welq t imvqb---cÖ_g Aa¨vq GmGmwm cÖ¯‘wZ cixÿv- 2023 welq †KvW t 1 3 7

mgq--- 30 wgwbU eûwbe©vPwb cixÿv bs- 01 c~Y©gvb --- 30

cixÿv_©xi bvg t ...................................................................................................... ‡ivj bs- ............................
[we‡kl `ªóe¨: mwVK/m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU K‡iv| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1|]
K L
M N
K L
M N
K L
K L M N
M N
K L
M N
K L M N
K L
K L M N
M N

K L
K 200 L 500 M N
M 2000 N 5000
K
K L L
M N M
N
K CO L CO2 M SO2 N NH3
K L
M N
K L
M N
K L M N
pH
O2  A +H2O + A

K L K CH4 L CO2
M N M CO N C6H12O6

K L
K CO L CO2 M SO2 N SO3 M N

K L K L
M N M N
K Fe2O3 L Fe3O4
K L
M Fe2O3.nH2O N Fe2O3.3H2O M N

K L
K 2000 L 5000 M N
M 6000 N 7000
K L
K 2300 L 2400 M N
M 2500 N 2600

K L K CaO H2O L MgO

M N M CO2 H2O N NO2
welq t imvqb---cÖ_g Aa¨vq GmGmwm cÖ¯‘wZ cixÿv- 2023 welq †KvW t 1 3 7
mgq--- 30 wgwbU eûwbe©vPwb cixÿv bs- 02 c~Y©gvb --- 30
cixÿv_©xi bvg t ...................................................................................................... ‡ivj bs- ............................
[we‡kl `ªóe¨: mwVK/m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU K‡iv| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1|]

K L
M N

K CO2, H2O L H2O, K L

M O2, H2O N C, N2 M N

K L i.
M N ii.
iii.
K L
K i ii L i iii
M N
M ii iii N i, ii iii
i.
ii. K L
iii. M N

K i ii L i iii K L
M ii iii N i, ii iii M N

i. K
ii. L
iii. M
N
Ki L i ii
M ii iii N i, ii iii
K L
M N
i.
ii.
iii.
K L
K i ii L i iii M N
M ii iii N i, ii iii
K L
M N

K
L
M
N
K L
M N K L
M N
i.
ii. K L
iii. M N

Ki L i ii K L
Mi iii N i, ii iii M N
 K L
K L M N
M N
K L
K M N
L
M K L
N M N

K L K L
M N M N

K L K L
M N M N
welq t imvqb---cÖ_g Aa¨vq GmGmwm cÖ¯‘wZ cixÿv- 2023 welq †KvW t 1 3 7
mgq--- 30 wgwbU eûwbe©vPwb cixÿv bs- 03 c~Y©gvb --- 30
cixÿv_©xi bvg t ...................................................................................................... ‡ivj bs- ............................
[we‡kl `ªóe¨: mwVK/m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU K‡iv| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1|]
K ii L i ii
K L M ii iii N i, ii iii
M N

K L
M N
K L
i. M N
ii.
iii. i.
ii.
Ki L ii iii.
Mi ii N ii iii
K i ii L i iii
M ii iii N i, ii iii
i.
ii.
iii.
K L
K i ii L i iii M N
M ii iii N i, ii iii
i.
i. ii.
ii. iii.
iii.
K i ii L i iii
Ki L i ii M ii iii N i, ii iii
M ii iii N i, ii iii
K L
i. M N
ii.
iii. K Zn L Pt
M Cu N Ag
Ki L i ii -
Mi iii N i, ii iii K L
M N
i.
K L
ii.
iii. M N

