ok# 78 =°Ok §¬# ¬°¼ Õ 45 =°Ok
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G Ú\÷ãj~=ò° =°~¡}O`Ë POã^Î ãO`ÇO Õ K³ö~y# G POã^Î~R `ùe L¬ =òY¼=°Oãu : hO ¬Or=ï~_Û
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Hêx `³ °Q® ° ãO``Ë POã^ Î ~ã+¬ O U~æ@° ÿ["_È QË ï~_Û
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POã^Î~R U~æ@° - ¬=°¬¼° :

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[iy ~ã+¬O "~ò^¥ ¬_O^ÎÑÑ x ¬\ìa Q®`ÇO Õ KÍ²# ''q§ ìOã^ÎÑÑ x<^ÎO "³#°H
"¼Y¼ ¬ï~á#^Í#x x~¡¶²OK~¡° ã¬Hê×O ¬O`Ç°°. ''ªã=¶[¼"^Î `Ç`ÇÞOÑÑ- <³ã¬ú
G P<_Í =°^Î~¬° x è POã^äÎ ½ ã¬Hê×O X¬æä½x LO_=ôO>è G POã^°Î "OK
Ç #° ¬iQê¾<Í J~¡OÖ KÍ°¬ ä½#ß ã¬^¥ x ¬O_`
Ú\÷ ãj~=ò° =O\÷ `¼Q®^Î#°xß =°¬ìhÇòxß POã^Î <³ã¬ú H~¡¶ß° Õ JHË|~ XH\ ÷# ''HË "³°"³¶iÇ°
~ã+¬O éQù@°ä½<Ík Hê^Î°. P q^ÎÞO¬HêO_È [iy=ôO_Ík ¬¶ø ÑÑ Õ POã^Î ~¢+¬ J=`Ç~¡}x ã¬H\ ÷Oz# J#O`Ç~¡O
Hê^Î°. [iy# q èH~¡° ¬=¶"Í×O Õ, ''q§ ìOã^Î ~¢+¬OÑÑ
G POã^Î~R `ùe Q®=~¡ß~ : KÇO^Î¶ ì =¶^Î= ãu"Ík J<Í x<^¥xß ã¬°¬ `ë Ç ¬i²uÖ Õ <Í#° J~¡OÖ KÍ°¬ HË äè ½ O_¨
G POã^Î~R `ùe =òY¼=°Oãu : @OQ®°@¶i ã¬Hê×O L<ß#°. 'q§Ñ ×|íO ^Î°~ãH=°} zO`ÇQ® ªã=¶[¼
¬O`Ç°° "^¥xß ¬°æiO¬KÍ¬°ëOk. D q§ ìOã^Î x<^ÎO "³#°H

^¥y=ô#ß =°#¬ë`ÇÞO ªã=¶[¼"^Î `Ç`ÇÞO`Ë ä_#\÷kÑÑ G Ìáì^Î~ì^£ #Q®~¡OÌá, `³OQê} Õ =O^Î ìk "³°Ø×Ã¤
Jx J<ß~¡°. (POã^Î¬ãuH, POã^Îã¬, 8-10-1958) ã¬Ç¶}÷Oz, ã¬=²ìOz POã^Î Õ J_È°y_È°`Ç°#ß H$â,
G <³ã¬ú "¼Y¼Ìá, 'POã^Îã¬Ñ `Ç# ¬O^ÎH©Ç°O Õ QË^¥=i #^Î°Ìá, WHø_ L^Ë¼QêÌá, ¬uë ¬O_Í #Áö~Q®_
''POã^Ë^Î¼=°O <¼Ç°"³°Ø#^Îx Q®°iëOz, POã^Î ~ãxß ¶=òÌá, |_³û\ Õ q°Q®°°`Ç°#ß x^Î°Ìá, ~[^¥x
xiàOz# =°~¡°HÆ}O Õ<Í q§ ìOã^Î#° YO_OKÇ_ÈO, K ì #Q®~¡O Õx q°"³á# ã¬°`ÇÞ HêOkjä½, x*ìO =ke#
=°$^Î ° =ôQê K³ æO>è , |¬ zã`Ç = òÑÑQê =ô#ßk. ¶=òÌá, ã¬°`ÇÞ ãÌá"Í\ ~¡OQ® L^Ë¼QêÌá=ô#ß PHêOöHÆ
q§ ìOã^Î x<^¥xß =òO^Î°ä½ `³¬°ë#ßk.
(POã^Îã¬, 3-10-1953)
G H~¡¶ß° Õ ã¬°`ÇÞ Hê~¼Ç¶ x~à}ìxH÷ ã¬°`ÇÞO
G <³ã¬ú ZO`Ë ^Î¶~¡^Î$+²`Ë POã^Î° q§ ìOã^Î PHêOHÆ#°
z`Çë×Ãk`Ë ã¬Ç°ußOKÇ è^Î°. Z ìO\÷ ã¬Ç°`ÇßO ã¬°`ÇÞO
qõÁ+²Oz ¬=¶[O =òO^Î°Oz# ªã=¶[¼"^Î =°#¬ë`ÇÞO KÍÇ° è^Î°. ¬î<³ #°O_ q°e@s"i ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë >ÿO@Á#°
`³OQê} ã¬[ä½ U<_Ë J~¡Ö"³°ØOk. `³²æOz "Í~òOK~¡°.
G POã^Î°ä½ `³OQê} ãO`ÇOÌá ãÀ=° |Ç°\÷H÷ K³¬ôë#ß@°ÁÁ G ~ã ¬ô#iÞ[# ¬O¦¬¶xß ¬O=`Ç~O`ÇO (1958)
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öH=O ì+¬ g°^Î =¶ã`Ç"Í° Hê^Î°. D ì+¬ g°^Î ²¬ ÿá# ÕQê xÇ°q°OKÍ J=Hê×O =ô#ß^Îx ã¬^¥x <³ã¬ú
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U~¡æ_Ok. 1953 _ÌO|~ 22 # P<\÷ ã¬^¥x <³ã¬ú
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G ¬Ç°¼^£ ¦¬[ Pb J^Î¼äÆ½°Qê ¬ì$^ÎÇ°<^£ ä½OãE, JO×O Hê^Îx J~¡ÖO J=ô`Ç°Ok.
HË=O =¶^Î= ¦¬}÷Hø~ ¬°¼°Qê Hg°+¬<£ U~æ@~òOk.
1956 E<£ 30 <\÷H÷ Hg°+¬<£ Hö Oã^Î ã¬° `ÞxH÷ x"ÍkH#° . q§ ìOã^Î J#°ä "^Î#° :
W=Þ=²OkQê xö~ítOK~¡°. G ~ã ¬ô#iÞ[# Hg°+¬<£ ï~O_È° `³°Q®° ãO`°

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q^Î°¼`Ç°ë =O\÷ =#~¡°°, Yx[=#~¡°¶ XöH # H÷OkH÷
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G E<£-E áÿ 1954 Õ Hg°+¬<£ Ììá ^Î~ì^£ Õ ¬~¼¡ \÷OzOk. G POã^Î~ãxH÷ §×Þ`Ç ~[^¥x J<Í ¬=°¬¼ ä_¨
Hg°+¬<£ä½ ã¬^¥#OQê =ü_È° ~¡Hê ÿá# JaãÇ¶° ¬i+¬øiOKÇ|_È°`Ç°O^Îx ¬¶z¬°ëOk. Ja=$k K³Ok#

[O@#Q®~° Ìáì^Î~ì^£, ²H÷Oã^¥ì^£° ~[^¥xH÷ `Ç=° =¶@ <³y¾OKÇ°Hù èx "×¤ J=ô`~¡°. `³OQê}
J#°ä=°x Hg°+¬<£ À~ùø#ßk. §¬# ¬°¼° =°Oãu ¬^Î=ô° ^ÎH÷øOKÇ°HË èHé`~¡°.
G q§ `³°Q®° ~¢+¬O U~¡æ_`Í H$â QË^¥=i #^Î° HêH° fi# ~Ç°Ô=° ï~_ÈÁ ~[H©Ç° K`Ç°~¼xß
[ ì° "\÷ qx³¶Q®O "³ò`ÇëO XöH ã¬°`ÇÞO H÷O^Î `³OQê} ï~_È°Á `Ç@°HË è~¡°. J ìöQ K ì ~[H©Ç°
LO\ì~ò . 1956 <\÷H÷ H$â, QË^¥=s [qx³¶Q® J#°=O `³e²# POã^Î ãì¬ìà} ~[H©Ç° HÒ\÷ ì¼x,
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G q§ ìOã^ Î Q ê =¶i, `³ OQê} POã^ Î ` Ë H e Àë Z^Î°~ùø# è~¡°. D Hê~¡}ì=Á `³OQê} Õx ï~_Û,
W~¡°¬HÆêä "Í°° [~¡°Q®°`Ç°O^Îx, Ja=$k "ÍQ®O, ãì¬ìà} <Ç°ä½° `³OQê} POã^Î`Ë H=_¨xß
Ja=$k ¦¬e`° W~¡° ãO`ä½ ìQê JO^Î°`~ò. W+¬¬_È è^Î° J#ß JO§xß Hq°+¬<£ iHê~¡°Û KÍ²Ok.
W~¡ ° ãO`° H e Àë `³ OQê} Õx çQ® ° ¾ = O\÷ 4. q^¥¼~¡ O Q® O Õ `³ OQê} "³ # °H | _ LO_È _ È O =Á ,
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J#°äOQê H÷Ok "^Î##° Hg°+¬<£ iHê~¡°Û KÍ²Ok. =¶~¡°æ èä½O_¨ Hù#ªyOKÇ_ÈO Z=iH© "Í°° KÍÇ°^Îx
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L#ß `³OQê} POã^Î`Ë H=_ÈO #+¬^¥Ç°H=°=ô`Ç°Ok.
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Hùx ö~² "ix ^³|Äfªë~¡° J#ß Ç¶° x[O ¬ æ +¬ O Qê ¬ ¶ zOzOzOk. ^¥x À~¡ ° ''Ìá ì ã^¥ì^£
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G POã^ Î ¬ ã uH (4-11-1955) `³OQê} ~¢+¬OQê

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L#ß¬C_È° HeöQ ã¬³¶[< è q§ ìOã^Î Õ HeöQ@¬C_È° JOwHiOKÇ è^Î°.

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q§ ìOã^Î Õ KÍ~¡@O ZO^Î°H<Í ã¬×ßä½ ¬=¶^¥#O è^Î°. ^ Hêh POã^Î <Ç°ä½° g~¡O^ÎiÌá =uë_ f¬°Hùzó
"i "³áYi =¶ö~ q^ÎOQê KÍ§~¡°.
z#ß ~ã ¬ô#~¡Þ¼=ÔÖH~¡}Ìá ì~¡`Ç~¡`Çß _ÏI a.P~. JOè^Îø~ JaãÇ¶°

G 1953 JHË|~ 1# POã^Î~ã+¬O U~¡æ_# `Ç~Þ`Ç ì~¡`Ç ^Í×O Õ ìã¬ÇòHë ~ã U~æ@°ïHá _=¶O_£ JkH"³°ØOk.
G nO`Ë öHOã^Îã¬°`ÇÞO ~ã ¬ô#~¡Þ ¼ÔÖH~¡}ä½ 1953 _ÌO|~ 22# ¬Ç°¼^£ ¦¬[ Jb J^Î¼HÆ`Ç# ~ã+¬ ¬ô#iÞ[#
Hq°+¬<£ #° xÇ°q°OzOk.
G 1955 ÌÌO|~ 30# ~ã+¬ ¬ô#iÞ[# Hq°+¬<£ `Ç# x"ÍkH#° öHOã^¥xH÷ ¬=°iæOz ìã¬ÇòHë ~ã° U~æ@°
KÍÇ°=KÇ°ó Jx À~ùøOk.

G nO`Ë a.P~. JOè^Îø~ Z¹. P~.². Ìá =°iÇò z#ß G J^Í q^ÎOQê XöH ì+¬ =¶\ìÁ_Í ã¬[ä½ qq^Î ~ã°
~ã U~æ@°Ìá 1955 _ÌO|~ Õ Thoughts on U~¡æ_È@O =Á ã¬`Í¼H #+¬O JO@¶ [~¡Q®^Î°. L^¥¬ì~¡}
Linguistic States J<Í ¬ô¬H ë O ~¡zOz `Ç# JaãÇ¶xß ä½ ²ìOn =¶\ìÁ_Í "i`Ë J<ÍH ~ã° U~¡æ_¨Û~ò.
"³e|°Kó_È°. G gi Q®°iëO¬ô WO_Ç¶ Õ ã¬`Í¼HOQê LOk. L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í Õ
G a.P~. JOè^Îø~ "³ò^Î\ÕÁ Ì^Îí ~ã U~æ@°öH P¬H÷ë J`Ç¼kH [<ì LO_È°@KÍ nxx 3 ~ã°Qê qlOK
KÇ¶_È°. Hêh `Ç~Þ`Ç HêO Õ ^Í×O Õ KË@°KÍ¬°ä½O x À~ùø<ß~¡°.
@°#ß ¬i²Ö`Ç°#° Q®=°xOz z#ß ~ã U~æ@°ä½ G çOì~ò ãÌ²_³hx ä_¨ 3 ~ã°Qê qlOKx
"³òQ®°¾KÇ¶_È°. À~ùø<ß~¡°.
G Thoughts on Linguistic States ¬ô¬ëHO Õ z#ß G JOè^Îø~ çOì~ò ãÌ²_³h Õ À~ùø#ß 3 ~ã°
~ã U~æ@° =Á J<ÍH ~¡Hê ã¬¶³ [<° LO\ìÇ°x 1. =°¬ð~ã+¬ 2. Q®°[~`
q=iOK~¡°. g\÷ Õ =òY¼"³°Ø#q. 3. =°~¡~Þ_¨ (x*ìO ¬OªÖ#O Õx ìQ®O)
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G 1966 Õ çOì~ò #°O_ =°¬ð~ã+¬, Q®°[~` ~ã°
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x=°ßä½ ì "iH÷ ~¡HÆ} HeæOKÇ|_È°`Ç°Ok. Pq~¡ÄqOK~ò.
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G ~ã+¬ ¬ô#iÞ[# Hq°+¬<£ `Ç# x"ÍkH#° öHOã^¥xH÷
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G a.P~. JOè^Îø~ S.R.C.Ìá =°iÇò z#ß ~ã
~Op x ~[^¥xQê KÍÇ¶x À~ùø<ß_È°.
U~æ@°Ìá ~¡zOz# ¬ô¬ëHO?
G W`Ç#° "³°|°zó# D JaãÇ°O 2000 ¬O=`Ç~¡O Õ
Thoughts on Linguistic states
Hê~¡¼~¡¶¬O ^¥eóOk.
G L`Çë~ ã¬^Í Õ J`Ç¼kH [<ì LO_È_ÈO =# nxx
G =°^Î¼ã¬^Í #°O_ KÇfë¹¦¬°_£ =°iÇò c¬ð~ #°O_
Zxß ~ã°Qê qlOKx _=¶O_È° LOk?
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G ìOè #°O_ =°¬ð~ã+¬, Q®°[~` ~ã° Pq~¡ÄqOz#
¬O¬$uÌá XH xií+¬"³°Ø# JaãÇ¶xH÷ =Kó_È°. XöH
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ì+¬ Hey# "i`Ë XöH ~ã+¬O U~¡æ_`Í "i ì,
G Ìáì^Î~ì^£ #° ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ³òHø ï~O_È= ~[^¥x
¬O¬$`Ç°#° Hê_È°HËQ®°Q®°`~¡x JaãÇ°¬_¨Û~¡°.
KÍÇ¶x K³²æOk Z=~¡°? -JOè^Îø~
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1956 Ì^Îí=°#°+¬µ X¬æO^ÎO, POã^Îã¬^Í U~æ@°
. Ì^Îí=°#°+¬µ X¬æ^ÎO : ö H \ì~òOKe. nxß J~ò^Í × Á `Ç ~ Þ`Ç ¬ g °H÷ Æ O KÍ ì
~¡¶ÚOkOK~¡°.
G ¦ã² |=i 20, 1956 : `Ín# _b
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X¬æO^¥xß (Gentlemen's Agreement)ÑÑ J#°¬iOz ^¥x qk q^¥<° Y~~¡° KÍ¬°ä½<Í JkHê~¡O `³OQê}
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L=°à_ ~R U~æ@°ä½ JOwHiOK~¡°. D X¬æO^ÎO ãO`Ç §¬#¬°¼öH LO@°Ok.
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g°^Î UHêaãÇ°O ä½kiOk. nx<Í Ì^Îí =°#°+¬µ 11. `³ OQê} ãOfÇ ° HÒx ä ½ ¬ O |Ok O z D
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qk q^¥<° ~¡¶¬Hæ# ì^Î¼`Ç HÒx ä½ W"Þe. D

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U~æ@° 10 ¬O=`Ç~@° Hù#ªQêe.
G POã^Î <Ç°ä½° `³OQê} ãO`Ç Ja=$kH÷ `=ò 12. öHa<³\ Õ W~¡° ãO`ä½ ^¥=¶ ¬^Îu# =°Oãu
Jxß q^¥°Qê x|O^Î# ã¬Hê~¡O =¼=¬ìiªë=°x ¬ðg° ¬^Î=ô° W"Þe. 60 §`ÇO POã^Î, 40 §`ÇO `³OQê}.
WKó~¡°. P "Í°~¡ä½ 1956 ¦²ã|=i 20 # _bÁ Õx `³OQê} #°Oz ZO²H KÍ²# =°Oã`Ç° ÕÁ XH~¡° Hzó`ÇOQê
Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ¬ìº¹ Õ Ì^Îí =°#°+¬µ X¬æO^ÎO [iyOk. =ò²ÁO =s¾Çò ÿá LO_ë.
D X¬æO^ÎO Õ 14 =òMì¼O§#° ÚO^Î°¬iK~¡°. 13. =òY¼=°Oãu POã^Î ãO`Ç=ò #°O_ J~ò`Í, L¬
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x^Î° ÕÁ q°Q®°° LO>è "\÷x P ãO`Ç Ja=$köH POã^ Î ãO`Ç = ò #°O_ LO_ë. kQ® ° = À~ùø#ß

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(1) ¬ìÙO§Y (2) PiÖH §Y (3) ï~q#¶¼ §Y, `³OQê} §¬#¬°¼° JO^Î° Õ ¬°¼°Qê LO\ì~¡°.
(4) ã¬}ìoH° Ja=$k =¼=¬ð~° §Y =òY¼=°Oãu JO^Î° Õ ¬°¼°Hê~¡°.
(5) "}÷[¼ ¬iã×=° §Y 4. ã¬`Í¼H q+¬Ç¶ä½ ¬O|OkOz# §¬<#° ãOfÇ°
14. Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ã¬^Í HêOãïQ¹ Hq°\©x Ì^Îí =°#°+¬µ ¬O¦¬¶xH÷ x"Íkªë~¡°. ã¬`Í¼H q+¬Ç¶ä½ ¬O|OkOz#
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G P Ìá# À~ùø#ß JO§xß 1956 ¦²ã|=i 20= `Ín# ¬O¦¬°=ò ¬¶zOKÇ=KÇ°ó è^¥ ~ËA "i =¼Ç¶xH÷
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a°Á Jx À~ùøO\ì~¡ ° . ãOfÇ ° a°Á xßO\ ÷ x JÇ¶¼~ò. 1968 Õ Wq =°iO`Ç L^Î$`Ç=°Ç¶¼~ò. D
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§¬#¬ Õ ã¬"Í×Ì>è =òO^Î° `Ç¬æx¬iQê `³OQê} ¬O^Î~¡ÄO Õ Ìá`ÇO Hq°\© ¬°¼° P L^Î¼=° <Í`Ç`Ë
ãOfÇ° ¬O¦¬°O P"³¶^ÎO ÚO^¥e LO@°Ok. W ì "¼Mì¼xOK~¡°. .
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2. U^³á< a°Á q+¬Ç°O Õ P ãOfÇ° a°Á J=ô<? Hê^¥? g°ö~ L^Î¼=¶`Ë ªkOKÇ°HËO_!
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\÷.P~.².². "³á¦¬¼O :
J=ô`Ç°Ok.
3. Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ~¢+¬¬ô §¬#O U^³á< POã^ÎãO`xH÷ G `³OQê} ãOfÇ° ¬=°#ÞÇ°O ¬O¦¬°O "¬ë= ~¡¶¬O Õ
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=²# J=¬~¡O è^Î°. D ¬O¦¬¶ä½ J=¬~¡"³°Ø# ¬ÞÇ°O ã¬u¬uë è^Î°.
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4. `³OQê} ãO`ÇO Õ J=°° Õ L#ß §¬<xß ~¡^Î°íKÍÀ

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ã^Î=¼¬O|O^Î"³°Ø# a°Á#° ä_¨ ãOfÇ° ¬O¦¬¶xH÷ D ¬O¦¬¶° ãOfÇ° Ja=$k HË¬O `³OQê} q°Q®°°
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5. `³OQê} ãOfÇ° ¬O¦¬¶xH÷ x"ÍkOz# a°Á#° G Hêx PKÇ~¡} Õ Wq öH=O ~[H©Ç° qìQê°Qê<Í
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¬xKÍ§~ò. ÌáQê ¬OªÖ¬~¡OQê Z@°=O\÷ JkHê~°,

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ãOfÇ° ¬O¦¬°"Í° KÇióOz P"³¶kOKÍ JkHê~#°

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HeyLOk. q^ Î ° ° ¬ O ¬ î ~¡ â O Qê W=Þ|_È è ^ Î ° . nxH÷ |_³ û \

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6. Hùxß ¬O^Î~Ä Õ ãOfÇ° ¬O¦¬°O `Ç#ä½ x"ÍkOz# öH\ì~òOKÇ@O, öH=O <=°=¶ã`ÇOQê<Í LO_Ík. D
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a°Á#° L¬¬O¦¬¶ä½ ¬O², q¬ë $`Ç"³°Ø# KÇ~¡óä½ ¬O¦¬¶#° ¬ô#ißiàOKÇ_ÈO [~¡Q® è^Î°. D q^Î"³°Ø#
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J=Hê×O W=Þ=KÇ°ó.
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7. `³OQê} ãOfÇ° ¬O¦°¬ O Õ ~ï O_È° ~¡Hê #áÿ L¬O¬ ¦¶¬ ° U~¡æ_Ok.

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G POã^Î, `³OQê} =°^Î¼ ã¬`Í¼H"³°Ø# PiÖH `Çxv (P_\ ÷OQ·)

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H=ô.
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1) ªÖ~ò L¬¬O¦¬¶° 2) ``øeH L¬¬O¦¬¶° ¬=°ãQ®OQê è^Î°. `Ç^¥Þ~ D ¬O¬Ö x~Þ¬ì} Õ x|^Î`Ç
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`³OQê} ãO`Ç s[# Hq°\© Õ² O zOk. 1956 #°Oz L#ß qq^ Î ã¬ ° `Þ°
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G ¬iq°`Ç JkHê~° :
`Ç#ä½#ß ¬iq°`Ç JkHê~`Ë<Í ª^Î¼"³°Ø#O`Ç "Í°~¡ H$+² `³OQê} ãOfÇ° ¬=°#ÞÇ° ¬O¦¬¶xß | ÕÀ`ÇO
KÍ²Ok. =òY¼OQê `³OQê} ã¬[°, Zhû"Ë° `Ç=° KÍÇ°@O Õ Z@°=O\÷ P¬H÷ë KÇ¶¬ è^Î°. ~[H©Ç° t+¬µ»°
¬ = °¬ ¼ ° x"Í k OKÇ ° HË=_¨xH÷ Wk XH "Í k H Q ê ä _¨ `³ OQê}ì Ja = $k H ÷ ^Ë¬ ì ^Î O KÍ Ç ° _¨xH÷
L¬ ³ ¶ Q® ¬ _ O k. JO`Í Hêä ½ O_¨ h× Ã Á , ã*ÿ H ± Z@°=O\÷ ^Î$+² KÇ¶¬ è^Î°.
q+¬Ç°O Õ ã¬°`ÇÞO`Ë Hùxß ¬O^Î~Ä ÕÁ `Ç¬_Ok.

X¬æO^¥ LÁO¦¬°#°-1956 `Ç~Þ`Ç HËªëOã^Î ã¬[ =¬ ã¬ì=O
"~¡° `Ç# Q®_ÈÛg°^Î `#° 15 ¬OII~ =~¡ä½ =òY¼=°Oãu
. Ì^Îí=°#°+¬µ X¬æO^ÎO
J<¼Ç¶°, J=Àì×#° (1956-1968):

LÁO¦¬°#°,
Hê èHéÇ¶_ÈO>è ZO`Ç J<¼Ç°O? ZO`Ç q^ÎO?

