Dr.

Antonio
Criminalistics - 6 (C.H.Ed.)
I. Introduction to Forensic Medicine
A. General Consideration
B. Deception Detection
C. Medico-Legal Aspects of Death, Physical Injuries & Gunshot Wounds
II. Identification, Pregnancy, Delivery, Birth, Abortion & Infanticide
A. Medico-Legal Aspects of Identification
B. Pregnancy, Delivery, Birth, Abortion & Infanticide
Criminalistics - 6 (P.R.C.)
1. Medical Science in crime investigation;
2. Human Anatomy & Physiology;
3. Medico-Legal aspects of physical injuries, death, abortion, poisoning, etc.;
4. Concepts & principles in the field of Forensic Medicine;
5. Legal & Moral obligations of Medico-Legal officer
KNOWLEDGE
Science – “Man’s explanation of everything in the universe.”
Art or Philosophy – “Man’s appreciation of everything in the universe.”
DISTINCTION
“MEDICINE” – a branch of science (body of knowledge based on conclusive facts through experimentation)
which deals with the art of healing the human being.
“medicine” – (in the Philippines), either being used interchangeably with the word “drug”, or being used to
pertain to a substance with therapeutic (healing or relieving) effect(s) on the ailing human body.
MEDICAL POINT OF VIEW
“drug” – any substance INTENDED, DESIGNED, MANUFACTURED, and DISTRIBUTED (RETAILED) solely for
THERAPEUTIC purpose(s) only.
“Pharmacology” – a branch of MEDICINE which deals with the study of all the aspects of (a) drug(s).
“Pharmaceuticals” – makers of (a) drug(s).
DEFINITION
“substance” – in Chemistry, anything of composition, may it be in an elemental form, as a compound, or as a
mixture.
“matter” – in Physics, anything that occupy space and has mass.
IN SCIENCE, THEY ARE SYNONYMOUS AND THEREFORE, BE USED INTERCHANGEABLY.
INVESTIGATIVE POINT OF VIEW
“drug” – anything, when taken into the human body, can cause DEPENDENCE (either physical or
psychological), TOLERANCE, and ADDICTION. Since it is being taken into the human body, it can be a subject of
ABUSE by the user (taker).
THIS IS ALSO THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE MAJORITY OF FILIPINOS.
SYSTEMS OF OUR STATE
Criminal Justice System;
Health Care Delivery System;
Literacy & Educational System;
Environmental Preservation & Ecological System;
Economic Growth & Development System; &
Social Welfare & Advancement System.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Law Enforcement – from the Executive Branch;
Prosecution – from the Executive Branch;
(Trial & Appellate) Court – from the Judicial Branch or Judiciary;
Correction – from the Executive Branch; &
Community.
 Dr. Antonio
CRIMINAL LAW
Ordinary / “Regular” Penal Laws
Source: Revised Penal Code
Book One (Principles) 1 – 113
Book Two (Felonies) 114 – 365
“All felonies are mala in se except Art. 217: Malversation of public funds or property wherein INTENT IS NOT
AN ELEMENT”.
CRIMINAL LAW
Special / “not amendatory to any felony” Penal Laws
Also called OFFENSE(S)
All are MALA PROHIBITA.
All have titles beginning with the word “Anti-”; BUT NOT ALL PENAL LAWS WITH TITLES BEGINNING WITH
THE WORD “Anti-” ARE MALA PROHIBITA.
REMEDIAL LAW
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
110 – 127 Rules of Court
Rule 119: Trial
EVIDENCE
128 – 133 Rules of Court
Rule 130: Admissibility
Rule 133: Weight & Sufficiency
“Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt”
REMEDIAL LAW
Rule 130: Admissibilty
A. OBJECT (REAL) EVIDENCE –also called “physical” or “autoptic” evidence.
B. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE –pertains to written and/or printed content(s).
C. TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE – said
…as a Medical Witness…
“If the Law has made you a Witness, remain a Man of Science”.
