Elementos finitos CIV - 313

Practica 3: Solucionario
1. a) Del ejercicio 4 de la práctica 2, resolver el inciso B.
Se plantean las nuevas funciones de forma y al finalizar los cálculos. estos no tienen un a diferencia relevante co n respecto a las funcione s de
forma cuadráticas.
b) Del ejercicio 5 de la práctica 2, resolver el inciso B.
Se plantean las nuevas funciones de forma y al finalizar los cálculos. estos no tienen una diferenc ia relevante con respecto a las funciones de
forma cuadráticas.
2. Una varilla cónica sujeta a fuerza por peso f= x 2 que actúa en dirección x y tiene una carga p untual P=2N, como se mues tra en la figura 1.
a) Discretización a 3 nudos con funciones de forma lineales
b) Discretización a 3 nudos con funciones de forma cuadráticas
c) Discretización a 4 nudos con funciones de forma cubicas

E ≔ 50 d＝a + b ⋅ x
a) Si x ＝ 0 u＝0 0 ＝ a0 + a1 ⋅ 0 + a2 ⋅ 0 2
x＝0 d＝3 3＝a + b ⋅ 0 a0 ＝ 0 u ＝ a1 ⋅ x + a2 ⋅ x 2
x＝4 d＝1 1＝a + b ⋅ 4 d
―― u ＝ a1 + 2 ⋅ a2 ⋅ x up ＝ 4 ⋅ a1 + 16 ⋅ a2
dx
d ＝ 3 - 0.5 ⋅ x

A ＝ t ⋅ d ＝ 0.6 - 0.1 ⋅ x

x2 x2 x2 x2 x2
1 1 ⌠
Π ＝ ―⌠ ⌡ E ⋅ ε ⋅ ε ⋅ A dx - ⌠⌡ u ⋅ f ⋅ A dx - ⌠⌡ u ⋅ 0 d x - up ⋅ P ＝ ―⌡ E ⋅ ε 2 ⋅ A d x - ⌠⌡ u ⋅ f ⋅ A d x - up ⋅ P
2 x1 x1 x1 2 x1 x1
4 4
1 ⌠ ⌠
Π ≔ ―⌡ E ⋅ ((a1 + 2 ⋅ a2 ⋅ x)) 2 ⋅ ((0.6 - 0.1 ⋅ x)) d x - ⌡ ⎛⎝a1 ⋅ x + a2 ⋅ x 2 ⎞⎠ ⋅ x 2 ⋅ ((0.6 - 0.1 ⋅ x)) d x - ((4 ⋅ a1 + 16 ⋅ a2)) ⋅ 2
2 0 0

Π ≔ 40.0 ⋅ a1 2 + 266.66666666666666667 ⋅ a1 ⋅ a2 + 640.0 ⋅ a2 2 - 86.613333333333333333 ⋅ a2 - 25.92 ⋅ a1

d d
――Π ―→ 266.66666666666666667 ⋅ a2 + ((80.0 ⋅ a1 - 25.92)) ――Π ―→ 1280.0 ⋅ a2 + ((266.66666666666666667 ⋅ a1 - 86.613333333333333333))
d a1 d a2

⎛⎡ 80 266.66666666666666667 25.92 ⎤⎞ ⎡ 1 0 0.3221818182 ⎤

rref ⎜⎢ ⎥⎦⎟⎠ = ⎢⎣ 0 1 0.0005454545 ⎥⎦
⎝⎣ 266.66666666666666667 1280.0 86.613333333333333333

u ≔ 0.3221818182 ⋅ x + 0.0005454545 ⋅ x 2 up ≔ 0.3221818182 ⋅ 4 + 0.0005454545 ⋅ 4 2 = 1.2974545448

⎛ d ⎞
σ ≔ E ⋅ ⎜―― u⎟ ―→ 0.05454545 ⋅ x + 16.10909091
⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠
b) Usando una discretización a 3 nudos
( ) x2 - x -x + 2 x - x1 x
Tramo_1 L≔2 x1 ≔ 0 x2 ≔ 2 u (1) ＝ N1 ⋅ u1 + N2 ⋅ u2 N1 ≔ ――― ―
→ ――― N2 ≔ ――― ―
→― A ≔ 0.6 - 0.1 ⋅ x
2
L 2 L 2
E ≔ 50 ⌠ ⎡ -x + 2 ⎤ ⎡ 8 ⎤
2 ⎮ ⎢ ――― ⎥ ⎢ ―― ⎥
E ⎡ 1 -1 ⎤ ⌠ ⎡ 12.5 -12.5 ⎤ ⎮⎢ 2 ⎥ ⋅ x 2 ⋅ ((0.6 - 0.1 ⋅ x)) d x ― 25 ⎥
K1 ≔ ―― ⋅⎢ ⎥⎦ ⋅ ⌡ A d x ―
→⎢ fe1 ≔ ⎮ →⎢
L 2 ⎣ -1 1 ⎣ -12.5 12.5 ⎥⎦ ⎢
⎮⎢ ― ⎥
x ⎥ ⎢ 22 ⎥
0
⎢ ―― ⎥
⌡⎣
⎮ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 25 ⎦
0
( ) x2 - x -x + 4 x - x1 x-2
Tramo_2 L≔2 x1 ≔ 2 x2 ≔ 4 u (2) ＝ N1 ⋅ u2 + N2 ⋅ u3 N1 ≔ ――― → ――― N2 ≔ ―――
― ―
→ ―― A ≔ 0.6 - 0.1 ⋅ x
4
L 2 L 2
⌠ ⎡ -x + 4 ⎤ ⎡ 58 ⎤
4 ⎮ ⎢ ――― ⎥ ⎢ ―― ⎥
E ⎡ 1 -1 ⎤ ⌠ ⎡ 7.5 -7.5 ⎤ ⎮⎢ 2 ⎥ ⋅ x 2 ⋅ ((0.6 - 0.1 ⋅ x)) d x ― 25 ⎥
K2 ≔ ―― ⋅⎢ ⎥⎦ ⋅ ⌡ A d x ―
→⎢ fe2 ≔ ⎮ →⎢
L 2 ⎣ -1 1 ⎣ -7.5 7.5 ⎥⎦ ⎢ x-2 ⎥
⎮ ⎢ ―― ⎥
⎢ 72 ⎥
2
⎢ ―― ⎥
⌡⎣
⎮ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 25 ⎦
Ensamblada
2