3. JO`Ç¼ãH÷Ç° Õ ä_¨ q=HÆ`Ç :
1. KÍ²# ¬O`ÇHê° P~¡H=òO^Í X¬æO^ÎO LÁO¦¬°# :
G `³ OQê}"i ¬ @ Á ã|uä ½ #ß¬ C _Í Hê^Î ° z=iH÷
G Ì^Î í =°#°+¬ µ X¬ æ O^Î O =# `Ç = °ä ½ <¼Ç ° O
=°~¡}÷Oz# `Ç~Þ`Ç ä_¨ q=HÆ`Ç KÇ¶~¡°. POã^Î ~¢+¬
[~¡°Q®°`Ç°O^Îx `³OQê}ì ã¬[° J#°HË è^Î°. JO^Î~¡¶
=¶r =òY¼=°Oãu ã¬Hê×O ¬O`Ç°° KÇxé~ò#¬C_È°
J#°=¶xOz#@°Á Q ê<Í ~¢+¬ O J=`Ç i Oz# ~Ë*è
ã¬°`ÇÞ ìOKÇ<`Ë JO`Ç¼ãH÷Ç°° [iy<~ò.
Ì^Îí=°#°+¬µ X¬æO^¥xß LÁO¦²°OK~¡°. G P Hùkí~ËA `Ç~Þ`Ç Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ~¢+¬ =¶r =òY¼=°Oãu
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G X_ÈO|_H ã¬Hê~¡O =òY¼=°Oãu POã^¥ãO`xH÷ "ï~á`Í |¶~¡°¾ ~=°H$â~=ô KÇxé`Í ã¬°`ÇÞ ìOKÇ<`Ë
L¬=òY¼=°Oãu ¬^Îq `³OQê}ì"iH÷ öH\ì~òOKe.
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JO`Ç¼ ãH÷Ç°° [~¡°¬ è^Î°.
L¬ = òY¼=°Oãu ¬ ^ Î q x~¡ ° ¬ ³ ¶ Q® = °x P~Ë"Í ° G W@°=O\÷ q=HÆ`Ç XH =¶r =òY¼=°Oãu, JO^Î° Õ#¶
99
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=O\÷^Îx ã¬H\ ÷¬¶ë =òY¼=°Oãu N hO ¬Or=ï~_Û Ì^Îí=°#°+¬µ X¬æO^ÎOÌá ¬O`ÇHO KÍ²# "i¬@Á<Í
55
L¬=òY¼=°Oãux `³OQê}ì #°Oz xÇ°q°OKÇ è^Î°.
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[iy`Í WH =¶=ü° `³OQê}ì ã¬[ Q®u J^ËQ®u
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G P ¬^Îq LO>è q+¬¼`Ç°ë Õ =°mÁ U^³á< ã¬=¶^ÎO ~=KÇóx J~ò¼Ok.
POã^Î° Ç°O. ¬î~¡Þ¬ô POã^Î ~¢+¬O Õ ÿ["_È
. CA
98
QËï~_Û =°Oãu=~¡¾O Õ XH~ËA =òO^Î° =~¡ä½ `<Í `³OQê} ¬i~¡HÆ}°, ã¬`Í¼H ¬ìä½ø
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¬ Þ Ç ° OQê JOH i Oz# L¬ = òY¼=°Oãu ¬ ^ Î q LÁO¦¬°# :
`³ ìÁö~¬iH÷ PÇ°#ä½ J#=¬~¡=°x²OKÇ_ÈO J×ó~¡¼H~¡O. G Z<Ëß =°Oz X¬æO^¥°, ZO`Ë q§Þ¬O`Ë "³ò^Î ÿá<
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1959 Õ ¬Or=Ç°¼(^Îo`Ç°_È°) =òY¼=°OãuQê L#ß¬C_È° z`Çë ×Ãk èHé`Í J=°° ÕH÷ ~=ô J<Ík Kiã`ÇH ¬`Ç¼O.
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HùO_¨ "³OH@~q°ï~_x Û L¬=òY¼=°OãuQê xÇ°q°OK~¡°. Ì^Îí =°#°+¬µ X¬æO^ÎO Õ ÚO^Î°¬~¡z# `³OQê}

A D
G Jk ~[H©Ç¶ Õ ä½ ã¬ì=O, HêOãïQ¹ ãQ®¶¬ô ãO`Ç ~¡HÆ}° LÁO¦¬°# D ¬`¼<Íß ÕHêxH÷ `³e²Ok.
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ã¬ì==°x `³°¬¶ë<Í LOk. PÇ°# ä_¨ 1962 =~¡ä½ =°~Ëªi g\÷`Ë @° ¬° LÁO¦¬°#° H÷Ok q^ÎOQê
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=ü_È ° ¬ O =`Ç ~° =¶ã`Ç " Í ° L¬ = òY¼=°OãuQê [iQê~ò.

CH
Hù#ªQê_È°. 1. ªÖxH`Ç (Domicile) xÇ°=¶#° =¶ió"ÍÇ°@O ã¬^¥#

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G 1962 Õ PÇ°# ZxßH Õ F_é~ò# `Ç~Þ`Ç #°O_ LÁO¦¬°#, `³OQê} ãO`ÇO Õ ªÖxH`Ç ~"O>è 12
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1969 =~¡ä½ P ¬^Îq QêÇ° J~ò¼Ok. z=iH÷ =°mÁ ¬O=`Ç~ x~¡O`Ç~Ç° x"¬O J#ß xÇ°=°O LOk.
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Ì^Îí =°#°+¬µ X¬æO^ÎO ^¥xx X¬CHù#ßk. J=°°

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1969 Õ `³OQê}ì L^Î¼=° Ç°O =# ~rè~¡O

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HË¬O, JyßQ®°O_ÈOQê =¶i# `³OQê}ì#° KÇÁ|~¡KÇ@O q+¬Ç¶xH÷ =KÍó¬iH÷ ^¥xx 4 ¬O=`Ç~ä½ ä½kOK~¡°.
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HË¬ O ¬ " ³ ° Ø H ¼ `"k J~ò#, H s O#Q® ~ ä ½ K³ O k# D LÁO¦¬°# =Á 50 "Í =°Ok POã^ÎãOfÇò°
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*ÿ.q.#iOQ®~=ô#° L¬=òY¼=°OãuQê xÇ°q°OK~¡°. `³OQê} ãO`Ç L^Ë¼Qê ÕÁH÷ KÍiéÇ¶~¡°. `³OQê}

2. POã^Î° ^Î$+² Õ `³OQê}ì XH PãHq°`Ç ãO`ÇO: "iH÷ D XHø ^³|Ä`Ë q^Î¼, L^Ë¼Qê Õ J=Hê§°
KH
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G "³°Ø¬¶~ ~ãxH÷ =òY¼=°OãuQê ¬xKÍ²# gö~Oã^Î\÷ éÇ¶~ò.

XH¬C_È° Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ¬OªÖ#O Õx Q®°Ä~¾ ãO`xH÷ 2. `³OQê} ãO`ÇO #°Oz ~¢+¬ Y*ì<ä½ 40% ï~"³#¶¼
K³Ok#"_È°. [=° J~ò< `³OQê} ãO`xH÷ P"Í°~¡ä½ x^Î°
G JO`Ç =¶~¡°=ü ãO`ÇO J`Ç<Í "³°Ø¬¶~ ~ãxH÷ q_È ° ^Î [~¡ Q ® è ^ Î ° . JO^Î ° =Á `³ OQê} Õ
(W¬æ\÷ H~ß@H) =°Y¼=°Oãu HêQê, ~[^¥x Ìáì^Î~ì^£ä½ POã^ Î ã O`Ç O `Ë éeÀë À^Î i H O Ìiyé~òOk.
¬O|OkOz# `³OQê}ì ãO`ÇO #°O_ 1971 =~¡ä½ `³OQê} ãO`ÇO POã^Î Õ HeÀ <\÷H÷ JkH P^¥Ç°O
J#Qê 15 ¬OII~ =~¡ä½ Z=~¡¶, ZO^Î°ä½ =òY¼=°Oãu Hey# ãO`ÇO. P JkH P^¥Ç¶xß `³OQê} q°Q®°°
Hê Hè
éÇ¶~¡° ? XH `³OQê}ì"_È° `Ç# ~¢+¬O Hêx JO\ì~¡°. D q°Q®°° ä_¨ qkQê `³OQê} HË¬O
~ãxH÷ "³ò^Î\ ÷ =òY¼=°Oãu HêQê =°~Ë `³OQê}ì Y~¡°ó KÍÇ°=² LO_ÈQê, "¬ë=O Õ J@°=O\÷^Íg°
[~¡Q® è^Î°.

3. *ÿá POã^Î L^Î¼=°O `Ç~¡°"`Ç 1972 `Ç~¡"`Ç =òbø G P `Ç~Þ`Ç =zó# Ì^Îí=°#°+¬µ X¬æO^ÎO Õx 8= JO×O
x|O^Î##° ~¡^Î°í KÍ§~¡°. `Ç~¡"`Ç `³OQê} s[# ã¬Hê~¡O ä_¨ `³OQê}ì Õx =¼=ªÇ° ¶=ò
Hq°\©x ~¡^Î°í KÍ§~¡°. `³OQê} ãO`xH÷ =#~¡° J=°àHO =°iÇò Hù#@O ãOfÇ° Hq°\÷ JkHê~xH÷
¬O²}© Õ [iöQ J<¼Ç¶xß ã¬tßOKÍ x~à}"Í° èä½O_¨ Õ|_ LO_ë. ^¥x J#°=°u èx^Í `³OQê}è`Ç~¡°
KÍ§~¡°. ÿ=Þ~¡¶ =¼=ªÇ° ¶=òeß Hù#~^Î°.
4. `³OQê} ãO`ÇO Õ JHÆ~¬¼`Ç Ja=$k Hê è^Î°. `Çy#xß G J~ò< `³OQê}ì ãO`ÇO Õx HÆ ìk ZH~ ¶q°x
ãÚÌ¦+¬# Hê èr° `³OQê} Õ `³~¡°= è^Î°. POã^Î ãO`ÇO #°O_ =¬ =zó#"~¡° `³OQê}ì
5. H$â#kÌá xiàOz# <Qê~¡°û#ªQ®~, ãjÜáO ã*ÿä½° ãOfÇ° Hq°\© J#°=°u èä½O_¨<Í JQ®°=¬Q®°=ä½
POã^Î ãO`xH÷ "Í°° KÍä ~ö óO^Î°ä½ =¶ã`Ç"°Í xiàOK~¡°. Hù<ß~¡°.
<Qê~¡°û#ªQ®~ x~à}O =Á #ÁQùO_È l ìÁ Õ ZO`Ë G x*ì=¶ì^£, =~¡OQ® , Y=°àO, Pk ìì^£ l ìÁ Õ
=¼=ªÇ° ¶q° =òO¬ôä½ Q®°iHêQê, P l ìÁä½ ªQ®~ D =¬° q¬s`ÇOQê [iy ¶=ò° éQù@°ä½#ß"~¡°
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^¥Þ~ JO^Î=²# <¼Ç°|^Î "\ì ^ÎHø è^Î°. =¼=ªÇ° äb°Qê<Ë, ¬@} ãO`ÇO ¬ì=¶b°Qê<Ë
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6. QË^¥=i Ìá # ã~¡ O a O z# ãj~OªQ® ~ ã*ÿ ä ½ =¶iéÇ¶~¡°.
G z=iH÷ 1968 Õ 1950 Ìáìã^¥ì^£ HÒ ìís =°iÇò
99
`³OQê}ä½ "Í°° KÍ¬°ëOk. Hê|\÷ #`Çë#_ÈH #_²OK~¡°.
50 E
20 H Æ ZH ~ ä ½ h~¡ ° JOkOKÇ = ² # ã*ÿ ä ½ =¼=ªÇ° ¶=ò KÇ@O Õx 47 #°O_ 50 =~¡ä½
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PÇ°H@°#° 50 ¬O=`Ç~ HêO Õ ï~O_È°#ß~¡ HÆ Q® ÌHÆ#Á#° ¬îiëQê ~¡^Î° KÍÇ°@O =# =¬ä½ öQ@Á
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Zuë"Í²#@Á~òOk.
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ZH~ä½ =¶ã`Ç"°Í JO^Í@° KÍ§~¡°. 1966 <\÷H÷ ã*ÿä½
¬îië Hê"x PtOz< Jk [~¡Q® è^Î°. G =~¡ O Q® , Y=°àO l ìÁ Õx QË^¥=s ¬ i "¬ ì H
98
ãO` Õ 60 #°O_ 80 §`ÇO =¶Qê}÷ ¶q° ªÖxH
7. ãjÜáO Z_È=°Q®@° Hê= ^¥Þ~ `³OQê}ä½ K³O^Î=²#
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ï~á`Ç° #°O_ POã^¥ =¬"^Î° KÍ`Ç° ÕÁH÷, ¶ªÞ=ò
h\÷x JO^Îx=Þ è^Î°.
KÍ`Ç° ÕÁH÷ "³oÁé~òOk.
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8. `³OQê} Õ x*ìO ã¬° `ÇÞ# Õ xiàOz# x*ìOªQ®~
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G J ìöQ x*ìO ªQ®~ H÷O^Î L#ß ª~¡=O`Ç"³°Ø# ¶q° Õ

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40 §`ÇO =~¡ä½ "i Pn#O ÕH÷ "³oÁé~òOk.

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"Í,² ã*ÿä½ H÷O^Î PÇ°H@° `Çy ¾ éªyOk.

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G Pk ìì^£ l ìÁ H_³O ã*ÿH± H÷O^Î#°#ß ¶=ò°,

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9. "³°^ÎH±, x*ì=¶ì^£ l ìÁ ÕH÷ Ú ìä½ h~¡° JOkOKÇ

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#ÁQùO_È l ìÁ Õx <Qê~¡°û#ªQ®~ H÷O^Î L#ß ¶=ò°,

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=°¬ì|¶#Q®~ l ìÁ ~*Õe|O_È Hê°= H÷O^Î L#ß

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`Ç~¡eOK~¡°. PO¬î~, Q®^¥Þ ãO`ÇO ¶=ò° "i ^Î$`Ç~¢+¬

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10. ~*Õe|O_È _³á=~¡Â<£ ïH< ^¥Þ~ h~¡° `³OQê} Õx HÒye Õ zä½øä½<ß~ò.

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=°¬ ì |¶ # Q® ~ Õ 50 #°Oz 60 "Í ZH ~ ä ½ G `³OQê} |Hø~ï ` á °Ç ° =¶ã`ÇO Õ~¡° ì=ô°, ZO_é~ò#
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JO^Î=² LO_ÈQê, P [ ì#° ^ñ~¡# û ¼OQê ~Ç°Ô=°ä½ K³~°¡ =ô°, ä½O@ H÷O^Î =¼=ªÇ°O KÍ°¬ ä½O@°<ß~¡°.
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G D q^ Î O Qê L^Ë¼Qê Õ, =#~¡ ° qx³ ¶ Q® O Õ l ìÁ Õx =¼=ªÇ° ¶=òeß ä½ã@ã¬Hê~¡O xsÞ~¡¼O

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X¬æO^¥ LÁO¦°¬ # J_È¶,Û J^Î°¬î äè ½ O_¨ Hù#ªyOk. KÍ² iÇ° ZÀ\ "¼~° KÍ², P~¡°"³°O@Á#° H\ ÷
. HË@Áä½ ¬_ÈQ® ÿ`ë~¡°.

KH
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=¬°-=¼=ªÇ° ¶
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G 1950 Ìá ì ^Î ~ ì^£ HÒ ^ ¥s =°iÇ ò =¼=ªÇ ° W\ìÁ `³OQê}ì <Í`ÇeÁ "i PãH=°}ä½ Q®°ï~áOk.
¶=ò KÇ@O Õx S^Î= J^¥¼Ç¶xH÷ ¬O|OkOz# G L^Ë¼Qê Õ<Í HêH =¼=ªÇ°, "¼~¡~¡OQê Õ ä_¨
47 #°O_ 50 ÌHÆ#Á ã¬Hê~¡O =¼=ªÇ° ¶=ò |kb° =¬ "³Á= `³OQê}ì#° =òOK³uëOk.
J#Qê J=°àHO =°iÇò Hù#°QË° q+¬Ç¶Ìá POHÆ° G =°i W@°=O\÷ =¬° qb#O `Ç~Þ`Ç<³á< `³OQê}ì
LO_Íq. ^¥x ã¬Hê~¡O `³OQê}è`Ç~¡° ÿ=Þ~¡¶ `³OQê}ì #°O_ POã^¥ ãO`xH÷ ZO^Î°ä½ [~¡°Q® è^Î°? `³OQê}ì
=¼=ªÇ° ¶=ò#° Hù#@O KÇ@ q~¡°^ÎO. Õx ¶q° èx ã¬[° =¼=ªÇ° äb°Qê =¶ã`Ç"Í°
G 1956 qb<xH÷ =òO^Í D KÇ \ ì x ß LÁ O ¦ ² ° Oz POã^Î ãO`xH÷ "³×Á@O [iyOk.
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À~¡°`Ë Ja=$k K³Ok# <\÷ =¼=¬Ö "³ò`ÇëO ^Í×O Õ<Í ¬O`Ë+¬^¥Ç°H"Í° Hêx WO^Î° Õ 15% ä_¨ `³OQê}ì
XH qt+¬"³°Ø# =¼=¬ÖQê LO_Ík. ãO`xH÷ ^ÎHøHé=@O qK~¡H~¡O.
G ZO`Ë ¬=°ãQ®"³°Ø#, ¬O¬#ß"³°Ø# D =¬u POã^Îã¬^Íä½ G WH ì=ô H÷O^Î À^Î¼OKÍÀ ï~á`Ç° ìqx `Ç# Y~¡°ó`Ë<Í
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G POã^Îã¬^Í J=`Ç~¡} `Ç~¡°"`Ç z#ß h\÷~¡°^Î ~¡OQ®O Hêeé`Í ìQ®°KÍ~òOKÇ°HË"e.
Ja=$k Hù~¡ä½ ã¬u ¬O=`Ç~¡O "Í ìk HË@Á ~¡¶Ç°° G nx Y~¡óO` 50 "Í #°O_ HÆ ~¡¶Ç° =~¡ä½
Y~¡ó~ò#@°Á ã¬°`ÇÞ ÿHø° `³°¬ô`~ò. ^¥x=# LO_È=KÇ°ó. J~ò< ï~á`Ç°HÍ°¼ Y~¡°ó WO`Ç\ ÷`Ë PQ®^Î°.
K³~¡°=ô H÷O^Î ªQ®Í°¼ ¶q° qÔë~¡âO Ì~¡Qêe Hêh ¬O¬ô° #_È°¬ô@ä½ "_Í Hï~O@°ä½ Ksû° K³eÁOKe.
`ÇQ®¾ä_È^Î°. ã¬u P~¡° =¶ªHùHªi P Ksû° Ìiy< iOKe.

G Dq^ÎOQê ï~á`Ç°Ìá ìqx `ÇqÞOz, ¬O¬ô#° ayOz, ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# ¶¬O¬ø~¡} KÇ@O P<\÷öH XH q¬Á"`ÇàH
Hï~O@° fQ®#° ¬OkOKÍ Y~¡°ó`Ë@° Hï~O@° a°Á ¬O¬ø~¡}.
ì~¡O ªb< ^¥^¥¬ô ZH~xH÷ 1000 ~¡¶Ç° =~¡ä½ G P ¬O¬ø~¡} ¦¬e`#° `³OQê} ï~áÒQ®O ¬îiëQê
¬_È°`Ç°Ok. KÇqKÇ¶_ÈH =òO^Í D ãO`xß POã^Î Õ He²"ÍÇ°@O
G HËªë l ìÁ Õx JkH ¬OMì¼H ï~á`Ç°ä½ U Ì@°|_ [iyOk. ^¥x`Ë `³ OQê}ì ãO`Ç O Õ =¼=ªÇ °
J=¬ ~ ¡ O è H éQê ªb< ZH ~ xH÷ ö H =O 200 ~¡OQ®O ä½O@°|_È@O "³ò^Î~òOk.
~¡¶Ç°° K³eÁÀë xH~¡ [ ì ¬~¡¦¬~ x~@OHOQê G Hù`Çë h\÷~¡°^Î ªÏH~¼ Hæ# Õ J<¼Ç°O, J¬æ\÷öH
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G Hêx `³OQê}ì ï~á`Ç° Õ JkH ¬OMì¼ä½° "Í ìk x~¡ÁHÆ ¼O, ¬i¬u ªÏH~¼ q`Ç~¡} Õ q=HÆ`Ç =O\÷
~¡¶Ç° Ì@°|_ `"Í° Ì\÷# `Ç~°¡ "`Ç ä_¨ ZH~xH÷ Hê~¡}ì KÍ`Ç D ãO`Ç¬ô =¼=ªÇ°~¡OQ®O ¬OHÆËO Õ
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9
#_Û qiöQ ì~xß "ÍÇ°_ÈO ZHø_ <¼Ç°O? G 1956 Õ ~ã+¬ ªÖ¬# [iöQ<\÷H÷ `³OQê}ì Õ ªïQá#
G `³OQê}ì ãO`Ç¬ô ï~á`Ç°° D J<¼Ç°¬ô ì~xß
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G ^Í × O Õx J<Í H ãO` = ÿ `³ OQê}ì Õ ä _È G 1991 #°O_ 2002 =KÍó=~¡ä½ Jk =°iO`Ç ¬_é~ò

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G ã¬H$u ã¬ªkOz# D J~¡ ¬O¬^Î`Ë ã¬u ãQê=¶xß G Wk K ì=~¡ä½ `³°Q®°^Í×O JkHê~¡O Õ L#ßHêO. W^Í
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#°O_ x*ìO #"|° # JO`Ç=°Í°¼ =~¡ä½ D qÔë~¡âO Q®}hÇ°OQê ÌiyOk.

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G x*ìO HêO Õ H\ ÷# x*ìOªQ®~, H_³O ã*ÿä½ P<\÷ D HêO Õ ~Ç°Ô=° Õ ªïQá# ¶q° xH~¡ qÔë~¡âO
Ì^Îí`Ç~¡¬ð h\÷ ~¡°^Î =¬`Ç° Õ K ì =òY¼"³°Ø#q. ä_¨ HùO`Ç `Çy¾Ok.
D ãO`ÇO Õ À^¥¼xH÷ ³¶Q®¼OQê L#ß ¶=ò° K ì
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G x*ìO Hê¬ô ¦¬î¼_È =¼=¬Ö Õ ¶ªÞ=ò Hù~¡ä½ KH÷s G ªQ®°¶q° qÔë~¡âO H©Æ}÷OKÇ_ÈO`Ë c_È° ¶=ò qÔë~¡âO
KÍ²# ï~á`Ç° äbä½ H+¬¬_ ¬xKÍÀ J"@° H"~¡°. Ìiyé`Ç°#ßk.
G x*ìO # JO`Ç=°~ò# `Ç~Þ`Ç J¬æ\÷ Ìáì^Î~ì^£ G `³OQê}ì Õ ªïQá# ¶q° xH~¡ qÔë~¡âO `ÇQ®°¾@ =#
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G 2002 <\÷ H ÷ ~ã+¬ O Õ L#ß 50,60,920 ÌìHê ~ ¡ Á öH=O 23.27% =¶ã`Ç"Í°. WO^Î° Õ JãQ®Ò|¶O
(1,25,00,472 ZH~) c_È° ¶q° Õ 26,55,070 (60.51%) HËªë ãO`xH÷ =ò\÷Ok. J^Í q^ÎOQê
ÌìHê~¡°Á (65,58,022 ZH~°) JO>è 52.46% XHø l ìÁ ¬¬ìHê~¡ ì¼Oä½ ^¥Þ~ JO^Í ~¡°}ì Õ ä_È
`³OQê}ì Õ<Í L#ßk. `³OQê} ãO`xH÷ ~ã+¬"¼¬ëOQê [iy# ¬O²}© Õ
G Q®`Ç S^Î° ^Î§ìí #°O_ `³OQê} Õ c_È° ¶=ò 32.46 §`Ç"Í° JOkOk.
qÔë~¡âO Ì~¡Q®@"Í°Qêx, `ÇQ®¾@=°O@¶ è^Î°. WH `Ë@° 2 =¼=ªÇ° ¬iH~° :
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G =¼=ªÇ ¶ xH÷ ã¬ ^ ¥ #OQê "_È | _Í ¬ i H ~ Õ
HO>è ä_¨ "³#°H|_ é~òOk. g\÷Hù~¡ä½ ~ã+¬O
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ä_È ~ã+¬O Õ "_È°H Õ L#ßq.
¶q° qx³¶Q®O Õ L#ßk. WO^Î° Õ 1,38,810 ÌìHê~¡°Á
G Ja=$k K³Ok# ãO` Õ Zä½ø=Qê ã\ìH~¡°Á, Ja=$k
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(3,80,510 ZH~°) HËªë POã^Î Õ, 74.122 ÌìHê~¡°Á
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(1,83,081 ZH ~ °) ~Ç ° Ô = ° Õ LO_È Q ê
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=°^Î¼ ¬æ+¬OQê H#¬_È°`Ç°Ok.
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HO>è K ì Zä½ø=.
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G ~ã+¬O Õ "³ò`ÇëO J_È=ô qÔë~¡âO 61,99,225 ÌìHê~¡°Á
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(13.70%) ~Ç ° Ô = ° Õ L#ßq. D q^ Î O Qê
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ÌìHê ~ ¡ ° Á (67,82,108 ZH ~ °) JO>è 44.28%
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G J^Íq^ÎOQê ~ã+¬O Õ L#ß "³ò`ÇëO 90,333 ã\ìH~¡Á Õ
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`³OQê}ì Õ 2722 H÷ Õ ãQê=òx `ÍeOk. JO>è HËªë
WO^Î ° Õ `³ OQê}ì ãO`Ç O q¬ s `Ç " ³ ° Ø # q=H Æ ä ½
POã^Î HO>è `³OQê} Õ ã¬u ÌìHê~¡°ä½ 451 H÷ Õ
Q®°~¡=ô`Ç°#ßk.
ãQê=ò `Çä½ø= kQ®°|_ LO@°Ok.
G 2001-2002 ¬O`Ç~xH÷ ~ã+¬ =¼=ªÇ° ¬¬ìHê~¡
G J^Í q^ÎOQê "³òHø*ç#ß kQ®°|_ ã¬u ÌìHê~¡°ä½ HËªë
ì¼Oä½ JOkOz# n~¡ÉHêeH ~¡°}ì Õ HËªë POã^Îä½
POã^Î Õ 4777 H÷ ÕãQê=ò°, ~Ç°Ô=° Õ 3257
100 HË@Á 98 HÆ ~¡¶Ç°°, ~Ç°Ô=°ä½ 27
H÷ ÕãQê=ò° `³ OQê}ì Õ 8204 H÷ ÕãQê=òx
HË@Á 7 HÆ ~¡¶Ç°° =ò@Qê, `³OQê}ä½ ^ÎH÷øOk
#"³¶^Î~òOk. JO>è HËªë POã^Î HO>è `³OQê} Õ
öH=O 38 HË@Á 84 HÆ ~¡¶Ç°° =¶ã`Ç"Í°.
ã¬u ÌìHê~¡°ä½ 1573 H÷ Õ ãQê=ò `Çä½ø= kQ®°|_
G ~ã+¬O Õ ªïQá# ¶q° Õ ^¥^¥¬ô 40% `³OQê} Õ
LO@°Ok.
LO_ÈQê n~¡ÉHêeH ~¡°}ì Õ D ãO`xH÷ JOkOk

2 ¬OHÆËO
: 63.58%, ~Ç ° Ô = ° Õ 60.53%, `³ OQê}ì Õ
G D q^ Î O Qê `³ OQê}ì ãO`Ç ¬ ô =¼=ªÇ ° ~¡ O Q® O 58.77% #"³¶^Î~òOk.
ãH=°ãH=°OQê tk"³°Øé`Ç°#ßk. JO`ÍHêH ã¬^¥#OQê G D q^ÎOQê `³OQê} ãO`ÇO, ~ã+¬O Õ "³#°H|_#
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"³¶Ç°~x ì~¡"³°Ø D ãO`Ç¬ô ï~áÒQ®¬ô rq`xß ä_¨ "³#°H|_é~òOk.
^Î~¡Ä~¡O KÍ¬°ë#ßq. G 79.04% JH~Æ ¬¼`Ç ~ö @°#ß ~[^¥x #Q®~xß q°#¬ð~òÀë
G W@°=O\÷ ¬OH@ ¬i²Ö`Ç°#° Z^Î°~Ëø èx J<Íä½° q°Q®` 9 l ìÁ Õ Jk 55.95 §`xH÷ ¬_é`Ç°Ok.
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=¶~¡°=ü ãQê=°"³°Ø# ä½¬æO Õ XH q×Þq^¥¼Ç¶xß JO^Î ° =Á ¬ i ã× = ° ä _¨ K³ ¬ æ ^Î y Ok U~¡ æ _È è ^ Î ° .
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=òY¼"³°Ø# Ja=$k öHOã^ÎOQê =¶iOk. Ì~¡Q®^Î°ÑÑ. (POã^Î¬ãuH : 5.1.1953)

G POã^Î "}÷[¼ =°O_Èe ''¬iã×=°° Ug°
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G ÿ["_È QËï~_Û : ''POã^Î Õ çQ®°¾Qêx #¶<³Qêx è^Î°. `³OQê} ã¬[OkOz#^Í. ^¥xß ä_¨ Z¬C_Ë XHC¬ _È°
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G H =~¾ä½ *ìý¬HO ~x `³OQê}ì k=OQ®`Ç
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2. =¶#= xià`Ç =¬`Ç°° : ÿHø ã¬Hê~¡O, ~ã+¬ ï~"³#¶¼ P^¥Ç°O 19,475.24

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G `³OQê}ì ãO`ÇO Õ =¶#= ã¬Ç°`ÇßO`Ë [iy# J<ÍH HË@Á ~¡¶Ç°°. JO^Î° Õ J=°àH¬ô ¬#°ß ^¥Þ~
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x*ìO Hê=ò Õ xiàOz#"Í, JO^Î° Õ ~ã+¬ JÌOcÁ, ãO`ÇO #°OKÍ 4,338,00 HË@Á ~¡¶Ç°° aOz#q.
¬ z "Ç ° O, Ìá ì HË~¡ ° = <° ^Í × O "³ ò `Ç ë O Õ<Í Wk ¬^Î°í Õ 75% J=ô`Ç°Ok. ZïHá * =¬¶×¤ ^¥Þ~
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POã^Îã¬^Í J=`Ç~¡} HO>è K ì =òO^Í "³²#q. ãO`ÇO Õ<Í a¬°ë#ßk.