“You have no victim to avenge, no guilty person to ruin, or no innocent one to save”.
“You must bear witness within the Limit of Science”.
P.C.H. BROUARDEL, M.D. (French)
CRIMINOLOGY
Criminal Law & Jurisprudence
LawEnforcementAdministration
Crime Detection & Investigation
Correctional Administration
Criminology / Criminal Sociology
Criminalistics / Forensics
plus GeneralEducationSubjects
CRIMINALISTICS
- 1: Forensic Personal Identification (Dactyloscopy)
- 2: Forensic Photography
- 3: Forensic Firearm Examination (Ballistics)
- 4: Forensic Questioned Document Examination
- 5: Forensic Lie Detection (Polygraphy)
- 6: Forensic Medicine
WHAT IS COMMON?
Cesare Lambroso/Lombroso Francis Galton
Alphonse Bertillon Calvin (not “Henry”) Goddard
 Dr. Antonio
John Larson Purkinje, MD
Malpighi DIFFERENCE
Purkinje Doctor / Dr.
“ALL ARE PHYSICIANS” Doctor of Medicine
Cesare Lambroso/Lombroso, MD Medical Doctor / M.D.
Alphonse Bertillon, MD Physician (manggagamot)
Francis Galton, MD Scientific / Western Medicine
Calvin(not “Henry”)Goddard, MD Traditional Healer (herb-ularyo)
John Larson, MD Alternative / Eastern Medicine
Malpighi, MD
DISTINCTION
“Doctor” / “Dr.” – just a title, meaning, a formal learner of a (certain) DOCTRINE.
By analogy: “Disciple” simply means, a consistent follower of a (certain) DISCIPLINE.
“Doctor” – a title of a course, either a purely academic one, or a professional application.
DISTINCTION
Examples of academic / professorial application: - of Education; - of Science; - of Psychology; - of Divinity; -
of Philosophy; & - of Humanities.
Professionals: Physician (MD); Lawyer / Attorney (JD); Dentist (DMD); Veterinarian (DVM); & Optometrist
(DO).
CLARIFICATION
Optometrist is totally different from Ophthalmologist.
Optometrist (“Dr.”) is a professional who examines eyesight / visual function & prescribes corrective lenses.
Ophthalmologist (“Dr.”) is a Physician who examines, then treats eye & visual disorders.
CLARIFICATION
Juris Doctor (JD) is a four-year post-collegiate course taken in preparation for the Bar Exam, to become a
lawyer / attorney.
Doctor of Civil Laws (DCL) is a four-year post-Law course that can only be taken by a lawyer / attorney
(already).
SPECIFICATION
LEGAL MEDICINE is composed of Forensic Medicine (purely scientific) plus Medical Jurisprudence (purely
legal).
Any Physician can practice Forensic Medicine, BUT only a Physician-Lawyer/Attorney can practice Medical
Jurisprudence; thus, called “Medical Jurist”.
HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM
All under the Executive Branch:
The Department of Health
(The Bureau of Food & Drug)
The Department of Social Welfare & Development
The Philippine Insurance Commission
MEDICINE
CLINICAL MEDICINE – *Obstetrics, *Paediatrics, *Internal Medicine (Neurology, Cardiology, Pulmonology,
etc.), *Surgery (Neurologic Surgery, Thoracic-Cardiovascular Surgery, Orthopaedics, etc.)
DIAGNOSTIC MEDICINE – *Pathology, *Radiology, etc.
MEDICINE
INVESTIGATIVE MEDICINE or Forensic Medicine
as being offered or served by:
*Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory
*Medico-Legal Division of the National Bureau of Investigation
*Commission on Human Rights
 Dr. Antonio
LEGAL MEDICINE is a branch of medicine which deals with the application of medical knowledge to the
purpose of law and in the administration of justice. It is the application of basic and clinical, medical and
paramedical sciences to elucidate legal matters.