⎡ 8 ⎤
⎢ ―― ⎥ u1 ≔ 0
⎢ 25 ⎥ ⎡ 0.32 ⎤ ⎡ 12.5 -12.5 0 ⎤
⎢ 22 58 ⎥ ⎢ ⎛⎡ 20 -7.5 3.2 ⎤⎞ ⎡ 1 0 0.6464 ⎤ u2 ≔ 0.6464
⎢ ―― + ―― = 3.2 ⎥ ⎢ -12.5 20 -7.5 ⎥ rref ⎜⎢ ⎟=
25 25 ⎥ ⎢ 4.88 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎝⎣ -7.5 7.5 4.88 ⎥⎦⎠ ⎢⎣ 0 1 1.297067 ⎥⎦ u3 ≔ 1.297067
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 0 -7.5 7.5 ⎦
72
⎢ ―― +2 ⎥
⎢⎣ 25 ⎥⎦
Tramo_1 -x + 2 x
N1 ≔ ――― N2 ≔ ― u ≔ N1 ⋅ u1 + N2 ⋅ u2 ―
→ 0.3232 ⋅ x
2 2

d ⎛ d ⎞ Auxiliar: Univ.: Ramos Rodríguez Juan Pablo

―― → 0.3232
u― σ ≔ E ⋅ ⎜―― u⎟ ―→ 16.16
dx ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠
Elementos finitos CIV - 313
d ⎛ d ⎞
―― → 0.3232
u― σ ≔ E ⋅ ⎜―― u⎟ ―→ 16.16
dx ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠

Tramo_2 -x + 4 x-2
N1 ≔ ――― N2 ≔ ――
2 2

u ≔ N1 ⋅ u2 + N2 ⋅ u3 ―
→ 0.3253335 ⋅ x - 0.004267
d ⎛ d ⎞
―― → 0.3253335
u― σ ≔ E ⋅ ⎜―― u⎟ ―→ 16.266675 u ≔ 0.3253335 ⋅ 4 - 0.004267 = 1.297067
dx ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠

c) Usando una discretización a 3 nudos para funciones de forma cuadráticas

x1 ≔ 0 x2 ≔ 2 x3 ≔ 4 u ≔ N1 ⋅ u1 + N2 ⋅ u2 + N3 ⋅ u3 A ≔ 0.6 - 0.1 ⋅ x E ≔ 50
((x - x2)) ⋅ ((x - x3)) ((x - 4)) ⋅ ((x - 2)) d x-3
N1 ≔ ――――――― ―
→ ――――― dN1 ≔ ―― N1 ―
→ ――
((x1 - x2)) ⋅ ((x1 - x3)) 8 dx 4
((x - x1)) ⋅ ((x - x3)) -((x ⋅ ((x - 4)))) d x
N2 ≔ ――――――― ―
→ ――――― dN2 ≔ ―― → -―+ 1
N2 ―
((x2 - x1)) ⋅ ((x2 - x3)) 4 dx 2
((x - x1)) ⋅ ((x - x2)) x ⋅ ((x - 2)) d x-1
N3 ≔ ――――――― ―
→ ―――― dN3 ≔ ―― N3 ―
→ ――
((x3 - x1)) ⋅ ((x3 - x2)) 8 dx 4
⎡ x-3 x x-1 ⎤
B ≔ [[ dN1 dN2 dN3 ]] ―
→ ⎢ ―― -―+ 1 ――⎥
⎣ 4 2 4 ⎦
⎡ 50 5 ⎤ ⎡ 16 ⎤
⎢ 15 -――― ⎥ 4 ⎢ -―― ⎥
⎢ 3 3 ⎥ ⌠ ⎡ N1 ⎤ ⎢ 75 ⎥
4 ⎡0⎤
⌠ T ⎢ 50 80 ⎥ ⎮ ⎢ 64 ⎥
K ≔ ⌡ B ⋅ E ⋅ A ⋅ B dx ―
→ ⎢ -――――-10 ⎥ fe ≔ ⎮ ⎢ N2 ⎥ ⋅ x 2 ⋅ ((0.6 - 0.1 ⋅ x)) d x ―
→ ⎢ ―― fi ≔ ⎢0⎥
3 3 ⎢
N3
⎥ 15 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
0 ⎢ ⎥ ⎮
⌡ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣2⎦
⎢ ―5 25 ⎥ 0 176 ⎥
⎢ ――
-10 ――
⎢⎣ 3 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 75 ⎥⎦

⎛⎡ 80 64 ⎤⎞ u1 ≔ 0
⎜⎢ ―― -10 ――⎥⎟
rref ⎜⎢
3 15 ⎥⎟ = ⎡ 1 0 0.646545 ⎤ u2 ≔ 0.646545
⎜⎢ 25 176 ⎥⎟ ⎢⎣ 0 1 1.297455 ⎥⎦
⎜⎢ -10 ――3
――
75
+ 2 ⎥⎟ u3 ≔ 1.297455
⎝⎣ ⎦⎠

→ 0.162181875 ⋅ x ⋅ ((x - 2.0)) - 0.16163625 ⋅ x ⋅ ((x - 4.0))

u ≔ N1 ⋅ u1 + N2 ⋅ u2 + N3 ⋅ u3 ―

up ≔ 0.162181875 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ((4 - 2.0)) - 0.16163625 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ((4 - 4.0)) = 1.297455

d ⎛ d ⎞
―― u―
→ 0.00109125 ⋅ x + 0.32218125 σ ≔ E ⋅ ⎜―― u⎟ ―→ 0.0545625 ⋅ x + 16.1090625
dx ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠

d) Usando una discretización a 4 nudos para funciones de forma cubicas

4 8
x1 ≔ 0 x2 ≔ ― x3 ≔ ― x4 ≔ 4 u ≔ N1 ⋅ u1 + N2 ⋅ u2 + N3 ⋅ u3 + N4 ⋅ u4 A ≔ 0.6 - 0.1 ⋅ x E ≔ 50
3 3
⎛ ⎛ 8⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎞
-⎜9 ⋅ ⎜x - ―⎟ ⋅ ⎜x - ―⎟ ⋅ ((x - 4))⎟
((x - x2)) ⋅ ((x - x3)) ⋅ ((x - x4)) ⎝ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎠ d -⎛⎝27 ⋅ x 2 ⎞⎠ + 144 ⋅ x - 176
N1 ≔ ―――――――――― ― → ――――――――――― dN1 ≔ ―― N1 ―
→ ―――――――――
((x1 - x2)) ⋅ ((x1 - x3)) ⋅ ((x1 - x4)) 128 dx 128
⎛ 8 ⎞
27 ⋅ x ⋅ ⎜-―+ x⎟ ⋅ ((x - 4))
((x - x1)) ⋅ ((x - x3)) ⋅ ((x - x4)) ⎝ 3 ⎠ d 81 ⋅ x 2 - 360 ⋅ x + 288
N2 ≔ ―――――――――― ― → ―――――――― dN2 ≔ ―― N2 ―
→ ―――――――
((x2 - x1)) ⋅ ((x2 - x3)) ⋅ ((x2 - x4)) 128 dx 128
⎛ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎞
-⎜27 ⋅ x ⋅ ⎜x - ―⎟ ⋅ ((x - 4))⎟
((x - x1)) ⋅ ((x - x2)) ⋅ ((x - x4)) ⎝ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎠ d -⎛⎝81 ⋅ x 2 ⎞⎠ + 288 ⋅ x - 144
N3 ≔ ―――――――――― ― → ――――――――― dN3 ≔ ―― N3 ―
→ ―――――――――
((x3 - x1)) ⋅ ((x3 - x2)) ⋅ ((x3 - x4)) 128 dx 128
⎛ 8 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
9 ⋅ x ⋅ ⎜-―+ x⎟ ⋅ ⎜-―+ x⎟
((x - x1)) ⋅ ((x - x2)) ⋅ ((x - x3)) ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ d 27 ⋅ x 2 - 72 ⋅ x + 32
N4 ≔ ―――――――――― ― → ――――――――― dN4 ≔ ―― N4 ―
→ ―――――――
((x4 - x1)) ⋅ ((x4 - x2)) ⋅ ((x4 - x3)) 128 dx 128