4. Wk HêH, öHOã^Î ã¬°`ÇÞO qkOKÍ ¬#°ß Õ ~ãxH÷ 5) ~¡°}ì° :
KÍÀ öH\ì~òO¬ô°O\ì~ò. Pq^ÎOQê 2000-2001 G WqHêH ã¬¬OKÇ ì¼OH±, W`Ç~¡ JO`Ç~ûfÇ°, *ìfÇ°
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1981-91 ^Î×HO Õ #"³¶^Î~ò# 24.20 §`ÇO`Ë
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éeó KÇ¶Àë POã^Îã¬^Í Õ Q®`ÇO HO>è [<ì Ì~¡Q®°^Î
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n~¡HêeH ¬~¡¬u : 23.27%.
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G K ì ã¬° `ÇÞ §Mìku ¬ Hê~¼Ç¶° 80% POã^°Î `Ë

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Hê=²# ~*ì¼OQ®¬~¡"³°Ø# H@°k\ì#° KÍÇò@. g° è^Îx x"ÍkH WzóOk.
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¬ijeOz `ÇQ®° ¬iø~¡ =¶~¾#° ¬¶zOKÍ ì^Î¼`Ç#° G ¬OKÇ¬¶ã`Ç ¬^ÎHO - 1971 :
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L^Ë¼Qêä½, `Ç¬ðj ìí~¡°, J²ÌO\ ¬~¡û<£, ExÇ°~
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¬`Ç° Hê~¼Ç¶° q°Q®` L=°à_ Hê~¼Ç¶ Õ KÍ²# 12 =°Okx éb¬°° Jï~¬° KÍ§~¡°.
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2. D ~¡HÆ}° ~[^¥x J~ò# Ìáì^Î~ì^£ #Q®~¡O Õ 1977 ¬¶Ö#° ä_¨ ªÖ²OKÇ°ä½<Í ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼O, ¬ìä½ø°
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1980 ¬O=`Ç~¡O z=i =~¡ä½ J=°° [~¡°Q®°`~ò. =òx¬ Hê~Ëæö~+¬<£ Õx J`Ç¼kH =òx¬ HÒx~¡Á
3. L Ç ° ãO` Õ L^Ë¼Q® ° ä ½ `Ç y # ã¬ " ³ ¶ +¬ < £ H$+²=# P ¬¶Ö¬O ªÖ²OKÇ|_Ok.
J=Hê§° HeæOKÍO^Î°ä½ qq^Î L^Ë¼Qê#° "³ò^Î\ ÷ G 1975 Õ ^¥x x~à}O ¬î~¡ë~òOk. nx Z`Ç°ë 25
èH ï~O_È= L^Ë¼Qê#° "³ò^Î\ ÷ èH ï~O_È= ïQl>ÿ_£ J_È°Q®°°. D ÕQê ~Rã¬°`ÇÞO x^Î°#° q_È°^Î
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G D l.F. 1957 ã¬°`ËÞ^Ë¼Q® (x"¬ P=×¼H`Ç)
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G D l.F.#° =¼uö~H÷¬¶ë 1956 _ÌO|~ 27, 1968
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L^Ë¼y#°° l.F.36ä½ =¼uö~HOQê 1969 [#=i
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^¥Þ~ POã^Î ãO`ÇO Õ "iH÷ L^Ë¼Q®O HeæOKe. ~¡^Î°í KÍ²Ok.
G Ìá JO§`Ë P^¥~¡OQê 1969 [#=i 21# l.F. G D f~¡°æ=# =òbø x|O^Î#ä½ ¬ô#~¡û#à aOzOk.
<³O|~ 36#° *ìs KÍ²Ok. =òbøx|O^Î#Ìá ÌáìHË~¡° f~¡°æ
G nx ã¬ H ê~¡ O `³ OQê} ªÖ x ä ½ ä ½ ö H \ì~òOz# . (1972 ¦²ã|=i 14) :
L^Ë¼Qê Õ xÇ°q°OKÇ|_# ªÖxöH`Ç~¡°#° 1969
¦²ã|=i 28 Õ¬ô ib"£ KÍÇ¶e. G ã¬°`ÇÞ L^Ë¼Q® (x"¬ x|O^Î#) KÇ@O 1957 Õx
G ib"£ KÍÇ°|_#"ix POã^¥ Õ Mìm L#ß L^Ë¼Qê Õ 8= qìQêxß xÇ°=¶=o Õx 8= xÇ°=¶xß <¼Ç°
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^Îä½ ø`Ç°O^Îx ìqOK~¡°. Z<£l"Ë ¬O¦¬°O 1972 JHË|~ 26# x~¡=kH ¬"³°àä½
G ~RO JO` XH>è J~ò#¬ôæ_È° D q=HÆ Uq°\÷? Jx kyOk. 1972 #=O|~ 18, 19 `sY° Õ POã^Î
"i "^ÎO. JO^Î°öH =òbø xÇ°=¶° `Ç¬æx¬iQê ãO`Ç Jd¬HÆ <Ç°ä½° ¬=¶"Í×"³°Ø +¬~¡`Ç°° èx
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ã¬`Í¼H POã^Î LO_È@O ¬||° Jx "~¡° ìqOK~¡°. ².q.#~¡O² ¬ð~=ô D PO^Ë×##° `ÍeHQê<Í f¬°ä½<ß~¡°.
G POã^Îã¬^Í Õ `=ò Hù#ªQêO>è =òbø x|O^Î##° 1969 Õ [iy# `³OQê} L^Î¼=°O Õ POã^Î L^Î¼=°O
~¡^Î°íKÍÇ¶h, P x|O^Î##° ~¡^Î°íKÍÇ°Hé`Í `Ç=°ä½ #Ç¶Ìªá =O`Ç° ä_¨ Hê^Î#ß ì=# Õ PÇ°# L<ß_È°.
ã¬`Í¼H POã^Î~RO W"Þx "~¡° _=¶O_£ KÍ§~¡°. G 1972 #=O|~ 21# XH ª=^¥# f~à#O ^¥Þ~
G 1972 Õ _ÌO|~ 5# POã^¥ |O^£ä½ ²°¬ôxKó~¡°. ²²S <Ç°ä½_È° WOã^Îl` Q®°ë POã^Îã¬^Í Õ U~¡æ_#
POã^Î <<£ïQl>ÿ_£ L^Ë¼Q®°° _ÌO|~ 7# x~¡¬# ¬i²Ö`Ç°#° ÕH±¬ ^Î$+²H÷ `³Kó~¡°.
G PÇ°# ¬°n~¡É"³°Ø# TH^ÎO¬ô_È° L¬<¼¬O Wzó ï~O_È° G ~R¬u# 1973 [#=i 18 #°O_ 1973 _ÌO|~
ãO`=°^ Î ¼ ¬ " ³ ° Ø H ¼ `Ç ªk O K<ß~¡ ° . ² . q. 10 =°^Î¼ Hù#ªyOk.
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ªÞ~¡Ö¬~¡° =¶Ç° =¶@° #q°à POã^¥ Õ q^¥¼~¡°Ö° =# L^Ë¼Q®°°, q^¥¼~¡°Ö° §OuOK~¡°. L^Î¼=¶xH÷
g^Î° ÕÁH÷ =Kó~¡x, Wk `Ç#ä½ ¬æ+¬OQê `³°¬°#x =ü Hê~¡ä½_È° ¶¬O¬ø~¡} KÇ@O `³zó# ².q.
J<ß~¡°. ¬ ^ Î q #°Oz kyé=_È O `Ë PÇ ° # ã¬ ` Ç ¼ ~¡ ° Ö °
G POã^Î Õ PO^Ë×# [~¡°Q®°`Ç°O_ÈQê `³OQê} Õ K³<ßï~_Û ¬O`Ç$²ë¬_¨Û~¡°.
=°~¡ ì KÇ°~¡°ä½^Î#O ÌOK_È°. PÇ°# <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ G L^Î¼=¶xß §OuO¬KÍÇ°_ÈO Õ ìQ®OQê WOk~QêOn
ã¬`Í¼H `³OQê} HêOãïQ¹ ¦é~¡O Jx XH ^¥xx U~æ@° POã^Îä½ K³Ok# H=°à<Ç°ä½_È°, ~¡Á"³°O@° ¬°¼_È°
KÍ§_È°. J~ò# Hù`Çë ~¡¦¬ò~=°Ç°¼ä½ 1973 ¦²ã|=i 8# öHOã^Î
G nO\ÕÁ *ÿá ï~_Û, ~Ë_¨q°¢Ôë ¬~Ëlx ¬ô ìÁï~_Û, Õl =°Oãu ¬^Îq WzóOk.
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f¬°Hùx POã^ÎãO`Ç L^Î¼=¶xß §O`Ç¬~¡K ÿ. 2. ~[^¥x Õ L#ß`Ç =¬`Ç°° ÌOKe. nxïHá öHOãnÇ°
G D JOwHê~¡O Õ ìQ®OQê WOk~QêOn ¬¶KÇ# "Í°~¡ä½ q×Þq^¥¼Ç¶xß ã¬"Í×Ì\ìe.
1973 [#=i 11# ².q. #~¡²O¬ð~=ô =òY¼=°Oãu 3. XH xsâ`ÇªÖ~ò =~¡ä½ ã¬°`ÇÞ L^Ë¼Q® xÇ¶=°Hê Õ
¬^ÎqH÷ ~r<=¶ KÍ§~¡°. ªÖxä½öH J=Hê×O HeæOKe.
G "³ O @<Í =òY¼=°Oãu ì^ Î ¼ `Ç ° U ãO`Ç O "iH÷ 4. ¦²~¼^Î°#° ¬ijeOKÇ_¨xH÷ XH J_àxÀ\ ÷"£ ã\÷|°¼#
J¬æyOz< ¬ = °¬ ¼ ° `Ç ÿ ` Ç ° ë ` Ç ° x J#°ä ½ #ß xÇ°q°OKe.
WOk~QêOn ~R¬u # qkOzOk. Q®=~¡ß~ 5. ¦~² ¼^Î°#° ¬i+¬øiOKÍ su Õ LO_È\ìxH÷ J=¬~"¡ °³ #Ø ¬ô_È°
¬¬ð^¥~¡°°Qê =¶r ã¬^¥# Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅ q.ïH.~=ô, ì~¡`Ç ~*ì¼OQêxß ¬=iOKÍ JkHê~¡O ~R¬uH÷
öHOã^ÎO Õ ~¡HÆ}§Y =¶r Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅ ZK.².×s<£#° LO_ë.
xÇ°q°OK~¡°.
6. D JO§#° J=°°[~¡¬_ÈO =üOQê =òbø x|O^Î#°, ãOfÇ° Hq°\© J=¬~¡O LO_È^Î°. Hê|\÷ Jq
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G D P~¡°¬¶ã` ¬^ÎHêxH÷ KÇ@|^Î`Ç HeæOzOk. WO^Î° Õ ìQ®OQê ~*ì¼OQ® ¬=~¡} KÍ§~¡°. `³OQê} L^Ë¼Qê ÕÁ
ã¬°`ÇÞO KÇ@=¼uö~HOQê J~ò<, x|O^Î#ä½ J#°äOQê J~ò< Q®`ÇO Õ f¬°ä½#ß KÇ~¡¼hß KÇ@|^Î"³°Ø#"Í Jx
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f~¡°æ, =òbø x|O^Î#° 1973 JHË|~ Õ ~¡^Îí~ò#q. Jq :
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1.`³OQê} POã^ÎãO`Ç P^¥Ç° =¼Ç¶° |_³û\ Õ q_q_Qê KÇ¶#ß xÇ°=°O ä_È ~¡^Îí~òOk.
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2.`³OQê} ªÖxä½°Qê Q®°iëO¬ô ÚO^Î\ìxH÷ 15 ¬O=`Ç~#° 4 ¬O=`Ç~ä½ `Çy¾Ok.
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5.1958 Õ U~¡æ_# `³OQê} ãOfÇ° Hq°\© 1974 [#=i 1# ~R¬u L`Çë~¡°Þ ^¥Þ~ ~¡^Î°í KÍÇ°|_Ok.
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8.`³OQê} ãOfÇ° ¬O¦¬°O ªÖ#O Õ `³OQê} ãOfÇ° Ja=$k Õ~¡° U~¡æ_Ok. nx=# Z@°=O\÷ ã¬³¶[#O
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9. `³OQê} POã^Î ãOfÇ° Õ~¡°Ûä½ öHOã^ÎO 100 HË@Á ~¡¶! PiÖH ¬¬ðÇ°O KÍ²Ok.
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"³á ô¬ "³òQ®°K¾ ¶Ç ² HùO`ÇHêO J*ìýÒÇ ÕH÷ "³ì¤~¡°. JHê_Èg° J"~¡°Û aOz#k.
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G 1947 Õ<Í HêOãïQ¹ s Õ KÍi 1954 Õ POã^Îã¬^Í G '¬<£ HÆ` HË<£¦¬°`ËÑ J<Í =°~s ¬ô¬ëHêxß 'J|Ñ À~¡°`Ë
~¢+¬ HêOãïQ¹ s Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅQê ~[H©Ç° ¬^Î=ô° `³°Q®° ÕH÷ J#°=kOK~¡°.
G 1949 Õ<Í HêHfÇ° ¬ãuH Õ "¼ª° ~§~¡°. 'QùÁ
P~¡OaOK_È°.
G `ùe `³OQê} =òY¼=°Oãu. ~=°=Þ H^ÎÑ#° q[Ç° J<Í HO À~¡°`Ë ~§~¡°.
G ¶¬O¬ø~¡}° J=°°KÍÀO^Î°ä½ fã=OQê Ç°ußOK~¡°. 2 a~¡°^Î°° :
ì¼O_£ ÔeOQ· KÇ@O f¬°ä½=zó ¶=ò° Hù#°QË° G ì~¡`Ç PiÖH ¬O¬ø~¡} ²`=°¬_È° (Father of In-
xÇ°OãuOK~¡°. dian Economic Reforms) J¬~¡ K}ä½¼_È°/ P^Î°xH
G =òbø x|O^Î#° K³°Áì@° J=ô`Ç°x 1972, JHË|~ ì~¡`Ç^Í× K}ä½¼_È° (Chanakya of Modern India),
3# ¬ ° ãÔ O HË~¡ ° f~¡ ° æ K³ ² æ Ok. nO`Ë HËªë O ã^ Î , ²Ö`Ç ã¬[ý (2004 JHË|~ 3# Ìáì^Î~ì^£ #Q®~¡O Õ
~Ç ° Ô = ° ãO` ÕÁ PO^Ë× # ° Hù#ªQê~ò. [iy# ªÞq° q"ÍHê#O^Î f~¡Ö ×`Ç[Ç°Ou L`Ç" Õ
ã¬^¥#O KÍ§~¡°), Piø>ÿH± P¦¹ "³áã|O\ WO_Ç¶.
2P #H ÿá\ L^Î¼=°O
Z) L^Î¼=¶xH÷ Q® Hê~¡}ì°, a) Pq~Ä=O "¼²ë ¦¬e`°
G 1917 Õ ~¡¼ Õ U~¡æ_# H=ü¼x¹ ÕeÂqH± q¬=Á O=# G 1962 Õ K³á< ì~¡`Ç^Í×O`Ë Çò^¥xH÷ kyOk. D
ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ä_¨ ª=°¼"^Î, H=ü¼x[ ì"° =$k Çò^¥xß fã=OQê =¼uö~H÷Oz ì~¡`Ç ã¬°`ÞxH÷ Z¹.Z
K³O^¥~ò. _ÖöQ =O\÷ ~¡¼ J#°ä°~¡° =°^Îí`Ç° ã¬H\ ÷OK~¡°.
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G 1920 Õ `Ì+øO@° Õ ì~¡`Ç H=ü¼x¬° s P¦¹ G nx`Ë K³á<ä½ =°^Î`Ç°xKÍó <Ç°ä½° Z¹.Z. _ÖöQ
WO_¶Ç #° ã¬"¬ ì~¡fÇò° ªÖ²OK~¡°. JaãÇ°O`Ë qèkOz s Õ "Í~ùH =~¡¾OQê U~¡æ_¨Û~¡°.
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G 1925 _ÌO|~ 26# =¶#"ÍOã^Î<^£ ~°, Z¹.Z. G 1964 Õ H=ü¼x¬° s *ìfÇ° HÒx ¬=¶"Í§
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_ÖöQ, =ò[¦~¬ J¬ìà^£=O\÷"~¡° ì~¡`Ç H=ü¼x¹ sx #°O_ 32 =°Ok ¬°¼° "HÒ\ KÍ§~¡°.
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G ì~¡`Ç H=ü¼x¬° s ~¡¼ <Ç°H`ÇÞ ¬¶KÇ##° G ².².S. ~¡¼ H=ü¼x[O#° ¬=°iÖOzOk. Wk HùO`Ç
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q°`Ç"^Î ^Ë~¡}÷ Õ LO@°Ok.
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<Ç°H`ÇÞO =²ìOzOk. Hù#ªQê~¡°.
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G 1948 Õ H = ü¼x¬ ° s ¬ = ¶"Í × O Õ `³ OQê} HùO`Ç Ju"^Î ^ Ë ~¡ } ÷ x H e ¾ L Ok. ¬ ô KÇ ó ¬ e Á
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q^¥#"Í° ì~¡`Ç q^¥#O Hê"x ã¬H\ ÷OzOk. Hù#ªQê~¡°.

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G 1950 Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O, ~¡¼=°^Î¼ Àß¬ì X¬æO^¥°

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CPI (ML) :
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U~¡æ_¨Û~ò. D ï~O_È° ^Í§° J<ÍH q+¬Ç¶Ìá UH`\÷

1967 ¬tó=°ÿOQê ZxßH Õ 6 HÆ ¶q°x
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g°^Îä½ =Kó~ò.
nx`Ë ì~¡fÇ° H=ü¼x¬°° ì~¡`Ç ã¬°`ÇÞO`Ë ¬OKÇ°`=°x CPI (M) ZxßH ¬ðg° WzóOk.
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Àß¬ìOQê LO_¨x =¶ªéø#°O_ P^Í§° =Kó~ò.

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é~@O#° H=ü¼x¬°° q~¡q°OKÇ°ä½<ß~¡°. L¬=òY¼=°Oãu, Ìì¯O§Y =°Oãu- *Õ¼u|¬°.
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Hêx ZxßH "Qêí#O ã¬Hê~¡O 6 HÆ ZH~ ¶q°

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|° ìÁx<£° ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ ¬~¡¼\÷OK~¡°. ¬OKÇ°@ä½ x~HiOK~¡°.
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^ ÿOQê Õx _ïûeOQ· ãO`Ç CPI(M) ã¬^¥#

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G 1956 Õ H=ü¼x¹ s ¬=¶"Í×O ì¾\ Õ [iyOk.

G D ¬=¶"Í×O Õ ì~¡`Ç ã¬°`ÇÞO`Ë Àß¬ìOQê "³°Qêx Hê~¡ ¼ ^Î i Å K~¡ ° =°AO^¥~ s x~¡ â Ç ¶ xß
f~àxOzOk. =¼uö~H÷OK_È°.
G D f~à<xß =¼uö~H÷Oz# ã¬=òY°° =¶H÷<Íx |¬= ^ K~¡ ° =°AO^¥~ <Ç ° H ` Ç Þ O Õ _ïû e OQ·
¬#ßÇ°¼, ¬ôKÇó¬eÁ ¬°O^Î~¡Ç°¼
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G g~¡° K³á< q^¥<#° ¬=°iÖOK~¡°. ã~¡OaOK~¡°.
G 1960 Õ JO`Ç~ûfÇ° H=ü¼x¬° L^Î¼=¶ Õ Ìá^¥OuH ^ 1967 "Í° 23-25 =°^Î¼ 10 "Í=°Ok ¬O`
qè^¥° U~¡æ_¨Û~ò. yi[#°° ²eyi ãO`ÇO Õx #HÄs ãO`ÇO Õ
G s ²^¥O`°, q^¥<Ìá ~¡¼ H=ò¼x¬° s, K³á<
¶ PãH=°}° ã~¡OaOK~¡°.
H=ü¼x¹ s =°^Î¼ qè^¥° U~¡æ_¨Û~ò. ^ éb¬° Hê°æ Õ 5Q®°~¡° =°²ì×°, =òQ®°¾~¡° ²Á°
=°~¡}÷OK~¡°.
^ 1967 Õ H=ü¼x¬° Õx qq^Î =~¾=°^Î¼ L#ß
²^¥íO`Ç¬~¡"³°Ø# qè^¥° `Çy¾OKÇ°Hù#°@ä½ H=ü¼x¬°
. #H |i #H ÿá\ é~@O :
q¬Á=Hê~¡° Jdì~¡`Ç ¬=°#ÞÇ° Hq°\© U~¡æ_Ok. G ¬tó=°ÿOQê ãO`ÇO Õx _ïûeOQ· l ìÁ Õ *Õ>è^¥~
^ D Hq°\© ï~O_È= ¬=¶"Í×O 1968 "Í° <³ Õ (=°# ãO`Ç O Õx *ìw~í ~ ìO\÷ ¶ ªÞ=ò°)
HH`ë Õ x~¡Þ²ìOK~¡°. =¼=¬Ö#° =¼uö~H÷¬¶ë 15,000 #°O_ 20,000 =°Ok
^ D ¬=¶"ÍO× Õ K~¡°=°AO^¥~ ªÇò^Î é~\ìxH÷ ~ï `á °Ç ° XH ~ï `á °Ç ¬O¦°¬ O#° U~æ@°KÍ§~¡°. W^Í ¬=°Ç°O Õ
²°¬ôxKó~¡°. 1968 Õ _ïûeOQ· l ìÁ Õx #HÄi J<Í ãO`ÇO Õ
^ nxx ¬=¶"Í×O Õ YO_Oz#"~¡° `Çi"³° <yï~_Û, K~¡° =°AO^¥~, Hê#¶ ª<¼ <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ XH
^Í=ô¬eÁ "³OH>è×Þ~¡~=ô. Ju"^Î é~@ ¬O¬Ö#° ªÖ²OK~¡°. D ¬O¬Ö ².².S.
^ g~¡° ªÇò^Î é~\ìxH÷ J#°ä"Í°Hêx ã¬¬°ë`ÇO (ZO.Z ) s P^ÎÞ~¡¼O Õ ¬xKÍ²Ok.
H=ü¼x¬° q¬Á=O ã¬K~¡^Î× Õ LOk. G #HÄs ãQê=°O À~¡°g°^Î<Í giH÷ #H ÿá@°Á J<Í À~¡°
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^ ^Í×O Õ q¬Á=Hê~¡°O^Îix ¬g°HiOz#`Ç~Þ`Ç =zóOk. =°AO^¥~ <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õx #H ÿá@Á #HÄi,
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ªÇò^Î é~\ìxH÷ kQêx ìqOK~¡°. Hês|i =°iÇò ¦x_³¶ ãO`#° PãHq°Oz JHø_È
Hêh K~¡°=°AO^¥~ "³O@<Í é~@O ã~¡OaO ¬ = ¶O`Ç ~ ¡ ã¬ ° `Þ#° U~æ@°KÍ §~¡ ° . 1969 Õ
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1969 ¦²ã|=i Õ Çò<³á>ÿ_£ Hq°\© P<£ H=ü¼x¬° ¬@} ãO`ä½ D s ã¬ì==ò#° q¬ëiO¬
ï ~ =¶¼+¬ # s =¶iø¹ ÿ x ¹ P¦ ¹ WO_ Ç ¶ CA KÍÇò@.
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^ 1969 Uã²Ç° 22# K~¡° =°AO^¥~ ì"`Ë JkHOQê "¼²ëK³O^¥~ò. 1971 Õ HêOãïQ¹ ã¬°`ÇÞO
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UH©qOKÍ"~¡° ì~¡`Ç H=ü¼x¬° s (=¶iø¹ öHOã^ÎO Õ JkHê~¡O ÕH÷ ~=_ÈO`Ë #H ÿá@ÁÌá éb¹
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ÿx¹)x ªÖ²OK~¡°. KÇ~¡¼° f¬°HË=_ÈO=# L^Î¼=°O H©Æ}÷OzOk. 1972 Õ

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K~¡° =°AO^¥~ =°~¡}ì#O`Ç~¡O ².².S. (ZO.Z ) s

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^ 1969 Uã²°Ç 22 xÿ <£ ³òHø 99= [#àk<Ë`Ç=O.