Originally, the terms legal medicine, forensic medicine, and medical jurisprudence are synonymous and, in
common practice, are used interchangeably.
DISTINCTION
Legal medicine is primarily the application of medicine to legal cases.
Forensic Medicine concerns with the application of medical science to elucidate legal problems.
Medical Jurisprudence denotes knowledge of law in relation to the practice of medicine.

STAGES
Basic (Plain or Simple) level
Forensic level
Legal level
BASIC (Plain or Simple)
- 1: Personal Identification (Dactyloscopy)
- 2: Photography
- 3: Firearm Examination (Ballistics)
- 4: Questioned Document Examination
- 5: Lie Detection (Polygraphy)
- 6: Medicine
- 7: Chemistry
FORENSICS or CRIMINALISTICS
- 1: Forensic Personal Identification (Dactyloscopy)
- 2: Forensic Photography
- 3: Forensic Firearm Examination (Ballistics)
- 4: Forensic Questioned Document Examination
- 5: Forensic Lie Detection (Polygraphy)
- 6: Forensic Medicine
- (7: Forensic Chemistry)
LEGAL
- 1: Legal Personal Identification (Dactyloscopy)
- 2: Legal Photography
- 3: Legal Firearm Examination (Ballistics)
- 4: Legal Questioned Document Examination
- 5: Legal Lie Detection (Polygraphy)
- 6: Legal Medicine
- (7: Legal Chemistry)
CRIMES AGAINST PERSON(S)
Victim dies (namatay): parricide; murder; homicide; death from tumultuous affray; infanticide; & giving
assistance to suicide.
Victim still lives (nabuhay pa rin): slight -; less serious -; & serious -; physical injury from tumultuous affray;
mutilation; & administering injurious substance.
Victim’s orifice was penetrated by another person’(s)’ body part, or was inserted by an object or instrument
(nahalay): rape
THE ANTI-RAPE LAW (R.A. 8353)
Before, Rape is a Crime Against Chastity 335.
Now, it is a Crime Against Person 266-A.
Now, it includes Sexual Assault 266-A(2).
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Now, it can be stated in the “Information” during Arraignment as “in relation to” other Special Penal Laws
such as Anti-Child Abuse Law (R.A. 7610) violation, etc.
Now, there are no more “frustrated (stage of) rapes”; only “consummated” & “attempted”.
BASIS
The (living) victim still live, or is still alive. – NON-FATAL or NON-MORTAL INJURY – Physical Injury (slight,
less serious, or serious), Mutilation, Administering Injurious Substance, OR P.I. resulting from tumultuous
affray
The (living) victim dies, or becomes dead. – FATAL or MORTAL INJURY – Homicide (parricide, murder,
infanticide), OR Death resulting from tumultuous affray
CRIMES AGAINST PERSON(S)
Pregnancy was prematurely terminated resulting in fetal death (nadamay): intentional -; unintentional -;
abortion practiced by the pregnant woman herself or her parent(s); by a physician, a midwife & dispensing
abortives (by a pharmacist).
Provisions or Articles pertaining to circumstances (“walay”): participation to -; challenge to - a duel;
discharge of firearm; penalty for frustrated killing; & “destierro”.
FETAL DEVELOPMENT
 1st month: eyeballs & limb buds;
 2nd month: nose & jaw;
 3rd month: nails & genitalia;
 4th month: bodily hairs;
 5th month: gums;
 6th month: eyelashes;
 7th month: testicles (in males only);
 8th to 9th months: COMPLETE ALREADY!
PUBERTAL GROWTH
 pubic hairs: 13 y/o (f) 14 y/o (m);
 mustache & beard: 16 – 18 y/o (m);
 breasts: 13 – 14 y/o (f);
 change in voice: 16 – 18 y/o (m&f);
 menstruation: 11 – 12 y/o (f).
OTHERS
Tooth Eruption Periods:
TEMPORARY: 0.5 – 2 y/o (m & f) (14+14=28);
PERMANENT: 6 – 18 y/o (m & f) (28+4[WT]=32).