⎡ -⎛⎝27 ⋅ x 2 ⎞⎠ + 144 ⋅ x - 176 81 ⋅ x 2 - 360 ⋅ x + 288 -⎛⎝81 ⋅ x 2 ⎞⎠ + 288 ⋅ x - 144 27 ⋅ x 2 - 72 ⋅ x + 32 ⎤

B ≔ [[ dN1 dN2 dN3 dN4 ]] ―
→ ⎢ ――――――――― ――――――― ――――――――― ――――――― ⎥
⎣ 128 128 128 128 ⎦

⎡ 205 129 33 13 ⎤ Auxiliar: Univ.:

⎡ Ramos Rodríguez Juan
120000577667468071433 ⎤ Pablo
⎢ ―― -―― ―― -―― ⎥ ⎢ ――――――――― ⎥
⎢ 8 4 4 8 ⎥ 4 ⎢ 875004212158621354250 ⎥
⎢ 129 513 297 21 ⎥ ⌠ ⎡ N1 ⎤ ⎢ 96000462133974457173 ⎥
4 ⎢ -―― ―― -―― ―― ⎥ ⎮ ⎢ ――――――――― ⎥
Elementos finitos CIV - 313
⎡ 205 129 33 13 ⎤ ⎡ 120000577667468071433 ⎤
⎢ ―― -―― ―― -―― ⎥ ⎢ ――――――――― ⎥
⎢ 8 4 4 8 ⎥ 4 ⎢ 875004212158621354250 ⎥
⎢ 129 513 297 21 ⎥ ⌠ ⎡ N1 ⎤ ⎢ 96000462133974457173 ⎥ ⎡0⎤
4 ⎢ -―― ―― -―― ―― ⎥ ⎮⎢ ⎢ ――――――――― ⎥
N2 ⎥
⌠
→ ⎢
K ≔ ⌡ BT ⋅ E ⋅ A ⋅ B dx ―
4 8 8 4 ⎥
fe ≔ ⎮ ⎢ → ⎢
⎥ ⋅ x 2 ⋅ ((0.6 - 0.1 ⋅ x)) d x ―
175000842431724270850 ⎥ fi ≔ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ 33 297 351 ⎥ ⎮ ⎢ N3 ⎥ ⎢ 744003581538302042949 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
0
⎢ ―― -―― ―― -15 ⎥ ⎮ ⎢⎣ N4 ⎥⎦ ⎢ ――――――――― ⎥ ⎣2⎦
⎢ 4 8 8 ⎥ ⌡
0
⎢ 175000842431724270850 ⎥
⎢ 13 21 91 ⎥ ⎢ 51200492944092575462104232882392932339231 ⎥
⎢ -―― ―― -15 ―― ⎥ ⎢ ―――――――――――――――― ⎥
⎣ 8 4 8 ⎦ ⎣ 35000336973500784008637665646816182540000 ⎦

⎛⎡ 513 297 21 96000462133974457173 ⎤⎞

⎜⎢ ―― -―――― ―――――――― ⎥⎟ u1 ≔ 0
⎜⎢ 8 8 4 175000842431724270850 ⎥⎟ ⎡ 1 0 0 0.41950908 ⎤
⎜⎢ 297 351 744003581538302042949 ⎥⎟ ⎢ u2 ≔ 0.419509
rref ⎜⎢ -―― ―― -15 ⎥
8 8
――――――――
175000842431724270850 ⎥⎟ = ⎢ 0 1 0 0.89180371 ⎥ u3 ≔ 0.891804
⎜⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎣ 0 0 1 1.28681232 ⎦
⎜⎢ ――21 91 51200492944092575462104232882392932339231
-15 ―― ―――――――――――――――― + 2 ⎥⎟ u4 ≔ 1.28681232
⎜⎝⎢⎣ 4 8 35000336973500784008637665646816182540000 ⎥⎦⎟⎠

u ≔ ⎛⎝-0.18811490625 ⋅ x ⋅ ⎛⎝-1.0 ⋅ 1.3333333333333333333 + x⎞⎠ + 0.0884901796875 ⋅ x ⋅ ((x - 1.0 ⋅ 2.6666666666666666667))⎞⎠ ⋅ ((x - 4.0)) + 0.09047896875 ⋅ x ⋅ ((x - 1.0 ⋅ 2.6666666666666666667)) ⋅ ((x - 1.0 ⋅ 1.3333333333333333333))

up ≔ 1.28681232
d
―― → -0.0274372734375 ⋅ x 2 + 0.10285818749999999998 ⋅ x + 0.26231875000000000003
u―
dx
⎛ d ⎞
σ ≔ E ⋅ ⎜―― u⎟ ―→ -1.371863671875 ⋅ x 2 + 5.1429093749999999991 ⋅ x + 13.115937500000000002
⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠
Comparación:
Resultado exacto Con a) Con b) Con c)

⎛ 1.28681232 ⎞ ⎛ 1.28681232 ⎞ ⎛ 1.28681232 ⎞

up ≔ 1.28681232 Er ≔ ⎜1 - ――――― ⎟ ⋅ 100 = 0.820239 Er ≔ ⎜1 - ――――⎟ ⋅ 100 = 0.790605 Er ≔ ⎜1 - ――――⎟ ⋅ 100 = 0.820274
⎝ 1.2974545448 ⎠ ⎝ 1.297067 ⎠ ⎝ 1.297455 ⎠