ï~O_È° =~¾°Qê q_é~òOk.
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^ 1969 "Í° 1# HH`ë Õx +¬Ôì^£ g°<~ "³°Ø^¥#O Õ

Hê#¶ ª<¼ CPI(ML) s ² ^ ¥ O `#° 1. K~¡°=°AO^¥~ ²^¥O`#° ¬=°iÖOKÍ =°¬ì^Í"£
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q¬Á=OÑÑ Jx JO\ì~¡°. Wk ªé+¬e[O `ùe^Î×. =s¾HiOK~¡°.

1) x~¡O`Ç~¡ é~\ì° [iöQ ãO`° ã¬ìq`Ç"³°Ø# L`Çë~¡ `³OQê} ãO`ÇO Õ ï~áÒQ®
2) é~@ ¬O¦¬¶° L#ß¬æ\÷H÷ L^Î¼=°O èx ãO`° u~¡°Q®°ì@° L^Î¼=¶#° x~¡Þ²ìOK~¡°.
3) é~@ ¬O¦¬¶° èx, L^Î¼=°O èx ãO`° G 1970 Õ L`Çë~¡ `³OQê} ãO`ÇO Õ [iy# ï~áÒQ®
G Z.².P~.².² <Ç°ä½° \÷.<yï~_Û, _."³OH>è×Þã~=ô u~¡ ° Q® ° ì@° L^Î ¼ =°O ì ~¡ ` Ç ^ Í × H = ü¼x¬ °
=°iÇò KÇOã_È ¬ô ìÁï~_Û Z.².P~.².² D L^Î¼=°O#° u~¡°Q®°ì@° Õ ã¬=òY"³°Ø#k. D L^Î¼=°O ã¬=òYOQê
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n~¡ÉHê"³°Ø# é~@OQê [~¡x x~¡â~òOzOk. `³OQê} ãO`ÇO Õ ã¬^¥#OQê D ãH÷Ok ¬=°¬¼°
G ~Ç°Ô=° =°iÇò HËªëOã^¥ ãO`° JkH K³á`Ç#¼ H=ô.
=O`ÇO Hê=_ÈO=# D ãO` Õ L^Î¼=°O ªyOKÇ_OÈ 1) JkH PiÖH P¬=¶#`Ç°,
H=ü¼x¬°ä½ H+¬`Ç~¡O J~òOk.D ãO` #°O_ 2) ¦¬î¼_È ¶ªÞ=°¼ q^¥#O,
JiÖ H =#~¡ ° #° ÚOk `³ OQê} Õx "³ # °H | _ # 3) ã§q°ä½ä½ `Çä½ø= r`°,
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G #H \ áÿ L^Î¼=° <Ç°ä½ =°^¼Î ²^¥O`Ç~¬ O¡ Qê JaãÇ° G `³OQê} ãO`ÇO Õx K ì ãO`° JO`ÇQê Ja=$k
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G `³OQê} ãO`ÇO Õx Pk ìì^£, HsO#Q®~ =°iÇò
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HùO_È¬eÁ Ô`~=°Ç°¼ =°¬ì^Í"£ =òYsû He² ÌOã@
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D =ü_È ° ãQ® ¶ ¬ ô Õx <Ç ° ä ½ Õ HùO_È ¬ e Á 3. ~[H©Ç° ¬=°¬¼°

Ô`~=°Ç°¼ |"³°Ø# <Ç°H`ÇÞO Q®"_È°. G WO^Î° Õ ª=¶lH =°iÇò PiÖH ¬=°¬¼Ìá ï~áÒQ®
G 1980 Õ D =ü_È° #H ÿá\ ãQ®¶¬ô`Ë@° J<ÍH z#ß é~@ L^Î¼=¶° [iQê~ò. `³OQê} ãO`ÇO Õx
ãQ®¶¬ô° He² Ô¬ô "~ ãQ®¶¹ (²._È|¶Á ¼.l) J<Í Hù`Çë #H ÿá\ L^Î¼=°O =ü_È° =¼=ªÇ°~¡OQ® ¬=°¬¼Ìá
#H ÿá\ L^Î¼=° sx ªÖ²OK~¡°. Ô¬ô "~ ãQ®¶¹ é~_Ok.
P^ÎÞ~¡¼O Õ L`Çë~¡ `³OQê} ãO`ÇO Õ H=ü¼x¬° 1. =¼=ªÇ° ï~á`Ç°äb°, À^Î ï~á`Ç°°, yi[#°
L^Î¼=°O ªyOk. ¬=°¬¼°
G `³OQê} #H ÿá\ L^Î¼=°O-ã¬^¥# Hê~¡}ì° : 1968 Õ 2. ¶¬O¬ø~¡}°
[iy# #HÄs L^Î¼=°O`Ë ã¬ìq`Ç"³°Ø# yi[#°° 3. ¶ªÞ=°¼ q^¥<°
ãjHêä½×O Õ H=ü¼x¬° L^Î¼=°O#° è=<³`ë~¡°. nx`Ë
G D L^Î¼=°O Õ H=ü¼x¬°° =òQ®°¾~¡° ^Ë²_^¥~¡°Ìá G ï~á`Ç° äbä½ JkH r`° JO^Í ìQê "ix K³á`Ç#¼¬iKÍ
é~_¨~¡°. "~¡°. g~¡° =°²ìì ¬=°¬¼Ìá "iH÷ ¬i³Ø°# J=Qê¬ì#
1. ¶ªÞ=°¼^¥~¡°° (^ù~¡°) HeæOKÍ"~¡°. nx Õ ìQ®OQê<Í 1990 Õ =°²ì×KÍ`Ç
2. yi[# ãO`Ç HêOã\ìH~¡°Á ª~ xÀ+^ÎO L^Î¼=¶xß x~¡Þ²ìOK~¡°.
3. Jqhu ã¬°`ÇÞ L^Ë¼Q®°° G yi[# ãO` Õ Pk"² ¬ìä½øÌá "i Õ K³á`Ç#¼O
G D L^Î¼=°O#° =òY¼OQê ².².S. (ZO.Z ) s HeyOK~¡°. Hêiàä½ Hù~¡ä½ qq^Î HêiàH ¬O¦¬¶#°
x~¡Þ²ìOzOk. D s Hùxß W`Ç~¡ s`Ë He² Ôô¬ ªÖ²OK~¡°. #H ÿá\ L^Î¼=°O ã¬^¥#OQê =ü_È°
"~ ãQ®¶¹Qê =¶i é~@O [i²Ok. D s `Ç# q^¥°Qê ªyOk.
HÆê¼#° D ãH÷Okq^ÎOQê q=iOzOk. 1. L^Î¼=° ã~¡OO Õ ².².S.ZO.Z s P^ÎÞ~¡¼O Õ
1. K³á< H=ü¼x¬° ²^¥O`#° J#°¬iOKÇ_ÈO. ã¬`Ç¼HÆ ºuH ^¥_È°ä½ æ_Í"~¡°.
2. ïQi ìÁ Çò^Î é~\ì° x~¡Þ²ìOKÇ_ÈO. 2. Ìá q^¥#O L^Î¼=° ã¬Q®uH÷ JO`ÇQê ^Ë¬ì^Î¬_ÈH
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3. ã¬*ìªÞq°H q^¥<#° =¼uö~H÷Oz H=ü¼x[O é=_ÈO`Ë g~¡° `Ç=° ¬O^¥#° =¶ió ¬=¶[O Õx
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²^¥O``Ë ¬=°¬=¶*ìxß ªÖ²OKÇ_ÈO. J}Qêi# =~¾ ¬ð¬ Ç°O`Ë ã¬*ì K³`á #Ç ¼ L^Î¼=¶#°
x~¡Þ²ìOK~¡°.
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4. ¶ªÞ=ò#°, Ì@°|_^¥~¡°#° =¼uö~H÷OKÇ_ÈO.
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Hù~¡ä½ D ãH÷Ok q^¥<#° J=OaOzi. :8

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a) q¬Á= ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç ¬O¦¬¶° (q~¡¬O)
1. ã¬[ Õ K³á`Ç#¼O f¬°ä½~=_ÈO ²)

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G Ì^Î í ¬ e Á `¶Hê ÿ O , Hê¬ ~ ¡ Á ¬ e Á , ^ùOQ® ` Ç ° ië ,

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G "³ò^Î\ ÷ q^¥#O ã¬Hê~¡O g~¡° ãQê=¶ Õ ~ãu |_È°#° ~=°Ç°¼¬e,Á E¬eÁ "³ò^ÎQ®° 15 ãQê=¶ Õ 1978
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x~¡ Þ ² ì Oz ã¬ [ ä ½ ª=¶lH =°iÇ ò PiÖ H

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#=O|~ #°O_ 1979 ¦ã² |=i =~¡ä½ ~ï `á °Ç ° éb¬°Ìá

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J¬=¶#`ÇÌá J=Qê¬ì# HeyOKÍ"~¡°. ÌKá ~Í ò ªkOK~¡°. 1979 ¦²ã|=i #°O_ 1979 Uã²
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G ãQê=¶ Õ ï~á`Ç° ¬O¦¬¶#° U~¡æ~¡z "iH÷ ªÖxH =~¡ ä ½ éb¬ ° ° Ìá K Í ~ ò ªk O z ï ~ á ` Ç ° #° fã=
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¬=°¬¼Ìá J=Qê¬ì# HeyOKÍ"~¡°. x~¡ÄO^¥xH÷ Q®°iKÍª~¡°.

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G Kiã`ÇH <Í¬^Î¼O : [g°O^¥s =¼=¬Ö#° x~¡¶àeOz ï~á`Ç° G ï~á`Ç°¬O¦¬°O-=°¬ð¬° : 1958 Õ Y=°àO l ìÁ "³á~ Õ
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`Ç#³òHø ¶q°Ìá ¬~¡Þ¬ìä½øHù~¡ïHá ªyOz# Jª^¥~¡} "³ò^Î\ ÷ POã^Îã¬^Í ï~á`Ç°¬O¦¬°O =°¬ð¬ [iyOk. ï~á`Ç°
é~\ì è ï~á`Ç°¬O¦¬°O Pq~Ä"xH÷ <Ok ¬eHê~ò. ¬O¦°¬ O J^¼Î ä½Æ ° ~q<~Ç°}ï~_,Û Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅ "³.á q.H$â~=ô.
ìOKÇ<£ ^ù~. h Hê çà`. J<Í `³OQê}ì ï~á`Ç° E° 1960 Õ ï ~ O_È = ï ~ á ` Ç ° =°¬ ð ¬ Q® ° O@¶~¡ ° Õx
qkeó x*ìO x~¡Oä½× HË~¡eß ÔH÷ ^Î°<Íß"_^Í ¶q° ¬`³ë#¬eÁ Õ [iyOk.
JO@¶ ï~á`Ç°¬O¦¬°O ²O¬ìQ®~¡û# KÍ²Ok. ~¢+¬ ï~á`Ç° L^Î¼=° G 1961 Õ =ü_È= =°¬ð¬ ãjHê×¬ì²ë Õ [iyOk. D
KÇiã`Ç#° 5 ^Î×°Qê qlOKÇ=KÇ°ó.
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¬ä½ `Ç"ö~ J^Î¼äÆ½°Qê, Hê~¡¼^Î~¡°Å°Qê ZxßïHá<~¡°.
1) ªÞ`ÇOã`¼xH÷ ¬î~¡ÞO (1947 =~¡ä½),
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1966 Õ <¾= ï~á`Ç° =°¬ð¬ `_Í¬eÁ Q®¶_³O Õ
2) ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼O #°O_ POã^Îã¬^Í U~æ@Í°¼=~¡ä½ (1947-56)
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12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234 [iyOk. J^¼Î ä½Æ ° |^ÎOí Z ìÁ~ï _,Û Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅ "³.á q.H$â~=ô.
3) 1956-1980, 4) 1980-1990, 5) 1990-<Í\ ÷=~¡ä½
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. ï~á`Ç° äb ¬O¦¬° é~\ì° : G =¼=ªÇ°OÌá P^¥~¡¬_ rqOKÍ [<ì Õ 100 Õ 70
=°OkH÷ XH ø Q® ° O@ (ÌO@°) ¶ q°ä _¨ è ^ Î ° .
G 1960 Õ J¬æ\÷ =òY¼=°Oãu ^¥"³¶^Î~¡O ¬Or=Ç°¼
=¼=ªÇ¶xH÷ ¬xH÷=KÍó ¶q° Õ ªQ®=ô`Ç°#ß qÔë~¡âO Õ
~¢+O¬ JO`Ç\ì ªQ®° Õ L#ß |O[~¡° ¶=òä½ ¬\ì°
W¬°#ë ß@°Á ã¬H\ O÷ K~¡°. Hêh XH"á³ ô¬ ¬\ì° Wªë=°O@¶<Í J`Ç¼kH ìQ®O Hùkí=°Ok ¶ªÞ=ò KÍu Õ LO_Ík.
=°~Ë"³á¬ô# À^Î |O[~¡° ªQ®°^¥~¡Á#° `ùyOK~¡°. nx`Ë JO^Î°=Á Pk ìì^£, HsO#Q®~ l ìÁ Õ |"³°Ø#
ï ~ á ` Ç ° -ä b ¬ O ¦ ¬ ¶ PO^Ë× # `Ë 1962 Õ ¶ªÞ=°¼ =¼=¬Ö°, H@°ì@°Á JkHOQê H=ô.
l."Ë.<³O.1394 q_È°^Î KÍ¬¶ë ãQê=° ¶q° Õ 5% G Pk ìì^£ l ìÁ Õ yi[#°° JkHOQê L#ß ãO` ÿá#
=¶ã`Ç"Í° |O[~~ò ãH÷O^Î i[~¡°Þ KÍ² q°ye# |O[~¡° Pk ìì^£, L@¶ß~, Õ^£, J²¦ì^£ `¶Hê Õ ¦ï~¹
¶=òä½ ¬\ì° W"Þx P^Í§° *ìs J~ò#q. JkHê~¡°°, =_Û "¼~¡¬°ë° ï~á`Ç°#° fã=OQê J}z"Í²
G ¶¬O¬ø~¡} KÇ\ì° =°iO`Ç ã¬³¶[#H~¡OQê =¶ió ^Ë²_ KÍÀ"~¡°. Pk ìì^£ l ìÁ Õx ²~¡¶æ~, K³#¶ß~,
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¶=ò° ¬OKx, ^Î°<Íß"xöH ¶q° x<^ÎO`Ë ~R =°^Ë , x~¡à , Mì<¬î~ `¶Hê° W\÷= HêO Õ
"¼¬ ë O Qê ï ~ á ` Ç ° ¬ O ¦ ¬ ¶ ° PO^Ë× # ° ªyOK~¡ ° . HùO`Ç "³°~¡°Q®°¬_È°`Ç°<ß~ò.
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=¼=ªÇ ° , HêiàH ¬ O ¦ ¬ ¶ ° PO^Ë× # ° KÍ ª ~ò.
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=¼=ªÇ°~¡OQ®O "³#°H|_é~òOk.
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q°~¼Q®¶_È Õ PO^Ë×#° L^Î$HëOQê [iQê~ò. :8
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ï~O_È° ¬î@ uO_ ^ù~¡H_ÈO ä_¨ H+¬OQê LO@°Ok.
¦¬e`ÇOQê H~¡°=ô x"~¡} KÇ~¡¼° "³O@<Í KÍ¬_È`=°x WHø_ ãO` Õ Zä½ø=Qê ¬îi WO_È°Á Hxæªë~ò.
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JO^Î° ì@° Õ LO_È~¡°. D<\÷H© ãQê=¶ ÕÁ ~ËQê°

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Pk ìì^£ HsO#Q®~ l ìÁ Õ QË^¥=i"³O|_ L#ß "³°\e¬ ,Á ¶ªÞq°H÷ À=° KÍÇ¶e.
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[y`¼, =°O^Îx `¶Hê° J_Èq ãO` Õ ä_ 2 ã¬^¥# Hê~¡}ì° :

L#ßq. Pk ìì^£ l ìÁ ^Î@" °³ #Ø J_Èq ãO`ÇOQê#¶, G =¼=ªÇ°~¡OQ®O Õ H#¬_Í ã¬^¥#"³°Ø# ¬=°¬¼ ¶öHOãn
HùO_È`Ë#° ä_ LO@°Ok.
H~¡}. "Í ìk ZH~ ª~¡=O`Ç"³°Ø# ¶q° ¶ªÞ=ò
G <Q®¬î~ #°O_ _bÁ"³õ¤ ï~á°=¶~¡¾O (q[Ç°"_È -
KÍ`°Ç ÕÁ Hö OãnHiOKÇ|_ J`Ç¼kH ¬OMì¼ä½ #áÿ À^Î ~ï `á °Ç ä½
MìQ®*#Q®~) D ï~O_È° l ìÁ Q®°O_¨ "³×ÃëOk. Pk ìì^£
l ìÁ Õx ^Î@" °³ #Ø J@g ãO`ÇO Õ x=²OKÍ yi[#*ìu <=°=¶ã`Ç¬ô ¶=ò° LO_Íq. ï~á`Ç° äbä½ J¬°
"³#°H|_# PiÖH =¼=¬#Ö ° Hey LO@°Ok. D ãO` Õ ¶=ò è LO_ÍqHê=ô. D ãO`ÇO Õx ¶ªÞ=ò#°
L#ß qq^Î ¬iã×=°° ¶ªÞ=ò KÍu Õ L#ßq. ^ù~¡° Jx ²°ªë~¡°. gi J[=¶~ò+² ãH÷O^ÎQ®
¬O=`Ç~¡O Õ "Í¬q HêO Õ =¶ã`Ç"Í° aOKÍ `Ç¶xHêä½ ãQê=¶ Õ gi ªO¦ ² ° H , ~[H© Ç ° Jk H ê~xH÷
ÀH~¡} Õ WHø_ ï~á`Ç°° JkHOQê ç¾O\ì~¡°. u~¡°Q®° è^Î°. ^ñ~¡û<¼xH÷ ¬ì^Î°í è^Î°.

. L=°à_ POã^Îã¬^Í Õ #H ÿá\ L^Î¼=°O: ^ ì~¡`Ç^Í× q"³¶KÇ# ï~áÒQ® ªÇò^Î ïQi ìÁ é~\ì
^¥Þ~<Í g=ô`Ç°O^Îx "~¡° ìqOK~¡°.
2 Hù°Á ÔÁ#s (1968) : ^ J~ò`Í POã^Îã¬^Í =¶"Ë"^Î° Õ ï~O_È° =~¾°
^ ~¢+¬ =¶iø¹ s ÔÁ#s ¬=¶"Í×O 1968 [#=i Õ LO_Íq.
Hù°Á Õ [iyOk. 1. ÿOQê "i (AICCR)`Ë ¬xß²ì`ÇOQê LO_Í =~¡¾O:
^ D ¬=¶"Í§xH÷ ¬ôKÇó¬eÁ ¬°O^Î~¡Ç°¼, =¶H÷<Íx |¬= gi Õ ã¬=òY°° ¬OKãk H$+¬â=üië, "³O¬\ì¬ô
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^ D ¬=¶"Í×O Õ ã¬^¥#OQê ï~O_È° =~¾° L<ß~ò. J#°|O^ÎOQê LO_Ík.
POã^¥ =¶"Ë"^Î°° - g~¡° §¬# §¬<Í`Ç~¡ J#Qê 2. APCCR =~¡O¾ : g~¡° ÿOQê =¶"Ë`Ë qèkO K~¡°.
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CPI(ML) Pq~Ä=O#° ÌH÷OQ· ö~_³¶ Õ ã¬H\ ÷OKÇ°@

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nx Õ ã¬^¥#OQê ¬tó=°ÿOQê ä½ K³Ok#"~¡° KÍ~~¡°.

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^ POã^Îã¬^Í HË-PiÛ<Í+¬<£ Hq°\© P¦¹ H=ü¼x¹

nx Õ POã^Îã¬^Íä½ K³Ok# HùO^Î~¡° KÍ~~¡°. . i=¶¼+¬#s¹ (APCCR) ªÖ¬# :
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^ AICCR Õ KÍi# POã^Îã¬^Íä½ K³Ok# =¶"Ë"^Î°

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G 1968 E<£ Õ |~Þ<£ Õ [iy# CPI(M) s ÔÁ#s Õ

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`Ç~Þ`Ç #HÄs ªe_ï\© Hq°\© Õ KÍ~~¡°.

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^ D ¬=¶"Í§xH÷ K³Ok# ã¬=òY =¶"Ë"^Î° Õ ¬ð[~¡° POã^Îã¬^Í ä½ K³Ok# =¶"Ë"^Î°° s³òHø JkHêiH
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ML) : =¼uö~H=°x q=iOzOk.
^ 1964-68 =°^Î¼ HêO Õ J<ÍH ~¢ Õ CPI (M) G g\÷H÷ é\©Qê POã^Îã¬^Í =¶"Ë° s ¬°¼ä½ èY°
s#°O_ =¶"Ë (K³á<) q^¥<#° ¬=°iÖOKÍ "Í~¡°¬_È ã"ª~¡°.
ªQê~¡°. G D q^ÎOQê CPI (M)#° qèkOz# POã^Îã¬^Íä½
^ g~¡° ~¡¼ q^¥<#° iq[x¹ (u~ËQ®=°#) "³ásiQê =¶"Ë"^Î°° 1968 E<£ Õ q[Ç°"_È Õ ¬=¶"Í×O
q=°iÅOK~¡°.
x~¡Þ²ìOK~¡°.
^ g~¡° ã¬¬OKÇ öHOã^ÎOQê K³á<#° Q®°iëOK~¡°.
G g~¡° D ¬=¶"Í×O Õ POã^Îã¬^Í HË-PiÛ<Í+¬# Hq°\©
^ g~¡° ì~¡`Ç^Í×¬ô ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼O ã¬³¶[#O èxkQê,
P¦¹ H=ü¼x¹ i=¶¼+¬#s¹ (APCCR) #° ªÖ²OK~¡°.
¦¬î¼_È , |¶¼~ËãHÔ # Hù#ªyO¬ôQê =iâOK~¡°.
2 CPI(ML) Õ peH° : G 1973 z=i Õ CPI(ML) e<£ ²Ç¶"Ë =~¡¾O ï~O_È=
G CPI(ML) ä½ =¼=ªÇ° é~@ q¬"Á Ìá Z@°=O\÷ HêOãïQ¹ x~¡Þ²ìOzOk.
ã¬}ìoH è^Î°. "~¡° ã¬^¥#OQê =~¡¾ ×ã`Ç° x~¡¶à#ä½ G D ¬=¶"Í× f~à<° :
|¶~¡°"û =¼=¬Ö JO`xH÷ ã^¥#¼`Ç WKó~¡°. 1. e<£ ²Ç¶"Ë ²^¥O`ÇO ¬ï~á#k.
G g~¡° ªã=¶[¼"^ÎO, ¶ªÞ=°¼ =¼=¬Ö#° <×#O 2. =°AO^¥~ ¬O^¥Ìá ã¬Qê_È q§Þ¬O.
KÍÇ¶x ìqOK~¡°. G g~¡° K~¡°=°AO^¥~ q^¥<° `Ç°.KÇ. \÷OKÇ°@ä½
G POã^ Î ã ¬ ^ Í ä ½ K³ O k# =¶"Ë"^Î ° ° nxH÷ Q® Hê~¡}ì° :
JOwHiOKÇ è^Î°. g~¡° =¼H÷ëQ®`Ç ²ìO¬#° ¬=°iÖOKÇ è^Î°. 1. nx Õ KÍi# "~¡O^Î~¶¡ Lã^ÍH ì"°Q® Çò=ä½°.
G POã^Îã¬^Í =¶"Ë"^Î° Õ qè^¥° U~¡æ_ ï~O_È° 2. g~¡ ° ï Q i ìÁ é~@O ¬ @ Á fã="³ ° Ø # q§Þ¬ O
=~¾°Qê peéÇ¶~¡°. ã¬H\ ÷OK~¡°.
POã^Îã¬^Í H=ü¼x¹ Hq°\© (i=¶¼+¬#s) - `Çi"³° 3. Hùxßª~¡°Á g~¡° K~¡°=°AO^¥~ H<ß fã="³°Ø#
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<yï~_Û <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õx =¶"Ë"^Î°° ¬O^¥#° J#°¬iOKÍ"~¡°.
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POã^Îã¬^Í i=¶¼+¬#s H=ü¼x¬° s - KÇOã_È 4. ïQi ìÁ é~@O e<£ ²Ç¶"Ë À~¡°`Ë =ò_¬_=ôOk.
¬ô ìÁï~_Û =~¡¾O.
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5. c~¶"£° (WB) Õ ïQi ìÁ é~@O Hù#ªyOKÇ°@ä½
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=~¾°Qê U~¡æ_¨Û~¡°.
G POã^ Î ã ¬ ^ Í ä ½ K³ O k# KÇ O ã_È ¬ ô ìÁ ï ~ _ Û =s¾ Ç ò ° CA é~@O KÍÇ°=²# ^Í§ Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ä_¨
98
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2 CPI(ML) ï~O_È= Jdì~¡`Ç HêOãïQ¹ (1970) : 2. PÇ°# =°~¡}O`Ç~Þ`Ç U~¡æ_# =~¾ä½ J ìO\÷
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G ²^¥íO`ÇO è^Î°.
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Jdì~¡`Ç HêOãïQ¹ 1970 "Í° Õ L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í Õ [iyOk. D Hq°\© ªÖ²Oz# `ùe~ËA Õ J<ÍH q+¬Ç¶ Õ
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P^¥~¡_¬ \ È ìxß =¼uö~H÷OKÍ ã¬Ç°ußOK~¡°. Hùxß P ¬OQ®`Ç°° L<ß~ò.

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G Hêh POã^ãÎ ¬^Í , ÿOQê =¶"Ë"^Î°Ìá K~¡°=°AO^¥~ G HùO_È¬eÁ Ô`~=°Ç°¼ ã¬*ì L^Î¼=¶°, s L^Î¼=¶°
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ã¬ì=O Zä½ø=. J<Í è^¥xß \÷OKÇ è^Î°.

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G g~¡° ïQi ìÁ é~@ "³áYix =¼uö~H÷OKÍ"i ã¬ì"xß W`Ç # ° PiÖ H _ = ¶O_£ ãu¬ k H H O >è J¬ æ \÷ ö H
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G g~¡ ° K~¡ ° =°AO^¥~ # ° J*è Ç ò _³ á # <Ç ° ä ½ _È ° Qê LO_¨x JaãÇ° ¬_¨Û_È°.

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K~¡°=°AO^¥~ Jx g~¡° ã¬H\ ÷OK~¡°.
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1971-76 =°^Î¼ HêO Õ [iQê~ò.