Number of Bones:
CHILD: 200 pieces (m & f);
ADULT: 206 pieces (m & f);
Source of the additional six (6) bones: 3 pairs of ossicles or tiny bones found in both middle ears.
Hardest bone of the body: Enamel of a tooth.
ASPECTS OF HUMAN BEING
Spiritual: the HIGHEST
Philosophical – Rational:
Socio-Cultural:
Psychological – Personal:
Emotional – Behavioral:
Physical (Biological): the LOWEST & the only aspect that both zoological (animals) & botanical (plants)
species also have.
(Physical) Injury
DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Physical – generally refers to the body of a human being, both external and internal;
 Dr. Antonio
 Assault – any form of violent and/or offensive action directed towards a subject;
 Physical Assault – any form of violent and/or offensive action directed towards a human being,
resulting to any form of injury, either external, internal, or both;
 Injury – any form of disruption in the integrity, state, and/or functioning of either a part of, many
parts of, or the whole human body;
 Physical Injury – a legal terminology of Criminal Law, “but a redundant Medico-Legal terminology”.
Classification of Injury
 Based on body location; Based on description
 Based on cause and/or agent;  With reference to skin integrity:
 Based on description; “penetrating or non-penetrating”;
 Based on manner;  With reference to skin direction:
 Based on mechanism; “linear or non-linear”;
 Specifically-classified;  With reference to skin opening:
 Non-specifically classified. “regularly-shaped edge or
Based on body location irregularly-shaped edge”
 With reference to surface level:
“superficial or deep”; Based on manner
 With reference to body cavity:  Projectile or Distant infliction
“external or internal”; ex. gun-fired, arrowed, speared,
 With reference to body part: shrapnel-hit, explosion- shocked
“head, neck, chest, abdomen,  Contact infliction
back, or limb (arm, forearm, ex. stabbed, hacked, axed,
hand, thigh, leg, or foot)” bat-hit, fist-blown, slapped,
side-swept,
Based on cause and/or agent
 by mechanical Based on mechanism
ex. gun-shot, stabbed, fist-blown  Intended
 by chemical ex. surgical incision
ex. corrosive-skin contact,  Induced
toxic substance-ingestion ex. stabbed wound
 by thermal  Accidental
ex. burn, scald, frost-bite ex. fracture secondary to fall from a
 by electrical high location
ex. lightning-strike, electrocution  Consequential
 by radiation ex. ruptured artery secondary to
ex. nuclear explosion exposure, sudden increase in blood
excessive ultra-violet ray pressure

 Based on effect
Fatal or Mortal
Non-fatal or Non-mortal
 Based on status
Situation #1: The skin is intact; therefore, there is no actual bleeding. – CLOSED INJURY
Situation #2: The skin is not intact; therefore, there is actual bleeding. – OPEN INJURY or WOUND
Specifically-classified
 Closed injuries
1. Contusion (bruise) – a confined, dark escape of blood from its vessel, due to
discoloration of a surface of the skin a sudden forceful impact on that
or mucosa of the body, caused by the location by a blunt object or body

part.
2. Ecchymosis (“kiss-mark”) – similar to a
contusion, in appearance and cause,
but due to a continuous vacuum
force or negative pressure exerted
on the surface of the skin or
mucosa of the body.
 Closed injuries
3. Hematoma (lump) – a circumscribed, dark
discoloration of a surface of the skin or
mucosa of the body caused by the escape of
blood from its vessel and accumulation into
the tissue space, due to a sudden forceful
impact on that location by a blunt object or
body part.
4. Erythema (reddening) – a confined,
reddish discoloration of a surface of the
skin or mucosa of the body caused by
the temporary cessation of its blood flow,
maybe due to heat (like in direct sunlight
exposure) or autonomic reaction of the body
(like during blushing), or due to a slight sudden
impact on that location by a blunt object or
body part (like in an after-slapping incident).