En cada inciso el error es menor al 1%

3. Resolver el ejercicio con los mismos incisos de la pregunta 2, sin considerar peso propio.

a) d＝a + b ⋅ x b＝c + e ⋅ x

x＝0 d ＝ 80 80 ＝ a + b ⋅ 0 x＝0 b ＝ 60 60 ＝ c + e ⋅ 0

x ＝ 280 d ＝ 50 50 ＝ a + b ⋅ 280 x ＝ 280 b ＝ 30 30 ＝ c + e ⋅ 280

3 3
E ≔ 220 d ＝ 80 - ―― ⋅x b ＝ 60 - ―― ⋅x
28 28

⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
A ＝ b ⋅ d ＝ ⎜60 - ―― ⋅ x⎟ ⋅ ⎜80 - ―― ⋅ x⎟ A ≔ ⎜60 - ―― ⋅ x⎟ ⋅ ⎜80 - ―― ⋅ x⎟
⎝ 28 ⎠ ⎝ 28 ⎠ ⎝ 28 ⎠ ⎝ 28 ⎠
d
Si x＝0 u＝0 0 ＝ a0 + a1 ⋅ 0 + a2 ⋅ 0 2 a0 ＝ 0 u ＝ a1 ⋅ x + a2 ⋅ x 2 ―― u ＝ a1 + 2 ⋅ a2 ⋅ x up ＝ 280 ⋅ a1 + 78400 ⋅ a2
dx
x2 x2 x2 x2
1 1 ⌠
Π ＝ ―⌠ ⌠ ⌠
⌡ E ⋅ ε ⋅ ε ⋅ A d x - ⌡ u ⋅ 0 ⋅ A d x - ⌡ u ⋅ 0 d x - up ⋅ P ＝ ―
2
⌡ E ⋅ ε ⋅ A d x - up ⋅ P
2 x1 x1 x1 2 x1
280

1 ⌠ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
Π ≔ ―⎮ E ⋅ ((a1 + 2 ⋅ a2 ⋅ x)) 2 ⋅ ⎜60 - ―― ⋅ x⎟ ⋅ ⎜80 - ―― ⋅ x⎟ d x - ((280 ⋅ a1 + 78400 ⋅ a2)) ⋅ 80
2 ⎮
⌡ ⎝ 28 ⎠ ⎝ 28 ⎠
0

Π ≔ 7050982400000 ⋅ a2 2 + ((42257600000 ⋅ a1 - 6272000)) ⋅ a2 + ⎛⎝92400000 ⋅ a1 2 - 22400 ⋅ a1⎞⎠

d d
――Π ―→ 42257600000 ⋅ a2 + ((184800000 ⋅ a1 - 22400)) ――Π ―→ 14101964800000 ⋅ a2 + ((42257600000 ⋅ a1 - 6272000))
d a1 d a2

⎛⎡ 184800000 42257600000 22400 ⎤⎞ ⎡ 1 0 0.0000619797 ⎤

rref ⎜⎢ ⎟=
⎝⎣ 42257600000 14101964800000 6272000 ⎥⎦⎠ ⎢⎣ 0 1 0.000000259 ⎥⎦

u ≔ 0.0000619797 ⋅ x + 0.000000259 ⋅ x 2 up ≔ 0.0000619797 ⋅ 280 + 0.000000259 ⋅ 280 2 = 0.037659916

⎛ d ⎞
σ ≔ E ⋅ ⎜―― u⎟ ―→ 0.00011396 ⋅ x + 0.013635534
⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠
b) Usando una discretización a 3 nudos
( ) x2 - x -x + 140 x - x1 x
Tramo_1 L ≔ 140 x1 ≔ 0 x2 ≔ 140 u (1) ＝ N1 ⋅ u1 + N2 ⋅ u2 N1 ≔ ――― ―
→ ――― N2 ≔ ――― ―
→ ――
L 140 L 140

Auxiliar:
⎡ 42075 Univ.:
42075 ⎤Ramos Rodríguez Juan Pablo
140 ⎢ ―――-――― ⎥
E ⎡ 1 -1 ⎤ ⌠ 7 7
K1 ≔ ―― ⋅⎢ ⎥ →⎢
⋅ ⌡ A dx ― ⎥
2 ⎣ -1 1 ⎦ ⎢ 42075 42075 ⎥
 x2 - x -x + 140 x - x1 x
Elementos finitos N1 ≔ ―――
L
―
→ ―――
140
N2 ≔ ―――
L
CIV
→-
― 313
――
140

⎡ 42075 42075 ⎤
140 ⎢ ―――-――― ⎥
E ⎡ 1 -1 ⎤ ⌠ 7 7
K1 ≔ ―― ⋅⎢ ⎥ →⎢
⋅ ⌡ A dx ― ⎥
L 2 ⎣ -1 1 ⎦ 0 ⎢ 42075 42075 ⎥
⎢ -―――
7
―――
7 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
( ) x2 - x -x + 280 x - x1 x - 140
Tramo_2 L ≔ 140 x1 ≔ 140 x2 ≔ 280 u (2) ＝ N1 ⋅ u2 + N2 ⋅ u3 N1 ≔ ――― ―
→ ――― N2 ≔ ――― ―
→ ―――
L 140 L 140
⎡ 23925 23925 ⎤
280 ⎢ ―――-――― ⎥
E ⎡ 1 -1 ⎤ ⌠ 7 7
K2 ≔ ―― ⋅⎢ ⎥ ⋅ ⌡ A dx ―→⎢ ⎥
L 2 ⎣ -1 1 ⎦ 140 ⎢ 23925 23925 ⎥
⎢ -―――
7
―――
7 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Ensamblada
⎡ 42075 42075 ⎤
⎢ ――― -――― 0 ⎥
⎢ 7 7 ⎥ ⎡ 6.011 ⋅ 10 3 -6.011 ⋅ 10 3 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ 42075 23925 ⎥ ⎢
fi ≔ ⎢ 0 ⎥
42075 23925 3 ⎥
⎢ -―――――― + ―――-――― ⎥ = ⎢ -6.011 ⋅ 10 9.429 ⋅ 10 3 -3.418 ⋅ 10 3 ⎥
⎢ 7 7 7 7 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 -3.418 ⋅ 10 3 3.418 ⋅ 10 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 23925 23925 ⎥ ⎣ 80 ⎦
⎢ 0 -――― ――― ⎥
⎣ 7 7 ⎦ u1 ≔ 0
⎛⎡ 9.429 ⋅ 10 -⎛⎝3.418 ⋅ 10 ⎠ 0 ⎤⎞ ⎡ 1 0 0.013309 ⎤
3 3⎞ u2 ≔ 0.013309
rref ⎜⎢ ⎥⎟ = ⎢ ⎥
⎝⎣ -⎛⎝3.418 ⋅ 10 ⎞⎠
3
3.418 ⋅ 10 3 80 ⎦⎠ ⎣ 0 1 0.036714 ⎦ u3 ≔ 0.036714
Tramo_1 -x + 140 x
N1 ≔ ―――― N2 ≔ ―― u ≔ N1 ⋅ u1 + N2 ⋅ u2 ―
→ 0.000095064285714285714286 ⋅ x
140 140

d ⎛ d ⎞
―― → 0.000095064285714285714286
u― σ ≔ E ⋅ ⎜―― u⎟ ―→ 0.020914142857142857143
dx ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠