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G Hêh L`Çë~¡ã¬^Í, Hêjà~, c¬ð~ä½ K³Ok# s =~¾° G nxH÷ <Ç°ä½° - HùO_È¬eÁ Ô`~=°Ç°¼, ïH.l
s q^¥#O Õ HùO`Ç ¬~¡×`Ç ã¬"Í×Ì\ì~¡°. ¬`Ç¼=üië.
G z=iH÷ K~¡°=°AO^¥~ =~¡¾O HùO`Ç ¬~¡°íì@° ^Ë~¡}÷x G D Hq°\© "Í°^¥=ô°, ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç°, HìHê~¡°° #°O_
ã¬H\ ÷OzOk. Qù¬æ =°^Î`Ç° aOzOk.
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G D =~¾xH÷ ¬tó=°ÿOQê Õ <Ç°ä½° - =°¬ì^Í= G g~¡° J<ÍH ^¥_È°° x~¡Þ²ìOK~¡°. K ì=°Ok Hê~¡¼H~¡ë°
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G ZxßH Õ U =~¡¾O`Ë Ú`Ç°ë @°Hù#°@ä½ JOwHiOKÇ
è^Î°.
G g~¡ ° K~¡ ° =°AO^¥~ ¬ O ^ ¥ #° g_È < _ ¬ ~ ¡ m H $ `Ç G Y=°àO l ìÁ Õ J<ÍH ãQê=° ¬~¡æOK ¬^Î=ô#° g~¡°
q^¥<° J#°¬iOK~¡°. KÍlH÷øOKÇ°ä½<ß~¡°.
G g~¡° `ÇHÆ} q[Ç°OHO>è n~¡ÉHêeH é~\ìxH÷ ã^¥#¼`Ç G J~ò`Í g~¡ ° ZxßH `Ë@° ªÇ ò ^ Î é~\ìxß
WKó~¡°. Hù#ªyOK~¡°.
G giH÷ ã¬^¥# <Ç°ä½_È° - ¬°hu¦¬°Õ+¹. G 1980 <\÷H÷ ZxßH^¥Þ~ `Ç=° P×Ç°O ²kOKÇ^Îx
G POã^ãÎ ¬^Í ä½ K³Ok# HùO_Èe¬ Á Ô`~=°Ç°¼ e<£
² ¶Ç "Ë g~¡° Q®°iëOK~¡°. nx`Ë gi Õ peH U~¡æ_Ok.
=~¡¾O`Ë qèkOz D Hq°\© Õ KÍ~_È°. G HùO_È¬eÁ Ô`~=°Ç°¼ ÌOã@ P~¡¾<³álOQ· Hq°\©
G =°¬ ì ^Í = =òYsû , ¬ ` Ç ¼ <~Ç ° } ² O Q· =~¾ Õ ¬°¼_³á#¬æ\÷H© ¬Þ`ÇOã`ÇOQê =¼=¬ìiOKÇªQê_È°.
KÍ~¡x"~¡° D Hq°\÷ Õ KÍ~~¡°. G W`Ç#° =~¡¾ ×ã`Ç°x~à}O, ã¬*ìé~\ì Õ ¬æ+¬"³°Ø#
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G 1973 #=O|~ Õ ¬°hu¦°¬ Õ+¹ ÌOã@ P~¡<¾ lá³ OQ· Hq°\©x "³áYix U~¡æ~¡°KÇ°ä½<ß_È°. KÇOã^Î¬ô ìÁï~_Û HO>è fã=
ªÖ²OK~¡°. 1974 ¦²ã|=i <\÷H÷ Jk =¼=ÔÖH$`Ç"³°Ø#k.
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ì"° Hey#"_È°.
. =¶"Ë~ò¬° =~¾ qH¼`Çä½ [iy# H$+² G W`Ç#° Pk ìì^£=O\÷ `³OQê} l ìÁ Õ K~¡°=°AO^¥~
99
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q^¥<xß J#°¬iOK~¡°.
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G W`Ç#° J#°KÇ~¡ =~¡¾O ÌiöQHùn ¬Þ`ÇOã`Ç ì"`Ë
J<ÍH ã¬Ç°`ß° [iQê~ò.
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G SH¼` KÇ~¡¼#° "³ò^Î@ ã~¡OaOz#k ¬`Ç¼<~Ç°}
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G W`Çx H$+²=# POã^Îã¬^Í Õx KÇOã_È ¬ô ìÁï~_Û =~¡¾O,
L<ß~¡x g~¡° ìqOK~¡°.
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G D KÇ~¡¼=# POã^Îã¬^Í Õ sH÷ Hê=²# Hê¼_È~, . ¶ªÞ=ò° - J<¼Ç¶° :

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G OK° : ãQê=¶ Õ [iöQ ×ÃHê~¼ ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê

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G 1972 CPI(ML) q^¥¼iÖ ¬ O ¦ ¬ ¶ x~à}O#ä ½

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G ¬`Ç¼<~Ç°} =~¡¾O³òHø SH¼`Ç KÇ~¡¼#° HùO^Î~¡° ^ù~¡ ¶q°x ^Î°xßÌ\ìe.

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G ã¬u ¬O=`Ç~¡O =¶=ò×ÃÁ : ãQê=° ã¬[O^Î~¡¶ ä½ ì

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G 1977 Õ J`Ç¼=¬~¡ ¬i²uÖ `ùyO¬ô J#O`Ç~O¡ ì~¡fÇ° "sQê ^ù~¡QêiH÷ U>è@ =¶=ü° K³eÁOKe.
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H=ü¼x¬° s (Ôô¬ "~) CPI (PW) |"³°#Ø =~¡O¾ Qê

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G "³\ ÷ ¬Ç°<° - ¬#°° : <@°Á, H°¬ô, HË`Ç°

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KÍÇò@ä½ ²^ÎOQê LO_ë.

G POã^ãÎ ¬^Í Õx KÇOã_È ¬ô ìÁ~ï _Û =~¡O¾ ZxßH Õ ç¾#°@
G "³\ ÷ KHe, H=°ài, =°OQ®e, ä½=°ài : H=°ài, ä½=°ài,
^¥Þ~ P×Ç° ª^Î#ä½ H$+² KÍ²Ok.
=ã_ÈOy "³ò^ÎQ®° KÍu=$`Ç°ë"~¡° ª° Ú_È°Q®°< ^ù~¡ä½
G J~ò`Í XH¬æ_È° D =~¡¾"Í° ZxßH Õ ç¾#ßO^Î°ä½
Z¬æ_È° U J=¬~¡O =zó< ¬ô~¡=¶~òOKÇQê<Í ¬#°°
`Çi"³° <yï~_Ûx q=°iÅOzOk.
KÍÇ¶e. QÒO_ÈÁ ä½¬°ë° ãH=°O`Ç¬æä½O_¨ J=¬~¡O
G J`Ç¼=¬~¡ ¬i²Öu `Ç~Þ`Ç HêOãïQ¹ =¼uö~H ¬i²Öux
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"i Qùãï~ =°O^Î#° U ã¬u¦¬O PtOKÇä½O_¨ LOKe.
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G ãÔ xè ¬=°Ç°O Õ ãQê=°¬°ë
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HËÀ Qùãï~°, "Í°H ¬¬æ#° ^ù~¡"iH÷ ¬O²OKe. J_È°Ûä½ <Í Z=i<³<á ^ù~¡ KÇO² P ãÔxë | ì`ÇøiOKÍ"_È°.
J^Íq^ÎOQê HË×ÃÁ, ÿÁO ^ù~¡"iH÷ ¬O²OKe =KÍók. G Ìá~¡g° : ãQê=° Ja=$k À~¡°`Ë Ìá~¡g° KÍ² Jqhu`Ë
G ìO_³_£ è|~ : ^ù~¡Qêi=^Îí J¬C f¬°ä½#ß À^Î äb° ªÚ=°à#° ¬OkOKÍ"~¡°.
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Wzó "ix ìx¬°Qê KÍ¬°ä½<Í"~¡°. W ìO\÷ "³\ ÷ ¬#°`Ë#¶, =¶=ü×ÃÁÀi@ HÆ ìk
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=¶=ü×Á#° =¬¶° KÍÀ"~¡°. KÍ¶Ç e. ¶ ªÞ=ò° Hê*è#² HÆ ìk~¡¶Ç° ^ÎO_È°Q®
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G ~ï `á °Ç ¬\ì ¶ =ò PãH=°}: ^ù~¡ä½ =¼uö~HOQê LO_Í _È|°Ä "¬¬° W"Þe. |O[~¡°, é~¡OÕä½ |OKÇ~~ò,
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~ï `á °Ç ¶ =ò#° JãH=° ¬ûÎ Õ PãHq°OKÇ°ä½<Í"_È°. tYO ¶ =ò#° ¶ ªÞ=ò JãH=° PãH=°} #°O_ ~ï `á °Ç -
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¶ ¬O¬Hê `ÇQê^¥¶, J#ß^Î=òà =°^¼Î `ÇQê^¥¶, ªÞn#O KÍ°¬ HË"e. WO_ÈÁ ¬Ö ì° W"Þe. qq^Î ~¡Hê°Qê
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XH>qè °\÷ JxßO\÷H÷ ^ù~¡"ö~ ×~} ¡ °. Z@°=O\÷ Hö ¬~ò< ï ~ á ` OQ® O H k ì~¡ ° . Hùkí k< Õ¬ ô Qê<Í [y`¼
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¬~ö HË~¡° ä½Qêx, éb¬° À+ #¬ °ä½Qêh éä½O_¨ ^ù~¡ `¶Hê Õ ~ï `á °Ç äb é~\ì LÌæ# ZQ®O² k.
Q®_ Õ<Í ¬i+¬øiO¬|_È°`Ç°O_ë. ^ù~¡ K³æ² # f~¡°æä½ =°m¤ G ï~á`Ç°äb L^Î¼=°O-q¬ë~¡} : ^Ë²_ ^ñ~¡<û ¼#° Zki¬¶ë
=°ï~Hø_¨ JÔæ° LO_È^°Î . ãQê=° ãQê=¶# ~_H Çò=[# ¬O¦¬¶°, ï~á`Ç°äb
G ÿkiO¬ô° : U =¬°=ë ôÌ#á ^ù~¡ H#°ß¬_¨Û P =¬°=ë ô ^ù~¡ ¬O¦¬¶° ¬O¦¬°\÷`Ç=°=ô`Ç¶ ï~á`Ç°¬O¦¬°O <Ç°H`Þ#
Q®_H ÷ KÍ~eO^Í. D ¬#°hß ¬ `Áÿ °Ç ë Z^Î°~¡° =¶\ìÁ_äÈ ½ O_¨ HsO#Q®~, Pk ìì^£ l ìÁ Õ PiÖH ¬=°¬¼Ì<á , ¶
^ù~¡ <Ë\÷#°O_ "³°=_ "³°=_Èä½ O_¨<Í xq°Ìá#, ¬=°¬¼Ì<á Kiã``ÇàH"°³ #Ø é~\ì° "³ò^Î°Ì\ì~°¡ .
Z ìO\÷ ã¬u¦¬ O PtOKÇä½ O_¨ KÍ²Ì\ìe. G K³¬C Õ "Í°ä½= ÿ J}y=ôO_Í ï~áÒQ®O, `Ç=° <¼Ç°
G `Ç¶xHêä½ =¶=ü×Ã¤ : c_ä½ L¬³¶yOKÍ `Ç¶xHêä½ ¬=°à`Ç"³°Ø# ¬ìä½ø HË¬O, `Ç~¡`Ç~°Qê Hù#ªyO¬
ãHÇ°qãHÇ¶Ìá ^ù~¡ä½ =¶=ü×ÃÁ JO^Íq. |_È°`Ç°#ß ¶ ªÞ=ò ^Ë²_ ^ñ~¡<û ¼#° xn¬¶ë =òHë
HO~O¡ `Ë ã¬tßOK~¡°.
G é~_ ª¬ì²Àë U ×Hë© `Ç=°#° J}KÇ*ì^Î<Í ¬`¼xß G ì~¡`Ç H=ü¼x¬° s (=¶- ÿ) (Ô¬ô "~) Ìá#
ãQ®²ìOz, Ô_`Ç[#O `Ç=° rq` Õ ¶ªÞ=°¼ ^¥¬¼ Z=°~¡ûh J#O`Ç~¡O xÀ+^ÎO Zuë"ÍÇ°Qê<Í 1977 #°O_
×$OY ì#° KÍkO KÇ°ä½O@¶ Hk ì~¡°. "³\K÷ H÷s =°\÷H i KÍ ã¬*ì ï~á`Ç°-äe ¬O¦¬¶ Hê~¡¼ãH=¶° L^Î$`ÇOQê
|`Ç°ä½, ^ÎO_È°Q®° K³eOÁ z ^ÎO_È°Q®°Í ¼ |`Ç°ä½ WH=^Îxí ªQê~ò. D ¬=°Ç°O Õ<Í J<ÍH ãO` ÕÁ ~[H©Ç°
Hk ì~¡°. `³OQê} ãO`ÇO Õ ¶ªÞ=°¼ =¼uö~H Mÿán#° q_È°^Î KÍÇ¶x, Z^Î°~¡° Hê°æ Ài@
q^¥<Ìá ï~á`Ç°° é~_¨~¡°, `³OQê} ãO`ÇO Õx q¬ Á = Hê~¡ ° #° Hêeó"Í ² # ¬ O ¦ ¬ ° @#xßO\÷ Ì á <
^Îo`Ç°° ªÖxH ^ù~¡ ãH÷O^Î "³\K÷ H÷i ¬xKÍÀ"~¡°. <¼Ç ° qK~¡ } [i² O Kx, éb¬ ° Hê¼O¬ ô °
G `³OQê} ãO`ÇO Õ 1940 Õ "³ò^Î ÿá# `³OQê} Zuë " Í Ç ¶ <Í _ = ¶O_£ Ìá # J<Í H ãO` Õ
ªÇò^Î ï~áÒQ® é~@O 1970 Õ XH Hù`Çë =°°¬ô Tö~yO¬ô°, ¬° x~¡Þ²ìO¬|_¨Û~ò.
f¬ ° ä ½ #ßk. 1970-80 ãO`Ç O Õ `³ OQê} Õx G ï~á`Ç° r=# ¬i²Öu "³°~¡°Q®°¬_¨x, ^Î°<Íß"_öH ¶q°
"³#H|_# =~¾° =°iÇò À^Î ï~á`Ç° ¬HÆê# ².².S K³O^¥x, =¼=ªÇ° q¬Á=O =i ìÁe J<Í x<^¥Ìá
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(ZO.Z ) s é~_Ok. 1970= ãO`ÇO Õ D qÔÎ Qê HsO#Q®~, Pk ìì^£ l ìÁ ÕÁ "³ò@"³ò^Î\ ÷ªiQê Ô_`Ç
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"³#H|_# ä½ ì° =°iÇò `³Q® ä½ K³Ok# Çò=ä½° ï~áÒQ®O H^Îe=zóOk. WO^Î° Õ ìQ®OQê<Í 1977
q^¥¼¬~¡OQê =$kK³O^¥~¡°.
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PQ®+¬µ 27# [y`¼ `°Hê QùÁ¬eÁ ãQê=°O Õ 3000
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G nxH÷ ã¬° `ÇÞO JOkOKÍ L¬Hê~¡ "Í`<Ç ° ^Ë¬ì^Î_¬ ¨Û~ò.
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=°OkH÷ ÌáQê ï~á`Ç°° 15 ãQê=¶ #°O_ ¬g°HiOKÇ|_
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ãQêg°} ãO`ä½ K³Ok# KÇ^Î°=ôä½#ß Çò=ä½° `Ç=° ï~á`Ç°äb ¬O¦¬¶ <Ç°H`Þ# Qù¬æ |²ì~¡OQ® ¬
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KÇ°@¶ L#ß J<¼Ç° ¬i²Ö`Ç°#° ¬ijeOKÇ_ÈO "³ò^Î°
Ì\ì ~ ¡ ° . D q^ Î O Qê q^¥¼=O`Ç ° ÿ á # "³ # H | _ #
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1977 Õ Pk ìì^£ l ìÁ ÿÁO¬eÁ Õ Q® ²OQ®ö~}÷
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çQ®°¾ Q®x Õ Hêiàä½° L^Î¼=°O "³ò^Î°Ì\ì~¡°. 1977 Õ
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KÍö~"~¡°. =òY¼OQê g~¡° ².².S. (ZO.Z ) s Õ
²i²Á `°Hê u=¶à¬î~ ãQê=°O Õ H©Æ à~[¼O#°,
KÇ°~¡°ä½Qê ç¾<Í"~¡°.
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¶ªÞ=ò° ¬ì`Ç¼ KÍ§~¡°. g\÷H÷ x~¡¬#Qê 1977 #°O_
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Çü` bQ· (P~.F.Z ) =°iÇò [#<@¼=°O_Èe

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(*ÿ.Z<£.ZO) J#° L^Î¼=° ¬O¬Ö° ²°¬ôxKó~ò.

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ãQê=¶ Õ ã¬^Î~¡Å#° [iQê~ò.

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=O`Ç ° ÿ á # Ç ò =ä ½ ^¥Þ~ ï ~ á ` Ç ° ä ½ [~¡ ° Q® ° `Ç ° #ß G

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J<¼Ç¶ Q®°iOz g~¡° é~_Í"~¡°. L^Î¼=°Hê~¡°° zóï~_Û ²i²Á ï~á`Ç°äb ¬O¦¬¶ä½ <Ç°H`ÇÞO
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z#ß z#ß ¬=ü¬ð°Qê U~¡æ_ XH ãQê=°O#°O_ =°~ùH =²ìOK_È°. W`Ç#° 1978 Õ XH |¬° ã¬=¶^ÎO Õ
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ãQê=°=ò#ä½ "³×Ã`Ç¶ `Ç=° ³òHø @°, Hì#$`¼° =°~¡}÷OK_È°. 1978 Õ ï~á`Ç° äb¬O¦¬°O <Ç°ä½°
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=°iÇò ã¬¬OQê ^¥Þ~ ãQêg°} ãO`Ç À^Î ï~á`Ç°#° HsO#Q®~ l ìÁ [y`¼ `°Hê =ò^Î°í#¶~¡° ãQê=¶xH÷
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K³á`Ç#¼¬iKÍ"~¡°. K³Ok# ¶ªÞq° ¬>è <~Ç°}#° ¬ì`Ç¼KÍ§~¡°.

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G ãQêg°} *ì#¬^Î @° D ã¬K~¡O Õ ã¬=òY ã`Ç G 1978 Õ ~¢+¬ JÌOcÁH÷ [iy# ZxßH ¬=°Ç°O Õ
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é+²OK~ò. é~\ì° XH ãQê=°O #°O_ =°~Ë ãQê=°O ^Î°<Íß"_öH ¶q° K³O^¥e, ZxßH ^¥Þ~ ^Îiã^ÎO é^Î°
"³ò^ÎQ®° x<^¥`Ë g~¡° L^Î¼q°OK~¡°.
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=O^Î ìk ãQê=¶° é~\ì ÕH÷ Hk ì~ò. G 1978 Uã² Õ ï ~ á ` Ç ° -ä b ¬ O ¦ ¬ ° O <Ç ° ä ½ °
G =¼=ªÇ° äb°, ¶q° èx À^Î ï~áÒQ®O ªO¦²°H, 'ãQê=¶ä½ `Ç~¡O_Ñ J<Í Hê~¡¼ãH=°O#° x~¡Þ²ìOK~¡°.
~[H©°Ç J}z"Í`,Ç PiÖH ^Ë²_ #° Zki¬¶ë x|_¨Û~°¡ . HsO#Q®~, Pk ìì^£ l ìÁä½ K³Ok# ¬°=¶~¡° 100
ã¬ u KË@ |O[~¡ ° ¶ =ò° PãH q °¬ ¶ ë ä bö ~ @°Á =°Ok q^¥¼iÖ, Çò=[#°ä½ "~¡O~ËA@° =°O^Îx
ÌOKÇ°ä½O@¶ "³\ ÷KH÷s ''|O^£ÑÑ Qêq¬¶ë ¬=°~¡j `°Hê Õ ~[H©Ç° `Ç~¡Q®`Ç°#° x~¡Þ²ìOK~¡°. WO^Î° Õ
¬ Þ ì =O`Ë é~\ì° KÍ ¬ \ ì ~ ¡ ° . D é~@O Õ ~_H Çò=[# ¬O¦¬¶° KÇ°~¡°ä½Qê ç¾<ß~ò.
¶ªÞ=òä½ =¼uö~HOQê Ô_`Ç ã¬[O` LÌæ# ì G ì ~¡ ` Ç H = ü¼x¬ ° s ''=¼=ªÇ ° q¬ Á = O
=òO^Î ° ä ½ ªQê~¡ ° . D q^ Î " ³ ° Ø # K³ á ` Ç # ¼=O`Ç " ³ ° Ø # q[Ç°=O`ÇOÑÑ KÍÇ°O_ J<Í x<^ÎO`Ë (ZO.Z ) XH
Hê~¡¼ãH=¶° ï~á`Ç°äb ¬O¦¬¶ ªÖ¬#`Ë JkHOQê ¬ô¬ëH=ò#°, ''q=òH÷ëÑÑ (@°) =O\÷ ª²ì`Ç¼ @#°
ªy#q.
q_È°^Î KÍ²Ok. D L^Î¼=°O =òY¼OQê HsO#Q®~ ªO¦²°H |²ì+¬ø~¡}ä½ Q®°iKÍÇ°_ÈO JO>è ã¬[° `Ç=°#°
l ìÁ Õx [y`¼, =°O^Îx Pk ìì^£ l ìÁ Õx KÇO²# ^¥xHO>è Zä½ø=Qê ^ù~¡° °Ç ¬_@
È O "³ò^Î Oáÿ k.
ïH\÷À@, ¬ì²¦ì^£ =O\÷ ãO` Õ Hù#ªyOk. G ï~áÒQ® é~\ì K³á`Ç#¼O`Ë ^ù~¡° "i ¬OK~òf
G ²i²Á - [y`¼ ï~áÒQ® L^Î¼=°O : HsO#Q®~ l ìÁ f~¡°æ q^¥#Oä½, g\÷ ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê =¬¶°KÍÀ ^ÎO_ÈQ®
[y`¼ `°Hê =ò^Î°í#¶~¡° ¶ªÞq° ~*è×Þ~¡~=ô q^¥#Oä½ ¬Þ²ë ¬Hêe=zóOk.
600 ZH~ ã¬°`ÇÞ ¶q° PãHq°OK~¡°. JO`ÍHêä½O_¨
W`Ç#° 500 ZH~ ¬ÞO`Ç ¬\ì ¶q°x Hey L<ß_È°. . jHêä½×O ªÇò^Î u~¡°Q®°ì@° :
ã¬ [ #°O_ PãH = °OQê 26,94,895 ~¡ ¶ Ç ° G POã^Îã¬^Í Õx J`Ç¼O`Ç "³#°H|_# ãO` ÕÁ ãjHêä½×O
^Î#O#° =¬¶° KÍ§_È°. W`Çx Pn#O Õ 6 ãQê=¶° XH\ ÷. 1936 Õ Xiª ~¢+¬O U~¡æ_#¬C_È° W¬æ\÷
LO_Íq. ãjHêä½×O l ìÁ#° q§Y¬@ßO l ìÁ Õ KÍ~¡_ÈO [iyOk.
G 1748 E<£ 17 # =ò^Î°#í ¶~¡° ãQê=°O Õ "³ò@ "³ò^Î\ ÷ G 1950 Õ ã¬`Í¼H ãjHêä½×O l ìÁ U~æ>ÿØOk. 7000
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D ¶ªÞq°x ï~á`Ç°° ÿáHê\ KÍª~¡°. 1978 E<£ 20# Xiª Õx Q®O*ìO l ìÁ, ¬tó=¶# Xiª Õx HË~¬ô\
¶ªÞq°H÷ K³Ok# 200 ZH~ Õ Q® >èä½ K³@Á =#OÌá l ìÁ, ^ÎH÷Æ}ì# q§Y¬@ßO l ìÁ, `Ç¶~¡°æ# |OQêìMì`ÇO
99
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^¥_ K Í ² ^¥xx ^ Î Þ O¬ O KÍ §~¡ ° . D é~@O Õ ¬i¬ì^Î°í ãO`°Qê L<ß~ò.
55
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¬°=¶~¡°Qê 800 ZH~ ¶ q°x ªÞn#O KÍ°¬ HË|_Ok. "¼~¡°° U*ÿh J_È=ô ÕÁ ^ùiöH =¬°=ë ôeß JuKñHQê
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ã~¡O"³°ØOk.
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Pn#O Õ L#ß ¶=òeß ä_¨ D "¼~¡°° Hù<Í"~¡°.

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ã¬°`ÞkHê~¡°° D l ìÁ Õ L^Ë¼Q®O KÍ°Ç _ÈO XH tHQÆ ê

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G ì~¡`Ç H=ü¼x¬° s`Ç æ¬ q°ye# U s ä_¨ ãjHêä½×O

¬^Î`Ç°hß ZkiOK~¡°.
l ìÁ yi[# ¬=°¬¼eß KÍ¬@ è^Î°. 1959 Õ<Í ì~¡`Ç
G HsO#Q®~ l ìÁ [y`¼ `°Hê ï~áÒQ® é~@O Õ
H=ü¼x¬° s yi[# ¬O¦¶¬ xß U~æ@° KÍO² k.
ªO¦ ² ° H |² ì +¬ ø ~¡ } ¶ ªÞ=òä ½ =¼uö ~ H O Qê
G yi[# ¬O¦¬°O U~æ>ÿØ# `Ç~Þ`Ç ä_¨ yi[#°
ã¬³¶yOKÇ|_# PÇò^ÎO. ¶ªÞ=ò "i J¬ìOHê~¡
ã|`Ç°ä½ ÕÁ "³°Q®° Hx²OKÇ ^è °Î . 1962 Õ H=ü¼x¬° s
xÇ°O`Ç$`ÇÞO`Ë ä_# ¬i#ä½ ¬Þ²ëK³²æ ¬O¦¬°O
=òO^Î°ä½ ky=zó KÇ~¡ó° [~¡¬=²# ²Öux ªO¦²°H pe#`Ç~Þ`Ç P ãO`ÇO Õx Hê~¡¼H~¡ë° <³áuH | ìxß
|²ì+¬ø~¡} é~@O HeæOzOk. HË ÕæÇ¶~¡°.
G ãQê=¶ ÕÁ "³¶¬ìiOz# éb¹ä½ ï~á`Ç°° ãQê=°O Õ U G yi[#° ^Ë²_x KÇ¶z# U*ÿh ãO`ÇO Õx HùO`Ç=°Ok
=¬°ë=ô, z=~¡ä½ =°Ozh~¡° ¬²ì`ÇO ^ù~¡Hä½O_¨ "ix L^¥¼Çòä½ J¬¬ì¼O ¬ô\÷Ok. W@°=O\÷"i Õ
ªO¦²°H |²ì+¬ø~¡}ä½ Q®°iKÍª~¡°. ¶ªÞ=ò#° ''¬`Ç¼OÑÑ Qê ã¬²kK³Ok# "ÍO¬@¬ô ¬`Ç¼<~Ç°} XH~¡°.