 Open injuries or Wounds
1. Abrasion (graze / scratch) – a
 Specifically-classified
 Open injuries or Wounds
5. Puncture (poke) – caused by a sharp-pointed object;
6. Stab (knife-thrust) – caused by a sharp-pointed & sharp-edged object;
7. Gunshot (bullet-wound) – caused by a tiny blunt object which hit the skin surface or mucosa of
the body, at a very fast speed or at a very high velocity;
Injuries caused by the clinician:
 Incision – a surgically-induced
wound, intended solely to gain
access into deeper portion or
cavity of the body, and to widen
body opening; OR
 Extraction – a maneuver
intended to remove a tooth on
the jaw, or any foreign object
dislodged into a body cavity; OR
 Excision – a surgical operation
intended to remove a part or a
portion of the body; OR
 Amputation – a surgical
operation intended to remove a
Dr. Antonio
superficial break or disruption in
the integrity of the skin surface
or mucosa of the body (including the vulva),
caused by a sudden forceful impact or
continuous rubbing of that body
part onto a rough surface.
2. Laceration (tear) – a deep break or
disruption in the integrity of the skin
surface or mucosa of the body (including
the hymen, vagina, and anus), with
irregularly-shaped edges, caused by
a sudden forceful impact on that
location by a blunt object or body part.
 Open injuries or Wounds
3. Incision (slash / cut) – a
superficial or deep break or
disruption in the integrity of the
skin surface or mucosa of the
body, caused by a sudden or
gradual, forceful strike of a
sharp-edged object.
4. Hack (chop) – a deep break or
disruption in the integrity of the skin
surface or mucosa of the body, caused
by a sudden, forceful strike of a
heavy and sharp-edged object.
body limb or a portion of it; OR
 Subluxation – a partial
displacement of bones in a joint,
caused by an external force.
 Dislocation – a total
displacement of bones in a joint,
caused by an external force.
 Decapitation – the total
detachment of the head from
the rest of the body, caused by a
sudden or gradual distracting
force, or a strike by a sharp-edged
object. (“ALWAYS HOMICIDAL”)
 Dr. Antonio
 Neither closed nor open injuries:
 Fracture (bone-break) – a disruption in the integrity & continuity of the bone caused by a sudden
impact of external force exerted on any portion of it.
 Burn (scald / frostbite) – a disruption in the integrity of the skin surface or mucosa of the body caused
by contact with either a very hot or a very cold substance.
 Avulsion (dismember) – a forceful, sudden or gradual detachment of a part of the body.
Homicide can be defined
 based on its word origin combination;
prefix: homo- “man” + affix: -cide “killing”.
 based on its general meaning;
the killing of a human being.
 based on Medical (Forensic) context;
the violent and/or unnatural death of a human being.
 based on Legal (Criminal Law) context;
the killing of a human being by another.
Forensic (Medical) Context
1. With reference to the alleged incident;
ex. Drowning, Hanging, Electrocution, Fell, Hit
2. With reference to gross presentation;
ex. Burn, Decapitation, Starvation, Dehydration
3. With reference to the characteristic injury;
ex. Gun-shot, Stabbed, Hacked, Crushed
4. With reference to combination of nos. 1 to 3
ex. Multiple Traumatic Injuries, Shock, Asphyxia
DIFFERENT FORMS OF HOMICIDE
 INFANTICIDE – the killing of a child less than three days old (<72 hours);
 PARRICIDE – the killing of a relative by blood in the direct line, or a spouse;
 SUICIDE – the killing of one’s self; &
 MURDER – the killing of a person (homicide) with any of the six (6) specific circumstances defined in
Article 248 of the Revised Penal Code.