Tramo_2 -x + 280 x - 140

N1 ≔ ―――― N2 ≔ ――― u ≔ N1 ⋅ u2 + N2 ⋅ u3 ―
→ 0.00016717857142857142857 ⋅ x - 0.010096
140 140

d ⎛ d ⎞
―― → 0.00016717857142857142857
u― σ ≔ E ⋅ ⎜―― u⎟ ―→ 0.036779285714285714285
dx ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠

u ≔ 0.00016717857142857142857 ⋅ 280 - 0.010096 = 0.036714

c) Usando una discretización a 3 nudos para funciones de forma cuadráticas
x1 ≔ 0 x2 ≔ 140 x3 ≔ 280 u ≔ N1 ⋅ u1 + N2 ⋅ u2 + N3 ⋅ u3

((x - x2)) ⋅ ((x - x3)) ((x - 280)) ⋅ ((x - 140)) d x - 210

N1 ≔ ――――――― ― → ――――――― dN1 ≔ ―― N1 ―
→ ―――
((x1 - x2)) ⋅ ((x1 - x3)) 39200 dx 19600
((x - x1)) ⋅ ((x - x3)) -((x ⋅ ((x - 280)))) d -x + 140
N2 ≔ ――――――― ― → ―――――― dN2 ≔ ―― N2 ―
→ ――――
((x2 - x1)) ⋅ ((x2 - x3)) 19600 dx 9800
((x - x1)) ⋅ ((x - x2)) x ⋅ ((x - 140)) d x - 70
N3 ≔ ――――――― ― → ――――― dN3 ≔ ―― N3 ―
→ ―――
((x3 - x1)) ⋅ ((x3 - x2)) 39200 dx 19600

⎡ x - 210 -x + 140 x - 70 ⎤
B ≔ [[ dN1 dN2 dN3 ]] ―
→ ⎢ ――― ――――――― ⎥
⎣ 19600 9800 19600 ⎦

⎡ 51040 5940 ⎤
⎢ ――― -8140 ―― ⎥
⎢ 7 7 ⎥
280 ⎡ 0 ⎤
⌠ T ⎢ 89760 32780 ⎥
K ≔ ⌡ B ⋅ E ⋅ A ⋅ B dx ―
→ ⎢ -8140 ――― -――― ⎥ fi ≔ ⎢ 0 ⎥
7 7 ⎢ ⎥
0 ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 80 ⎦
⎢ 5940 32780 26840 ⎥
⎢ ―― -――― ――― ⎥
⎣ 7 7 7 ⎦

⎛⎡ 89760 32780 ⎤⎞ u1 ≔ 0
⎜⎢ ―――-―――0 ⎥⎟
rref ⎜⎢
7 7 ⎥⎟ = ⎡ 1 0 0.013754 ⎤ u2 ≔ 0.013754
⎜⎢ 32780 26840 ⎥⎟ ⎢⎣ 0 1 0.037663 ⎥⎦
⎜⎢ -―――
7
―――80 ⎥⎟
7 u3 ≔ 0.037663
⎝⎣ ⎦⎠

→ 0.96079081632653061224 ⋅ 10 -6 ⋅ x ⋅ ((x - 140.0)) - 0.70173469387755102041 ⋅ 10 -6 ⋅ x ⋅ ((x - 280.0))

u ≔ N1 ⋅ u1 + N2 ⋅ u2 + N3 ⋅ u3 ―

up ≔ 0.96079081632653061224 ⋅ 10 -6 ⋅ 280 ⋅ ((280 - 140.0)) - 0.70173469387755102041 ⋅ 10 -6 ⋅ 280 ⋅ ((280 - 280.0)) = 0.037663

d ⎛ d ⎞
―― → 0.51811224489795918366 ⋅ 10 -6 ⋅ x + 0.000061975000000000000001
u ― σ ≔ E ⋅ ⎜―― u⎟ ―
→ 0.00011398469387755102041 ⋅ x + 0.0136345
dx ⎜⎝ d x ⎟⎠

d) Usando una discretización a 4 nudos para funciones de forma cubicas

280 560 Auxiliar: Univ.: Ramos Rodríguez Juan Pablo

x1 ≔ 0 x2 ≔ ――x3 ≔ ――x4 ≔ 280 u ≔ N1 ⋅ u1 + N2 ⋅ u2 + N3 ⋅ u3 + N4 ⋅ u4
3 3
Elementos finitos CIV - 313
280 560
x1 ≔ 0 x2 ≔ ――x3 ≔ ――x4 ≔ 280 u ≔ N1 ⋅ u1 + N2 ⋅ u2 + N3 ⋅ u3 + N4 ⋅ u4
3 3
⎛ ⎛ 560 ⎞ ⎛ 280 ⎞ ⎞
-⎜9 ⋅ ⎜x - ―― ⎟ ⋅ ⎜x - ―― ⎟ ⋅ ((x - 280))⎟
((x - x2)) ⋅ ((x - x3)) ⋅ ((x - x4)) ⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎠ d -⎝⎛27 ⋅ x 2 ⎠⎞ + 10080 ⋅ x - 862400
N1 ≔ ――――――――――― ―
→ ――――――――――――― dN1 ≔ ―― N1 ―
→ ―――――――――――
((x1 - x2)) ⋅ ((x1 - x3)) ⋅ ((x1 - x4)) 43904000 dx 43904000

⎛ 560 ⎞
27 ⋅ x ⋅ ⎜-―― + x⎟ ⋅ ((x - 280))
((x - x1)) ⋅ ((x - x3)) ⋅ ((x - x4)) ⎝ 3 ⎠ d 81 ⋅ x 2 - 25200 ⋅ x + 1411200
N2 ≔ ――――――――――― ―
→ ―――――――――― dN2 ≔ ―― N2 ―
→ ――――――――――
((x2 - x1)) ⋅ ((x2 - x3)) ⋅ ((x2 - x4)) 43904000 dx 43904000

⎛ ⎛ 280 ⎞ ⎞
-⎜27 ⋅ x ⋅ ⎜x - ―― ⎟ ⋅ ((x - 280))⎟
((x - x1)) ⋅ ((x - x2)) ⋅ ((x - x4)) ⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎠ d -⎝⎛81 ⋅ x 2 ⎠⎞ + 20160 ⋅ x - 705600
N3 ≔ ――――――――――― ―
→ ――――――――――― dN3 ≔ ―― N3 ―
→ ―――――――――――
((x3 - x1)) ⋅ ((x3 - x2)) ⋅ ((x3 - x4)) 43904000 dx 43904000

⎛ 560 ⎞ ⎛ 280 ⎞
9 ⋅ x ⋅ ⎜-―― + x⎟ ⋅ ⎜-―― + x⎟
((x - x1)) ⋅ ((x - x2)) ⋅ ((x - x3)) ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ d 27 ⋅ x 2 - 5040 ⋅ x + 156800
N4 ≔ ――――――――――― ―
→ ――――――――――― dN4 ≔ ―― N4 ―
→ ―――――――――
((x4 - x1)) ⋅ ((x4 - x2)) ⋅ ((x4 - x3)) 43904000 dx 43904000