Ki L i ii
K L
M iii N i, ii iii
M N

i.
K L
ii.
M N
iii.
K L
 M N i.
ii.
K L iii.
M N
K i ii L i iii
M ii iii N i, ii iii
K L
M N i.
ii. DNA
K L iii.
M N
K i ii L i iii
M ii iii N i, ii iii
K L
M N i.
DNA ii.
iii.
K L
M N
K i ii L i iii
M ii iii N i, ii iii
K L
i.
M N
ii.
-
iii.
K L
M N Ki L i ii
Mi iii N ii iii

welq t imvqb---cÖ_g Aa¨vq GmGmwm cÖ¯‘wZ cixÿv- 2023 welq †KvW t 1 3 7

mgq--- 30 wgwbU eûwbe©vPwb cixÿv bs- 04 c~Y©gvb --- 30
cixÿv_©xi bvg t ...................................................................................................... ‡ivj bs- ............................
[we‡kl `ªóe¨: mwVK/m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU K‡iv| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1|]
K L
i. M N
ii.
iii. K L
M N
K i ii L i iii
M ii iii N i, ii iii K L
M N
K
L K L
M M N
N
K L
K L M N
M N
K L
M N
K L
i.
M N
ii.
iii.
K
L K i ii L i iii
M M ii iii N i, ii iii
N
i.
ii.
K L
iii.
M N
K i ii L i iii
K L M ii iii N i, ii iii
M N

K L
M N
i.
K ii.
L iii.
M
N K i ii L i iii
M ii iii N i, ii iii
K L

M N
i.
ii.
iii.
K L
M N
K i ii L i iii
K L M ii iii N i, ii iii
M N
K L
 M N
K L
K M N
L
M K L
N M N

K L K L
M N M N

K K
L L
M M
N N

welq t imvqb---cÖ_g Aa¨vq GmGmwm cÖ¯‘wZ cixÿv- 2023 welq †KvW t 1 3 7

mgq--- 30 wgwbU eûwbe©vPwb cixÿv bs- 05 c~Y©gvb --- 30
cixÿv_©xi bvg t ...................................................................................................... ‡ivj bs- ............................
[we‡kl `ªóe¨: mwVK/m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU K‡iv| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1|]

i.
K ii.
L iii.
M
N K i ii L i iii
M ii iii N i, ii iii

K L i.
ii.
M N
iii.

K i ii L i iii
M ii iii N i, ii iii
K L
M N
K L
M N
K L
M N
K L
K L M N
M N
K L
M N
K L
M N K L
M N
K L
M N
K L
K L
M N
M N

K L
M N K L
M N
K
L
M K L
N M N

K K L
L M N
M
N
K L
i. M N
ii.
iii.

K i ii L i iii K L
M ii iii N i, ii iii M N
 N
K L
M N K 1946 L 1947
M 1948 N 1949

K L
M N K L
M N
K
L K L
M M N

welq t imvqb---cÖ_g Aa¨vq GmGmwm cÖ¯‘wZ cixÿv- 2023 welq †KvW t 1 3 7

mgq--- 30 wgwbU eûwbe©vPwb cixÿv bs- 06 c~Y©gvb --- 30
cixÿv_©xi bvg t ...................................................................................................... ‡ivj bs- ............................
[we‡kl `ªóe¨: mwVK/m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤ú~Y© fivU K‡iv| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1|]

K L K L
M N M N

K L
K L M N
M N
X K L
M N
K L
M N K L
M N
i.
ii. K L
iii. M N
K i ii L i iii
M ii iii N i, ii iii K L
 PCl (l) + Cl (g)
PCl5(l)  M N
3 2

i. K L
ii. M N
iii.
K L
Ki ii L i iii M N
Mi iii N i, ii iii
As, Ag, Pb K L
M N
i.
ii. K L
iii.
M N
K i ii L i iii
K
M ii iii N i, ii iii
L
i M
ii. N
iii.
K L
K i ii L i iii M N
M ii iii N i, ii iii
K L
Al Cl3( 3H2O  Al(OH)3 + X;
M N
X
K L
K L
M N
M N

X K L
i. M N
ii.
iii.
K L
Ki L ii Mi ii N i, ii iii
M N K L
M N

K L K L
M N M N

K L K L
M N M N