MOST COMMON MEANS
 for INFANTICIDE: Smothering, Neglected to starve to death;
 for PARRICIDE: Beating to death, Manual strangulation;
 for SUIDICIDE: Gun-shooting, Over-consumption of sedating substance [upper class], Ingestion of
poisonous substance, Wrist slashing [middle class], Hanging, Jumping-off from height [lower class];
 for MURDER: Gun-shooting [upper class], Made to ingest poisonous substance [middle class],
Stabbing [lower class];
GUN-SHOOTING
 results to gun-shot injury/wound on the body;
 there is ALWAYS a point of entry of the slug (of the bullet) on the body, once it hit ACROSS; but NOT
ALWAYS a point-of-exit, unless it is thru-and-thru;
 usually, the “point-of-entry” wound opening is narrower, compared to the “point-of-exit” wound
opening;
 there is ALWAYS a contusion or abrasion collar on an entry wound, but NEVER on an exit wound;
 there is ALWAYS tattooing on the skin portion near the entry wound, if the muzzle’s tip of the gun
was fired WITHIN TWO FEET from the body surface; but NEVER on an exit wound; &
 there is ALWAYS smudging on the skin portion around the entry wound, if the muzzle’s tip of the gun
was fired while on-contact with the body surface;
“SHARP-POINTED” only
 results to a slit-shaped injury/wound;
 Dr. Antonio
 there is ALWAYS an entry wound, once the thrust was made, but NOT ALWAYS an exit wound, unless
it is thru-and-thru;
 usually, the “point-of-entry” wound opening is of SAME DIMENSION as the “point-of-exit” wound
opening; &
 definitely, there is NEITHER tattooing NOR smudging near the “point-of-entry” wound opening;
“SHARP-POINTED” & “SHARP-EDGED”
 results to a UNI-tapering-shaped injury/wound, if the object used for stabbing has only ONE sharp-
edged side;
 usually, the tapering side of the “point-of-entry” wound opening also has a tailing (like a straight
linear abrasion);
 results to a BI-tapering-shaped injury/wound, if the object used for stabbing has TWO sharp-edge
sides;
 there is ALWAYS an entry wound, once the thrust was made, but NOT ALWAYS an exit wound, unless
it is thru-and-thru;
 usually, the “point-of-entry” wound opening is of SAME DIMENSION as the “point-of-exit” wound
opening; &
 definitely, there is NEITHER tattooing NOR smudging near the “point-of-entry” wound opening;
CLASSIFICATION
 Natural Death: b. Ineffective (infectious) blood –
1. Prematurity Sepsis (Septicemia/Septic Shock)
2. Very Old Age c. Multiple Organ Failure – Cardio-
3. Disease-Caused Pulmonary (Respiratory) Arrest
a. Organ Destruction (Cancer)
CLASSIFICATION
 Non-natural Death:
1. Violent (mauling, stabbing, puncturing, incising, lacerating, hacking, gun-shooting, etc.)
2. “Crime-related” (felonious [intentional / deliberate or negligent / imprudent ] OR offensive)
3. MEDICO-LEGAL CASES
Medico-Legal Cases
 VERY SEVERE INJURY OF THE VITAL ORGAN (of the brain or the heart)
 LOSS OF EFFECTIVE CIRCULATING BLOOD (HYPOVOLEMIA / HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK ) – “bleeding-to-
death”
 LACK OF OXYGEN ENTERING THE LUNGS (ASPHYXIA )
CLASSIFICATION
 Unclassified (neither natural nor non-natural)
1. Self-homicidal (suicidal )
2. Self-accidental
3.Phenomenological(unexplainable)
a. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (S.I.D.S.) or Crib Death
b. Tension Pneumothorax
c. Acute Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis
ASPHYXIA by Ligating,
1. Solid: Internal: CHOKING Mugging,
External: STRANGULATION Manual gripping / Throttling, or
by Hanging, Compressing / Crushing.
Smothering,
2. Liquid: DROWNING
in Water either salty / non-fresh or
non-salty / fresh;
or Non-water
 Dr. Antonio
3. Gaseous: Non-oxygen: SUFFOCATION or
Non-carbon dioxide: CARBON
MONOXIDE POISONING
SHOCK
1. Septicemia or SEPTIC SHOCK – blood infection or sepsis wherein there is always livor mortis.
2. Hypovolemia or HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK –
loss of blood in the circulation resulting in
palor which is the opposite of livor mortis.