G 1962 #°O_ Z@°=O\÷ Hê~¼ãH=°=ò KÍ¬@H xsû=OQê G 1968 JHË|~¡° z=i #°O_ 1969 ¬O=`Ç~¡ =°^Î¼HêO
L#ß yi[# ¬O¦¬°O, =¶iø Ä¬° s U~¡æ_#`Ç~Þ`Ç =~¡ä½ ãjHêä½×O L^Î¼=°O ªÇò^Î u~¡°Q®°ì@°Qê
1965 Õ KÇ°~¡°ä½Qê ¬xKÍÇ°_ÈO ã~¡OaOzOk. ¬i}q°OzOk.
G =¶iø¹ s Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅ q. ~=°eOQêKi 1965 Õ
yi[# äb ¬=¶"Í§xß U~æ@°KÍ§_È°. . Q®°uëHùO_È aO ¬=¶"Í×O :
G 1967 Õ `Ç ÿuë# #HÄs L^Î¼=°O ¬`Ç¼O=O\÷ =¼ä½ëÌá G 1969 ¦ã² |=i z=i Õ K~¡°=°AO^¥~ POã^Î Õ ¬~¼¡ \÷Oz
qõ+¬ ã¬ì"xß KÇ¶²Ok. L^Î¼=¶xß UÍ° ¬^`Î °Ç ÕÁ #_È Õ q=iOK_È°.
G ¬ = °¬ ¼ ä ½ ¬ i ø~¡ O ªÇ ò ^ Î u~¡ ° Q® ° ì@° XH ø >è G 1969 ¦ ² ã |=i 28 #°O_ =¶ió 2 =~¡ ä ½ K~¡ °
×~¡}¼=°x ¬`Ç¼O ìqOK_È°. =°AO^¥~`Ë @° `Í*è×Þ~¡~=ô, ¬OKk H$+¬â=üië,
=¶q°_ J¬æ¬¶i =O\÷ ãjHêä½×O L^Î¼=° <Ç°ä½°
. "³°O_³OY ¬=¶"Í×O : Q®°O@¶~¡° l ìÁ Õx Q®°uëHùO_È aO=^Îí ¬=¶"Í×"³°Ø
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G 1967 Õ [iy# ª^¥~¡} ZxßH ÕÁ ãjHêä½×O l ìÁ Õ L^Î¼=¶xß ¬=°~¡Ö=O`ÇOQê #_ÀO^Î°ä½ XHËø Hù`Ç ë
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yi[#°ïHá ã¬`¼Í HOQê Hö \ì~òOz# XH JÌOcÁ ªÖ<xß ¬=°#ÞÇ° ¬O¦¬¶xß U~æ@° KÍ¬°ä½<ß~¡°.
ä_¨ =¶iø ¹ s KÍlH÷øOKÇ°HË Hè é~òOk. G K~¡°=°AO^¥~ ã¬ukOz# '=~¡¾ ×ã`Ç°x~¡¶à#OÑ
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G ZxßH~ò# `Ç~Þ`Ç yi[#°ä½ |O[~¡° ¶=òeß ¬`Ç¼Oä½ W+¬O èHé=_ÈO Õ PÇ°# D ¬=°#ÞÇ°
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G yi[#° #°O_ ¶q°x ªÞ¬ðKÍ²# ªÖxH ¶ªÞ=òeß =¶iø æ¬° - ÿxx¹ s (CPI-ML)
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U~æ@°KÍ§~¡°. G
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yi[#°eß èq_ J#°KË@ "Í°_`Ç ¬`Ç¼<~Ç°} J<Í

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Ô`ÇOÀ@=O\÷KË@Á ²ìOªÇò`Ç KÇ~¡¼ä½ æ_¨Û~¡°. ã¬°Ç uß¬°Oë _ÈQê ì~¡`Ç ã¬° `ÇÞ P^Í§#°ª~¡O POã^Î ~R
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1968 =¶ió 4# Ì^ÎH~A J#°KË@ éb¬°° Hê°æ° ã¬° `ÇÞO, Xiª ~¢+¬ ã¬° `ÇÞO ¬O¦°¬ \÷ÒÇ Qê #H @
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â üië =°~¡}O, 27 "Í° 1969:
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ïQi ìÁ Çò^Î ¬^Î`Ç° ÕÁ#° tHÆ} WKó~¡°. [iy# éb¬° Z^Î°~¡°Hê°æ ÕÁ ã¬=òY L^Î¼=°<Ç°ä½_È°
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G ¬OKk H$+¬â=üië =°~¡}÷OKÇ_ÈO`Ë POã^Î, Xiª

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Hê~¡¼^ÎiÅQê<Í QêH #HÄs u~¡°Q®°ì@°ä½ =üHê~¡ä½ _È°Qê éb¬° ¬OÇòHë KÇ~¡¼ `ÇHÆ} ¦¬e`xß ªkOzOk.
ã¬²k K³Ok# K~¡°=°AO^¥~`Ë Kñ^Îi `Í*è×Þ~¡~=ô, G ¬OKk H$+¬â=üië =°~¡}O =°iO`Ç q^ÎÞO¬HêO_Èä½ ^¥i
¬OKk H$+¬=â üië =O\÷ ãjHêä½×O L^Î¼=°Hê~¡°ä½ ã¬`¼Ç HÆ fÇ°_ÈO`Ë POã^Îã¬^Í ã¬°`ÇÞO ãjHêä½×O l ìÁ Õx
¬O|O^¥ è~¡æ_¨Û~ò. "³ò`ÇOë U*ÿh ãOèß 'H ÕÁe`Ç ãO`ÇOÑQê ã¬H\ O÷ zOk.
G ¬tó=°ÿOQê =¶iø¹- x ÿ x¬° <Ç°ä½ #áÿ Hê#°¬<¼ ,
. ç_ÈÛ_È° ¬=¶"Í×O :
¬°ö~<£Õ¹ 1969 E ÿá Õ ãjHêä½×O l ìÁ#° ¬O^ÎiÅOz

G ãjHêä½×O L^Î¼=° <Ç°ä½° K~¡°=°AO^¥~¡° ¬¬ð"³áÀ q+¬¼`ø~¡¼ãH=° x~¡Þ¬ì} ì^Î¼`Ç#° ¬`Ç¼OÌá Ì\ì~¡°.
"³òQ®°¾#° KÇ¶~¡°. JO^Î°=Á "~¡° 1968 JHË|~¡° 23- G ã¬°`ÇÞ J}z"Í`Ç KÇ~¡¼eß ¬=°~¡Ö=O`ÇOQê Z^Î°~ùø<ÍO^Î°ä½
25 `Ín ÕÁ ç_ÈÛ_È° =^Îí ¬=¶"Í×"³°Ø ªÇò^Î ¬^Îu Õ P`à¬u ^Îì° U~æ@° KÍÇ¶x ä_¨ "~¡°
L^Î¼=¶xß fã=O KÍÇ¶x x~¡â~òOK~¡°. x~¡â~òOK~¡°.
. L^Î¼=° ¬`HªÖ~ò : G K³á< PHê×"}÷ ¬O¬Ö ä_¨ 1967 =¶ió 4, "Í° 19#
KÍ²# ã¬ª~ ÕÁ ãjHêä½× L^Î¼=¶xH÷ ã=òY¼`ÇxzóOk.
G 1969 E ÿá Õ U*ÿh ãO`ÇO Õx =¶iø¬° s D L^Î¼=¶xß `³OQê}ì ï~áÒQ® L^Î¼=° ¬~¡O¬~¡Qê
J#°|O^Î ¬O¬Ö J~ò# ï~áÒQ® ¬O¦¬°~¡Â} ¬q°u "³ò`ÇëO Ja=iâOzOk.
518 ãQê=¶ ÕÁ ^¥^¥¬ô 300 Ìáz°ä½ ãQê=¶Ìá
J^Î°¬ô#° ªkOKÇ_ÈO`Ë L^Î¼=°O z=i ^Î×ä½ KÍ~¡°ä½Ok. . ~¡Þf¬ô~¡O ä½ã@öH¬° :
=_Û "¼~¡¬°ëeß ¶ªÞ=òeß `Çk`Ç~¡ ã¬*ìªÞ=°¼ G ãjHêä½×O L^Î¼=°O Õ ç¾#ß 120 =°OkÌá POã^Îã¬^Í
=¼uö~ä½eß tH÷ÆOKÍO^Î°ä½ ¬O¦¬°~¡Â} ¬q°u <¼Ç°ªÖ<eß éb¬°° öH¬°° #"³¶^Î° KÍ§~¡°. D 120 =°Ok Õ
<³HùeæOk. ã¬=òY L^Î¼=° <Ç°ä½ ÿá# <Q®¶+¬}O ¬\ìßÇ°H±,
G 1969 PQ®+¬µ 4# ^¥^¥¬ô 1000 =°Ok yi[#°° `Í*è×Þ~¡~=ô=O\÷"ö~QêH #°Q®°~¡° <¼Ç°"^Î°°,
HùO_È `¶Hê Õx =°eÁg_È° ãQê=°OÌá ^¥_KÍ² W^Îí~¡° ZO.a.a.Z¹ _¨H~¡°Á, J~ò^Î°=°Ok L^¥¼Çò°,
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¶ªÞ=òeß KÇOÀ§~¡°. ~¡ªÇ°# ªOöHuH §¢ªë Õ ².ÌìK._. ¬\ì ÚOk#
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G 1969 #=O|~¡° 2# W@°=O\÷ ^¥_<Í Ì^Î|°_k ãQê=°OÌá =¼H÷ë, ¬kÀì#°=°Ok q^¥¼~¡°° L<ß~¡°.
x~¡Þ²ìOK~¡°. D ^¥_È°° U*ÿh ãO`ÇO Õx ¶ ªÞ=ò, G K~¡°=°AO^¥~¡°, Hê#¶ª<¼ , ¬°ö~<£Õ¹° ä_¨
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"¼~¡°, =_Û"¼~¡° Q®°O_³ ÕÁ ³¶`æ`xß ^Ë+¬µ°Qê #"³¶^ÎÇ¶¼~¡°. 1972 E ÿá 16# HH`ë Õ
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q[Ç°#Q®~O¡ , ãjHêä½×O =O\÷ ¬@} ì ÕÁ `Ç^¥KÇ°ä½<ß~¡°.
G x~@OH O Qê ªQ® ° `Ç ° #ß D ² ì Oª`Ç à H L^Î ¼ =¶xß
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E ÿá 1972) éb¬° H¬_ Õ<Í =°AO^¥~ =°~¡}÷OK_È°.
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H=ü¼x¬° ° "i ª#°¶ u¬~°¡ HêÎ Heß éb¬°° =¼Hë"³°ØOk. =°~¡}tHÆ#° ~¡^Î°íKÍÇ¶x POã^Îã¬^Í
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Q® = °x¬ ¶ ë =Kó~¡ ° . 1969 _ × O |~¡ ° Õ éb¬ ° ° ã¬° `ÞxH÷, ì~¡`Ç ã¬° `ÞxH÷ J<ÍH q#ß° JO^¥~ò.
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q¬=Á Hq°\© <Ç°ä½eß =°ã^¥¬° Õ Jï~¬° KÍ§~¡°.

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z=~¡ä½ PÇ°xß q_È°^Î KÍÇ°_ÈO [iyOk.

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. 1970 : `³OQê}ì l ìÁ Õ ²ìOªÇò`Ç

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. u~¡°Q®°ì@°Á :
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G 1970 E ÿá 10# ÕiHùO_È=^Îí [iy# éb¬° Z^Î°~¡° G ãjHêä½×O ªÇò^Î u~¡°Q®°ì@°#° J}z"ÍÇ°_ÈO`Ë<Í
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=°~¡ } ÷ O KÇ _ È O `Ë ãjHêä ½ × O ªÇ ò ^ Î u~¡ ° Q® ° ì@° u~¡°Q®°ì@°Á Y=°àO, =~¡OQ®°Á, HsO#Q®~¡°, Pk ìì^Î°
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l ìÁ Õx yi[#°° =òY¼OQê QËO_È°° q¬Á= ²^¥O`

L^Î¼=° <Ç°ä½eß 1970 E ÿá 24 # HH`ë Õ Jï~¬° "³á¬ô PHiÂã`Ç°Ç¶¼~¡°.
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KÍ§~¡°.
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G Pk ìì^Î° l ìÁ Õx WOã^Î"³eÁ, HsO#Q®~ l ìÁ Õx

G 1967 #°O_ 1970 =~¡ä½ ^¥^¥¬ô =ü_È° ¬O=`Ç~ [y`¼=O\÷ ãO`° ²ìOªÇò`Ç ¬O¦¬°@#ä½
@° ªy# ãjHêä ½ × O ªÇ ò ^ Î u~¡ ° Q® ° ì@° ~¡OQê°Qê =¶iéÇ¶~ò. #HÄs L^Î¼=°¬O^¥ Õ
ã¬¬OKÇO Õx H=ü¼x¬° ^Í§ ^Î$+²x PHiÂOzOk. #_KÍ L^Î¼=¶"³á¬ô K ì=°Ok q^¥¼~¡°Ö° PHiÂ`Ç°
G 1969 _×O|~¡° 29# #= K³á< "~ë¬O¬Ö (New Ç¶¼~¡°. q¬Á"`ÇàH ì"° Q® ã¬[eß #H ÿá@Áx
China News Agency) 'ì~¡`^Ç Í × ô¬ J`¼^°Î xH HË@ ²=_ÈO D<_È° =¶=ü ÿáOk.
|°~¡°AÑ (The Most Advanced Bulwork of India)
J#ß "¼ªxß ä_¨ ã¬K°Ç iOzOk. D "¼¬O Õ ãjHêä½×O . `³OQê} #H L^Î¼=°O :
L^Î ¼ =¶xß ã¬ ¬ ° ë u ¬ ¶ ë K~¡ ° =°AO^¥~¡ ° ãjHêä ½ × O G ãjHêä½×O Õ ×H÷ë=O`ÇOQê L#ß ªÇò^Î u~¡°Q®°ì@°
u~¡°Q®°ì@°ä½ =¼H÷Që `® OÇ Qê P[¼O é§~¡x =iâOzOk. `³OQê} l ìÁä½ "¼²OzOk.

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G Pk ìì^£, =~¡OQ® , HsO#Q®~, Y=°àO, =°¬ì|¶#Q®~ - 1969 L^Î¼=°O ç¾#ß "³á^Î¼ q^¥¼~¡°Ö
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l ìÁ Õ Z*ÿh ãO` Õ D L^Î¼=°O K ì "ÍQ®OQê ¬O¦¬°<Ç°ä½_È°. J<~ËQ®¼ Hê~¡}ì
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q¬ëiOzOk. Pk ìì^£ Õx QËO_È°° #H L^Î¼=°O =# 1978 Õ L^Î¼=¶xß q~¡q°Oz
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"³á¬ô PHiÂOKÇ|_¨Û~¡°. ª^¥~¡} r=#O Õ H²éÇ¶_È°.
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G ~OrQËO_£ 1857 u~¡°Q®°ì@° Õ, x*ìO =¼uö~H H÷+¬<£r - 1969 *ÿ á `³ OQê} L^Î ¼ =°O Õ
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é~@O Õ Hù=°~¡O cO =òY¼ã`Ç =²ìOK~¡°. q^¥¼iÖQê ç¾<ß_È°. CPI(ML) s Õ
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G ²ìOªÇò`Ç ªÇò^Î é~@ öHOã^¥°Qê Pk ìì^£ `Ç~Þ`Ç =¶"Ë~ò¹ öHOã^Î <Ç°H`ÇÞO Õ
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l ìÁ Õx WOã^Î"³o¤, HsO#Q®~ l ìÁ Õx [y`¼, ã¬^¥# =¼H÷ë
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=°¬ì|¶#Q®~ Õx Jã=¶ì^£° =¶~~ò. #Á Pkï~_Û, - g~¡°ä_¨ 1969 Õ q^¥¼~¡°Ö°Qê
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G 1969 L^Î¼=°O Õ ãH÷Ç¶jHOQê ç¾x# q^¥¼~¡°Ö° §¼O L^Î¼=°O Õ ç¾<ß~¡°. g~¡° =¶"Ë~ò¬°
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x~× x¬æ $¬ìä½ Q®°~¡Ç¶¼~¡°. öHOã^Î Hq°\© ¬°¼°.
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G §OuÇò`Ç é~@OHO>è ªÇò^Î é~@O^¥Þ~ HÆ ¼ Q®}¬u - ã¬¬°ë`ÇO =¶"Ë~ò¬° s ÌãH@s
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ª^Î# KÍÇ°=KÇ°ó#<Í P ÕKÇ#ä½ q^¥¼~¡°Ö° =Kó~¡°. 1969 L^Î¼=°O Õ q^¥¼iÖ <Ç°ä½_È°.
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2 (=~¡OQ® LªàxÇ¶ q×Þq^¥¼Ç° q^¥¼~¡°°:
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D qÔÎ Qê 1969 L^Î¼=°O Õ ç¾#ß ZO^Î~Ë q^¥¼~¡° °
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REC G
x*ì~òfQê ã}ì° ÿHøKÍÇ°H #HÄs L^Î¼=°O Õ
55
G `³OQê} #H L^Î¼=°O Õ q^¥¼~¡°Ö° ã¬=òYã`Ç
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=²ìOK~¡°. ªÞ~¡Ö ~[H©Ç° ×ä½ë=# 1969 *ÿá ç¾ <ß~¡°.
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`³OQê} L^Î¼=°O q¦¬=°=Þ@O q^¥¼~¡°Ö#° #HÄs
L^Î¼=°O"³á¬ô #_²Ok. CA
[y`¼ ²i² ìÁ Õ`Í ¶ ªÞ=òä½
98
G D L^Î¼=°O Õ ã¬^¥ #~¡OQ®O =~¡OQ® s[# WO[hiOQ· =¼uö~HOQê u~¡°Q®°ì@°
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Hê è* (ã¬¬°ë`ÇO NIT) LªàxÇ¶ q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O
Pk ìì^£, HsO#Q®~ ï~áÒQ®O KÍ²# é~\ìxH÷ Q®
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q^¥¼~¡°Ö ° KÇ°~¡°ä½Qê ç¾<ß~¡°. G
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G HùO_È¬eÁ Ô`~=°Ç°¼, ïH.l. ¬`Ç¼=üië° =~¡OQ® À~¡° [y`¼ ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç. g~¡° ìx¬`ÇÞO, ^Ë²_ä½
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l ìÁ HêrÀ@ QêãaÇ° ~¡§ Õ L^¥¼Çò°. =¼uö~HOQê D ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç KÍ§~¡°.

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g~¡ ° 1969 Õ CPI(ML) s ² ^ ¥í O `Ç ° ¬ @ Á 2 QùÁ¬eÁ ¬ :

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PHiÂ`Ç°Ç¶¼~¡°. G 1977 Õ *ìfÇ° J`Ç¼=¬~¡ ¬i²Öu ~¡^Î°íKÍ²#`Ç~Þ`Ç

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G 1969 Õ [iy# Q®°uëHùO_È aO ¬=¶"Í§xH÷ gi^Îí~¡¶ Ô¬ô "~Ìá xÀ+^ÎO Z`Íë§~¡°.
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¬ð[~¡"Þe. Hêh HùO_È¬eÁ Ô`~=°Ç°¼ J<~ËQ®¼O=# G CPI(ML) s 1977 E ÿá #°O_ PQ®+¬µ =°^Î¼ ã¬*ì
¬ð[~¡°Hê èHéÇ¶_È°. ¬O¦¬¶^¥Þ~ J<ÍH ¬°, ¬=¶"Í§° x~¡Þ²ìOK~¡°.
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D ¬=¶"Í§xH÷ PÇ°# ä½=¶~¡°_È° KÇOã^ÎõY~¡ ï~_Û

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G G QùÁ¬eÁ ¬ 1977 PQ®+¬µ 27# [y`¼ `¶Hê Õx

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QùÁ¬eÁ Õ x~¡Þ²ìOKÇ|_Ok.
G W`Ç#° REC =~¡ O Q® q^¥¼iÖ . P ~ËA Õ REC
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G nxß x~¡Þ²ìOz#k ï~á`Ç°äb ¬O¦¬°O.

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=~¡OQ® ÕÁ q¬Á=ì"° fã=~¡¶¬O Õ LO_Íq J#°@ä½

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G nxH÷ 15 ãQê=¶#°O_ 3000 =°Ok ï ~ á ` Ç ° °

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REC q^¥¼~¡°Ö° q§Y Ô ÁO\ L^Î¼=°O Õ ä_¨

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G D ¬ KÍ²# f~à<° - 1. ^Î°<Íß"iöH ¶q° W"Þe,
KÇ°~¡°ä½Qê ç¾<ß~¡°.
2. ï~á`Ç° r=#O "³°~¡°Q®°¬_ë.
G CPI (ML) s ¬°¼#° KÍ~¡ó@O Õ, s q^¥#"³°Ø#
ªÇò^Î é~@Oä½ ã¬[#° ²^ÎOKÍÇò@ Õ REC 2 u=¶à¬î~ ¬O¦¬°@# :
q^¥¼~¡°Ö° KÇ°~¡°ä½Qê ç¾<ß~¡°. G 19775 ²i² ìÁ, [y`¼ Õ ¶ªÞ=ò° CPI(ML)
G LªàxÇ ¶ q^¥¼~¡ ° Ö ° ä _¨ #H Äs L^Î ¼ =°O Õ Hê~¡¼H~¡ë#° ¬ì`Ç¼KÍ§~¡°.
KÇ°~¡°ä½Qê ç¾<ß~¡°. G giKÍ ¬ì`Ç¼ KÍÇ°|_#"~¡° :
G =¶"Ë L^Î¼=°O Õ =òY¼ <Ç°ä½°Qê Zky#"~¡O^Î~¡¶ 1. CPI (ML) Hê~¡¼H~¡ë H©Æ à~[¼O#° ²i² ìÁ `°Hê
q^¥¼~¡°Ö è. 1969 L^Î¼=°O Õ ç¾x `Ç~Þ`Ç =¶"Ë u=¶à¬ô~¡O Õ ¬ì`Ç¼ KÍ§~¡°.
L^Î¼=°<Ç°ä½ ÿá#"~¡° - 2. [y`¼ `¶Hê Y<ß¬î~ËÁ éÜ\ ÷x ¬ì`Ç¼KÍ§~¡°.

G nx`Ë CPI(ML) <Ç°ä½° 1977 #=O|~ 1978 G ¶ ªÞ=òä ½ Z@°=O\÷ À=° JOkOKÇ ä ½ O_¨,
Uã²Ç° =°^Î¼ J<ÍH ãQê=¶ Õ ¬°, ã¬^Î~¡Å#° x°¬ô^Î KÍÇò@^¥Þ~ "ix xÇ°OãuOKÇQ® ì¾~¡°.
x~¡Þ ²ìOK~¡°. G ãQê=¶ Õ #°#ß éb¬°#° ä_¨ ªO¦²°H |²ìø~¡O
2 ²i²Á ¬O¦¬°@# : ^¥Þ~ J^Î°¬ô KÍÇ°Q®eQê~¡°.
G ²i²Á `°Hê Õ H©;~[¼O =°~¡}ìO`Ç~¡O HOk G [y`¼ *ÿáã`ÇÇ¶ã`Ç - ^Ë²_Ìá ^ÎO_ÈÇ¶ã`Ç : 1978
zóï~_Û J<ÍH ãQê=°¬O¦¬¶° xiàOK_È°. ÌÌO|~ 7# [y`¼ ¬@}O Õ ì~¡`Ç H=ü¼x¬°
G W`Ç#° 1978 ZxßH#° |¬ì+¬øiOKx ²°¬ôxKó_È°. s (ZO.Z ) P^ Î Þ ~¡ ¼ O Õ ì s |² ì ~¡ O Q® ~¼b
G D ã¬ K ~¡ O Õ ç¾ O @¶, 1978 Õ |¬ ° ~Ë_È ° Û ¶ªÞ=òä½ =¼uö~HOQê [iyOk.
ã¬=¶^ÎO Õ =°~¡}÷OK_È°. G D ~¼b Õ ¶ ªÞ=òä½ =¼uö~HOQê 180 ãQê=¶ä½
G W`Ç x *ìý ¬ H ê~¡ Ö O ² i ² ìÁ Ì^Î í ¬ e Á Õ J<Í H ¬ ° K³ O k# ¬ ° =¶~¡ ° Qê 35,000 =°Ok À^Î ï ~ á ` Ç ° °,
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[iQê~ò. =¼=ªÇ° äb° ~ï `á °Ç äb ã¬^~Î Å¡ ##° [i~¡°. D
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2 =ò^Î°í#¶~¡° ¬O¦¬°@# (1978 E<£ 30) : ~ËA# [y`¼ ¬@} O ~ï `á °Ç äbKÍ ¬Oë aOKÇ|_Ok.
D ~¼b Õ ^Î°<Íß"_öH ¶q° K³O^¥e. ¶ªÞ=ò,
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=ò^Î°í#¶~¡° ¶ªÞq° ~*è×Þ~¡~=ô ã¬[#°, äb#° G
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éb¬° ^ñ~¡û#¼O #tOKe, J=°~¡g~¡°ä½ *Õ¬ð~¡°Á,
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²ìO²ªë_È° J<Í À~¡° LOk.
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K~¡°=°AO^¥~ J=°~ Ìáì, éÜ\ ÷, H©Æ à~[O J=°~Ìáì,
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G W`ÇxH÷ 500 ZH~ ¶q° LO_Ík.
G äe ö~@°Á, r`° ÌOKx, "³\ ÷KH÷s KÍÇ°=°x
CA
¶ªÞ=°¼ =¼=¬Ö#° x~¡¶àeOKÇO_, éb¬° Hê¼O¬ô°
Zuë "ÍÇ¶e, ¶q°, °H÷ë, q=òH÷ë HË¬O é~_ÈO_,
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1978 E<£ 17# r`ÇQê×Ã¤, =¼=ªÇ° äb° ¬"³°à
ã~¡OaOK~¡°. =¼=ªÇ ° q¬ Á = O q[Ç ° =O`Ç O Hê"e, #¶`Ç #
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G "i WO_ÈÁ Õ WO\÷¬#°° KÍÇò@ä½ Z=Þ~¡¶ ¬ì[~¡° ã¬*ìªÞq°H q¬Á=O =iÖ ìÁe "³ò^ÎQ®° x<^¥°
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WKó~¡°. D =°¬ð¬#° Kiã``ÇàH"³°Ø# ï~á`Ç° ã¬^Î~¡Å#Qê

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Hê è^Î°. ãQê=°¬°Ö° ä½@°O| À=hß x°¬ô^Î KÍ§~¡°.