⎡ -⎛⎝27 ⋅ x 2 ⎞⎠ + 10080 ⋅ x - 862400 81 ⋅ x 2 - 25200 ⋅ x + 1411200 -⎛⎝81 ⋅ x 2 ⎞⎠ + 20160 ⋅ x - 705600 27 ⋅ x 2 - 5040 ⋅ x + 156800 ⎤
B ≔ [[ dN1 dN2 dN3 dN4 ]] ―
→ ⎢ ――――――――――――――――――――― ――――――――――――――――――――⎥
⎢⎣ 43904000 43904000 43904000 43904000 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1238325 781605 202950 81015 ⎤
⎢ ――― -――― ――― -――― ⎥
⎢ 98 49 49 98 ⎥
⎢ 781605 1523610 868725 126720 ⎥ ⎡ 0 ⎤
280 ⎢ -――― ――― -――― ―――⎥
⌠
→ ⎢
K ≔ ⌡ BT ⋅ E ⋅ A ⋅ B dx ―
49 49 49 49 ⎥ fi ≔ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ 202950 868725 2018115 686565 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
0
⎢ ――― -―――
49 49
―――
98
-―――⎥
98
⎣ 80 ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 81015 126720 686565 257070 ⎥
⎢ -――― ――― -――― ―――⎥
⎣ 98 49 98 49 ⎦

⎛⎡ 1523610 868725 126720 ⎤⎞

⎜⎢ ――― -――― ――― 0 ⎥⎟ u1 ≔ 0
⎜⎢ 49 49 49 ⎥⎟ ⎡ 1 0 0 0.00823943 ⎤
⎜⎢ 868725 2018115 686565 ⎥⎟ u2 ≔ 0.00823943
rref ⎜⎢ -――― ――― -――― 0 ⎥⎟ = ⎢ 0 1 0 0.01997309 ⎥
49 98 98 ⎢ ⎥ u3 ≔ 0.01997309
⎜⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎣ 0 0 1 0.03785861 ⎦
126720
⎜⎢ ――― 686565 257070 ⎥ ⎟
-――― ――― 80 u4 ≔ 0.03785861
⎜⎝⎢⎣ 49 98 49 ⎥⎦⎟⎠
⎛ ⎛ ⎞
u ≔ ⎝-⎝0.12283013620626822157 ⋅ 10 -7⎞⎠ ⋅ x ⋅ ⎛⎝-1.0 ⋅ 93.333333333333333 + x⎞⎠ + 0.50670692875331487 ⋅ 10 -8 ⋅ x ⋅ ((x - 1.0 ⋅ 186.66666666666667))⎠ ⋅ ((x - 280.0)) + 0.77607391126093261 ⋅ 10 -8 ⋅ x ⋅ ((x - 1.0 ⋅ 186.66666666666667)) ⋅ ((x - 1.0 ⋅ 93.333333333333333))

up ≔ 0.03785861
d
―― → 0.1634384338546957929 ⋅ 10 -8 ⋅ x 2 + 0.96038265309199052693 ⋅ 10 -7 ⋅ x + 0.0000790520535712563311
u― ...
dx
⎛ d ⎞
σ ≔ E ⋅ ⎜―― u⎟ ―→ 0.35956455448033074438 ⋅ 10 -6 ⋅ x 2 + 0.000021128418368023791592 ⋅ x + 0.017391451785676392842
⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠
Comparación:
Resultado exacto Con a) Con b) Con c)

⎛ 0.03785861 ⎞ ⎛ 0.03785861 ⎞ ⎛ 0.03785861 ⎞

up ≔ 0.03785861 Er ≔ ⎜1 - ――――― ⎟ ⋅ 100 = -0.527601 Er ≔ ⎜1 - ――――⎟ ⋅ 100 = -3.117639 Er ≔ ⎜1 - ――――⎟ ⋅ 100 = -0.519369
⎝ 0.037659916 ⎠ ⎝ 0.036714 ⎠ ⎝ 0.037663 ⎠

En los inciso a) y c) el error es menor al 1%, pero en el inciso b) el error es mayor.

4. Resolver el problema del a siguiente figura. usando la carga de tracción exacta obtenida previam ente, para T=x² L=4in, pa ra:
a. funciones de forma lineales a tres nudos
b. funciones de forma cuadráticos a tres nudos
c. funciones de forma cúbicos a 4 nudos

X≔x

a. Usando una discretización a 3 nudos

( ) x2 - x -x + 2 x - x1 x
Tramo_1 L≔2 x1 ≔ 0 x2 ≔ 2 u (1) ＝ N1 ⋅ u1 + N2 ⋅ u2 N1 ≔ ――― ―
→ ――― N2 ≔ ――― ―
→― A≔2
L 2 L 2
E ≔ 30 ⋅ 10 6 ⌠
2
⎡ -x + 2 ⎤
2 Auxiliar: Univ.: Ramos
⎮ ⎢ ――― ⎥ Rodríguez
⎡ 4 ⎤ Juan Pablo
E ⎡ 1 -1 ⎤ ⌠ ⎡ 30000000 -30000000 ⎤ ⎮ 2 ―
K1 ≔ ―― ⋅⎢ ⎥⎦ ⋅ ⌡ 2 d x ―
→⎢ fe1 ≔ ⎮ ⎢ →⎢ 3 ⎥
⎥ ⋅ x2 ⋅ 2 dx ―
L 2 ⎣ -1 1 ⎣ -30000000 30000000 ⎦⎥ ⎮⎢
⎢ x ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
0 ― ⎥ ⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦
Elementos finitos CIV - 313
E ≔ 30 ⋅ 10 6 2
⌠ ⎡ -x + 2 ⎤
2 ⎮ ⎢ ――― ⎥ ⎡ 4 ⎤
E ⎡ 1 -1 ⎤ ⌠ ⎡ 30000000 -30000000 ⎤ ⎮ 2 ―
K1 ≔ ―― ⋅⎢ ⎥⎦ ⋅ ⌡ 2 d x ―
→⎢ fe1 ≔ ⎮ ⎢ →⎢ 3 ⎥
⎥ ⋅ x2 ⋅ 2 dx ―
L 2 ⎣ -1 1 ⎣ -30000000 30000000 ⎦⎥ ⎢
⎮⎢ ― ⎥
x ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
0 ⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦
⌡⎣
⎮ 2 ⎦
0

( ) x2 - x -x + 4 x - x1 x-2
Tramo_2 L≔2 x1 ≔ 2 x2 ≔ 4 u (2) ＝ N1 ⋅ u2 + N2 ⋅ u3 N1 ≔ ――― → ――― N2 ≔ ―――
― ―
→ ――
L 2 L 2
4
⌠ ⎡ -x + 4 ⎤ ⎡ 44 ⎤
4 ⎮ ⎢ ――― ⎥ ⎢ ―― ⎥
E ⎡ 1 -1 ⎤ ⌠ ⎡ 30000000 -30000000 ⎤ ⎮⎢ 2 ⎥ ⋅ x2 ⋅ 2 dx ― 3 ⎥
K2 ≔ ―― ⋅⎢ ⎥⎦ ⋅ ⌡ 2 d x ―
→⎢ fe2 ≔ ⎮ →⎢
L 2 ⎣ -1 1 ⎣ -30000000 30000000 ⎥⎦ ⎢ x-2 ⎥
⎮ ⎢ ―― ⎥
⎢ 68 ⎥
2
⎢ ―― ⎥
⌡⎣
⎮ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 3 ⎦
Ensamblada
2