Death is the …
 end-event of an organism or species
 termination of all the life processes;
 complete cessation of all the vital functions; &
 irreversible loss of all the properties of living matter;
Kinds of Death:
1. Somatic or Clinical
 complete, persistent, and continuous cessation of the vital functions of the brain, heart, and lungs;
2. Molecular or Cellular
 still presence of life among individual cells, after cessation of the vital functions of the brain, heart,
and lungs;
3. Apparent or “Not Really” – TOTALLY WRONG!
 state of suspended animation, and merely a transient loss of consciousness;
 temporary cessation of the vital functions of the brain, heart, and lungs
CRITERIA IN DETERMINING DEATH
 Brain Death (presence of deep irreversible coma, absence of electrical brain activity, and complete
cessation of all the vital functions without possibility of resuscitation)
 Cardio-Respiratory Death (presence of continuous and persistent cessation of heart and lung
functions)
GROSS SIGNS OF DEATH
1. Cessation of Heart Function (Circulation);
2. Cessation of Lung Function (Respiration);
3. Cooling of the Body (“Algor Mortis”)
4. Insensibility and Immovability of the Body
5. Dermatologic (Skin) Changes
6. Ophthalmologic (Eye) Changes
7. Non-Effect of Heat on the Skin
GROSS CHANGES AFTER DEATH
1. in the Muscle;
2. in the Blood;
3. Autolysis or Auto-digestion; &
4. Putrefaction of the Body
1. CHANGES IN THE MUSCLE
a) Stage of Primary Flaccidity (Post-mortem or Period of Muscular Irritability);
b) Stage of Post-mortem Rigidity (Cadaveric Rigidity / Death Stiffening / “Death Struggle of the
Muscles” / “Rigor Mortis” ); &
c) Stage of Secondary Flaccidity or Commencement of Putrefaction (Decay of the Muscle) / Secondary
Relaxation
2. CHANGES IN THE BLOOD
a) Coagulation of the Blood; &
b) Post-Mortem Lividity or Cadaveric Lividity / Post-Mortem Suggillation / Post-Mortem Hypostasis /“
Livor Mortis”
 Dr. Antonio
3. AUTOLYSIS OR AUTODIGESTION
 proteolytic, glycolytic, and lipolytic ferments of glandular tissues continue to act, leading to the
autodigestion of organs;
 facilitated by weak acid, and high temperature;
 delayed by the alkaline reaction of the tissues of the body, and low temperature;
 appears early in the parenchymatous and glandular tissues
4. PUTREFACTION OF THE BODY
a) Changes in the Color of the Tissues;
b) Evolution of Gases in the Tissues; &
c) Liquefaction of the Tissues
DEAD is …
 an adjective word used to denote the state of DEATH;
 Synonymous: DECEASED, LIFELESS;
 non-living state of organisms or species; &
 commonly referred to as BODY in the expression “Body Count” which is for the non-living person,
(while “Head Count” is for the living person) in Military, Law Enforcement, and Investigative settings
Sexual-in- Nature
SEX refers to
- the Gender of the Species (Male or Female); OR
- the Means between a male and a female species,
“both of which are of reproductive capacity”;
“both of which has the sole intention of procreation of the
same species”; OR
- the Act between two or more human beings,
“either of same gender or not”;
“either each one has the reproductive capacity or not”;
“either each one has the sole intention of procreation or
not”;
“but neither of each lacks the CONSENT, nor the capacity
and/or legitimacy to give such”; Otherwise,
“Sex becomes a form of ABUSE to the one who lacks the
consent or the capacity and/or legitimacy to give such!”