POã^Î¶q° k#¬ãuH Ja=iâOzOk. D =°¬ð¬#°
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1978 E<£ 30# P~¡° ãQê=¶ ã¬[° 500 |O_È°Á

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H@°Hùx W`ÇxH÷ Q® 200 ZH~ >èä½`Ë@ Õ K³@°Á Q ® ß O KÍ Ç ¶ x éb¬ ° ° ì qOz#¬ æ \÷ H ÷ Jk

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Hù@°Hùx f¬°ïHì¤~¡°. <³~¡"Í~¡ è^Î°. D =°¬ð |²ì~¡OQ® ¬ Õ q¬Á=Hê~¡°

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2 =°O^Îx ¬O¦¬°@# : @°, ªO¬ø $uH Hê~¡¼ãH=¶° ï~áÒQêxß L`¬ì

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G =°O^Îx Õ `Ç°xHêä½ äb° HêOã\ìH~¡°Á JkHê~¡°ä½

=¼uö~HOQê ¬"³°à KÍ§~¡°. G ¶ ªÞ=°¼ =¼=¬ Ö # ° ~¡ ¶ ¬ ô =¶² , ¶ ªÞ=ò
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Pn # O ÕQ® ¶ =òhß ï ~ á ` OQêxH÷ ^Î ö H ø=~¡ ä ½

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G JkHê~¡°Á, HêOã\ìH~¡°Á ¬"³°à P¬ô@ä½ Zxß ã¬Ç°`ß°

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KÍ²< q[Ç°=O`ÇO Hê è^Î°. ¶ªÞ=ò, éb¬° ä½ã@#° JkQ®q°Oz =¼=ªÇ°

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q¬Á"xß q[Ç°=O`ÇO KÍÇ¶x #¶`Ç# ã¬*ìªÞq°H

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=¼=¬Ö#° <³Hù ìæx *ÿáã`Ç Ç¶ã`Ç Õ ç¾#ß <Ç°ä½°

G ãQê=° HO~O¡ ¶ =ò° +¬H ¤× ¶ ªÞq° Pn#O Õ L<ß~ò.
ï~áÒQêxH÷ ¬O^Í×O WKó~¡°. D ¬O^Í×O P<\÷
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G ï~á`Ç°° "\÷x PãHq°OKÇ°Hù<ß~¡°.

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*ÿáã`ÇÇ¶ã`Ç Õ ç¾#ß "Í ìk=°Ok ï~áÒQê<Íß HêH

G ¶ªÞq° ï~á`Ç°¬O¦¬°O <Ç°ä½Ìá öH¬°° Ì\÷Oz
éb¬°KÍ Pï~¹ KÍÇò@ä½ ã¬Ç°ußOK_È°. Ç ¶ =` `³ OQê}#° PH i ÂOzOk. D *ÿ á ã `Ç Ç ¶ ã`Ç
G Jï~¹ KÍÇ°\ìxH÷ =zó# éb¬°Ìá ¢Ôë° J_È°Ûä½x
ã¬ì=O`Ë=òY¼OQê L`Çë~¡ `³OQê}ãO`ÇO Õ ï~á`Ç°
x~¡ÄOkOK~¡°. äb¬O¦¬¶ L^Î¼=¶° L^Î$`Ç=°Ç¶¼~ò.
G z=iH÷ [y`¼ _.Ç°¹.² +¬H×¤ ãQê=¶xH÷ =zó HÆ=¶ G 1978 JHË|~ 1# =~¡OQ® `¶Hê Ìá_¬eÁ ãQê=°O Õ
¬}° K³²æ#`Ç~Þ`Ç "ix q_È°^Î KÍ§~¡°. ï~á`Ç°äb =°¬ð¬ [iyOk. 1978 JHË|~ 19#
Pk ìì^£ l ìÁ ïH\÷À@ Õ ï~á`Ç° ã¬^Î~¡Å# |²ì~¡OQ®
2 ¶ªÞ=òÌá ªO¦²°H |²ìø~¡O :
¬ x~¡Þ²ìOKÇ |_Ok. D ¬ Õ J=°~¡°_³#á Hì¼}O
G HsO#Q®~ l ìÁ Õ ï~á`Ç°° ªO¦²°H |²ìø~¡O ^¥Þ~
"³OH>è Þ× ~¡~=ô ³òHø L^Î¼=° é~\ì#° ¬àiOKÇ°ä½<ß~¡°.
¶ªÞ=ò#° J^Î°¬ô Õ LOK~¡°.
G HsO#Q®~ l ìÁ [y`¼ `¶Hê Õ 1978 ÌÌO|~ G ÿÁO¬eÁ Õ é~\ì° J}KÇ°@ä½ ~_H ¬¶_³O\
z=i <\÷ H ÷ J<Í H = °Ok ¶ ªÞ=ò° [y`¼ ÇüxÇ°<£ <Ç°ä½Ìá ^¥_È°° KÍÇ°|_¨Û~ò.
ãQê=¶#°Oz W`Ç~¡ ãO`ä½ =¬éÇ¶~¡°. G ÿ Á O ¬ e Á ãQê=° ã¬ [ ° Tö ~ yO¬ ô [~¡ ° Q® ° `Ç ° #ß
G D ^Î× Õ HsO#Q®~, Pk ìì^£ l ìÁ Õx J<ÍH ¬=°Ç°O Õ q^¥¼~¡°ÖÌá ^¥_ KÍ²# Q®°O_¨#° ã¬[°
ãO`ä½ ¶ªÞ=°¼ =¼uö~H é~\ì#° q¬ëiOK~ò. ~Ë_È°ÛÌá #iH÷ KÇO~¡°.
=òY¼OQê ïH\÷À@, ¬ì²¦ì^£, Mì<¬î~, ÿÁO¬eÁ G nx`Ë P ãO`ÇO Õ Q®°O_¨ PQ®_¨° PyéÇ¶~ò.
"³ò^ÎQ®° ãO` Õ q^¥¼iÖ, Çò=[# ¬O¦¬¶°,
2 z#ß"³°\¬eÁ ¬O¦¬°@# :
ï~á`Ç°¬O¦¬¶° HêOãïQ¹ (S) ^ù~¡ Q®°O_¨g°^Î ^¥_È°°
KÍª~¡°. G z#ß "³°\¬eÁ Õ [Q®<Ëà¬ì#~=ô ¶ªÞq°.
G ÿÁO¬eÁ ¬@}O Õ L^Î¼=° <Ç°ä½ ~¼b ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê G W`Ç#° 1958 Õ 30 ZH~° Hey=ô<ß_È°. 1985 <\÷H÷
150 ZH~ Ç°[=¶x JÇ¶¼_È°.
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^¥_ KÍ²# XH Q®°O_¨#° ¬@¬Q®° [#O #_~Ë_È°ÛÌá
#iHê~¡°. nx`Ë Q®°O_¨ PQ®_¨° `Çy¾<~ò. G [y`¼ *ÿáã`ÇÇ¶ã`Ç ã¬ì=OKÍ D ãQê=° ¶ªÞ=ò°
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G 1978 E<£, E ÿá Õ ¬ì²¦ì^£ Õ yi[# ï~á`Ç°° ¶ªÞq°H÷ =¼uö~HOQê ¬O¦¬°O ªÖ²OKÇ°Hù#°@ä½
99
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é~\ì° x~¡Þ²ìOK~¡°. "³°Ø^¥# ãO`"ix, `³Á ã¬Ç°ußOK~¡°.
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yi[#° ¬O¦¬°O <Ç°H`Þ# `Ç~¡`Ç~°Qê `Ç=°#° #°O_ 10 HÆ Ìá z°ä½ =¬¶°KÍ§_È°.
^Ë²_H÷ Q®°iKÍ²# =_Û "¼~¡°ä½, ¦~ï ¹ JkHê~¡°ä½ G
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KÇ@¬ik ÕH÷ ~ä½O_¨ `Ç²æOKÇ°HËQ®eQê~¡°. @#° xÀ+k¬°ë#ßk.
10. Pk"Ô `³Q® À~¡Ág°^Î ^ùOQ® ¬i¦²öH@°Á ÚOk ¶q°x, ^ ¦ï~¹ ö~O[~, J@g JkHê~¡°ä½ qõ+¬ JkHê~#°
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J#°q¬°ë<ß~¡°. ^ giH÷ x|O^Î#° ªÖxH J=¬~ä½ `Çy#q^ÎOQê
G Pk"Ô ¬ìä½ø° : 1959 Ì+_È¶¼ Û ãO` ¶ |kb `ÇÇ¶~¡°KÍ¬°ä½<Í JkHê~xß HeæOzOk.
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^ 1945 Õ x*ìO ã¬°`ÇÞOKÍ KÍÇ°|_# ^Î°¬°ë~-L - ^ ¶ |^Î ì~òO¬ô° x~Ëk¬°ëOk.
J=° KÇ@O x*ìO =¼uö~H é~\ì=# J=°° G yi[# Ja=$k U*ÿh° :
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^ D öH\ì~òO¬ô° ¬ij# KÍÇò@ä½ ~¢+¬ªÖ~ò Õ ~¡O¬ Ô`Ç¶i u~¡°Q®°ì@°ä½ ^¥if²Ok. P `Ç~Þ`Ç
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XH JkHêix xÇ°q°OKe. 1923 Õ J¶Ái Ô`~=°~A u~¡°Q®°ì@°, 1969
^ D a°Á yi[#°° J_È = ô Õ =¼=ªÇ ° O ãjHêä½×O yi[<Ë^Î¼=¶° [iQê~ò. D u~¡°Q®°ì@Áä½
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KÍÇò@ä½, ¬×Ã=ô° HêÇò@ä½, J@g L`Çæ`Ç°ë° JãH=° ¶q° PãH=°}° ã¬^¥# ¬=°¬¼Qê L#ßk.
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ÀHiOKÇ°@ä½, J@g ãQê=¶#° ï~"³#¶¼ ãQê=¶°Qê G nx`Ë 1917 Õ ãa\©+¹ ã¬°`ÇÞO, x*ìO ã¬°`ÇÞO
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Q®°iëOKÇ°@ä½ JkHê~¡q°KÇ°óKÇ°#ßk. 1937 Õ, 1347 ¦¬ÔÁ, 1949 Õ, 1359 ¦¬ÔÁ KÇ\ì
G 1878 Õ ì ~¡ ` Ç J@g KÇ @ O ^¥Þ~ J_È = ôÌá
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^¥Þ~ ¶ |^Î ì~òO¬ô xÀ+^Î KÇ\ìxß f¬°ä½=Kó~ò.
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Q®°`ëk¬`¼xß ã¬° `ÇÞO ÚOkOk. 1878 J@g KÇ\ìxß D qÔÎ Qê 100 ¬O=`Ç~ yi[<Ë^Î¼=°O u~¡°Q®°ì@°
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1927 Õ =¶~¡°æ° KÍ² Pk"Ô ¬ìä½ø#° ¬îiëQê ¦¬e`ÇOQê 1959 Õ ¶q° |^Î ì~òO¬ô KÇ@O ã¬°`ÇÞO
¬ìiOz "Í²Ok. f¬°Hùx =zóOk.
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G ªÞ`ÇOã`Ç¼ J#O`Ç~¡O =zó# 1950 Õ<Í *ìfÇ° J@g G P `Ç ~ Þ`Ç 1970 Õ 1/70 KÇ @ O #° f¬ ° HùzóOk.
q^¥#O ãa\©+¹ "i J@g KÇ\ì#° ée=ôO_È_ÈO
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1959 Õ J¬æ\÷ ã¬°`ÇÞO yi[# ¶|^Î ì~òO¬ô

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Q®=°<~¡ÝO. =òY¼OQê D KÇ@O ^¥Þ~ ã¬° `ÇÞO J@g x~Ë^ÎH KÇ\ìxß ã¬"Í×Ì\÷Ok. D KÇ\ìxH÷ 1971 Õ
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ãO`#° WO_Èã² °Ç *áÿ +è <¬ £ Hù~¡ä½ qx³¶yOzOk.

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¬=~¡}° KÍ²Ok. D KÇ\ì ^¥Þ~ Pk"Ô yi[#°

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G 1976 ì~¡`Ç J@g KÇ@O ^¥Þ~ öHOã^Î, ~¢+¬ ã¬°`Þ° ãO` Õ ¶ãHÇ° qãHÇ¶#° xÀ+kOKÇ_ÈO ã¬^¥#
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J@g ¶=òÌá JkHê~#° ¬OkOK~ò. 1980 HÆ ¼O. nx`Ë yi[# ãO` Õ yi[#° #°O_
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J@g ¬O~¡HÆ} KÇ@O J@g =#~¡°Ìá öHOã^Î ã¬°`ÞxH÷ yi[<Í`Ç~¡°° ¶ãHÇ°, qãHÇ¶° [~¡Q®ä½O_¨ ã¬°`ÇÞO
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¬îië Pk¬`Ç¼O ^¥Y° ¬_Ok. D KÇ@O ^¥Þ~<Í x|O^Î#° qkOzOk.

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J_È=ô#° ql Oz iã§q°H W`Ç~¡ Ja=$k ã*ÿH± #° 1979 Õ ~¢+¬ ã¬°`ÇÞO q_È°^ÎKÍ²# l."Ë. <³O.129
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J=¬~¡"³°Ø# J#°=°`Ç°#° öHOã^ÎO ^¥Þ~ f¬°ä½<ÍO^Î°ä½ ^¥Þ~ yi[#°° `Ç=°³òHø ¶q° ¬ìä½ø#° HË ÕæÍ°
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G 1988 Õ *ìfÇ° J@g q^¥#O J@g ¬O~¡HÆ} Õ ã¬[

ì Q® ª Þ=°¼O ã¬ ¬ O KÇ q`Ç ë ¬ O ¬ Ö #°Oz x^ Î ° #° .
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yi[# L^Î¼=¶° (1980-90) :

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~|>èO^Î°ä½ D q^¥#O ^Ë¬ì^Î¬_Ok. G ¬=°¬¼° : #HÄs L^Î¼=°O #°O_ #H ÿá\ é~@O Õ
G 1990 Õ J@g =°Oãu`ÇÞ§Y =¶~¡¾^Î~¡ÅHê° Ç°¹.\÷. yi[#°° XH ã¬^¥# ¶q°H é+²OK~¡°. Ô¬ô "~
Hg°+¬<£ ²¦~¡°"Í°~¡ä½ Pk"Ô ªQ®° Õ L#ß J@g ãQ®¶¹ ã¬^¥#OQê ^ÎO_ÈHê~¡}¼ J@g ãO`xß `Ç=°
¶=ò°, J@g ¬Ö ì ÕÁ L#ß ãQê=¶#° ãH=°|n ªÖ=~¡OQê KÍ¬°Hùx é~@O KÍª~¡°.
HiOKx =°Oãu`ÇÞ§Y ~ãä½ ¬æ+¬"³°Ø# P^Í§° G ^Î O _È H ê~¡ } ¼ J@gãO`Ç O Pk ìì^£ (`³ OQê}),
WzóOk. J~ò`Í D =¶~¡¾^Î~¡ÅHê#° JkHê~¡°Á ¬\ ÷OKÇ° Q®_ó~Ëe (=°¬ð~¢+¬), |¬ë~ (=°^Î¼ã¬^Í), D¹ QË^¥=i
HË è^Î°. ¦¬e`ÇOQê Pk"Ô° ªÚO`Ç ¶=ò ÕÁ JãH=° (POã^Îã¬^Í) "³ò^ÎQ®° ãO` Õ q¬ië Oz L#ßk. D
^¥~¡°°Qê<Í |`ÇHêe =¬°ëOk. ãO`ÇO Õx #H ÿá@°Á ^ÎO_ÈHê~¡}¼ Pk"Ô H÷ª<£
G 2001 Õ ¬°ãÔOHË~¡° J_È=ô PãH=°} `ùyO¬ô#ä½ =°E^Î¶~ ¬O¦°¬ @<£ (_.Z.ïH.ZO.¹.) J#° ¬O¬^ Ö ¥Þ~
P^Í§° D P^Í§`Ë Pk"Ô ¬i²Öu =°iO`Ç `Ç=° Hê~¡¼H ì#° yi[# ãO` Õ KÍ\ ¬ ì~°¡ .
G D ãO` Õ |¬ë~ ãO`ÇO #H ÿá@Áä½ ã¬^¥# gix "ÍkOKÍ"~¡°.
ªÖ = ~¡ O Qê LO_Í k . |¬ ë ~ ãO`Ç O Õx yi[#°° G yi[# ï~áÒQ® é~@O : 1980 E ÿá <\÷H÷ ï~áÒQ®
JkHOQê x=²OKÍ"~¡°. |¬ë~ ãO`ÇO ¬ô+¬ø"³°Ø# ã¬H$u é~@O Pk ìì^£ l ìÁ Õx yi[# ãO`ä½ q¬ëiO
=#~¡°#° (Yx*ì°, >èä½ =°iÇò ª° =$HÆê°) zOk. ÕÀì~, ª èQ®¶_³O ãQê=¶ yi[# ï~áÒQ®O
Hey=ôO_Ík. 250 ZH~ ¶q°x ¦ï~¬° JkHê~¡° #°O_ L^Î¼q°Oz
G ªÞ`Ç O ã`Ç ¼ O `Ç ~ Þ`Ç 1956-81 =°^ Î ¼ HêO Õ ÚOk<~¡°.
1,25,483 ÌìHê~¡Á J@g ãO`ÇO ã¬°`ÇÞO KÍ¬\ ÷# G =°_¬eÁ, H#¶ß~, H=° ì¬î~, Q®¶_È¶~¡° "³ò^Î ÿá#
qq^Î Ja=$k ã*ÿä½ä½ öH\ì~òOKÇ|_Ok. ãQê=¶ Õx ï~á`Ç°Ìá éb¬°° ²ìOª`ÇàH KÇ~¡¼°
G 1969 ãO`ÇO Õ 40 z#ß ¬iã×=°°, 62 H¬ KÍ¬\ì~¡°. nxH÷ =¼uö~HOQê ¬E~ì^£ Õ |O^£x
P^¥i`Ç ¬iã×=°° D ãO`ÇO Õ ªÖ²OK~¡°. D \÷OK~¡°.
q^ Î " ³ ° Ø # ¬ i ã× = ° ªÖ ¬ # `Ë J@g ãO`Ç O Õx G L@¶ß~ `¶Hê ^Î|ÄQ®¶_³O ï~á`Ç°° ¦ï~¬° JkHê~¡°°
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yi[#° rq`#° ã¬ìq`ÇO KÍ²Ok. =òY¼OQê PãHq°OKÇ°ä½#ß 50 ZH~ ¶q°x uiy ªÞn#O
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yi[#° ¶ =ò° =°iÇ ò "i³ ò H ø ¬ ì ä ½ ø° KÍ¬°ä½<ß~¡°. ÿÁO¬eÁ, =°O^Î=°ãi, ~=°H$â¬ô~¡O çQ®°¾
¬ ì iOz"Í Ç ° |_¨Û ~ ò. D q^ Î " ³ ° Ø # ¬ = °¬ ¼ è J@g Q®x Hêiàä½° `Ç=° ¬ìä½øHË¬O é~_¨~¡°. gi `Ç~¡¬ô#
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G #H ÿá@°Á D ¬=°¬¼#° P^¥~¡OQê KÍ¬°Hùx `Ç=°³òHø 2# éb¬°° HêeóKÇO~¡°.
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H=ü¼x[O ì"#° yi[#°° "¼²ëKÍ§~¡°. g~¡° G ²~¡OKÇ JÔì `°Hê Õx J¬~¡"ÍoÁ, ìq°_, "Í°~ò<£À@
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ã`ÇqÞOKÍ"~¡°. yi[# ãO` Õ `³O_È° (c_ Pä½°) `¶Hê#° éb¬°° H ÕÁe`Ç ãO`ÇOQê ã¬H\ ÷OK~¡°.
HêOã\ìH~¡ÁÌá é~@O KÍ² c_ Hêiàä½° r`° ÌiöQ ì zO`Ç¬eÁ, ÿO, ä½HøQ®¶_È¶~¡°, L@¶ß~¡°, `ÇïHø¬eÁ,
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`³°Q®° ì+¬ Õ =¶\ìÁ_È°`~¡°. gi Õ ¬ô~¡°+¬µ° öH=O ¬¬ðÇ°OQê `Ç~¡e =ªë~¡°.

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QË²`Ë<Í, ãÔë° p~¡°=¶ã`Ç"Í° ^ÎiOz Hxæªë~¡°. gi G ª=ü²ìH ã¬u¦¬°@#ä½, ~¡HÆ}ä½ QËO_È° Õ Wk

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ã¬^¥# P¬ð~¡O *ç#ß°, HOH, çOQ®° L#ß ãO` Õ J<kQê =¬°ë#ß PK~¡O, éb¬°°, ¦ï~¬° _~"³°O\
HOH #°O_ =KÍó HOH ÿ<ß° J<Í yO[° 2,3 "~° "i "ÍkO¬ô#° `Ç@°HË=_¨xH÷ yi[#°° D PK~xß
P¬ð~¡OQê f¬°ä½O\ì~¡°. Hù`Çë PÇò^ÎOQê =°°KÇ°ä½<ß~¡°.
G °, Ì~¡°Q®°, #¶<³, L¬C=O\÷ ¬^¥~Ö° `Çä½ø=Qê G `Ç°_È°=ò "³¶yOKÇ_ÈO Jk ìì^£ J@g ãO` Õ XH
"_È ° `~¡ ° . giH÷ ^³ á = H ÷ ë Zä ½ ø=. ã¬ u Q® ¶ _³ O ä ½ Hù`Çë é~@OQê `ÇÇ¶ï~áOk. 1968 Õ Jk ìì^£ J@g
^Í=~¡ÁQ®¶_³O (^Í=ô_ Q®°_) LO@°Ok. ãO`ÇO Õx |O*ì~¡ Oì_° ~=_ÈO`Ë D ãO`ÇO Õ
G "¼~¡°° JkH =_Û`Ë yi[#°#° ìx¬°Qê J@g ¶=ò° =¼=ªÇ° ¶=ò°Qê =¶~¡ó|_¨Û~ò.
KÍª~¡°. yi[#° =¬°ë=ô#° `Çä½ø= `Ç¶Hê`Ë Hùx G WOã^Î " ³ e Á =¶~¡ } ¬ ì Ù=°O : 1981 Uã² 20#
"³¶¬yOKÍ"~¡°. yi[# KÇ\ì° J=°°Hê è^Î°. ¦ï~¬° WOã^Î"³eÁ Õ yi[# ï~á`Ç°äb ¬O¦¬°O P^ÎÞ~¡¼O Õ
JkHê~¡°°, KñH© ^¥~¡°°, ªö~^¥~¡°°, ¬>è , ¬\ìÞs° |²ì~¡OQ® =°¬ð¬#° U~æ@°KÍ§~¡°. D ¬ä½ ¬ð[ï~á#
15000 =°Ok yi[#°Ìá éb¬ ° ° Hê°æ° x~¡ â ~ òªë ~ ¡ ° . ª^ ¥ ~¡ } OQê HùO`Ç = °Ok HêOã\ìH ~ ¡ Á
[i²<~¡°. D ¬O^Î~¡ÄOQê 13 =°Ok KÇxéÇ¶~¡x KÍ`Ç° ÕÁ<Í D "ÍO @° LO\ì~ò.
ã¬°`ÇÞO ã¬H\ ÷OzOk. Hêh "¬ë=OQê 60 =°Ok G XH HêOã\ìH~ 4 èH 5 ãQê=¶ ¬ik Õ HÁO^¥~¡Á
KÇxé~ò#@°Á `ÍeOk. (HÁO#° x~¡Þ²ìOKÍ"_È°) ¬¬ðÇ°O`Ë D Pä½ ÀH~¡}
G yi[# ï~áÒQ®O Õ ÌOÚO^Î°`Ç°#ß ¬O¦¬°\÷`Ç ×H÷ëx, [~¡°¬ô`_È°.
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[i~¡°. 1975 Õ XH |O_ è ö~@° 5 Ìá¬°. J~ò#¬æ\÷H÷ D
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¬ì`¼HêO_È#° Ç¶=` ^Í×O YO_OzOk. D ¬O¦¬°@# |O_°ä½ 4 Ìá¬° WKÍó"~¡°.
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G ã=¶}÷H ì+¬ HÆ}ì° Jxß He¾# `³OQê} ì+¬ G ª²ì`Ç¼ JHê_Èg° (_b )Á , <Í+#¬ |°H± ã@¹ `³°Q®° JHê_Èg°
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`³OQê} ì+¬ä½ aOKÇ è^Î°.
G L=°à_ =°ã^¥¹ ~¢+¬O Õ POã^Î ì+¬, `Çq°× ì~^Î# . ¬O_È°Q®° :
=òO^Î° J==¶#O ÚOkOk. `Ç~Þ`Ç HêO Õ J^Íq^"Î °³ #Ø G `³OQê} ã¬[ r=# q^¥<xH÷ ¬O¬ø $uH÷ ã¬u~¡¶ #áÿ
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G `³OQê} ì+¬ Õ ¬°xß`Ç`ÇÞO, <Eä½^Î#O, =°~¼^Î G `³ OQê} r=#q^ ¥ <xH÷ ã¬ u ~¡ ¶ ÿ á # |`Ç ° H = °à
è^Îx q=°~¡Åä½ Q®°iKÍ² ²x=¶, ÔiÇ° Õ q<£, Õ<°, ¬=°àHø-ª~¡Hø *ì`Ç~¡#° z#ßKÇ¶¬ô KÇ¶§~¡°.
~Ò_ä½ ¬ð¬¼ ã`ÇKÍ `³OQê} ì+¬ =¶\ìÁ_Oz D G ä½O"Í°ì `Ç~Þ`Ç ^Í×O Õ<Í ï~O_È= JuÌ^Îí *ì`Ç~¡#°
`³OQê} ì+¬#° `Çä½ø= KÍ§~¡°. ~¢+¬ ¬O_È°Q®Qê 1996 Õ Q®°iëOK~¡°.
G J#Qê ¬"³°ØH¼ ~¢+¬O U~¡æ_# 40 ¬O=`Ç~° `Ç~Þ`Ç G Ô=¶Oã^Îä½ K³Ok# <Ç°ä½ =~¡ÖO`Ç°°, [Ç°O`Ç°°
=¶ã`Ç"Í° ä½ä½ H#°q¬C HeÁOk. JkHêiHOQê [~¡°¬ô`Ç¶ J^ÍªÖ~ò Hey# `³OQê}
G J ìöQ |`Ç°H=°à, Õ<° ¬O_È°Q®ä½ P Q®°iëOÀ è^Î°. =¼ä½ë#° =°iK~¡°.
g\÷x \÷P~Z¹ ã¬°`ÇÞO 2014 Õ ~¢+¬ ¬O_È°Q®°Qê G J ìöQ \ì¼OH±|O_£Ìá qãQ®¬ð°, öHOã^Î ~¢+¬ªÖ~ò q^¥¼
Q®°iëOzOk. ¬O¬Öä½ À~¡°Á "³ò^Î ÿá#"\÷ Õ q=HÆê¬îi`Ç q^¥<xß
J#°¬iOK~¡°.
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G `³°Q®°, H#ß_È, L~¡¶í, =°~s ¬O¬ø $`Ç° ¬~¡¬æ~¡ ¬qã`Ç ¬Ö ìÌá z#ßKÇ¶¬ô :
ã¬ì="Í° `³OQê} ¬O¬ø $u. G ä½O"Í°ì `Ç~Þ`Ç JO`Ç=°Ok ä½ë° ¬ð[~¡Í°¼ L`Ç=O
G J~ò`Í ¬"³°ØH¼ ~¢+¬O Õ Ô=¶Oã^Î ¬O¬ø $u `³OQê} Õ ¬=°àHø ª~¡Hø *ì`Ç~¡.
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G ì~¡`^Ç Í O× Õ §ó`Ç¼ ¬O¬ø $u Pk`¬ ¼Ç O K³ ì~òOz#>èÁ L`Ç" xH÷ Hùkí\÷ x^Î°° öH\ì~òOz ªÏH~¼°
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POã^¥ ¬O¬ø $u `³OQê} Õ Pk`¬ ¼Ç O =²ìOzOk. HeæOKÍ"~¡° Hê^Î°.
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=ò`ÇH ^¥<¼`Ë KÍÇ°|_È`~ò.
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G ã^¥KÇO, "Í=ò"_È, ì¬~¡#° z#ßKÇ¶¬ô KÇ¶§~¡°.
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POã^Î° `³ÁaÇ°¼O#° ã¬^¥# "_È°H ÕH÷ f¬°HùKó~¡°.
q^¥¼~¡OQ®O :
`³OQê} ªO¬ø $uH z¬ðß ÿá# HË@°, ¬OªÖ<°, G q^¥¼~¡ O Q® O Õ Z~ò_³ _ £ =¼=¬ Ö # ° ãé`Ç ~òOK~¡ ° .
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§¬<° =O\÷ J=õ#° Hê_Èä½O_¨ x~¡ÁHÆ ¼O nx=# POã^Î Õx q^¥¼¬O¬Ö° ìOÚO^¥~ò.