⎤ ⎡ 3 ⋅ 10 ⎤
7
⎡ 30000000 -30000000 0 -3 ⋅ 10 7 0
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 4 ⎤ K ≔ ⎢ -30000000 30000000 + 30000000 -30000000 ⎥ = ⎢ -3 ⋅ 10 7 6 ⋅ 10 7 -3 ⋅ 10 7 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ― ⎥ ⎣ 0 -30000000 30000000 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 -3 ⋅ 10 7 3 ⋅ 10 7 ⎥⎦
⎢ 3 ⎥ ⎡ 1.33333 ⎤
⎢ 44 ⎥ ⎢
⎢ 4 + ―― = 18.66667 ⎥ u1 ≔ 0
3 ⎥ ⎢ 22.66667 ⎥ ⎛⎡ 6 ⋅ 10 7 -⎛⎝3 ⋅ 10 7 ⎞⎠ 18.66667 ⎤⎞ ⎡ 1 0 0.000001377778 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ rref ⎜⎢
⎢ ―― 68 ⎥ ⎛ 7⎞ ⎥⎟ = ⎢ ⎥ u2 ≔ 0.000001377778
⎝⎣ -⎝3 ⋅ 10 ⎠ 3 ⋅ 10 7 22.66667 ⎦⎠ ⎣ 0 1 0.000002133334 ⎦
⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ u3 ≔ 0.000002133334

Tramo_1 -x + 2 x
N1 ≔ ――― N2 ≔ ― → 0.688889 ⋅ 10 -6 ⋅ x
u ≔ N1 ⋅ u1 + N2 ⋅ u2 ―
2 2

d ⎛ d ⎞
―― → 0.0
u― σ ≔ E ⋅ ⎜―― u⎟ ―→ 0.0
dX ⎜⎝ dX ⎟⎠

Tramo_2 -x + 4 x-2
N1 ≔ ――― N2 ≔ ―― → 0.377778 ⋅ 10 -6 ⋅ x + 0.622222 ⋅ 10 -6
u ≔ N1 ⋅ u2 + N2 ⋅ u3 ―
2 2

d
―― → 0.0
u― σ ≔ E ⋅ 0.377778 ⋅ 10 -6 ―
→ 11.33334
dX
u ≔ 0.377778 ⋅ 10 -6 ⋅ 4 + 0.622222 ⋅ 10 -6 = 0.000002133

b. Usando una discretización a 3 nudos para funciones de forma cuadráticas X≔x

x1 ≔ 0 x2 ≔ 2 x3 ≔ 4 u ≔ N1 ⋅ u1 + N2 ⋅ u2 + N3 ⋅ u3
((x - x2)) ⋅ ((x - x3)) ((x - 4)) ⋅ ((x - 2)) d
N1 ≔ ――――――― ―
→ ――――― dN1 ≔ ―― →0
N1 ―
((x1 - x2)) ⋅ ((x1 - x3)) 8 dX
((x - x1)) ⋅ ((x - x3)) -((x ⋅ ((x - 4)))) d
N2 ≔ ――――――― ―
→ ――――― dN2 ≔ ―― →0
N2 ―
((x2 - x1)) ⋅ ((x2 - x3)) 4 dX
((x - x1)) ⋅ ((x - x2)) x ⋅ ((x - 2)) d
N3 ≔ ――――――― ―
→ ―――― dN3 ≔ ―― →0
N3 ―
((x3 - x1)) ⋅ ((x3 - x2)) 8 dX

B ≔ [[ dN1 dN2 dN3 ]] ―

→ [[ 0 0 0 ]]

⎡ 16 ⋅ x 2 + 128 ⎤
4 ⎢ ――――― - 32 ⋅ x ⎥
⌠ ⎡ N1 ⎤ ⎢ 3 ⎥
4 ⎡0 0 0⎤
⌠ ⎮⎢ ⎢ -((32 ⋅ x ⋅ ((x - 4)))) ⎥
→ ⎢0 0 0⎥
K ≔ ⌡ BT ⋅ E ⋅ A ⋅ B dX ― ⎥ 2
fe ≔ ⎮ N2 ⋅ X ⋅ 2 d X ―
→ ⎢ ―――――― ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 3
0 ⎣0 0 0⎦ ⎮ ⎣ N3 ⎦
⌡ ⎢ ⎥
0 ⎢ 16 ⋅ x ⋅ ((x - 2)) ⎥
⎢⎣ ――――― ⎥
3 ⎦
⎛⎡ 128 ⎤⎞ u1 ≔ 0
⎜⎢ 80000000 -40000000 ―― ⎥⎟
5 ⎥⎟ ⎡ 1 0 0.00000138666667 ⎤
rref ⎜⎢ = u2 ≔ 0.000001386667
⎜⎢ 96 ⎥⎟ ⎢⎣ 0 1 0.00000213333333 ⎥⎦
⎜⎢ -40000000 35000000 ―― u3 ≔ 0.00000213333333
⎝⎣ 5 ⎥⎦⎟⎠

→ 0.26666666625 ⋅ 10 -6 ⋅ x ⋅ ((x - 2.0)) - 0.34666675 ⋅ 10 -6 ⋅ x ⋅ ((x - 4.0))

u ≔ N1 ⋅ u1 + N2 ⋅ u2 + N3 ⋅ u3 ―

up ≔ 0.266666625 ⋅ 10 -6 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ((4 - 2.0)) - 0.34666675 ⋅ 10 -6 ⋅ 4 ⋅ ((4 - 4.0)) = 0.0000021333

d ⎛ d ⎞
―― → 0.0
u― σ ≔ E ⋅ ⎜―― u⎟ ―→ 0.0
dX Auxiliar: Univ.:⎜⎝ dXRamos
⎟⎠ Rodríguez Juan Pablo
Elementos finitos ⎛ d ⎞
CIV - 313
d
―― → 0.0
u― σ ≔ E ⋅ ⎜―― u⎟ ―→ 0.0
dX ⎜⎝ dX ⎟⎠