DEFINITION
ABUSE
- means Wrong or Inappropriate Use;
- occurs at different circumstances, and Sex can be one;
- thus, referred to as,
SEXUAL ABUSE
- occurs between one [victim] who lacks the consent or the
capacity and/or legitimacy to give such for a sexual act
and/or any similar act, and another [assailant (can be
more than one)] who has such.
RAPE
- a form of sexual abuse characterized by the penetration of
body part(s) of the assailant, or by insertion of
object(s), by the assailant into orifice(s) of the victim.
MEDICO-LEGAL PURPOSES
1. for DETECTION OF ANY INJURY and DETERMINATION OF THE EXTENT OF SUCH INJURY on the subject
[victim], with much focus on the anal and/or genital portions;
 Dr. Antonio
2. for DETECTION OF SPECIMEN [assailant’s] on the subject [victim] and IDENTIFICATION OF SUCH
SPECIMEN, and if it is possible, its probable source [the assailant];
3. for COLLECTION with proper labeling, PROCESSING, and PRESERVATION of identified specimen; &
4. for accurate DOCUMENTATION OF FINDINGS in the form of a report or certificate to be used as
corroborative evidence.
MEDICO-LEGAL PROCEDURES
1. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION of the subject [victim] with much focus on the anal and/or genital portions;
2. SEMEN DETECTION ( on the subject [victim] and/or other surfaces;
3. SPERM DETECTION (through microscopy) from the subject [victim] and/or other surfaces;
4. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF DISCHARGE to detect infection;
5. SEROLOGIC EXAMINATION for blood typing and/or matching; &
6. D -e-oxyribo N -ucleic A -cid TESTING for genetic composition matching.
MEDICO-LEGAL EXAMINATION
1. First, IDENTIFICATION or IDENTITY DETERMINATION of the subject [victim], even if deceased, (name,
age, gender, sex background, etc.);
2. DETECTION OF ANY INJURY on the subject [victim] with much focus on the anal and/or genital
portions (anal orifice, penis and scrotum [male], and vulva [female]);
3. DETECTION OF PERTINENT SPECIMEN from the subject [victim] (oral, anal, urethral, and vaginal
orifices) and other surfaces (skin, haired-portions, clothes, linen, etc.); &
4. RECORDING OF ALL THE PERTINENT FINDINGS.
MEDICO-LEGAL FINDINGS
1. Injury, in the form of either a…  Semen;
 Laceration;  Sperm;
 Abrasion;  Blood;
 Contusion; or  Pus (infected discharge);
 Combination of any, or all of the three  Foreign object; or
injuries above-mentioned;  Combination of any of the five specimens
2. Presence of either a… above-mentioned
SITES OF INJURY
 for LACERATION: hymen, anal orifice, fourchette, pudendum;
 for ABRASION: peri-hymenal portion, labia majora (outer / big lips), labia minora (inner / small lips),
peri-urethral portion, fourchette, pudendum [among females]; glans penis (head), penile shaft (body)
[among males]; anal orifice
 for CONTUSION: hymen, peri-hymenal portion, labia majora (outer / big lips), labia minora (inner /
small lips), peri-urethral portion, fourchette, pudendum [among females]; glans penis (head), penile
shaft (body) [among males]; anal orifice
SITES OF SPECIMEN
 for SEMEN: oral cavity, vaginal canal, anal canal, pubic-haired portion, haired portion of the head;
 for SPERM: oral cavity, vaginal canal, anal canal, pubic-haired portion, haired portion of the head;
 for BLOOD: hymen, vaginal orifice, anal orifice;
 for PUS (infected discharge): urethral orifice [among males], vaginal orifice [among females];
 for FOREIGN OBJECT: vaginal canal, anal canal;
MISCONCEPTIONS
“Virginity is based on the INTACTNESS of all the anatomical structures on the genital portion [for the
females]; or the ABSENCE of any form of injury (either recent or remote) on the genital portion [for both
males and females].”
“If there is NO INJURY on the hymen [for the females] and/or anal orifice [for both males and females], then
there is NO RAPE.”