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KÍ§~¡°. nx=# `³OQê}ä½ ìO KÍä~¡ è^Î°.

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POã^Î°° `³e"³á#"~¡x, KÇ°~¡°ïHá#"~¡x, ã¬Q®uj°~¡<Í G Wq Ô=¶Oã^Î Õ 90%, `³OQê} Õ öH=O 10%

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`³OQê} q^¥¼~¡°Öä½ ²ìOn Õ JkH =¶~¡°ø° (L~¡¶í

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ã¬^ÎiÅOK~¡°.
Ìáì^Î~ì^£ ~[¼O Õ XH¬æ_È° À~¡°ÚOk# |<£KO<£ ã^¥#¼`Ç èä½O_¨ KÍ² Hh¬ Lfë~¡â` =¶~¡°ø° 35
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=°~¡°Q®°¬_ W_Á-ªOì~ ¬O¬ø $u "_È°H ÕH÷ =zóOk.

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G J^Í ¬=°Ç°O Õ `³OQê}"iH÷ H+¬"³°Ø# WOwÁ+¹³òHø

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G P~¡°@Á H=° ì^Íq, ìQ®¼ï~_Û =~¡à ~=¶#O^Î f~¡Ö=O\÷

Pk¬`Ç¼O ÌOK~¡°.
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57 ¬O=`Ç~ Õ ã¬°`ÇÞO xiàOz# UïHáH "³°_H

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Hê è* - x*ì=¶ì^£ "³°_H Hê è*.
Ìáì^Î~ì^£ `ùe =òY¼=°Oãu |¶~¡°¾ ~=°H$â~=ô
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=~¡OQ® ä½ öH\ì~òOz# JNTU #° POã^¥"~¡° JkHOQê
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ãj~=ò°, hO ¬Or=ï~_Û=O\÷"iH÷ ã^¥#¼`Ç G J ìöQ JNTU (K), JNTU (A) §Y° POã^Î, ~Ç°
HeæOK~¡°. Ô=° Õ U~æ@°KÍ² `³OQê} Õ §Yä½ "³òO_K³~ò¼
G Hù=°~¡O c"£°=O\÷ `³OQê} yi[# g~¡°#° ã¬Hø#Ì\÷ KÇ¶~¡°.
HËªëOã^Îä½ K³Ok# J¶Ái Ô`~=°~A=O\÷"iH÷ G J ìöQ Pk ìì^£ Õ ªÖO² KÇ=²# IIT #° Ììá ^Î~ì^£ Õ
ã¬=òY ªÖ#O HeæOK~¡°. U~æ@°KÍ§~¡°.

4P 1990 Õ ¢Ìá"Í\©H~¡} =°iÇò
ã¬¬OpH~¡} - ^¥x ¦¬e`°
G 1948 Õ "³ò^Î\ ÷ iã§q°H q^¥# ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ G q°ye# ¬iã×=°° ¢Ìá"Í\~¡OQ®O Õ ªÖ²OKÇ°HË=KÇ°ó.

q°ã×=° PiÖH =¼=¬Ö#° ã¬ukOzOk. G # Õ #_È°¬°ë#ß HOÌh#° ¢Ìá"Í\ ©Hiªë~¡°.
G nxH÷ a # ßOQê 1984-89 =°^ Î ¼ ã¬ ^ ¥ xQê L#ß G Ì@°|_È° L¬¬O¬ì~¡}ä½ l.q. ~=°H$+¬â <Í`Ç$`ÇÞO Õ
~r"£QêOn iã§q°H q^¥#O Õ ¬O¬ø~¡}° ã¬"Í Ì× \÷ _l<³Þ¹"³°O\ Hq°\© xÇ°q°OKÇ|_Ok (1996).
q=°~¡Å Ç¶¼_È°.
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G 1990 Õ ªéqÇ°\ ÇüxÇ°<£ qzó#ß=°Q®°@`Ë ì~¡`Ç
ã¬¬OpH~¡} :
ZQ®°=°`Ç°° 25 §`ÇO H©Æ}÷OK~ò. G Z@°=O\÷ P@OHê° èä½O_¨ =¬°ëÀ=°, ªOöHuH
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G 1990-91 <\÷ Q® æ Çò^ÎO=# Ìã\Õ ^Î~¡° =ü ^Î<°, ã§q°ä½° XH ^Í×O#°O_ =°~ùH ^Í×O Õ
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ÌiQê~ò.
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ã¬=²ìOKÇ°@ ã¬¬OpH~¡} Jx JO\ì~¡°.
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G ì~¡`Ç q^Íj=¶~¡H xÞ° 1.2 aeÇ°<£ _¨~¡Áä½ G ¬i¬ì^Î°í° ^¥\÷ =¬°ëÀ=° JO`Ç~ûfÇ° =¶ï~ø\ÕÁ
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ÀÞKÇóQê ã¬=²ìOKÇ°@Í° ã¬¬OpH~¡}.
G W@°=O\÷ ¬i²Ö`Ç° Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O PiÖH ¬OHÆËO Õ
zä½øä½Ok. CA
G nxHù~¡ä½ ì~¡`Ç ã¬°`ÇÞO Jxß~¡Hê =¬°ë=ôÌá kQ®°=°u
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G 1991 Õ ã¬ ^ ¥ xQê ì^ Î ¼ `Ç ° Ô Þ H i Oz# ² . q G ZQ®°=°`Ç°°, kQ®°=°`Ç° ~HéHä½ Z@°=O\÷ JO`Ç
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#~¡²O¬ð~=ô, J`Çx PiÖH=°Oãu =°<Ëà¬ì<£²OQ·°, ~Ç°O HeæOKÇ~^Î°.
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PiÖH ¬O¬ø~¡}ä½ ãjHê~¡O KÇ°\ì~¡°. .

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#¶`Ç# PiÖH ¬O¬ø~¡} ¦¬e`° :
G g\÷öH ~=ô-²OQ· #=ü< Jx, LPG #=ü< Jx g\÷=# ì~¡`Ç^Í×O Õ =$kö~@° ÌiyOk. iã§q°H
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À~¡°. ~¡OQ®O Õ =$k ÌiyOk.

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L - Liberalisation - ¬~¡mH~¡} ã¬°`ÇÞ~¡OQ® ¬O¬Ö ¬xf~¡° "³°~¡°Q®°¬_Ok.

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P - Privatisation - ¢Ìá"Í\ ©H~¡} G À"~¡OQ®O, IT =O\÷ À= Õ ì~¡`Ç^Í×O ã¬^¥# L`Çæuë

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G - Globalisation - ã¬¬OpH~¡} ^¥~¡°Qê J=`ÇiOzOk.

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G q^Íj "¼~¡O ÌiyOk.

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PiÖH ¬O¬ø~¡} J=°°`Ç~Þ`Ç x~¡°^Ë¼Q®O ÌiyOk.

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G PiÖH~¡OQ®O Õx ã¬°`ÇÞ x|O^Î##° ¬_ÈeOKÇ°@#°
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G ã¬°`ÇÞ~¡OQ®O ¢Ìá"Í\~¡OQ®O Õ ï~Q®°¼~ L^Ë¼Q®°° `Çy¾

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G D q^¥#O Õ ¬iã×=°ä½ Ìáÿ xOQ· q^¥#O ~¡^°Î í KÍ§~¡°.

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G 1969 Õ KÍÇ°|_# MRTP KÇ@O ~¡^Î°íKÍÇ°|_Ok.

~ËA"s Hêiàä½° ÌiQê~¡°.
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G =¼=ªÇ°~¡OQ®O Õ Ì@°|_È°° H©Æ}÷Oz ¬OHÆËìxß

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G =_ Û ö ~ @Á # ° ¬ = iOK~¡ ° . ~¡ ¶ ~ò =¶~¡ H q °=#°

`Çy¾OK~¡°. Z^Î°~ùøOk.
G ãOfÇ° J¬=¶#`Ç° ÌiQê~ò.
. ¢Ìá"Í\©H~¡} :
G q^Íj "¼~¡ Õ@° U~¡æ_Ok.

G ã¬°`ÇÞ~¡OQ®O Õx L`æ^ÎH Hê~¡¼H ì#° ¢Ìá"Í\ G ã¬¬OKÇ ì¼OH±³òHø *ÕH¼O JkH"³°Ø#k.
~¡OQêxH÷ `Ç~¡eOKÇ°@#° ¢Ìá"Í\ ©H~¡} Jx JO\ì~¡°.
G ã¬° `ÇÞ~¡OQ®O#ä½ Hö \ì~òOz# ¬iã×=° #°O_ ã¬° `ÇÞO
. PiÖH ¬O¬ø~¡}° - `³OQê} :
Ì@°|_È°#° L¬¬O¬ìiOKÇ°Hù#°@ä½ ~¡OQ®O ²^Î"³°Ø#k. G ì~¡`Ç ã¬°`ÇÞO ã¬"Í×Ì\÷# ¬O¬ø~¡} ¬~Þxß POã^Î
G ã¬°`ÇÞ~¡OQ®O#ä½ i[~¡°Þ KÍÇ°|_# ¬iã×=°° - 6. ã¬ ^ Í Õ J`Ç ¼ O`Ç L`¬ ì OQê J=°° [i² # k
ã¬¬°ë`ÇO Jq 2 (ï~á èÞ°, J}° WO^Î#O). Z<£.KÇOã^Îì|°<Çò_È°.

G 1995 Õ =òY¼=°OãuQê ì^Î¼`Ç° ÔÞHiOz#¬æ\÷#°O_ G 1995 Õ ¬ a Á H ± ~ ¡ O Q® ¬ O ¬ Ö #° =ü² " Í À O^Î ° ä ½
ã¬¬OKÇ ì¼OH± ¬¶KÇ##° `Ç°.KÇ \÷Oz ~¢+¬O Õ PiÖH ¬°ã|¬ìà}¼O Hq°\©x U~æ@°KÍ§_È°.
¬O¬ø~¡} ã¬ãH÷Ç°#° "ÍQ®=O`ÇO KÍ§_È°. G #Ài@ PeÞ<£ HOÌhx "Ë ì¹ ¬O¬äÖ ½ J¬æyOK_È°.
G PiÖ H ¬ O ¬ ø ~¡ } =# `³ OQê} ãO`Ç O fã= G `~ßH Õ #°#ß i¬aÁH± é~HOÌhH÷ ¬ï~á# ¬¬ðÇ°
¬OHÆËìxH÷ Q®°~¡~ò#k. ¬¬ìHê~° W=Þä½O_¨ #Í°¼@Á KÍ§_È°.
G ãa\©+¹ =¬"^Î q^¥#O ì~¡`Ç KÍu=$`Ç°ë°, ¬iã×=°#° G ~Ë_È°,Á F_È~ö =ô x~à}ìxß ¢Ìá"\ Í ~¡OQêxH÷ J¬æyOK_È°.
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G ¬iã×=°HË¬O U ãQê=¶#° J~ò`Í Mìm KÍ~òOK~Ë G g~¡° ~¡Á"³°O\, §¬#¬ä½ ZxßïHá =°Oã`Ç°Ç¶¼~¡°.
Hh¬O P ãQê=¶"iH÷ ä_¨ L^Ë¼Qê° aOKÇ è^Î°. Hêh "~¡° D ãO`Ç Ja=$kH÷ P¬H÷ë KÇ¶¬ è^Î°. x^Î°°
L^Ë¼Qê° ^ù~¡HHéQê HOÌh #°O_ =KÍó =¼~¡Ö "³ò^Î ÿá#"\÷x "i =¶`Ç$ªÖ<ä½ `Ç~¡eOKÇ°@ä½ P¬H÷ë
¬^¥~Ö =# ªÖxä½ä½ H è q°y ì~ò. KÇ¶~ò.

Çüx\ 3 1P ãOfÇ° q¬HÆÌá# ã¬[ u~¡°Q®°ì@°
q^¥¼"Í`Çë ã¬uKÇ~¡¼- Ï~¡¬O¦¬¶ U~æ@° ã¬`Í¼H `³OQê} Q®°iëO¬ôïHá ã¬[ Õ

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. z#ß ~¢ *ìfÇ° ¬^Î °¬ , LªàxÇ¶ G `³OQê} SH¼ L^Î¼=° x~à}ìxH÷ `³OQê} Õ#°#ß 28
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. POã^Îã¬^Í J=`Ç~¡} x~¡¬# ¬ (1996) :
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G 1993 ¦ã² |=i 22, 23 `Ín Õ LªàxÇ¶ Õ z#ß ~ã
U~æ@°Q®°iOz *ìfÇ° ¬^Î¬° [iyOk.
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G g~¡° `³OQê}ä½ J#°äOQê ã¬¬OyOK~¡°.
G `Ç~Þ`Ç W@°=O\÷ ¬ x*ì=¶ì^£ Õ [iyOk.
. `³OQê} e|ö~+¬<£ ¬¶_ O³ \ P~¡<¾ *á³ +è <¬ ,£ 1991: . =°Or~¡ ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç ¬O¦¬°O, 1996 :
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Wk 1991 Õ U~¡æ_Ok. 1994 Õ POã^Î ãO`ÇO #°O_

G g~¡° 1996 #=O|~ 20# ²kÀí @ Õ ¬#
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Ìáì^Î~ì^£ä½ 112 =°Ok ÿHó~¡~¡°Á |kb JÇ¶¼~¡°.

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D ¬ Õ g~¡° `³OQê} QùO`Ç°#° qxæOK~¡°.

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. ¦é~¡O ¦¬~ ã¦Ô_ÈO P¦¹ ZH±ãÌ+¬<£ ¬^Î¬°, 1996 : .G

²kÀ@ ¬=¶"Í×O 1997 :
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²kíÀ@ Õ 1997 PQ®+¬µ Õ ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç° L^Ë¼Q®°° H²

G Ìáì^Î~ì^£ Õx q.q. Hê è* Õ D ¬^Î¬° [iyOk.
¬=¶"Í×O x~¡Þ²ìOK~¡°.
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< `³OQê}ÑÑ J<Í @ =zóOk.

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¬¬ìHiOzOk - ×O Ç¶^Îyi.
. ¦é~¡O ¦¬~ ã¦Ô_È"£° ZH±ãÌ+¬<£ ¬ (1997) :

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=¶ï~ø\ JÕH± \ìH©¹ Õ D ¬#° x~¡Þ²ìOK~¡°.
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HìHê~¡°° x~¡Þ²ìOz# ¬. D ¬ Õ `³OQê}ä½
G LªàxÇ¶ q×Þq^¥¼Ç°O Õ 1997 PQ®+¬µ 14, 15
[~¡°Q®°`Ç°#ß J<¼Ç¶#° KÇióOK~¡°.
`Ín Õ `³OQê}ì"^Î° ¬=¶"Í×O [iyOk.
G D ¬ Õ Q®^Îí~ "³ò^Î\ ÷ªi ''J=¶à `³OQê} =¶
G D ¬ä½ x~¡Þ²ìOz# "i Õ ã¬=òY°° - PK~¡¼
PHe öHH Qê#=¶?ÑÑ J<Í @ _¨_È°.
Hù`Çë¬eÁ [Ç°×OH~ ª~.
G ¬ ï ~ O_È ° ~ËA° [iyOk. 12 ¬iÕ^Î# ¬ã`° . `³OQê} ã¬Q®u "ÍkH :
¬=°iæOK~¡°.
G 1997 Õ U~¡ æ _ O k. D "Í k H Pq~Ä = O Q® ° iOz
G D ¬ ã `° `³ OQê}ä ½ [~¡ ° Q® ° `Ç ° #ß J<¼Ç ¶ #°
`³OQê} Õ Jxß ãO` Õ XöH~ËA, XöH ¬=°Ç°O Õ
`³eÇ°KÍª~ò.
¬ãuHê q èY~¡° ¬=¶"Í§ Õ ã¬H\ ÷OK~¡°.

G D "ÍkH Õ ã¬=òY°° ~Ë° P#O^Î ì¬ø~ P `³OQê} ª²ì`Ç¼ ¬q°`Ç°° :
G D "ÍkH |`Ç°H=°à ¬O_È°Q® Hê ìxß `³OQê} ªO¬ø $uH 2 ª~¡¬Þ`Ç q°ã`Ç=°O_Èe (1978, =~¡OQ® ) :
¬i~¡HÆ} k<Ë`Ç=OQê ã¬H\ ÷OzOk. G 1978 [#=i 26# ¬ì#àHùO_È Õ ã~¡OaOK~¡°.
G "Í ° ^ ¥ =ô°, §¢¬ ë " Í ` Ç ë #° ¬ g °H i Oz `³ OQê} h\ ÷ G jO ~*è+¬O, ^¥¬i H$âï~_Û° ªÖ²OK~¡°.
=#~¡°Ìá KÇ~¡ó° [i~¡°. G H=ô° ~¡KÇ~ò`Ç#° ãé`Ç²ìOKÇ°@, ªO¬ø $uH "Í_È°H°
G `³OQê} q=HÆ`ÇÌá ã¬[ä½ J=Qê¬ì# HeæOKÇ°@ä½ x~¡Þ²ìOKÇ°@.
J<ÍHKË@Á ¬° x~¡Þ²ìOK~¡°. G D ¬O¬Ö ã¬KÇ°~¡}° :
. "Í°^¥=ô ¬° : ãj "Í}°QË ×`ÇHO -
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G öHOã^Îã¬°`ÇÞO z#ß ~ãä½ J#°äOQê LO_È_ÈO`Ë N "ÍOH>è×Þ~¡ KÇiã`ÇO - ¬°^Î~¡Å<£ ï~_Û
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L^Íí×O`Ë `³OQê} "Í°^¥=ô° 1996 ¬O=`Ç~¡O Õ
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G 2007 [#=i 10# =~¡OQ® Õ ªÖ²OKÇ|_Ok.
J<ÍH ìs ¬#° x~¡Þ²ìOK~¡°.
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4, HùO_¨ HÆ à} ì¬îr 2 ~¡OQêï~_Û l ìÁ ª²ìu ¬q°u (1973) :
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G D ¬ Õ Q®^Îí~ `Ç# @^¥Þ~ ã¬`Í¼H `³OQê} 1973 Õ qHê~ì^£ Õ ªÖ²OK~¡°.
G D ¬O¬Ö ªÖ¬#ä½ ãÀ~¡ä½_È° - ãj =ò×¤¬î_ <~Ç°}

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P=×¼H`Ç#° Q®°iOz ã¬[ä½ `³eÇ°*è§_È°.

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D ¬#° 1996 Õ "³ò^Î ÿá#"~¡°

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G nx P^ÎÞ~¡¼O Õ 1996 #=O|~ 1# POã^Îã¬^Í J=`Ç~¡} QË²ï~_Û

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k<Ë`Ç =O#° x~¡ ² ¬ ¶ ë =~¡ O Q® Õ XH ¬ = ¶"Í §xß G ª²ì`Ç¼ KÇOãkH - ¬Or=x
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x~¡Þ²ìOzOk.
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G D ¬ Õ ã¬^¥# ¶q°H#° ãH÷+¬â=üië, [Ç°×OH~ ª~¡° G 1960 Õ "³°^ÎH± Õx ²kÀ@ Õ ªÖ²OK~¡°.
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P ÔæH~ Ç°#=° ~=°H$+¬µâ_È° ~¡¶eOQ· : °=# q[Ç°O

WOã^Î¬
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1966
1972
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² =~¡OQ® §¬#¬ ¬° ¼_È° ã¬}Ç°ì¬ø~ `³OQê}ä½
H#H¬ - 1974
[iy# J<¼Ç¶#° §¬#¬ Õ ã¬ªëqOK_È°.
2 q°ã`HÇ ì¬q°u, Pk ìì^£ :
G ÔæH~Qê L#ß Ç°#=° ~=°H$+¬µâ_È° ''`³OQê}ÑÑ J<Í
G 1979 Õ [<ß~¡O Õ ã~¡OaOKÇ|_Ok.
¬ ^ Î O "_È ä _È ^ Î ° , "³ # °H | _ # ãO`Ç O J<Í ¬ ^ Î O
G =°_¬eÁ g~¡ã^ÎÇ°¼
nxH÷ J^Î¼äÆ½_È° -
L¬³¶yOKx ~¡¶eOQ· WKó_È°.
G nx ªÖ¬ä½° - =°_¬eÁ g~¡ã^ÎÇ°¼ HË_È¶i ^ÎH÷Æ}ì=üië
G `³OQê}ä½ [iy# J<¼Ç¶#° "³eH÷f² '^ÎQê¬_ÈÛ
G ªÖ x H ~¡ K Ç ~ ò`Ç °, H = ô#° ãé`Ç ~òOz ¬ ¶ æië x
`³OQê}Ñ J<Í ãQ®O^¥xß Qê^³ W#ßÇ°¼ ã¬KÇ°iOK~¡°.
HeæOKÇ°@ nx HÆ ¼O.

G D ¬q°u ã¬KÇ°~¡}° - q°ã`Çª²ìu - q.P~. Q®}¬u, 2 QÒ`Çq° #=¼ª²ìu (Y=°àO) :
¬æ $¬ì - =°_ÌeÁ ^ÎH÷Æ}=üië. G 1980 Õ ¬`Ç¼<~Ç°}¬ô~¡O Õ ªÖ²OK~¡°.
2 K³á`Ç#¼ì~¡u, x~¡à (Pk ìì^£) : G 1990 Õ g~¡° '#=¬Þ~°Ñ J<Í Hq` ¬OH<#°
G 1978 Õ x~¡à öHOã^ÎOQê U~æ@°KÍ§~¡°. ã¬KÇ°iOK~¡°.
G ªÖ¬ä½° \÷.Z .Z<£. ªÞq°, [Ç°gã~A 2 hyi ª²ìu, (# ç¾O_È) :

G D ¬O¬Ö Pk ìì^£ l ìÁ Õ ª²ì`Ç¼ ¬^Î¬°°, Hê=¼ G 1992 Õ # ç¾O_È Õ ªÖ²OKÇ|_Ok.
Qê<°, ¬O_`Ç ¬^Î¬°°, Hq`é\©° x~¡Þ²ìOzOk. G nx ªÖ¬ä½_È° - ¬°OH÷ï~_Û <~Ç°}ï~_Û.
G ¬O¬Ö³òHø ã¬KÇ°~¡}° Lé^ÎÇ°O, z~¡°=ò=Þ°, K~¡° G nxH÷ `³OQê} Õ J<ÍH §Y° J<ÍH=°Ok ¬°¼°
KÇ~¡¼ ([Ç°gã~A) L<ß~¡°.
2 ^Îo`Ç ª²ìu Hì"ÍkH, Pk ìì^£ : 2 ª²ìu "Í°Y (# ç¾O_È) :
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G 1992 Õ ªÖ²OK~¡°. nxH÷ =ü¬ô~¡°+¬µ_È° \÷.JO[Ç°¼ G 1934 Õ # ç¾O_È l ìÁ Õ ªÖ²OK~¡°.
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G D ¬ Õ =~¡^¥K~¡°¼ä½ ².q. #~¡²O¬ð~=ô Q®O_È G

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1988 Õ Ìáì^Î~ì^£ Õ ªÖ²OK~¡°.

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2 HêÕr <~Ç°}~¬ô (1914 - 2002) : POã^Î°_¨ K=°KÍO^Î°ä½~ÑÑ.
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G 1931 Õ =°¬ð`àQêOnx H°¬°ä½<ß~¡°.

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G W"ÍHêH W`Ç~¡ ì+¬ #°Oz `³°Q®° ÕH÷ J<ÍH ~¡KÇ#eß G =òbø L^Î ¼ =°O Õ, 1969 L^Î ¼ =°O Õ KÇ ° ~¡ ° ä ½ Qê
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G q^¥¼iÖ<Í`ÇQê Q®°iëO¬ô ÚO^¥~¡°. `³OQê} =°e^Î×
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