c. Usando una discretización a 4 nudos para funciones de forma cubicas

4 8
x1 ≔ 0 x2 ≔ ― x3 ≔ ― x4 ≔ 4 u ≔ N1 ⋅ u1 + N2 ⋅ u2 + N3 ⋅ u3 + N4 ⋅ u4
3 3
⎛ ⎛ 8⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎞
-⎜9 ⋅ ⎜x - ―⎟ ⋅ ⎜x - ―⎟ ⋅ ((x - 4))⎟
((x - x2)) ⋅ ((x - x3)) ⋅ ((x - x4)) ⎝ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎠ d
N1 ≔ ――――――――――― ―
→ ――――――――――― dN1 ≔ ――N1 ―
→ 0
((x1 - x2)) ⋅ ((x1 - x3)) ⋅ ((x1 - x4)) 128 dX
⎛ 8 ⎞
27 ⋅ x ⋅ ⎜-―+ x⎟ ⋅ ((x - 4))
((x - x1)) ⋅ ((x - x3)) ⋅ ((x - x4)) ⎝ 3 ⎠ d
N2 ≔ ――――――――――― ―
→ ――――――――― dN2 ≔ ――N2 ―
→ 0
((x2 - x1)) ⋅ ((x2 - x3)) ⋅ ((x2 - x4)) 128 dX
⎛ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎞
-⎜27 ⋅ x ⋅ ⎜x - ―⎟ ⋅ ((x - 4))⎟
((x - x1)) ⋅ ((x - x2)) ⋅ ((x - x4)) ⎝ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎠ d
N3 ≔ ――――――――――― ―
→ ――――――――― dN3 ≔ ――N3 ―
→ 0
((x3 - x1)) ⋅ ((x3 - x2)) ⋅ ((x3 - x4)) 128 dX
⎛ 8 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
9 ⋅ x ⋅ ⎜-―+ x⎟ ⋅ ⎜-―+ x⎟
((x - x1)) ⋅ ((x - x2)) ⋅ ((x - x3)) ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ d
N4 ≔ ――――――――――― ―
→ ――――――――― dN4 ≔ ――N4 ―
→ 0
((x4 - x1)) ⋅ ((x4 - x2)) ⋅ ((x4 - x3)) 128 dX

B ≔ [[ dN1 dN2 dN3 dN4 ]] ―

→ [[ 0 0 0 0 ]]

⎡ 176 ⋅ x - 128 ⎤
4
⎢ -――――― + ⎛⎝24 ⋅ x 2 - 3 ⋅ x 3 ⎞⎠ ⎥
⎡0 0 0 0⎤ ⌠ ⎡ N1 ⎤ 3
4 ⎮⎢ ⎢ ⎥
⌠ T ⎢0 0 0 0⎥ N2 ⎥ ⎢ 3 ⋅ x ⋅ ((x - 4)) ⋅ ((3 ⋅ x - 8)) ⎥
K ≔ ⌡ B ⋅ E ⋅ A ⋅ B dX ―
→ ⎢ ⎥ fe ≔ ⎮ ⎢ ⎥ ⋅ X2 ⋅ 2 dX ―
→ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 0 0⎥ ⎮ ⎢ N3 ⎥ ( ( ) (
-(3 ⋅ x ⋅ (x - 4) ⋅ (3 ⋅ x - 4)) ))
0
⎮ ⎢⎣ N4 ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0 ⎥⎦ ⌡ ⎢ 3
⎛ 32 ⋅ x 2
⎞ ⎥
3 ⋅ x + ⎜――― - 12 ⋅ x ⎟
⎣⎢ ⎥⎦
0
⎝ 3 ⎠

u1 ≔ 0
⎛⎡ 162000000 -111375000 20250000 0 ⎤⎞
⎜⎢ ⎡ 1 0 0 0.000000942881 ⎤
144 ⎥⎟ ⎢ u2 ≔ 0.000000942881
rref ⎜⎢ -111375000 162000000 -70875000 ―― ⎥⎟ = 0 1 0 0.000001759342 ⎥
⎜⎢ 5 ⎥⎟ ⎢ 0 0 1 0.000002133333 ⎥ u3 ≔ 0.000001759342
⎣ ⎦
⎜⎢ 64 ⎥⎟
⎜⎢ 20250000 -70875000 55500000 ―― ⎥⎟ u4 ≔ 0.000002133333
⎝⎣ 5 ⎦⎠

simplify
u ≔ N1 ⋅ u1 + N2 ⋅ u2 + N3 ⋅ u3 + N4 ⋅ u4 ――― → -⎛⎝0.22222265625 ⋅ 10 -7⎞⎠ ⋅ x ⋅ ⎛⎝x 2 - 2.4 ⋅ x - 30.39994937509887676⎞⎠

u ≔ -⎛⎝0.22222265625 ⋅ 10 -7⎞⎠ ⋅ X ⋅ ⎛⎝X 2 - 2.4 ⋅ X - 30.39994937509887676⎞⎠

X＝4 uP ＝ 0.000002133333

d
―― → 0.0
u―
dX

⎛ d ⎞
σ ≔ E ⋅ ⎜―― u⎟ ―→ 0.0
⎜⎝ dX ⎟⎠

Comparación:
Resultado exacto Con c1) Con c2)

⎛ 0.000002133333 ⎞ ⎛ 0.000002133333 ⎞
up ≔ 0.000002133333 Er ≔ ⎜1 - ―――――― ⎟ ⋅ 100 = 0.000047 Er ≔ ⎜1 - ――――――― ⎟ ⋅ 100 = 0.000015
⎝ 0.000002133334 ⎠ ⎝ 0.00000213333333 ⎠

5. La carga axial P=385kN se aplica a la composición de bloques, determine los esfuerzos en cada ma terial
kN kN
E1 ≔ 70 ――― E2 ≔ 105 ――― L1 ≔ 200 mm
mm 2 mm 2
L2 ≔ 200 mm
A1 ≔ 30 ⋅ 60 = 1.8 ⋅ 10 3 mm 2 A2 ≔ 1.8 ⋅ 10 3 mm 2

A1 ⎡ 1 -1 ⎤ ⎡ 630 -630 ⎤ A2 ⎡ 1 -1 ⎤ ⎡ 945 -945 ⎤

k1 ≔ E1 ⋅ ――⋅⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ k2 ≔ E2 ⋅ ――⋅⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
L1 ⎣ -1 1 ⎦ ⎣ -630 630 ⎦ L2 ⎣ -1 1 ⎦ ⎣ -945 945 ⎦
⎡ 1.575 ⋅ 10 3 -1.575 ⋅ 10 3 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
K ≔ k1 + k2 = ⎢ ⎥ fi ≔ ⎢ rref ⎛⎝⎡⎣ 1.575 ⋅ 10 3 -385 ⎤⎦⎞⎠ = [[ 1 -0.244 ]]
⎣ -1.575 ⋅ 10
3
1.575 ⋅ 10 3 ⎦ ⎣ -385 ⎥⎦

u2 ⋅ 1000 u2 ⋅ 1000
u2 ≔ -0.244 mm σ1 ≔ E1 ⋅ ――― = -85.4 Mpa σ2 ≔ E2 ⋅ ――― = -128.1 Mpa
L1 L2
Auxiliar: Univ.: Ramos Rodríguez Juan Pablo